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/wiki/George_Abram_Miller#P108#2
|
Who did George Abram Miller work for in late 1890s?
|
George Abram Miller George Abram Miller ( 31 July 1863 – 10 February 1951 ) was an early group theorist . At age 17 Miller began school-teaching to raise funds for higher education . In 1882 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy , and progressed to Muhlenberg College in 1884 . He received his B.A . in 1887 and M.A . in 1890 . While a graduate student , Miller was Principal of schools in Greeley , Kansas and then professor of mathematics as Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois . He corresponded with Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee for his Ph.D . in 1892 . He then joined Frank Nelson Cole at University of Michigan and began to study groups . In 1895 he went to Europe where he heard Sophus Lie lecture at Leipzig and Camille Jordan at Paris . In 1897 he went to Cornell University as an assistant professor , and in 1901 to Stanford University as associate professor . In 1906 he went to University of Illinois where he taught until retirement in 1931 . Miller helped in the enumeration of finite groups of degree 8 , 9 , and 10 . Arthur Cayley had listed 198 groups of degree 8 in 1891 , and Miller found two more making the total 200 in 1893 . Camille Jordan had given a list for degree 9 in 1872 , re-examined by Cole , and brought up to 258 groups by Miller . In 1894 Miller produced a list of 294 intransitive groups of degree 10 . In consequence , the Academy of Science of Cracow awarded a prize and Miller came to prominence in the mathematical world abruptly . Miller was president of the Mathematical Association of America 1921–1922 and gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1924 in Toronto . Millers Collected Works were edited by Henry Roy Brahana and published by University of Illinois Press , the first two volumes appearing in 1935 and 1939 . The final three volumes were published in 1946 , 1955 , and 1959 . His doctoral students include H . L . Rietz . Publications . - 1892 : An introduction to the study of Determinants , with examples and applications . - 1905 : Groups of subtraction and division . - 1908 : On the multiple holomorphs of a group , Mathematische Annalen 66 ( 1 ) : 133-142 - 1911 : Abstract definitions of all the substitution groups whose degrees do not exceed seven , American Journal of Mathematics - 1911 : The Algebraic Equation - 1916 : ( with H . F . Blichfeldt , & L . E . Dickson ) Theory and Application of Finite Groups from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection , original publisher : John Wiley & Sons . - 1916 : Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs , original publisher Macmillan Publishers . - 1947 : An Eleventh Lesson in the History of Mathematics , Mathematics Magazine 21 ( 1 ) : 48-55 . External links . - George A . Miller Papers 1895–1947 , 1951 from University of Illinois Archives .
|
[
"Cornell University"
] |
[
{
"text": " George Abram Miller ( 31 July 1863 – 10 February 1951 ) was an early group theorist .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "At age 17 Miller began school-teaching to raise funds for higher education . In 1882 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy , and progressed to Muhlenberg College in 1884 . He received his B.A . in 1887 and M.A . in 1890 . While a graduate student , Miller was Principal of schools in Greeley , Kansas and then professor of mathematics as Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois . He corresponded with Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee for his Ph.D . in 1892 . He then joined Frank Nelson Cole at University of Michigan and began to study",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "groups . In 1895 he went to Europe where he heard Sophus Lie lecture at Leipzig and Camille Jordan at Paris . In 1897 he went to Cornell University as an assistant professor , and in 1901 to Stanford University as associate professor . In 1906 he went to University of Illinois where he taught until retirement in 1931 .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "Miller helped in the enumeration of finite groups of degree 8 , 9 , and 10 . Arthur Cayley had listed 198 groups of degree 8 in 1891 , and Miller found two more making the total 200 in 1893 . Camille Jordan had given a list for degree 9 in 1872 , re-examined by Cole , and brought up to 258 groups by Miller . In 1894 Miller produced a list of 294 intransitive groups of degree 10 . In consequence , the Academy of Science of Cracow awarded a prize and Miller came to prominence in the mathematical",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "world abruptly .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": " Miller was president of the Mathematical Association of America 1921–1922 and gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1924 in Toronto . Millers Collected Works were edited by Henry Roy Brahana and published by University of Illinois Press , the first two volumes appearing in 1935 and 1939 . The final three volumes were published in 1946 , 1955 , and 1959 . His doctoral students include H . L . Rietz .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": " - 1892 : An introduction to the study of Determinants , with examples and applications . - 1905 : Groups of subtraction and division . - 1908 : On the multiple holomorphs of a group , Mathematische Annalen 66 ( 1 ) : 133-142 - 1911 : Abstract definitions of all the substitution groups whose degrees do not exceed seven , American Journal of Mathematics - 1911 : The Algebraic Equation",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- 1916 : ( with H . F . Blichfeldt , & L . E . Dickson ) Theory and Application of Finite Groups from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection , original publisher : John Wiley & Sons .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - 1916 : Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs , original publisher Macmillan Publishers . - 1947 : An Eleventh Lesson in the History of Mathematics , Mathematics Magazine 21 ( 1 ) : 48-55 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - George A . Miller Papers 1895–1947 , 1951 from University of Illinois Archives .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/George_Abram_Miller#P108#3
|
Who did George Abram Miller work for between Apr 1903 and Jun 1904?
|
George Abram Miller George Abram Miller ( 31 July 1863 – 10 February 1951 ) was an early group theorist . At age 17 Miller began school-teaching to raise funds for higher education . In 1882 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy , and progressed to Muhlenberg College in 1884 . He received his B.A . in 1887 and M.A . in 1890 . While a graduate student , Miller was Principal of schools in Greeley , Kansas and then professor of mathematics as Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois . He corresponded with Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee for his Ph.D . in 1892 . He then joined Frank Nelson Cole at University of Michigan and began to study groups . In 1895 he went to Europe where he heard Sophus Lie lecture at Leipzig and Camille Jordan at Paris . In 1897 he went to Cornell University as an assistant professor , and in 1901 to Stanford University as associate professor . In 1906 he went to University of Illinois where he taught until retirement in 1931 . Miller helped in the enumeration of finite groups of degree 8 , 9 , and 10 . Arthur Cayley had listed 198 groups of degree 8 in 1891 , and Miller found two more making the total 200 in 1893 . Camille Jordan had given a list for degree 9 in 1872 , re-examined by Cole , and brought up to 258 groups by Miller . In 1894 Miller produced a list of 294 intransitive groups of degree 10 . In consequence , the Academy of Science of Cracow awarded a prize and Miller came to prominence in the mathematical world abruptly . Miller was president of the Mathematical Association of America 1921–1922 and gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1924 in Toronto . Millers Collected Works were edited by Henry Roy Brahana and published by University of Illinois Press , the first two volumes appearing in 1935 and 1939 . The final three volumes were published in 1946 , 1955 , and 1959 . His doctoral students include H . L . Rietz . Publications . - 1892 : An introduction to the study of Determinants , with examples and applications . - 1905 : Groups of subtraction and division . - 1908 : On the multiple holomorphs of a group , Mathematische Annalen 66 ( 1 ) : 133-142 - 1911 : Abstract definitions of all the substitution groups whose degrees do not exceed seven , American Journal of Mathematics - 1911 : The Algebraic Equation - 1916 : ( with H . F . Blichfeldt , & L . E . Dickson ) Theory and Application of Finite Groups from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection , original publisher : John Wiley & Sons . - 1916 : Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs , original publisher Macmillan Publishers . - 1947 : An Eleventh Lesson in the History of Mathematics , Mathematics Magazine 21 ( 1 ) : 48-55 . External links . - George A . Miller Papers 1895–1947 , 1951 from University of Illinois Archives .
|
[
"Stanford University"
] |
[
{
"text": " George Abram Miller ( 31 July 1863 – 10 February 1951 ) was an early group theorist .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "At age 17 Miller began school-teaching to raise funds for higher education . In 1882 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy , and progressed to Muhlenberg College in 1884 . He received his B.A . in 1887 and M.A . in 1890 . While a graduate student , Miller was Principal of schools in Greeley , Kansas and then professor of mathematics as Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois . He corresponded with Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee for his Ph.D . in 1892 . He then joined Frank Nelson Cole at University of Michigan and began to study",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "groups . In 1895 he went to Europe where he heard Sophus Lie lecture at Leipzig and Camille Jordan at Paris . In 1897 he went to Cornell University as an assistant professor , and in 1901 to Stanford University as associate professor . In 1906 he went to University of Illinois where he taught until retirement in 1931 .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "Miller helped in the enumeration of finite groups of degree 8 , 9 , and 10 . Arthur Cayley had listed 198 groups of degree 8 in 1891 , and Miller found two more making the total 200 in 1893 . Camille Jordan had given a list for degree 9 in 1872 , re-examined by Cole , and brought up to 258 groups by Miller . In 1894 Miller produced a list of 294 intransitive groups of degree 10 . In consequence , the Academy of Science of Cracow awarded a prize and Miller came to prominence in the mathematical",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "world abruptly .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": " Miller was president of the Mathematical Association of America 1921–1922 and gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1924 in Toronto . Millers Collected Works were edited by Henry Roy Brahana and published by University of Illinois Press , the first two volumes appearing in 1935 and 1939 . The final three volumes were published in 1946 , 1955 , and 1959 . His doctoral students include H . L . Rietz .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": " - 1892 : An introduction to the study of Determinants , with examples and applications . - 1905 : Groups of subtraction and division . - 1908 : On the multiple holomorphs of a group , Mathematische Annalen 66 ( 1 ) : 133-142 - 1911 : Abstract definitions of all the substitution groups whose degrees do not exceed seven , American Journal of Mathematics - 1911 : The Algebraic Equation",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- 1916 : ( with H . F . Blichfeldt , & L . E . Dickson ) Theory and Application of Finite Groups from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection , original publisher : John Wiley & Sons .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - 1916 : Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs , original publisher Macmillan Publishers . - 1947 : An Eleventh Lesson in the History of Mathematics , Mathematics Magazine 21 ( 1 ) : 48-55 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - George A . Miller Papers 1895–1947 , 1951 from University of Illinois Archives .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/George_Abram_Miller#P108#4
|
Who did George Abram Miller work for between Jul 1912 and Jul 1927?
|
George Abram Miller George Abram Miller ( 31 July 1863 – 10 February 1951 ) was an early group theorist . At age 17 Miller began school-teaching to raise funds for higher education . In 1882 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy , and progressed to Muhlenberg College in 1884 . He received his B.A . in 1887 and M.A . in 1890 . While a graduate student , Miller was Principal of schools in Greeley , Kansas and then professor of mathematics as Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois . He corresponded with Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee for his Ph.D . in 1892 . He then joined Frank Nelson Cole at University of Michigan and began to study groups . In 1895 he went to Europe where he heard Sophus Lie lecture at Leipzig and Camille Jordan at Paris . In 1897 he went to Cornell University as an assistant professor , and in 1901 to Stanford University as associate professor . In 1906 he went to University of Illinois where he taught until retirement in 1931 . Miller helped in the enumeration of finite groups of degree 8 , 9 , and 10 . Arthur Cayley had listed 198 groups of degree 8 in 1891 , and Miller found two more making the total 200 in 1893 . Camille Jordan had given a list for degree 9 in 1872 , re-examined by Cole , and brought up to 258 groups by Miller . In 1894 Miller produced a list of 294 intransitive groups of degree 10 . In consequence , the Academy of Science of Cracow awarded a prize and Miller came to prominence in the mathematical world abruptly . Miller was president of the Mathematical Association of America 1921–1922 and gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1924 in Toronto . Millers Collected Works were edited by Henry Roy Brahana and published by University of Illinois Press , the first two volumes appearing in 1935 and 1939 . The final three volumes were published in 1946 , 1955 , and 1959 . His doctoral students include H . L . Rietz . Publications . - 1892 : An introduction to the study of Determinants , with examples and applications . - 1905 : Groups of subtraction and division . - 1908 : On the multiple holomorphs of a group , Mathematische Annalen 66 ( 1 ) : 133-142 - 1911 : Abstract definitions of all the substitution groups whose degrees do not exceed seven , American Journal of Mathematics - 1911 : The Algebraic Equation - 1916 : ( with H . F . Blichfeldt , & L . E . Dickson ) Theory and Application of Finite Groups from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection , original publisher : John Wiley & Sons . - 1916 : Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs , original publisher Macmillan Publishers . - 1947 : An Eleventh Lesson in the History of Mathematics , Mathematics Magazine 21 ( 1 ) : 48-55 . External links . - George A . Miller Papers 1895–1947 , 1951 from University of Illinois Archives .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " George Abram Miller ( 31 July 1863 – 10 February 1951 ) was an early group theorist .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "At age 17 Miller began school-teaching to raise funds for higher education . In 1882 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy , and progressed to Muhlenberg College in 1884 . He received his B.A . in 1887 and M.A . in 1890 . While a graduate student , Miller was Principal of schools in Greeley , Kansas and then professor of mathematics as Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois . He corresponded with Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee for his Ph.D . in 1892 . He then joined Frank Nelson Cole at University of Michigan and began to study",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "groups . In 1895 he went to Europe where he heard Sophus Lie lecture at Leipzig and Camille Jordan at Paris . In 1897 he went to Cornell University as an assistant professor , and in 1901 to Stanford University as associate professor . In 1906 he went to University of Illinois where he taught until retirement in 1931 .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "Miller helped in the enumeration of finite groups of degree 8 , 9 , and 10 . Arthur Cayley had listed 198 groups of degree 8 in 1891 , and Miller found two more making the total 200 in 1893 . Camille Jordan had given a list for degree 9 in 1872 , re-examined by Cole , and brought up to 258 groups by Miller . In 1894 Miller produced a list of 294 intransitive groups of degree 10 . In consequence , the Academy of Science of Cracow awarded a prize and Miller came to prominence in the mathematical",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": "world abruptly .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": " Miller was president of the Mathematical Association of America 1921–1922 and gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1924 in Toronto . Millers Collected Works were edited by Henry Roy Brahana and published by University of Illinois Press , the first two volumes appearing in 1935 and 1939 . The final three volumes were published in 1946 , 1955 , and 1959 . His doctoral students include H . L . Rietz .",
"title": "George Abram Miller"
},
{
"text": " - 1892 : An introduction to the study of Determinants , with examples and applications . - 1905 : Groups of subtraction and division . - 1908 : On the multiple holomorphs of a group , Mathematische Annalen 66 ( 1 ) : 133-142 - 1911 : Abstract definitions of all the substitution groups whose degrees do not exceed seven , American Journal of Mathematics - 1911 : The Algebraic Equation",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- 1916 : ( with H . F . Blichfeldt , & L . E . Dickson ) Theory and Application of Finite Groups from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection , original publisher : John Wiley & Sons .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - 1916 : Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs , original publisher Macmillan Publishers . - 1947 : An Eleventh Lesson in the History of Mathematics , Mathematics Magazine 21 ( 1 ) : 48-55 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - George A . Miller Papers 1895–1947 , 1951 from University of Illinois Archives .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jack_Webb#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Jack Webb in May 1952?
|
Jack Webb John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited . Early life . Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him . Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art . During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother . Career . Acting . Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week . By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 . Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice . Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure . Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role . Dragnet and stardom . Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective , including methods , mannerisms , and technical language . With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast . Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted . In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone . The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent . A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest . In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s . In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series . The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip . Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon . Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns . Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad . The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s . In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest . Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch . 1970s and 1980s . In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 . Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine . Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets . Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 . In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner . Personal life . Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life . Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier . Death . Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner . Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 . Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame . Discography . - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 ) Further reading . - September 12 , 19 , 26 , October 3 , 1954 . External links . - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .
|
[
"Julie London"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited .",
"title": "Jack Webb"
},
{
"text": " Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective ,",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "including methods , mannerisms , and technical language .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ". The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 )",
"title": "Discography"
},
{
"text": " - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jack_Webb#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Jack Webb between Jan 1956 and May 1956?
|
Jack Webb John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited . Early life . Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him . Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art . During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother . Career . Acting . Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week . By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 . Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice . Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure . Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role . Dragnet and stardom . Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective , including methods , mannerisms , and technical language . With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast . Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted . In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone . The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent . A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest . In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s . In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series . The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip . Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon . Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns . Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad . The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s . In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest . Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch . 1970s and 1980s . In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 . Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine . Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets . Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 . In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner . Personal life . Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life . Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier . Death . Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner . Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 . Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame . Discography . - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 ) Further reading . - September 12 , 19 , 26 , October 3 , 1954 . External links . - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .
|
[
"Dorothy Towne"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited .",
"title": "Jack Webb"
},
{
"text": " Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective ,",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "including methods , mannerisms , and technical language .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ". The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 )",
"title": "Discography"
},
{
"text": " - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jack_Webb#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Jack Webb between Mar 1960 and Oct 1963?
|
Jack Webb John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited . Early life . Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him . Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art . During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother . Career . Acting . Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week . By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 . Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice . Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure . Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role . Dragnet and stardom . Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective , including methods , mannerisms , and technical language . With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast . Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted . In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone . The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent . A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest . In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s . In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series . The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip . Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon . Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns . Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad . The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s . In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest . Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch . 1970s and 1980s . In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 . Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine . Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets . Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 . In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner . Personal life . Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life . Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier . Death . Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner . Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 . Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame . Discography . - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 ) Further reading . - September 12 , 19 , 26 , October 3 , 1954 . External links . - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .
|
[
"Jackie Loughery"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited .",
"title": "Jack Webb"
},
{
"text": " Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective ,",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "including methods , mannerisms , and technical language .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ". The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 )",
"title": "Discography"
},
{
"text": " - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jack_Webb#P26#3
|
Who was the spouse of Jack Webb in Jan 1981?
|
Jack Webb John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited . Early life . Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him . Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art . During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother . Career . Acting . Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week . By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 . Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice . Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure . Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role . Dragnet and stardom . Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective , including methods , mannerisms , and technical language . With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast . Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted . In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone . The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent . A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest . In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s . In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series . The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip . Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon . Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns . Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad . The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s . In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest . Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch . 1970s and 1980s . In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 . Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine . Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets . Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 . In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner . Personal life . Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life . Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier . Death . Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner . Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 . Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame . Discography . - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 ) Further reading . - September 12 , 19 , 26 , October 3 , 1954 . External links . - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .
|
[
"Opal Wright"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Randolph Webb ( April 2 , 1920 – December 23 , 1982 ) was an American actor , television producer , director , and screenwriter , who is most famous for his role as Sgt . Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise ( which he created ) . He was also the founder of his own production company , Mark VII Limited .",
"title": "Jack Webb"
},
{
"text": " Webb was born in Santa Monica , California , on April 2 , 1920 , son of Samuel Chester Webb and Margaret ( née Smith ) Webb . He grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles . His father left home before Webb was born , and Webb never knew him .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Webb was raised in the Catholic faith of his mother . One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was a former jazz musician , who began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park , where he served as an altar boy . He then attended Belmont High School , near downtown Los Angeles . Webb was elected student body president of his high school . He wrote to Belmonts student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook , Campanile , You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know , and you know , I will carry with me",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "forever . Webb attended St . Johns University , Minnesota , where he studied art .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps , but he washed out of flight training . He later received a hardship discharge because he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Following his discharge , he moved to San Francisco , where a wartime shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio . The Jack Webb Show was a half-hour comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946 . Prior to that , he had a one-man program , One Out of Seven , on KGO in which he dramatized a news story from the previous week .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "By 1949 , he had abandoned comedy for drama , and starred in Pat Novak , for Hire , a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective . The program co-starred Raymond Burr . Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the hard-boiled style of such writers as Raymond Chandler , with lines such as : She drifted into the room like 98 pounds of warm smoke . Her voice was hot and sticky—like a furnace full of marshmallows . Early in 1949 , Webb served as the main antagonist of",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Alan Ladds protagonist character Dan Holliday in The Better Man episode of the radio series Box 13 , which aired on January 2 , 1949 .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero , Pier 23 , Jeff Regan , Investigator , Murder and Mr . Malone , Pete Kellys Blues , and One Out of Seven . Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven , often vigorously attacking racial prejudice .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D.I. , with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private . Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role , that of Drill Instructor Technical Sergeant James Moore , would be reflected in much of his later acting . But The D.I . was a box-office failure .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": " Webb was approached to play the role of Vernon Wormer , Dean of Faber College , in National Lampoons Animal House , but he turned it down , saying the movie didnt make any damn sense ; John Vernon ultimately played the role .",
"title": "Acting"
},
{
"text": "Webb had a featured role as a crime-lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night , based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker . The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . He Walked By Nights thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet : a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files , featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective ,",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "including methods , mannerisms , and technical language .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " With much assistance from Sgt . Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H . Parker , Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957 . It was also picked up as a television series by NBC , which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959 . Webb played Sgt . Joe Friday and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt . Ben Romero . After Yarboroughs death , Ben Alexander joined the cast .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webb was a stickler for attention to detail . He believed viewers wanted realism and tried to give it to them . Webb had tremendous respect for those in law enforcement . He often said , in interviews , that he was angry about the ridiculous amount of abuse to which police were subjected by the press and the public . Webb was also impressed by the long hours , the low pay , and the high injury rate among police investigators of the day , particularly in the LAPD , which had by then acquired a notorious reputation for",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "jettisoning officers who had become ill or injured in the line of duty ; in Webbs book , The Badge : True and Terrifying Crime Stories that Could Not Be Presented on TV , from the Creator and Star of Dragnet , one of Erwin Walkers victims , LAPD detective Lt . Colin Forbes , was among those whose experiences were so noted .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In announcing his vision of Dragnet , Webb said he intended to perform a service for the police by showing them as low-key working-class heroes . Dragnet moved away from earlier portrayals of the police in shows such as Jeff Regan and Pat Novak , which had often shown them as brutal and even corrupt . Dragnet became a successful television show in 1952 . Barton Yarborough died of a heart attack in 1951 , after filming only two episodes , and Barney Phillips ( Sgt . Ed Jacobs ) and Herbert Ellis ( Officer Frank Smith ) temporarily stepped",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "in as partners . Veteran radio and film actor Ben Alexander took over the role of jovial , burly Officer Frank Smith . Alexander was popular and remained a cast member until the shows cancellation in 1959 . In 1954 , a full-length feature-film adaptation of the series was released , starring Webb , Alexander , and Richard Boone .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The television version of Dragnet began with this narration by George Fenneman : Ladies and gentlemen , the story you are about to see is true . The names have been changed to protect the innocent . Webb would intone , This is the city : Los Angeles , California . He would then make a historical or topical point , describe his duties , his partner , and superior on the episode . The radio series had a similar opening , though Webb , as Friday , did not give a unique LA-themed opening . Webb then set the",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "plot by describing a typical day and then led into the story . It was Wednesday , March 19th . It was cool in Los Angeles . I was at headquarters , working narcotics.. . At the end of each show , Fenneman repeated his opening narration , revised to read : The story you have just seen is true . The names were changed to protect the innocent .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " A second announcer , Hal Gibney , usually gave dates when and specific courtrooms where trials were held for the suspects , announcing the trial verdicts after commercial breaks . Many suspects shown to have been found guilty at the end were also shown as having been confined to the California State Prison at San Quentin . Webb frequently recreated entire floors of buildings on sound stages , such as the police headquarters at Los Angeles City Hall and a floor of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In Dragnets early days , Webb continued to appear in movies , notably as the best friend of William Holdens character in the 1950 Billy Wilder film as Artie Green , assistant director and fiancé to script reader Betty Schaefer ( Nancy Olson ) in Sunset Boulevard . In 1950 , Webb appeared alongside future 1960s Dragnet partner Harry Morgan in the film noir Dark City . In contrast to the pairs straight-arrow image in Dragnet , here Webb played a vicious card sharp in Dark City and Morgan a punch-drunk ex-fighter . Also in 1950 , Webb appeared in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The Men , the film in which Marlon Brando made his film debut . Both actors played paraplegics undergoing rehabilitation at a veterans hospital . In a subplot , Webbs character , a cynical intellectual , is fleeced of his life savings by a woman who feigns romantic interest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Webb introduced a short-lived radio series , Pete Kellys Blues , in an attempt to bring the music he loved to a broader audience . That show became the basis for a 1955 film of the same name . In 1959 , a television version was made . Neither was very successful . Pete Kelly was a cornet player who supplemented his income from playing in a nightclub band by working as a private investigator . 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Webb took over from William T . Orr as executive producer of the ABC/Warner Bros . detective series 77 Sunset Strip . He brought about wholesale changes in the program and retained only Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. , in the role of private detective Stuart Bailey . Gone were co-stars Roger Smith and Edd Byrnes and the lively series set . The altered program began with Bailey quietly entering an elevator to an upper floor of a bleak office building . The story lines were far different from those of the first five years of the series",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ". The result was a disaster , and critics accused Webb of being out of touch with the younger generation , a perception that the revival of Dragnet subsequently did nothing to correct . Ratings fell , and 77 Sunset Strip was cancelled before the end of the sixth season . John Gavins Destry , a light-hearted Western series , filled the remaining three months of the Friday-night time slot vacated on ABC by 77 Sunset Strip .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Webb teamed with actor Jeffrey Hunter to form Apollo Productions . They produced a failed television series , Temple Houston , with Hunter in the title role . In the summer of 1963 , Webb pushed Temple Houston to production . The series was loosely based on the life of the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston , the youngest son of the legendary Texan Sam Houston . The series was added to the NBC schedule after the planned drama , The Robert Taylor Show , based on case files of the United States Department of Health , Education",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and Welfare , was suddenly disbanded after making four episodes . Under orders from Webb , Temple Houston episodes were put together in just two or three days each , something previously thought impossible in television production . Work began on August 7 , 1963 , with the initial airing set for September 19 . Jimmy Lydon , a former child actor , adult actor , and a television producer with Warner Bros . at the time , recalled that Webb told the staff , Fellas , I just sold Temple Houston . We gotta be on the air in",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "four weeks ; we cant use the pilot , we have no scripts , no nothing--do it ! Lydon recalled the team having worked around the clock to get Temple Houston on the air . Co-producer William Conrad directed six episodes , two scripts simultaneously on two different soundstages at WB . We bicycled Jeff ( series star Jeffrey Hunter ) and Elam ( supporting star Jack Elam ) between the two companies , and Bill shot em both in four-and-a-half days . Two complete one-hour shows ! recalled Lydon .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Temple Houston ended after its 26-week run . In a 1965 interview with The Milwaukee Journal , Hunter described the situation : 1967 : Dragnet returns .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after leaving his position at Warner Bros. , Webb teamed with Universal Television to begin work on a new Dragnet series . A pilot telefilm , based on the Harvey Glatman serial killings , was produced in 1966 for NBC , with Webbs Sgt . Joe Friday joined by Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon . Webb had tried to get Ben Alexander to reprise his role as Frank Smith , but he was unable to get Alexander to leave the ABC series Felony Squad .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12 , 1967 , and aired until April 16 , 1970 . To distinguish it from the original series , the year of production was added to the title ( Dragnet 1967 , Dragnet 1968 , etc. ) . The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public . Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture ( such as the revivals first episode , The LSD Story , guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John Blue Boy Carver , voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Guide and TV Land ) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be with-it , such as Joe Friday grilling Blue Boy by asking him , Youre pretty high and far out , arent you ? What kind of kick are you on , son ? Don Dubbins , who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I . in 1957 , was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Webb and his production partner R.A . Cinader launched Adam-12 on NBC . A spinoff of Dragnet , Adam-12 starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord as a pair of LAPD beat cops , and followed their escapades while on patrol . Running till 1975 , for a total of seven seasons , Adam-12 was Webbs second-longest running television series , with the eight seasons recorded by the original Dragnet being the longest .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Also in 1968 , Webb and Johnny Carson performed a sketch on The Tonight Show that has since become known as the Copper Clapper Caper sketch . Webb , in character as Joe Friday , was working on the case of a robbery at a school-bell factory . Carson played the owner of the factory and victim of the theft , which consisted of each bell being relieved of its clapper ( the device that makes the bell ring ) . The sketchs dialogue consisted of Webb and Carson discussing the situation in deadpan style and using alliteration and tongue",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "twisters to describe the incident , each word having either a c or cl sound at the beginning . Both Webb and Carson tried desperately not to lose composure , but both did , near the end of the sketch .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Webb decided to bring an end to Dragnet and cease acting to focus on expanding Mark VII Limiteds production profile . In 1971 , Webb entered the world of district attorneys and federal government work with two series . The first , The D.A. , starred Robert Conrad and Harry Morgan as a pair of Los Angeles County ADAs , with Conrad playing a junior ADA and Morgan his superior . The second , OHara , United States Treasury , was a co-production of Webb and David Janssen , the former star of The Fugitive and future",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "star of Harry O , for CBS ( a rare non-NBC Mark VII effort ) and featured Janssen as a Nebraska county sheriff-turned-United States Treasury Department agent . Neither series lasted very long , as The D.A. , Webbs last 30-minute series , was cancelled after 15 episodes and OHara ended after 22 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Later in the 1971–72 season , Webb and Cinader launched Emergency! , a spin-off of Adam-12 , which focused on the fictional Station 51 Rescue Squad of the L.A . County Fire Department , and its work in coordination with the emergency department staff of the fictional Rampart General Hospital . LACoFDs paramedic program was among the first paramedic services in the United States . Webb cast his ex-wife , Julie London , as well as her second husband and Dragnet ensemble player Bobby Troup , as head nurse Dixie McCall and Dr . Joe Early , respectively , with",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr . Kelly Brackett , Ramparts Chief of Emergency Medicine .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Emergency ! ran as part of NBCs Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons , and it was a popular series , sometimes winning its time slot against CBSs popular Saturday-night comedy block , which included All in the Family . The series came to an end in 1977 , but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979 . Webbs company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC titled Emergency +4 , which ran for three seasons ( the last in reruns ) and featured the paramedics Gage",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "and DeSoto assisted by four youngsters and their three pets .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": " Emergency ! was Webbs last sustained success . Of the remaining series his company produced , the only two that lasted longer than one season were Hec Ramsey , a two-season component of the NBC Mystery Movie wheel series that featured former Have Gun – Will Travel star Richard Boone as a pioneering forensic scientist in the Old West , and Project UFO , an anthology based on the investigations into UFOs as compiled by Project Bluebook that also ran for two seasons beginning in 1978 .",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks starred in a movie parody ( and homage ) to Webb , titled Dragnet , along with Harry Morgan , who reprised his role from the television series as Bill Gannon , who had by now become a captain of detectives . The comedy film was written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz , in his directorial debut . Aykroyd played the role of Joe Friday , described as the namesake nephew of the original series lead , while Hanks co-starred as Detective Officer Pep Streebeck , Fridays new smart-alecky and streetwise partner",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Dragnet and stardom"
},
{
"text": "Webbs personal life was better defined by his love of jazz than his interest in police work . He had a collection of more than 6,000 jazz recordings . Webbs own recordings reached cult status , including his deadpan delivery of Try A Little Tenderness . His lifelong interest in the cornet allowed him to move easily in the jazz culture , where he met singer and actress Julie London . They married in 1947 and had daughters Stacy and Lisa . They divorced in 1954 . He was married three more times after that , to Dorothy Towne for",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "two years beginning in 1955 , to former Miss USA Jackie Loughery for six years beginning in 1958 , and to his longtime associate , Opal Wright , for the last two years of his life .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Stacy Webb authorized and collaborated on a book , Just the Facts , Maam : The Authorized Biography of Jack Webb , Creator of Dragnet , Adam-12 , and Emergency! , of which Daniel Moyer and Eugene Alvarez were the primary authors . It was published in 1999 . Stacy did not live to see the publication of the book , having been killed in a collision with a California Highway Patrol car three years earlier .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Despite his string of short-lived series in the late 1970s , Webb still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983 . Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord , one of the stars of Adam-12 , was cast as Joe Fridays new partner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Webb died of an apparent heart attack in the early morning hours of December 23 , 1982 , at age 62 . He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999 , Forest Lawn , Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles , and was given a funeral with full Los Angeles police honors . On Webbs death , Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714 , which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet , would be retired . Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half staff in Webbs honor for a day , and Webb",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Webb has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for radio ( at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard ) and the other for television ( at 6728 Hollywood Boulevard ) . In 1992 , Webb was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Songs from Pete Kellys Blues ( 1955 ) - Youre My Girl : Romantic Reflections by Jack Webb ( 1958 ) - Pete Kelly Lets His Hair Down ( 1958 ) - Golden Throats volume 1 ( 1988 ) - Just the Tracks , Maam : The Warner Brothers Recordings ( 2000 )",
"title": "Discography"
},
{
"text": " - Badge 714 ( Dragnet and Webb fan site ) - Pat Novak For Hire ( Pat Novak For Hire fan site ) - AAFCollection.info Pictures of Jack Webb as an Air Cadet at the Rankin Aeronautical Academy at Tulare , California in 1943 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Caroline_Lucas#P69#0
|
Caroline Lucas went to which school before Jan 1982?
|
Caroline Lucas Caroline Patricia Lucas ( born 9 December 1960 ) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election . She was re-elected in the 2015 , 2017 and 2019 general elections , increasing her majority each time . Born in Malvern in Worcestershire , Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989 . She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles , also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997 . She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 , also serving as the partys Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 . Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was elected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election , becoming the partys first MP . She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP . She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018 , sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley . She is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics , localisation , alternatives to globalisation , trade justice , animal welfare and food . In her time as a politician and activist , she has worked with non-governmental organisations and think tanks , including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam . Early life and education . Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire , to middle-class , Conservative parents Peter and Valerie ( née Griffin ) Lucas . She is one of three children ; her father ran a small central heating company , and sold solar panelling . Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children . Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls College ( which became Malvern St James in 2006 ) , a boarding independent school in Great Malvern . She then went to the University of Exeter , where she gained a first-class BA ( Hons ) in English Literature , graduating in 1983 . While at university , Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Womens Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) . Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in the UK which involved the cutting of fences with the expectation of being arrested . Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984 , gaining a Diploma of Journalism , before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter , awarded in 1990 , with a thesis entitled Writing for Women : a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance . While completing her doctorate , Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989 . Later , she worked for the charity in other roles , becoming active in the Green Party , and left Oxfam in 1999 . Life and career . Early political career . After being utterly inspired by Jonathon Porritts book Seeing Green , Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986 . She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham , where she was living at the time , so thought : Right ! Im going there now , Im just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party . Soon afterwards she became the partys National Press Officer ( 1987–89 ) and Co-Chair ( 1989–90 ) . Lucas has a reputation as a party moderniser . In a 2009 Guardian interview , she told Decca Aitkenhead : when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes Id be saying to them , What are you planning to wear? , and theyd be slightly offended that Id even think of asking the question . But I do genuinely think that has changed , a lot . Its a recognition , not that theres some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie , but that actually you dont want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what youre saying . When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom , she joined the Green Party of England and Wales . Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 ( for the following years general election ) and a Regional Council Member from 1997 . Lucass first success in an election came when she gained the Green Partys second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council , which she held between 1993 and 1997 . Green Party MEP . Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections , the first year the election was by proportional representation . In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote ( 110,571 votes ) . In November 2001 , she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest . Conducting her own defence at the trial , she pleaded not guilty . Lucas argued that she had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes . Faslane is the base used for Britains Trident nuclear programme . She was arrested for a protest at the same location in 2007 . It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace , rather than Britains illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons , she wrote at the time . Lucas was re-elected in 2004 , gaining 173,351 votes ( 8% share ) , and again in the 2009 election when the partys vote under the list system rose to 271,506 , or 11.6% . In the European Parliament , she was a member of the Committee for Trade , Industry , Energy and Research ; the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Consumer Policy ; the Committee on International Trade ; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change . Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy ( SIMPOL ) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues . Lucas became a signatory in June 2004 . In addition , she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup , a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs , a member of the Parliaments Delegation to ACP ( African Caribbean , and Pacific ) countries , and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council . As part of her committee work , she was the Parliaments Rapporteur ( draftsperson ) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment , and the Vice-President of the parliaments committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease . In July 2008 , Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group , an alliance of experts in finance , energy and the environment . The group put forward plans to invest in green energy , provide greater regulation of the finance sector , and strengthen ties between environmentalists , industry , agriculture , and trade unions . The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession , climate change , and increasing energy prices , and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three . She held the partys post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 . First period as leader ( 2008–2012 ) . Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first leader on 5 September 2008 , gaining 92% of the vote ( against one other candidate , Ashley Gunstock ) on a turnout of 38% . Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership . The change was about having a face the country recognises - or hopefully , she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009 , comes to recognise . It was in recognition of the fact that people dont really relate to abstract ideas , they relate more to the people who embody them . Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first-ever MP ( for Brighton Pavilion ) at the general election of 2010 . In July 2010 , Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage . The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military , notably in its assault on Gaza . Lucas stated that : I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to the atrocities being committed in Gaza . I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly .. . [ but ] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza . On 14 May 2012 , Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election . She added Im proud that during the four years of my term , weve moved Green politics forward to a higher level , with the party by far the most influential it has ever been . Brighton Pavilion . Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor , a former Green Party Principal Speaker , gained 22% of the vote . In 2007 , Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Partys nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election . In a letter to party members , she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10% , to avoid internal division . She described the move as the most difficult decision of my life , due to personal and family commitments but also her loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor , who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect . On 18 July 2007 , it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party . Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylors 45% . In May 2010 , Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252 . As well as being the first Green MP , Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton . She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010 . Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo No More Page Three to protest against the feature during a Commons debate . On 19 August 2013 , Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex . She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court . After the hearing , Lucas said : This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration . We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future . In the 2015 general election , Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share . In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689 , elected on 52.3% of the vote . Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes . In accord with long-standing Green policy , Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum , but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform . Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley . On 31 May 2016 , it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election . On 2 September , it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes . Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain , and EU rules on workers’ rights and the environment , among other policies . In May 2018 , Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September , she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party . In an article for The Guardian , Lucas wrote that it’s now time for me to show the power of letting go . Other roles , writings and views . Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of CND since 2004 . She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas . A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition , she resigned from the post in December 2015 . According to a statement from Lucass office , her busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn’t have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and , in light of some recent StWC positions that she didn’t support , she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do . Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation , the Centre for a Social Europe and the Protect the Local , Globally think-tank . She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust ( Africa ) . She is Matron of the Womens Environmental Network . Between 1997 and 1998 , she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK governments Department for International Development . Lucas is a prolific writer of reports , articles and books on the subjects of trade justice , localisation , globalisation , animal welfare and food , in which she is critical of free trade , a Single European Currency , trade-led developmental policies , genetically modified food and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues . Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation : A Manifesto ( co-authored with Mike Woodin ) , which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern , in opposition to neo-liberal , market-led forces of globalisation . Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws . She has called for the law to have an evidence based approach to drugs that also treats drugs as a health matter , rather than a criminal one . In early 2013 , Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper which officially marked her support for the Peoples Assembly movement . She also gave a speech at the Peoples Assembly Conference , held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013 . A book by Lucas on her time in parliament , Honourable Friends : Parliament and the Fight for Change , was published in 2015 . In August 2015 , Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyns campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . She wrote in The Independent : Ive never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party . For the first time in my memory , the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face . Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income . In January 2016 , Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament , calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UKs existing social security system . On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the Peoples Vote , a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government . In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150 , as part of a fundraising drive . Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong . An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour . The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an unfair advantage over other election candidates . Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not to repeat the breach ; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour . In 2021 , Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021 , alongside celebrities and other public figures , Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an epidemic of male violence by funding an ongoing , high-profile , expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls . Awards . In her time as a politician and activist , Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare from the RSPCA . Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times . The award is voted for by Observer readers , who chose her to win in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of 50 people who could save the planet . In October 2008 , Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008 . The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs . In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded Newcomer of the Year in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards . In July 2011 she was awarded Best all-rounder in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded MP of the Year in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011 . Also in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for Influencing the Political Agenda and voted Progressive of the Year in Left Foot Forwards readers poll . In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour Power list 2020 . Personal life . In 1991 , Lucas married Richard Savage . The couple have two sons , one of whom is an academic at the University of California , Santa Barbara . She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019 . Films . In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas , One Green Seat , directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt , was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica , California .
|
[
"University of Exeter",
"University of Kansas"
] |
[
{
"text": " Caroline Patricia Lucas ( born 9 December 1960 ) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election . She was re-elected in the 2015 , 2017 and 2019 general elections , increasing her majority each time .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "Born in Malvern in Worcestershire , Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989 . She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles , also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997 . She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 , also serving as the partys Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was elected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election , becoming the partys first MP . She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP . She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018 , sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "She is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics , localisation , alternatives to globalisation , trade justice , animal welfare and food . In her time as a politician and activist , she has worked with non-governmental organisations and think tanks , including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire , to middle-class , Conservative parents Peter and Valerie ( née Griffin ) Lucas . She is one of three children ; her father ran a small central heating company , and sold solar panelling . Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls College ( which became Malvern St James in 2006 ) , a boarding independent school in Great Malvern . She then went to the University of Exeter , where she gained a first-class BA ( Hons ) in English Literature , graduating in 1983 . While at university , Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Womens Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) . Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "the UK which involved the cutting of fences with the expectation of being arrested .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984 , gaining a Diploma of Journalism , before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter , awarded in 1990 , with a thesis entitled Writing for Women : a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance . While completing her doctorate , Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989 . Later , she worked for the charity in other roles , becoming active in the Green Party , and left Oxfam in 1999 .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "After being utterly inspired by Jonathon Porritts book Seeing Green , Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986 . She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham , where she was living at the time , so thought : Right ! Im going there now , Im just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party . Soon afterwards she became the partys National Press Officer ( 1987–89 ) and Co-Chair ( 1989–90 ) . Lucas has a reputation as a party moderniser . In a 2009 Guardian interview , she told Decca Aitkenhead :",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes Id be saying to them , What are you planning to wear? , and theyd be slightly offended that Id even think of asking the question . But I do genuinely think that has changed , a lot . Its a recognition , not that theres some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie , but that actually you dont want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what youre saying .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom , she joined the Green Party of England and Wales . Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 ( for the following years general election ) and a Regional Council Member from 1997 . Lucass first success in an election came when she gained the Green Partys second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council , which she held between 1993 and 1997 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections , the first year the election was by proportional representation . In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote ( 110,571 votes ) . In November 2001 , she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest . Conducting her own defence at the trial , she pleaded not guilty . Lucas argued that she",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes . Faslane is the base used for Britains Trident nuclear programme . She was arrested for a protest at the same location in 2007 . It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace , rather than Britains illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons , she wrote at the time .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " Lucas was re-elected in 2004 , gaining 173,351 votes ( 8% share ) , and again in the 2009 election when the partys vote under the list system rose to 271,506 , or 11.6% . In the European Parliament , she was a member of the Committee for Trade , Industry , Energy and Research ; the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Consumer Policy ; the Committee on International Trade ; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy ( SIMPOL ) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues . Lucas became a signatory in June 2004 . In addition , she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup , a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs , a member of the Parliaments Delegation to ACP ( African Caribbean , and Pacific ) countries , and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council . As part of her committee work , she was the",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Parliaments Rapporteur ( draftsperson ) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment , and the Vice-President of the parliaments committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " In July 2008 , Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group , an alliance of experts in finance , energy and the environment . The group put forward plans to invest in green energy , provide greater regulation of the finance sector , and strengthen ties between environmentalists , industry , agriculture , and trade unions . The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession , climate change , and increasing energy prices , and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "She held the partys post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first leader on 5 September 2008 , gaining 92% of the vote ( against one other candidate , Ashley Gunstock ) on a turnout of 38% . Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership . The change was about having a face the country recognises - or hopefully , she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009 , comes to recognise . It was in recognition of the fact that people dont really relate to abstract ideas , they relate more to the people who embody them . Lucas was elected as the",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Green Partys first-ever MP ( for Brighton Pavilion ) at the general election of 2010 .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage . The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military , notably in its assault on Gaza . Lucas stated that : I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "the atrocities being committed in Gaza . I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly .. . [ but ] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " On 14 May 2012 , Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election . She added Im proud that during the four years of my term , weve moved Green politics forward to a higher level , with the party by far the most influential it has ever been .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor , a former Green Party Principal Speaker , gained 22% of the vote . In 2007 , Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Partys nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election . In a letter to party members , she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10% , to avoid internal division . She described the move as",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "the most difficult decision of my life , due to personal and family commitments but also her loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor , who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect . On 18 July 2007 , it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party . Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylors 45% .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In May 2010 , Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252 . As well as being the first Green MP , Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton . She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010 . Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo No More Page Three to protest against the feature during a Commons debate .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "On 19 August 2013 , Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex . She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court . After the hearing , Lucas said : This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration . We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 general election , Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share . In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689 , elected on 52.3% of the vote . Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes . In accord with long-standing Green policy , Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum , but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform . Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "On 31 May 2016 , it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " On 2 September , it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes . Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain , and EU rules on workers’ rights and the environment , among other policies .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In May 2018 , Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September , she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party . In an article for The Guardian , Lucas wrote that it’s now time for me to show the power of letting go .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of CND since 2004 . She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas . A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition , she resigned from the post in December 2015 . According to a statement from Lucass office , her busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn’t have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and , in light of some recent StWC positions",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "that she didn’t support , she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation , the Centre for a Social Europe and the Protect the Local , Globally think-tank . She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust ( Africa ) . She is Matron of the Womens Environmental Network . Between 1997 and 1998 , she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK governments Department for International Development .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is a prolific writer of reports , articles and books on the subjects of trade justice , localisation , globalisation , animal welfare and food , in which she is critical of free trade , a Single European Currency , trade-led developmental policies , genetically modified food and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues . Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation : A Manifesto ( co-authored with Mike Woodin ) , which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern , in opposition to neo-liberal , market-led",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "forces of globalisation .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws . She has called for the law to have an evidence based approach to drugs that also treats drugs as a health matter , rather than a criminal one .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In early 2013 , Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper which officially marked her support for the Peoples Assembly movement . She also gave a speech at the Peoples Assembly Conference , held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013 . A book by Lucas on her time in parliament , Honourable Friends : Parliament and the Fight for Change , was published in 2015 .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In August 2015 , Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyns campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . She wrote in The Independent : Ive never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party . For the first time in my memory , the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income . In January 2016 , Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament , calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UKs existing social security system .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the Peoples Vote , a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150 , as part of a fundraising drive . Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong . An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour . The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an unfair advantage over other election candidates . Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "to repeat the breach ; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In 2021 , Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021 , alongside celebrities and other public figures , Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an epidemic of male violence by funding an ongoing , high-profile , expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In her time as a politician and activist , Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare from the RSPCA . Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times . The award is voted for by Observer readers , who chose her to win in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of 50 people who could save the planet .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "In October 2008 , Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008 . The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs . In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded Newcomer of the Year in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards . In July 2011 she was awarded Best all-rounder in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded MP of the Year in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011 . Also",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for Influencing the Political Agenda and voted Progressive of the Year in Left Foot Forwards readers poll .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour Power list 2020 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , Lucas married Richard Savage . The couple have two sons , one of whom is an academic at the University of California , Santa Barbara . She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas , One Green Seat , directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt , was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica , California .",
"title": "Films"
}
] |
/wiki/Caroline_Lucas#P69#1
|
Caroline Lucas went to which school after Jul 1988?
|
Caroline Lucas Caroline Patricia Lucas ( born 9 December 1960 ) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election . She was re-elected in the 2015 , 2017 and 2019 general elections , increasing her majority each time . Born in Malvern in Worcestershire , Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989 . She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles , also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997 . She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 , also serving as the partys Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 . Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was elected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election , becoming the partys first MP . She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP . She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018 , sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley . She is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics , localisation , alternatives to globalisation , trade justice , animal welfare and food . In her time as a politician and activist , she has worked with non-governmental organisations and think tanks , including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam . Early life and education . Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire , to middle-class , Conservative parents Peter and Valerie ( née Griffin ) Lucas . She is one of three children ; her father ran a small central heating company , and sold solar panelling . Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children . Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls College ( which became Malvern St James in 2006 ) , a boarding independent school in Great Malvern . She then went to the University of Exeter , where she gained a first-class BA ( Hons ) in English Literature , graduating in 1983 . While at university , Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Womens Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) . Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in the UK which involved the cutting of fences with the expectation of being arrested . Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984 , gaining a Diploma of Journalism , before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter , awarded in 1990 , with a thesis entitled Writing for Women : a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance . While completing her doctorate , Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989 . Later , she worked for the charity in other roles , becoming active in the Green Party , and left Oxfam in 1999 . Life and career . Early political career . After being utterly inspired by Jonathon Porritts book Seeing Green , Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986 . She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham , where she was living at the time , so thought : Right ! Im going there now , Im just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party . Soon afterwards she became the partys National Press Officer ( 1987–89 ) and Co-Chair ( 1989–90 ) . Lucas has a reputation as a party moderniser . In a 2009 Guardian interview , she told Decca Aitkenhead : when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes Id be saying to them , What are you planning to wear? , and theyd be slightly offended that Id even think of asking the question . But I do genuinely think that has changed , a lot . Its a recognition , not that theres some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie , but that actually you dont want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what youre saying . When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom , she joined the Green Party of England and Wales . Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 ( for the following years general election ) and a Regional Council Member from 1997 . Lucass first success in an election came when she gained the Green Partys second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council , which she held between 1993 and 1997 . Green Party MEP . Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections , the first year the election was by proportional representation . In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote ( 110,571 votes ) . In November 2001 , she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest . Conducting her own defence at the trial , she pleaded not guilty . Lucas argued that she had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes . Faslane is the base used for Britains Trident nuclear programme . She was arrested for a protest at the same location in 2007 . It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace , rather than Britains illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons , she wrote at the time . Lucas was re-elected in 2004 , gaining 173,351 votes ( 8% share ) , and again in the 2009 election when the partys vote under the list system rose to 271,506 , or 11.6% . In the European Parliament , she was a member of the Committee for Trade , Industry , Energy and Research ; the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Consumer Policy ; the Committee on International Trade ; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change . Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy ( SIMPOL ) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues . Lucas became a signatory in June 2004 . In addition , she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup , a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs , a member of the Parliaments Delegation to ACP ( African Caribbean , and Pacific ) countries , and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council . As part of her committee work , she was the Parliaments Rapporteur ( draftsperson ) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment , and the Vice-President of the parliaments committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease . In July 2008 , Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group , an alliance of experts in finance , energy and the environment . The group put forward plans to invest in green energy , provide greater regulation of the finance sector , and strengthen ties between environmentalists , industry , agriculture , and trade unions . The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession , climate change , and increasing energy prices , and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three . She held the partys post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 . First period as leader ( 2008–2012 ) . Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first leader on 5 September 2008 , gaining 92% of the vote ( against one other candidate , Ashley Gunstock ) on a turnout of 38% . Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership . The change was about having a face the country recognises - or hopefully , she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009 , comes to recognise . It was in recognition of the fact that people dont really relate to abstract ideas , they relate more to the people who embody them . Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first-ever MP ( for Brighton Pavilion ) at the general election of 2010 . In July 2010 , Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage . The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military , notably in its assault on Gaza . Lucas stated that : I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to the atrocities being committed in Gaza . I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly .. . [ but ] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza . On 14 May 2012 , Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election . She added Im proud that during the four years of my term , weve moved Green politics forward to a higher level , with the party by far the most influential it has ever been . Brighton Pavilion . Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor , a former Green Party Principal Speaker , gained 22% of the vote . In 2007 , Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Partys nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election . In a letter to party members , she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10% , to avoid internal division . She described the move as the most difficult decision of my life , due to personal and family commitments but also her loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor , who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect . On 18 July 2007 , it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party . Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylors 45% . In May 2010 , Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252 . As well as being the first Green MP , Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton . She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010 . Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo No More Page Three to protest against the feature during a Commons debate . On 19 August 2013 , Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex . She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court . After the hearing , Lucas said : This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration . We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future . In the 2015 general election , Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share . In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689 , elected on 52.3% of the vote . Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes . In accord with long-standing Green policy , Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum , but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform . Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley . On 31 May 2016 , it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election . On 2 September , it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes . Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain , and EU rules on workers’ rights and the environment , among other policies . In May 2018 , Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September , she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party . In an article for The Guardian , Lucas wrote that it’s now time for me to show the power of letting go . Other roles , writings and views . Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of CND since 2004 . She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas . A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition , she resigned from the post in December 2015 . According to a statement from Lucass office , her busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn’t have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and , in light of some recent StWC positions that she didn’t support , she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do . Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation , the Centre for a Social Europe and the Protect the Local , Globally think-tank . She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust ( Africa ) . She is Matron of the Womens Environmental Network . Between 1997 and 1998 , she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK governments Department for International Development . Lucas is a prolific writer of reports , articles and books on the subjects of trade justice , localisation , globalisation , animal welfare and food , in which she is critical of free trade , a Single European Currency , trade-led developmental policies , genetically modified food and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues . Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation : A Manifesto ( co-authored with Mike Woodin ) , which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern , in opposition to neo-liberal , market-led forces of globalisation . Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws . She has called for the law to have an evidence based approach to drugs that also treats drugs as a health matter , rather than a criminal one . In early 2013 , Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper which officially marked her support for the Peoples Assembly movement . She also gave a speech at the Peoples Assembly Conference , held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013 . A book by Lucas on her time in parliament , Honourable Friends : Parliament and the Fight for Change , was published in 2015 . In August 2015 , Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyns campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . She wrote in The Independent : Ive never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party . For the first time in my memory , the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face . Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income . In January 2016 , Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament , calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UKs existing social security system . On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the Peoples Vote , a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government . In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150 , as part of a fundraising drive . Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong . An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour . The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an unfair advantage over other election candidates . Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not to repeat the breach ; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour . In 2021 , Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021 , alongside celebrities and other public figures , Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an epidemic of male violence by funding an ongoing , high-profile , expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls . Awards . In her time as a politician and activist , Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare from the RSPCA . Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times . The award is voted for by Observer readers , who chose her to win in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of 50 people who could save the planet . In October 2008 , Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008 . The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs . In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded Newcomer of the Year in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards . In July 2011 she was awarded Best all-rounder in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded MP of the Year in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011 . Also in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for Influencing the Political Agenda and voted Progressive of the Year in Left Foot Forwards readers poll . In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour Power list 2020 . Personal life . In 1991 , Lucas married Richard Savage . The couple have two sons , one of whom is an academic at the University of California , Santa Barbara . She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019 . Films . In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas , One Green Seat , directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt , was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica , California .
|
[
"University of Exeter"
] |
[
{
"text": " Caroline Patricia Lucas ( born 9 December 1960 ) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election . She was re-elected in the 2015 , 2017 and 2019 general elections , increasing her majority each time .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "Born in Malvern in Worcestershire , Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989 . She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles , also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997 . She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 , also serving as the partys Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was elected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election , becoming the partys first MP . She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP . She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018 , sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "She is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics , localisation , alternatives to globalisation , trade justice , animal welfare and food . In her time as a politician and activist , she has worked with non-governmental organisations and think tanks , including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire , to middle-class , Conservative parents Peter and Valerie ( née Griffin ) Lucas . She is one of three children ; her father ran a small central heating company , and sold solar panelling . Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls College ( which became Malvern St James in 2006 ) , a boarding independent school in Great Malvern . She then went to the University of Exeter , where she gained a first-class BA ( Hons ) in English Literature , graduating in 1983 . While at university , Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Womens Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) . Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "the UK which involved the cutting of fences with the expectation of being arrested .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984 , gaining a Diploma of Journalism , before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter , awarded in 1990 , with a thesis entitled Writing for Women : a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance . While completing her doctorate , Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989 . Later , she worked for the charity in other roles , becoming active in the Green Party , and left Oxfam in 1999 .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "After being utterly inspired by Jonathon Porritts book Seeing Green , Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986 . She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham , where she was living at the time , so thought : Right ! Im going there now , Im just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party . Soon afterwards she became the partys National Press Officer ( 1987–89 ) and Co-Chair ( 1989–90 ) . Lucas has a reputation as a party moderniser . In a 2009 Guardian interview , she told Decca Aitkenhead :",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes Id be saying to them , What are you planning to wear? , and theyd be slightly offended that Id even think of asking the question . But I do genuinely think that has changed , a lot . Its a recognition , not that theres some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie , but that actually you dont want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what youre saying .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom , she joined the Green Party of England and Wales . Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 ( for the following years general election ) and a Regional Council Member from 1997 . Lucass first success in an election came when she gained the Green Partys second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council , which she held between 1993 and 1997 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections , the first year the election was by proportional representation . In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote ( 110,571 votes ) . In November 2001 , she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest . Conducting her own defence at the trial , she pleaded not guilty . Lucas argued that she",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes . Faslane is the base used for Britains Trident nuclear programme . She was arrested for a protest at the same location in 2007 . It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace , rather than Britains illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons , she wrote at the time .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " Lucas was re-elected in 2004 , gaining 173,351 votes ( 8% share ) , and again in the 2009 election when the partys vote under the list system rose to 271,506 , or 11.6% . In the European Parliament , she was a member of the Committee for Trade , Industry , Energy and Research ; the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Consumer Policy ; the Committee on International Trade ; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy ( SIMPOL ) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues . Lucas became a signatory in June 2004 . In addition , she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup , a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs , a member of the Parliaments Delegation to ACP ( African Caribbean , and Pacific ) countries , and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council . As part of her committee work , she was the",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Parliaments Rapporteur ( draftsperson ) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment , and the Vice-President of the parliaments committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " In July 2008 , Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group , an alliance of experts in finance , energy and the environment . The group put forward plans to invest in green energy , provide greater regulation of the finance sector , and strengthen ties between environmentalists , industry , agriculture , and trade unions . The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession , climate change , and increasing energy prices , and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "She held the partys post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first leader on 5 September 2008 , gaining 92% of the vote ( against one other candidate , Ashley Gunstock ) on a turnout of 38% . Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership . The change was about having a face the country recognises - or hopefully , she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009 , comes to recognise . It was in recognition of the fact that people dont really relate to abstract ideas , they relate more to the people who embody them . Lucas was elected as the",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Green Partys first-ever MP ( for Brighton Pavilion ) at the general election of 2010 .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage . The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military , notably in its assault on Gaza . Lucas stated that : I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "the atrocities being committed in Gaza . I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly .. . [ but ] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " On 14 May 2012 , Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election . She added Im proud that during the four years of my term , weve moved Green politics forward to a higher level , with the party by far the most influential it has ever been .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor , a former Green Party Principal Speaker , gained 22% of the vote . In 2007 , Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Partys nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election . In a letter to party members , she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10% , to avoid internal division . She described the move as",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "the most difficult decision of my life , due to personal and family commitments but also her loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor , who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect . On 18 July 2007 , it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party . Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylors 45% .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In May 2010 , Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252 . As well as being the first Green MP , Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton . She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010 . Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo No More Page Three to protest against the feature during a Commons debate .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "On 19 August 2013 , Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex . She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court . After the hearing , Lucas said : This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration . We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 general election , Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share . In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689 , elected on 52.3% of the vote . Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes . In accord with long-standing Green policy , Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum , but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform . Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "On 31 May 2016 , it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " On 2 September , it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes . Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain , and EU rules on workers’ rights and the environment , among other policies .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In May 2018 , Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September , she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party . In an article for The Guardian , Lucas wrote that it’s now time for me to show the power of letting go .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of CND since 2004 . She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas . A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition , she resigned from the post in December 2015 . According to a statement from Lucass office , her busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn’t have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and , in light of some recent StWC positions",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "that she didn’t support , she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation , the Centre for a Social Europe and the Protect the Local , Globally think-tank . She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust ( Africa ) . She is Matron of the Womens Environmental Network . Between 1997 and 1998 , she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK governments Department for International Development .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is a prolific writer of reports , articles and books on the subjects of trade justice , localisation , globalisation , animal welfare and food , in which she is critical of free trade , a Single European Currency , trade-led developmental policies , genetically modified food and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues . Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation : A Manifesto ( co-authored with Mike Woodin ) , which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern , in opposition to neo-liberal , market-led",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "forces of globalisation .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws . She has called for the law to have an evidence based approach to drugs that also treats drugs as a health matter , rather than a criminal one .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In early 2013 , Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper which officially marked her support for the Peoples Assembly movement . She also gave a speech at the Peoples Assembly Conference , held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013 . A book by Lucas on her time in parliament , Honourable Friends : Parliament and the Fight for Change , was published in 2015 .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In August 2015 , Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyns campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . She wrote in The Independent : Ive never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party . For the first time in my memory , the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income . In January 2016 , Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament , calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UKs existing social security system .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the Peoples Vote , a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150 , as part of a fundraising drive . Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong . An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour . The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an unfair advantage over other election candidates . Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "to repeat the breach ; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In 2021 , Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021 , alongside celebrities and other public figures , Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an epidemic of male violence by funding an ongoing , high-profile , expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In her time as a politician and activist , Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare from the RSPCA . Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times . The award is voted for by Observer readers , who chose her to win in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of 50 people who could save the planet .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "In October 2008 , Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008 . The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs . In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded Newcomer of the Year in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards . In July 2011 she was awarded Best all-rounder in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded MP of the Year in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011 . Also",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for Influencing the Political Agenda and voted Progressive of the Year in Left Foot Forwards readers poll .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour Power list 2020 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , Lucas married Richard Savage . The couple have two sons , one of whom is an academic at the University of California , Santa Barbara . She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas , One Green Seat , directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt , was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica , California .",
"title": "Films"
}
] |
/wiki/Caroline_Lucas#P69#2
|
Caroline Lucas went to which school in early 1990s?
|
Caroline Lucas Caroline Patricia Lucas ( born 9 December 1960 ) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election . She was re-elected in the 2015 , 2017 and 2019 general elections , increasing her majority each time . Born in Malvern in Worcestershire , Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989 . She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles , also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997 . She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 , also serving as the partys Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 . Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was elected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election , becoming the partys first MP . She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP . She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018 , sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley . She is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics , localisation , alternatives to globalisation , trade justice , animal welfare and food . In her time as a politician and activist , she has worked with non-governmental organisations and think tanks , including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam . Early life and education . Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire , to middle-class , Conservative parents Peter and Valerie ( née Griffin ) Lucas . She is one of three children ; her father ran a small central heating company , and sold solar panelling . Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children . Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls College ( which became Malvern St James in 2006 ) , a boarding independent school in Great Malvern . She then went to the University of Exeter , where she gained a first-class BA ( Hons ) in English Literature , graduating in 1983 . While at university , Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Womens Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) . Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in the UK which involved the cutting of fences with the expectation of being arrested . Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984 , gaining a Diploma of Journalism , before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter , awarded in 1990 , with a thesis entitled Writing for Women : a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance . While completing her doctorate , Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989 . Later , she worked for the charity in other roles , becoming active in the Green Party , and left Oxfam in 1999 . Life and career . Early political career . After being utterly inspired by Jonathon Porritts book Seeing Green , Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986 . She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham , where she was living at the time , so thought : Right ! Im going there now , Im just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party . Soon afterwards she became the partys National Press Officer ( 1987–89 ) and Co-Chair ( 1989–90 ) . Lucas has a reputation as a party moderniser . In a 2009 Guardian interview , she told Decca Aitkenhead : when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes Id be saying to them , What are you planning to wear? , and theyd be slightly offended that Id even think of asking the question . But I do genuinely think that has changed , a lot . Its a recognition , not that theres some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie , but that actually you dont want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what youre saying . When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom , she joined the Green Party of England and Wales . Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 ( for the following years general election ) and a Regional Council Member from 1997 . Lucass first success in an election came when she gained the Green Partys second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council , which she held between 1993 and 1997 . Green Party MEP . Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections , the first year the election was by proportional representation . In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote ( 110,571 votes ) . In November 2001 , she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest . Conducting her own defence at the trial , she pleaded not guilty . Lucas argued that she had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes . Faslane is the base used for Britains Trident nuclear programme . She was arrested for a protest at the same location in 2007 . It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace , rather than Britains illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons , she wrote at the time . Lucas was re-elected in 2004 , gaining 173,351 votes ( 8% share ) , and again in the 2009 election when the partys vote under the list system rose to 271,506 , or 11.6% . In the European Parliament , she was a member of the Committee for Trade , Industry , Energy and Research ; the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Consumer Policy ; the Committee on International Trade ; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change . Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy ( SIMPOL ) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues . Lucas became a signatory in June 2004 . In addition , she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup , a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs , a member of the Parliaments Delegation to ACP ( African Caribbean , and Pacific ) countries , and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council . As part of her committee work , she was the Parliaments Rapporteur ( draftsperson ) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment , and the Vice-President of the parliaments committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease . In July 2008 , Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group , an alliance of experts in finance , energy and the environment . The group put forward plans to invest in green energy , provide greater regulation of the finance sector , and strengthen ties between environmentalists , industry , agriculture , and trade unions . The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession , climate change , and increasing energy prices , and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three . She held the partys post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 . First period as leader ( 2008–2012 ) . Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first leader on 5 September 2008 , gaining 92% of the vote ( against one other candidate , Ashley Gunstock ) on a turnout of 38% . Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership . The change was about having a face the country recognises - or hopefully , she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009 , comes to recognise . It was in recognition of the fact that people dont really relate to abstract ideas , they relate more to the people who embody them . Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first-ever MP ( for Brighton Pavilion ) at the general election of 2010 . In July 2010 , Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage . The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military , notably in its assault on Gaza . Lucas stated that : I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to the atrocities being committed in Gaza . I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly .. . [ but ] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza . On 14 May 2012 , Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election . She added Im proud that during the four years of my term , weve moved Green politics forward to a higher level , with the party by far the most influential it has ever been . Brighton Pavilion . Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor , a former Green Party Principal Speaker , gained 22% of the vote . In 2007 , Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Partys nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election . In a letter to party members , she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10% , to avoid internal division . She described the move as the most difficult decision of my life , due to personal and family commitments but also her loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor , who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect . On 18 July 2007 , it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party . Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylors 45% . In May 2010 , Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252 . As well as being the first Green MP , Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton . She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010 . Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo No More Page Three to protest against the feature during a Commons debate . On 19 August 2013 , Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex . She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court . After the hearing , Lucas said : This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration . We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future . In the 2015 general election , Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share . In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689 , elected on 52.3% of the vote . Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes . In accord with long-standing Green policy , Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum , but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform . Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley . On 31 May 2016 , it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election . On 2 September , it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes . Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain , and EU rules on workers’ rights and the environment , among other policies . In May 2018 , Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September , she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party . In an article for The Guardian , Lucas wrote that it’s now time for me to show the power of letting go . Other roles , writings and views . Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of CND since 2004 . She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas . A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition , she resigned from the post in December 2015 . According to a statement from Lucass office , her busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn’t have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and , in light of some recent StWC positions that she didn’t support , she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do . Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation , the Centre for a Social Europe and the Protect the Local , Globally think-tank . She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust ( Africa ) . She is Matron of the Womens Environmental Network . Between 1997 and 1998 , she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK governments Department for International Development . Lucas is a prolific writer of reports , articles and books on the subjects of trade justice , localisation , globalisation , animal welfare and food , in which she is critical of free trade , a Single European Currency , trade-led developmental policies , genetically modified food and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues . Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation : A Manifesto ( co-authored with Mike Woodin ) , which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern , in opposition to neo-liberal , market-led forces of globalisation . Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws . She has called for the law to have an evidence based approach to drugs that also treats drugs as a health matter , rather than a criminal one . In early 2013 , Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper which officially marked her support for the Peoples Assembly movement . She also gave a speech at the Peoples Assembly Conference , held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013 . A book by Lucas on her time in parliament , Honourable Friends : Parliament and the Fight for Change , was published in 2015 . In August 2015 , Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyns campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . She wrote in The Independent : Ive never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party . For the first time in my memory , the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face . Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income . In January 2016 , Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament , calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UKs existing social security system . On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the Peoples Vote , a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government . In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150 , as part of a fundraising drive . Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong . An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour . The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an unfair advantage over other election candidates . Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not to repeat the breach ; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour . In 2021 , Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021 , alongside celebrities and other public figures , Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an epidemic of male violence by funding an ongoing , high-profile , expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls . Awards . In her time as a politician and activist , Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare from the RSPCA . Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times . The award is voted for by Observer readers , who chose her to win in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of 50 people who could save the planet . In October 2008 , Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008 . The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs . In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded Newcomer of the Year in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards . In July 2011 she was awarded Best all-rounder in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded MP of the Year in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011 . Also in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for Influencing the Political Agenda and voted Progressive of the Year in Left Foot Forwards readers poll . In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour Power list 2020 . Personal life . In 1991 , Lucas married Richard Savage . The couple have two sons , one of whom is an academic at the University of California , Santa Barbara . She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019 . Films . In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas , One Green Seat , directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt , was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica , California .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Caroline Patricia Lucas ( born 9 December 1960 ) is a British politician who has twice led the Green Party of England and Wales and has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brighton Pavilion since the 2010 general election . She was re-elected in the 2015 , 2017 and 2019 general elections , increasing her majority each time .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "Born in Malvern in Worcestershire , Lucas graduated from the University of Exeter and the University of Kansas before receiving a PhD from the University of Exeter in 1989 . She joined the Green Party in 1986 and held various party roles , also serving on Oxfordshire County Council from 1993 to 1997 . She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for South East England in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 , also serving as the partys Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Lucas was elected the first leader of the Green Party in 2008 and was elected to represent the constituency of Brighton Pavilion in the 2010 general election , becoming the partys first MP . She stood down as party leader in 2012 to devote more time to her parliamentary duties and focus on an ultimately successful campaign to be re-elected as an MP . She returned as party leader from September 2016 to September 2018 , sharing the post with Jonathan Bartley .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "She is known as a campaigner and writer on green economics , localisation , alternatives to globalisation , trade justice , animal welfare and food . In her time as a politician and activist , she has worked with non-governmental organisations and think tanks , including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Oxfam .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Lucas was born in Malvern in Worcestershire , to middle-class , Conservative parents Peter and Valerie ( née Griffin ) Lucas . She is one of three children ; her father ran a small central heating company , and sold solar panelling . Her mother stayed at home to bring up their children .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was educated at Malvern Girls College ( which became Malvern St James in 2006 ) , a boarding independent school in Great Malvern . She then went to the University of Exeter , where she gained a first-class BA ( Hons ) in English Literature , graduating in 1983 . While at university , Lucas went on many trips to Greenham Common Womens Peace Camp and Molesworth peace camp when involved with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) . Lucas was an activist in CND and was involved in the Snowball Campaign against US military bases in",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "the UK which involved the cutting of fences with the expectation of being arrested .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": " Lucas won a scholarship to attend the University of Kansas between 1983 and 1984 , gaining a Diploma of Journalism , before studying for a PhD degree in English from the University of Exeter , awarded in 1990 , with a thesis entitled Writing for Women : a study of woman as reader in Elizabethan romance . While completing her doctorate , Lucas worked as a press officer for Oxfam from 1989 . Later , she worked for the charity in other roles , becoming active in the Green Party , and left Oxfam in 1999 .",
"title": "Caroline Lucas"
},
{
"text": "After being utterly inspired by Jonathon Porritts book Seeing Green , Lucas joined the Green Party in 1986 . She noticed that the Green Party office was in Clapham , where she was living at the time , so thought : Right ! Im going there now , Im just going to dedicate the rest of my life to this party . Soon afterwards she became the partys National Press Officer ( 1987–89 ) and Co-Chair ( 1989–90 ) . Lucas has a reputation as a party moderniser . In a 2009 Guardian interview , she told Decca Aitkenhead :",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "when I was putting people up to go on TV programmes Id be saying to them , What are you planning to wear? , and theyd be slightly offended that Id even think of asking the question . But I do genuinely think that has changed , a lot . Its a recognition , not that theres some kind of terrible compromise about putting on a tie , but that actually you dont want people to be focusing on what you look like but on what youre saying .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " When the Green Party became three separate parties in 1990 for the constituent parts of the United Kingdom , she joined the Green Party of England and Wales . Lucas served as their General Election Speaker from 1991 ( for the following years general election ) and a Regional Council Member from 1997 . Lucass first success in an election came when she gained the Green Partys second council seat in the UK on Oxfordshire County Council , which she held between 1993 and 1997 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England Region at the 1999 elections , the first year the election was by proportional representation . In that year the Green Party gained 7.4% of the vote ( 110,571 votes ) . In November 2001 , she was convicted of a breach of the peace at the Faslane nuclear base in Scotland the previous February and fined £150 for her participation in a CND sit-down protest . Conducting her own defence at the trial , she pleaded not guilty . Lucas argued that she",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "had a right under the Human Rights Act to peaceful protest following on from her firm anti-nuclear attitudes . Faslane is the base used for Britains Trident nuclear programme . She was arrested for a protest at the same location in 2007 . It still seems ironic that it is a non-violent demonstration that is judged to be a breach of the peace , rather than Britains illegal and immoral possession of nuclear weapons , she wrote at the time .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " Lucas was re-elected in 2004 , gaining 173,351 votes ( 8% share ) , and again in the 2009 election when the partys vote under the list system rose to 271,506 , or 11.6% . In the European Parliament , she was a member of the Committee for Trade , Industry , Energy and Research ; the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Consumer Policy ; the Committee on International Trade ; and the Temporary Committee on Climate Change .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was an early signatory of the International Simultaneous Policy ( SIMPOL ) which seeks to end the usual deadlock in tackling global issues . Lucas became a signatory in June 2004 . In addition , she is or has been Vice-President of the Animal Welfare Intergroup , a member of Intergroups on Peace Issues and Consumer Affairs , a member of the Parliaments Delegation to ACP ( African Caribbean , and Pacific ) countries , and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council . As part of her committee work , she was the",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Parliaments Rapporteur ( draftsperson ) on a Commission Communication on the impact of air transport on the environment , and the Vice-President of the parliaments committee of inquiry into foot-and-mouth disease .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " In July 2008 , Lucas joined the Green New Deal Group , an alliance of experts in finance , energy and the environment . The group put forward plans to invest in green energy , provide greater regulation of the finance sector , and strengthen ties between environmentalists , industry , agriculture , and trade unions . The proposals were put forth in response to fears over the recession , climate change , and increasing energy prices , and stressed the need for integrative policies towards tackling all three .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "She held the partys post of Female Principal Speaker from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2008 .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Lucas was elected as the Green Partys first leader on 5 September 2008 , gaining 92% of the vote ( against one other candidate , Ashley Gunstock ) on a turnout of 38% . Previously the party had operated under a collective leadership . The change was about having a face the country recognises - or hopefully , she told Decca Aitkenhead in 2009 , comes to recognise . It was in recognition of the fact that people dont really relate to abstract ideas , they relate more to the people who embody them . Lucas was elected as the",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Green Partys first-ever MP ( for Brighton Pavilion ) at the general election of 2010 .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Lucas expressed her support for seven campaigners of the Smash EDO campaign who had caused approximately £180,000 damage to an EDO MBM arms factory and were acquitted of conspiring to cause criminal damage . The jury accepted their defence of lawful excuse – action undertaken to prevent a much worse crime – because the company manufactured and sold certain components used by the Israeli military , notably in its assault on Gaza . Lucas stated that : I am absolutely delighted the jury has recognised that the actions of the decommissioners were a legitimate response to",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "the atrocities being committed in Gaza . I do not advocate non-violent direct action lightly .. . [ but ] their actions were driven by the responsibility to prevent further suffering in Gaza .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": " On 14 May 2012 , Lucas announced she would be standing down as leader as of September 2012 in order to broaden opportunities for the range of talent in the party and to raise the profiles of others aspiring to election . She added Im proud that during the four years of my term , weve moved Green politics forward to a higher level , with the party by far the most influential it has ever been .",
"title": "Green Party MEP"
},
{
"text": "Brighton Pavilion had the highest vote in the 2005 general election for a Green Party candidate when Keith Taylor , a former Green Party Principal Speaker , gained 22% of the vote . In 2007 , Lucas declared her intention to stand for the Green Partys nomination for the prospective parliamentary candidate in the Brighton Pavilion constituency for the next general election . In a letter to party members , she indicated that she would only stand if she won the internal party selection election by more than 10% , to avoid internal division . She described the move as",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "the most difficult decision of my life , due to personal and family commitments but also her loyalty and commitment to Keith Taylor , who is a person and a politician for whom I have great admiration and respect . On 18 July 2007 , it was announced that Lucas had been selected by the Brighton Green Party . Lucas won with 55% of the party ballot against Keith Taylors 45% .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In May 2010 , Lucas was elected as the first Green MP to Westminster with a majority of 1,252 . As well as being the first Green MP , Lucas was also the first woman to be elected as an MP for Brighton . She delivered her maiden speech on 27 May 2010 . Lucas opposed the presentation of bare-breasted models on page 3 in The Sun and in 2013 was reprimanded for transgressing the Westminster dress code by wearing a T-shirt with the logo No More Page Three to protest against the feature during a Commons debate .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "On 19 August 2013 , Lucas was arrested at a non-violent protest against Cuadrilla Resources fracking operations in Sussex . She was subsequently charged with obstructing a public highway but was found not guilty on 17 April 2014 at Brighton Magistrates Court . After the hearing , Lucas said : This judgement is right but this is not a victory or cause for celebration . We will continue to campaign to end fracking and only celebrate when our world is on the path to a clean energy future .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 general election , Lucas was re-elected with a much increased majority of 7,967 and vote share . In the 2017 general election Lucas increased her majority to 14,689 , elected on 52.3% of the vote . Her vote majority increased again in the 2019 election by 5% with 33,151 votes . In accord with long-standing Green policy , Lucas voted in 2015 for holding the European Union Referendum , but campaigning to stay in the EU with major reform . Co-leader with Jonathan Bartley .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "On 31 May 2016 , it was announced that Lucas would run for the position of the Leader of the Green Party in a job share arrangement with the welfare spokesman Jonathan Bartley in the forthcoming 2016 Green Party leadership election .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " On 2 September , it was announced that Lucas and Bartley had been elected with 86% of first-preference votes . Lucas said the party would strive to preserve the rights of EU nationals living in Britain , and EU rules on workers’ rights and the environment , among other policies .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In May 2018 , Lucas announced that at the end of her two-year term in September , she would not seek re-election as co-leader of the Green Party . In an article for The Guardian , Lucas wrote that it’s now time for me to show the power of letting go .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is vice-president of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and has been on the National Council of CND since 2004 . She is also Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil and Gas . A former vice-president of the Stop the War Coalition , she resigned from the post in December 2015 . According to a statement from Lucass office , her busy parliamentary and constituency schedule means that she doesn’t have time to fully engage with the role of a patron and , in light of some recent StWC positions",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "that she didn’t support , she felt standing down was the responsible thing to do .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " Lucas has served as an advisory board member to the International Forum on Globalisation , the Centre for a Social Europe and the Protect the Local , Globally think-tank . She has been a Trustee of the Radiation Research Trust and Patron of the Joliba Trust ( Africa ) . She is Matron of the Womens Environmental Network . Between 1997 and 1998 , she was called upon as a Policy Adviser on Trade and Investment for the UK governments Department for International Development .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is a prolific writer of reports , articles and books on the subjects of trade justice , localisation , globalisation , animal welfare and food , in which she is critical of free trade , a Single European Currency , trade-led developmental policies , genetically modified food and a lack of attention to environmental and social issues . Her most substantial work is Green Alternatives to Globalisation : A Manifesto ( co-authored with Mike Woodin ) , which advocates localisation of economies based on minimal trade and greater social and environmental concern , in opposition to neo-liberal , market-led",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "forces of globalisation .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " Lucas is an advocate for reform of UK drug laws . She has called for the law to have an evidence based approach to drugs that also treats drugs as a health matter , rather than a criminal one .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In early 2013 , Lucas co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper which officially marked her support for the Peoples Assembly movement . She also gave a speech at the Peoples Assembly Conference , held at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013 . A book by Lucas on her time in parliament , Honourable Friends : Parliament and the Fight for Change , was published in 2015 .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In August 2015 , Lucas endorsed Jeremy Corbyns campaign in the Labour Party leadership election . She wrote in The Independent : Ive never felt so optimistic about a potential leader of the Labour Party . For the first time in my memory , the party of Keir Hardie and Clement Attlee looks likely to be led again by someone who dares to stand up for the radical changes demanded by the challenges we face .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "Lucas is a supporter of a permanent universal basic income . In January 2016 , Lucas tabled a motion in the British Parliament , calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UKs existing social security system .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " On 15 April 2018 she attended the launch event of the Peoples Vote , a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . In August 2019 Lucas was subject to criticism for suggesting the creation of an all-female cabinet as part of a national unity government .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "In February 2020 she was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , following a complaint by Michael Fabricant that she had offered a tour of the Commons in exchange for £150 , as part of a fundraising drive . Lucas said she did not believe she had done anything wrong . An investigation found she had breached the House of Commons Code of Conduct in offering and giving the tour . The Standards Commissioner also found that it gave her an unfair advantage over other election candidates . Lucas acknowledged that she had breached the rules and promised not",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": "to repeat the breach ; the Green Party returned the donation to the supporter who received the tour .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In 2021 , Lucas was one of three MPs who successfully took legal action against the Department of Health and Social Care over contracts awarded during the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021 , alongside celebrities and other public figures , Lucas was a signatory to an open letter from Stylist magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an epidemic of male violence by funding an ongoing , high-profile , expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls .",
"title": "Brighton Pavilion"
},
{
"text": " In her time as a politician and activist , Lucas has won the 2006 Michael Kay Award for her outstanding contribution to European animal welfare from the RSPCA . Lucas has won the award for Politician of the Year in The Observer Newspaper Ethical Awards three times . The award is voted for by Observer readers , who chose her to win in 2007 , 2009 and 2010 . In 2008 she was listed by The Guardian as one of 50 people who could save the planet .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "In October 2008 , Lucas was winner in the Trade category of The Parliament magazine MEP Awards 2008 . The awards are voted for by MEPs and NGOs . In April 2010 Lucas won Best UK Politician in The Independent Green Awards and in November 2010 she was awarded Newcomer of the Year in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year awards . In July 2011 she was awarded Best all-rounder in the Total Politics End of Year MP awards and in September 2011 she was awarded MP of the Year in the Women in Public Life Awards 2011 . Also",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "in 2011 she was given the Political Studies Association award for Influencing the Political Agenda and voted Progressive of the Year in Left Foot Forwards readers poll .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Womans Hour Power list 2020 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , Lucas married Richard Savage . The couple have two sons , one of whom is an academic at the University of California , Santa Barbara . She is a vegetarian and told ITV news Political Correspondent Paul Brand that she is “moving as fast as she can towards being vegan” in September 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 a short documentary film about Lucas , One Green Seat , directed by Daniel Ifans and produced by We Are Tilt , was an Official Selection at the 2017 Artemis Women In Action Film Festival in Santa Monica , California .",
"title": "Films"
}
] |
/wiki/Dave_Kingman#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Dave Kingman belong to in Sep 1973?
|
Dave Kingman David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time . The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) . Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) . Early life . Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout . Harper College ( 1967 ) /University of Southern California ( 1968-1970 ) . He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder . In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury . In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft . Professional career . Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) . Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games . On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13 in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs . In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 . Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry . New York Mets/San Diego Padres/California Angels/New York Yankees - 1977 season . Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood . Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels . On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility . Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs . Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade . 1979 season/550 foot home run . The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet . The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) . In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong . The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) . In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver . Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season . Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics . In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) . On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting . After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 . In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out . During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would be released if a similar incident occurred again . When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI . Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time . Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) . Retirement . On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 . In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame . Personal . Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .
|
[
"San Francisco Giants"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": " Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "be released if a similar incident occurred again .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Dave_Kingman#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Dave Kingman belong to in Apr 1974?
|
Dave Kingman David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time . The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) . Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) . Early life . Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout . Harper College ( 1967 ) /University of Southern California ( 1968-1970 ) . He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder . In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury . In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft . Professional career . Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) . Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games . On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13 in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs . In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 . Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry . New York Mets/San Diego Padres/California Angels/New York Yankees - 1977 season . Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood . Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels . On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility . Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs . Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade . 1979 season/550 foot home run . The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet . The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) . In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong . The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) . In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver . Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season . Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics . In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) . On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting . After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 . In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out . During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would be released if a similar incident occurred again . When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI . Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time . Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) . Retirement . On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 . In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame . Personal . Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": " Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "be released if a similar incident occurred again .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Dave_Kingman#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Dave Kingman belong to between May 1975 and Nov 1976?
|
Dave Kingman David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time . The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) . Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) . Early life . Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout . Harper College ( 1967 ) /University of Southern California ( 1968-1970 ) . He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder . In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury . In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft . Professional career . Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) . Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games . On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13 in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs . In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 . Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry . New York Mets/San Diego Padres/California Angels/New York Yankees - 1977 season . Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood . Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels . On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility . Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs . Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade . 1979 season/550 foot home run . The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet . The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) . In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong . The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) . In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver . Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season . Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics . In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) . On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting . After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 . In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out . During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would be released if a similar incident occurred again . When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI . Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time . Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) . Retirement . On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 . In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame . Personal . Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .
|
[
"Mets"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": " Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "be released if a similar incident occurred again .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Dave_Kingman#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Dave Kingman belong to after Jan 1984?
|
Dave Kingman David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time . The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) . Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) . Early life . Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout . Harper College ( 1967 ) /University of Southern California ( 1968-1970 ) . He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder . In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury . In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft . Professional career . Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) . Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games . On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13 in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs . In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 . Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry . New York Mets/San Diego Padres/California Angels/New York Yankees - 1977 season . Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood . Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels . On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility . Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs . Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade . 1979 season/550 foot home run . The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet . The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) . In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong . The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) . In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver . Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season . Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics . In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) . On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting . After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 . In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out . During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would be released if a similar incident occurred again . When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI . Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time . Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) . Retirement . On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 . In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame . Personal . Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " David Arthur Kingman ( born December 21 , 1948 ) , nicknamed King Kong and Sky King , is a former Major League Baseball left fielder , first baseman , third baseman , and designated hitter who was a 3 time MLB All-Star with 442 career home runs and 1,210 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 16 seasons . In his career , Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "The 6 6 Kingman was a power hitter , who twice led the National League in home runs . Known for his long home runs , Kingman hit one measured at over 530 feet . Kingman struck out frequently , and posted a low batting average and on-base percentage . His 1,816 strikeouts was the fourth-highest total in MLB history at the time of his retirement . As a result of the increase in frequency of strikeouts in the intervening period , he currently ranks eighteenth as of January 2019 . Kingman finished in the top 25 voting for National",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "League Most Valuable Player four times ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , and 1979 ) and American League Most Valuable Player once ( 1984 ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": " Upon retiring , Dave Kingman was 16th on the all-time home run list and tied for 4th on the all-time Grand Slam list with 16 ( tied with Aaron and Ruth ) .",
"title": "Dave Kingman"
},
{
"text": "Born in Pendleton , Oregon in 1948 , Kingman moved with his family to Denver , Colorado in 1951 , to Los Angeles , California in 1954 and finally to Mount Prospect , Illinois , as Kingmans father worked for United Airlines and moved the family as needed for his career . Kingman attended Prospect High School , where he was a center and a forward on the basketball team , being named All-Area , a wide receiver and safety on the football team , and a star pitcher on the baseball team . Kingman threw a no-hitter against Niles",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "North High School on April 6 , 1967 . In his final high school game , he hit four home runs and pitched a two-hit shutout .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft , and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft , but chose , instead , to attend the University of Southern California ( USC ) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux , after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine , Illinois . Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Kingman had a 11–4 win–loss record with a 1.38 earned run average ( ERA ) and batted .250 with four home runs and 16 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as a part-time hitter for USC . In the 1970 USC NCAA Championship Season , Kingman hit .355 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs , exclusively as a hitter , despite missing time mid-season due to injury .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman was named an All-American and led the Trojans to the College World Series championship , along with teammates , pitchers Steve Busby , Jim Barr and Brent Strom . Kingman was then selected by the San Francisco Giants with the first pick of the secondary phase draft .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Minor leagues ( 1970-1971 ) . After signing with the Giants , Kingman played for the Class AA Amarillo Giants in 1970 after the College World Series victory . He hit .295 with 15 home runs and 45 RBIs in 60 games . Moving to the Class AAA Phoenix Giants in 1971 , he hit .278 with 26 home runs and 99 RBIs in 105 games before being called up by the San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants ( 1971-1974 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman came up as an outfielder and first baseman with the San Francisco Giants . He made his major league debut on July 30 , , pinch running for Willie McCovey , and finishing the game at first base . He hit a home run in his next game , a grand slam , and hit two more a day later . He finished his rookie season with a .278 average with 6 home runs and 24 RBI in 41 games .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , , the second day of the season , Kingman hit for the cycle in the Giants 10–6 victory over the Houston Astros . A day earlier , he made his debut at third base , a position he would play off and on for the remainder of his Giants career . Kingman also made his major league debut on the mound with the Giants , pitching two innings of mop up duty in an 11–0 loss to the Cincinnati Reds on April 15 , . He pitched again in the mop up role on May 13",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "in a 15–3 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers . In both games , he pitched the final two innings and gave up two earned runs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In , he committed twelve errors in 59 chances at third , and lost his starting job to Steve Ontiveros . Following the season , the Giants sold their rights to him to the New York Mets . In four seasons and 409 games with the Giants , Kingman hit .224 with 77 home runs and 217 RBI . New York Mets ( 1975-1977 ) . On February 28 , 1975 , Kingman was purchased by the New York Mets from the San Francisco Giants for $150,000 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman played twelve games at third with the Mets ; however , the Mets eventually abandoned the idea of Kingman as a third baseman and kept him primarily in the outfield . He emerged as a slugger upon his arrival in New York City , setting a club record with 36 home runs in . He also scored 65 runs , the highest percentage of runs scored on homers for anyone that hit more than 30 in a season . A year later , in 1976 , he broke his own record with 37 homers , and was elected to",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "start in right field for the 1976 National League All-Star team . His single season home run record for the Mets stood until 1987 when it was broken by Darryl Strawberry .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman was batting .209 with nine home runs when he became one of the three players traded in the infamous Midnight Massacre by the New York Mets . On June 15 , , the Mets traded Kingman to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Bobby Valentine ; Tom Seaver was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry , Doug Flynn , Steve Henderson and Dan Norman ; and Mike Phillips was traded to the St . Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman was waived by the Padres on September 6 , 1977 , and immediately claimed by the California Angels .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , Kingman became one of only a handful of players to play for four major league teams in the same season ( and the only one to play in each division in baseball in a single year since the establishment of divisional play in 1969 ) when he was traded by the Angels to the New York Yankees , for Randy Stein and cash . Although Kingmans four home runs and seven RBI in eight games helped propel the Yankees into the post-season over the second place Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles , he could not",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "participate in the teams push to a World Series crown as he was added to the roster after the August 31 cutoff date for postseason eligibility .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Overall , Kingman hit .221 with 26 home runs and 78 RBI in 132 games for the four teams in 1977 . Chicago Cubs ( 1978-1980 ) . On November 30 , 1977 , Kingman signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs . He signed a 5-year contract for $240,000 per year . In 1978 , Kingman hit .266 with 28 home runs and 78 RBI in 119 games with the Cubs .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman had an excellent performance in Los Angeles on May 14 , , when he again hit three home runs against the Dodgers , including a three-run shot in the top of the 15th inning that gave the Cubs a 10–7 victory . Eight of the Cubs ten runs were driven in by Kingman . Following the game , radio reporter Paul Olden asked Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda his opinion of Kingmans performance that day , inspiring an oft-replayed ( and censored ) obscenity-laced tirade .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "The best season of Kingmans career came with the Cubs in . Kingman batted .288 with a National League-leading 48 homers , as well as 115 runs batted in ( second to San Diegos Dave Winfields 118 ) and 97 runs scored . He hit three home runs in a game twice that season , both coming in Cubs losses . The first was a slugging duel with Mike Schmidt on May 17 at Wrigley Field ; Kingman hit three home runs and drove in six while Schmidt hit two in the game , with Schmidt delivering his second in",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "the top of the tenth inning to give the Phillies a 23–22 victory . Kingmans third home run during this game is likely the longest home run of his career , and believed to be the longest in the history of Wrigley Field . There is a street called Kenmore Avenue that Ts into Waveland Avenue behind left-center field . Kenmore is lined with houses , and the ball Kingman launched landed on the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore , a shot estimated at 550 feet .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The second three homer game for Kingman that year came against his former team on July 28 at Shea Stadium in a 6–4 loss to the Mets . His .613 slugging percentage in 1979 was almost 50 points higher than that of his next closest National League competition , Mike Schmidt . Kingman finished eleventh in NL MVP balloting that year and led the league in strikeouts for the first time in his career ( 131 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In , Kingman ( whose personality former Mets teammate John Stearns had once compared to a tree trunk ) dumped a bucket of ice water on Daily Herald reporter Don Friskes head late in spring training . Kingman regularly insisted he was misquoted , and he began appearing regularly in the Chicago Tribune , as the nominal author of a column ghostwritten by Chicago Park District employee Gerald Pfeiffer . Mike Royko , then writing for the rival Chicago Sun-Times , parodied Kingmans column with a series using the byline Dave Dingdong .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " The Cubs held a Dave Kingman T-shirt Day promotion in conjunction with its game with the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 7 , but Kingman instead spent the afternoon at Navy Pier promoting Kawasaki Jet Skis at ChicagoFest . Injured , Kingman played in 81 games in 1980 , hitting .278 with 18 home runs and 57 RBI . Overall , in his three seasons with the Cubs , Kingman hit .278 with 94 home runs and 251 RBI and a .907 OPS in 345 games . New York Mets II ( 1981-1983 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In January 1980 , the Payson heirs sold the Mets franchise to the Doubleday publishing company for $21.1 million . Nelson Doubleday , Jr . was named chairman of the board while minority shareholder Fred Wilpon took the role of club president . On February 28 , , the Mets reacquired Kingman from the Cubs for Steve Henderson and cash . In separate deals , the new organization also reacquired Rusty Staub , and two seasons later , Tom Seaver .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Kingman primarily played first base upon his return to the Mets in 1981 , and exclusively there in his second season back in New York . In , he tied his own Mets single-season home run record while hitting .204 , the lowest batting average for a first baseman with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title . Leading the league in home runs that year , it is also the lowest batting average for any seasons home run leader , and he drove in 99 runners that season .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Kingman led the NL in strike outs both of the first two seasons of his return to the Mets ( 105 in 1981 & 156 in 1982 ) . On June 15 , , the sixth anniversary of the Midnight Massacre , the Mets acquired first baseman Keith Hernandez from the St . Louis Cardinals for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey . Kingman remained with the team for the remainder of the season in a limited role . He was released at the end of the season , and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " In six total seasons with the Mets , Kingman hit .219 with 154 home runs and 389 RBI in 664 games . Oakland Athletics ( 1984-1986 ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "On April 16 , 1984 , Kingman collected his fifth and final 3-homer game , in a 9–6 win over the Seattle Mariners . Kingman made just nine appearances at first base in , and was the As regular designated hitter the remainder of the time . For the 1984 season , Kingman hit .268 with 35 home runs and 118 RBI . He was named the American Leagues Comeback Player of the Year , and finished 13th in MVP balloting .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " After hitting 30 home runs in 1985 , Kingmans 35 homers in 1986 were a record for a player in his final season , until surpassed by David Ortiz in 2016 .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "In three seasons as a DH in Oakland , he collected at least 30 home runs and 90 RBIs in each season . He also had two at-bats in this period which did not result in home runs , but nonetheless were noteworthy : in the Metrodome against the Minnesota Twins , on May 4 , 1984 , he hit a pop-up that flew into a hole in the roof and got stuck for a ground rule double . In a game in Seattle on April 11 , , he hit a hard drive to left field which struck a",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "speaker hanging from the roof of the Kingdome , bounced back and was caught for an out .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "During his final year in Oakland in 1986 , Kingman sent a live rat in a pink box to Sue Fornoff , a sportswriter for The Sacramento Bee . The rat had a tag attached to it that read , My name is Sue . Fornoff claimed that Kingman had told her that women do not belong in the clubhouse , and that he harassed her several times since she began covering the team the year before . Kingman himself said it was intended as a harmless practical joke . The As fined Kingman $3,500 and warned that he would",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "be released if a similar incident occurred again .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " When Kingmans contract expired the 1986 season , Oakland did not renew his contract and he became a free agent . Oakland signed former A and Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson to play his final season as the teams designated hitter for the 1987 season , playing alongside Jose Canseco and rookie Mark McGwire . In three seasons with Oakland , under managers Steve Boros , Jackie Moore , and Tony LaRussa , Kingman hit .230 with 100 home runs and 303 RBI .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": "Overall , in his career , Kingman hit .236 with 442 home runs and 1210 RBI . He had an .302 OB% , a 780 OPS with 608 walks and 1816 strikeouts in 1941 career games . Kingman averaged a home run every 15.11 at bats , tied with Juan González for 14th best all-time .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " Dave Kingman was awarded over $ 829,000 in damages for collusion by MLB owners against him ( and other MLB players who were free agents ) .",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"text": " On July 11 , 1987 , Kingman signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants during the season . After twenty games at AAA Phoenix in which he batted .203 with two home runs and 11 RBI , he retired from baseball . In 1989 , Kingman played for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association , alongside other former major league players . He hit .271 with 8 HR and 40 RBI , as the Tropics had the best record in the Senior League . The league folded in 1990 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In , his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame , he appeared on just three ballots , excluding him from future Baseball Writers Association of America voting . He was the first player to hit 400 or more home runs without being eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Kingman lives in the Lake Tahoe area . He has three children and operates a local tennis club .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Spessard_Holland#P39#0
|
Spessard Holland took which position in May 1919?
|
Spessard Holland Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education . Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years . In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ; on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) . World War I service . Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted : Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow . Early political career . After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight . In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 . Florida governor . Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for : - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government . At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office . U.S . senator . On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term . Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation . Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term . During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them . Retirement . Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 . Family . Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations . Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees : - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 ) Holland was also a member of several organizations , including : - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ; - The Holland Building in Tallahassee ; - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway . References . Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) . External links . - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida
|
[
"Polk County prosecutor"
] |
[
{
"text": " Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ;",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted :",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for :",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Holland was also a member of several organizations , including :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- The Holland Building in Tallahassee ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Spessard_Holland#P39#1
|
Spessard Holland took which position between Sep 1926 and Sep 1928?
|
Spessard Holland Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education . Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years . In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ; on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) . World War I service . Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted : Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow . Early political career . After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight . In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 . Florida governor . Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for : - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government . At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office . U.S . senator . On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term . Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation . Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term . During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them . Retirement . Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 . Family . Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations . Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees : - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 ) Holland was also a member of several organizations , including : - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ; - The Holland Building in Tallahassee ; - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway . References . Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) . External links . - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida
|
[
"county judge"
] |
[
{
"text": " Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ;",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted :",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for :",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Holland was also a member of several organizations , including :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- The Holland Building in Tallahassee ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Spessard_Holland#P39#2
|
Spessard Holland took which position in Sep 1932?
|
Spessard Holland Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education . Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years . In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ; on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) . World War I service . Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted : Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow . Early political career . After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight . In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 . Florida governor . Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for : - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government . At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office . U.S . senator . On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term . Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation . Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term . During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them . Retirement . Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 . Family . Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations . Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees : - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 ) Holland was also a member of several organizations , including : - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ; - The Holland Building in Tallahassee ; - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway . References . Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) . External links . - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida
|
[
"Florida Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ;",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted :",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for :",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Holland was also a member of several organizations , including :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- The Holland Building in Tallahassee ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Spessard_Holland#P39#3
|
Spessard Holland took which position in Feb 1944?
|
Spessard Holland Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education . Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years . In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ; on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) . World War I service . Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted : Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow . Early political career . After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight . In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 . Florida governor . Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for : - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government . At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office . U.S . senator . On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term . Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation . Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term . During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them . Retirement . Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 . Family . Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations . Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees : - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 ) Holland was also a member of several organizations , including : - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ; - The Holland Building in Tallahassee ; - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway . References . Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) . External links . - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida
|
[
"28th Governor of Florida"
] |
[
{
"text": " Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ;",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted :",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for :",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Holland was also a member of several organizations , including :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- The Holland Building in Tallahassee ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Spessard_Holland#P39#4
|
Spessard Holland took which position after Nov 1969?
|
Spessard Holland Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education . Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years . In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ; on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) . World War I service . Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted : Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow . Early political career . After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight . In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 . Florida governor . Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for : - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government . At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office . U.S . senator . On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term . Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation . Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term . During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them . Retirement . Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 . Family . Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations . Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees : - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 ) Holland was also a member of several organizations , including : - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ; - The Holland Building in Tallahassee ; - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway . References . Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) . External links . - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida
|
[
"United States Senator"
] |
[
{
"text": " Spessard Lindsey Holland ( July 10 , 1892 – November 6 , 1971 ) was an American lawyer and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945 , and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 . A Democrat , he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress . Early life and education .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland was born in Bartow , Florida , the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland , a teacher . He attended public schools , entering the Summerlin Institute ( now Bartow High School ) in 1909 . Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College ( currently Emory University ) in 1912 , where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton , Georgia for four years .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " In 1916 , Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida . There he taught in the sub-freshman department ( high school ) of the university . He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society . During his time at Emory and UF , he participated in track and field , football , basketball , and baseball ;",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "on one occasion , he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack ( the grandfather of Connie Mack III , who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied ) offered him a contract ( he declined ) .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar , and was already a junior partner with R.B . Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm , but his plans were interrupted by World War I . Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps , where he was transferred to France and served in the brigades JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant . At his request , Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron , Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps . Here he served with Lt . George",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "E . Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer , gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines . At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne , Champagne , St . Mihiel , and Lunéville , where he downed two enemy planes . On one mission , Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater ; on December 11 , 1918 , Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . The citation , signed by John J . Pershing , noted :",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": " Upon resigning his commission in July 1919 , Holland was promoted to captain . Once back in the U.S. , he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow .",
"title": "Spessard Holland"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow . This however , was short-lived , because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year . He served two years in the prosecutors office , but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920 . Holland was reelected in 1924 , but left after the end of his second term in 1929 . Holland returned to private law practice later that year , joining William F . Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis . The",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "firm grew rapidly , eventually becoming a large international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1932 , Holland was elected to the Florida Senate , where he served eight years . During his term , Holland was noted for his strong advocacy for public schools ; as a member of the school committee , he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers pay and retirement benefits . Holland also supported workers compensation , tax cuts , and unemployment insurance . He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax , which he helped repeal in 1937 .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention . He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7 , 1941 was sworn in for a four-year term . During his time as governor , Holland was noted for reforming the state tax system and supporting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget . New property tax laws enacted during Spessards term required uniform real estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property . Early in his term , the teachers retirement program began , and the financing of public",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "schools became more stable . Spessard also recommended four amendments to the state constitution , all of which were eventually adopted . These four amendments provided for :",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " - New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway ; - New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period ; - The lowering of the intangible tax ; and - The creation of the independent Game and Fresh Water Commission . When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor , Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": "At a 1943 governors conference in Denver , Colorado , Holland promoted new railroad freight prices , helping the Florida economy . Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist . Hollands negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947 . Hollands term ended on January 2 , 1945 , when Millard F . Caldwell took office .",
"title": "Florida governor"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 1946 Holland assumed the U.S . Senate seat vacated by Charles O . Andrews , who had died a week earlier . In November 1946 he defeated Republican J . Harry Schad to win a full six-year term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Re-elected in 1952 , he , along with all other senators from the former Confederate states ( except Lyndon B . Johnson , Estes Kefauver , and Albert Gore , Sr. ) , signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto , which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v . Board of Education ( 1954 ) , declaring that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional , and promised to resist its implementation .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Up for re-election in 1958 , Holland was challenged by former U.S . Senator ( and later U.S . Representative ) Claude Pepper in the Democratic primary . After fending off Peppers challenge , he easily defeated his Republican opponent , Leland Hyzer , in November to win a third term .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "During the 87th Congress Holland introduced a constitutional amendment prohibiting states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax . Approved by both Houses of Congress in August 1962 , the amendment was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of the states ( 38 ) , and in January 1964 became the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "He won a fourth term in 1964 , this time defeating Republican Claude R . Kirk , Jr. . Then , in November 1969 , at the age of 77 , Holland announced that he would not seek re-election in 1970 . He actively campaigned for Democrat Lawton Chiles , who defeated U.S . Representative William C . Cramer in the November 1970 election . Cramer had the endorsement of U.S . President Richard Nixon , and had handily defeated G . Harrold Carswell ( whom Nixon had earlier nominated unsuccessfully to the United States Supreme Court ) in the",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": "Republican primary . Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon , Agnew , Reagan , and anybody else he wants . .. . Ill take Holland on my side against all of them .",
"title": "U.S . senator"
},
{
"text": " Holland left office in January 1971 . His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition . Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6 , 1971 at age 79 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Holland married Mary Agnes Groover on February 8 , 1919 and they were together until his death . Together they had four children . Currently , their youngest daughter , Ivanhoe Craney , is the only one that is still alive . She currently lives in Bartow . Hollands surviving grandchildren reside in New York , Virginia , California , and Florida . His grandson Spessard Lindsey Holland III died August 4 , 2014 . Degrees , honors , and affiliations .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic , fraternal , and collegiate institutions . He received several honorary degrees :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Rollins College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida Southern College ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Emory University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1941 ) - Florida State University ( Bachelor of Laws , 1956 ) - University of Miami ( Bachelor of Laws , 1962 ) - University of Florida ( Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law , 1953 ) - University of Tampa ( HHD , 1956 ) - Stetson University College of Law ( Doctor of Laws , 1970 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Holland was also a member of several organizations , including :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Phi Beta Kappa , and Alpha Tau Omega . He was not a member of Phi Delta Phi , although his son , Spessard Lindsey Holland , Jr . was a member . ( See PDP Website Search ) - Sons of the American Revolution - American Legion - Veterans of Foreign Wars - Freemasons ( 33rd degree Shriner ) - Kiwanis - Elks Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland : - The Spessard L . Holland Law Center , the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- The Holland Building in Tallahassee ;",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Spessard Holland Golf Course , Park , and Community Center , and the Spessard Holland Beaches , North and South , in Melbourne Beach ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in his hometown of Bartow ; - The Spessard L . Holland Elementary School in Satellite Beach , Home of the Holland Hornets ; - The Spessard Holland East-West Expressway ( State Road 408 ) ; and - The section of U.S . Highway 17 in Hollands hometown of Bartow is known as the Spessard Holland Parkway .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " Finley , Keith M . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938–1965 ( Baton Rouge , LSU Press , 2008 ) .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Spessard L . Holland Papers at the University of Florida",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hulu_Theater#P1448#0
|
What was the official name of Hulu Theater between Jan 1978 and Jul 1985?
|
Hulu Theater The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at the theater . History . When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden . Events . It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room . Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States . October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts . In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater . WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 . The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement . The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 . Future . In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .
|
[
"Felt Forum"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "the theater .",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama ,",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "Future"
}
] |
/wiki/Hulu_Theater#P1448#1
|
What was the official name of Hulu Theater in Oct 2003?
|
Hulu Theater The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at the theater . History . When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden . Events . It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room . Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States . October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts . In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater . WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 . The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement . The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 . Future . In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .
|
[
"Paramount Theater"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "the theater .",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama ,",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "Future"
}
] |
/wiki/Hulu_Theater#P1448#2
|
What was the official name of Hulu Theater in Apr 2008?
|
Hulu Theater The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at the theater . History . When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden . Events . It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room . Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States . October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts . In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater . WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 . The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement . The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 . Future . In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .
|
[
"WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "the theater .",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama ,",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "Future"
}
] |
/wiki/Hulu_Theater#P1448#3
|
What was the official name of Hulu Theater in early 2010s?
|
Hulu Theater The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at the theater . History . When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden . Events . It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room . Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States . October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts . In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater . WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 . The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement . The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 . Future . In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .
|
[
"The Theater at Madison Square Garden"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "the theater .",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama ,",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "Future"
}
] |
/wiki/Hulu_Theater#P1448#4
|
What was the official name of Hulu Theater after Mar 2019?
|
Hulu Theater The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at the theater . History . When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden . Events . It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room . Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States . October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts . In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater . WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 . The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement . The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 . Future . In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .
|
[
"The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden is a theater located in New York Citys Madison Square Garden . It seats between 2,000 and 5,600 for concerts and can also be used for meetings , stage shows and graduation ceremonies . No seat is more than from the stage . Since it is located beneath the main Madison Square Garden arena , the theater has a relatively low ceiling at stage level and all of its seating except for boxes on the two side walls is on one level slanted back from the stage . There is an lobby at",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "the theater .",
"title": "Hulu Theater"
},
{
"text": "When the Garden opened in 1968 , the theater was known as the Felt Forum , in honor of then-president Irving Mitchell Felt . In the early 1990s , at the behest of then-owner Paramount Communications , the theater was renamed the Paramount Theater after the Paramount Theatre in Times Square had been converted to an office tower . The theater received its next name , The Theater at Madison Square Garden , in the mid-1990s , after Viacom bought Paramount and sold the MSG properties . In 2007 , the theater was renamed the WaMu Theater at Madison Square",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Garden through a naming rights deal with Washington Mutual . After Washington Mutuals collapse in 2009 , the name reverted to The Theater at Madison Square Garden . In 2018 , the theater signed a deal with Hulu to become the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was the host for Mike Tysons fourteenth professional fight against Sammy Scaff on December 6 , 1985 . The theater occasionally hosts boxing matches on nights when the main arena is unavailable , or fights between promising boxers who management believe will not fill up the big room .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Music band Menudos February 5 , 1983 , concert at Madison Square Garden was held at the Felt Forum . It was member Xavier Serbias last official concert with the band ( he would return to the band in 1983 for another Madison Square Garden show to substitute for an ill Ricky Melendez ) and the first for member Ray Reyes . This concert was transmitted live to most Latin American countries , including Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama ,",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Peru , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Uruguay and Venezuela , and to the United States .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "October 21–22 , 1986 . Philippine Award-winning Music , Film and Television Megastar Sharon Cuneta performed her New York concert as part of her U.S . concert tour and received a standing ovation . This was also together with the taping of her latest movie Jack and Jill sa Amerika featuring the cities visited during the tour included as a story plot in the movie . The New York concert at the Felt Forum was opposite Elton Johns concert at Madison . The October 19 Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles concert caused a traffic jam . As Sharon became the first",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "Filipina artist to sell out the Shrine , Mayor Bradley",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "bestowed the Official Honorary Welcome Key to the City of Los Angeles . While in L.A . there were plans for a record deal from executives as guests watching the L.A . concert . Upon return to the Philippines she continued her television variety The Sharon Cuneta Show on ABS-CBN channel 2 . On the third show also featuring Zsa Zsa Padilla and Kuh Ledesma in 1986 she discussed her American schedule from East to West including Washington D.C . San Diego and San Francisco . TSCS ran from 1986 to 1997 as the Sunday night staple which also aired",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "on Los Angeles Channel 18 , however on Sunday afternoon . Also a VHS was planned from highlights of the various U.S . concerts .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , the comedy concert film Eddie Murphy Raw was filmed at the Forum and released in December of that year . On December 8 , 1991 , the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification was held at the theater .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "WCW held two live events there , one on April 13 , 1993 , marking the first time an WCW event was ever held in New York City , and again on June 30 , 1996 . NXT held one event in the theater on November 16 , 2016 . Lucha Libre AAA and Impact Wrestling hosted Lucha Invades NY on September 15 , 2019 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " The theater was home to an annual staging of A Christmas Carol from 1994 to 2003 . It was the home of the NFL draft from 1995 until 2004 . In 2005 the NFL Draft moved to the Jacob K . Javits Convention Center , after MSG management opposed a new stadium for the New York Jets . It also hosted the NBA draft from 2001 to 2010 . From 2004 to 2006 and in 2008 Theatre of MSG hosted the Jammy Award honoring improvisational music . In 2013 was revived at the theater for a limited engagement .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": "The first ever mixed martial arts event held at the theater was on December 31 , 2016 .",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"text": " In January 2016 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a redevelopment proposal for Penn Station that would involve the removal of The Theater at Madison Square Garden .",
"title": "Future"
}
] |
/wiki/Stig_Synnergren#P463#0
|
Stig Synnergren became a member of what organization or association in 1977?
|
Stig Synnergren General Stig Gustaf Eugén Synnergren ( 25 February 1915 – 29 April 2004 ) was a Swedish Army officer who was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1970 to 1978 . Synnergren was a strong advocate for the conscription system and during his time as Supreme Commander the combat aircraft Saab 37 Viggen was introduced . Synnergren was famous for advancing from the rank of captain to becoming the youngest general in the modern times in just five years . Early life . Synnergren was born in Boden , Sweden , the son of Gösta Synnergren , an engine driver , and his wife Sara ( née Carlstén ) . His father was also a Social Democratic city councilman in Boden and his mother was a Social Democratic member of the child welfare committee . Synnergrens school years were marked by sports , physical education and outdoor recreation . He passed studentexamen in Luleå in 1936 with the grades A in physics and a in mathematics and chemistry . He was then admitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . He had at this time no thought of becoming an officer . The turning point of his life happened during a fall day in 1936 during the Berlin Olympics in which Synnergren participated as a member of the Swedish gymnastics squad . The experience of Adolf Hitler , surrounded by the Third Reich throughout threatening paramilitary splendor changed Synnergrens choice of career . Like so many of his peers , he had a strong feeling that a new world war was imminent . He withdrew his application to the Royal Institute of Technology and decided to become an officer . In 1939 , as World War II broke out , he finish first in his class at the Swedish Infantry Officer Candidate School at the Royal Military Academy . Military career . Synnergren was commissioned as an officer with the rank of fänrik in 1939 and served in the Ski Battalion ( I 19 K ) in Kiruna during World War II and guarded the Norwegian border when Germany occupied Narvik . After the German attack on Norway on 9 April 1940 , he as an intelligence officer in the regimental staff , on several occasions , alone and on skis , got into the war zone in Northern Norway to make contact with the Norwegian forces and gather intelligence within the German dominated area . Because of his fell experience and skills , he became , after a brief interlude as a cadet officer at Karlberg in 1944 , the head of evacuation in Jokkmokk and was as such responsible for management of the Norwegian refugees . After the war , he was appointed captain in 1946 and did in a short time a rapid military career . Synnergren graduated from the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and became a cadet of the General Staff and then captain of the General Staff . He conducted studies in the Norwegian Army in 1950 and 1953 , the British Army in 1951 and 1953 and the United States Army in 1951 and 1959 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1953 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Synnergren was promoted to major in 1957 and was head of the Tactics Department at the Army Staff from 1958 to 1960 . He studied at the Swedish National Defence College in 1960 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Svea Life Guards ( I 1 ) in 1961 . Between 1962-63 he was commanding officer of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) . In 1963 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and of the General Staff Corps . Between 1966-67 he was the military commander of Bergslagen Military District ( Milo B ) . In 1967 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and was three years later promoted to general and appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . During Synnergrens time as the Supreme Commander , a series of long-term decisions were made that meant big changes for the defense . The policy of neutrality was concluded and thus the idea of a strong defense of universal conscription . It was decided that the aircraft Viggen would be developed while reorganizing and cut-backs were made in the Army and Navy . Synnergren was in the media most closely associated with military intelligence as the secret intelligence agency IB was exposed during his time as Supreme Commander . Later life . Synnergren had during and after his military career a series of positions of trust . He was chief of His Majestys Military Staff from 1978 to 1986 , chairman of the Swedish Tourist Association from 1976 to 1987 and chairman of the Swedish Ski Association from 1973 to 1975 . He was also chairman of Stora AB from 1980 to 1986 , Bergvik och Ala AB from 1981 and board member of Saab-Scania from 1981 to 1990 , LKAB from 1982 to 1986 , Saab Combitech from 1982 to 1990 and the International Ski Federation from 1976 to 1988 . Synnergren was also a board member of the East Economic Office ( Öst Ekonomiska Byrån ) , an agency which occupied a special position among the agencies engaged in the Swedish military intelligence . Personal life . In 1941 , Synnergren married junior school teacher Margit Lindgren ( 1916–2016 ) , the daughter of the first office clerk at SJ , Anton Lindgren and his wife Anna Richardsson . He was the father of Britta ( born 1942 ) , Kristina ( born 1946 ) and Elisabeth ( born 1947 ) . Synnergren died in 2004 and was buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm . Dates of rank . - 1939 – Fänrik - 19? ? – Lieutenant - 1946 – Captain - 1957 – Major - 1961 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1962 – Colonel - 1963 – Major General - 1967 – Lieutenant General - 1970 – General Awards and decorations . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold ( 1978 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1970 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1966 ) - Knight of the Order of the Sword ( before 1963 ) Foreign . - Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 26 October 1981 ) - Order of St . Olav Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1956 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1970 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ( 1977 )
|
[
"chief of His Majestys Military Staff"
] |
[
{
"text": " General Stig Gustaf Eugén Synnergren ( 25 February 1915 – 29 April 2004 ) was a Swedish Army officer who was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1970 to 1978 . Synnergren was a strong advocate for the conscription system and during his time as Supreme Commander the combat aircraft Saab 37 Viggen was introduced . Synnergren was famous for advancing from the rank of captain to becoming the youngest general in the modern times in just five years .",
"title": "Stig Synnergren"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was born in Boden , Sweden , the son of Gösta Synnergren , an engine driver , and his wife Sara ( née Carlstén ) . His father was also a Social Democratic city councilman in Boden and his mother was a Social Democratic member of the child welfare committee . Synnergrens school years were marked by sports , physical education and outdoor recreation . He passed studentexamen in Luleå in 1936 with the grades A in physics and a in mathematics and chemistry . He was then admitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "had at this time no thought of becoming an officer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The turning point of his life happened during a fall day in 1936 during the Berlin Olympics in which Synnergren participated as a member of the Swedish gymnastics squad . The experience of Adolf Hitler , surrounded by the Third Reich throughout threatening paramilitary splendor changed Synnergrens choice of career . Like so many of his peers , he had a strong feeling that a new world war was imminent . He withdrew his application to the Royal Institute of Technology and decided to become an officer . In 1939 , as World War II broke out , he finish",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first in his class at the Swedish Infantry Officer Candidate School at the Royal Military Academy .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was commissioned as an officer with the rank of fänrik in 1939 and served in the Ski Battalion ( I 19 K ) in Kiruna during World War II and guarded the Norwegian border when Germany occupied Narvik . After the German attack on Norway on 9 April 1940 , he as an intelligence officer in the regimental staff , on several occasions , alone and on skis , got into the war zone in Northern Norway to make contact with the Norwegian forces and gather intelligence within the German dominated area . Because of his fell experience and",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "skills , he became , after a brief interlude as a cadet officer at Karlberg in 1944 , the head of evacuation in Jokkmokk and was as such responsible for management of the Norwegian refugees . After the war , he was appointed captain in 1946 and did in a short time a rapid military career .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren graduated from the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and became a cadet of the General Staff and then captain of the General Staff . He conducted studies in the Norwegian Army in 1950 and 1953 , the British Army in 1951 and 1953 and the United States Army in 1951 and 1959 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1953 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Synnergren was promoted to major in 1957 and was head of the Tactics Department at the Army Staff from 1958 to 1960",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": ". He studied at the Swedish National Defence College in 1960 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Svea Life Guards ( I 1 ) in 1961 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1962-63 he was commanding officer of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) . In 1963 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and of the General Staff Corps . Between 1966-67 he was the military commander of Bergslagen Military District ( Milo B ) . In 1967 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and was three years later promoted to general and appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . During Synnergrens time as the Supreme Commander , a series of long-term decisions were made",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "that meant big changes for the defense . The policy of neutrality was concluded and thus the idea of a strong defense of universal conscription . It was decided that the aircraft Viggen would be developed while reorganizing and cut-backs were made in the Army and Navy .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Synnergren was in the media most closely associated with military intelligence as the secret intelligence agency IB was exposed during his time as Supreme Commander .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren had during and after his military career a series of positions of trust . He was chief of His Majestys Military Staff from 1978 to 1986 , chairman of the Swedish Tourist Association from 1976 to 1987 and chairman of the Swedish Ski Association from 1973 to 1975 . He was also chairman of Stora AB from 1980 to 1986 , Bergvik och Ala AB from 1981 and board member of Saab-Scania from 1981 to 1990 , LKAB from 1982 to 1986 , Saab Combitech from 1982 to 1990 and the International Ski Federation from 1976 to 1988 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was also a board member of the East Economic Office ( Öst Ekonomiska Byrån ) , an agency which occupied a special position among the agencies engaged in the Swedish military intelligence .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1941 , Synnergren married junior school teacher Margit Lindgren ( 1916–2016 ) , the daughter of the first office clerk at SJ , Anton Lindgren and his wife Anna Richardsson . He was the father of Britta ( born 1942 ) , Kristina ( born 1946 ) and Elisabeth ( born 1947 ) . Synnergren died in 2004 and was buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1939 – Fänrik - 19? ? – Lieutenant - 1946 – Captain - 1957 – Major - 1961 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1962 – Colonel - 1963 – Major General - 1967 – Lieutenant General - 1970 – General",
"title": "Dates of rank"
},
{
"text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold ( 1978 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1970 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1966 ) - Knight of the Order of the Sword ( before 1963 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 26 October 1981 ) - Order of St . Olav",
"title": "Foreign"
},
{
"text": " - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1956 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1970 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ( 1977 )",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Stig_Synnergren#P463#1
|
Stig Synnergren became a member of what organization or association in 1956?
|
Stig Synnergren General Stig Gustaf Eugén Synnergren ( 25 February 1915 – 29 April 2004 ) was a Swedish Army officer who was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1970 to 1978 . Synnergren was a strong advocate for the conscription system and during his time as Supreme Commander the combat aircraft Saab 37 Viggen was introduced . Synnergren was famous for advancing from the rank of captain to becoming the youngest general in the modern times in just five years . Early life . Synnergren was born in Boden , Sweden , the son of Gösta Synnergren , an engine driver , and his wife Sara ( née Carlstén ) . His father was also a Social Democratic city councilman in Boden and his mother was a Social Democratic member of the child welfare committee . Synnergrens school years were marked by sports , physical education and outdoor recreation . He passed studentexamen in Luleå in 1936 with the grades A in physics and a in mathematics and chemistry . He was then admitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . He had at this time no thought of becoming an officer . The turning point of his life happened during a fall day in 1936 during the Berlin Olympics in which Synnergren participated as a member of the Swedish gymnastics squad . The experience of Adolf Hitler , surrounded by the Third Reich throughout threatening paramilitary splendor changed Synnergrens choice of career . Like so many of his peers , he had a strong feeling that a new world war was imminent . He withdrew his application to the Royal Institute of Technology and decided to become an officer . In 1939 , as World War II broke out , he finish first in his class at the Swedish Infantry Officer Candidate School at the Royal Military Academy . Military career . Synnergren was commissioned as an officer with the rank of fänrik in 1939 and served in the Ski Battalion ( I 19 K ) in Kiruna during World War II and guarded the Norwegian border when Germany occupied Narvik . After the German attack on Norway on 9 April 1940 , he as an intelligence officer in the regimental staff , on several occasions , alone and on skis , got into the war zone in Northern Norway to make contact with the Norwegian forces and gather intelligence within the German dominated area . Because of his fell experience and skills , he became , after a brief interlude as a cadet officer at Karlberg in 1944 , the head of evacuation in Jokkmokk and was as such responsible for management of the Norwegian refugees . After the war , he was appointed captain in 1946 and did in a short time a rapid military career . Synnergren graduated from the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and became a cadet of the General Staff and then captain of the General Staff . He conducted studies in the Norwegian Army in 1950 and 1953 , the British Army in 1951 and 1953 and the United States Army in 1951 and 1959 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1953 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Synnergren was promoted to major in 1957 and was head of the Tactics Department at the Army Staff from 1958 to 1960 . He studied at the Swedish National Defence College in 1960 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Svea Life Guards ( I 1 ) in 1961 . Between 1962-63 he was commanding officer of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) . In 1963 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and of the General Staff Corps . Between 1966-67 he was the military commander of Bergslagen Military District ( Milo B ) . In 1967 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and was three years later promoted to general and appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . During Synnergrens time as the Supreme Commander , a series of long-term decisions were made that meant big changes for the defense . The policy of neutrality was concluded and thus the idea of a strong defense of universal conscription . It was decided that the aircraft Viggen would be developed while reorganizing and cut-backs were made in the Army and Navy . Synnergren was in the media most closely associated with military intelligence as the secret intelligence agency IB was exposed during his time as Supreme Commander . Later life . Synnergren had during and after his military career a series of positions of trust . He was chief of His Majestys Military Staff from 1978 to 1986 , chairman of the Swedish Tourist Association from 1976 to 1987 and chairman of the Swedish Ski Association from 1973 to 1975 . He was also chairman of Stora AB from 1980 to 1986 , Bergvik och Ala AB from 1981 and board member of Saab-Scania from 1981 to 1990 , LKAB from 1982 to 1986 , Saab Combitech from 1982 to 1990 and the International Ski Federation from 1976 to 1988 . Synnergren was also a board member of the East Economic Office ( Öst Ekonomiska Byrån ) , an agency which occupied a special position among the agencies engaged in the Swedish military intelligence . Personal life . In 1941 , Synnergren married junior school teacher Margit Lindgren ( 1916–2016 ) , the daughter of the first office clerk at SJ , Anton Lindgren and his wife Anna Richardsson . He was the father of Britta ( born 1942 ) , Kristina ( born 1946 ) and Elisabeth ( born 1947 ) . Synnergren died in 2004 and was buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm . Dates of rank . - 1939 – Fänrik - 19? ? – Lieutenant - 1946 – Captain - 1957 – Major - 1961 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1962 – Colonel - 1963 – Major General - 1967 – Lieutenant General - 1970 – General Awards and decorations . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold ( 1978 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1970 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1966 ) - Knight of the Order of the Sword ( before 1963 ) Foreign . - Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 26 October 1981 ) - Order of St . Olav Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1956 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1970 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ( 1977 )
|
[
"teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College"
] |
[
{
"text": " General Stig Gustaf Eugén Synnergren ( 25 February 1915 – 29 April 2004 ) was a Swedish Army officer who was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1970 to 1978 . Synnergren was a strong advocate for the conscription system and during his time as Supreme Commander the combat aircraft Saab 37 Viggen was introduced . Synnergren was famous for advancing from the rank of captain to becoming the youngest general in the modern times in just five years .",
"title": "Stig Synnergren"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was born in Boden , Sweden , the son of Gösta Synnergren , an engine driver , and his wife Sara ( née Carlstén ) . His father was also a Social Democratic city councilman in Boden and his mother was a Social Democratic member of the child welfare committee . Synnergrens school years were marked by sports , physical education and outdoor recreation . He passed studentexamen in Luleå in 1936 with the grades A in physics and a in mathematics and chemistry . He was then admitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "had at this time no thought of becoming an officer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The turning point of his life happened during a fall day in 1936 during the Berlin Olympics in which Synnergren participated as a member of the Swedish gymnastics squad . The experience of Adolf Hitler , surrounded by the Third Reich throughout threatening paramilitary splendor changed Synnergrens choice of career . Like so many of his peers , he had a strong feeling that a new world war was imminent . He withdrew his application to the Royal Institute of Technology and decided to become an officer . In 1939 , as World War II broke out , he finish",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first in his class at the Swedish Infantry Officer Candidate School at the Royal Military Academy .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was commissioned as an officer with the rank of fänrik in 1939 and served in the Ski Battalion ( I 19 K ) in Kiruna during World War II and guarded the Norwegian border when Germany occupied Narvik . After the German attack on Norway on 9 April 1940 , he as an intelligence officer in the regimental staff , on several occasions , alone and on skis , got into the war zone in Northern Norway to make contact with the Norwegian forces and gather intelligence within the German dominated area . Because of his fell experience and",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "skills , he became , after a brief interlude as a cadet officer at Karlberg in 1944 , the head of evacuation in Jokkmokk and was as such responsible for management of the Norwegian refugees . After the war , he was appointed captain in 1946 and did in a short time a rapid military career .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren graduated from the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and became a cadet of the General Staff and then captain of the General Staff . He conducted studies in the Norwegian Army in 1950 and 1953 , the British Army in 1951 and 1953 and the United States Army in 1951 and 1959 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1953 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Synnergren was promoted to major in 1957 and was head of the Tactics Department at the Army Staff from 1958 to 1960",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": ". He studied at the Swedish National Defence College in 1960 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Svea Life Guards ( I 1 ) in 1961 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1962-63 he was commanding officer of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) . In 1963 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and of the General Staff Corps . Between 1966-67 he was the military commander of Bergslagen Military District ( Milo B ) . In 1967 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and was three years later promoted to general and appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . During Synnergrens time as the Supreme Commander , a series of long-term decisions were made",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "that meant big changes for the defense . The policy of neutrality was concluded and thus the idea of a strong defense of universal conscription . It was decided that the aircraft Viggen would be developed while reorganizing and cut-backs were made in the Army and Navy .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Synnergren was in the media most closely associated with military intelligence as the secret intelligence agency IB was exposed during his time as Supreme Commander .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren had during and after his military career a series of positions of trust . He was chief of His Majestys Military Staff from 1978 to 1986 , chairman of the Swedish Tourist Association from 1976 to 1987 and chairman of the Swedish Ski Association from 1973 to 1975 . He was also chairman of Stora AB from 1980 to 1986 , Bergvik och Ala AB from 1981 and board member of Saab-Scania from 1981 to 1990 , LKAB from 1982 to 1986 , Saab Combitech from 1982 to 1990 and the International Ski Federation from 1976 to 1988 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was also a board member of the East Economic Office ( Öst Ekonomiska Byrån ) , an agency which occupied a special position among the agencies engaged in the Swedish military intelligence .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1941 , Synnergren married junior school teacher Margit Lindgren ( 1916–2016 ) , the daughter of the first office clerk at SJ , Anton Lindgren and his wife Anna Richardsson . He was the father of Britta ( born 1942 ) , Kristina ( born 1946 ) and Elisabeth ( born 1947 ) . Synnergren died in 2004 and was buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1939 – Fänrik - 19? ? – Lieutenant - 1946 – Captain - 1957 – Major - 1961 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1962 – Colonel - 1963 – Major General - 1967 – Lieutenant General - 1970 – General",
"title": "Dates of rank"
},
{
"text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold ( 1978 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1970 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1966 ) - Knight of the Order of the Sword ( before 1963 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 26 October 1981 ) - Order of St . Olav",
"title": "Foreign"
},
{
"text": " - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1956 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1970 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ( 1977 )",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Stig_Synnergren#P463#2
|
Stig Synnergren became a member of what organization or association in 1970?
|
Stig Synnergren General Stig Gustaf Eugén Synnergren ( 25 February 1915 – 29 April 2004 ) was a Swedish Army officer who was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1970 to 1978 . Synnergren was a strong advocate for the conscription system and during his time as Supreme Commander the combat aircraft Saab 37 Viggen was introduced . Synnergren was famous for advancing from the rank of captain to becoming the youngest general in the modern times in just five years . Early life . Synnergren was born in Boden , Sweden , the son of Gösta Synnergren , an engine driver , and his wife Sara ( née Carlstén ) . His father was also a Social Democratic city councilman in Boden and his mother was a Social Democratic member of the child welfare committee . Synnergrens school years were marked by sports , physical education and outdoor recreation . He passed studentexamen in Luleå in 1936 with the grades A in physics and a in mathematics and chemistry . He was then admitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . He had at this time no thought of becoming an officer . The turning point of his life happened during a fall day in 1936 during the Berlin Olympics in which Synnergren participated as a member of the Swedish gymnastics squad . The experience of Adolf Hitler , surrounded by the Third Reich throughout threatening paramilitary splendor changed Synnergrens choice of career . Like so many of his peers , he had a strong feeling that a new world war was imminent . He withdrew his application to the Royal Institute of Technology and decided to become an officer . In 1939 , as World War II broke out , he finish first in his class at the Swedish Infantry Officer Candidate School at the Royal Military Academy . Military career . Synnergren was commissioned as an officer with the rank of fänrik in 1939 and served in the Ski Battalion ( I 19 K ) in Kiruna during World War II and guarded the Norwegian border when Germany occupied Narvik . After the German attack on Norway on 9 April 1940 , he as an intelligence officer in the regimental staff , on several occasions , alone and on skis , got into the war zone in Northern Norway to make contact with the Norwegian forces and gather intelligence within the German dominated area . Because of his fell experience and skills , he became , after a brief interlude as a cadet officer at Karlberg in 1944 , the head of evacuation in Jokkmokk and was as such responsible for management of the Norwegian refugees . After the war , he was appointed captain in 1946 and did in a short time a rapid military career . Synnergren graduated from the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and became a cadet of the General Staff and then captain of the General Staff . He conducted studies in the Norwegian Army in 1950 and 1953 , the British Army in 1951 and 1953 and the United States Army in 1951 and 1959 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1953 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Synnergren was promoted to major in 1957 and was head of the Tactics Department at the Army Staff from 1958 to 1960 . He studied at the Swedish National Defence College in 1960 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Svea Life Guards ( I 1 ) in 1961 . Between 1962-63 he was commanding officer of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) . In 1963 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and of the General Staff Corps . Between 1966-67 he was the military commander of Bergslagen Military District ( Milo B ) . In 1967 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and was three years later promoted to general and appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . During Synnergrens time as the Supreme Commander , a series of long-term decisions were made that meant big changes for the defense . The policy of neutrality was concluded and thus the idea of a strong defense of universal conscription . It was decided that the aircraft Viggen would be developed while reorganizing and cut-backs were made in the Army and Navy . Synnergren was in the media most closely associated with military intelligence as the secret intelligence agency IB was exposed during his time as Supreme Commander . Later life . Synnergren had during and after his military career a series of positions of trust . He was chief of His Majestys Military Staff from 1978 to 1986 , chairman of the Swedish Tourist Association from 1976 to 1987 and chairman of the Swedish Ski Association from 1973 to 1975 . He was also chairman of Stora AB from 1980 to 1986 , Bergvik och Ala AB from 1981 and board member of Saab-Scania from 1981 to 1990 , LKAB from 1982 to 1986 , Saab Combitech from 1982 to 1990 and the International Ski Federation from 1976 to 1988 . Synnergren was also a board member of the East Economic Office ( Öst Ekonomiska Byrån ) , an agency which occupied a special position among the agencies engaged in the Swedish military intelligence . Personal life . In 1941 , Synnergren married junior school teacher Margit Lindgren ( 1916–2016 ) , the daughter of the first office clerk at SJ , Anton Lindgren and his wife Anna Richardsson . He was the father of Britta ( born 1942 ) , Kristina ( born 1946 ) and Elisabeth ( born 1947 ) . Synnergren died in 2004 and was buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm . Dates of rank . - 1939 – Fänrik - 19? ? – Lieutenant - 1946 – Captain - 1957 – Major - 1961 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1962 – Colonel - 1963 – Major General - 1967 – Lieutenant General - 1970 – General Awards and decorations . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold ( 1978 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1970 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1966 ) - Knight of the Order of the Sword ( before 1963 ) Foreign . - Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 26 October 1981 ) - Order of St . Olav Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1956 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1970 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ( 1977 )
|
[
"lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff"
] |
[
{
"text": " General Stig Gustaf Eugén Synnergren ( 25 February 1915 – 29 April 2004 ) was a Swedish Army officer who was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1970 to 1978 . Synnergren was a strong advocate for the conscription system and during his time as Supreme Commander the combat aircraft Saab 37 Viggen was introduced . Synnergren was famous for advancing from the rank of captain to becoming the youngest general in the modern times in just five years .",
"title": "Stig Synnergren"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was born in Boden , Sweden , the son of Gösta Synnergren , an engine driver , and his wife Sara ( née Carlstén ) . His father was also a Social Democratic city councilman in Boden and his mother was a Social Democratic member of the child welfare committee . Synnergrens school years were marked by sports , physical education and outdoor recreation . He passed studentexamen in Luleå in 1936 with the grades A in physics and a in mathematics and chemistry . He was then admitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . He",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "had at this time no thought of becoming an officer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The turning point of his life happened during a fall day in 1936 during the Berlin Olympics in which Synnergren participated as a member of the Swedish gymnastics squad . The experience of Adolf Hitler , surrounded by the Third Reich throughout threatening paramilitary splendor changed Synnergrens choice of career . Like so many of his peers , he had a strong feeling that a new world war was imminent . He withdrew his application to the Royal Institute of Technology and decided to become an officer . In 1939 , as World War II broke out , he finish",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first in his class at the Swedish Infantry Officer Candidate School at the Royal Military Academy .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was commissioned as an officer with the rank of fänrik in 1939 and served in the Ski Battalion ( I 19 K ) in Kiruna during World War II and guarded the Norwegian border when Germany occupied Narvik . After the German attack on Norway on 9 April 1940 , he as an intelligence officer in the regimental staff , on several occasions , alone and on skis , got into the war zone in Northern Norway to make contact with the Norwegian forces and gather intelligence within the German dominated area . Because of his fell experience and",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "skills , he became , after a brief interlude as a cadet officer at Karlberg in 1944 , the head of evacuation in Jokkmokk and was as such responsible for management of the Norwegian refugees . After the war , he was appointed captain in 1946 and did in a short time a rapid military career .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren graduated from the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1948 and became a cadet of the General Staff and then captain of the General Staff . He conducted studies in the Norwegian Army in 1950 and 1953 , the British Army in 1951 and 1953 and the United States Army in 1951 and 1959 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1953 to 1956 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Synnergren was promoted to major in 1957 and was head of the Tactics Department at the Army Staff from 1958 to 1960",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": ". He studied at the Swedish National Defence College in 1960 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Svea Life Guards ( I 1 ) in 1961 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1962-63 he was commanding officer of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) . In 1963 he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff and of the General Staff Corps . Between 1966-67 he was the military commander of Bergslagen Military District ( Milo B ) . In 1967 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and was three years later promoted to general and appointed Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces . During Synnergrens time as the Supreme Commander , a series of long-term decisions were made",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "that meant big changes for the defense . The policy of neutrality was concluded and thus the idea of a strong defense of universal conscription . It was decided that the aircraft Viggen would be developed while reorganizing and cut-backs were made in the Army and Navy .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Synnergren was in the media most closely associated with military intelligence as the secret intelligence agency IB was exposed during his time as Supreme Commander .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren had during and after his military career a series of positions of trust . He was chief of His Majestys Military Staff from 1978 to 1986 , chairman of the Swedish Tourist Association from 1976 to 1987 and chairman of the Swedish Ski Association from 1973 to 1975 . He was also chairman of Stora AB from 1980 to 1986 , Bergvik och Ala AB from 1981 and board member of Saab-Scania from 1981 to 1990 , LKAB from 1982 to 1986 , Saab Combitech from 1982 to 1990 and the International Ski Federation from 1976 to 1988 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Synnergren was also a board member of the East Economic Office ( Öst Ekonomiska Byrån ) , an agency which occupied a special position among the agencies engaged in the Swedish military intelligence .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1941 , Synnergren married junior school teacher Margit Lindgren ( 1916–2016 ) , the daughter of the first office clerk at SJ , Anton Lindgren and his wife Anna Richardsson . He was the father of Britta ( born 1942 ) , Kristina ( born 1946 ) and Elisabeth ( born 1947 ) . Synnergren died in 2004 and was buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1939 – Fänrik - 19? ? – Lieutenant - 1946 – Captain - 1957 – Major - 1961 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1962 – Colonel - 1963 – Major General - 1967 – Lieutenant General - 1970 – General",
"title": "Dates of rank"
},
{
"text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal worn around the neck on a chain of gold ( 1978 ) - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1970 ) - Commander First Class of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1966 ) - Knight of the Order of the Sword ( before 1963 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 26 October 1981 ) - Order of St . Olav",
"title": "Foreign"
},
{
"text": " - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1956 ) - Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1970 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ( 1977 )",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Friedrich_Klingner#P463#0
|
Friedrich Klingner became a member of what organization or association in Jun 1935?
|
Friedrich Klingner Friedrich Klingner ( 7 July 1894 - 26 January 1968 ) was a German Classical Philologist . He worked at increasingly senior levels as a university professor , successively at the universities of Hamburg ( 1925–1930 ) , Leipzig ( 1930–1947 ) and Munich ( 1947–1963 ) . Viewed by admirers as one of the leading of his generation , he advanced the study of Latin literature , producing important studies of Sallust , Virgil , Horace and Tibullus which continue to engage scholars . Biography . Friedrich Klingner was born into a Protestant family in Dresden , where he also attended school . Albrecht Klingner ( 1865–1939 ) , his father , worked as a teacher . His paternal grandfather had been a master shoemaker . Friedrich Klingners mother , born Martha Pönitz ( 1865–1941 ) , was also the child of a teacher . He began his university studies in Classical Philology at Tübingen in 1914 but was obliged to abandon this course after one term because of the outbreak of the First World War . He was involved in the fighting , but was able to resume his studies at Berlin where his teachers included Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff , Eduard Norden and Paul Friedländer . He was influenced , in particular , by Friedländer . When Friedländer took a promotion which involved a switch to the University of Marburg , Klingner followed him there . It was at Marburg that in the space of just three years he passed his state teaching exams and received both his doctorate ( 1921 ) and habilitation ( 1923 ) . His doctoral dissertation was published in the series : it concerned The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius . In 1923 he returned to Berlin where he took appointments as a research assistant and librarian . He became part of the circle around Werner Jaeger , and came to know , among others , Otto Regenbogen , who became a friend . After only two years in Berlin , and still aged only 31 , Klingner accepted a full professorship at the newly established University of Hamburg . The teaching chair in classical philology had fallen vacant with the early death of the first incumbent , . Klingner remained at Hamburg till 1930 . In 1930 he moved to Leipzig where he succeeded Richard Heinze ( who had died ) and whose seat as a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities he also took over . He taught at Leipzig till 1947 , which means he was there throughout the twelve Hitler years . The new government took power in January 1933 and rapidly transformed the country into a one-party dictatorship . In November 1933 Friedrich Klingner was one of approximately 900 university professors who were persuaded to sign the . The full horrors of National Socialist government had yet to unfold , but as they did , and more particularly after 1945 , those who had signed the declaration suffered varying levels of reputational damage . Leipzig was liberated in 1944 by US forces , but US occupation of the region was not envisaged in the agreements that the allied governments had already established , and in July 1944 the Americans withdrew and the Soviets moved in . The entire central third of Germany was to be administered as the Soviet occupation zone ( relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored Germany Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Leipzig University would become the leading university in the new country . In 1947 , however , with the drift of future political developments becoming increasingly clear , Friedrich Klingner received and accepted an invitation to move again , this time to the University of Munich ( in the American occupation zone ) . His transfer to Munich had indeed been expected to take place ten years earlier , but at that time it had been blocked for political reasons . He continued to undertake teaching and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich until his retirement in 1962 or 1963 , after which his involvement with the university continued . As an emeritus professor he also continued to publish his research . Friedrich Klingner served as rector of Munich University during the 1957/58 academic year . He was a full member of the Philosophical Historical Class at the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1935 and 1947 , and retained his connection as a corresponding member between 1947 and 1968 despite the political and physical division of Germany which became increasingly stark between 1945 and 1961 . He was a corresponding member of the Vienna-based Austrian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1956 and 1968 . He belonged to the Swedish Academy between 1957 and 1968 and , closer to home , was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1947 and 1968 . Works . Friedrich Klingner was one of the leading latinists of his generation , and must , with Eduard Fraenkel , share much of the credit for the growing attention paid to during the twentieth century . His researches covered classical and post-classical Latin literature . He did not hesitate to draw on earlier Greek and Latin texts where a piece of work required it . He was making waves even with his habilitation dissertation on Boethius in which he highlighted numerous problems with the then widely respected opening thesis of Hermann Usener that the Boethius work was in large part derivative from the of Aristotle . Klingner separated out and spelled out the distinctive influences of cynic , stoic , neoplatonic and christian views of the world . Of particular importance were Klingners researches on the Roman historians , epic poets and lyric poets . He demonstrated that Sallust had his own historical perspective and was not simply some latter-day version of Posidonius . Along with Hans Drexler ( though the two were working independently of one another ) he refuted the thesis that the historical writings of Sallust were simply partisan presentations on behalf of one particular political party . In 1930 he turned his focus to the life-time output of Virgil , identifying a structural unity in a body of work that was many decades in the making . Klingner published works by the lyric poet Horace after painstaking analysis of the handwriting , contributing insights and clarifications in a new critical edition which , half a century after his death , continues to command wide respect . He also contributed important work on Greek literature . In respect of the Iliad and the Odyssey he determined through stylistic analyses that only the Dolonie and Telemachy could be seen as later insertions .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Friedrich Klingner ( 7 July 1894 - 26 January 1968 ) was a German Classical Philologist . He worked at increasingly senior levels as a university professor , successively at the universities of Hamburg ( 1925–1930 ) , Leipzig ( 1930–1947 ) and Munich ( 1947–1963 ) . Viewed by admirers as one of the leading of his generation , he advanced the study of Latin literature , producing important studies of Sallust , Virgil , Horace and Tibullus which continue to engage scholars .",
"title": "Friedrich Klingner"
},
{
"text": " Friedrich Klingner was born into a Protestant family in Dresden , where he also attended school . Albrecht Klingner ( 1865–1939 ) , his father , worked as a teacher . His paternal grandfather had been a master shoemaker . Friedrich Klingners mother , born Martha Pönitz ( 1865–1941 ) , was also the child of a teacher .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He began his university studies in Classical Philology at Tübingen in 1914 but was obliged to abandon this course after one term because of the outbreak of the First World War . He was involved in the fighting , but was able to resume his studies at Berlin where his teachers included Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff , Eduard Norden and Paul Friedländer . He was influenced , in particular , by Friedländer . When Friedländer took a promotion which involved a switch to the University of Marburg , Klingner followed him there . It was at Marburg that in the space",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "of just three years he passed his state teaching exams and received both his doctorate ( 1921 ) and habilitation ( 1923 ) . His doctoral dissertation was published in the series : it concerned The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius . In 1923 he returned to Berlin where he took appointments as a research assistant and librarian . He became part of the circle around Werner Jaeger , and came to know , among others , Otto Regenbogen , who became a friend .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "After only two years in Berlin , and still aged only 31 , Klingner accepted a full professorship at the newly established University of Hamburg . The teaching chair in classical philology had fallen vacant with the early death of the first incumbent , . Klingner remained at Hamburg till 1930 . In 1930 he moved to Leipzig where he succeeded Richard Heinze ( who had died ) and whose seat as a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities he also took over . He taught at Leipzig till 1947 , which means he was there throughout",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "the twelve Hitler years . The new government took power in January 1933 and rapidly transformed the country into a one-party dictatorship . In November 1933 Friedrich Klingner was one of approximately 900 university professors who were persuaded to sign the . The full horrors of National Socialist government had yet to unfold , but as they did , and more particularly after 1945 , those who had signed the declaration suffered varying levels of reputational damage . Leipzig was liberated in 1944 by US forces , but US occupation of the region was not envisaged in the agreements that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "the allied governments had already established , and in July 1944 the Americans withdrew and the Soviets moved in . The entire central third of Germany was to be administered as the Soviet occupation zone ( relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored Germany Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Leipzig University would become the leading university in the new country . In 1947 , however , with the drift of future political developments becoming increasingly clear , Friedrich Klingner received and accepted an invitation to move again , this time to the University of Munich ( in the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "American occupation zone ) . His transfer to Munich had indeed been expected to take place ten years earlier , but at that time it had been blocked for political reasons . He continued to undertake teaching and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich until his retirement in 1962 or 1963 , after which his involvement with the university continued . As an emeritus professor he also continued to publish his research .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Friedrich Klingner served as rector of Munich University during the 1957/58 academic year . He was a full member of the Philosophical Historical Class at the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1935 and 1947 , and retained his connection as a corresponding member between 1947 and 1968 despite the political and physical division of Germany which became increasingly stark between 1945 and 1961 . He was a corresponding member of the Vienna-based Austrian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1956 and 1968 . He belonged to the Swedish Academy between 1957 and 1968 and , closer to home",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1947 and 1968 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Friedrich Klingner was one of the leading latinists of his generation , and must , with Eduard Fraenkel , share much of the credit for the growing attention paid to during the twentieth century . His researches covered classical and post-classical Latin literature . He did not hesitate to draw on earlier Greek and Latin texts where a piece of work required it . He was making waves even with his habilitation dissertation on Boethius in which he highlighted numerous problems with the then widely respected opening thesis of Hermann Usener that the Boethius work was in large part derivative",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "from the of Aristotle . Klingner separated out and spelled out the distinctive influences of cynic , stoic , neoplatonic and christian views of the world .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Of particular importance were Klingners researches on the Roman historians , epic poets and lyric poets . He demonstrated that Sallust had his own historical perspective and was not simply some latter-day version of Posidonius . Along with Hans Drexler ( though the two were working independently of one another ) he refuted the thesis that the historical writings of Sallust were simply partisan presentations on behalf of one particular political party . In 1930 he turned his focus to the life-time output of Virgil , identifying a structural unity in a body of work that was many decades in",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the making . Klingner published works by the lyric poet Horace after painstaking analysis of the handwriting , contributing insights and clarifications in a new critical edition which , half a century after his death , continues to command wide respect . He also contributed important work on Greek literature . In respect of the Iliad and the Odyssey he determined through stylistic analyses that only the Dolonie and Telemachy could be seen as later insertions .",
"title": "Works"
}
] |
/wiki/Friedrich_Klingner#P463#1
|
Friedrich Klingner became a member of what organization or association in Nov 1956?
|
Friedrich Klingner Friedrich Klingner ( 7 July 1894 - 26 January 1968 ) was a German Classical Philologist . He worked at increasingly senior levels as a university professor , successively at the universities of Hamburg ( 1925–1930 ) , Leipzig ( 1930–1947 ) and Munich ( 1947–1963 ) . Viewed by admirers as one of the leading of his generation , he advanced the study of Latin literature , producing important studies of Sallust , Virgil , Horace and Tibullus which continue to engage scholars . Biography . Friedrich Klingner was born into a Protestant family in Dresden , where he also attended school . Albrecht Klingner ( 1865–1939 ) , his father , worked as a teacher . His paternal grandfather had been a master shoemaker . Friedrich Klingners mother , born Martha Pönitz ( 1865–1941 ) , was also the child of a teacher . He began his university studies in Classical Philology at Tübingen in 1914 but was obliged to abandon this course after one term because of the outbreak of the First World War . He was involved in the fighting , but was able to resume his studies at Berlin where his teachers included Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff , Eduard Norden and Paul Friedländer . He was influenced , in particular , by Friedländer . When Friedländer took a promotion which involved a switch to the University of Marburg , Klingner followed him there . It was at Marburg that in the space of just three years he passed his state teaching exams and received both his doctorate ( 1921 ) and habilitation ( 1923 ) . His doctoral dissertation was published in the series : it concerned The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius . In 1923 he returned to Berlin where he took appointments as a research assistant and librarian . He became part of the circle around Werner Jaeger , and came to know , among others , Otto Regenbogen , who became a friend . After only two years in Berlin , and still aged only 31 , Klingner accepted a full professorship at the newly established University of Hamburg . The teaching chair in classical philology had fallen vacant with the early death of the first incumbent , . Klingner remained at Hamburg till 1930 . In 1930 he moved to Leipzig where he succeeded Richard Heinze ( who had died ) and whose seat as a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities he also took over . He taught at Leipzig till 1947 , which means he was there throughout the twelve Hitler years . The new government took power in January 1933 and rapidly transformed the country into a one-party dictatorship . In November 1933 Friedrich Klingner was one of approximately 900 university professors who were persuaded to sign the . The full horrors of National Socialist government had yet to unfold , but as they did , and more particularly after 1945 , those who had signed the declaration suffered varying levels of reputational damage . Leipzig was liberated in 1944 by US forces , but US occupation of the region was not envisaged in the agreements that the allied governments had already established , and in July 1944 the Americans withdrew and the Soviets moved in . The entire central third of Germany was to be administered as the Soviet occupation zone ( relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored Germany Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Leipzig University would become the leading university in the new country . In 1947 , however , with the drift of future political developments becoming increasingly clear , Friedrich Klingner received and accepted an invitation to move again , this time to the University of Munich ( in the American occupation zone ) . His transfer to Munich had indeed been expected to take place ten years earlier , but at that time it had been blocked for political reasons . He continued to undertake teaching and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich until his retirement in 1962 or 1963 , after which his involvement with the university continued . As an emeritus professor he also continued to publish his research . Friedrich Klingner served as rector of Munich University during the 1957/58 academic year . He was a full member of the Philosophical Historical Class at the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1935 and 1947 , and retained his connection as a corresponding member between 1947 and 1968 despite the political and physical division of Germany which became increasingly stark between 1945 and 1961 . He was a corresponding member of the Vienna-based Austrian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1956 and 1968 . He belonged to the Swedish Academy between 1957 and 1968 and , closer to home , was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1947 and 1968 . Works . Friedrich Klingner was one of the leading latinists of his generation , and must , with Eduard Fraenkel , share much of the credit for the growing attention paid to during the twentieth century . His researches covered classical and post-classical Latin literature . He did not hesitate to draw on earlier Greek and Latin texts where a piece of work required it . He was making waves even with his habilitation dissertation on Boethius in which he highlighted numerous problems with the then widely respected opening thesis of Hermann Usener that the Boethius work was in large part derivative from the of Aristotle . Klingner separated out and spelled out the distinctive influences of cynic , stoic , neoplatonic and christian views of the world . Of particular importance were Klingners researches on the Roman historians , epic poets and lyric poets . He demonstrated that Sallust had his own historical perspective and was not simply some latter-day version of Posidonius . Along with Hans Drexler ( though the two were working independently of one another ) he refuted the thesis that the historical writings of Sallust were simply partisan presentations on behalf of one particular political party . In 1930 he turned his focus to the life-time output of Virgil , identifying a structural unity in a body of work that was many decades in the making . Klingner published works by the lyric poet Horace after painstaking analysis of the handwriting , contributing insights and clarifications in a new critical edition which , half a century after his death , continues to command wide respect . He also contributed important work on Greek literature . In respect of the Iliad and the Odyssey he determined through stylistic analyses that only the Dolonie and Telemachy could be seen as later insertions .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Friedrich Klingner ( 7 July 1894 - 26 January 1968 ) was a German Classical Philologist . He worked at increasingly senior levels as a university professor , successively at the universities of Hamburg ( 1925–1930 ) , Leipzig ( 1930–1947 ) and Munich ( 1947–1963 ) . Viewed by admirers as one of the leading of his generation , he advanced the study of Latin literature , producing important studies of Sallust , Virgil , Horace and Tibullus which continue to engage scholars .",
"title": "Friedrich Klingner"
},
{
"text": " Friedrich Klingner was born into a Protestant family in Dresden , where he also attended school . Albrecht Klingner ( 1865–1939 ) , his father , worked as a teacher . His paternal grandfather had been a master shoemaker . Friedrich Klingners mother , born Martha Pönitz ( 1865–1941 ) , was also the child of a teacher .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He began his university studies in Classical Philology at Tübingen in 1914 but was obliged to abandon this course after one term because of the outbreak of the First World War . He was involved in the fighting , but was able to resume his studies at Berlin where his teachers included Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff , Eduard Norden and Paul Friedländer . He was influenced , in particular , by Friedländer . When Friedländer took a promotion which involved a switch to the University of Marburg , Klingner followed him there . It was at Marburg that in the space",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "of just three years he passed his state teaching exams and received both his doctorate ( 1921 ) and habilitation ( 1923 ) . His doctoral dissertation was published in the series : it concerned The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius . In 1923 he returned to Berlin where he took appointments as a research assistant and librarian . He became part of the circle around Werner Jaeger , and came to know , among others , Otto Regenbogen , who became a friend .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "After only two years in Berlin , and still aged only 31 , Klingner accepted a full professorship at the newly established University of Hamburg . The teaching chair in classical philology had fallen vacant with the early death of the first incumbent , . Klingner remained at Hamburg till 1930 . In 1930 he moved to Leipzig where he succeeded Richard Heinze ( who had died ) and whose seat as a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities he also took over . He taught at Leipzig till 1947 , which means he was there throughout",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "the twelve Hitler years . The new government took power in January 1933 and rapidly transformed the country into a one-party dictatorship . In November 1933 Friedrich Klingner was one of approximately 900 university professors who were persuaded to sign the . The full horrors of National Socialist government had yet to unfold , but as they did , and more particularly after 1945 , those who had signed the declaration suffered varying levels of reputational damage . Leipzig was liberated in 1944 by US forces , but US occupation of the region was not envisaged in the agreements that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "the allied governments had already established , and in July 1944 the Americans withdrew and the Soviets moved in . The entire central third of Germany was to be administered as the Soviet occupation zone ( relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored Germany Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Leipzig University would become the leading university in the new country . In 1947 , however , with the drift of future political developments becoming increasingly clear , Friedrich Klingner received and accepted an invitation to move again , this time to the University of Munich ( in the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "American occupation zone ) . His transfer to Munich had indeed been expected to take place ten years earlier , but at that time it had been blocked for political reasons . He continued to undertake teaching and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich until his retirement in 1962 or 1963 , after which his involvement with the university continued . As an emeritus professor he also continued to publish his research .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Friedrich Klingner served as rector of Munich University during the 1957/58 academic year . He was a full member of the Philosophical Historical Class at the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1935 and 1947 , and retained his connection as a corresponding member between 1947 and 1968 despite the political and physical division of Germany which became increasingly stark between 1945 and 1961 . He was a corresponding member of the Vienna-based Austrian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1956 and 1968 . He belonged to the Swedish Academy between 1957 and 1968 and , closer to home",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1947 and 1968 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Friedrich Klingner was one of the leading latinists of his generation , and must , with Eduard Fraenkel , share much of the credit for the growing attention paid to during the twentieth century . His researches covered classical and post-classical Latin literature . He did not hesitate to draw on earlier Greek and Latin texts where a piece of work required it . He was making waves even with his habilitation dissertation on Boethius in which he highlighted numerous problems with the then widely respected opening thesis of Hermann Usener that the Boethius work was in large part derivative",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "from the of Aristotle . Klingner separated out and spelled out the distinctive influences of cynic , stoic , neoplatonic and christian views of the world .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Of particular importance were Klingners researches on the Roman historians , epic poets and lyric poets . He demonstrated that Sallust had his own historical perspective and was not simply some latter-day version of Posidonius . Along with Hans Drexler ( though the two were working independently of one another ) he refuted the thesis that the historical writings of Sallust were simply partisan presentations on behalf of one particular political party . In 1930 he turned his focus to the life-time output of Virgil , identifying a structural unity in a body of work that was many decades in",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the making . Klingner published works by the lyric poet Horace after painstaking analysis of the handwriting , contributing insights and clarifications in a new critical edition which , half a century after his death , continues to command wide respect . He also contributed important work on Greek literature . In respect of the Iliad and the Odyssey he determined through stylistic analyses that only the Dolonie and Telemachy could be seen as later insertions .",
"title": "Works"
}
] |
/wiki/Friedrich_Klingner#P463#2
|
Friedrich Klingner became a member of what organization or association in Mar 1947?
|
Friedrich Klingner Friedrich Klingner ( 7 July 1894 - 26 January 1968 ) was a German Classical Philologist . He worked at increasingly senior levels as a university professor , successively at the universities of Hamburg ( 1925–1930 ) , Leipzig ( 1930–1947 ) and Munich ( 1947–1963 ) . Viewed by admirers as one of the leading of his generation , he advanced the study of Latin literature , producing important studies of Sallust , Virgil , Horace and Tibullus which continue to engage scholars . Biography . Friedrich Klingner was born into a Protestant family in Dresden , where he also attended school . Albrecht Klingner ( 1865–1939 ) , his father , worked as a teacher . His paternal grandfather had been a master shoemaker . Friedrich Klingners mother , born Martha Pönitz ( 1865–1941 ) , was also the child of a teacher . He began his university studies in Classical Philology at Tübingen in 1914 but was obliged to abandon this course after one term because of the outbreak of the First World War . He was involved in the fighting , but was able to resume his studies at Berlin where his teachers included Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff , Eduard Norden and Paul Friedländer . He was influenced , in particular , by Friedländer . When Friedländer took a promotion which involved a switch to the University of Marburg , Klingner followed him there . It was at Marburg that in the space of just three years he passed his state teaching exams and received both his doctorate ( 1921 ) and habilitation ( 1923 ) . His doctoral dissertation was published in the series : it concerned The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius . In 1923 he returned to Berlin where he took appointments as a research assistant and librarian . He became part of the circle around Werner Jaeger , and came to know , among others , Otto Regenbogen , who became a friend . After only two years in Berlin , and still aged only 31 , Klingner accepted a full professorship at the newly established University of Hamburg . The teaching chair in classical philology had fallen vacant with the early death of the first incumbent , . Klingner remained at Hamburg till 1930 . In 1930 he moved to Leipzig where he succeeded Richard Heinze ( who had died ) and whose seat as a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities he also took over . He taught at Leipzig till 1947 , which means he was there throughout the twelve Hitler years . The new government took power in January 1933 and rapidly transformed the country into a one-party dictatorship . In November 1933 Friedrich Klingner was one of approximately 900 university professors who were persuaded to sign the . The full horrors of National Socialist government had yet to unfold , but as they did , and more particularly after 1945 , those who had signed the declaration suffered varying levels of reputational damage . Leipzig was liberated in 1944 by US forces , but US occupation of the region was not envisaged in the agreements that the allied governments had already established , and in July 1944 the Americans withdrew and the Soviets moved in . The entire central third of Germany was to be administered as the Soviet occupation zone ( relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored Germany Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Leipzig University would become the leading university in the new country . In 1947 , however , with the drift of future political developments becoming increasingly clear , Friedrich Klingner received and accepted an invitation to move again , this time to the University of Munich ( in the American occupation zone ) . His transfer to Munich had indeed been expected to take place ten years earlier , but at that time it had been blocked for political reasons . He continued to undertake teaching and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich until his retirement in 1962 or 1963 , after which his involvement with the university continued . As an emeritus professor he also continued to publish his research . Friedrich Klingner served as rector of Munich University during the 1957/58 academic year . He was a full member of the Philosophical Historical Class at the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1935 and 1947 , and retained his connection as a corresponding member between 1947 and 1968 despite the political and physical division of Germany which became increasingly stark between 1945 and 1961 . He was a corresponding member of the Vienna-based Austrian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1956 and 1968 . He belonged to the Swedish Academy between 1957 and 1968 and , closer to home , was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1947 and 1968 . Works . Friedrich Klingner was one of the leading latinists of his generation , and must , with Eduard Fraenkel , share much of the credit for the growing attention paid to during the twentieth century . His researches covered classical and post-classical Latin literature . He did not hesitate to draw on earlier Greek and Latin texts where a piece of work required it . He was making waves even with his habilitation dissertation on Boethius in which he highlighted numerous problems with the then widely respected opening thesis of Hermann Usener that the Boethius work was in large part derivative from the of Aristotle . Klingner separated out and spelled out the distinctive influences of cynic , stoic , neoplatonic and christian views of the world . Of particular importance were Klingners researches on the Roman historians , epic poets and lyric poets . He demonstrated that Sallust had his own historical perspective and was not simply some latter-day version of Posidonius . Along with Hans Drexler ( though the two were working independently of one another ) he refuted the thesis that the historical writings of Sallust were simply partisan presentations on behalf of one particular political party . In 1930 he turned his focus to the life-time output of Virgil , identifying a structural unity in a body of work that was many decades in the making . Klingner published works by the lyric poet Horace after painstaking analysis of the handwriting , contributing insights and clarifications in a new critical edition which , half a century after his death , continues to command wide respect . He also contributed important work on Greek literature . In respect of the Iliad and the Odyssey he determined through stylistic analyses that only the Dolonie and Telemachy could be seen as later insertions .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Friedrich Klingner ( 7 July 1894 - 26 January 1968 ) was a German Classical Philologist . He worked at increasingly senior levels as a university professor , successively at the universities of Hamburg ( 1925–1930 ) , Leipzig ( 1930–1947 ) and Munich ( 1947–1963 ) . Viewed by admirers as one of the leading of his generation , he advanced the study of Latin literature , producing important studies of Sallust , Virgil , Horace and Tibullus which continue to engage scholars .",
"title": "Friedrich Klingner"
},
{
"text": " Friedrich Klingner was born into a Protestant family in Dresden , where he also attended school . Albrecht Klingner ( 1865–1939 ) , his father , worked as a teacher . His paternal grandfather had been a master shoemaker . Friedrich Klingners mother , born Martha Pönitz ( 1865–1941 ) , was also the child of a teacher .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He began his university studies in Classical Philology at Tübingen in 1914 but was obliged to abandon this course after one term because of the outbreak of the First World War . He was involved in the fighting , but was able to resume his studies at Berlin where his teachers included Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff , Eduard Norden and Paul Friedländer . He was influenced , in particular , by Friedländer . When Friedländer took a promotion which involved a switch to the University of Marburg , Klingner followed him there . It was at Marburg that in the space",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "of just three years he passed his state teaching exams and received both his doctorate ( 1921 ) and habilitation ( 1923 ) . His doctoral dissertation was published in the series : it concerned The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius . In 1923 he returned to Berlin where he took appointments as a research assistant and librarian . He became part of the circle around Werner Jaeger , and came to know , among others , Otto Regenbogen , who became a friend .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "After only two years in Berlin , and still aged only 31 , Klingner accepted a full professorship at the newly established University of Hamburg . The teaching chair in classical philology had fallen vacant with the early death of the first incumbent , . Klingner remained at Hamburg till 1930 . In 1930 he moved to Leipzig where he succeeded Richard Heinze ( who had died ) and whose seat as a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities he also took over . He taught at Leipzig till 1947 , which means he was there throughout",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "the twelve Hitler years . The new government took power in January 1933 and rapidly transformed the country into a one-party dictatorship . In November 1933 Friedrich Klingner was one of approximately 900 university professors who were persuaded to sign the . The full horrors of National Socialist government had yet to unfold , but as they did , and more particularly after 1945 , those who had signed the declaration suffered varying levels of reputational damage . Leipzig was liberated in 1944 by US forces , but US occupation of the region was not envisaged in the agreements that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "the allied governments had already established , and in July 1944 the Americans withdrew and the Soviets moved in . The entire central third of Germany was to be administered as the Soviet occupation zone ( relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored Germany Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Leipzig University would become the leading university in the new country . In 1947 , however , with the drift of future political developments becoming increasingly clear , Friedrich Klingner received and accepted an invitation to move again , this time to the University of Munich ( in the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "American occupation zone ) . His transfer to Munich had indeed been expected to take place ten years earlier , but at that time it had been blocked for political reasons . He continued to undertake teaching and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich until his retirement in 1962 or 1963 , after which his involvement with the university continued . As an emeritus professor he also continued to publish his research .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Friedrich Klingner served as rector of Munich University during the 1957/58 academic year . He was a full member of the Philosophical Historical Class at the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1935 and 1947 , and retained his connection as a corresponding member between 1947 and 1968 despite the political and physical division of Germany which became increasingly stark between 1945 and 1961 . He was a corresponding member of the Vienna-based Austrian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1956 and 1968 . He belonged to the Swedish Academy between 1957 and 1968 and , closer to home",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", was a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities between 1947 and 1968 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Friedrich Klingner was one of the leading latinists of his generation , and must , with Eduard Fraenkel , share much of the credit for the growing attention paid to during the twentieth century . His researches covered classical and post-classical Latin literature . He did not hesitate to draw on earlier Greek and Latin texts where a piece of work required it . He was making waves even with his habilitation dissertation on Boethius in which he highlighted numerous problems with the then widely respected opening thesis of Hermann Usener that the Boethius work was in large part derivative",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "from the of Aristotle . Klingner separated out and spelled out the distinctive influences of cynic , stoic , neoplatonic and christian views of the world .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Of particular importance were Klingners researches on the Roman historians , epic poets and lyric poets . He demonstrated that Sallust had his own historical perspective and was not simply some latter-day version of Posidonius . Along with Hans Drexler ( though the two were working independently of one another ) he refuted the thesis that the historical writings of Sallust were simply partisan presentations on behalf of one particular political party . In 1930 he turned his focus to the life-time output of Virgil , identifying a structural unity in a body of work that was many decades in",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the making . Klingner published works by the lyric poet Horace after painstaking analysis of the handwriting , contributing insights and clarifications in a new critical edition which , half a century after his death , continues to command wide respect . He also contributed important work on Greek literature . In respect of the Iliad and the Odyssey he determined through stylistic analyses that only the Dolonie and Telemachy could be seen as later insertions .",
"title": "Works"
}
] |
/wiki/Minuta_slavy#P371#0
|
Minuta slavy was presented by whom between Mar 2007 and Dec 2007?
|
Minuta slavy Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo . Judges . - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 . - In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors . - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 . Rules . In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round . In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker . Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers . In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus . In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres . In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants . In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi . In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles ) . Series Overview . Season 1 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) . Finals - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) . Finals - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) . Finals - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) . Semifinals - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin Finals - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) . Semifinals - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev . Finals - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) . Semifinals - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin Finals - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season . Semifinals - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Finals - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Winners . - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9 International Competition . 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors . Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra . The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) . 2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk . 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points . 4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 ) which have scored 40 points . This grand final was hosted by Dmitry Shepelev and Julia Vysotskaya . Reruns . - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts . Notes . - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season External links . - Official website ( In Russian )
|
[
"Garik Martirosyan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo .",
"title": "Minuta slavy"
},
{
"text": " - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": "- In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9",
"title": "Winners"
},
{
"text": " 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 )",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "which have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts .",
"title": "Reruns"
},
{
"text": " - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season",
"title": "Notes"
},
{
"text": " - Official website ( In Russian )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Minuta_slavy#P371#1
|
Minuta slavy was presented by whom between Oct 2008 and Dec 2008?
|
Minuta slavy Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo . Judges . - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 . - In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors . - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 . Rules . In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round . In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker . Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers . In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus . In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres . In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants . In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi . In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles ) . Series Overview . Season 1 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) . Finals - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) . Finals - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) . Finals - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) . Semifinals - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin Finals - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) . Semifinals - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev . Finals - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) . Semifinals - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin Finals - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season . Semifinals - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Finals - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Winners . - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9 International Competition . 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors . Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra . The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) . 2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk . 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points . 4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 ) which have scored 40 points . This grand final was hosted by Dmitry Shepelev and Julia Vysotskaya . Reruns . - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts . Notes . - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season External links . - Official website ( In Russian )
|
[
"Alexander Tsekalo"
] |
[
{
"text": " Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo .",
"title": "Minuta slavy"
},
{
"text": " - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": "- In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9",
"title": "Winners"
},
{
"text": " 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 )",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "which have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts .",
"title": "Reruns"
},
{
"text": " - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season",
"title": "Notes"
},
{
"text": " - Official website ( In Russian )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Minuta_slavy#P371#2
|
Minuta slavy was presented by whom in May 2010?
|
Minuta slavy Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo . Judges . - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 . - In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors . - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 . Rules . In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round . In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker . Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers . In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus . In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres . In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants . In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi . In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles ) . Series Overview . Season 1 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) . Finals - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) . Finals - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) . Finals - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) . Semifinals - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin Finals - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) . Semifinals - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev . Finals - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) . Semifinals - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin Finals - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season . Semifinals - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Finals - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Winners . - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9 International Competition . 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors . Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra . The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) . 2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk . 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points . 4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 ) which have scored 40 points . This grand final was hosted by Dmitry Shepelev and Julia Vysotskaya . Reruns . - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts . Notes . - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season External links . - Official website ( In Russian )
|
[
"Ville Haapasalo",
"Alexander Oleshko"
] |
[
{
"text": " Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo .",
"title": "Minuta slavy"
},
{
"text": " - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": "- In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9",
"title": "Winners"
},
{
"text": " 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 )",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "which have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts .",
"title": "Reruns"
},
{
"text": " - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season",
"title": "Notes"
},
{
"text": " - Official website ( In Russian )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Minuta_slavy#P371#3
|
Minuta slavy was presented by whom after Jun 2010?
|
Minuta slavy Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo . Judges . - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 . - In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors . - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 . Rules . In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round . In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker . Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers . In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus . In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres . In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants . In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi . In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles ) . Series Overview . Season 1 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) . Finals - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) . Finals - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) . Finals - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) . Finals - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) . Semifinals - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin Finals - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) . Semifinals - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev . Finals - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) . Semifinals - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin Finals - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season . Semifinals - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Finals - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . Winners . - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9 International Competition . 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors . Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra . The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) . 2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk . 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points . 4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 ) which have scored 40 points . This grand final was hosted by Dmitry Shepelev and Julia Vysotskaya . Reruns . - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts . Notes . - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season External links . - Official website ( In Russian )
|
[
"Alexander Oleshko"
] |
[
{
"text": " Minute of Fame ( ) is a Russian television talent show competition originating from the Got Talent series and which started in February 2007 on 1TV . For the first two seasons it was hosted by Garik Martirosyan , replaced in the 3rd season by Alexander Tsekalo , then in the 4th season the hosts were Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , and in the 5th and 6th seasons Julia Kovalchuk took over from Haapasalo .",
"title": "Minuta slavy"
},
{
"text": " - Alexander Maslyakov , host of KVN , head judge , seasons 1-8 ; - Leonid Parfyonov , journalist , season 4 . - Tatyana Tolstaya , writer , seasons 1-3 . - Mariya Shukshina , TV host show season 5 . - Larissa Guzeyeva , TV host show seasons 6-8 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": "- In the first season , the role of third judge was filled by different visitor , but in the second season a third permanent judge appeared is Alexander Tsekalo . In the third and following seasons , the third judge was again a series of visitors .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " - Sergei Yursky , actor , seasons 7 and 9 . - Sergei Svetlakov , actor , TV host , season 9 . - Renata Litvinova , actress , TV host , season 9 . - Vladimir Posner , TV journalist , writer and political thinker , season 9 .",
"title": "Judges"
},
{
"text": " In the qualifying rounds participants appear before the judges and an audience to demonstrate their talent , and from there are either rejected by the judges or moved on to the next round .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 1st season each judge had the ability to call a halt to the demonstration with a rejection button , if all 3 judges pressed the button , the demonstration was interrupted and the participant rejected . In the 2nd this was removed and each participant could perform their full demonstration , after which each judges voted «yes» or «no» , with the majority ruling and the head judge acting as tie-breaker .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " Beginning with the 2nd season the semi-finals were removed , participant who passed the qualifying rounds went straight to the final round . In the 1st-3rd seasons , the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles . In the 4th season the winner of the show received 10,000,000 rubles . From the middle of the 4th season ( from October 5 to December 29 , 2009 ) per week from network «Eldorado» played out cash prizes among viewers .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 5th season the winner of the show received 1,000,000 rubles , 1 kg of gold and a contract with the Moscow Circus .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 6th season , the show underwent a major change . Firstly the name was changed to «Minute of Fame - Dreams Come True» . At the end of each qualifying round the jury picks 1 act , not necessarily one who passed on to audience voting , and gives them a choice : either have their dream fulfilled , or be entered directly into the finals without requiring the audience to vote them there , meaning they still have a chance to win the 1,000,000 rubles prizel . Second , the participants were given mentors . Carmen Rust",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "and Edgard Zapashny , then Svetlana Druzhinina and Igor Zhizhikin from the 9th qualifying round onwards , would instruct participants in circus genres , and Anastasia Zavorotnyuk and Yegor Druzhinin would mentor those in other artistic genres .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 7th season of the show on the new scenario , part of the participants «Minute of Fame» now is not removed in the studio and outdoors . This time , the organizers decided that participants must represent Russia , and therefore the motto of the project at this time is «Minute of Fame is sweeping the country» . The participation of foreign visitors is now excluded . In honor of the five-year anniversary of the producers even changed the standard rules of the program . Now the film crew travels to cities in Russia and filmes unique acts",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "right away from the contestants who for various reasons cant come to Moscow . By new rules its for such numbers jury does not vote . Vote for them audience in the hall . In the semifinal get those participants for whom the vote of at least 15% of the audience in the studio . There is also no mentors , who had previously supported the contestants .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In the 8th Olympic season participants compete for the right to participate in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and to win one million rubles . In this season in the chair member of the jury , along with the usual three judges in each issue necessarily representative of the sport was alone , as this is Olympic season . Also in the VIP-box in each issue were present different guests with their exclusive gifts that they in the end of the tour participant were presented to get noticed . In the semifinals , participants fought",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "a duel in the end only one of the duel taking place in the final , and the rest are eliminated . The finale was divided in two parts : in the first , participants fought for a million rubles , while the second are for participating in the opening ceremony of XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": "In 9th Anniversary season the rules has changed . To advance the next rounds , the contestant have to get no less than three jurys «yes» . If the contestant gets two «yes» and two «no» , his destiny is in his own hands , he ought to toss a «coin of fame» . If the side of a coin is the white , then the contestant wont leave the game , bu if it is the red , he is eliminated . Top prize is 5,000,000 rubles ( second place — 3,000,000 rubles , third place — 1,000,000 rubles",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Rules"
},
{
"text": " - 18.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 19.05.2007 , Guest judge - Michael Zadornov . - 25.05.2007 , Superfinal . - 26.05.2007 , Award winners Season 2 ( 2007 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.11.2007 - 25.11.2007 - 02.12.2007 - 09.12.2007 , Super Final Season 3 ( 2008 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 07.12.2008 , Guest judge - Sergey Zhigunov . - 14.12.2008 , Guest judge - Zhanna Friske . - 21.12.2008 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 28.12.2008 , Jurors were not present at the gala . Season 4 ( 2009-2010 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.03.2010 , Guest judge - Larisa Guzeyeva . - 26.03.2010 , Guest judge - Valentina Tolkunova . - 16.04.2010 , Guest judge - Lyudmila Maksakova . - 23.04.2010 , Guest judge - Galina Volchek . - 30.04.2010 , International gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska and Pierre Richard . - 14.05.2010 , Rewards Gala , Guest judges - Barbara Brylska , Pierre Richard . Season 5 ( 2010-2011 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 11.06.2011 , Guest judge - Filipp Kirkorov . - 18.06.2011 , Guest judge - Nadezhda Babkina . - 25.06.2011 , Guest judge - Zurab Sotkilava . - 02.07.2011 , Guest judge - Vladimir Vinokur . - 09.07.2011 , International , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . - 16.07.2011 , Rewards , Guest judges - Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturitsa . Season 6 ( 2011-2012 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.04.2012 , Guest judges - Mikhail Boyarsky and Svetlana Zhiltsova . - 06.05.2012 , Guest judges - Pavel Astakhov and Vitaly Klichko - 27.05.2012 , Guest judges — Igor Zhizhikin , Svetlana Druzhinina , Anastasia Zavorotnyuk , Yegor Druzhinin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 03.06.2012 ( international , part 1 ) , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky - 17.06.2012 ( international , part 2 ) Guest judges - Gennady Khazanov , Ville Haapasalo , Carmen Rust , Sergei Makovetsky Season 7 ( 2012-2013 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 15.12.2012 , Guest judges - Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . - 22.12.2012 , Guest judges - Dmitry Nagiyev .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 06.01.2013 , Guest judges - Yury Kuklachyov . Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 1 ) ( 12.01.2013 ) . This special series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Anna Shatilova Russias Got Talent . Gold pages ( part 2 ) ( 19.01.2013 ) . This series was commented by Alexander Oleshko and Larisa Guzeyeva . Season 8 ( 2013-2014 ) .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 14.12.2013 , Guest judges — Gennady Khazanov , Alexander Schirwindt . - 28.12.2013 , Guest judges — Irina Viner , Laima Vaikule . - 11.01.2014 , Guest judges — Lyudmila Maksakova , Dmitri Sautin . - 18.01.2014 ( additional ) , Guest judges - Larisa Golubkina , Efim Shifrin",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 25.01.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . - 01.02.2014 , Guest judges - Marina Neyolova , Yelena Isinbayeva . Season 9 ( 2017 ) . On September 21 , 2016 Channel One announced the casting for the new anniversary season .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - 18.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 25.03.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 01.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 08.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 15.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Semifinals"
},
{
"text": " - 22.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner . - 29.04.2017 , Guest judges — Sergei Yursky , Sergei Svetlakov , Renata Litvinova , Vladimir Posner .",
"title": "Finals"
},
{
"text": " - Maxim Tokayev ( accordionist ) , season 1 - Dmitry Bulkin ( professional acrobat ) , season 2 - Team «Gratsiya» ( plastic ) , season 3 - Aleksander and Sergey Grinchenko ( acrobats ) , season 4 - Viktor Kochkin and Daniil Anastasyin ( break dancers ) , season 5 - Igor Butorin ( hula hoops ) , season 6 - «I_Team» group ( jumping on a trampoline ) , season 7 - Olga Trifonova ( air gymnast ) , season 8 - Vardanyan brothers ( power acrobatics ) , season 9",
"title": "Winners"
},
{
"text": " 1 . On January 3 , 2010 an international competition was held for the participants of the Got Talent shows from Israel , Russia , United States , France , Germany and Argentina . Foreign participants were assessed by Russian judges Alexander Maslyakov , Leonid Parfyonov and Vera Alentova and Russian participants were assessed by judges from the other nations , with scores were given out of 10 . Hosting the contest were singer Philip Kirkorov and actor Dmitry Nagiyev with co-hosts Alexander Oleshko and Ville Haapasalo , both actors .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "Between the participants performances various Russian artists performed , including Philip Kirkorov , Lyudmila Gurchenko and Dima Bilan , Alexander Oleshko and Ekaterina Starshova , Sergey Lazarev and Lera Kudryavtseva , Dmitry Nagiyev , and VIA Gra .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " The winner was a Russian participant - Gagik Aidinyan ( double Michael Jackson ) .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "2 . July 9 and July 16 , 2011 in the season 5 of the show Minute of Fame was hosted the international tournament in 2 parts , where the participants were from Russia , Sweden , United States , Germany , Great Britain , France , China and South Africa . Participants were evaluated by Sergei Garmash , Marina Neyolova , Irina Rodnina and Emir Kusturica . This contest was won by guests from South Africa , while gaining the most points - 40 points and taken the 2010-2011 Minutes of Fame International Cup . This contest was hosted",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "by Alexander Oleshko and Julia Kovalchuk .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " 3 . September 4 , 2011 in Russia was the opening of the season 6 of the project with a grand premiere of Russia vs America , which had held Alexander Oleshko , Julia Kovalchuk , Valdis Pelsh and Yana Churikova . Referees rated using a 10-point scale : Russian participants were evaluated by the American jury , and Americans were evaluated by Russian jury : Alexander Tsekalo , Kristina Orbakaitė , Alexander Maslyakov and Carmen Rust . As a result , Alexander and Sergei Grinchenko ( Russia ) and Rigolo ( America ) have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "4 . June 3 and June 17 , 2012 , an international competition held for the first time on two scenes in the form of 2 grand finals , where the finalists competed in 2011 from the Czech Republic , the UK , Germany , China , the United States , the Philippines and Russia . Russian Jury evaluated them on a 10-point scale . In the first final was won by participant Liu Wei from China , and in the second final was won by Victor Kochkin and Daniel Anastasin ( Russia , winners of the season 5 )",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": "which have scored 40 points .",
"title": "International Competition"
},
{
"text": " - From July 6 to August 31 , 2014 , Season 8 reruns were aired . - April 5 , 2015 in the 20th anniversary of Channel One in «Channel One Collection» , the Season One final was aired as the charts .",
"title": "Reruns"
},
{
"text": " - 1.The newspaper New Life . Interview with Dmitry Bulkin - 2.Wild meanness Minute of Fame - 3.Falling of the Filip Kirkorov - 4.The fall of the Minute of Fame . Participant dropped from a height of 5 meters - 5.Member of the Minutes of Fame was almost killed in his speech - 6.The participant Minutes of Fame was taken from the show on Ambulance - 7.Minute of Fame . Olympic season",
"title": "Notes"
},
{
"text": " - Official website ( In Russian )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Chao_Shou-po#P27#0
|
What citizenship did Chao Shou-po hold before May 1943?
|
Chao Shou-po Chao Shou-po ( , born 1 March 1941 ) is a Taiwanese politician , educator , civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement . He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang , and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities . Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) . He has held many government posts including Labor Minister , Secretary-General of the Cabinet , Minister without Portfolio and Governor of the Province of Taiwan . Chao served the Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser , and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League . Birth and education . Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township , Changhua County , Taiwan . In 1945 , Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education . He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953 . In the same year , through a very competitive entrance examination , he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung First High School in Taichung . In 1956 he finished his junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School . Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959 , he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University . At the same time , he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College ( now Central Police University ) . On August 7 , 1959 , a big flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chaos family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss . In order to ease the financial burden of his parents , Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition , books , board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students . He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College . After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army , Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr . Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965 . He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois , U . S . A . in 1967 for a master degree . In 1968 , he got the Master of Comparative Law ( M.C.L. ) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R . LaFave as his thesis advisor . Immediately after his completion of the masters degree , Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law . He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law ( S . J . D . or J . S . D. ) degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor . Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law . Career in governmental services . Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s . He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35 , concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government , the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then . Before that he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps , a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980s in Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan . In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D . C . to negotiate with representatives of the U.S . State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S . switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to the Peoples Republic of China ( PRC ) on the Chinese mainland . The negotiation resulted in the enactment by the U.S . Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S . policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S . relations . For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he had demonstrated in the government , Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International , TAIWAN . In October 1979 , Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government . He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987 ; during this period , Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services , employment security , occupational health and safety , labor insurance , community development in the Province of Taiwan , making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being of the people , especially the employed and the low-income people . In February 1989 , Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister ( officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan , the council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor ) of the National Government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , a post he held until December 1994 , making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan . When he was Labor Minister , Chao modernized labor legislation ; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented ; improved work conditions for the employed ; raised the minimum wage every year ; enhanced the occupational health and safety ; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training ; strengthened labor insurance protection ; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the countrys history , enacting the countrys first law governing the importation , regulation and protection of alien workers . He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly . In December 1994 , Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan , a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle . He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare , labor affairs , justice , youth affairs , police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio . Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998 to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government . He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party , the Kuomintang , was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election . In 2008 , Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor , a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China , a post he has held since then . Party politics . Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) , the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now , in the Republic of China on Taiwan . He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001 , a Central Standing Committee ( equivalent of Political Bureau ) member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang . He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda ( 1979 to 1981 ) , Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs ( 1987 to 1989 ) and Director-General of the Department of Organization ( 2000 to 2001 ) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo , Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan . Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001 . Services in media , professional baseball , and civic organizations . Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China ( BCC ) , the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan , from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called Talk Everything for Taiwan at the BCC since 2005 . Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012 ; during his term as the Commissioner , he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports . Chao was President of National Life Saving Association , R . O . C . from 1995 to 2001 ; President of the National Council on Social Welfare , R.O.C . of the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) from 1995 to 2004 ; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association ( a worldwide Association of the Liu , Chang , Kuan and Chao Families ) from 2003 to 2006 ; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since 2009 . Scouting activities . Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities . He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s . Chao was the Chairman and the Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) from 2007 to 2013 . He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation ( Taiwan ) since 2007 . Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal , Quebec , Canada in 1977 ; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham , England , United Kingdom ; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island , Korea in 2008 ; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba , Brazil in 2011 ; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2014 . He also took part in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer , Norway in 1975 ; the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford , Essex , England , U.K. ; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby , Sweden in 2011 ; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama , Yamaguchi , Japan in 2015 . Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , the highest honor in the World Scout Movement . In 2009 , Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee for a six-year term . Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka , Bangladesh , he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015 . After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee . Teaching , writing and publications . Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States . He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977 , teaching Constitution , International Law and Criminal Law . When he began his governmental service in the 1970s , he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung , National Chengchi University , National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei , teaching Private International Law , Public International Law , Commercial Law , Labor Law , Labor Policy , Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management . Since 2002 , Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor . He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan . Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare , labor policy , labor law , international law , criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books : ( 1. ) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws （1977） ; ( 2. ) Law and Innovation（1980） ; ( 3. ) Social Policy , Family Welfare and Community Development（1986） ; ( 4. ) Social Problems and Social Welfare（1990） ; ( 5. ) Labor Policy and Labor Problems（1992）; ( 6. ) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management（2004）； ( 7. ) Getting Involved─My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S. , Now & Then ( 2004 ) ; ( 8. ) My European Diary—What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years ( 2005 ) ; ( 9. ) Appointment with the Youth—Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems ( 2005 ) ; ( 10. ) .The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life—A Memoir ( 2011 ) and ( 11. ) Notes on Scouting—My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement ( 2012 ) .Mr . Chao now is writing books on International Criminal Law , International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations . External links . - Ministry of Labor , Republic of China ( Taiwan )
|
[
"Japanese"
] |
[
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po ( , born 1 March 1941 ) is a Taiwanese politician , educator , civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement . He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang , and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities . Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) . He has held many government posts including Labor Minister , Secretary-General of the Cabinet , Minister without Portfolio",
"title": "Chao Shou-po"
},
{
"text": "and Governor of the Province of Taiwan . Chao served the Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser , and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League .",
"title": "Chao Shou-po"
},
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township , Changhua County , Taiwan . In 1945 , Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education . He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953 . In the same year , through a very competitive entrance examination , he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung First High School in Taichung . In 1956 he finished his",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959 , he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University . At the same time , he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College ( now Central Police University ) . On August 7 , 1959 , a big flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chaos family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss . In order to ease the financial burden of",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "his parents , Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition , books , board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students . He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army , Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr . Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965 . He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois , U . S . A . in 1967 for a master degree . In 1968 , he got the Master of Comparative Law ( M.C.L. ) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R . LaFave as his thesis advisor . Immediately after his completion",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "of the masters degree , Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law . He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law ( S . J . D . or J . S . D. ) degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law . Career in governmental services .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s . He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35 , concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government , the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then . Before that he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps , a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980s in",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D . C . to negotiate with representatives of the U.S . State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S . switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to the Peoples Republic of China ( PRC ) on the Chinese mainland . The negotiation resulted in",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "the enactment by the U.S . Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S . policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S . relations . For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he had demonstrated in the government , Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International , TAIWAN .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " In October 1979 , Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government . He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987 ; during this period , Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services , employment security , occupational health and safety , labor insurance , community development in the Province of Taiwan , making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being of the people , especially the employed and the low-income people .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In February 1989 , Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister ( officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan , the council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor ) of the National Government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , a post he held until December 1994 , making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan . When he was Labor Minister , Chao modernized labor legislation ; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented ; improved work conditions for the employed",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "; raised the minimum wage every year ; enhanced the occupational health and safety ; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training ; strengthened labor insurance protection ; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the countrys history , enacting the countrys first law governing the importation , regulation and protection of alien workers . He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In December 1994 , Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan , a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle . He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare , labor affairs , justice , youth affairs , police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio . Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government . He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party , the Kuomintang , was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor , a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China , a post he has held since then .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) , the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now , in the Republic of China on Taiwan . He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001 , a Central Standing Committee ( equivalent of Political Bureau ) member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang . He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda ( 1979 to 1981 ) , Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs ( 1987 to 1989 )",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "and Director-General of the Department of Organization ( 2000 to 2001 ) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo , Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan . Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": " Services in media , professional baseball , and civic organizations . Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China ( BCC ) , the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan , from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called Talk Everything for Taiwan at the BCC since 2005 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012 ; during his term as the Commissioner , he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "Chao was President of National Life Saving Association , R . O . C . from 1995 to 2001 ; President of the National Council on Social Welfare , R.O.C . of the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) from 1995 to 2004 ; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association ( a worldwide Association of the Liu , Chang , Kuan and Chao Families ) from 2003 to 2006 ; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "2009 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": " Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities . He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s . Chao was the Chairman and the Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) from 2007 to 2013 . He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation ( Taiwan ) since 2007 .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal , Quebec , Canada in 1977 ; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham , England , United Kingdom ; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island , Korea in 2008 ; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba , Brazil in 2011 ; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2014 . He also took part in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer , Norway in 1975 ; the 21st",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford , Essex , England , U.K. ; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby , Sweden in 2011 ; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama , Yamaguchi , Japan in 2015 .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , the highest honor in the World Scout Movement .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee for a six-year term . Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka , Bangladesh , he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015 . After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Teaching , writing and publications . Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States . He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977 , teaching Constitution , International Law and Criminal Law .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "When he began his governmental service in the 1970s , he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung , National Chengchi University , National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei , teaching Private International Law , Public International Law , Commercial Law , Labor Law , Labor Policy , Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Since 2002 , Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor . He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare , labor policy , labor law , international law , criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books : ( 1. ) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws （1977） ; ( 2. ) Law and Innovation（1980） ; ( 3. ) Social Policy , Family Welfare and Community Development（1986） ; ( 4. ) Social Problems and Social Welfare（1990） ; ( 5. ) Labor Policy and Labor Problems（1992）; ( 6. ) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management（2004）； ( 7. ) Getting",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Involved─My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S. , Now & Then ( 2004 ) ; ( 8. ) My European Diary—What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years ( 2005 ) ; ( 9. ) Appointment with the Youth—Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems ( 2005 ) ; ( 10. ) .The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life—A Memoir ( 2011 ) and ( 11. ) Notes on Scouting—My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement ( 2012 ) .Mr . Chao now is writing books",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "on International Criminal Law , International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " - Ministry of Labor , Republic of China ( Taiwan )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Chao_Shou-po#P27#1
|
What citizenship did Chao Shou-po hold between Dec 1949 and Dec 1949?
|
Chao Shou-po Chao Shou-po ( , born 1 March 1941 ) is a Taiwanese politician , educator , civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement . He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang , and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities . Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) . He has held many government posts including Labor Minister , Secretary-General of the Cabinet , Minister without Portfolio and Governor of the Province of Taiwan . Chao served the Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser , and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League . Birth and education . Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township , Changhua County , Taiwan . In 1945 , Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education . He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953 . In the same year , through a very competitive entrance examination , he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung First High School in Taichung . In 1956 he finished his junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School . Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959 , he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University . At the same time , he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College ( now Central Police University ) . On August 7 , 1959 , a big flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chaos family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss . In order to ease the financial burden of his parents , Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition , books , board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students . He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College . After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army , Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr . Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965 . He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois , U . S . A . in 1967 for a master degree . In 1968 , he got the Master of Comparative Law ( M.C.L. ) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R . LaFave as his thesis advisor . Immediately after his completion of the masters degree , Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law . He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law ( S . J . D . or J . S . D. ) degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor . Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law . Career in governmental services . Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s . He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35 , concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government , the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then . Before that he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps , a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980s in Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan . In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D . C . to negotiate with representatives of the U.S . State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S . switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to the Peoples Republic of China ( PRC ) on the Chinese mainland . The negotiation resulted in the enactment by the U.S . Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S . policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S . relations . For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he had demonstrated in the government , Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International , TAIWAN . In October 1979 , Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government . He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987 ; during this period , Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services , employment security , occupational health and safety , labor insurance , community development in the Province of Taiwan , making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being of the people , especially the employed and the low-income people . In February 1989 , Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister ( officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan , the council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor ) of the National Government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , a post he held until December 1994 , making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan . When he was Labor Minister , Chao modernized labor legislation ; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented ; improved work conditions for the employed ; raised the minimum wage every year ; enhanced the occupational health and safety ; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training ; strengthened labor insurance protection ; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the countrys history , enacting the countrys first law governing the importation , regulation and protection of alien workers . He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly . In December 1994 , Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan , a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle . He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare , labor affairs , justice , youth affairs , police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio . Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998 to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government . He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party , the Kuomintang , was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election . In 2008 , Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor , a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China , a post he has held since then . Party politics . Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) , the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now , in the Republic of China on Taiwan . He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001 , a Central Standing Committee ( equivalent of Political Bureau ) member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang . He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda ( 1979 to 1981 ) , Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs ( 1987 to 1989 ) and Director-General of the Department of Organization ( 2000 to 2001 ) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo , Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan . Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001 . Services in media , professional baseball , and civic organizations . Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China ( BCC ) , the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan , from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called Talk Everything for Taiwan at the BCC since 2005 . Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012 ; during his term as the Commissioner , he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports . Chao was President of National Life Saving Association , R . O . C . from 1995 to 2001 ; President of the National Council on Social Welfare , R.O.C . of the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) from 1995 to 2004 ; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association ( a worldwide Association of the Liu , Chang , Kuan and Chao Families ) from 2003 to 2006 ; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since 2009 . Scouting activities . Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities . He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s . Chao was the Chairman and the Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) from 2007 to 2013 . He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation ( Taiwan ) since 2007 . Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal , Quebec , Canada in 1977 ; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham , England , United Kingdom ; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island , Korea in 2008 ; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba , Brazil in 2011 ; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2014 . He also took part in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer , Norway in 1975 ; the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford , Essex , England , U.K. ; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby , Sweden in 2011 ; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama , Yamaguchi , Japan in 2015 . Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , the highest honor in the World Scout Movement . In 2009 , Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee for a six-year term . Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka , Bangladesh , he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015 . After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee . Teaching , writing and publications . Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States . He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977 , teaching Constitution , International Law and Criminal Law . When he began his governmental service in the 1970s , he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung , National Chengchi University , National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei , teaching Private International Law , Public International Law , Commercial Law , Labor Law , Labor Policy , Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management . Since 2002 , Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor . He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan . Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare , labor policy , labor law , international law , criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books : ( 1. ) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws （1977） ; ( 2. ) Law and Innovation（1980） ; ( 3. ) Social Policy , Family Welfare and Community Development（1986） ; ( 4. ) Social Problems and Social Welfare（1990） ; ( 5. ) Labor Policy and Labor Problems（1992）; ( 6. ) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management（2004）； ( 7. ) Getting Involved─My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S. , Now & Then ( 2004 ) ; ( 8. ) My European Diary—What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years ( 2005 ) ; ( 9. ) Appointment with the Youth—Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems ( 2005 ) ; ( 10. ) .The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life—A Memoir ( 2011 ) and ( 11. ) Notes on Scouting—My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement ( 2012 ) .Mr . Chao now is writing books on International Criminal Law , International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations . External links . - Ministry of Labor , Republic of China ( Taiwan )
|
[
"Republic of China"
] |
[
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po ( , born 1 March 1941 ) is a Taiwanese politician , educator , civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement . He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang , and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities . Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) . He has held many government posts including Labor Minister , Secretary-General of the Cabinet , Minister without Portfolio",
"title": "Chao Shou-po"
},
{
"text": "and Governor of the Province of Taiwan . Chao served the Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser , and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League .",
"title": "Chao Shou-po"
},
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township , Changhua County , Taiwan . In 1945 , Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education . He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953 . In the same year , through a very competitive entrance examination , he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung First High School in Taichung . In 1956 he finished his",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959 , he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University . At the same time , he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College ( now Central Police University ) . On August 7 , 1959 , a big flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chaos family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss . In order to ease the financial burden of",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "his parents , Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition , books , board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students . He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army , Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr . Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965 . He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois , U . S . A . in 1967 for a master degree . In 1968 , he got the Master of Comparative Law ( M.C.L. ) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R . LaFave as his thesis advisor . Immediately after his completion",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "of the masters degree , Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law . He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law ( S . J . D . or J . S . D. ) degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law . Career in governmental services .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s . He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35 , concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government , the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then . Before that he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps , a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980s in",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D . C . to negotiate with representatives of the U.S . State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S . switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to the Peoples Republic of China ( PRC ) on the Chinese mainland . The negotiation resulted in",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "the enactment by the U.S . Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S . policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S . relations . For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he had demonstrated in the government , Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International , TAIWAN .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " In October 1979 , Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government . He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987 ; during this period , Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services , employment security , occupational health and safety , labor insurance , community development in the Province of Taiwan , making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being of the people , especially the employed and the low-income people .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In February 1989 , Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister ( officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan , the council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor ) of the National Government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , a post he held until December 1994 , making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan . When he was Labor Minister , Chao modernized labor legislation ; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented ; improved work conditions for the employed",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "; raised the minimum wage every year ; enhanced the occupational health and safety ; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training ; strengthened labor insurance protection ; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the countrys history , enacting the countrys first law governing the importation , regulation and protection of alien workers . He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In December 1994 , Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan , a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle . He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare , labor affairs , justice , youth affairs , police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio . Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government . He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party , the Kuomintang , was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor , a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China , a post he has held since then .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) , the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now , in the Republic of China on Taiwan . He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001 , a Central Standing Committee ( equivalent of Political Bureau ) member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang . He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda ( 1979 to 1981 ) , Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs ( 1987 to 1989 )",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "and Director-General of the Department of Organization ( 2000 to 2001 ) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo , Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan . Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": " Services in media , professional baseball , and civic organizations . Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China ( BCC ) , the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan , from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called Talk Everything for Taiwan at the BCC since 2005 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012 ; during his term as the Commissioner , he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "Chao was President of National Life Saving Association , R . O . C . from 1995 to 2001 ; President of the National Council on Social Welfare , R.O.C . of the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) from 1995 to 2004 ; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association ( a worldwide Association of the Liu , Chang , Kuan and Chao Families ) from 2003 to 2006 ; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "2009 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": " Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities . He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s . Chao was the Chairman and the Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) from 2007 to 2013 . He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation ( Taiwan ) since 2007 .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal , Quebec , Canada in 1977 ; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham , England , United Kingdom ; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island , Korea in 2008 ; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba , Brazil in 2011 ; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2014 . He also took part in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer , Norway in 1975 ; the 21st",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford , Essex , England , U.K. ; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby , Sweden in 2011 ; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama , Yamaguchi , Japan in 2015 .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , the highest honor in the World Scout Movement .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee for a six-year term . Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka , Bangladesh , he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015 . After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Teaching , writing and publications . Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States . He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977 , teaching Constitution , International Law and Criminal Law .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "When he began his governmental service in the 1970s , he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung , National Chengchi University , National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei , teaching Private International Law , Public International Law , Commercial Law , Labor Law , Labor Policy , Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Since 2002 , Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor . He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare , labor policy , labor law , international law , criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books : ( 1. ) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws （1977） ; ( 2. ) Law and Innovation（1980） ; ( 3. ) Social Policy , Family Welfare and Community Development（1986） ; ( 4. ) Social Problems and Social Welfare（1990） ; ( 5. ) Labor Policy and Labor Problems（1992）; ( 6. ) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management（2004）； ( 7. ) Getting",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Involved─My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S. , Now & Then ( 2004 ) ; ( 8. ) My European Diary—What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years ( 2005 ) ; ( 9. ) Appointment with the Youth—Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems ( 2005 ) ; ( 10. ) .The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life—A Memoir ( 2011 ) and ( 11. ) Notes on Scouting—My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement ( 2012 ) .Mr . Chao now is writing books",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "on International Criminal Law , International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " - Ministry of Labor , Republic of China ( Taiwan )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Chao_Shou-po#P27#2
|
What citizenship did Chao Shou-po hold between Jan 1934 and Aug 1939?
|
Chao Shou-po Chao Shou-po ( , born 1 March 1941 ) is a Taiwanese politician , educator , civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement . He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang , and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities . Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) . He has held many government posts including Labor Minister , Secretary-General of the Cabinet , Minister without Portfolio and Governor of the Province of Taiwan . Chao served the Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser , and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League . Birth and education . Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township , Changhua County , Taiwan . In 1945 , Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education . He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953 . In the same year , through a very competitive entrance examination , he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung First High School in Taichung . In 1956 he finished his junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School . Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959 , he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University . At the same time , he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College ( now Central Police University ) . On August 7 , 1959 , a big flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chaos family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss . In order to ease the financial burden of his parents , Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition , books , board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students . He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College . After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army , Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr . Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965 . He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois , U . S . A . in 1967 for a master degree . In 1968 , he got the Master of Comparative Law ( M.C.L. ) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R . LaFave as his thesis advisor . Immediately after his completion of the masters degree , Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law . He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law ( S . J . D . or J . S . D. ) degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor . Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law . Career in governmental services . Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s . He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35 , concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government , the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then . Before that he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps , a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980s in Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan . In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D . C . to negotiate with representatives of the U.S . State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S . switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to the Peoples Republic of China ( PRC ) on the Chinese mainland . The negotiation resulted in the enactment by the U.S . Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S . policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S . relations . For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he had demonstrated in the government , Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International , TAIWAN . In October 1979 , Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government . He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987 ; during this period , Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services , employment security , occupational health and safety , labor insurance , community development in the Province of Taiwan , making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being of the people , especially the employed and the low-income people . In February 1989 , Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister ( officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan , the council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor ) of the National Government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , a post he held until December 1994 , making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan . When he was Labor Minister , Chao modernized labor legislation ; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented ; improved work conditions for the employed ; raised the minimum wage every year ; enhanced the occupational health and safety ; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training ; strengthened labor insurance protection ; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the countrys history , enacting the countrys first law governing the importation , regulation and protection of alien workers . He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly . In December 1994 , Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan , a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle . He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare , labor affairs , justice , youth affairs , police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio . Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998 to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government . He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party , the Kuomintang , was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election . In 2008 , Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor , a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China , a post he has held since then . Party politics . Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) , the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now , in the Republic of China on Taiwan . He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001 , a Central Standing Committee ( equivalent of Political Bureau ) member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang . He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda ( 1979 to 1981 ) , Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs ( 1987 to 1989 ) and Director-General of the Department of Organization ( 2000 to 2001 ) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo , Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan . Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001 . Services in media , professional baseball , and civic organizations . Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China ( BCC ) , the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan , from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called Talk Everything for Taiwan at the BCC since 2005 . Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012 ; during his term as the Commissioner , he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports . Chao was President of National Life Saving Association , R . O . C . from 1995 to 2001 ; President of the National Council on Social Welfare , R.O.C . of the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) from 1995 to 2004 ; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association ( a worldwide Association of the Liu , Chang , Kuan and Chao Families ) from 2003 to 2006 ; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since 2009 . Scouting activities . Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities . He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s . Chao was the Chairman and the Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) from 2007 to 2013 . He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation ( Taiwan ) since 2007 . Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal , Quebec , Canada in 1977 ; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham , England , United Kingdom ; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island , Korea in 2008 ; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba , Brazil in 2011 ; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2014 . He also took part in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer , Norway in 1975 ; the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford , Essex , England , U.K. ; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby , Sweden in 2011 ; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama , Yamaguchi , Japan in 2015 . Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , the highest honor in the World Scout Movement . In 2009 , Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee for a six-year term . Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka , Bangladesh , he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015 . After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee . Teaching , writing and publications . Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States . He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977 , teaching Constitution , International Law and Criminal Law . When he began his governmental service in the 1970s , he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung , National Chengchi University , National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei , teaching Private International Law , Public International Law , Commercial Law , Labor Law , Labor Policy , Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management . Since 2002 , Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor . He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan . Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare , labor policy , labor law , international law , criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books : ( 1. ) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws （1977） ; ( 2. ) Law and Innovation（1980） ; ( 3. ) Social Policy , Family Welfare and Community Development（1986） ; ( 4. ) Social Problems and Social Welfare（1990） ; ( 5. ) Labor Policy and Labor Problems（1992）; ( 6. ) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management（2004）； ( 7. ) Getting Involved─My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S. , Now & Then ( 2004 ) ; ( 8. ) My European Diary—What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years ( 2005 ) ; ( 9. ) Appointment with the Youth—Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems ( 2005 ) ; ( 10. ) .The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life—A Memoir ( 2011 ) and ( 11. ) Notes on Scouting—My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement ( 2012 ) .Mr . Chao now is writing books on International Criminal Law , International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations . External links . - Ministry of Labor , Republic of China ( Taiwan )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po ( , born 1 March 1941 ) is a Taiwanese politician , educator , civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement . He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang , and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities . Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) . He has held many government posts including Labor Minister , Secretary-General of the Cabinet , Minister without Portfolio",
"title": "Chao Shou-po"
},
{
"text": "and Governor of the Province of Taiwan . Chao served the Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser , and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League .",
"title": "Chao Shou-po"
},
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township , Changhua County , Taiwan . In 1945 , Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education . He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953 . In the same year , through a very competitive entrance examination , he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung First High School in Taichung . In 1956 he finished his",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959 , he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University . At the same time , he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College ( now Central Police University ) . On August 7 , 1959 , a big flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chaos family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss . In order to ease the financial burden of",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "his parents , Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition , books , board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students . He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army , Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr . Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965 . He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois , U . S . A . in 1967 for a master degree . In 1968 , he got the Master of Comparative Law ( M.C.L. ) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R . LaFave as his thesis advisor . Immediately after his completion",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "of the masters degree , Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law . He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law ( S . J . D . or J . S . D. ) degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law . Career in governmental services .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s . He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35 , concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government , the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then . Before that he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps , a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980s in",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D . C . to negotiate with representatives of the U.S . State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S . switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to the Peoples Republic of China ( PRC ) on the Chinese mainland . The negotiation resulted in",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "the enactment by the U.S . Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S . policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S . relations . For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he had demonstrated in the government , Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International , TAIWAN .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " In October 1979 , Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government . He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987 ; during this period , Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services , employment security , occupational health and safety , labor insurance , community development in the Province of Taiwan , making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being of the people , especially the employed and the low-income people .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In February 1989 , Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister ( officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan , the council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor ) of the National Government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , a post he held until December 1994 , making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan . When he was Labor Minister , Chao modernized labor legislation ; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented ; improved work conditions for the employed",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "; raised the minimum wage every year ; enhanced the occupational health and safety ; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training ; strengthened labor insurance protection ; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the countrys history , enacting the countrys first law governing the importation , regulation and protection of alien workers . He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "In December 1994 , Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan , a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle . He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare , labor affairs , justice , youth affairs , police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio . Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government . He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party , the Kuomintang , was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor , a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China , a post he has held since then .",
"title": "Birth and education"
},
{
"text": "Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) , the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now , in the Republic of China on Taiwan . He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001 , a Central Standing Committee ( equivalent of Political Bureau ) member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang . He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda ( 1979 to 1981 ) , Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs ( 1987 to 1989 )",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "and Director-General of the Department of Organization ( 2000 to 2001 ) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo , Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan . Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": " Services in media , professional baseball , and civic organizations . Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China ( BCC ) , the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan , from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called Talk Everything for Taiwan at the BCC since 2005 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012 ; during his term as the Commissioner , he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "Chao was President of National Life Saving Association , R . O . C . from 1995 to 2001 ; President of the National Council on Social Welfare , R.O.C . of the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) from 1995 to 2004 ; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association ( a worldwide Association of the Liu , Chang , Kuan and Chao Families ) from 2003 to 2006 ; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": "2009 .",
"title": "Party politics"
},
{
"text": " Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities . He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s . Chao was the Chairman and the Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China ( Taiwan ) from 2007 to 2013 . He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation ( Taiwan ) since 2007 .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal , Quebec , Canada in 1977 ; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham , England , United Kingdom ; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island , Korea in 2008 ; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba , Brazil in 2011 ; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2014 . He also took part in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer , Norway in 1975 ; the 21st",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford , Essex , England , U.K. ; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby , Sweden in 2011 ; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama , Yamaguchi , Japan in 2015 .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , the highest honor in the World Scout Movement .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee for a six-year term . Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka , Bangladesh , he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015 . After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Teaching , writing and publications . Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States . He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977 , teaching Constitution , International Law and Criminal Law .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "When he began his governmental service in the 1970s , he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung , National Chengchi University , National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei , teaching Private International Law , Public International Law , Commercial Law , Labor Law , Labor Policy , Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " Since 2002 , Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor . He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare , labor policy , labor law , international law , criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books : ( 1. ) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws （1977） ; ( 2. ) Law and Innovation（1980） ; ( 3. ) Social Policy , Family Welfare and Community Development（1986） ; ( 4. ) Social Problems and Social Welfare（1990） ; ( 5. ) Labor Policy and Labor Problems（1992）; ( 6. ) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management（2004）； ( 7. ) Getting",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "Involved─My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S. , Now & Then ( 2004 ) ; ( 8. ) My European Diary—What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years ( 2005 ) ; ( 9. ) Appointment with the Youth—Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems ( 2005 ) ; ( 10. ) .The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life—A Memoir ( 2011 ) and ( 11. ) Notes on Scouting—My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement ( 2012 ) .Mr . Chao now is writing books",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": "on International Criminal Law , International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations .",
"title": "Scouting activities"
},
{
"text": " - Ministry of Labor , Republic of China ( Taiwan )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney#P39#0
|
What was the position of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney in Feb 1783?
|
Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney , ( 24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney . He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century . The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia , Canada , and Sydney in New South Wales , Australia were named in his honour , in 1785 and 1788 , respectively . Background and education . Townshend was born at Raynham , Norfolk , the son of the Hon . Thomas Townshend , who was the second son of Charles Townshend , 2nd Viscount Townshend , also known as Turnip Townshend for his agricultural innovations . Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia , daughter of John Selwyn . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge . Political career . Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire , and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783 . He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle , but later joined William Pitt the Elder in opposition to George Grenville . He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales ( 1756–60 ) and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762 . In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the first Rockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt ( then Lord Chatham ) administration until December 1767 , when he became a member of the Privy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces . During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in with regard to the American revenue program . Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford . Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war . Although he had no close party connection , he was inclined toward the Chathamites . He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry . When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782 , Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons . Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America . A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said : Preparations and Plans for W . India [ Spanish America ] . Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements . For assistance in planning the expedition , Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip . The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video , from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile , Peru and Mexico to maraud , and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila , the capital of the Spanish Philippines . The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783 , under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill . Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line , the 64-gun , or Europe . Shortly after sailing an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain . Phillip took the Europe to India to join the British East Indian squadron , but after his return to England in April 1784 , remained in close contact with Townshend ( now Lord Sydney ) and the Home Office Under Secretary , Evan Nepean . From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean , who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers , France and Spain , to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports . Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 . He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney , in honour of his kinsman , the renowned opponent of royal tyranny , Algernon Sidney , however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggested Sydenham , the name of a village near his home in Kent , before settling on Sydney . He opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt , serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to 1789 . In Canada , Sydney , Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island ( now the province of Nova Scotia ) , was founded by British Col . Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785 , and named in honour of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney ( Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time ) . Lord Sydney appointed Col . DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island . Following the loss of the Thirteen Colonies , Sydney , as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government , was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay . His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired , and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine . On 26 January 1788 , Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town . In 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney . Although the colonisation of New South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State , Sydney was recognised as the Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales by David Collins , who dedicated his Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words . Collins wrote that Sydneys benevolent Mind had led him to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws ; but which , being preserved under salutary Regulations , might afterward become useful to Society ; and to Sydneys Patriotism the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage . In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783 , Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family , who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism . Sydney thought of himself as a Whig , by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative . The name Sydney ( with special reference to Algernon Sydney , d.1683 ) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to tyranny and absolutism . It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor , Algernon Sidneys characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome : “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber , resolv’d to build a City , and set up a Government among themselves” . Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison . Phillips second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government , not of a penal settlement with a military government . The Governors commission , together with the colonys charter of justice establishing the legal regime , brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties of English law , where slavery was illegal . Personal life . Sydney married Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Powys , MP , in 1760 . He died in June 1800 , aged 67 , and was succeeded in his titles by his son , John . Sydney was buried in the Scadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholass in Chislehurst in southeast London , where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen . The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826 , aged 90 . Their daughter , Mary ( died 1821 ) , married John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , but had no children . Reputation . Sydneys reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians , such as Manning Clark . In his influential A History of Australia ( Melbourne University Press 1961 ) Clark wrote : Mr Thomas Townshend , commonly denominated Tommy Townshend , owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest , which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation , for his abilities , though respectable , scarcely rose above mediocrity . Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the far side of the earth . Sydney can be described , by the standards of his time , as an enlightened and progressive politician . He did not support the American Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord Norths ministry . As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels . The city of Sydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of the loyalist settlers of Canada . In a parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement of Cornwall , Ontario were , in 1784 , named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary . In 1986 , preceding celebrations of the Australian Bicentenary , Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting his portrait . In 1992 , a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both the First Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square , outside Sydney Town Hall by Queen Elizabeth II . More recently Sydneys reputation has been revisited by Australian historians . Alan Atkinson wrote in The Europeans in Australia ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) : Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet , and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned.. . He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties , traditionally understood . He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such as New South Wales . Governor Phillips well-known statement that There will be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves is an accurate reflection of Sydneys philosophy . Sydneys papers are held by the William L . Clements Library at the University of Michigan . Timeline . - 1733 , 24 February : Born - 1754 : Entered the House of Commons as MP for Whitchurch , for 29 years until 1783 - 1756 : Clerk of the household of the Prince of Wales - 1760 , 19 May : married Elizabeth Powys ( b.1736 d.1826 ) , later served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte - 1761 , 21 March : one of the clerks of the board of green cloth until he resigned in Dec . 1762 - 1765 , 12 July : 4th Lord of the Treasury , under Lord John Cavendish , under William Dowdeswell ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under 2nd Marquess of Rockingham ( 1st Lord of the Treasury and Prime minister ) - 1766 , 2 August : 3rd Lord of the Treasury , under Charles Townshend ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under Duke of Grafton ( 1st Lord of the Treasury ) - 1767 , 23 December : Paymaster of the Forces under William Pitt ( The Elder ) , until 1768 ( June ) - 1767 , 23 December : became a member of the Privy Council - 1782 , 30 March : Secretary at War under Rockinghams 2nd ministry , until 10 July 1782 . - 1782 , 10 July : Leader of the House of Commons , under the Earl of Shelburnes ministry , until 2 April 1783 . - 1782 , 10 July : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) , under Shelburne ministry , until 2 April 1783 - 1783 , 6 March : Created Baron Sydney and entered the House of Lords . - 1783 , 23 December : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) under William Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 5 June 1789 - 1783 : Leader of the House of Lords under Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 1789 - 1784 : First President of the Board of Control over the British East India Company , until 1790 - 1784 : 5 March : President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations ( equiv . to Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ) , until 1786 ( 23 Aug. ) - 1785 : Sydney in ( Cape Breton ) Nova Scotia was named after him by Col J.F.W . DesBarres . - 1788 , 26 January : Sydney Cove in NSW , Australia named after him by Governor Arthur Philip - 1789 : Elevated to 1st Viscount Sydney of Chislehurst , Kent - 1793 : Deputy Lieutenant of Kent - During some period Thomas Townshend was also a governor of the Charter House . - 1800 , 30 June : Died at home , Frognal House References . - Andrew Tink – papers concerning Viscount Sydney , compiled 2005–2006 . Mitchell Library manuscripts , State Library of New South Wales , Sydney . - Andrew Tink – Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , published by Australian Scholarly Publishing : 2011 : - Andrew Tink , Townshend , Thomas ( Tommy ) ( 1733–1800 ) , People Australia , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University : accessed 19 February 2019
|
[
"Home Secretary",
"Leader of the House of Commons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney , ( 24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney . He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century . The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia , Canada , and Sydney in New South Wales , Australia were named in his honour , in 1785 and 1788 , respectively .",
"title": "Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney"
},
{
"text": " Townshend was born at Raynham , Norfolk , the son of the Hon . Thomas Townshend , who was the second son of Charles Townshend , 2nd Viscount Townshend , also known as Turnip Townshend for his agricultural innovations . Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia , daughter of John Selwyn . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire , and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783 . He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle , but later joined William Pitt the Elder in opposition to George Grenville .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales ( 1756–60 ) and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762 . In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the first Rockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt ( then Lord Chatham ) administration until December 1767 , when he became a member of the Privy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces . During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in with regard",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "to the American revenue program . Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war . Although he had no close party connection , he was inclined toward the Chathamites . He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry . When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782 , Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America . A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said : Preparations and Plans for W . India [ Spanish America ] . Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements . For assistance in planning the expedition , Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip . The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video , from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile , Peru and Mexico to maraud , and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila , the capital of the Spanish Philippines . The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783 , under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill . Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line , the 64-gun , or Europe . Shortly after sailing an",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain . Phillip took the Europe to India to join the British East Indian squadron , but after his return to England in April 1784 , remained in close contact with Townshend ( now Lord Sydney ) and the Home Office Under Secretary , Evan Nepean . From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean , who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers , France and Spain , to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 . He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney , in honour of his kinsman , the renowned opponent of royal tyranny , Algernon Sidney , however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggested Sydenham , the name of a village near his home in Kent , before settling on Sydney . He opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt , serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "1789 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In Canada , Sydney , Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island ( now the province of Nova Scotia ) , was founded by British Col . Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785 , and named in honour of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney ( Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time ) . Lord Sydney appointed Col . DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of the Thirteen Colonies , Sydney , as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government , was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay . His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired , and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine . On 26 January 1788 , Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town . In 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Although the colonisation of New South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State , Sydney was recognised as the Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales by David Collins , who dedicated his Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words . Collins wrote that Sydneys benevolent Mind had led him to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws ; but which , being preserved under salutary Regulations , might afterward become useful to Society ; and to Sydneys Patriotism",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage . In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783 , Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family , who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism . Sydney thought of himself as a Whig , by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative . The name Sydney ( with special reference to Algernon Sydney , d.1683 ) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "tyranny and absolutism . It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor , Algernon Sidneys characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome : “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber , resolv’d to build a City , and set up a Government among themselves” . Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison . Phillips second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government , not of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "a penal settlement with a military government . The Governors commission , together with the colonys charter of justice establishing the legal regime , brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties of English law , where slavery was illegal .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sydney married Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Powys , MP , in 1760 . He died in June 1800 , aged 67 , and was succeeded in his titles by his son , John . Sydney was buried in the Scadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholass in Chislehurst in southeast London , where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen . The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826 , aged 90 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Their daughter , Mary ( died 1821 ) , married John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , but had no children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Sydneys reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians , such as Manning Clark . In his influential A History of Australia ( Melbourne University Press 1961 ) Clark wrote : Mr Thomas Townshend , commonly denominated Tommy Townshend , owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest , which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation , for his abilities , though respectable , scarcely rose above mediocrity . Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "far side of the earth .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "Sydney can be described , by the standards of his time , as an enlightened and progressive politician . He did not support the American Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord Norths ministry . As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels . The city of Sydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of the loyalist settlers of Canada . In a",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement of Cornwall , Ontario were , in 1784 , named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": " In 1986 , preceding celebrations of the Australian Bicentenary , Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting his portrait . In 1992 , a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both the First Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square , outside Sydney Town Hall by Queen Elizabeth II .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "More recently Sydneys reputation has been revisited by Australian historians . Alan Atkinson wrote in The Europeans in Australia ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) : Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet , and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned.. . He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties , traditionally understood . He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such as New South Wales . Governor Phillips well-known statement that There will",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves is an accurate reflection of Sydneys philosophy . Sydneys papers are held by the William L . Clements Library at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": " - 1733 , 24 February : Born - 1754 : Entered the House of Commons as MP for Whitchurch , for 29 years until 1783 - 1756 : Clerk of the household of the Prince of Wales - 1760 , 19 May : married Elizabeth Powys ( b.1736 d.1826 ) , later served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte - 1761 , 21 March : one of the clerks of the board of green cloth until he resigned in Dec . 1762",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1765 , 12 July : 4th Lord of the Treasury , under Lord John Cavendish , under William Dowdeswell ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under 2nd Marquess of Rockingham ( 1st Lord of the Treasury and Prime minister )",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1766 , 2 August : 3rd Lord of the Treasury , under Charles Townshend ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under Duke of Grafton ( 1st Lord of the Treasury ) - 1767 , 23 December : Paymaster of the Forces under William Pitt ( The Elder ) , until 1768 ( June ) - 1767 , 23 December : became a member of the Privy Council - 1782 , 30 March : Secretary at War under Rockinghams 2nd ministry , until 10 July 1782 .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1782 , 10 July : Leader of the House of Commons , under the Earl of Shelburnes ministry , until 2 April 1783 .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1782 , 10 July : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) , under Shelburne ministry , until 2 April 1783 - 1783 , 6 March : Created Baron Sydney and entered the House of Lords . - 1783 , 23 December : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) under William Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 5 June 1789 - 1783 : Leader of the House of Lords under Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 1789",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1784 : First President of the Board of Control over the British East India Company , until 1790",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1784 : 5 March : President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations ( equiv . to Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ) , until 1786 ( 23 Aug. ) - 1785 : Sydney in ( Cape Breton ) Nova Scotia was named after him by Col J.F.W . DesBarres . - 1788 , 26 January : Sydney Cove in NSW , Australia named after him by Governor Arthur Philip - 1789 : Elevated to 1st Viscount Sydney of Chislehurst , Kent - 1793 : Deputy Lieutenant of Kent",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- During some period Thomas Townshend was also a governor of the Charter House .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - Andrew Tink – papers concerning Viscount Sydney , compiled 2005–2006 . Mitchell Library manuscripts , State Library of New South Wales , Sydney . - Andrew Tink – Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , published by Australian Scholarly Publishing : 2011 : - Andrew Tink , Townshend , Thomas ( Tommy ) ( 1733–1800 ) , People Australia , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University : accessed 19 February 2019",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney#P39#1
|
What was the position of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney after Mar 1789?
|
Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney , ( 24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney . He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century . The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia , Canada , and Sydney in New South Wales , Australia were named in his honour , in 1785 and 1788 , respectively . Background and education . Townshend was born at Raynham , Norfolk , the son of the Hon . Thomas Townshend , who was the second son of Charles Townshend , 2nd Viscount Townshend , also known as Turnip Townshend for his agricultural innovations . Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia , daughter of John Selwyn . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge . Political career . Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire , and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783 . He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle , but later joined William Pitt the Elder in opposition to George Grenville . He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales ( 1756–60 ) and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762 . In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the first Rockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt ( then Lord Chatham ) administration until December 1767 , when he became a member of the Privy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces . During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in with regard to the American revenue program . Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford . Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war . Although he had no close party connection , he was inclined toward the Chathamites . He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry . When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782 , Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons . Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America . A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said : Preparations and Plans for W . India [ Spanish America ] . Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements . For assistance in planning the expedition , Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip . The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video , from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile , Peru and Mexico to maraud , and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila , the capital of the Spanish Philippines . The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783 , under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill . Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line , the 64-gun , or Europe . Shortly after sailing an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain . Phillip took the Europe to India to join the British East Indian squadron , but after his return to England in April 1784 , remained in close contact with Townshend ( now Lord Sydney ) and the Home Office Under Secretary , Evan Nepean . From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean , who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers , France and Spain , to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports . Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 . He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney , in honour of his kinsman , the renowned opponent of royal tyranny , Algernon Sidney , however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggested Sydenham , the name of a village near his home in Kent , before settling on Sydney . He opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt , serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to 1789 . In Canada , Sydney , Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island ( now the province of Nova Scotia ) , was founded by British Col . Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785 , and named in honour of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney ( Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time ) . Lord Sydney appointed Col . DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island . Following the loss of the Thirteen Colonies , Sydney , as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government , was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay . His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired , and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine . On 26 January 1788 , Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town . In 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney . Although the colonisation of New South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State , Sydney was recognised as the Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales by David Collins , who dedicated his Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words . Collins wrote that Sydneys benevolent Mind had led him to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws ; but which , being preserved under salutary Regulations , might afterward become useful to Society ; and to Sydneys Patriotism the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage . In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783 , Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family , who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism . Sydney thought of himself as a Whig , by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative . The name Sydney ( with special reference to Algernon Sydney , d.1683 ) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to tyranny and absolutism . It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor , Algernon Sidneys characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome : “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber , resolv’d to build a City , and set up a Government among themselves” . Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison . Phillips second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government , not of a penal settlement with a military government . The Governors commission , together with the colonys charter of justice establishing the legal regime , brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties of English law , where slavery was illegal . Personal life . Sydney married Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Powys , MP , in 1760 . He died in June 1800 , aged 67 , and was succeeded in his titles by his son , John . Sydney was buried in the Scadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholass in Chislehurst in southeast London , where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen . The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826 , aged 90 . Their daughter , Mary ( died 1821 ) , married John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , but had no children . Reputation . Sydneys reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians , such as Manning Clark . In his influential A History of Australia ( Melbourne University Press 1961 ) Clark wrote : Mr Thomas Townshend , commonly denominated Tommy Townshend , owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest , which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation , for his abilities , though respectable , scarcely rose above mediocrity . Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the far side of the earth . Sydney can be described , by the standards of his time , as an enlightened and progressive politician . He did not support the American Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord Norths ministry . As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels . The city of Sydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of the loyalist settlers of Canada . In a parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement of Cornwall , Ontario were , in 1784 , named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary . In 1986 , preceding celebrations of the Australian Bicentenary , Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting his portrait . In 1992 , a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both the First Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square , outside Sydney Town Hall by Queen Elizabeth II . More recently Sydneys reputation has been revisited by Australian historians . Alan Atkinson wrote in The Europeans in Australia ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) : Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet , and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned.. . He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties , traditionally understood . He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such as New South Wales . Governor Phillips well-known statement that There will be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves is an accurate reflection of Sydneys philosophy . Sydneys papers are held by the William L . Clements Library at the University of Michigan . Timeline . - 1733 , 24 February : Born - 1754 : Entered the House of Commons as MP for Whitchurch , for 29 years until 1783 - 1756 : Clerk of the household of the Prince of Wales - 1760 , 19 May : married Elizabeth Powys ( b.1736 d.1826 ) , later served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte - 1761 , 21 March : one of the clerks of the board of green cloth until he resigned in Dec . 1762 - 1765 , 12 July : 4th Lord of the Treasury , under Lord John Cavendish , under William Dowdeswell ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under 2nd Marquess of Rockingham ( 1st Lord of the Treasury and Prime minister ) - 1766 , 2 August : 3rd Lord of the Treasury , under Charles Townshend ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under Duke of Grafton ( 1st Lord of the Treasury ) - 1767 , 23 December : Paymaster of the Forces under William Pitt ( The Elder ) , until 1768 ( June ) - 1767 , 23 December : became a member of the Privy Council - 1782 , 30 March : Secretary at War under Rockinghams 2nd ministry , until 10 July 1782 . - 1782 , 10 July : Leader of the House of Commons , under the Earl of Shelburnes ministry , until 2 April 1783 . - 1782 , 10 July : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) , under Shelburne ministry , until 2 April 1783 - 1783 , 6 March : Created Baron Sydney and entered the House of Lords . - 1783 , 23 December : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) under William Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 5 June 1789 - 1783 : Leader of the House of Lords under Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 1789 - 1784 : First President of the Board of Control over the British East India Company , until 1790 - 1784 : 5 March : President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations ( equiv . to Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ) , until 1786 ( 23 Aug. ) - 1785 : Sydney in ( Cape Breton ) Nova Scotia was named after him by Col J.F.W . DesBarres . - 1788 , 26 January : Sydney Cove in NSW , Australia named after him by Governor Arthur Philip - 1789 : Elevated to 1st Viscount Sydney of Chislehurst , Kent - 1793 : Deputy Lieutenant of Kent - During some period Thomas Townshend was also a governor of the Charter House . - 1800 , 30 June : Died at home , Frognal House References . - Andrew Tink – papers concerning Viscount Sydney , compiled 2005–2006 . Mitchell Library manuscripts , State Library of New South Wales , Sydney . - Andrew Tink – Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , published by Australian Scholarly Publishing : 2011 : - Andrew Tink , Townshend , Thomas ( Tommy ) ( 1733–1800 ) , People Australia , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University : accessed 19 February 2019
|
[
"Leader of the House of Lords"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney , ( 24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney . He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century . The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia , Canada , and Sydney in New South Wales , Australia were named in his honour , in 1785 and 1788 , respectively .",
"title": "Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney"
},
{
"text": " Townshend was born at Raynham , Norfolk , the son of the Hon . Thomas Townshend , who was the second son of Charles Townshend , 2nd Viscount Townshend , also known as Turnip Townshend for his agricultural innovations . Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia , daughter of John Selwyn . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire , and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783 . He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle , but later joined William Pitt the Elder in opposition to George Grenville .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales ( 1756–60 ) and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762 . In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the first Rockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt ( then Lord Chatham ) administration until December 1767 , when he became a member of the Privy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces . During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in with regard",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "to the American revenue program . Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war . Although he had no close party connection , he was inclined toward the Chathamites . He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry . When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782 , Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America . A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said : Preparations and Plans for W . India [ Spanish America ] . Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements . For assistance in planning the expedition , Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip . The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video , from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile , Peru and Mexico to maraud , and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila , the capital of the Spanish Philippines . The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783 , under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill . Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line , the 64-gun , or Europe . Shortly after sailing an",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain . Phillip took the Europe to India to join the British East Indian squadron , but after his return to England in April 1784 , remained in close contact with Townshend ( now Lord Sydney ) and the Home Office Under Secretary , Evan Nepean . From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean , who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers , France and Spain , to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 . He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney , in honour of his kinsman , the renowned opponent of royal tyranny , Algernon Sidney , however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggested Sydenham , the name of a village near his home in Kent , before settling on Sydney . He opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt , serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "1789 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In Canada , Sydney , Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island ( now the province of Nova Scotia ) , was founded by British Col . Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785 , and named in honour of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney ( Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time ) . Lord Sydney appointed Col . DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of the Thirteen Colonies , Sydney , as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government , was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay . His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired , and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine . On 26 January 1788 , Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town . In 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Although the colonisation of New South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State , Sydney was recognised as the Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales by David Collins , who dedicated his Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words . Collins wrote that Sydneys benevolent Mind had led him to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws ; but which , being preserved under salutary Regulations , might afterward become useful to Society ; and to Sydneys Patriotism",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage . In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783 , Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family , who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism . Sydney thought of himself as a Whig , by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative . The name Sydney ( with special reference to Algernon Sydney , d.1683 ) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "tyranny and absolutism . It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor , Algernon Sidneys characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome : “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber , resolv’d to build a City , and set up a Government among themselves” . Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison . Phillips second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government , not of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "a penal settlement with a military government . The Governors commission , together with the colonys charter of justice establishing the legal regime , brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties of English law , where slavery was illegal .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sydney married Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Powys , MP , in 1760 . He died in June 1800 , aged 67 , and was succeeded in his titles by his son , John . Sydney was buried in the Scadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholass in Chislehurst in southeast London , where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen . The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826 , aged 90 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Their daughter , Mary ( died 1821 ) , married John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , but had no children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Sydneys reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians , such as Manning Clark . In his influential A History of Australia ( Melbourne University Press 1961 ) Clark wrote : Mr Thomas Townshend , commonly denominated Tommy Townshend , owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest , which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation , for his abilities , though respectable , scarcely rose above mediocrity . Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "far side of the earth .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "Sydney can be described , by the standards of his time , as an enlightened and progressive politician . He did not support the American Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord Norths ministry . As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels . The city of Sydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of the loyalist settlers of Canada . In a",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement of Cornwall , Ontario were , in 1784 , named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": " In 1986 , preceding celebrations of the Australian Bicentenary , Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting his portrait . In 1992 , a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both the First Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square , outside Sydney Town Hall by Queen Elizabeth II .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "More recently Sydneys reputation has been revisited by Australian historians . Alan Atkinson wrote in The Europeans in Australia ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) : Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet , and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned.. . He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties , traditionally understood . He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such as New South Wales . Governor Phillips well-known statement that There will",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves is an accurate reflection of Sydneys philosophy . Sydneys papers are held by the William L . Clements Library at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": " - 1733 , 24 February : Born - 1754 : Entered the House of Commons as MP for Whitchurch , for 29 years until 1783 - 1756 : Clerk of the household of the Prince of Wales - 1760 , 19 May : married Elizabeth Powys ( b.1736 d.1826 ) , later served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte - 1761 , 21 March : one of the clerks of the board of green cloth until he resigned in Dec . 1762",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1765 , 12 July : 4th Lord of the Treasury , under Lord John Cavendish , under William Dowdeswell ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under 2nd Marquess of Rockingham ( 1st Lord of the Treasury and Prime minister )",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1766 , 2 August : 3rd Lord of the Treasury , under Charles Townshend ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under Duke of Grafton ( 1st Lord of the Treasury ) - 1767 , 23 December : Paymaster of the Forces under William Pitt ( The Elder ) , until 1768 ( June ) - 1767 , 23 December : became a member of the Privy Council - 1782 , 30 March : Secretary at War under Rockinghams 2nd ministry , until 10 July 1782 .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1782 , 10 July : Leader of the House of Commons , under the Earl of Shelburnes ministry , until 2 April 1783 .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1782 , 10 July : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) , under Shelburne ministry , until 2 April 1783 - 1783 , 6 March : Created Baron Sydney and entered the House of Lords . - 1783 , 23 December : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) under William Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 5 June 1789 - 1783 : Leader of the House of Lords under Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 1789",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1784 : First President of the Board of Control over the British East India Company , until 1790",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1784 : 5 March : President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations ( equiv . to Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ) , until 1786 ( 23 Aug. ) - 1785 : Sydney in ( Cape Breton ) Nova Scotia was named after him by Col J.F.W . DesBarres . - 1788 , 26 January : Sydney Cove in NSW , Australia named after him by Governor Arthur Philip - 1789 : Elevated to 1st Viscount Sydney of Chislehurst , Kent - 1793 : Deputy Lieutenant of Kent",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- During some period Thomas Townshend was also a governor of the Charter House .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - Andrew Tink – papers concerning Viscount Sydney , compiled 2005–2006 . Mitchell Library manuscripts , State Library of New South Wales , Sydney . - Andrew Tink – Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , published by Australian Scholarly Publishing : 2011 : - Andrew Tink , Townshend , Thomas ( Tommy ) ( 1733–1800 ) , People Australia , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University : accessed 19 February 2019",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney#P39#2
|
What was the position of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney in Feb 1775?
|
Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney , ( 24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney . He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century . The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia , Canada , and Sydney in New South Wales , Australia were named in his honour , in 1785 and 1788 , respectively . Background and education . Townshend was born at Raynham , Norfolk , the son of the Hon . Thomas Townshend , who was the second son of Charles Townshend , 2nd Viscount Townshend , also known as Turnip Townshend for his agricultural innovations . Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia , daughter of John Selwyn . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge . Political career . Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire , and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783 . He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle , but later joined William Pitt the Elder in opposition to George Grenville . He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales ( 1756–60 ) and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762 . In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the first Rockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt ( then Lord Chatham ) administration until December 1767 , when he became a member of the Privy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces . During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in with regard to the American revenue program . Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford . Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war . Although he had no close party connection , he was inclined toward the Chathamites . He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry . When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782 , Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons . Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America . A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said : Preparations and Plans for W . India [ Spanish America ] . Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements . For assistance in planning the expedition , Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip . The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video , from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile , Peru and Mexico to maraud , and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila , the capital of the Spanish Philippines . The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783 , under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill . Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line , the 64-gun , or Europe . Shortly after sailing an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain . Phillip took the Europe to India to join the British East Indian squadron , but after his return to England in April 1784 , remained in close contact with Townshend ( now Lord Sydney ) and the Home Office Under Secretary , Evan Nepean . From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean , who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers , France and Spain , to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports . Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 . He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney , in honour of his kinsman , the renowned opponent of royal tyranny , Algernon Sidney , however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggested Sydenham , the name of a village near his home in Kent , before settling on Sydney . He opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt , serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to 1789 . In Canada , Sydney , Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island ( now the province of Nova Scotia ) , was founded by British Col . Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785 , and named in honour of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney ( Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time ) . Lord Sydney appointed Col . DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island . Following the loss of the Thirteen Colonies , Sydney , as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government , was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay . His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired , and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine . On 26 January 1788 , Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town . In 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney . Although the colonisation of New South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State , Sydney was recognised as the Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales by David Collins , who dedicated his Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words . Collins wrote that Sydneys benevolent Mind had led him to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws ; but which , being preserved under salutary Regulations , might afterward become useful to Society ; and to Sydneys Patriotism the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage . In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783 , Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family , who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism . Sydney thought of himself as a Whig , by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative . The name Sydney ( with special reference to Algernon Sydney , d.1683 ) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to tyranny and absolutism . It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor , Algernon Sidneys characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome : “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber , resolv’d to build a City , and set up a Government among themselves” . Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison . Phillips second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government , not of a penal settlement with a military government . The Governors commission , together with the colonys charter of justice establishing the legal regime , brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties of English law , where slavery was illegal . Personal life . Sydney married Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Powys , MP , in 1760 . He died in June 1800 , aged 67 , and was succeeded in his titles by his son , John . Sydney was buried in the Scadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholass in Chislehurst in southeast London , where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen . The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826 , aged 90 . Their daughter , Mary ( died 1821 ) , married John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , but had no children . Reputation . Sydneys reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians , such as Manning Clark . In his influential A History of Australia ( Melbourne University Press 1961 ) Clark wrote : Mr Thomas Townshend , commonly denominated Tommy Townshend , owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest , which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation , for his abilities , though respectable , scarcely rose above mediocrity . Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the far side of the earth . Sydney can be described , by the standards of his time , as an enlightened and progressive politician . He did not support the American Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord Norths ministry . As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels . The city of Sydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of the loyalist settlers of Canada . In a parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement of Cornwall , Ontario were , in 1784 , named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary . In 1986 , preceding celebrations of the Australian Bicentenary , Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting his portrait . In 1992 , a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both the First Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square , outside Sydney Town Hall by Queen Elizabeth II . More recently Sydneys reputation has been revisited by Australian historians . Alan Atkinson wrote in The Europeans in Australia ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) : Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet , and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned.. . He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties , traditionally understood . He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such as New South Wales . Governor Phillips well-known statement that There will be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves is an accurate reflection of Sydneys philosophy . Sydneys papers are held by the William L . Clements Library at the University of Michigan . Timeline . - 1733 , 24 February : Born - 1754 : Entered the House of Commons as MP for Whitchurch , for 29 years until 1783 - 1756 : Clerk of the household of the Prince of Wales - 1760 , 19 May : married Elizabeth Powys ( b.1736 d.1826 ) , later served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte - 1761 , 21 March : one of the clerks of the board of green cloth until he resigned in Dec . 1762 - 1765 , 12 July : 4th Lord of the Treasury , under Lord John Cavendish , under William Dowdeswell ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under 2nd Marquess of Rockingham ( 1st Lord of the Treasury and Prime minister ) - 1766 , 2 August : 3rd Lord of the Treasury , under Charles Townshend ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under Duke of Grafton ( 1st Lord of the Treasury ) - 1767 , 23 December : Paymaster of the Forces under William Pitt ( The Elder ) , until 1768 ( June ) - 1767 , 23 December : became a member of the Privy Council - 1782 , 30 March : Secretary at War under Rockinghams 2nd ministry , until 10 July 1782 . - 1782 , 10 July : Leader of the House of Commons , under the Earl of Shelburnes ministry , until 2 April 1783 . - 1782 , 10 July : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) , under Shelburne ministry , until 2 April 1783 - 1783 , 6 March : Created Baron Sydney and entered the House of Lords . - 1783 , 23 December : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) under William Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 5 June 1789 - 1783 : Leader of the House of Lords under Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 1789 - 1784 : First President of the Board of Control over the British East India Company , until 1790 - 1784 : 5 March : President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations ( equiv . to Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ) , until 1786 ( 23 Aug. ) - 1785 : Sydney in ( Cape Breton ) Nova Scotia was named after him by Col J.F.W . DesBarres . - 1788 , 26 January : Sydney Cove in NSW , Australia named after him by Governor Arthur Philip - 1789 : Elevated to 1st Viscount Sydney of Chislehurst , Kent - 1793 : Deputy Lieutenant of Kent - During some period Thomas Townshend was also a governor of the Charter House . - 1800 , 30 June : Died at home , Frognal House References . - Andrew Tink – papers concerning Viscount Sydney , compiled 2005–2006 . Mitchell Library manuscripts , State Library of New South Wales , Sydney . - Andrew Tink – Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , published by Australian Scholarly Publishing : 2011 : - Andrew Tink , Townshend , Thomas ( Tommy ) ( 1733–1800 ) , People Australia , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University : accessed 19 February 2019
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney , ( 24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney . He held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century . The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia , Canada , and Sydney in New South Wales , Australia were named in his honour , in 1785 and 1788 , respectively .",
"title": "Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney"
},
{
"text": " Townshend was born at Raynham , Norfolk , the son of the Hon . Thomas Townshend , who was the second son of Charles Townshend , 2nd Viscount Townshend , also known as Turnip Townshend for his agricultural innovations . Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia , daughter of John Selwyn . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire , and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783 . He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle , but later joined William Pitt the Elder in opposition to George Grenville .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales ( 1756–60 ) and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762 . In 1765 he was also made a Lord of the Treasury in the first Rockingham ministry and continued in that office in the Pitt ( then Lord Chatham ) administration until December 1767 , when he became a member of the Privy Council and joint-Paymaster of the Forces . During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in with regard",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "to the American revenue program . Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war . Although he had no close party connection , he was inclined toward the Chathamites . He took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry . When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782 , Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary and became Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America . A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said : Preparations and Plans for W . India [ Spanish America ] . Expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements . For assistance in planning the expedition , Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip . The plan drawn up by Phillip and approved by Townshend in September 1782 was for a squadron of three",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and Monte Video , from there to proceed to the coasts of Chile , Peru and Mexico to maraud , and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British East Indian squadron for an attack on Manila , the capital of the Spanish Philippines . The expedition sailed on 16 January 1783 , under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill . Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line , the 64-gun , or Europe . Shortly after sailing an",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain . Phillip took the Europe to India to join the British East Indian squadron , but after his return to England in April 1784 , remained in close contact with Townshend ( now Lord Sydney ) and the Home Office Under Secretary , Evan Nepean . From October 1784 to September 1786 he was employed by Nepean , who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers , France and Spain , to spy on the French naval arsenals at Toulon and other ports .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 . He originally proposed his title to be Baron Sidney , in honour of his kinsman , the renowned opponent of royal tyranny , Algernon Sidney , however he was worried that other members of his family might have claims on it and then suggested Sydenham , the name of a village near his home in Kent , before settling on Sydney . He opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt , serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "1789 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In Canada , Sydney , Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island ( now the province of Nova Scotia ) , was founded by British Col . Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785 , and named in honour of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney ( Home Secretary in the British cabinet at the time ) . Lord Sydney appointed Col . DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Following the loss of the Thirteen Colonies , Sydney , as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government , was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay . His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired , and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the early years of struggle and famine . On 26 January 1788 , Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney and the settlement became known as Sydney Town . In 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Although the colonisation of New South Wales was just one among many responsibilities of the Secretary of State , Sydney was recognised as the Originator of the Plan of Colonization for New South Wales by David Collins , who dedicated his Account of the English Colony in New South Wales with these words . Collins wrote that Sydneys benevolent Mind had led him to conceive this Method of redeeming many Lives that might be forfeit to the offended Laws ; but which , being preserved under salutary Regulations , might afterward become useful to Society ; and to Sydneys Patriotism",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the Plan presented a Prospect of commercial and political Advantage . In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783 , Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family , who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism . Sydney thought of himself as a Whig , by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power and authority of the Royal prerogative . The name Sydney ( with special reference to Algernon Sydney , d.1683 ) was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "tyranny and absolutism . It is probable that Sydney was aware of his distinguished ancestor , Algernon Sidneys characterisation of the founders of imperial Rome : “Thus we find a few Men assembling together upon the Banks of the Tiber , resolv’d to build a City , and set up a Government among themselves” . Sydney was responsible for giving the new colony a constitution and judicial system suitable for a colony of free citizens rather than a prison . Phillips second commission of 2 April 1787 made him governor of a colony with a civil government , not of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "a penal settlement with a military government . The Governors commission , together with the colonys charter of justice establishing the legal regime , brought into existence in New South Wales a colony whose inhabitants enjoyed all the rights and duties of English law , where slavery was illegal .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sydney married Elizabeth , daughter of Richard Powys , MP , in 1760 . He died in June 1800 , aged 67 , and was succeeded in his titles by his son , John . Sydney was buried in the Scadbury chapel in the parish church of St Nicholass in Chislehurst in southeast London , where a large memorial tablet to him may be seen . The Viscountess Sydney died in May 1826 , aged 90 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Their daughter , Mary ( died 1821 ) , married John Pitt , 2nd Earl of Chatham , but had no children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Sydneys reputation has suffered at the hands of the nationalist school of Australian historians , such as Manning Clark . In his influential A History of Australia ( Melbourne University Press 1961 ) Clark wrote : Mr Thomas Townshend , commonly denominated Tommy Townshend , owed his political career to a very independent fortune and a considerable parliamentary interest , which contributed to his personal no less than his political elevation , for his abilities , though respectable , scarcely rose above mediocrity . Other writers have portrayed Sydney as a cruel monster for dispatching the unfortunate convicts to the",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "far side of the earth .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "Sydney can be described , by the standards of his time , as an enlightened and progressive politician . He did not support the American Revolution but was a strong opponent of the war which he thought was pointless and needlessly prolonged during Lord Norths ministry . As Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary he was heavily involved in the development of Canada and the settling of fleeing refugees from the intolerant rebels . The city of Sydney in Nova Scotia is named after him in memory of his efforts on behalf of the loyalist settlers of Canada . In a",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "parallel situation for the Royal Townships of the yet-to-formed colony of Upper Canada the thoroughfares of the United Empire Loyalist settlement of Cornwall , Ontario were , in 1784 , named Pitt Street and Sydney Street in honour of the prime minister and his foreign secretary .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": " In 1986 , preceding celebrations of the Australian Bicentenary , Sydney was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting his portrait . In 1992 , a monument in bronze and marble commemorating both the First Fleet and Viscount Sydney was unveiled in Sydney Square , outside Sydney Town Hall by Queen Elizabeth II .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "More recently Sydneys reputation has been revisited by Australian historians . Alan Atkinson wrote in The Europeans in Australia ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) : Townshend was an anomaly in the British Cabinet , and his ideas were in some ways old-fashioned.. . He had long been interested in the way in which the empire might be a medium for British liberties , traditionally understood . He took the view that convicts should be given the chance to redeem themselves through self-government in penal colonies such as New South Wales . Governor Phillips well-known statement that There will",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": "be no slavery in a new country and hence no slaves is an accurate reflection of Sydneys philosophy . Sydneys papers are held by the William L . Clements Library at the University of Michigan .",
"title": "Reputation"
},
{
"text": " - 1733 , 24 February : Born - 1754 : Entered the House of Commons as MP for Whitchurch , for 29 years until 1783 - 1756 : Clerk of the household of the Prince of Wales - 1760 , 19 May : married Elizabeth Powys ( b.1736 d.1826 ) , later served as Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte - 1761 , 21 March : one of the clerks of the board of green cloth until he resigned in Dec . 1762",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1765 , 12 July : 4th Lord of the Treasury , under Lord John Cavendish , under William Dowdeswell ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under 2nd Marquess of Rockingham ( 1st Lord of the Treasury and Prime minister )",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1766 , 2 August : 3rd Lord of the Treasury , under Charles Townshend ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) , under Duke of Grafton ( 1st Lord of the Treasury ) - 1767 , 23 December : Paymaster of the Forces under William Pitt ( The Elder ) , until 1768 ( June ) - 1767 , 23 December : became a member of the Privy Council - 1782 , 30 March : Secretary at War under Rockinghams 2nd ministry , until 10 July 1782 .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1782 , 10 July : Leader of the House of Commons , under the Earl of Shelburnes ministry , until 2 April 1783 .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1782 , 10 July : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) , under Shelburne ministry , until 2 April 1783 - 1783 , 6 March : Created Baron Sydney and entered the House of Lords . - 1783 , 23 December : Home Secretary ( and Colonial Secretary ) under William Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 5 June 1789 - 1783 : Leader of the House of Lords under Pitt ( The Younger ) , until 1789",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- 1784 : First President of the Board of Control over the British East India Company , until 1790",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - 1784 : 5 March : President of the Committee on Trade and Foreign Plantations ( equiv . to Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ) , until 1786 ( 23 Aug. ) - 1785 : Sydney in ( Cape Breton ) Nova Scotia was named after him by Col J.F.W . DesBarres . - 1788 , 26 January : Sydney Cove in NSW , Australia named after him by Governor Arthur Philip - 1789 : Elevated to 1st Viscount Sydney of Chislehurst , Kent - 1793 : Deputy Lieutenant of Kent",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": "- During some period Thomas Townshend was also a governor of the Charter House .",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"text": " - Andrew Tink – papers concerning Viscount Sydney , compiled 2005–2006 . Mitchell Library manuscripts , State Library of New South Wales , Sydney . - Andrew Tink – Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , published by Australian Scholarly Publishing : 2011 : - Andrew Tink , Townshend , Thomas ( Tommy ) ( 1733–1800 ) , People Australia , National Centre of Biography , Australian National University : accessed 19 February 2019",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Manmohan_Singh#P69#0
|
Which school did Manmohan Singh go to before Nov 1951?
|
Manmohan Singh Manmohan Singh ( ; born 26 September 1932 ) is an Indian economist , academic , and politician who served as the 13th prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014 . The first Sikh in office , Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term . Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947 . After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969 . He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During the 1970s and 1980s , Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor ( 1972–1976 ) , governor of the Reserve Bank ( 1982–1985 ) and head of the Planning Commission ( 1985–1987 ) . In 1991 , as India faced a severe economic crisis , newly elected Prime Minister P . V . Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister . Over the next few years , despite strong opposition , he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis , and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist , the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently , Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of the Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004 . In 2004 , when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . Singhs first ministry executed several key legislations and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008 , opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support . Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I , its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents ( including the 2008 Mumbai attacks ) and the continuing Maoist insurgency . The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate , with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister . Over the next few years , Singhs second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the Prime Minister of India during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member of the Parliament of India , representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for five terms from 1991 to 2019 . In August 2019 , Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan after the death of sitting MP Madan Lal Saini . Early life and education . Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932 , in Gah , Punjab , British India , into a Sikh family . He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother , to whom he was very close . After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Amritsar , India , where he studied at Hindu College . He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab , studying Economics and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954 , respectively , standing first throughout his academic career . He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957 . In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days : After Cambridge , Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960 , he went to the University of Oxford for the DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D . Little was titled Indias export performance , 1951–1960 , export prospects and policy implications , and was later the basis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth . Early career . After completing his D.Phil. , Singh returned to India . He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959 . During 1959 and 1963 , he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University , and from 1963 to 1965 , he was an economics professor there . Then he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) from 1966–1969 . Later , he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singhs talent as an economist . From 1969 to 1971 , Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi . In 1972 , Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance , and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry . In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission , and in 1982 , he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985 . He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission ( India ) from 1985 to 1987 . Following his tenure at the Planning Commission , he was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990 . Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of V . P . Singh . In March 1991 , he became chairman of the University Grants Commission . Political career . In June 1991 , Indias prime minister at the time , P . V . Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister . Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 On the day ( Rao ) was formulating his cabinet , he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying , The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance . I didnt take it seriously . He eventually tracked me down the next morning , rather angry , and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing in . So thats how I started in politics . Minister of Finance . In 1991 , Indias fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product , the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP . Indias foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion , enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports , in comparison to US$283 billion today . Evidently , India was facing an economic crisis . At this point , the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which , while assisting India financially , imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy . In effect , IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled , and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end . Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis . However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation . So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated . To the dismay of the party , Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently , Singh , who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of Indias socialist economy , eliminated the permit raj , reduced state control of the economy , and reduced import taxes Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more capitalistic one , in the process dismantling the Licence Raj , a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses . They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , and initiated the process of the privatisation of public sector companies . However , in spite of these reforms , Raos government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas . In praise of Singhs work that pushed India towards a market economy , long-time Cabinet minister P . Chidambaram has compared Singhs role in Indias reforms to Deng Xiaopings in China . In 1993 , Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singhs resignation , instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report . Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha . Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament , the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam , and was re-elected in 1995 , 2001 , 2007 and 2013 . From 1998 to 2004 , while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power , Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha . In 1999 , he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat . Prime Minister of India . 14th Lok Sabha . After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) with allies and staked claim to form government . In a surprise move , Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh , a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership . Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat , according to the BBC , he enjoyed massive popular support , not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations . He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004 . Economic policy . In 1991 , Singh , as Finance Minister , abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades . He liberalised the Indian economy , allowing it to speed up development dramatically . During his term as Prime Minister , Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market , enjoying widespread success in these matters . Singh , along with the former Finance Minister , P . Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate . In 2007 , India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world . Singhs ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in 2005 . Singhs government continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayees government . Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies . In 2005 , Singhs government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008 , the global problem of inflation impacted India . Healthcare and education . In 2005 , Prime Minister Singh and his governments health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission ( NHRM ) , which mobilised half a million community health workers . This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests . On 2 July 2009 , Singh ministry introduced The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) act . Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme . The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . Security and Home Affairs . Singhs government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised . Also , Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 , an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance . Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success , insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009 . However , the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India . Legislations . The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure . While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees , in various regions , the RTI act has proved crucial in Indias fight against corruption . New cash benefits were also introduced for widows , pregnant women , and landless persons . The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) . The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 . Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009 , which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010 . Foreign policy . Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V . Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Partys Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor , Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure . Efforts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China . In November 2006 , Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008 . A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades . Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang paid a state visit to India ( Delhi-Mumbai ) from 19–21 May 2013 . Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013 . Signed were three agreements establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing , Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu . As of 2010 , the Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India . Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably , with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan . During Afghan President Hamid Karzais visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . Under the leadership of Singh , India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan . Singhs government worked towards stronger ties with the United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W . Bushs successful visit to India in March 2006 , during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made , giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India . Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009 , and several discussions took place , including on trade and nuclear power . Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries , like the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place . New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Relations have improved with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed . Singhs government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003 , the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence partner . Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia , especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India , relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence , nuclear energy and space co-operation . 15th Lok Sabha . India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 . The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 . Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) form the new government under the incumbent Singh , who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term . The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House . These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JD ( S ) ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) and other minor parties . On 22 May 2009 , Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date , with an eligible electorate of 714 million . The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India . Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee ( JPC ) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case . 16th Lok Sabha . Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister at the end of his term on 17 May 2014 . He served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister . Post-premiership . In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair . Public image . The Independent described Singh as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a man of uncommon decency and grace , noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market . Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had , even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant : The Low-Down on Life , Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections , Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis . Terming him as the best example of integrity , Khushwant Singh stated , When people talk of integrity , I say the best example is the man who occupies the countrys highest office . In 2010 , Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state , describing him as the leader other leaders love . The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh is the model of what a political leader should be . Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 . Henry Kissinger described Singh as a statesman with vision , persistence and integrity , and praised him for his leadership , which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India . Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most powerful people . Forbes magazine described Singh as being universally praised as Indias best prime minister since Nehru . Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history . Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in Forbes list . Time magazines Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012 week , on its cover remarked that Singh was an underachiever . It stated that Singh appears unwilling to stick his neck out on reforms that will put the country back on growth path . Congress spokesperson , Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges . UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines statements . Praising the government , Prasad said UPA projects [ were ] doing well and asked , What will America say as their own economy is shattered? . Political opponents including L . K . Advani have claimed that Singh is a weak Prime Minister . Advani declared He is weak . What do I call a person who cant take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction . The Independent also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power . Singhs public image had been tarnished with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009 . Opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in 2G spectrum case and Indian coal allocation scam . Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of Dereliction of duty , alleging that he ( the PM ) was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences . His party , the Indian National Congress , was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing P.J . Thomas as the CVC chief , while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam . Manmohan Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter . Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of S-band spectrum without any bidding to ISRO by an agreement . The agreement was between Devas multimedia , a private firm and Antrix Corporation , a commercial wing of ISRO . Family and personal life . Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958 . They have three daughters , Upinder Singh , Daman Singh and Amrit Singh . Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Ashoka University . She has written six books , including Ancient Delhi ( 1999 ) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India ( 2008 ) . Daman Singh is a graduate of St . Stephens College , Delhi and Institute of Rural Management , Anand , Gujarat , and author of The Last Frontier : People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine , Amrit Singh is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union . Ashok Pattnaik , 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer , son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ( NATGRID ) in 2016 . Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries , the most recent of which took place in January 2009 . On April 19 2021 , Singh tested positive for Coronavirus disease and was subsequently admitted to AIMS . Degrees and posts held . - B.A ( Honours ) in Economics 1952 ; M.A ( First Class ) in Economics , 1954 Panjab University , Chandigarh ( then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab ) , India - Honours degree in Economics , University of Cambridge – St Johns College ( 1957 ) - Senior Lecturer , Economics ( 1957–1959 ) - Reader ( 1959–1963 ) - Professor ( 1963–1965 ) - Professor of International Trade ( 1969–1971 ) - DPhil in Economics , University of Oxford – Nuffield College ( 1962 ) - Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi - Honorary Professor ( 1966 ) - Chief , Financing for Trade Section , UNCTAD , United Nations Secretariat , New York - 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966 - Economic Adviser , Ministry of Foreign Trade , India ( 1971–1972 ) - Chief Economic Adviser , Ministry of Finance , India , ( 1972–1976 ) - Honorary Professor , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi ( 1976 ) - Director , Reserve Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Director , Industrial Development Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Board of Governors , Asian Development Bank , Manila - Secretary , Ministry of Finance ( Department of Economic Affairs ) , Government of India , ( 1977–1980 ) - Governor , Reserve Bank of India ( 1982–1985 ) - Deputy chairman , Planning Commission of India , ( 1985–1987 ) - Secretary General , South Commission , Geneva ( 1987–1990 ) - Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs ( 1990–1991 ) - Chairman , University Grants Commission ( 15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991 ) - Finance Minister of India , ( 21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 ) - Leader of the Opposition ( India ) in the Rajya Sabha ( 1998–2004 ) - Prime Minister of India ( 22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014 ) Honours , awards and international recognition . In March 1983 , Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr . Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department . In 1997 , the University of Alberta awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree . The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 , and in October 2006 , the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour . St . Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him , the Dr . Manmohan Singh Scholarship . In 2008 , he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras . In 2010 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations . In 2017 awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development . He has also received honorary doctorates from University of Bologna , University of Jammu and Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee . In popular culture . A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singhs life , titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari . The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru with Anupam Kher in the titular role .
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[
"Panjab University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manmohan Singh ( ; born 26 September 1932 ) is an Indian economist , academic , and politician who served as the 13th prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014 . The first Sikh in office , Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947 . After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969 . He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During the 1970s and 1980s , Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor ( 1972–1976 ) , governor of the Reserve Bank ( 1982–1985 ) and",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "head of the Planning Commission ( 1985–1987 ) .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , as India faced a severe economic crisis , newly elected Prime Minister P . V . Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister . Over the next few years , despite strong opposition , he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis , and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist , the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently , Singh served as Leader of the Opposition",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of the Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004 .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . Singhs first ministry executed several key legislations and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008 , opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support . Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I , its security was threatened by",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "several terrorist incidents ( including the 2008 Mumbai attacks ) and the continuing Maoist insurgency .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate , with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister . Over the next few years , Singhs second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the Prime Minister of India during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "of the Parliament of India , representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for five terms from 1991 to 2019 . In August 2019 , Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan after the death of sitting MP Madan Lal Saini .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932 , in Gah , Punjab , British India , into a Sikh family . He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother , to whom he was very close .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Amritsar , India , where he studied at Hindu College . He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab , studying Economics and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954 , respectively , standing first throughout his academic career . He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957 .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": " In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days : After Cambridge , Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960 , he went to the University of Oxford for the DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D . Little was titled Indias export performance , 1951–1960 , export prospects and policy implications , and was later the basis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "After completing his D.Phil. , Singh returned to India . He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959 . During 1959 and 1963 , he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University , and from 1963 to 1965 , he was an economics professor there . Then he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) from 1966–1969 . Later , he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singhs talent as an",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "economist .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1969 to 1971 , Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance , and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry . In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission , and in 1982 , he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985 . He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission ( India ) from 1985 to 1987 . Following his tenure at the Planning Commission , he was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of V . P . Singh . In March 1991 , he became chairman of the University Grants Commission .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 1991 , Indias prime minister at the time , P . V . Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister . Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 On the day ( Rao ) was formulating his cabinet , he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying , The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance . I didnt take it seriously . He eventually tracked me down the next morning , rather angry , and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "in . So thats how I started in politics .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , Indias fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product , the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP . Indias foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion , enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports , in comparison to US$283 billion today .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Evidently , India was facing an economic crisis . At this point , the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which , while assisting India financially , imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy . In effect , IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled , and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis . However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation . So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated . To the dismay of the party , Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently , Singh , who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of Indias socialist economy , eliminated the permit raj , reduced state control of the economy , and reduced import taxes",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more capitalistic one , in the process dismantling the Licence Raj , a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses . They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , and initiated the process of the privatisation of public sector companies . However , in spite of these reforms , Raos government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas . In praise of Singhs work that pushed India",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "towards a market economy , long-time Cabinet minister P . Chidambaram has compared Singhs role in Indias reforms to Deng Xiaopings in China .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 , Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singhs resignation , instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report . Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament , the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam , and was re-elected in 1995 , 2001 , 2007 and 2013 . From 1998 to 2004 , while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power , Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha . In 1999 , he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) with allies and staked claim to form government . In a surprise move , Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh , a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership . Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat , according to the BBC , he enjoyed massive popular",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "support , not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations . He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , Singh , as Finance Minister , abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades . He liberalised the Indian economy , allowing it to speed up development dramatically . During his term as Prime Minister , Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market , enjoying widespread success in these matters . Singh , along with the former Finance Minister , P . Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate . In 2007 , India achieved",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": "its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world . Singhs ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in 2005 .",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": " Singhs government continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayees government . Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies . In 2005 , Singhs government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008 , the global problem of inflation impacted India .",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Prime Minister Singh and his governments health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission ( NHRM ) , which mobilised half a million community health workers . This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": "protests .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2009 , Singh ministry introduced The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) act . Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme . The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . Security and Home Affairs .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised . Also , Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 , an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success , insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009 . However , the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure . While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees , in various regions , the RTI act has proved crucial in Indias fight against corruption . New cash benefits were also introduced for widows , pregnant women , and landless persons .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": "The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) . The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": " Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009 , which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010 .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": "Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V . Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Partys Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor , Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure . Efforts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China . In November 2006 , Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008 . A major development in",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades . Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang paid a state visit to India ( Delhi-Mumbai ) from 19–21 May 2013 . Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013 . Signed were three agreements establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing , Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu . As of 2010 , the Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably , with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan . During Afghan President Hamid Karzais visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . Under the leadership of Singh , India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government worked towards stronger ties with the United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W . Bushs successful visit to India in March 2006 , during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made , giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India . Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009 , and several discussions took place , including on trade and nuclear power .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries , like the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place . New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Relations have improved with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003 , the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence partner . Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia , especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India , relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence , nuclear energy and space co-operation .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " 15th Lok Sabha . India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 . The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) form the new government under the incumbent Singh , who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term . The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House . These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "BSP ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JD ( S ) ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) and other minor parties .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " On 22 May 2009 , Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date , with an eligible electorate of 714 million .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee ( JPC ) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case . 16th Lok Sabha . Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister at the end of his term on 17 May 2014 . He served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The Independent described Singh as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a man of uncommon decency and grace , noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market . Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had , even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant : The Low-Down on Life , Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections , Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "hiring taxis . Terming him as the best example of integrity , Khushwant Singh stated , When people talk of integrity , I say the best example is the man who occupies the countrys highest office .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state , describing him as the leader other leaders love . The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh is the model of what a political leader should be . Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 . Henry Kissinger described Singh as a statesman with vision , persistence and integrity , and praised him for his leadership , which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most powerful people . Forbes magazine described Singh as being universally praised as Indias best prime minister since Nehru . Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history . Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in Forbes list .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Time magazines Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012 week , on its cover remarked that Singh was an underachiever . It stated that Singh appears unwilling to stick his neck out on reforms that will put the country back on growth path . Congress spokesperson , Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges . UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines statements . Praising the government , Prasad said UPA projects [ were ] doing well and asked , What will America say as their own economy is shattered? .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Political opponents including L . K . Advani have claimed that Singh is a weak Prime Minister . Advani declared He is weak . What do I call a person who cant take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction . The Independent also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Singhs public image had been tarnished with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009 . Opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in 2G spectrum case and Indian coal allocation scam . Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of Dereliction of duty , alleging that he ( the PM ) was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "His party , the Indian National Congress , was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing P.J . Thomas as the CVC chief , while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam . Manmohan Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter . Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of S-band spectrum without any bidding to ISRO by an agreement . The agreement was between Devas multimedia , a private firm and Antrix Corporation , a commercial wing of ISRO .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958 . They have three daughters , Upinder Singh , Daman Singh and Amrit Singh . Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Ashoka University . She has written six books , including Ancient Delhi ( 1999 ) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India ( 2008 ) . Daman Singh is a graduate of St . Stephens College , Delhi and Institute of Rural Management , Anand , Gujarat , and author of The Last Frontier : People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine , Amrit Singh",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union . Ashok Pattnaik , 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer , son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ( NATGRID ) in 2016 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries , the most recent of which took place in January 2009 . On April 19 2021 , Singh tested positive for Coronavirus disease and was subsequently admitted to AIMS . Degrees and posts held . - B.A ( Honours ) in Economics 1952 ; M.A ( First Class ) in Economics , 1954 Panjab University , Chandigarh ( then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab ) , India - Honours degree in Economics , University of Cambridge – St Johns College ( 1957 ) - Senior Lecturer , Economics ( 1957–1959 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Reader ( 1959–1963 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Professor ( 1963–1965 ) - Professor of International Trade ( 1969–1971 ) - DPhil in Economics , University of Oxford – Nuffield College ( 1962 ) - Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi - Honorary Professor ( 1966 ) - Chief , Financing for Trade Section , UNCTAD , United Nations Secretariat , New York - 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966 - Economic Adviser , Ministry of Foreign Trade , India ( 1971–1972 ) - Chief Economic Adviser , Ministry of Finance , India , ( 1972–1976 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Professor , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi ( 1976 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Director , Reserve Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Director , Industrial Development Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Board of Governors , Asian Development Bank , Manila - Secretary , Ministry of Finance ( Department of Economic Affairs ) , Government of India , ( 1977–1980 ) - Governor , Reserve Bank of India ( 1982–1985 ) - Deputy chairman , Planning Commission of India , ( 1985–1987 ) - Secretary General , South Commission , Geneva ( 1987–1990 ) - Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Chairman , University Grants Commission ( 15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Finance Minister of India , ( 21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 ) - Leader of the Opposition ( India ) in the Rajya Sabha ( 1998–2004 ) - Prime Minister of India ( 22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014 ) Honours , awards and international recognition .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 1983 , Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr . Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department . In 1997 , the University of Alberta awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree . The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 , and in October 2006 , the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour . St . Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him , the Dr . Manmohan Singh Scholarship . In 2008 , he",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras . In 2010 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations . In 2017 awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " He has also received honorary doctorates from University of Bologna , University of Jammu and Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singhs life , titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari . The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru with Anupam Kher in the titular role .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Manmohan_Singh#P69#1
|
Which school did Manmohan Singh go to between Dec 1956 and 1957?
|
Manmohan Singh Manmohan Singh ( ; born 26 September 1932 ) is an Indian economist , academic , and politician who served as the 13th prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014 . The first Sikh in office , Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term . Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947 . After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969 . He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During the 1970s and 1980s , Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor ( 1972–1976 ) , governor of the Reserve Bank ( 1982–1985 ) and head of the Planning Commission ( 1985–1987 ) . In 1991 , as India faced a severe economic crisis , newly elected Prime Minister P . V . Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister . Over the next few years , despite strong opposition , he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis , and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist , the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently , Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of the Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004 . In 2004 , when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . Singhs first ministry executed several key legislations and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008 , opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support . Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I , its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents ( including the 2008 Mumbai attacks ) and the continuing Maoist insurgency . The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate , with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister . Over the next few years , Singhs second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the Prime Minister of India during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member of the Parliament of India , representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for five terms from 1991 to 2019 . In August 2019 , Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan after the death of sitting MP Madan Lal Saini . Early life and education . Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932 , in Gah , Punjab , British India , into a Sikh family . He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother , to whom he was very close . After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Amritsar , India , where he studied at Hindu College . He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab , studying Economics and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954 , respectively , standing first throughout his academic career . He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957 . In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days : After Cambridge , Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960 , he went to the University of Oxford for the DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D . Little was titled Indias export performance , 1951–1960 , export prospects and policy implications , and was later the basis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth . Early career . After completing his D.Phil. , Singh returned to India . He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959 . During 1959 and 1963 , he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University , and from 1963 to 1965 , he was an economics professor there . Then he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) from 1966–1969 . Later , he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singhs talent as an economist . From 1969 to 1971 , Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi . In 1972 , Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance , and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry . In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission , and in 1982 , he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985 . He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission ( India ) from 1985 to 1987 . Following his tenure at the Planning Commission , he was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990 . Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of V . P . Singh . In March 1991 , he became chairman of the University Grants Commission . Political career . In June 1991 , Indias prime minister at the time , P . V . Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister . Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 On the day ( Rao ) was formulating his cabinet , he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying , The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance . I didnt take it seriously . He eventually tracked me down the next morning , rather angry , and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing in . So thats how I started in politics . Minister of Finance . In 1991 , Indias fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product , the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP . Indias foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion , enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports , in comparison to US$283 billion today . Evidently , India was facing an economic crisis . At this point , the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which , while assisting India financially , imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy . In effect , IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled , and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end . Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis . However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation . So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated . To the dismay of the party , Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently , Singh , who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of Indias socialist economy , eliminated the permit raj , reduced state control of the economy , and reduced import taxes Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more capitalistic one , in the process dismantling the Licence Raj , a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses . They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , and initiated the process of the privatisation of public sector companies . However , in spite of these reforms , Raos government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas . In praise of Singhs work that pushed India towards a market economy , long-time Cabinet minister P . Chidambaram has compared Singhs role in Indias reforms to Deng Xiaopings in China . In 1993 , Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singhs resignation , instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report . Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha . Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament , the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam , and was re-elected in 1995 , 2001 , 2007 and 2013 . From 1998 to 2004 , while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power , Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha . In 1999 , he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat . Prime Minister of India . 14th Lok Sabha . After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) with allies and staked claim to form government . In a surprise move , Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh , a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership . Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat , according to the BBC , he enjoyed massive popular support , not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations . He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004 . Economic policy . In 1991 , Singh , as Finance Minister , abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades . He liberalised the Indian economy , allowing it to speed up development dramatically . During his term as Prime Minister , Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market , enjoying widespread success in these matters . Singh , along with the former Finance Minister , P . Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate . In 2007 , India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world . Singhs ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in 2005 . Singhs government continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayees government . Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies . In 2005 , Singhs government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008 , the global problem of inflation impacted India . Healthcare and education . In 2005 , Prime Minister Singh and his governments health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission ( NHRM ) , which mobilised half a million community health workers . This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests . On 2 July 2009 , Singh ministry introduced The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) act . Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme . The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . Security and Home Affairs . Singhs government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised . Also , Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 , an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance . Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success , insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009 . However , the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India . Legislations . The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure . While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees , in various regions , the RTI act has proved crucial in Indias fight against corruption . New cash benefits were also introduced for widows , pregnant women , and landless persons . The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) . The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 . Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009 , which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010 . Foreign policy . Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V . Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Partys Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor , Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure . Efforts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China . In November 2006 , Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008 . A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades . Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang paid a state visit to India ( Delhi-Mumbai ) from 19–21 May 2013 . Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013 . Signed were three agreements establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing , Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu . As of 2010 , the Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India . Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably , with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan . During Afghan President Hamid Karzais visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . Under the leadership of Singh , India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan . Singhs government worked towards stronger ties with the United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W . Bushs successful visit to India in March 2006 , during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made , giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India . Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009 , and several discussions took place , including on trade and nuclear power . Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries , like the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place . New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Relations have improved with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed . Singhs government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003 , the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence partner . Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia , especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India , relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence , nuclear energy and space co-operation . 15th Lok Sabha . India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 . The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 . Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) form the new government under the incumbent Singh , who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term . The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House . These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JD ( S ) ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) and other minor parties . On 22 May 2009 , Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date , with an eligible electorate of 714 million . The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India . Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee ( JPC ) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case . 16th Lok Sabha . Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister at the end of his term on 17 May 2014 . He served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister . Post-premiership . In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair . Public image . The Independent described Singh as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a man of uncommon decency and grace , noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market . Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had , even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant : The Low-Down on Life , Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections , Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis . Terming him as the best example of integrity , Khushwant Singh stated , When people talk of integrity , I say the best example is the man who occupies the countrys highest office . In 2010 , Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state , describing him as the leader other leaders love . The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh is the model of what a political leader should be . Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 . Henry Kissinger described Singh as a statesman with vision , persistence and integrity , and praised him for his leadership , which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India . Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most powerful people . Forbes magazine described Singh as being universally praised as Indias best prime minister since Nehru . Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history . Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in Forbes list . Time magazines Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012 week , on its cover remarked that Singh was an underachiever . It stated that Singh appears unwilling to stick his neck out on reforms that will put the country back on growth path . Congress spokesperson , Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges . UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines statements . Praising the government , Prasad said UPA projects [ were ] doing well and asked , What will America say as their own economy is shattered? . Political opponents including L . K . Advani have claimed that Singh is a weak Prime Minister . Advani declared He is weak . What do I call a person who cant take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction . The Independent also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power . Singhs public image had been tarnished with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009 . Opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in 2G spectrum case and Indian coal allocation scam . Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of Dereliction of duty , alleging that he ( the PM ) was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences . His party , the Indian National Congress , was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing P.J . Thomas as the CVC chief , while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam . Manmohan Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter . Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of S-band spectrum without any bidding to ISRO by an agreement . The agreement was between Devas multimedia , a private firm and Antrix Corporation , a commercial wing of ISRO . Family and personal life . Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958 . They have three daughters , Upinder Singh , Daman Singh and Amrit Singh . Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Ashoka University . She has written six books , including Ancient Delhi ( 1999 ) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India ( 2008 ) . Daman Singh is a graduate of St . Stephens College , Delhi and Institute of Rural Management , Anand , Gujarat , and author of The Last Frontier : People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine , Amrit Singh is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union . Ashok Pattnaik , 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer , son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ( NATGRID ) in 2016 . Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries , the most recent of which took place in January 2009 . On April 19 2021 , Singh tested positive for Coronavirus disease and was subsequently admitted to AIMS . Degrees and posts held . - B.A ( Honours ) in Economics 1952 ; M.A ( First Class ) in Economics , 1954 Panjab University , Chandigarh ( then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab ) , India - Honours degree in Economics , University of Cambridge – St Johns College ( 1957 ) - Senior Lecturer , Economics ( 1957–1959 ) - Reader ( 1959–1963 ) - Professor ( 1963–1965 ) - Professor of International Trade ( 1969–1971 ) - DPhil in Economics , University of Oxford – Nuffield College ( 1962 ) - Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi - Honorary Professor ( 1966 ) - Chief , Financing for Trade Section , UNCTAD , United Nations Secretariat , New York - 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966 - Economic Adviser , Ministry of Foreign Trade , India ( 1971–1972 ) - Chief Economic Adviser , Ministry of Finance , India , ( 1972–1976 ) - Honorary Professor , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi ( 1976 ) - Director , Reserve Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Director , Industrial Development Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Board of Governors , Asian Development Bank , Manila - Secretary , Ministry of Finance ( Department of Economic Affairs ) , Government of India , ( 1977–1980 ) - Governor , Reserve Bank of India ( 1982–1985 ) - Deputy chairman , Planning Commission of India , ( 1985–1987 ) - Secretary General , South Commission , Geneva ( 1987–1990 ) - Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs ( 1990–1991 ) - Chairman , University Grants Commission ( 15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991 ) - Finance Minister of India , ( 21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 ) - Leader of the Opposition ( India ) in the Rajya Sabha ( 1998–2004 ) - Prime Minister of India ( 22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014 ) Honours , awards and international recognition . In March 1983 , Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr . Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department . In 1997 , the University of Alberta awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree . The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 , and in October 2006 , the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour . St . Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him , the Dr . Manmohan Singh Scholarship . In 2008 , he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras . In 2010 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations . In 2017 awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development . He has also received honorary doctorates from University of Bologna , University of Jammu and Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee . In popular culture . A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singhs life , titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari . The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru with Anupam Kher in the titular role .
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[
"University of Cambridge"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manmohan Singh ( ; born 26 September 1932 ) is an Indian economist , academic , and politician who served as the 13th prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014 . The first Sikh in office , Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947 . After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969 . He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During the 1970s and 1980s , Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor ( 1972–1976 ) , governor of the Reserve Bank ( 1982–1985 ) and",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "head of the Planning Commission ( 1985–1987 ) .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , as India faced a severe economic crisis , newly elected Prime Minister P . V . Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister . Over the next few years , despite strong opposition , he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis , and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist , the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently , Singh served as Leader of the Opposition",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of the Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004 .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . Singhs first ministry executed several key legislations and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008 , opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support . Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I , its security was threatened by",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "several terrorist incidents ( including the 2008 Mumbai attacks ) and the continuing Maoist insurgency .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate , with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister . Over the next few years , Singhs second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the Prime Minister of India during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "of the Parliament of India , representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for five terms from 1991 to 2019 . In August 2019 , Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan after the death of sitting MP Madan Lal Saini .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932 , in Gah , Punjab , British India , into a Sikh family . He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother , to whom he was very close .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Amritsar , India , where he studied at Hindu College . He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab , studying Economics and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954 , respectively , standing first throughout his academic career . He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957 .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": " In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days : After Cambridge , Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960 , he went to the University of Oxford for the DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D . Little was titled Indias export performance , 1951–1960 , export prospects and policy implications , and was later the basis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "After completing his D.Phil. , Singh returned to India . He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959 . During 1959 and 1963 , he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University , and from 1963 to 1965 , he was an economics professor there . Then he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) from 1966–1969 . Later , he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singhs talent as an",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "economist .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1969 to 1971 , Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance , and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry . In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission , and in 1982 , he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985 . He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission ( India ) from 1985 to 1987 . Following his tenure at the Planning Commission , he was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of V . P . Singh . In March 1991 , he became chairman of the University Grants Commission .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 1991 , Indias prime minister at the time , P . V . Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister . Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 On the day ( Rao ) was formulating his cabinet , he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying , The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance . I didnt take it seriously . He eventually tracked me down the next morning , rather angry , and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "in . So thats how I started in politics .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , Indias fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product , the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP . Indias foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion , enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports , in comparison to US$283 billion today .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Evidently , India was facing an economic crisis . At this point , the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which , while assisting India financially , imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy . In effect , IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled , and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis . However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation . So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated . To the dismay of the party , Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently , Singh , who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of Indias socialist economy , eliminated the permit raj , reduced state control of the economy , and reduced import taxes",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more capitalistic one , in the process dismantling the Licence Raj , a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses . They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , and initiated the process of the privatisation of public sector companies . However , in spite of these reforms , Raos government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas . In praise of Singhs work that pushed India",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "towards a market economy , long-time Cabinet minister P . Chidambaram has compared Singhs role in Indias reforms to Deng Xiaopings in China .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 , Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singhs resignation , instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report . Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament , the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam , and was re-elected in 1995 , 2001 , 2007 and 2013 . From 1998 to 2004 , while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power , Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha . In 1999 , he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) with allies and staked claim to form government . In a surprise move , Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh , a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership . Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat , according to the BBC , he enjoyed massive popular",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "support , not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations . He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , Singh , as Finance Minister , abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades . He liberalised the Indian economy , allowing it to speed up development dramatically . During his term as Prime Minister , Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market , enjoying widespread success in these matters . Singh , along with the former Finance Minister , P . Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate . In 2007 , India achieved",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": "its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world . Singhs ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in 2005 .",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": " Singhs government continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayees government . Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies . In 2005 , Singhs government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008 , the global problem of inflation impacted India .",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Prime Minister Singh and his governments health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission ( NHRM ) , which mobilised half a million community health workers . This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": "protests .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2009 , Singh ministry introduced The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) act . Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme . The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . Security and Home Affairs .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised . Also , Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 , an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success , insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009 . However , the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure . While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees , in various regions , the RTI act has proved crucial in Indias fight against corruption . New cash benefits were also introduced for widows , pregnant women , and landless persons .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": "The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) . The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": " Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009 , which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010 .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": "Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V . Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Partys Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor , Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure . Efforts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China . In November 2006 , Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008 . A major development in",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades . Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang paid a state visit to India ( Delhi-Mumbai ) from 19–21 May 2013 . Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013 . Signed were three agreements establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing , Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu . As of 2010 , the Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably , with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan . During Afghan President Hamid Karzais visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . Under the leadership of Singh , India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government worked towards stronger ties with the United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W . Bushs successful visit to India in March 2006 , during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made , giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India . Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009 , and several discussions took place , including on trade and nuclear power .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries , like the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place . New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Relations have improved with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003 , the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence partner . Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia , especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India , relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence , nuclear energy and space co-operation .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " 15th Lok Sabha . India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 . The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) form the new government under the incumbent Singh , who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term . The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House . These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "BSP ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JD ( S ) ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) and other minor parties .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " On 22 May 2009 , Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date , with an eligible electorate of 714 million .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee ( JPC ) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case . 16th Lok Sabha . Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister at the end of his term on 17 May 2014 . He served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The Independent described Singh as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a man of uncommon decency and grace , noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market . Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had , even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant : The Low-Down on Life , Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections , Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "hiring taxis . Terming him as the best example of integrity , Khushwant Singh stated , When people talk of integrity , I say the best example is the man who occupies the countrys highest office .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state , describing him as the leader other leaders love . The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh is the model of what a political leader should be . Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 . Henry Kissinger described Singh as a statesman with vision , persistence and integrity , and praised him for his leadership , which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most powerful people . Forbes magazine described Singh as being universally praised as Indias best prime minister since Nehru . Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history . Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in Forbes list .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Time magazines Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012 week , on its cover remarked that Singh was an underachiever . It stated that Singh appears unwilling to stick his neck out on reforms that will put the country back on growth path . Congress spokesperson , Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges . UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines statements . Praising the government , Prasad said UPA projects [ were ] doing well and asked , What will America say as their own economy is shattered? .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Political opponents including L . K . Advani have claimed that Singh is a weak Prime Minister . Advani declared He is weak . What do I call a person who cant take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction . The Independent also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Singhs public image had been tarnished with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009 . Opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in 2G spectrum case and Indian coal allocation scam . Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of Dereliction of duty , alleging that he ( the PM ) was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "His party , the Indian National Congress , was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing P.J . Thomas as the CVC chief , while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam . Manmohan Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter . Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of S-band spectrum without any bidding to ISRO by an agreement . The agreement was between Devas multimedia , a private firm and Antrix Corporation , a commercial wing of ISRO .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958 . They have three daughters , Upinder Singh , Daman Singh and Amrit Singh . Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Ashoka University . She has written six books , including Ancient Delhi ( 1999 ) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India ( 2008 ) . Daman Singh is a graduate of St . Stephens College , Delhi and Institute of Rural Management , Anand , Gujarat , and author of The Last Frontier : People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine , Amrit Singh",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union . Ashok Pattnaik , 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer , son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ( NATGRID ) in 2016 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries , the most recent of which took place in January 2009 . On April 19 2021 , Singh tested positive for Coronavirus disease and was subsequently admitted to AIMS . Degrees and posts held . - B.A ( Honours ) in Economics 1952 ; M.A ( First Class ) in Economics , 1954 Panjab University , Chandigarh ( then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab ) , India - Honours degree in Economics , University of Cambridge – St Johns College ( 1957 ) - Senior Lecturer , Economics ( 1957–1959 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Reader ( 1959–1963 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Professor ( 1963–1965 ) - Professor of International Trade ( 1969–1971 ) - DPhil in Economics , University of Oxford – Nuffield College ( 1962 ) - Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi - Honorary Professor ( 1966 ) - Chief , Financing for Trade Section , UNCTAD , United Nations Secretariat , New York - 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966 - Economic Adviser , Ministry of Foreign Trade , India ( 1971–1972 ) - Chief Economic Adviser , Ministry of Finance , India , ( 1972–1976 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Professor , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi ( 1976 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Director , Reserve Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Director , Industrial Development Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Board of Governors , Asian Development Bank , Manila - Secretary , Ministry of Finance ( Department of Economic Affairs ) , Government of India , ( 1977–1980 ) - Governor , Reserve Bank of India ( 1982–1985 ) - Deputy chairman , Planning Commission of India , ( 1985–1987 ) - Secretary General , South Commission , Geneva ( 1987–1990 ) - Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Chairman , University Grants Commission ( 15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Finance Minister of India , ( 21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 ) - Leader of the Opposition ( India ) in the Rajya Sabha ( 1998–2004 ) - Prime Minister of India ( 22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014 ) Honours , awards and international recognition .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 1983 , Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr . Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department . In 1997 , the University of Alberta awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree . The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 , and in October 2006 , the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour . St . Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him , the Dr . Manmohan Singh Scholarship . In 2008 , he",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras . In 2010 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations . In 2017 awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " He has also received honorary doctorates from University of Bologna , University of Jammu and Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singhs life , titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari . The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru with Anupam Kher in the titular role .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Manmohan_Singh#P69#2
|
Which school did Manmohan Singh go to in Feb 1960?
|
Manmohan Singh Manmohan Singh ( ; born 26 September 1932 ) is an Indian economist , academic , and politician who served as the 13th prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014 . The first Sikh in office , Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term . Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947 . After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969 . He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During the 1970s and 1980s , Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor ( 1972–1976 ) , governor of the Reserve Bank ( 1982–1985 ) and head of the Planning Commission ( 1985–1987 ) . In 1991 , as India faced a severe economic crisis , newly elected Prime Minister P . V . Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister . Over the next few years , despite strong opposition , he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis , and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist , the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently , Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of the Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004 . In 2004 , when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . Singhs first ministry executed several key legislations and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008 , opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support . Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I , its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents ( including the 2008 Mumbai attacks ) and the continuing Maoist insurgency . The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate , with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister . Over the next few years , Singhs second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the Prime Minister of India during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member of the Parliament of India , representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for five terms from 1991 to 2019 . In August 2019 , Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan after the death of sitting MP Madan Lal Saini . Early life and education . Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932 , in Gah , Punjab , British India , into a Sikh family . He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother , to whom he was very close . After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Amritsar , India , where he studied at Hindu College . He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab , studying Economics and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954 , respectively , standing first throughout his academic career . He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957 . In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days : After Cambridge , Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960 , he went to the University of Oxford for the DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D . Little was titled Indias export performance , 1951–1960 , export prospects and policy implications , and was later the basis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth . Early career . After completing his D.Phil. , Singh returned to India . He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959 . During 1959 and 1963 , he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University , and from 1963 to 1965 , he was an economics professor there . Then he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) from 1966–1969 . Later , he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singhs talent as an economist . From 1969 to 1971 , Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi . In 1972 , Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance , and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry . In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission , and in 1982 , he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985 . He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission ( India ) from 1985 to 1987 . Following his tenure at the Planning Commission , he was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990 . Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of V . P . Singh . In March 1991 , he became chairman of the University Grants Commission . Political career . In June 1991 , Indias prime minister at the time , P . V . Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister . Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 On the day ( Rao ) was formulating his cabinet , he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying , The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance . I didnt take it seriously . He eventually tracked me down the next morning , rather angry , and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing in . So thats how I started in politics . Minister of Finance . In 1991 , Indias fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product , the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP . Indias foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion , enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports , in comparison to US$283 billion today . Evidently , India was facing an economic crisis . At this point , the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which , while assisting India financially , imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy . In effect , IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled , and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end . Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis . However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation . So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated . To the dismay of the party , Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently , Singh , who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of Indias socialist economy , eliminated the permit raj , reduced state control of the economy , and reduced import taxes Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more capitalistic one , in the process dismantling the Licence Raj , a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses . They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , and initiated the process of the privatisation of public sector companies . However , in spite of these reforms , Raos government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas . In praise of Singhs work that pushed India towards a market economy , long-time Cabinet minister P . Chidambaram has compared Singhs role in Indias reforms to Deng Xiaopings in China . In 1993 , Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singhs resignation , instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report . Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha . Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament , the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam , and was re-elected in 1995 , 2001 , 2007 and 2013 . From 1998 to 2004 , while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power , Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha . In 1999 , he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat . Prime Minister of India . 14th Lok Sabha . After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) with allies and staked claim to form government . In a surprise move , Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh , a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership . Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat , according to the BBC , he enjoyed massive popular support , not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations . He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004 . Economic policy . In 1991 , Singh , as Finance Minister , abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades . He liberalised the Indian economy , allowing it to speed up development dramatically . During his term as Prime Minister , Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market , enjoying widespread success in these matters . Singh , along with the former Finance Minister , P . Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate . In 2007 , India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world . Singhs ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in 2005 . Singhs government continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayees government . Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies . In 2005 , Singhs government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008 , the global problem of inflation impacted India . Healthcare and education . In 2005 , Prime Minister Singh and his governments health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission ( NHRM ) , which mobilised half a million community health workers . This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests . On 2 July 2009 , Singh ministry introduced The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) act . Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme . The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . Security and Home Affairs . Singhs government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised . Also , Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 , an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance . Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success , insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009 . However , the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India . Legislations . The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure . While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees , in various regions , the RTI act has proved crucial in Indias fight against corruption . New cash benefits were also introduced for widows , pregnant women , and landless persons . The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) . The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 . Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009 , which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010 . Foreign policy . Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V . Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Partys Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor , Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure . Efforts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China . In November 2006 , Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008 . A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades . Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang paid a state visit to India ( Delhi-Mumbai ) from 19–21 May 2013 . Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013 . Signed were three agreements establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing , Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu . As of 2010 , the Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India . Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably , with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan . During Afghan President Hamid Karzais visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . Under the leadership of Singh , India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan . Singhs government worked towards stronger ties with the United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W . Bushs successful visit to India in March 2006 , during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made , giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India . Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009 , and several discussions took place , including on trade and nuclear power . Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries , like the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place . New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Relations have improved with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed . Singhs government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003 , the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence partner . Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia , especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India , relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence , nuclear energy and space co-operation . 15th Lok Sabha . India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 . The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 . Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) form the new government under the incumbent Singh , who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term . The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House . These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JD ( S ) ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) and other minor parties . On 22 May 2009 , Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date , with an eligible electorate of 714 million . The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India . Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee ( JPC ) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case . 16th Lok Sabha . Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister at the end of his term on 17 May 2014 . He served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister . Post-premiership . In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair . Public image . The Independent described Singh as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a man of uncommon decency and grace , noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market . Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had , even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant : The Low-Down on Life , Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections , Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis . Terming him as the best example of integrity , Khushwant Singh stated , When people talk of integrity , I say the best example is the man who occupies the countrys highest office . In 2010 , Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state , describing him as the leader other leaders love . The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh is the model of what a political leader should be . Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 . Henry Kissinger described Singh as a statesman with vision , persistence and integrity , and praised him for his leadership , which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India . Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most powerful people . Forbes magazine described Singh as being universally praised as Indias best prime minister since Nehru . Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history . Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in Forbes list . Time magazines Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012 week , on its cover remarked that Singh was an underachiever . It stated that Singh appears unwilling to stick his neck out on reforms that will put the country back on growth path . Congress spokesperson , Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges . UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines statements . Praising the government , Prasad said UPA projects [ were ] doing well and asked , What will America say as their own economy is shattered? . Political opponents including L . K . Advani have claimed that Singh is a weak Prime Minister . Advani declared He is weak . What do I call a person who cant take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction . The Independent also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power . Singhs public image had been tarnished with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009 . Opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in 2G spectrum case and Indian coal allocation scam . Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of Dereliction of duty , alleging that he ( the PM ) was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences . His party , the Indian National Congress , was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing P.J . Thomas as the CVC chief , while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam . Manmohan Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter . Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of S-band spectrum without any bidding to ISRO by an agreement . The agreement was between Devas multimedia , a private firm and Antrix Corporation , a commercial wing of ISRO . Family and personal life . Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958 . They have three daughters , Upinder Singh , Daman Singh and Amrit Singh . Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Ashoka University . She has written six books , including Ancient Delhi ( 1999 ) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India ( 2008 ) . Daman Singh is a graduate of St . Stephens College , Delhi and Institute of Rural Management , Anand , Gujarat , and author of The Last Frontier : People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine , Amrit Singh is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union . Ashok Pattnaik , 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer , son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ( NATGRID ) in 2016 . Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries , the most recent of which took place in January 2009 . On April 19 2021 , Singh tested positive for Coronavirus disease and was subsequently admitted to AIMS . Degrees and posts held . - B.A ( Honours ) in Economics 1952 ; M.A ( First Class ) in Economics , 1954 Panjab University , Chandigarh ( then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab ) , India - Honours degree in Economics , University of Cambridge – St Johns College ( 1957 ) - Senior Lecturer , Economics ( 1957–1959 ) - Reader ( 1959–1963 ) - Professor ( 1963–1965 ) - Professor of International Trade ( 1969–1971 ) - DPhil in Economics , University of Oxford – Nuffield College ( 1962 ) - Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi - Honorary Professor ( 1966 ) - Chief , Financing for Trade Section , UNCTAD , United Nations Secretariat , New York - 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966 - Economic Adviser , Ministry of Foreign Trade , India ( 1971–1972 ) - Chief Economic Adviser , Ministry of Finance , India , ( 1972–1976 ) - Honorary Professor , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi ( 1976 ) - Director , Reserve Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Director , Industrial Development Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Board of Governors , Asian Development Bank , Manila - Secretary , Ministry of Finance ( Department of Economic Affairs ) , Government of India , ( 1977–1980 ) - Governor , Reserve Bank of India ( 1982–1985 ) - Deputy chairman , Planning Commission of India , ( 1985–1987 ) - Secretary General , South Commission , Geneva ( 1987–1990 ) - Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs ( 1990–1991 ) - Chairman , University Grants Commission ( 15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991 ) - Finance Minister of India , ( 21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 ) - Leader of the Opposition ( India ) in the Rajya Sabha ( 1998–2004 ) - Prime Minister of India ( 22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014 ) Honours , awards and international recognition . In March 1983 , Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr . Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department . In 1997 , the University of Alberta awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree . The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 , and in October 2006 , the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour . St . Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him , the Dr . Manmohan Singh Scholarship . In 2008 , he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras . In 2010 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations . In 2017 awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development . He has also received honorary doctorates from University of Bologna , University of Jammu and Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee . In popular culture . A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singhs life , titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari . The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru with Anupam Kher in the titular role .
|
[
"University of Oxford"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manmohan Singh ( ; born 26 September 1932 ) is an Indian economist , academic , and politician who served as the 13th prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014 . The first Sikh in office , Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947 . After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969 . He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During the 1970s and 1980s , Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor ( 1972–1976 ) , governor of the Reserve Bank ( 1982–1985 ) and",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
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"text": "head of the Planning Commission ( 1985–1987 ) .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , as India faced a severe economic crisis , newly elected Prime Minister P . V . Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister . Over the next few years , despite strong opposition , he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis , and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist , the incumbent Congress party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently , Singh served as Leader of the Opposition",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of the Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004 .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . Singhs first ministry executed several key legislations and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008 , opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support . Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I , its security was threatened by",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "several terrorist incidents ( including the 2008 Mumbai attacks ) and the continuing Maoist insurgency .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate , with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister . Over the next few years , Singhs second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the Prime Minister of India during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "of the Parliament of India , representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for five terms from 1991 to 2019 . In August 2019 , Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan after the death of sitting MP Madan Lal Saini .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932 , in Gah , Punjab , British India , into a Sikh family . He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother , to whom he was very close .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Amritsar , India , where he studied at Hindu College . He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab , studying Economics and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954 , respectively , standing first throughout his academic career . He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957 .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": " In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days : After Cambridge , Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960 , he went to the University of Oxford for the DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D . Little was titled Indias export performance , 1951–1960 , export prospects and policy implications , and was later the basis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth .",
"title": "Manmohan Singh"
},
{
"text": "After completing his D.Phil. , Singh returned to India . He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959 . During 1959 and 1963 , he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University , and from 1963 to 1965 , he was an economics professor there . Then he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) from 1966–1969 . Later , he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singhs talent as an",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "economist .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1969 to 1971 , Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance , and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry . In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission , and in 1982 , he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985 . He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission ( India ) from 1985 to 1987 . Following his tenure at the Planning Commission , he was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of V . P . Singh . In March 1991 , he became chairman of the University Grants Commission .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 1991 , Indias prime minister at the time , P . V . Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister . Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 On the day ( Rao ) was formulating his cabinet , he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying , The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance . I didnt take it seriously . He eventually tracked me down the next morning , rather angry , and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "in . So thats how I started in politics .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , Indias fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product , the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP . Indias foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion , enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports , in comparison to US$283 billion today .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Evidently , India was facing an economic crisis . At this point , the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which , while assisting India financially , imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy . In effect , IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled , and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis . However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation . So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated . To the dismay of the party , Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently , Singh , who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of Indias socialist economy , eliminated the permit raj , reduced state control of the economy , and reduced import taxes",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more capitalistic one , in the process dismantling the Licence Raj , a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses . They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , and initiated the process of the privatisation of public sector companies . However , in spite of these reforms , Raos government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas . In praise of Singhs work that pushed India",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "towards a market economy , long-time Cabinet minister P . Chidambaram has compared Singhs role in Indias reforms to Deng Xiaopings in China .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 , Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singhs resignation , instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report . Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament , the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of the state of Assam , and was re-elected in 1995 , 2001 , 2007 and 2013 . From 1998 to 2004 , while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power , Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha . In 1999 , he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) with allies and staked claim to form government . In a surprise move , Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh , a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership . Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat , according to the BBC , he enjoyed massive popular",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "support , not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations . He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004 .",
"title": "Minister of Finance"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , Singh , as Finance Minister , abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades . He liberalised the Indian economy , allowing it to speed up development dramatically . During his term as Prime Minister , Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market , enjoying widespread success in these matters . Singh , along with the former Finance Minister , P . Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate . In 2007 , India achieved",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": "its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world . Singhs ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in 2005 .",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": " Singhs government continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayees government . Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies . In 2005 , Singhs government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008 , the global problem of inflation impacted India .",
"title": "Economic policy"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Prime Minister Singh and his governments health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission ( NHRM ) , which mobilised half a million community health workers . This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": "protests .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2009 , Singh ministry introduced The Right to Education Act ( RTE ) act . Eight IITs were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme . The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . Security and Home Affairs .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised . Also , Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 , an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success , insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009 . However , the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India .",
"title": "Healthcare and education"
},
{
"text": " The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure . While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees , in various regions , the RTI act has proved crucial in Indias fight against corruption . New cash benefits were also introduced for widows , pregnant women , and landless persons .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": "The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) . The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013 . The Act came into force from 1 January 2014 .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": " Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009 , which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010 .",
"title": "Legislations"
},
{
"text": "Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V . Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Partys Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor , Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure . Efforts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China . In November 2006 , Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008 . A major development in",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades . Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang paid a state visit to India ( Delhi-Mumbai ) from 19–21 May 2013 . Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013 . Signed were three agreements establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing , Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu . As of 2010 , the Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably , with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan . During Afghan President Hamid Karzais visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . Under the leadership of Singh , India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government worked towards stronger ties with the United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W . Bushs successful visit to India in March 2006 , during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made , giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India . Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009 , and several discussions took place , including on trade and nuclear power .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries , like the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place . New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Relations have improved with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Singhs government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003 , the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence partner . Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia , especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India , relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence , nuclear energy and space co-operation .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " 15th Lok Sabha . India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009 . The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) form the new government under the incumbent Singh , who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term . The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House . These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "BSP ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JD ( S ) ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) and other minor parties .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " On 22 May 2009 , Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date , with an eligible electorate of 714 million .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee ( JPC ) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case . 16th Lok Sabha . Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister at the end of his term on 17 May 2014 . He served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The Independent described Singh as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a man of uncommon decency and grace , noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market . Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had , even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant : The Low-Down on Life , Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections , Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "hiring taxis . Terming him as the best example of integrity , Khushwant Singh stated , When people talk of integrity , I say the best example is the man who occupies the countrys highest office .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state , describing him as the leader other leaders love . The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh is the model of what a political leader should be . Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010 . Henry Kissinger described Singh as a statesman with vision , persistence and integrity , and praised him for his leadership , which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most powerful people . Forbes magazine described Singh as being universally praised as Indias best prime minister since Nehru . Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history . Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in Forbes list .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Time magazines Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012 week , on its cover remarked that Singh was an underachiever . It stated that Singh appears unwilling to stick his neck out on reforms that will put the country back on growth path . Congress spokesperson , Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges . UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines statements . Praising the government , Prasad said UPA projects [ were ] doing well and asked , What will America say as their own economy is shattered? .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Political opponents including L . K . Advani have claimed that Singh is a weak Prime Minister . Advani declared He is weak . What do I call a person who cant take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction . The Independent also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Singhs public image had been tarnished with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009 . Opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in 2G spectrum case and Indian coal allocation scam . Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of Dereliction of duty , alleging that he ( the PM ) was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "His party , the Indian National Congress , was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing P.J . Thomas as the CVC chief , while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam . Manmohan Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter . Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of S-band spectrum without any bidding to ISRO by an agreement . The agreement was between Devas multimedia , a private firm and Antrix Corporation , a commercial wing of ISRO .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958 . They have three daughters , Upinder Singh , Daman Singh and Amrit Singh . Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Ashoka University . She has written six books , including Ancient Delhi ( 1999 ) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India ( 2008 ) . Daman Singh is a graduate of St . Stephens College , Delhi and Institute of Rural Management , Anand , Gujarat , and author of The Last Frontier : People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine , Amrit Singh",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union . Ashok Pattnaik , 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer , son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ( NATGRID ) in 2016 .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries , the most recent of which took place in January 2009 . On April 19 2021 , Singh tested positive for Coronavirus disease and was subsequently admitted to AIMS . Degrees and posts held . - B.A ( Honours ) in Economics 1952 ; M.A ( First Class ) in Economics , 1954 Panjab University , Chandigarh ( then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab ) , India - Honours degree in Economics , University of Cambridge – St Johns College ( 1957 ) - Senior Lecturer , Economics ( 1957–1959 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Reader ( 1959–1963 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Professor ( 1963–1965 ) - Professor of International Trade ( 1969–1971 ) - DPhil in Economics , University of Oxford – Nuffield College ( 1962 ) - Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi - Honorary Professor ( 1966 ) - Chief , Financing for Trade Section , UNCTAD , United Nations Secretariat , New York - 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966 - Economic Adviser , Ministry of Foreign Trade , India ( 1971–1972 ) - Chief Economic Adviser , Ministry of Finance , India , ( 1972–1976 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Professor , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi ( 1976 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Director , Reserve Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Director , Industrial Development Bank of India ( 1976–1980 ) - Board of Governors , Asian Development Bank , Manila - Secretary , Ministry of Finance ( Department of Economic Affairs ) , Government of India , ( 1977–1980 ) - Governor , Reserve Bank of India ( 1982–1985 ) - Deputy chairman , Planning Commission of India , ( 1985–1987 ) - Secretary General , South Commission , Geneva ( 1987–1990 ) - Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "- Chairman , University Grants Commission ( 15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991 )",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " - Finance Minister of India , ( 21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 ) - Leader of the Opposition ( India ) in the Rajya Sabha ( 1998–2004 ) - Prime Minister of India ( 22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014 ) Honours , awards and international recognition .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "In March 1983 , Panjab University awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr . Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department . In 1997 , the University of Alberta awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree . The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005 , and in October 2006 , the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour . St . Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him , the Dr . Manmohan Singh Scholarship . In 2008 , he",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": "was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras . In 2010 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University and in 2013 , he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by Moscow State Institute of International Relations . In 2017 awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace , Disarmament and Development .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " He has also received honorary doctorates from University of Bologna , University of Jammu and Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee .",
"title": "Public image"
},
{
"text": " A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singhs life , titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari . The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru with Anupam Kher in the titular role .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Walton_Newbold#P102#0
|
Which party was Walton Newbold a member of before Apr 1918?
|
Walton Newbold John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 – 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom . Biography . Early years . John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth , Lancashire , on 8 May 1888 , and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester . On leaving university , Newbold lectured in history and politics , and was engaged in industrial and economic research . In 1908 , he joined the Fabian Society , connected with the Labour Party , and then the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) in 1910 . In line with the ILPs pacifist position on World War I , he joined the No Conscription Fellowship , and was a conscientious objector , although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service . He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections in the late 19th/early 20th centuries . Whilst still a research student , he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916 . Political career . In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs League and the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) . He had a number of articles published in The Call , the paper of the BSP . By 1920 , he was a committed communist , stating my loyalty , at any rate , is now - as it has been for two and a half years - first and foremost to the position of the Third International . In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain , becoming a member of its first central committee . In the 1922 general election , Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons . Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups , from leading social Sunday schools , and adult education and campaigns , and some say he was supported because he was Madges man . Newbold received the support of the Labour Party , but unlike many other Communist candidates , including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election , he stood under the label Communist . Additionally , he was refused permission to take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group . As such , he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain , although others cite Cecil LEstrange Malone , who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920 , as the first Communist MP . Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Partys parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected . This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity , however , and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible . Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr . Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament , mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing , but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party . He lost his seat in the 1923 general election , after just over a year in Parliament . Increasingly disillusioned with communism , he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party . In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation , and edited its journal , Social Democrat , from 1929 until 1931 , when he supported the National Labour split from Labour . He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election . In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK . Death and legacy . Newbold died in February 1943 , aged 54 . List of works . - 1916 : How Europe Armed for War 1871 - 1914 - 1917 : Socialism and Militarism - 1917 : Capitalism and Imperialism - 1920 : Impression of the Communist Unity Convention - 1922 : Egypt and the Entente - 1922 : What is the League of Nations—Anyway ? - 1923 : Communism & the Labour Party - 1923 : The Political Situation in Great Britain - 1933 : Democracy , Debts and Disarmament Sources consulted . - Enemy Within the Empire , Australian League of Rights - The tasks awaiting the Communist Party , Weekly Worker - A . J . P . Taylor - revisionism , age-of-the-sage.org - Revolutionaries and the Labour Party , Duncan Hallas External links . - John Turner Walton Newbold Archive Marxists Internet Archive - Walton Newbold Papers at the John Rylands Library , Manchester .
|
[
"Independent Labour Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 – 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Walton Newbold"
},
{
"text": " John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth , Lancashire , on 8 May 1888 , and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "On leaving university , Newbold lectured in history and politics , and was engaged in industrial and economic research . In 1908 , he joined the Fabian Society , connected with the Labour Party , and then the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) in 1910 . In line with the ILPs pacifist position on World War I , he joined the No Conscription Fellowship , and was a conscientious objector , although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service . He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "in the late 19th/early 20th centuries . Whilst still a research student , he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs League and the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) . He had a number of articles published in The Call , the paper of the BSP . By 1920 , he was a committed communist , stating my loyalty , at any rate , is now - as it has been for two and a half years - first and foremost to the position of the Third International . In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain , becoming a member of its first central",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "committee .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1922 general election , Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons . Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups , from leading social Sunday schools , and adult education and campaigns , and some say he was supported because he was Madges man . Newbold received the support of the Labour Party , but unlike many other Communist candidates , including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election , he stood under the label Communist . Additionally , he was refused permission to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group . As such , he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain , although others cite Cecil LEstrange Malone , who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920 , as the first Communist MP .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Partys parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected . This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity , however , and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible . Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament , mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing , but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party . He lost his seat in the 1923 general election , after just over a year in Parliament . Increasingly disillusioned with communism , he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party . In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation , and edited its journal , Social Democrat , from 1929 until 1931 , when he supported the National Labour split from Labour .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election . In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " - 1916 : How Europe Armed for War 1871 - 1914 - 1917 : Socialism and Militarism - 1917 : Capitalism and Imperialism - 1920 : Impression of the Communist Unity Convention - 1922 : Egypt and the Entente - 1922 : What is the League of Nations—Anyway ? - 1923 : Communism & the Labour Party - 1923 : The Political Situation in Great Britain - 1933 : Democracy , Debts and Disarmament",
"title": "List of works"
},
{
"text": " - Enemy Within the Empire , Australian League of Rights - The tasks awaiting the Communist Party , Weekly Worker - A . J . P . Taylor - revisionism , age-of-the-sage.org - Revolutionaries and the Labour Party , Duncan Hallas",
"title": "Sources consulted"
},
{
"text": " - John Turner Walton Newbold Archive Marxists Internet Archive - Walton Newbold Papers at the John Rylands Library , Manchester .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Walton_Newbold#P102#1
|
Which party was Walton Newbold a member of in Apr 1921?
|
Walton Newbold John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 – 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom . Biography . Early years . John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth , Lancashire , on 8 May 1888 , and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester . On leaving university , Newbold lectured in history and politics , and was engaged in industrial and economic research . In 1908 , he joined the Fabian Society , connected with the Labour Party , and then the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) in 1910 . In line with the ILPs pacifist position on World War I , he joined the No Conscription Fellowship , and was a conscientious objector , although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service . He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections in the late 19th/early 20th centuries . Whilst still a research student , he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916 . Political career . In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs League and the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) . He had a number of articles published in The Call , the paper of the BSP . By 1920 , he was a committed communist , stating my loyalty , at any rate , is now - as it has been for two and a half years - first and foremost to the position of the Third International . In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain , becoming a member of its first central committee . In the 1922 general election , Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons . Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups , from leading social Sunday schools , and adult education and campaigns , and some say he was supported because he was Madges man . Newbold received the support of the Labour Party , but unlike many other Communist candidates , including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election , he stood under the label Communist . Additionally , he was refused permission to take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group . As such , he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain , although others cite Cecil LEstrange Malone , who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920 , as the first Communist MP . Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Partys parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected . This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity , however , and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible . Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr . Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament , mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing , but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party . He lost his seat in the 1923 general election , after just over a year in Parliament . Increasingly disillusioned with communism , he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party . In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation , and edited its journal , Social Democrat , from 1929 until 1931 , when he supported the National Labour split from Labour . He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election . In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK . Death and legacy . Newbold died in February 1943 , aged 54 . List of works . - 1916 : How Europe Armed for War 1871 - 1914 - 1917 : Socialism and Militarism - 1917 : Capitalism and Imperialism - 1920 : Impression of the Communist Unity Convention - 1922 : Egypt and the Entente - 1922 : What is the League of Nations—Anyway ? - 1923 : Communism & the Labour Party - 1923 : The Political Situation in Great Britain - 1933 : Democracy , Debts and Disarmament Sources consulted . - Enemy Within the Empire , Australian League of Rights - The tasks awaiting the Communist Party , Weekly Worker - A . J . P . Taylor - revisionism , age-of-the-sage.org - Revolutionaries and the Labour Party , Duncan Hallas External links . - John Turner Walton Newbold Archive Marxists Internet Archive - Walton Newbold Papers at the John Rylands Library , Manchester .
|
[
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 – 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Walton Newbold"
},
{
"text": " John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth , Lancashire , on 8 May 1888 , and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "On leaving university , Newbold lectured in history and politics , and was engaged in industrial and economic research . In 1908 , he joined the Fabian Society , connected with the Labour Party , and then the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) in 1910 . In line with the ILPs pacifist position on World War I , he joined the No Conscription Fellowship , and was a conscientious objector , although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service . He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "in the late 19th/early 20th centuries . Whilst still a research student , he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs League and the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) . He had a number of articles published in The Call , the paper of the BSP . By 1920 , he was a committed communist , stating my loyalty , at any rate , is now - as it has been for two and a half years - first and foremost to the position of the Third International . In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain , becoming a member of its first central",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "committee .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1922 general election , Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons . Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups , from leading social Sunday schools , and adult education and campaigns , and some say he was supported because he was Madges man . Newbold received the support of the Labour Party , but unlike many other Communist candidates , including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election , he stood under the label Communist . Additionally , he was refused permission to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group . As such , he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain , although others cite Cecil LEstrange Malone , who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920 , as the first Communist MP .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Partys parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected . This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity , however , and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible . Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament , mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing , but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party . He lost his seat in the 1923 general election , after just over a year in Parliament . Increasingly disillusioned with communism , he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party . In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation , and edited its journal , Social Democrat , from 1929 until 1931 , when he supported the National Labour split from Labour .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election . In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " - 1916 : How Europe Armed for War 1871 - 1914 - 1917 : Socialism and Militarism - 1917 : Capitalism and Imperialism - 1920 : Impression of the Communist Unity Convention - 1922 : Egypt and the Entente - 1922 : What is the League of Nations—Anyway ? - 1923 : Communism & the Labour Party - 1923 : The Political Situation in Great Britain - 1933 : Democracy , Debts and Disarmament",
"title": "List of works"
},
{
"text": " - Enemy Within the Empire , Australian League of Rights - The tasks awaiting the Communist Party , Weekly Worker - A . J . P . Taylor - revisionism , age-of-the-sage.org - Revolutionaries and the Labour Party , Duncan Hallas",
"title": "Sources consulted"
},
{
"text": " - John Turner Walton Newbold Archive Marxists Internet Archive - Walton Newbold Papers at the John Rylands Library , Manchester .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Walton_Newbold#P102#2
|
Which party was Walton Newbold a member of between Jun 1924 and Dec 1924?
|
Walton Newbold John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 – 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom . Biography . Early years . John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth , Lancashire , on 8 May 1888 , and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester . On leaving university , Newbold lectured in history and politics , and was engaged in industrial and economic research . In 1908 , he joined the Fabian Society , connected with the Labour Party , and then the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) in 1910 . In line with the ILPs pacifist position on World War I , he joined the No Conscription Fellowship , and was a conscientious objector , although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service . He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections in the late 19th/early 20th centuries . Whilst still a research student , he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916 . Political career . In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs League and the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) . He had a number of articles published in The Call , the paper of the BSP . By 1920 , he was a committed communist , stating my loyalty , at any rate , is now - as it has been for two and a half years - first and foremost to the position of the Third International . In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain , becoming a member of its first central committee . In the 1922 general election , Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons . Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups , from leading social Sunday schools , and adult education and campaigns , and some say he was supported because he was Madges man . Newbold received the support of the Labour Party , but unlike many other Communist candidates , including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election , he stood under the label Communist . Additionally , he was refused permission to take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group . As such , he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain , although others cite Cecil LEstrange Malone , who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920 , as the first Communist MP . Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Partys parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected . This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity , however , and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible . Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr . Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament , mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing , but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party . He lost his seat in the 1923 general election , after just over a year in Parliament . Increasingly disillusioned with communism , he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party . In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation , and edited its journal , Social Democrat , from 1929 until 1931 , when he supported the National Labour split from Labour . He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election . In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK . Death and legacy . Newbold died in February 1943 , aged 54 . List of works . - 1916 : How Europe Armed for War 1871 - 1914 - 1917 : Socialism and Militarism - 1917 : Capitalism and Imperialism - 1920 : Impression of the Communist Unity Convention - 1922 : Egypt and the Entente - 1922 : What is the League of Nations—Anyway ? - 1923 : Communism & the Labour Party - 1923 : The Political Situation in Great Britain - 1933 : Democracy , Debts and Disarmament Sources consulted . - Enemy Within the Empire , Australian League of Rights - The tasks awaiting the Communist Party , Weekly Worker - A . J . P . Taylor - revisionism , age-of-the-sage.org - Revolutionaries and the Labour Party , Duncan Hallas External links . - John Turner Walton Newbold Archive Marxists Internet Archive - Walton Newbold Papers at the John Rylands Library , Manchester .
|
[
"Labour Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 – 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Walton Newbold"
},
{
"text": " John Turner Walton Newbold was born in Culcheth , Lancashire , on 8 May 1888 , and was educated at Buxton College and the University of Manchester .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "On leaving university , Newbold lectured in history and politics , and was engaged in industrial and economic research . In 1908 , he joined the Fabian Society , connected with the Labour Party , and then the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) in 1910 . In line with the ILPs pacifist position on World War I , he joined the No Conscription Fellowship , and was a conscientious objector , although he was in any case found physically unfit for military service . He did a great deal of research into the arms trade and its international connections",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "in the late 19th/early 20th centuries . Whilst still a research student , he married fellow socialist Marjory Neilson on 16 June 1916 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1917 Newbold joined the Labour educational Plebs League and the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) . He had a number of articles published in The Call , the paper of the BSP . By 1920 , he was a committed communist , stating my loyalty , at any rate , is now - as it has been for two and a half years - first and foremost to the position of the Third International . In 1921 he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain , becoming a member of its first central",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "committee .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1922 general election , Newbold was elected to represent the Motherwell constituency in the House of Commons . Locally his wife Marjory was well known in working class and socialist groups , from leading social Sunday schools , and adult education and campaigns , and some say he was supported because he was Madges man . Newbold received the support of the Labour Party , but unlike many other Communist candidates , including Shapurji Saklatvala who was elected in the same general election , he stood under the label Communist . Additionally , he was refused permission to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "take the Labour whip and to sit with the Labour group . As such , he is sometimes counted as the first Communist MP in Britain , although others cite Cecil LEstrange Malone , who switched from the Liberal Party in 1920 , as the first Communist MP .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Saklatvala was accepted into the Labour Partys parliamentary caucus but while Newbold applied for the same he was rejected . This did not stop Saklatvala and Newbold from joint activity , however , and the pair attempted to raise the demands of the unemployed and the cause of cheap housing and lower rents whenever possible . Newbold wound up being suspended from the House in May 1923 over his actions with respect to the Curzon ultimatum during the French occupation of the Ruhr .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Newbold was sometimes seen as ineffective in Parliament , mocked by many other MPs for his old and frequently dirty clothing , but focused on producing propaganda for the Communist Party . He lost his seat in the 1923 general election , after just over a year in Parliament . Increasingly disillusioned with communism , he resigned from the party in 1924 and rejoined the Labour Party . In 1928 Newbold joined the Social Democratic Federation , and edited its journal , Social Democrat , from 1929 until 1931 , when he supported the National Labour split from Labour .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate in Epping in the 1929 general election . In the same year he was appointed to the Macmillan Enquiry into the operation of banking in the UK .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " - 1916 : How Europe Armed for War 1871 - 1914 - 1917 : Socialism and Militarism - 1917 : Capitalism and Imperialism - 1920 : Impression of the Communist Unity Convention - 1922 : Egypt and the Entente - 1922 : What is the League of Nations—Anyway ? - 1923 : Communism & the Labour Party - 1923 : The Political Situation in Great Britain - 1933 : Democracy , Debts and Disarmament",
"title": "List of works"
},
{
"text": " - Enemy Within the Empire , Australian League of Rights - The tasks awaiting the Communist Party , Weekly Worker - A . J . P . Taylor - revisionism , age-of-the-sage.org - Revolutionaries and the Labour Party , Duncan Hallas",
"title": "Sources consulted"
},
{
"text": " - John Turner Walton Newbold Archive Marxists Internet Archive - Walton Newbold Papers at the John Rylands Library , Manchester .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/China_Huaneng_Group#P355#0
|
What was the subsidiary of China Huaneng Group in 1989?
|
China Huaneng Group China Huaneng Group Co. , Ltd. , abbreviated as CHNG or Huaneng Group , is one of the five largest state-owned electricity generation enterprises in China , administrated by the State Council . It engages in the investment , construction , operation and management of power generation assets and the production and sale of electricity . In 2012 , the company was ranked 246th on the Fortune 500 list . History . China Huaneng Group Corporation was founded in 1989 as the holding company for a series of companies of that under the supervision of of the State Council of China , including Huaneng Coal Corporation and Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , etc . The group was part of a project that replacing oil fired power plant to coal power plant ( ) . In 1993 , the corporation was under the dual supervision of the and the State Planning Committee . In 1995 , Huaneng Coal Corporation became a separate state-owned enterprise group that under the provisional supervision of the State Planning Committee , as Shenhua Group . China Huaneng Group was then became the subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China , a mega-conglomerate that replacing the commercial function of the Ministry of Power Industry . In 2002 , the State Power Corporation of China was dismantled as groups of companies of power grid ( such as State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid ) and power plants ( such as the big five power groups , Huaneng , China Huadian , China Datang Corporation , China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation ) In the same year the leader of the mega-conglomerate , had fled China after being investigated for corruption . Huaneng also received some assets from State Power Corporation of China , such as the hydroelectricity company now known as , a listed company since 2017 . In 2005 , Huaneng also acquired the controlling stake ( after the deal owned 51% ) of from a subsidiary of the , becoming the indirect parent company of listed company ( Mengdian Huaneng ) . In 1994 , it also saw the formation of two listed subsidiaries , Huaneng Power International ( HPI ) and Shandong Huaneng Power Development . Their American depositary shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange . HPI later also started initial public offerings on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as well as the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The shares of Huaneng Power International was owned by aforementioned Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , but in recent years China Huaneng Group also owned some shares directly . HPI also merged with Shandong Huaneng Power Development in 2000 . In 2011 China Huaneng Group floated its wind power subsidiary Huaneng Renewables on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong . Operations . The company oversees the national governments interests in 10 subsidiaries , including a 51% stake in Huaneng Power International . Through subsidiaries it develops and operates more than 130 thermal , wind power and hydropower plants . In addition to its power-generation business , the company enters other sectors , including energy-related mining , financing , transportation , information technology , and renewable energy researches . The companys investment division ranks the 15th in China by revenue and the 21st by asset size . The company owns the Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant in partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation , as well as the Beijing Huaneng Thermal Power Station . The latter , however , is to be closed by 2016 as part of Beijings plan to eradicate pollution . Environmental projects . A sophisticated and expensive technology is to convert coal to gas and strip out the carbon dioxide before the gas is used to generate power . It has a billion dollar project underway called the GreenGen project led by China Huaneng Group , that is scheduled to go online by 2011 at the latest . Acquisitions . In March 2008 CHNG acquired Singapore-based Tuas Power from Temasek Holdings for US$3.04 billion . It was resold to China Huaneng Groups listed subsidiary Huaneng Power International in the same year . In November 2008 CHNG bought 50 per cent stake in InterGen from Indias GMR Group for $1.2 billion . Structure . Beijing Headquarter . The headquarter of Huaneng Group is located on the Changan Street of Beijing , only about 3 kilometers from Tiananmen . In the headquarter , there are several subsidiaries and departments to take charge of different types of business . Major departments in the Beijing headquarter include : - Department of General Administration - Department of Capital Operations and Equity Management - Department of Supervision - Department of Development - Department of Safe Production - Department of Auditing - Department of Budget and Planning - Department of Environmental Protection , Sciences and Technology - Department of Political Affairs - Department of Legal Affairs - Department of Engineering - Department of Operations - Department of Finance - Department of Human Resource - Department of International Cooperations - Labor Union Subsidiaries . The Huaneng Group runs several subsidiaries corresponding to various types of energy industries . Most of those subsidiaries are based in the Beijing headquarter . - Huaneng International Power Development Corporation - Huaneng Properties - GreenGen - Huaneng Power International ( It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , Shanghai Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . It is the Groups main thermal power subsidiary , holding about one third of the Groups installed thermal capacity. ) - Huaneng Energy and Transportation - China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Research Institute - Huaneng Renewables ( having a capacity of over 10 GW wind power and 800 MW solar power as of 2017 ) - Huaneng Capital Service - Huaneng Guicheng Trust - China Huaneng Group Fuel - Huaneng Nuclear Power Development Company - Huaneng Technology Innovation Center - Huaneng Coal Industry Company Regional Branches . In addition to Beijing headquarter , Huaneng Group also have branches and companies in at least 29 different provinces or autonomous regions of China . Those regional branches and companies are in real charge of local power plants and electricity generation in each province or region , as well as some other related business . Currently , Huanengs regional companies and branches include : Research . China Huaneng Group also takes on science and technology researches in energy-related fields . The companys current research directions and interests include : - Advanced high-efficiency thermal power generation technology - Thermal power generation environmental technology - Coal-based low-carbon conversion technology - Wind power development - Hydropower development - LNG - Renewable energy and new energy - Shale Gas - Coal mining technology - Energy system - Energy-related information technology
|
[
"Shenhua Group"
] |
[
{
"text": " China Huaneng Group Co. , Ltd. , abbreviated as CHNG or Huaneng Group , is one of the five largest state-owned electricity generation enterprises in China , administrated by the State Council . It engages in the investment , construction , operation and management of power generation assets and the production and sale of electricity . In 2012 , the company was ranked 246th on the Fortune 500 list .",
"title": "China Huaneng Group"
},
{
"text": "China Huaneng Group Corporation was founded in 1989 as the holding company for a series of companies of that under the supervision of of the State Council of China , including Huaneng Coal Corporation and Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , etc . The group was part of a project that replacing oil fired power plant to coal power plant ( ) . In 1993 , the corporation was under the dual supervision of the and the State Planning Committee . In 1995 , Huaneng Coal Corporation became a separate state-owned enterprise group that under the provisional supervision of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "State Planning Committee , as Shenhua Group . China Huaneng Group was then became the subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China , a mega-conglomerate that replacing the commercial function of the Ministry of Power Industry . In 2002 , the State Power Corporation of China was dismantled as groups of companies of power grid ( such as State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid ) and power plants ( such as the big five power groups , Huaneng , China Huadian , China Datang Corporation , China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the same year the leader of the mega-conglomerate , had fled China after being investigated for corruption . Huaneng also received some assets from State Power Corporation of China , such as the hydroelectricity company now known as , a listed company since 2017 . In 2005 , Huaneng also acquired the controlling stake ( after the deal owned 51% ) of from a subsidiary of the , becoming the indirect parent company of listed company ( Mengdian Huaneng ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , it also saw the formation of two listed subsidiaries , Huaneng Power International ( HPI ) and Shandong Huaneng Power Development . Their American depositary shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange . HPI later also started initial public offerings on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as well as the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The shares of Huaneng Power International was owned by aforementioned Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , but in recent years China Huaneng Group also owned some shares directly . HPI also merged with Shandong Huaneng Power Development in 2000 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 China Huaneng Group floated its wind power subsidiary Huaneng Renewables on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The company oversees the national governments interests in 10 subsidiaries , including a 51% stake in Huaneng Power International . Through subsidiaries it develops and operates more than 130 thermal , wind power and hydropower plants . In addition to its power-generation business , the company enters other sectors , including energy-related mining , financing , transportation , information technology , and renewable energy researches . The companys investment division ranks the 15th in China by revenue and the 21st by asset size . The company owns the Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant in partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation ,",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "as well as the Beijing Huaneng Thermal Power Station . The latter , however , is to be closed by 2016 as part of Beijings plan to eradicate pollution .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " A sophisticated and expensive technology is to convert coal to gas and strip out the carbon dioxide before the gas is used to generate power . It has a billion dollar project underway called the GreenGen project led by China Huaneng Group , that is scheduled to go online by 2011 at the latest .",
"title": "Environmental projects"
},
{
"text": " In March 2008 CHNG acquired Singapore-based Tuas Power from Temasek Holdings for US$3.04 billion . It was resold to China Huaneng Groups listed subsidiary Huaneng Power International in the same year . In November 2008 CHNG bought 50 per cent stake in InterGen from Indias GMR Group for $1.2 billion .",
"title": "Acquisitions"
},
{
"text": " The headquarter of Huaneng Group is located on the Changan Street of Beijing , only about 3 kilometers from Tiananmen . In the headquarter , there are several subsidiaries and departments to take charge of different types of business . Major departments in the Beijing headquarter include : - Department of General Administration - Department of Capital Operations and Equity Management - Department of Supervision - Department of Development - Department of Safe Production - Department of Auditing - Department of Budget and Planning - Department of Environmental Protection , Sciences and Technology - Department of Political Affairs",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": "- Department of Legal Affairs",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": " - Department of Engineering - Department of Operations - Department of Finance - Department of Human Resource - Department of International Cooperations - Labor Union",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": " The Huaneng Group runs several subsidiaries corresponding to various types of energy industries . Most of those subsidiaries are based in the Beijing headquarter . - Huaneng International Power Development Corporation - Huaneng Properties - GreenGen - Huaneng Power International ( It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , Shanghai Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . It is the Groups main thermal power subsidiary , holding about one third of the Groups installed thermal capacity. ) - Huaneng Energy and Transportation - China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Research Institute",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": "- Huaneng Renewables ( having a capacity of over 10 GW wind power and 800 MW solar power as of 2017 )",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": " - Huaneng Capital Service - Huaneng Guicheng Trust - China Huaneng Group Fuel - Huaneng Nuclear Power Development Company - Huaneng Technology Innovation Center - Huaneng Coal Industry Company",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": " In addition to Beijing headquarter , Huaneng Group also have branches and companies in at least 29 different provinces or autonomous regions of China . Those regional branches and companies are in real charge of local power plants and electricity generation in each province or region , as well as some other related business . Currently , Huanengs regional companies and branches include :",
"title": "Regional Branches"
},
{
"text": " China Huaneng Group also takes on science and technology researches in energy-related fields . The companys current research directions and interests include : - Advanced high-efficiency thermal power generation technology - Thermal power generation environmental technology - Coal-based low-carbon conversion technology - Wind power development - Hydropower development - LNG - Renewable energy and new energy - Shale Gas - Coal mining technology - Energy system - Energy-related information technology",
"title": "Research"
}
] |
/wiki/China_Huaneng_Group#P355#1
|
What was the subsidiary of China Huaneng Group in Dec 1994?
|
China Huaneng Group China Huaneng Group Co. , Ltd. , abbreviated as CHNG or Huaneng Group , is one of the five largest state-owned electricity generation enterprises in China , administrated by the State Council . It engages in the investment , construction , operation and management of power generation assets and the production and sale of electricity . In 2012 , the company was ranked 246th on the Fortune 500 list . History . China Huaneng Group Corporation was founded in 1989 as the holding company for a series of companies of that under the supervision of of the State Council of China , including Huaneng Coal Corporation and Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , etc . The group was part of a project that replacing oil fired power plant to coal power plant ( ) . In 1993 , the corporation was under the dual supervision of the and the State Planning Committee . In 1995 , Huaneng Coal Corporation became a separate state-owned enterprise group that under the provisional supervision of the State Planning Committee , as Shenhua Group . China Huaneng Group was then became the subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China , a mega-conglomerate that replacing the commercial function of the Ministry of Power Industry . In 2002 , the State Power Corporation of China was dismantled as groups of companies of power grid ( such as State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid ) and power plants ( such as the big five power groups , Huaneng , China Huadian , China Datang Corporation , China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation ) In the same year the leader of the mega-conglomerate , had fled China after being investigated for corruption . Huaneng also received some assets from State Power Corporation of China , such as the hydroelectricity company now known as , a listed company since 2017 . In 2005 , Huaneng also acquired the controlling stake ( after the deal owned 51% ) of from a subsidiary of the , becoming the indirect parent company of listed company ( Mengdian Huaneng ) . In 1994 , it also saw the formation of two listed subsidiaries , Huaneng Power International ( HPI ) and Shandong Huaneng Power Development . Their American depositary shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange . HPI later also started initial public offerings on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as well as the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The shares of Huaneng Power International was owned by aforementioned Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , but in recent years China Huaneng Group also owned some shares directly . HPI also merged with Shandong Huaneng Power Development in 2000 . In 2011 China Huaneng Group floated its wind power subsidiary Huaneng Renewables on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong . Operations . The company oversees the national governments interests in 10 subsidiaries , including a 51% stake in Huaneng Power International . Through subsidiaries it develops and operates more than 130 thermal , wind power and hydropower plants . In addition to its power-generation business , the company enters other sectors , including energy-related mining , financing , transportation , information technology , and renewable energy researches . The companys investment division ranks the 15th in China by revenue and the 21st by asset size . The company owns the Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant in partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation , as well as the Beijing Huaneng Thermal Power Station . The latter , however , is to be closed by 2016 as part of Beijings plan to eradicate pollution . Environmental projects . A sophisticated and expensive technology is to convert coal to gas and strip out the carbon dioxide before the gas is used to generate power . It has a billion dollar project underway called the GreenGen project led by China Huaneng Group , that is scheduled to go online by 2011 at the latest . Acquisitions . In March 2008 CHNG acquired Singapore-based Tuas Power from Temasek Holdings for US$3.04 billion . It was resold to China Huaneng Groups listed subsidiary Huaneng Power International in the same year . In November 2008 CHNG bought 50 per cent stake in InterGen from Indias GMR Group for $1.2 billion . Structure . Beijing Headquarter . The headquarter of Huaneng Group is located on the Changan Street of Beijing , only about 3 kilometers from Tiananmen . In the headquarter , there are several subsidiaries and departments to take charge of different types of business . Major departments in the Beijing headquarter include : - Department of General Administration - Department of Capital Operations and Equity Management - Department of Supervision - Department of Development - Department of Safe Production - Department of Auditing - Department of Budget and Planning - Department of Environmental Protection , Sciences and Technology - Department of Political Affairs - Department of Legal Affairs - Department of Engineering - Department of Operations - Department of Finance - Department of Human Resource - Department of International Cooperations - Labor Union Subsidiaries . The Huaneng Group runs several subsidiaries corresponding to various types of energy industries . Most of those subsidiaries are based in the Beijing headquarter . - Huaneng International Power Development Corporation - Huaneng Properties - GreenGen - Huaneng Power International ( It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , Shanghai Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . It is the Groups main thermal power subsidiary , holding about one third of the Groups installed thermal capacity. ) - Huaneng Energy and Transportation - China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Research Institute - Huaneng Renewables ( having a capacity of over 10 GW wind power and 800 MW solar power as of 2017 ) - Huaneng Capital Service - Huaneng Guicheng Trust - China Huaneng Group Fuel - Huaneng Nuclear Power Development Company - Huaneng Technology Innovation Center - Huaneng Coal Industry Company Regional Branches . In addition to Beijing headquarter , Huaneng Group also have branches and companies in at least 29 different provinces or autonomous regions of China . Those regional branches and companies are in real charge of local power plants and electricity generation in each province or region , as well as some other related business . Currently , Huanengs regional companies and branches include : Research . China Huaneng Group also takes on science and technology researches in energy-related fields . The companys current research directions and interests include : - Advanced high-efficiency thermal power generation technology - Thermal power generation environmental technology - Coal-based low-carbon conversion technology - Wind power development - Hydropower development - LNG - Renewable energy and new energy - Shale Gas - Coal mining technology - Energy system - Energy-related information technology
|
[
"Huaneng International Power Development Corporation",
"Shenhua Group"
] |
[
{
"text": " China Huaneng Group Co. , Ltd. , abbreviated as CHNG or Huaneng Group , is one of the five largest state-owned electricity generation enterprises in China , administrated by the State Council . It engages in the investment , construction , operation and management of power generation assets and the production and sale of electricity . In 2012 , the company was ranked 246th on the Fortune 500 list .",
"title": "China Huaneng Group"
},
{
"text": "China Huaneng Group Corporation was founded in 1989 as the holding company for a series of companies of that under the supervision of of the State Council of China , including Huaneng Coal Corporation and Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , etc . The group was part of a project that replacing oil fired power plant to coal power plant ( ) . In 1993 , the corporation was under the dual supervision of the and the State Planning Committee . In 1995 , Huaneng Coal Corporation became a separate state-owned enterprise group that under the provisional supervision of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "State Planning Committee , as Shenhua Group . China Huaneng Group was then became the subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China , a mega-conglomerate that replacing the commercial function of the Ministry of Power Industry . In 2002 , the State Power Corporation of China was dismantled as groups of companies of power grid ( such as State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid ) and power plants ( such as the big five power groups , Huaneng , China Huadian , China Datang Corporation , China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the same year the leader of the mega-conglomerate , had fled China after being investigated for corruption . Huaneng also received some assets from State Power Corporation of China , such as the hydroelectricity company now known as , a listed company since 2017 . In 2005 , Huaneng also acquired the controlling stake ( after the deal owned 51% ) of from a subsidiary of the , becoming the indirect parent company of listed company ( Mengdian Huaneng ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , it also saw the formation of two listed subsidiaries , Huaneng Power International ( HPI ) and Shandong Huaneng Power Development . Their American depositary shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange . HPI later also started initial public offerings on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as well as the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The shares of Huaneng Power International was owned by aforementioned Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , but in recent years China Huaneng Group also owned some shares directly . HPI also merged with Shandong Huaneng Power Development in 2000 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 China Huaneng Group floated its wind power subsidiary Huaneng Renewables on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The company oversees the national governments interests in 10 subsidiaries , including a 51% stake in Huaneng Power International . Through subsidiaries it develops and operates more than 130 thermal , wind power and hydropower plants . In addition to its power-generation business , the company enters other sectors , including energy-related mining , financing , transportation , information technology , and renewable energy researches . The companys investment division ranks the 15th in China by revenue and the 21st by asset size . The company owns the Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant in partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation ,",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "as well as the Beijing Huaneng Thermal Power Station . The latter , however , is to be closed by 2016 as part of Beijings plan to eradicate pollution .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " A sophisticated and expensive technology is to convert coal to gas and strip out the carbon dioxide before the gas is used to generate power . It has a billion dollar project underway called the GreenGen project led by China Huaneng Group , that is scheduled to go online by 2011 at the latest .",
"title": "Environmental projects"
},
{
"text": " In March 2008 CHNG acquired Singapore-based Tuas Power from Temasek Holdings for US$3.04 billion . It was resold to China Huaneng Groups listed subsidiary Huaneng Power International in the same year . In November 2008 CHNG bought 50 per cent stake in InterGen from Indias GMR Group for $1.2 billion .",
"title": "Acquisitions"
},
{
"text": " The headquarter of Huaneng Group is located on the Changan Street of Beijing , only about 3 kilometers from Tiananmen . In the headquarter , there are several subsidiaries and departments to take charge of different types of business . Major departments in the Beijing headquarter include : - Department of General Administration - Department of Capital Operations and Equity Management - Department of Supervision - Department of Development - Department of Safe Production - Department of Auditing - Department of Budget and Planning - Department of Environmental Protection , Sciences and Technology - Department of Political Affairs",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": "- Department of Legal Affairs",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": " - Department of Engineering - Department of Operations - Department of Finance - Department of Human Resource - Department of International Cooperations - Labor Union",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": " The Huaneng Group runs several subsidiaries corresponding to various types of energy industries . Most of those subsidiaries are based in the Beijing headquarter . - Huaneng International Power Development Corporation - Huaneng Properties - GreenGen - Huaneng Power International ( It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , Shanghai Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . It is the Groups main thermal power subsidiary , holding about one third of the Groups installed thermal capacity. ) - Huaneng Energy and Transportation - China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Research Institute",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": "- Huaneng Renewables ( having a capacity of over 10 GW wind power and 800 MW solar power as of 2017 )",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": " - Huaneng Capital Service - Huaneng Guicheng Trust - China Huaneng Group Fuel - Huaneng Nuclear Power Development Company - Huaneng Technology Innovation Center - Huaneng Coal Industry Company",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": " In addition to Beijing headquarter , Huaneng Group also have branches and companies in at least 29 different provinces or autonomous regions of China . Those regional branches and companies are in real charge of local power plants and electricity generation in each province or region , as well as some other related business . Currently , Huanengs regional companies and branches include :",
"title": "Regional Branches"
},
{
"text": " China Huaneng Group also takes on science and technology researches in energy-related fields . The companys current research directions and interests include : - Advanced high-efficiency thermal power generation technology - Thermal power generation environmental technology - Coal-based low-carbon conversion technology - Wind power development - Hydropower development - LNG - Renewable energy and new energy - Shale Gas - Coal mining technology - Energy system - Energy-related information technology",
"title": "Research"
}
] |
/wiki/China_Huaneng_Group#P355#2
|
What was the subsidiary of China Huaneng Group after Aug 2005?
|
China Huaneng Group China Huaneng Group Co. , Ltd. , abbreviated as CHNG or Huaneng Group , is one of the five largest state-owned electricity generation enterprises in China , administrated by the State Council . It engages in the investment , construction , operation and management of power generation assets and the production and sale of electricity . In 2012 , the company was ranked 246th on the Fortune 500 list . History . China Huaneng Group Corporation was founded in 1989 as the holding company for a series of companies of that under the supervision of of the State Council of China , including Huaneng Coal Corporation and Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , etc . The group was part of a project that replacing oil fired power plant to coal power plant ( ) . In 1993 , the corporation was under the dual supervision of the and the State Planning Committee . In 1995 , Huaneng Coal Corporation became a separate state-owned enterprise group that under the provisional supervision of the State Planning Committee , as Shenhua Group . China Huaneng Group was then became the subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China , a mega-conglomerate that replacing the commercial function of the Ministry of Power Industry . In 2002 , the State Power Corporation of China was dismantled as groups of companies of power grid ( such as State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid ) and power plants ( such as the big five power groups , Huaneng , China Huadian , China Datang Corporation , China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation ) In the same year the leader of the mega-conglomerate , had fled China after being investigated for corruption . Huaneng also received some assets from State Power Corporation of China , such as the hydroelectricity company now known as , a listed company since 2017 . In 2005 , Huaneng also acquired the controlling stake ( after the deal owned 51% ) of from a subsidiary of the , becoming the indirect parent company of listed company ( Mengdian Huaneng ) . In 1994 , it also saw the formation of two listed subsidiaries , Huaneng Power International ( HPI ) and Shandong Huaneng Power Development . Their American depositary shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange . HPI later also started initial public offerings on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as well as the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The shares of Huaneng Power International was owned by aforementioned Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , but in recent years China Huaneng Group also owned some shares directly . HPI also merged with Shandong Huaneng Power Development in 2000 . In 2011 China Huaneng Group floated its wind power subsidiary Huaneng Renewables on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong . Operations . The company oversees the national governments interests in 10 subsidiaries , including a 51% stake in Huaneng Power International . Through subsidiaries it develops and operates more than 130 thermal , wind power and hydropower plants . In addition to its power-generation business , the company enters other sectors , including energy-related mining , financing , transportation , information technology , and renewable energy researches . The companys investment division ranks the 15th in China by revenue and the 21st by asset size . The company owns the Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant in partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation , as well as the Beijing Huaneng Thermal Power Station . The latter , however , is to be closed by 2016 as part of Beijings plan to eradicate pollution . Environmental projects . A sophisticated and expensive technology is to convert coal to gas and strip out the carbon dioxide before the gas is used to generate power . It has a billion dollar project underway called the GreenGen project led by China Huaneng Group , that is scheduled to go online by 2011 at the latest . Acquisitions . In March 2008 CHNG acquired Singapore-based Tuas Power from Temasek Holdings for US$3.04 billion . It was resold to China Huaneng Groups listed subsidiary Huaneng Power International in the same year . In November 2008 CHNG bought 50 per cent stake in InterGen from Indias GMR Group for $1.2 billion . Structure . Beijing Headquarter . The headquarter of Huaneng Group is located on the Changan Street of Beijing , only about 3 kilometers from Tiananmen . In the headquarter , there are several subsidiaries and departments to take charge of different types of business . Major departments in the Beijing headquarter include : - Department of General Administration - Department of Capital Operations and Equity Management - Department of Supervision - Department of Development - Department of Safe Production - Department of Auditing - Department of Budget and Planning - Department of Environmental Protection , Sciences and Technology - Department of Political Affairs - Department of Legal Affairs - Department of Engineering - Department of Operations - Department of Finance - Department of Human Resource - Department of International Cooperations - Labor Union Subsidiaries . The Huaneng Group runs several subsidiaries corresponding to various types of energy industries . Most of those subsidiaries are based in the Beijing headquarter . - Huaneng International Power Development Corporation - Huaneng Properties - GreenGen - Huaneng Power International ( It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , Shanghai Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . It is the Groups main thermal power subsidiary , holding about one third of the Groups installed thermal capacity. ) - Huaneng Energy and Transportation - China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Research Institute - Huaneng Renewables ( having a capacity of over 10 GW wind power and 800 MW solar power as of 2017 ) - Huaneng Capital Service - Huaneng Guicheng Trust - China Huaneng Group Fuel - Huaneng Nuclear Power Development Company - Huaneng Technology Innovation Center - Huaneng Coal Industry Company Regional Branches . In addition to Beijing headquarter , Huaneng Group also have branches and companies in at least 29 different provinces or autonomous regions of China . Those regional branches and companies are in real charge of local power plants and electricity generation in each province or region , as well as some other related business . Currently , Huanengs regional companies and branches include : Research . China Huaneng Group also takes on science and technology researches in energy-related fields . The companys current research directions and interests include : - Advanced high-efficiency thermal power generation technology - Thermal power generation environmental technology - Coal-based low-carbon conversion technology - Wind power development - Hydropower development - LNG - Renewable energy and new energy - Shale Gas - Coal mining technology - Energy system - Energy-related information technology
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " China Huaneng Group Co. , Ltd. , abbreviated as CHNG or Huaneng Group , is one of the five largest state-owned electricity generation enterprises in China , administrated by the State Council . It engages in the investment , construction , operation and management of power generation assets and the production and sale of electricity . In 2012 , the company was ranked 246th on the Fortune 500 list .",
"title": "China Huaneng Group"
},
{
"text": "China Huaneng Group Corporation was founded in 1989 as the holding company for a series of companies of that under the supervision of of the State Council of China , including Huaneng Coal Corporation and Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , etc . The group was part of a project that replacing oil fired power plant to coal power plant ( ) . In 1993 , the corporation was under the dual supervision of the and the State Planning Committee . In 1995 , Huaneng Coal Corporation became a separate state-owned enterprise group that under the provisional supervision of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "State Planning Committee , as Shenhua Group . China Huaneng Group was then became the subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China , a mega-conglomerate that replacing the commercial function of the Ministry of Power Industry . In 2002 , the State Power Corporation of China was dismantled as groups of companies of power grid ( such as State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid ) and power plants ( such as the big five power groups , Huaneng , China Huadian , China Datang Corporation , China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the same year the leader of the mega-conglomerate , had fled China after being investigated for corruption . Huaneng also received some assets from State Power Corporation of China , such as the hydroelectricity company now known as , a listed company since 2017 . In 2005 , Huaneng also acquired the controlling stake ( after the deal owned 51% ) of from a subsidiary of the , becoming the indirect parent company of listed company ( Mengdian Huaneng ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , it also saw the formation of two listed subsidiaries , Huaneng Power International ( HPI ) and Shandong Huaneng Power Development . Their American depositary shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange . HPI later also started initial public offerings on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as well as the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The shares of Huaneng Power International was owned by aforementioned Huaneng International Power Development Corporation , but in recent years China Huaneng Group also owned some shares directly . HPI also merged with Shandong Huaneng Power Development in 2000 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 China Huaneng Group floated its wind power subsidiary Huaneng Renewables on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The company oversees the national governments interests in 10 subsidiaries , including a 51% stake in Huaneng Power International . Through subsidiaries it develops and operates more than 130 thermal , wind power and hydropower plants . In addition to its power-generation business , the company enters other sectors , including energy-related mining , financing , transportation , information technology , and renewable energy researches . The companys investment division ranks the 15th in China by revenue and the 21st by asset size . The company owns the Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant in partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation ,",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "as well as the Beijing Huaneng Thermal Power Station . The latter , however , is to be closed by 2016 as part of Beijings plan to eradicate pollution .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " A sophisticated and expensive technology is to convert coal to gas and strip out the carbon dioxide before the gas is used to generate power . It has a billion dollar project underway called the GreenGen project led by China Huaneng Group , that is scheduled to go online by 2011 at the latest .",
"title": "Environmental projects"
},
{
"text": " In March 2008 CHNG acquired Singapore-based Tuas Power from Temasek Holdings for US$3.04 billion . It was resold to China Huaneng Groups listed subsidiary Huaneng Power International in the same year . In November 2008 CHNG bought 50 per cent stake in InterGen from Indias GMR Group for $1.2 billion .",
"title": "Acquisitions"
},
{
"text": " The headquarter of Huaneng Group is located on the Changan Street of Beijing , only about 3 kilometers from Tiananmen . In the headquarter , there are several subsidiaries and departments to take charge of different types of business . Major departments in the Beijing headquarter include : - Department of General Administration - Department of Capital Operations and Equity Management - Department of Supervision - Department of Development - Department of Safe Production - Department of Auditing - Department of Budget and Planning - Department of Environmental Protection , Sciences and Technology - Department of Political Affairs",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": "- Department of Legal Affairs",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": " - Department of Engineering - Department of Operations - Department of Finance - Department of Human Resource - Department of International Cooperations - Labor Union",
"title": "Beijing Headquarter"
},
{
"text": " The Huaneng Group runs several subsidiaries corresponding to various types of energy industries . Most of those subsidiaries are based in the Beijing headquarter . - Huaneng International Power Development Corporation - Huaneng Properties - GreenGen - Huaneng Power International ( It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange , Shanghai Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . It is the Groups main thermal power subsidiary , holding about one third of the Groups installed thermal capacity. ) - Huaneng Energy and Transportation - China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Research Institute",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": "- Huaneng Renewables ( having a capacity of over 10 GW wind power and 800 MW solar power as of 2017 )",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": " - Huaneng Capital Service - Huaneng Guicheng Trust - China Huaneng Group Fuel - Huaneng Nuclear Power Development Company - Huaneng Technology Innovation Center - Huaneng Coal Industry Company",
"title": "Subsidiaries"
},
{
"text": " In addition to Beijing headquarter , Huaneng Group also have branches and companies in at least 29 different provinces or autonomous regions of China . Those regional branches and companies are in real charge of local power plants and electricity generation in each province or region , as well as some other related business . Currently , Huanengs regional companies and branches include :",
"title": "Regional Branches"
},
{
"text": " China Huaneng Group also takes on science and technology researches in energy-related fields . The companys current research directions and interests include : - Advanced high-efficiency thermal power generation technology - Thermal power generation environmental technology - Coal-based low-carbon conversion technology - Wind power development - Hydropower development - LNG - Renewable energy and new energy - Shale Gas - Coal mining technology - Energy system - Energy-related information technology",
"title": "Research"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Themptander#P39#0
|
What position did Robert Themptander take in Apr 1879?
|
Robert Themptander Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death . Biography . Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age . Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to protect Swedish interests . Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority . Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm . References . This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .
|
[
"member of the Second Chamber"
] |
[
{
"text": " Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death .",
"title": "Robert Themptander"
},
{
"text": "Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "protect Swedish interests .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Themptander#P39#1
|
What position did Robert Themptander take in Jan 1881?
|
Robert Themptander Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death . Biography . Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age . Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to protect Swedish interests . Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority . Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm . References . This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .
|
[
"Minister without Portfolio"
] |
[
{
"text": " Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death .",
"title": "Robert Themptander"
},
{
"text": "Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "protect Swedish interests .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Themptander#P39#2
|
What position did Robert Themptander take in Mar 1884?
|
Robert Themptander Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death . Biography . Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age . Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to protect Swedish interests . Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority . Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm . References . This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .
|
[
"Minister for Finance"
] |
[
{
"text": " Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death .",
"title": "Robert Themptander"
},
{
"text": "Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "protect Swedish interests .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Themptander#P39#3
|
What position did Robert Themptander take in May 1886?
|
Robert Themptander Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death . Biography . Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age . Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to protect Swedish interests . Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority . Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm . References . This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .
|
[
"Prime Minister of Sweden"
] |
[
{
"text": " Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death .",
"title": "Robert Themptander"
},
{
"text": "Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "protect Swedish interests .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Themptander#P39#4
|
What position did Robert Themptander take after Aug 1889?
|
Robert Themptander Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death . Biography . Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age . Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to protect Swedish interests . Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority . Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm . References . This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .
|
[
"Governor of Stockholm County"
] |
[
{
"text": " Oscar Robert Themptander ( 14 February 1844 – 30 January 1897 ) was a Swedish politician and public official who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1884 to 1888 during the reign of King Oscar II , and Governor of Stockholm County from 1888 to 1896 . He was also Minister for Finance . At the age of 40 years and 92 days , Themptander is the youngest person to become Prime Minister in Swedish history . His death at the age of 52 years and 351 days makes him also the youngest prime minister at his death .",
"title": "Robert Themptander"
},
{
"text": "Robert Themptander was born in Stockholm , the son of army lieutenant Nils Themptander and wife Adolphina Laurent . After law studies in Uppsala and a highly successful career in the civil service he became in 1879 a member of the Second Chamber . There from the beginning he was a member of the centre party , a party loyal to then incumbent government . Gradually he began move orientate towards the agrarian party . He married in 1874 with Frida Dahlberg , with whom he had three children . In the government of Arvid Posse in 1880 , he",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "became Minister without Portfolio and , in 1881 Minister of Finance . He stayed on in this office in three years before he became Prime Minister at the age of 40 . Only Louis De Geer had become Prime Minister at a younger age .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Through good contacts in different parliamentary positions he was successful in breaking the political gridlock concerning the defense question . This issue was finally achieved in the year of 1885 . He was less successful in his goal to protect the free trade system which Louis De Geer and Minister of Finance Gripenstedt had instituted during their time in office . This political economy had with many good benefits contributed to the modernization of Sweden . As food prices on the world markets sank because of increased imports from all of North America , demand increased for high tariffs to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "protect Swedish interests .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Eventually Themptander was constrained to retire , yet not through defeat in the 1887 election , when his resistance towards the new duty-friendly winds of opinion meant more election debate than before . Riksdag candidates were compelled to answer about which views they had , if they were Free Traders or Protectionists . This was seen by many at the time as uncommon . Lifelong members of the Riksdag had previously been elected on the basis of their high personal reputation and confidence . The Free Traders won in Stockholm and gained twenty-two parliamentary seats . But it appeared that",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "one member had not paid his taxes and therefore the whole list was declared invalid . Lifelong members of the Riksdag who were free trade supporters were replaced with tariff supporters . Therefore , the Second Chamber returned a protectionist majority .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Themptander attempted to have King Oscar II announce a new election , but the King denied the request . Then Themptander resigned as Prime Minister . From 1888 to 1896 he was Stockholm County Governor and afterwards director for Trafik AB Grängesberg–Oxelösund . Robert Themptander died on 30 January 1897 in Stockholm .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of November 11 , 2005 .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward#P69#0
|
Which school did C. Vann Woodward go to between Jul 1929 and Dec 1929?
|
C . Vann Woodward Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically . Early life and education . C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University . Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 . He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor . In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history . Career . Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 . Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining : Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers . The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions . Appointments , teaching and awards . Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University . In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World . Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s : He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness . In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn . In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table . Death and legacy . C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers . Works . Books . - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days - The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld . - Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 ) Major journal articles . - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 . - The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 . - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 . - Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 . - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 . - The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 . - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 . Further reading . - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students - Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 . - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR - Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward External links . - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website
|
[
"Henderson-Brown College"
] |
[
{
"text": "Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": " He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward#P69#1
|
Which school did C. Vann Woodward go to between Oct 1930 and Nov 1930?
|
C . Vann Woodward Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically . Early life and education . C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University . Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 . He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor . In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history . Career . Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 . Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining : Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers . The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions . Appointments , teaching and awards . Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University . In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World . Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s : He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness . In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn . In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table . Death and legacy . C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers . Works . Books . - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days - The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld . - Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 ) Major journal articles . - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 . - The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 . - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 . - Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 . - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 . - The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 . - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 . Further reading . - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students - Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 . - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR - Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward External links . - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website
|
[
"Emory University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": " He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward#P69#2
|
Which school did C. Vann Woodward go to in Sep 1931?
|
C . Vann Woodward Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically . Early life and education . C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University . Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 . He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor . In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history . Career . Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 . Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining : Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers . The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions . Appointments , teaching and awards . Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University . In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World . Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s : He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness . In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn . In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table . Death and legacy . C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers . Works . Books . - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days - The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld . - Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 ) Major journal articles . - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 . - The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 . - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 . - Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 . - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 . - The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 . - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 . Further reading . - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students - Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 . - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR - Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward External links . - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website
|
[
"Columbia University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": " He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward#P69#3
|
Which school did C. Vann Woodward go to in May 1933?
|
C . Vann Woodward Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically . Early life and education . C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University . Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 . He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor . In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history . Career . Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 . Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining : Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers . The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions . Appointments , teaching and awards . Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University . In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World . Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s : He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness . In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn . In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table . Death and legacy . C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers . Works . Books . - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days - The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld . - Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 ) Major journal articles . - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 . - The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 . - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 . - Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 . - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 . - The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 . - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 . Further reading . - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students - Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 . - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR - Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward External links . - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website
|
[
"University of North Carolina"
] |
[
{
"text": "Comer Vann Woodward ( November 13 , 1908 – December 17 , 1999 ) was a Pulitzer-prize winning American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations . He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A . Beard , stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics . Stylistically , he was a master of irony and counterpoint . Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s . By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights . His demonstration that racial segregation was a",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "late-19th-century invention rather than some sort of eternal standard made his The Strange Career of Jim Crow into the historical Bible of the civil rights movement , said Martin Luther King Jr . After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s , he moved to the right politically .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "C . Vann Woodward was born in Vanndale , a town named after his mothers family and the county seat from 1886 to 1903 . It was in Cross County in eastern Arkansas . Woodward attended high school in Morrilton , Arkansas . He attended Henderson-Brown College , a small Methodist school in Arkadelphia , for two years . In 1930 he transferred to Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , where his uncle was dean of students and professor of sociology . After graduating , he taught English composition for two years at Georgia Tech in Atlanta . There",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "he met Will W . Alexander , head of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation , and J . Saunders Redding , a historian at Atlanta University .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward enrolled in graduate school at Columbia University in 1931 and received his M.A . from that institution in 1932 . In New York , Woodward met , and was influenced by , W . E . B . Du Bois , Langston Hughes , and other figures who were associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement . After receiving his masters degree in 1932 , Woodward worked for the defense of Angelo Herndon , a young African-American Communist Party member who had been accused of subversive activities . He also traveled to the Soviet Union and Germany in 1932 .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": " He did graduate work in history and sociology at the University of North Carolina . He was granted a Ph.D . in history in 1937 , using as his dissertation the manuscript he had already finished on Thomas E . Watson . Woodwards dissertation director was Howard K . Beale , a Reconstruction specialist who promoted the Beardian economic interpretation of history that deemphasized ideology and ideas and stressed material self-interest as a motivating factor .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "In World War II , Woodward served in the Navy , assigned to write the history of major battles . His The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) became the standard study of the largest naval battle in history .",
"title": "C . Vann Woodward"
},
{
"text": "Woodward , starting out on the left politically , wanted to use history to explore dissent . He approached W . E . B . Du Bois about writing about him , and thought of following his biography of Watson with one of Eugene V . Debs . He picked Georgia politician Tom Watson , who in the 1890s was a populist leader focusing the anger and hatred of poor whites against the establishment , banks , railroads and businessmen . Watson in 1908 was the presidential candidate of the Populist Party , but this time was the leader in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mobilizing the hatred of the same poor whites against blacks , and a promoter of lynching .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodwards most influential book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ) , which explained that segregation was a relatively late development and was not inevitable . After the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , in spring 1954 , Woodward gave the Richards Lectures at the University of Virginia . The lectures were published in 1955 as The Strange Career of Jim Crow . With Woodward in the audience in Montgomery , Alabama , in March 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr . proclaimed the book the historical bible of the Civil Rights",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Movement . It reached a large popular audience and helped shape the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jim Crow laws , Woodward argued , were not part of the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction ; they came later and were not inevitable . Following the Compromise of 1877 , in the 1870s and 1880s there were localized informal practices of racial separation in some areas of society along with what he termed forgotten alternatives in others . Finally the 1890s saw white southerners capitulate to racism to create legally prescribed , rigidly enforced , state-wide Jim Crowism . Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Scholars especially praised Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 , which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press in a prominent multivolume history of the South . It combined the Beardian theme of economic forces shaping history , and the Faulknerian tone of tragedy and declension . He insisted on the discontinuity of the era , and rejected both the romantic ante-bellum popular images of the Lost Cause School as well as the overoptimistic business boosterism of the New South Creed . Sheldon Hackney , a Woodward student , hails the book , explaining :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Of one thing we may be certain at the outset . The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message . It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy , the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites , and the rise and transformation of a middle class . It is not a happy story . The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry , and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population . The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness , and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement . The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Woodward taught at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961 . He became Sterling Professor of History at Yale from 1961 to 1977 , where he taught both graduate students and undergraduates . He did much writing but little original research at Yale , writing frequent essays for such outlets as the New York Review of Books . He directed scores of PhD dissertations , including those by John W . Blassingame ; former chair of the African American studies program at Yale ; Daniel W . Crofts , former chair of the History Department at The College of New",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Jersey ; James M . McPherson ; Patricia Nelson Limerick , Professor of History at the University of Colorado at Boulder ; Michel Wayne , Professor of History at the University of Toronto ; Steven Hahn , Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania ; John Herbert Roper , Richardson Chair of American History at Emory & Henry College ; and David L . Carlton , Professor of History at Vanderbilt University .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , the United States House Committee on the Judiciary asked Woodward for an historical study of misconduct in previous administrations and how the Presidents responded . Woodward led a group of fourteen historians and they produced a 400-page report in less than four months , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Woodward for the Jefferson Lecture , the U.S . federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities . His lecture , entitled The European Vision of America , was later incorporated into his book The Old Worlds New World .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Woodward won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for Mary Chesnuts Civil War , an edited version of Mary Chesnuts Civil War diary . He won the Bancroft Prize for Origins of the New South . Move to the Right . Peter Novick says , Vann Woodward was always very conflicted about the presentism of his work . He alternated between denying it , qualifying it , and apologizing for it . British historian Michael OBrien , the editor of Woodwards letters in 2013 , says that by the 1970s :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He became greatly troubled by the rise of the black power movement , disliked affirmative action , never came to grips with feminism , mistrusted what came to be known as theory , and became a strong opponent of multiculturalism and political correctness .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , as president of the American Historical Association , Woodward led the fight to defeat a proposal by New Left historians to politicize the organization . He wrote his daughter afterwards , The preparations paid off and I had pretty well second-guessed the Rads on every turn .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1975-6 Woodward led the unsuccessful fight at Yale to block the temporary appointment of Communist historian Herbert Aptheker to teach a course . Radicals denounced his actions but a joint committee of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association exonerated the process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used . In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars , a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left . Woodward wrote a favorable review in the New York Review of Books of Dinesh DSouzas",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Illiberal Education : The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus . It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin ; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded . Hackney says , Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his seat at the political table .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " C . Vann Woodward died December 17 , 1999 , in Hamden , Connecticut , at the age of 91 . The Southern Historical Association has established the C . Vann Woodward Dissertation Prize , awarded annually to the best dissertation on Southern history . There is a Peter V . and C . Vann Woodward Chair of History at Yale ; it is now held by southern historian Glenda Gilmore . ( Peter was Woodwards son , who died at age 25 in 1969. ) He was a Charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) - The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 , new ed . 1965 ) - Origins of the New South , 1877–1913 ( 1951 ) borrow for 14 days - Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1951 , rev . ed . 1991 ) - The Strange Career of Jim Crow . ( 1st ed . February 1955 ; 2nd ed . August 1965 ; 3rd ed . NY:Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . . borrow for 14 days",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation ( 1961 ) . pamphlet",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Burden of Southern History ( 1955 ; 3rd ed . 1993 ) - The Comparative Approach to American History ( 1968 ) , editor - American Counterpoint ( 1971 ) . essays - Mary Chesnuts Civil War ( 1981 ) , editor . Pulitzer prize . - Oxford History of the United States ( 1982–2018 ) , series editor . - The Private Mary Chestnut : The Unpublished Civil War Diaries ( 1984 ) edited , with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Thinking Back : The Perils of Writing History ( Louisiana State University Press , 1986 ) . memoirs",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - The Old Worlds New World ( 1991 ) . lectures - The Letters of C . Vann Woodward . edited by Michael OBrien , ( Yale University Press , 2013 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 4 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp . 14–33 . - The Irony of Southern History . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 19 , No . 1 ( Feb. , 1953 ) , pp . 3–19 . - The Political Legacy of Reconstruction . Journal of Negro Education , Vol . 26 , No . 3 , The Negro Voter in the South ( Summer , 1957 ) , pp . 231–240 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Age of Reinterpretation . American Historical Review , Vol . 66 , No . 1 ( Oct. , 1960 ) , pp . 1–19 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol . 110 , No . 1 ( Feb . 18 , 1966 ) , pp . 1–9 . - History and the Third Culture . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol . 3 , No . 2 , Reappraisals ( Apr. , 1968 ) , pp . 23–35 . - The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol . 25 , No . 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp . 344–370 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- Clio With Soul . Journal of American History , Vol . 56 , No . 1 ( June , 1969 ) , pp . 5–20 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of the Past . American Historical Review , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Feb. , 1970 ) , pp . 711–726 . - The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities . Daedalus , Vol . 103 , No . 4 , ( Fall , 1974 ) , pp . 33–37 . - The Aging of America . American Historical Review , Vol . 82 , No . 3 ( Jun. , 1977 ) , pp . 583–594 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": "- The Fall of the American Adam . Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Vol . 35 , No . 2 ( Nov. , 1981 ) , pp . 26–34 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Strange Career Critics : Long May they Persevere . Journal of American History , Vol . 75 , No . 3 ( Dec. , 1988 ) , pp . 857–868 . - Look Away , Look Away . Journal of Southern History , Vol . 59 , No . 3 ( Aug. , 1993 ) , pp . 487–504 .",
"title": "Major journal articles"
},
{
"text": " - Boles , John B. , and Bethany L . Johnson , eds . Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later ( 2003 ) , articles by scholars online review - Ferrell , Robert . C . Vann Woodward in Clios Favorites : Leading Historians of the United States , 1945–2000 . ed by Robert Allen Rutland ; ( 2000 ) pp 170–81 - Hackney , Sheldon . Origins of the New South in Retrospect , Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38#2 pp . 191–216 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward : 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999 , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( 2001 ) 145#2 pp 233–240 in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Hackney , Sheldon . C . Vann Woodward , Dissenter , Historically Speaking ( 2009 ) 10#1 pp . 31–34 in Project MUSE - Kousser , J . Morgan and James McPherson , eds . Religion , Race and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C . Vann Woodward ( 1982 ) , festschrift of articles ; also lists most of his PhD students",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lerner , Mitchell , Conquering the Hearts of the People : Lyndon Johnson , C . Vann Woodward , and The Irony of Southern History , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 ( Oct . 2011 ) , 155–71 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Potter , David M . C . Vann Woodward , in Pastmasters : Some Essays on American Historians , ed . Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W . Winks ( 1969 ) . - Rabinowitz , Howard N . More Than the Woodward Thesis : Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 842–856 . in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Woodward , C . Vann . Strange Career Critics : Long May They Persevere , Journal of American History ( 1988 ) 75#3 pp 857–868 . a reply to Rabinowitz , in JSTOR",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Roper , John Herbert . C . Vann Woodward , Southerner ( 1987 ) , biography - Roper , John Herbert , ed . C . Vann Woodward : A Southern Historian and His Critics ( 1997 ) essays about Woodward",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Woodward Papers at Yale with short biography - Oral History Interview with C . Vann Woodward from Oral Histories of the American South - Obituary and interview with Woodwards student , James McPherson , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the World Socialist Web Site - Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#0
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr before May 1966?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Justice"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#1
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr in May 1969?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Education"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#2
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr in early 1970s?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Transport and Power"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#3
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr between Jun 1978 and Nov 1979?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Forestry and Fisheries"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#4
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr between Sep 1980 and Apr 1981?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#5
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr between Aug 1982 and Dec 1982?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Agriculture"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#6
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr between Jan 1988 and Jun 1989?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#P39#7
|
What was the position of Brian Lenihan Snr after Nov 1989?
|
Brian Lenihan Snr Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 . He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon . Early life . Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher . Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician . Political career . Beginnings . Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected . Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees . After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey . Minister for Justice . A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations , though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction . Minister for Education . In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power . Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion . Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election . Political return . Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries . At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion . Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches . Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition . In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired . Liver transplant . Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity . It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician . Presidential candidate . In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate . Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate . Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted . The Lenihan tape . The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign . In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan , Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview . In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager , Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 . On mature recollection . Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn . At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 . Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves . The result . In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election . Out of government . Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician . Death . Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture . A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner . Further reading . - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 ) - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 ) External links . - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht
|
[
"Minister for Defence"
] |
[
{
"text": "Brian Patrick Lenihan ( 17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1987 to 1990 , Minister for Defence from 1989 to 1990 , Minister for Agriculture from March 1982 to December 1982 , Minister for Fisheries from 1977 to 1979 , Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1987 to 1989 , 1979 to 1981 and January 1973 to March 1973 , Minister for Transport and Power from 1969 to 1973 , Minister for Education from 1968 to 1969 , Minister for Justice from 1964 to 1969 , Parliamentary Secretary",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": "to the Minister for Justice and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands from 1961 to 1964 . He served as a Teachta Dála ( TD ) from 1961 to 1973 and from 1977 to 1995 . He served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977 . He also served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977 .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " He was a member of a family political dynasty ; his father , Patrick Lenihan , and sister both followed him into Dáil Éireann ; his sister Mary ORourke sitting in cabinet with him . Two of his sons , Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan , became TDs in the 1990s . Brian Lenihan Jnr served as Minister for Finance and Conor was Minister of State in the government of Taoiseach Brian Cowen . Two phrases associated with Lenihan Snr , No problem and On mature recollection , entered the Irish political lexicon .",
"title": "Brian Lenihan Snr"
},
{
"text": " Born in Dundalk , County Louth , Lenihan was the son of Patrick Lenihan and Anne Scanlon . His father had been active in the Irish Republican Army , which saw action during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War . He had been an admirer of Michael Collins and took the pro-Treaty side in 1922 , before later returning to his studies and qualifying as a teacher .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan , who was one of five children , grew up in Athlone . He was educated at Marist College in the town before later studying law at University College Dublin , where he was actively involved in the Law Society as a Committee Member , and also played football for UCD , scoring against Sligo Rovers in the 1952/53 FAI Cup . He later qualified as a barrister from Kings Inns . He then practised law for a few years before becoming a full-time politician .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan first entered politics in 1954 , when he ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate in Longford–Westmeath in that years general election . Of the four Fianna Fáil candidates , Lenihan was the only one not to be elected .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Three years later Lenihan contested the 1957 general election , this time in the Roscommon constituency . Although he received more first preferences than any of the other Fianna Fáil candidates , he lost out on a Dáil seat once again . In spite of this , he became a Senator as one of Taoiseach Éamon de Valeras nominees .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " After four years as a Senator , Lenihan finally secured a seat in Dáil Éireann , following his success at the 1961 general election in Roscommon . He had the distinction of being made a Parliamentary Secretary on his first day in the Dáil as a TD , serving under both Minister for Lands Mícheál Ó Móráin and Minister for Justice Charles Haughey .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "A cabinet reshuffle saw Lenihan join the cabinet of Seán Lemass in 1964 , as Minister for Justice . His predecessor in the office , Charles Haughey , systematically reviewed , repealed or amended Acts dating back 700 years in the single largest reform of the Irish civil and criminal code ever undertaken . Lenihan carried the legislative programme , covering everything from repealing mediæval laws to granting succession rights to married women . As Minister , it was Lenihan who repealed Irelands notorious censorship laws . Controversially he also suggested that Ireland should rejoin the Commonwealth of Nations ,",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": "though it is unclear whether that suggestion actually reflected his opinion or whether he was simply raising the issue at Lemasss request to gauge public reaction .",
"title": "Minister for Justice"
},
{
"text": " In 1968 , Lemasss successor Jack Lynch appointed Lenihan as Minister for Education . As Minister , he controversially proposed the merger of Dublins ( then ) two universities , Trinity College Dublin ( TCD ) and University College Dublin ( UCD ) . The scheme was abandoned after mass opposition , Lenihan famously being forced to flee student protests in Trinity through a toilet window . Lenihan was also Minister during a 19-day secondary teachers strike in February 1969 . Minister for Transport and Power .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1969 general election , Fianna Fáil returned to power for a fourth successive term of office . Lenihan had hopes of further promotion within the cabinet , however , his appointment as Minister for Transport and Power was largely seen as a demotion .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Minister for Foreign Affairs . In 1973 , Patrick Hillery was appointed as Irelands European Commissioner , upon the Irish entry to the European Economic Community . Lenihan then finally secured his much sought-after portfolio , that of Minister for Foreign Affairs . His tenure was short-lived , as the government fell and a new Fine Gael-Labour Party government took office , following the 1973 general election .",
"title": "Minister for Education"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan also dramatically lost his Roscommon–Leitrim seat . He once again became a Senator , becoming his partys leader in the upper house . In 1973 , he was appointed a member of the second delegation from the Oireachtas to the European Parliament . He moved his political base from rural Roscommon to Dublin West , where he was elected as a TD at the 1977 general election , which saw a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil . Jack Lynch appointed him Minister for Forestry and Fisheries .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "At Lynchs retirement in 1979 , Fianna Fáil saw a leadership battle between Charles Haughey ( the radical republican candidate ) and George Colley ( the party establishment candidate and mild republican ) . Lenihan dismissed the choice as being between a knave and a fool . He also described himself as being the x in Oxo He was believed to have backed Colley . Years later he claimed he had actually supported Haughey , but not everyone accepted this assertion .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "Haughey , seeking to weaken the faction supporting Colley , appointed Lenihan as Minister for Foreign Affairs , a post he held until Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 . His period in Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by a comment made after an Anglo-Irish summit between Haughey and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , when he spoke of Britain and Ireland being able to bring about Irish unity within ten years , a comment which infuriated the British and Northern Ireland unionists and which undid much of the goodwill achieved by the summit . His comments , at a time",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "of major problems within Northern Ireland , with the Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army campaigns in full swing along with Ulster Defence Association and other loyalists conducting reprisals were widely criticised in the Irish media as insensitive , especially as Irish unity had not even been on the agenda of the summit . One newspaper columnist commented simply there goes Brian , pointlessly talking himself into trouble again . In 1982 , when Fianna Fáil regained power for what would prove only ten months , Lenihan was appointed Minister for Agriculture , the announcement in the Dáil being",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "greeted by a sustained round of laughter on the opposition benches .",
"title": "Political return"
},
{
"text": "In opposition , Lenihan and Haughey attracted some international criticism when , against the advice of senior Irish-American politicians Senator Edward Kennedy and Speaker Tip ONeill , they campaigned against the Anglo-Irish Agreement , which the government of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had signed with the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The agreement gave Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland . In 1987 , Fianna Fáil returned to power and Lenihan was for the third and final time appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs , with the additional post of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": ") . In power Haughey and Lenihan reversed their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement , Lenihan attending meetings of the Anglo-Irish Conference which the Irelands Foreign Minister and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland co-chaired .",
"title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement opposition"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans last period as Minister for Foreign Affairs was overshadowed by his serious ill-health . A long-standing liver problem had developed into a life-threatening issue requiring a liver transplant . Lenihan , previously a large-framed man , had been reduced to a bone-thin jaundiced-looking shadow of his former self , so ill-looking that the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Tom King , said afterwards that on seeing Brian at an Anglo-Irish Conference meeting , he had speculated as to whether Lenihan would die at the meeting . In May 1989 , Lenihan underwent the liver transplant at",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": "Mayo Clinic in the United States . In his absence he was re-elected to the Dáil in the 1989 general election for Dublin West , after which , while remaining Tánaiste , he was made Minister for Defence . Lenihan returned to Irish politics with a new lease of life . When he entered the Dáil chamber he received an ovation , an indication of his personal cross-party popularity .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " It was revealed subsequently that Lenihans operation was partly paid for through fundraising by Taoiseach Charles Haughey , from businessmen with Fianna Fáil links . In evidence to the Moriarty Tribunal investigating Haugheys finances , it was established that much of the money raised but not ultimately needed for the operation was redirected by Haughey into his own personal bank account . Haughey was revealed in the 2006 tribunal report to have been engaged in numerous acts of corruption , to finance a lifestyle considerably in excess of his earnings as a politician .",
"title": "Liver transplant"
},
{
"text": " In January 1990 , leaks to the media suggested that Lenihan was considering seeking the Fianna Fáil nomination in the 1990 presidential election , which was due in November 1990 . Speculation abounded that this was part of a plan to discourage other parties from running candidates in the belief that Lenihan would prove unbeatable and so get the office unopposed . Labour Party leader Dick Spring indicated that Labour would run a candidate for the presidency , even if he had to stand himself . Ultimately , Labour chose former Senator Mary Robinson as its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan was generally perceived as an unbeatable candidate , though he did receive a late challenge for the nomination from cabinet colleague John Wilson . However , in September 1990 , Lenihan was formally nominated as his partys candidate . The main opposition party , Fine Gael chose Austin Currie , a TD and former Northern Ireland cabinet minister , to be its candidate .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "Lenihan had a serious flaw . Though regarded by those who knew him personally as an intellectual heavyweight , he presented himself as a lightweight , semi-comic politician—the clown prince of Irish politics , in the words of long-time friend and journalist John Healy . He was once described by Fine Gael politician John Kelly as like a lighthouse in the Bog of Allen , brilliant but useless . During leadership campaigns against Charles Haughey in the 1980s , Lenihan had regularly appeared on television to insist that Fianna Fáil was not divided , even as ministers were resigning and—in",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": "an incident involving Jim Gibbons—scuffles broke out in the environs of Leinster House . Lenihans image was dealt a further blow by a disastrous Late Late Show special devoted to him , which was broadcast only weeks before the presidential campaign started . Colleagues and friends projected an image of him as a political cute hoor—someone who would do anything and pull any stunt that he had to . As a result , Lenihan was mistrusted .",
"title": "Presidential candidate"
},
{
"text": " The issue of Lenihans trustworthiness became the central issue of the second half of the presidential campaign .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In January 1982 , Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had asked President Patrick Hillery , a former government colleague of Lenihans , to dissolve the Dáil , a request which Hillery granted . If President Hillery had refused a dissolution , Charles Haughey as Leader of the Opposition , could have formed an alternative government and strengthened his own embattled position as leader of Fianna Fáil . Subsequently , it was reported in books by authors Stephen OByrnes and Raymond Smith , and by many political journalists in newspaper articles ( some of whom had Lenihan as their source ) that Lenihan",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "had been one of the people who had made phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin , the Presidents official residence , on the night in question , in order to persuade or pressure Hillery to refuse a dissolution . Lenihan himself never denied his involvement in the incident . Indeed , in May 1990 , he confirmed his participation in an on-the-record interview with a postgraduate student and journalist , Jim Duffy . In September 1990 , The Irish Times carried a series of articles on the presidency , one of which mentioned in passing the role of Lenihan ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Sylvester Barrett , and Charles Haughey in making the calls . The article in question was sourced from Duffys interview .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "In October 1990 , in the midst of the presidential election , Lenihan suddenly changed his story . In an interview in the Irish Press and on RTÉs Questions and Answers programme , he insisted that he had had no hand , act or part in efforts to pressure President Hillery . The Irish Times , which was aware that Lenihan himself was Duffys source for the original article claim , published , with Duffys agreement , a newspaper story confirming that Lenihan had indeed made the controversial phone calls to Áras an Uachtaráin . When Lenihans campaign manager ,",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Bertie Ahern , named Duffy on radio as someone who had interviewed Lenihan back in May , a political storm erupted in which the journalist was put under siege by the media and Fianna Fáil , leading to his reluctant decision , after consulting with lawyers , to release the portion of the tape in which Lenihan talked about the events of January 1982 .",
"title": "The Lenihan tape"
},
{
"text": "Lenihans reaction severely damaged his credibility . He appeared on a live TV news bulletin , and , looking into the camera , pleaded with the Irish people to believe him , stating that on mature recollection he had not phoned President Hillery and his account to Duffy had been wrong . He then requested an audience with President Hillery to seek his confirmation that he made no phone calls . No audience was granted , and his campaign manager Bertie Ahern withdrew the request – though , in a sign of the chaos enveloping the campaign , Lenihan told",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "journalist Charlie Bird that the request was still there until the journalist played back his interview with Ahern , after which Lenihan recorded a new soundbite explaining why the request had been withdrawn .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "At this point , the opposition put down a motion of no confidence in the government . The Progressive Democrats , Fianna Fáils coalition partner , told Taoiseach Charles Haughey that unless Lenihan was either dismissed or an inquiry set up into the events of January 1982 , it would pull out of government , support the opposition motion and force a general election . Though insisting that he would put no pressure on Brian Lenihan , my friend of thirty years , Haughey drew up a letter of resignation for Lenihans signature . Lenihan refused to sign , and",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": "Haughey formally advised President Hillery to dismiss Lenihan from the government – which Hillery , as was required constitutionally , duly did , despite grave personal concerns . Many in Fianna Fáil were disgusted with what they saw as Haugheys betrayal of his old friend , and argued that the Progressive Democrats threat to bring down the government was a mere bluff . This would be the first in a series of events generating discontent in Fianna Fail with Haugheys leadership , culminating in his downfall in early 1992 .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " Pádraig Flynns attack on Mary Robinson . Lenihans dismissal led to an immediate collapse in his popularity ( from mid 40% to 31% almost overnight ) , though his standing in the polls subsequently improved . A personal attack by former cabinet colleague Pádraig Flynn on Mary Robinson , in which he accused her of showing a new-found interest in her family , backfired and destroyed Lenihans campaign . Women voters rallied to Robinson and abandoned the Lenihan campaign in droves .",
"title": "On mature recollection"
},
{
"text": " In spite of his troubled campaign , Lenihan won the largest number of first-preference votes . However , most of the votes that initially went to Austin Currie , the third-placed candidate , transferred to Mary Robinson on the second count , in what was widely seen as a pact between Fine Gael and the Labour Party . As a result , Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil candidate to lose an Irish presidential election .",
"title": "The result"
},
{
"text": " Lenihan remained active in politics right up to his death in 1995 . Bitter at what he saw as his betrayal by the Progressive Democrats , he campaigned for Fianna Fáil to go into coalition with the Labour Party instead , something which happened after the 1992 general election . He also occasionally reviewed books , which showed an intellect that he had suppressed in his public persona as a politician .",
"title": "Out of government"
},
{
"text": " Brian Lenihans health again deteriorated and he died in 1995 , at the age of 64 . The resulting by-election was won by his son Brian Lenihan Jnr . In the 1997 general election another son , Conor Lenihan , was elected to Dáil Éireann . Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "A Brian Lenihan Memorial Lecture is delivered annually in the Irish Institute of European Affairs . The first guest speaker was the late Lord Jenkins of Hillhead ( previously known as Roy Jenkins ; formerly British Home Secretary and President of the European Commission ) . In 2001 , the lecture was given by Chris Patten , former British Conservative Party Minister and MP , former Governor of Hong Kong and current British European Commissioner .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Bruce Arnold , Jack Lynch , Hero in Crisis ( Merlin , 2001 ) - James Downey , Lenihan : His Life and Loyalties ( New Island Books 1998 ) - Fergus Finlay , Snakes and Ladders ( New Island Books , 1998 ) 1874597766 - Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh , The Boss : Charles J . Haughey in Government ( Poolbeg , 1983 ) - Brian Lenihan , For the Record ( Blackwater Press ) , - T . Ryle Dwyer , Nice Fellow : A Biography of Jack Lynch ( Mercier , 2001 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- T . Ryle Dwyer , Short Fellow : A Biography of Charles J . Haughey ( Mercier , 1995 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - T . Ryle Dwyer , Fallen Idol : Haugheys Controversial Career ( Mercier 1997 ) - Raymond Smith , Haughey and OMalley : The Quest for Power ( Aherlow , 1986 ) - Dick Walsh , Inside Fianna Fáil ( Gill & Macmillan , 1986 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Vice-President Bushs speech in the White House , St . Patricks Eve ( 16 March ) where Brian Lenihan was guest of honour - Media report of Haugheys alleged misappropriation of money donated for Brian Lenihans liver transplant - IRISH EXAMINER columnist T . Ryle Dwyer in 1999 on the controversy of Haugheys alleged embezzlement of funds for Lenihans liver transplant - Review of James Downeys biography of Brian Lenihan in An Phoblacht",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Matt_Baker_(footballer)#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Matt Baker (footballer) belong to before May 1998?
|
Matt Baker ( footballer ) Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected . Football career . Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 . He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 . The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI . In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance . On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations . Political career . Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .
|
[
"Hull City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected .",
"title": "Matt Baker ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Matt_Baker_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Matt Baker (footballer) belong to between Jan 2001 and Apr 2001?
|
Matt Baker ( footballer ) Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected . Football career . Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 . He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 . The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI . In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance . On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations . Political career . Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .
|
[
"Hereford United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected .",
"title": "Matt Baker ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Matt_Baker_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Matt Baker (footballer) belong to between Feb 2003 and Dec 2003?
|
Matt Baker ( footballer ) Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected . Football career . Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 . He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 . The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI . In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance . On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations . Political career . Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .
|
[
"Hereford United",
"Wrexham",
"Milton Keynes Dons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected .",
"title": "Matt Baker ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Matt_Baker_(footballer)#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Matt Baker (footballer) belong to between Oct 2004 and May 2005?
|
Matt Baker ( footballer ) Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected . Football career . Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 . He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 . The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI . In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance . On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations . Political career . Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .
|
[
"Milton Keynes Dons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected .",
"title": "Matt Baker ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Matt_Baker_(footballer)#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Matt Baker (footballer) belong to in Oct 2007?
|
Matt Baker ( footballer ) Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected . Football career . Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 . He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 . The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI . In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance . On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations . Political career . Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .
|
[
"Weymouth",
"Rushden & Diamonds"
] |
[
{
"text": " Matthew Christopher J . Baker ( born 18 December 1979 ) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He stood as a Conservative council candidate in Leeds in 2010 but was not elected .",
"title": "Matt Baker ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Baker comes from Leeds , and played for four years with Leeds City Boys . He was originally on the books of Leeds United as a schoolboy . However , he was signed as an apprentice at Hull City in 1996 and progressed through the youth ranks and turned professional in 1998 . However , he suffered an horrendous knee injury which sidelined him for a season , but he eventually made two substitute appearances for the first team . He also made a sub appearance in the League Cup against Liverpool at Anfield , after Lee Bracey was sent",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "off . He was released , after a spell on loan at Bradford Park Avenue , in 2000 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "He was snapped up by Hereford United of the Conference , where he was second choice goalkeeper to Scott Cooksey in the 2000–01 season , although he started two league matches conceding a goal in each . However a serious wrist injury forced Cooksey onto the sidelines , and eventually into retirement , meaning Baker started the 2001–02 season as first choice keeper where he impressed . He quickly established himself in the team and played all but five first team matches that season . Most notably he had an inspired Man-of-the-Match performance in the FA Cup against future club",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "Wrexham , a match which was televised live by the BBC , as Hereford won 1–0 .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " The following season he gained experience training with Aston Villa , and was an ever-present in the first team where he repeated this consistency in the 2003–04 season when Hereford came close to promotion to the Football League , a season which turned out to be his last for Hereford . During this period he also made four appearances for his country by representing the England National Game XI .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2004 he signed for Wrexham . However , he spent only six months at the Racecourse Ground before signing for MK Dons , for whom he quickly became a fans favourite , and helped them survive relegation in his first season , and went on to make over 60 first team appearances . Two years later he signed for Conference side Weymouth on a free transfer . However , due to severe financial troubles , at the Terras , he never made a first team appearance .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "On 2 March 2007 he was loaned to Rushden & Diamonds where he finished the season as number 1 . On 20 July he joined Macclesfield Town on trial but despite again impressing was forced to retire from the game in August 2007 due to a reoccurrence of a knee injury . Shortly afterwards he became a presenter for Dons World , the Milton Keynes Dons official web TV station , having started a degree in Sports Journalism & Broadcasting in 2006 . He graduated with a degree from Staffordshire University in summer of 2008 and now works as a",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": "sports journalist for The Sun newspaper and BBC local radio stations .",
"title": "Football career"
},
{
"text": " Matt is an active Conservative Party member and a local resident of Weetwood Ward , where he stood ( and lost ) to be a Leeds City Councillor in the 2010 local elections . His vigorous campaigning helped the Conservatives post their best election result since 1992 and he was also a crucial member of Conservative candidate Julia Mulligans campaign team in the 2010 General election .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Legge,_6th_Earl_of_Dartmouth#P39#0
|
William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth took which position before Jun 1886?
|
William Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth William Heneage Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth , ( 6 May 1851 – 11 March 1936 ) , styled Viscount Lewisham between 1853 and 1891 , was a British peer and Conservative politician . He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1885 and 1886 and again between 1886 and 1891 . Background and education . Born at Westminster , London , Dartmouth was the eldest son of William Legge , 5th Earl of Dartmouth , and Lady Augusta , daughter of Heneage Finch , 5th Earl of Aylesford . Sir Henry Legge was his younger brother . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . On 7 May 1868 , he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on 19 August 1874 . Later promoted to major in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment , he resigned his commission on 20 December 1884 . He played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club in 1877 , and was a county cricketer for Shropshire between 1869 and 1871 , and for Staffordshire . He became one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Kent County Football Association in 1884 . Political career . Legge entered Parliament in 1878 as Member of Parliament for West Kent , a seat he held until the constituency was split in 1885 , when he was elected to the new constituency of Lewisham . The same year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in Lord Salisburys first administration . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1886 but returned to office under Salisbury already in July of the same year , when Dartmouth was once again appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , a post he retained until 1891 . He left the Commons in August 1891 on succeeding his fathers titles . In October of the same year he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire ( succeeding his father ) , which he remained until 1927 . He was also an Alderman of the Staffordshire County Council and a Justice of the Peace for both Staffordshire and Shropshire . In July 1901 he was appointed an additional member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts . Lord Dartmouth was honorary Colonel of the 5th volunteer battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment from 1891 , and of the 46th North Midland Divisional Train of the Royal Army Service Corps from 1908 to 1928 , a period including the First World War , for which he was appointed a KCB in 1917 . On his retirement , he was made a GCVO in 1928 . Provincial Grand Master for the Masonic Province of Staffordshire 1919 . Family . Lord Dartmouth married Lady Mary , fourth daughter of the Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester , on 18 December 1879 . They had five children : - William Legge , Viscount Lewisham ( 1881–1958 ) , later 7th Earl of Dartmouth . - The Hon . Captain Gerald Legge ( born 1882 ) , killed during the landing at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915 whilst serving with the 7th Bn . South Staffordshire Regiment . He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial . He was a well-known ornithologist . - Lady Dorothy Legge OBE ( 1883–1974 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , married Colonel Francis Meynell ( grandson of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax ) . - The Hon . Humphry Legge ( 1888–1962 ) , later 8th Earl of Dartmouth . - Lady Joan Margaret Legge ( 1885–1939 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , died unmarried . The Countess of Dartmouth , who was made a CBE in 1920 , died in December 1929 . Lord Dartmouth survived her by seven years and died at Patshull Hall , Staffordshire , in March 1936 , aged 84 . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son , William . External links . - 1893 photograph of Lord Dartmouth at thepeerage.com
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Heneage Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth , ( 6 May 1851 – 11 March 1936 ) , styled Viscount Lewisham between 1853 and 1891 , was a British peer and Conservative politician . He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1885 and 1886 and again between 1886 and 1891 .",
"title": "William Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth"
},
{
"text": "Born at Westminster , London , Dartmouth was the eldest son of William Legge , 5th Earl of Dartmouth , and Lady Augusta , daughter of Heneage Finch , 5th Earl of Aylesford . Sir Henry Legge was his younger brother . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . On 7 May 1868 , he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on 19 August 1874 . Later promoted to major in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment , he",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": "resigned his commission on 20 December 1884 .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " He played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club in 1877 , and was a county cricketer for Shropshire between 1869 and 1871 , and for Staffordshire . He became one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Kent County Football Association in 1884 .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": "Legge entered Parliament in 1878 as Member of Parliament for West Kent , a seat he held until the constituency was split in 1885 , when he was elected to the new constituency of Lewisham . The same year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in Lord Salisburys first administration . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1886 but returned to office under Salisbury already in July of the same year , when Dartmouth was once again appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , a post he retained until 1891 . He left",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the Commons in August 1891 on succeeding his fathers titles .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In October of the same year he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire ( succeeding his father ) , which he remained until 1927 . He was also an Alderman of the Staffordshire County Council and a Justice of the Peace for both Staffordshire and Shropshire . In July 1901 he was appointed an additional member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Lord Dartmouth was honorary Colonel of the 5th volunteer battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment from 1891 , and of the 46th North Midland Divisional Train of the Royal Army Service Corps from 1908 to 1928 , a period including the First World War , for which he was appointed a KCB in 1917 . On his retirement , he was made a GCVO in 1928 . Provincial Grand Master for the Masonic Province of Staffordshire 1919 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Dartmouth married Lady Mary , fourth daughter of the Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester , on 18 December 1879 . They had five children : - William Legge , Viscount Lewisham ( 1881–1958 ) , later 7th Earl of Dartmouth . - The Hon . Captain Gerald Legge ( born 1882 ) , killed during the landing at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915 whilst serving with the 7th Bn . South Staffordshire Regiment . He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial . He was a well-known ornithologist .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Dorothy Legge OBE ( 1883–1974 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , married Colonel Francis Meynell ( grandson of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Hon . Humphry Legge ( 1888–1962 ) , later 8th Earl of Dartmouth . - Lady Joan Margaret Legge ( 1885–1939 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , died unmarried . The Countess of Dartmouth , who was made a CBE in 1920 , died in December 1929 . Lord Dartmouth survived her by seven years and died at Patshull Hall , Staffordshire , in March 1936 , aged 84 . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son , William .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1893 photograph of Lord Dartmouth at thepeerage.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Legge,_6th_Earl_of_Dartmouth#P39#1
|
William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth took which position between Aug 1887 and Apr 1888?
|
William Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth William Heneage Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth , ( 6 May 1851 – 11 March 1936 ) , styled Viscount Lewisham between 1853 and 1891 , was a British peer and Conservative politician . He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1885 and 1886 and again between 1886 and 1891 . Background and education . Born at Westminster , London , Dartmouth was the eldest son of William Legge , 5th Earl of Dartmouth , and Lady Augusta , daughter of Heneage Finch , 5th Earl of Aylesford . Sir Henry Legge was his younger brother . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . On 7 May 1868 , he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on 19 August 1874 . Later promoted to major in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment , he resigned his commission on 20 December 1884 . He played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club in 1877 , and was a county cricketer for Shropshire between 1869 and 1871 , and for Staffordshire . He became one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Kent County Football Association in 1884 . Political career . Legge entered Parliament in 1878 as Member of Parliament for West Kent , a seat he held until the constituency was split in 1885 , when he was elected to the new constituency of Lewisham . The same year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in Lord Salisburys first administration . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1886 but returned to office under Salisbury already in July of the same year , when Dartmouth was once again appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , a post he retained until 1891 . He left the Commons in August 1891 on succeeding his fathers titles . In October of the same year he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire ( succeeding his father ) , which he remained until 1927 . He was also an Alderman of the Staffordshire County Council and a Justice of the Peace for both Staffordshire and Shropshire . In July 1901 he was appointed an additional member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts . Lord Dartmouth was honorary Colonel of the 5th volunteer battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment from 1891 , and of the 46th North Midland Divisional Train of the Royal Army Service Corps from 1908 to 1928 , a period including the First World War , for which he was appointed a KCB in 1917 . On his retirement , he was made a GCVO in 1928 . Provincial Grand Master for the Masonic Province of Staffordshire 1919 . Family . Lord Dartmouth married Lady Mary , fourth daughter of the Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester , on 18 December 1879 . They had five children : - William Legge , Viscount Lewisham ( 1881–1958 ) , later 7th Earl of Dartmouth . - The Hon . Captain Gerald Legge ( born 1882 ) , killed during the landing at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915 whilst serving with the 7th Bn . South Staffordshire Regiment . He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial . He was a well-known ornithologist . - Lady Dorothy Legge OBE ( 1883–1974 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , married Colonel Francis Meynell ( grandson of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax ) . - The Hon . Humphry Legge ( 1888–1962 ) , later 8th Earl of Dartmouth . - Lady Joan Margaret Legge ( 1885–1939 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , died unmarried . The Countess of Dartmouth , who was made a CBE in 1920 , died in December 1929 . Lord Dartmouth survived her by seven years and died at Patshull Hall , Staffordshire , in March 1936 , aged 84 . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son , William . External links . - 1893 photograph of Lord Dartmouth at thepeerage.com
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Heneage Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth , ( 6 May 1851 – 11 March 1936 ) , styled Viscount Lewisham between 1853 and 1891 , was a British peer and Conservative politician . He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1885 and 1886 and again between 1886 and 1891 .",
"title": "William Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth"
},
{
"text": "Born at Westminster , London , Dartmouth was the eldest son of William Legge , 5th Earl of Dartmouth , and Lady Augusta , daughter of Heneage Finch , 5th Earl of Aylesford . Sir Henry Legge was his younger brother . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . On 7 May 1868 , he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on 19 August 1874 . Later promoted to major in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment , he",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": "resigned his commission on 20 December 1884 .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " He played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club in 1877 , and was a county cricketer for Shropshire between 1869 and 1871 , and for Staffordshire . He became one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Kent County Football Association in 1884 .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": "Legge entered Parliament in 1878 as Member of Parliament for West Kent , a seat he held until the constituency was split in 1885 , when he was elected to the new constituency of Lewisham . The same year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in Lord Salisburys first administration . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1886 but returned to office under Salisbury already in July of the same year , when Dartmouth was once again appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , a post he retained until 1891 . He left",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the Commons in August 1891 on succeeding his fathers titles .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In October of the same year he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire ( succeeding his father ) , which he remained until 1927 . He was also an Alderman of the Staffordshire County Council and a Justice of the Peace for both Staffordshire and Shropshire . In July 1901 he was appointed an additional member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Lord Dartmouth was honorary Colonel of the 5th volunteer battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment from 1891 , and of the 46th North Midland Divisional Train of the Royal Army Service Corps from 1908 to 1928 , a period including the First World War , for which he was appointed a KCB in 1917 . On his retirement , he was made a GCVO in 1928 . Provincial Grand Master for the Masonic Province of Staffordshire 1919 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Dartmouth married Lady Mary , fourth daughter of the Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester , on 18 December 1879 . They had five children : - William Legge , Viscount Lewisham ( 1881–1958 ) , later 7th Earl of Dartmouth . - The Hon . Captain Gerald Legge ( born 1882 ) , killed during the landing at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915 whilst serving with the 7th Bn . South Staffordshire Regiment . He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial . He was a well-known ornithologist .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Dorothy Legge OBE ( 1883–1974 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , married Colonel Francis Meynell ( grandson of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Hon . Humphry Legge ( 1888–1962 ) , later 8th Earl of Dartmouth . - Lady Joan Margaret Legge ( 1885–1939 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , died unmarried . The Countess of Dartmouth , who was made a CBE in 1920 , died in December 1929 . Lord Dartmouth survived her by seven years and died at Patshull Hall , Staffordshire , in March 1936 , aged 84 . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son , William .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1893 photograph of Lord Dartmouth at thepeerage.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Legge,_6th_Earl_of_Dartmouth#P39#2
|
William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth took which position in Mar 1895?
|
William Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth William Heneage Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth , ( 6 May 1851 – 11 March 1936 ) , styled Viscount Lewisham between 1853 and 1891 , was a British peer and Conservative politician . He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1885 and 1886 and again between 1886 and 1891 . Background and education . Born at Westminster , London , Dartmouth was the eldest son of William Legge , 5th Earl of Dartmouth , and Lady Augusta , daughter of Heneage Finch , 5th Earl of Aylesford . Sir Henry Legge was his younger brother . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . On 7 May 1868 , he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on 19 August 1874 . Later promoted to major in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment , he resigned his commission on 20 December 1884 . He played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club in 1877 , and was a county cricketer for Shropshire between 1869 and 1871 , and for Staffordshire . He became one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Kent County Football Association in 1884 . Political career . Legge entered Parliament in 1878 as Member of Parliament for West Kent , a seat he held until the constituency was split in 1885 , when he was elected to the new constituency of Lewisham . The same year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in Lord Salisburys first administration . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1886 but returned to office under Salisbury already in July of the same year , when Dartmouth was once again appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , a post he retained until 1891 . He left the Commons in August 1891 on succeeding his fathers titles . In October of the same year he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire ( succeeding his father ) , which he remained until 1927 . He was also an Alderman of the Staffordshire County Council and a Justice of the Peace for both Staffordshire and Shropshire . In July 1901 he was appointed an additional member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts . Lord Dartmouth was honorary Colonel of the 5th volunteer battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment from 1891 , and of the 46th North Midland Divisional Train of the Royal Army Service Corps from 1908 to 1928 , a period including the First World War , for which he was appointed a KCB in 1917 . On his retirement , he was made a GCVO in 1928 . Provincial Grand Master for the Masonic Province of Staffordshire 1919 . Family . Lord Dartmouth married Lady Mary , fourth daughter of the Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester , on 18 December 1879 . They had five children : - William Legge , Viscount Lewisham ( 1881–1958 ) , later 7th Earl of Dartmouth . - The Hon . Captain Gerald Legge ( born 1882 ) , killed during the landing at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915 whilst serving with the 7th Bn . South Staffordshire Regiment . He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial . He was a well-known ornithologist . - Lady Dorothy Legge OBE ( 1883–1974 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , married Colonel Francis Meynell ( grandson of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax ) . - The Hon . Humphry Legge ( 1888–1962 ) , later 8th Earl of Dartmouth . - Lady Joan Margaret Legge ( 1885–1939 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , died unmarried . The Countess of Dartmouth , who was made a CBE in 1920 , died in December 1929 . Lord Dartmouth survived her by seven years and died at Patshull Hall , Staffordshire , in March 1936 , aged 84 . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son , William . External links . - 1893 photograph of Lord Dartmouth at thepeerage.com
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " William Heneage Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth , ( 6 May 1851 – 11 March 1936 ) , styled Viscount Lewisham between 1853 and 1891 , was a British peer and Conservative politician . He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1885 and 1886 and again between 1886 and 1891 .",
"title": "William Legge , 6th Earl of Dartmouth"
},
{
"text": "Born at Westminster , London , Dartmouth was the eldest son of William Legge , 5th Earl of Dartmouth , and Lady Augusta , daughter of Heneage Finch , 5th Earl of Aylesford . Sir Henry Legge was his younger brother . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . On 7 May 1868 , he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps , and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on 19 August 1874 . Later promoted to major in the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment , he",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": "resigned his commission on 20 December 1884 .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " He played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club in 1877 , and was a county cricketer for Shropshire between 1869 and 1871 , and for Staffordshire . He became one of the first Vice-Presidents of the Kent County Football Association in 1884 .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": "Legge entered Parliament in 1878 as Member of Parliament for West Kent , a seat he held until the constituency was split in 1885 , when he was elected to the new constituency of Lewisham . The same year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in Lord Salisburys first administration . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1886 but returned to office under Salisbury already in July of the same year , when Dartmouth was once again appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , a post he retained until 1891 . He left",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the Commons in August 1891 on succeeding his fathers titles .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In October of the same year he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire ( succeeding his father ) , which he remained until 1927 . He was also an Alderman of the Staffordshire County Council and a Justice of the Peace for both Staffordshire and Shropshire . In July 1901 he was appointed an additional member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Lord Dartmouth was honorary Colonel of the 5th volunteer battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment from 1891 , and of the 46th North Midland Divisional Train of the Royal Army Service Corps from 1908 to 1928 , a period including the First World War , for which he was appointed a KCB in 1917 . On his retirement , he was made a GCVO in 1928 . Provincial Grand Master for the Masonic Province of Staffordshire 1919 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Dartmouth married Lady Mary , fourth daughter of the Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester , on 18 December 1879 . They had five children : - William Legge , Viscount Lewisham ( 1881–1958 ) , later 7th Earl of Dartmouth . - The Hon . Captain Gerald Legge ( born 1882 ) , killed during the landing at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915 whilst serving with the 7th Bn . South Staffordshire Regiment . He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial . He was a well-known ornithologist .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Dorothy Legge OBE ( 1883–1974 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , married Colonel Francis Meynell ( grandson of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax ) .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - The Hon . Humphry Legge ( 1888–1962 ) , later 8th Earl of Dartmouth . - Lady Joan Margaret Legge ( 1885–1939 ) , Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire , died unmarried . The Countess of Dartmouth , who was made a CBE in 1920 , died in December 1929 . Lord Dartmouth survived her by seven years and died at Patshull Hall , Staffordshire , in March 1936 , aged 84 . He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son , William .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1893 photograph of Lord Dartmouth at thepeerage.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rezidor_Hotel_Group#P121#0
|
Rezidor Hotel Group was operated by what before Aug 1999?
|
Rezidor Hotel Group Rezidor Hotel Group AB , originally SAS International Hotels and then Rezidor SAS Hospitality , is an American-Swedish-listed hotel group company . Originally founded by Scandinavian conglomerate SAS Group as a hotel in 1960 , it became a listed company in 2006 . The global headquarters of Rezidor relocated to Brussels , Belgium , circa 1989 . The listed company managed hotel chains under brands such as Radisson SAS ( now Radisson Blu ) , Park Inn , and Country Inns & Suites . The brands were franchised from American hospitality and travel conglomerate Carlson Companies from 1994 ( the Radisson brand ) and 2002 ( the other brands ) respectively . In 2005 , Carlson Companies acquired 25% of the shares of Rezidor Hotel Group from SAS Group . In 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of the company . In 2010 , Carlson Companies acquired control ( more than 50.1% shares ) of the listed company . In 2012 , Rezidor Hotel Group started to integrate with the direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) , with both companies collectively known as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Rezidor was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson Hotels , Inc . and its subsidiaries , including Rezidor Hotel Group , were sold to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group in 2016 . Rezidor Hotel Group AB was then renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . The direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) became Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , and the whole hotel group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . In 2018 , Radisson Hotel Group was re-sold to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International of China . History . Predecessors . SAS Group , the flag carrier of Scandinavian countries , opened their first hotel in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1960 . The hotel , the SAS Royal Hotel , was the worlds first designer hotel , which was designed by Arne Jacobsen . The hotel was initially under the catering division of the group . The hospitality and catering division then became SAS Catering and Hotels . In 1982 , the hotels were spin-off as a separate division . It became a subsidiary known as SAS International Hotels in 1985 . Future President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of SAS International Hotels , , joined the company as a junior manager in 1976 . He was promoted as the president and CEO in 1989 . According to the Financial Times , he lays claim to several innovations [ in the hospitality business ] . He also struck a franchise deal for the company with Carlson Hotels in 1995 , which made SAS International Hotels had a decade of compound annual growth north of 20 per cent . Rezidor SAS Hospitality . Rezidor SAS Hospitality , was a company headquartered in Brussels , Belgium . As of January 2005 , it was a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS Group . The subsidiary was known as SAS International Hotels until 2001 . The headquarters of the subsidiary was relocated to Brussels soon after Ritter became President & CEO of the subsidiary in 1989 . In April 2005 , Rezidor SAS signed a partnership agreement with Carlson Hotels Worldwide , a subsidiary of Carlson Companies . The agreement included Carlson acquired 25% shares of Rezidor SAS , as well as Rezidor SAS acquired the rights to use the Carlson-owned brands , such as Radisson SAS , Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns & Suites , in the Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) markets . Rezidor SAS , at that time known as SAS International Hotels , signed a similar agreement in 1994 ( 1995 according to the Financial Times and Rezidor themselves ) with Radisson Hotels International , another subsidiary of Carlson Companies . That agreement give birth of the hotel chain Radisson SAS . Radisson SAS was known as Radisson Blu since 2009 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 , which added three more brands : Park Inn , Regent and Country Inn in the new agreement . In February 2005 , Rezidor signed an agreement to convert seven former Holiday Inn hotels in Germany to Park Inn : Park Inn Bochum , Park Inn Dortmund-City Centre , Park Inn Düsseldorf/Kaarst , Park Inn Hanover , Park Inn Kamen/Unna , Park Inn Köln-Belfortstraße ( Park Inn Cologne-Belfortstrasse ) and Park Inn Cologne City-West . However , six of the aforementioned hotels , except Cologne City-West , were converted to Mercure brand of AccorHotels in 2014 . In 2005 , Rezidor SAS opened four more Radisson hotels in the Republic of Ireland . Two Park Inn hotels were also opened in Dundalk and Mulranny respectively in the same year . However , Park Inn Dundalk was closed down in 2010 . The former Park Inn Dundalk was under Ramada brand of Wyndham Hotels and managed by another company Lester Hotels since 2016 . In February 2006 , Rezidor opened a Park Inn hotel in Baku , the first Park Inn hotel in the Commonwealth of Independent States . Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2006 , SAS Group floated Rezidor SAS Hospitality as Rezidor Hotel Group AB ( publ ) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange . The listed company is incorporated in Sweden . After the listing , as of 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group , while Carlson Hotels Worldwide owned about 42% shares . In the 2010s , Rezidor Hotel Group became part of a larger hotel group , which trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Hotels increased its ownership ratio of the Rezidor Hotel Group to 50.1% in 2010 and then integrating the two hotel groups . In January 2012 , it was announced that Carlson hotel group and Rezidor hotel group would runs hotels under one name Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2010 , Carlson and Rezidor had already sold the brand Regent to . The enlarged group , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson–Rezidor group was acquired by Chinese conglomerate HNA Group , via their division , HNA Tourism Group , in 2016 from Carlson Companies . The takeover also triggered a mandatory bid for the remaining shares of the listed company . However , HNA Group re-sold Carlson–Rezidor group to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International Holdings , another Chinese conglomerate . In May 2018 , Rezidor Hotel Group , the listed company , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB ( publ ) ; The Belgian subsidiary , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality Belgium SPRL/BVBA ; The parent company , Carlson Hotels , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc . in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The trading name of the whole hotel group , including both Radisson Hospitality AB and Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hotel Group .
|
[
"Radisson SAS"
] |
[
{
"text": "Rezidor Hotel Group AB , originally SAS International Hotels and then Rezidor SAS Hospitality , is an American-Swedish-listed hotel group company . Originally founded by Scandinavian conglomerate SAS Group as a hotel in 1960 , it became a listed company in 2006 . The global headquarters of Rezidor relocated to Brussels , Belgium , circa 1989 . The listed company managed hotel chains under brands such as Radisson SAS ( now Radisson Blu ) , Park Inn , and Country Inns & Suites . The brands were franchised from American hospitality and travel conglomerate Carlson Companies from 1994 ( the",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Radisson brand ) and 2002 ( the other brands ) respectively . In 2005 , Carlson Companies acquired 25% of the shares of Rezidor Hotel Group from SAS Group . In 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of the company .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 , Carlson Companies acquired control ( more than 50.1% shares ) of the listed company . In 2012 , Rezidor Hotel Group started to integrate with the direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) , with both companies collectively known as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Rezidor was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson Hotels , Inc . and its subsidiaries , including Rezidor Hotel Group , were sold to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group in 2016 . Rezidor Hotel Group AB was then renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . The direct",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) became Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , and the whole hotel group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . In 2018 , Radisson Hotel Group was re-sold to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International of China .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " SAS Group , the flag carrier of Scandinavian countries , opened their first hotel in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1960 . The hotel , the SAS Royal Hotel , was the worlds first designer hotel , which was designed by Arne Jacobsen . The hotel was initially under the catering division of the group . The hospitality and catering division then became SAS Catering and Hotels . In 1982 , the hotels were spin-off as a separate division . It became a subsidiary known as SAS International Hotels in 1985 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "Future President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of SAS International Hotels , , joined the company as a junior manager in 1976 . He was promoted as the president and CEO in 1989 . According to the Financial Times , he lays claim to several innovations [ in the hospitality business ] . He also struck a franchise deal for the company with Carlson Hotels in 1995 , which made SAS International Hotels had a decade of compound annual growth north of 20 per cent .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " Rezidor SAS Hospitality , was a company headquartered in Brussels , Belgium . As of January 2005 , it was a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS Group . The subsidiary was known as SAS International Hotels until 2001 . The headquarters of the subsidiary was relocated to Brussels soon after Ritter became President & CEO of the subsidiary in 1989 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "In April 2005 , Rezidor SAS signed a partnership agreement with Carlson Hotels Worldwide , a subsidiary of Carlson Companies . The agreement included Carlson acquired 25% shares of Rezidor SAS , as well as Rezidor SAS acquired the rights to use the Carlson-owned brands , such as Radisson SAS , Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns & Suites , in the Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) markets . Rezidor SAS , at that time known as SAS International Hotels , signed a similar agreement in 1994 ( 1995 according to the Financial Times",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "and Rezidor themselves ) with Radisson Hotels International , another subsidiary of Carlson Companies . That agreement give birth of the hotel chain Radisson SAS . Radisson SAS was known as Radisson Blu since 2009 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 , which added three more brands : Park Inn , Regent and Country Inn in the new agreement .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In February 2005 , Rezidor signed an agreement to convert seven former Holiday Inn hotels in Germany to Park Inn : Park Inn Bochum , Park Inn Dortmund-City Centre , Park Inn Düsseldorf/Kaarst , Park Inn Hanover , Park Inn Kamen/Unna , Park Inn Köln-Belfortstraße ( Park Inn Cologne-Belfortstrasse ) and Park Inn Cologne City-West . However , six of the aforementioned hotels , except Cologne City-West , were converted to Mercure brand of AccorHotels in 2014 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Rezidor SAS opened four more Radisson hotels in the Republic of Ireland . Two Park Inn hotels were also opened in Dundalk and Mulranny respectively in the same year . However , Park Inn Dundalk was closed down in 2010 . The former Park Inn Dundalk was under Ramada brand of Wyndham Hotels and managed by another company Lester Hotels since 2016 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In February 2006 , Rezidor opened a Park Inn hotel in Baku , the first Park Inn hotel in the Commonwealth of Independent States .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , SAS Group floated Rezidor SAS Hospitality as Rezidor Hotel Group AB ( publ ) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange . The listed company is incorporated in Sweden . After the listing , as of 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group , while Carlson Hotels Worldwide owned about 42% shares .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In the 2010s , Rezidor Hotel Group became part of a larger hotel group , which trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Hotels increased its ownership ratio of the Rezidor Hotel Group to 50.1% in 2010 and then integrating the two hotel groups . In January 2012 , it was announced that Carlson hotel group and Rezidor hotel group would runs hotels under one name Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2010 , Carlson and Rezidor had already sold the brand Regent to . The enlarged group , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , was one of the top",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "hotel corporations in 2013 .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " Carlson–Rezidor group was acquired by Chinese conglomerate HNA Group , via their division , HNA Tourism Group , in 2016 from Carlson Companies . The takeover also triggered a mandatory bid for the remaining shares of the listed company . However , HNA Group re-sold Carlson–Rezidor group to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International Holdings , another Chinese conglomerate .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In May 2018 , Rezidor Hotel Group , the listed company , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB ( publ ) ; The Belgian subsidiary , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality Belgium SPRL/BVBA ; The parent company , Carlson Hotels , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc . in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The trading name of the whole hotel group , including both Radisson Hospitality AB and Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hotel Group .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
}
] |
/wiki/Rezidor_Hotel_Group#P121#1
|
Rezidor Hotel Group was operated by what in Feb 2002?
|
Rezidor Hotel Group Rezidor Hotel Group AB , originally SAS International Hotels and then Rezidor SAS Hospitality , is an American-Swedish-listed hotel group company . Originally founded by Scandinavian conglomerate SAS Group as a hotel in 1960 , it became a listed company in 2006 . The global headquarters of Rezidor relocated to Brussels , Belgium , circa 1989 . The listed company managed hotel chains under brands such as Radisson SAS ( now Radisson Blu ) , Park Inn , and Country Inns & Suites . The brands were franchised from American hospitality and travel conglomerate Carlson Companies from 1994 ( the Radisson brand ) and 2002 ( the other brands ) respectively . In 2005 , Carlson Companies acquired 25% of the shares of Rezidor Hotel Group from SAS Group . In 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of the company . In 2010 , Carlson Companies acquired control ( more than 50.1% shares ) of the listed company . In 2012 , Rezidor Hotel Group started to integrate with the direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) , with both companies collectively known as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Rezidor was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson Hotels , Inc . and its subsidiaries , including Rezidor Hotel Group , were sold to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group in 2016 . Rezidor Hotel Group AB was then renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . The direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) became Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , and the whole hotel group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . In 2018 , Radisson Hotel Group was re-sold to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International of China . History . Predecessors . SAS Group , the flag carrier of Scandinavian countries , opened their first hotel in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1960 . The hotel , the SAS Royal Hotel , was the worlds first designer hotel , which was designed by Arne Jacobsen . The hotel was initially under the catering division of the group . The hospitality and catering division then became SAS Catering and Hotels . In 1982 , the hotels were spin-off as a separate division . It became a subsidiary known as SAS International Hotels in 1985 . Future President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of SAS International Hotels , , joined the company as a junior manager in 1976 . He was promoted as the president and CEO in 1989 . According to the Financial Times , he lays claim to several innovations [ in the hospitality business ] . He also struck a franchise deal for the company with Carlson Hotels in 1995 , which made SAS International Hotels had a decade of compound annual growth north of 20 per cent . Rezidor SAS Hospitality . Rezidor SAS Hospitality , was a company headquartered in Brussels , Belgium . As of January 2005 , it was a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS Group . The subsidiary was known as SAS International Hotels until 2001 . The headquarters of the subsidiary was relocated to Brussels soon after Ritter became President & CEO of the subsidiary in 1989 . In April 2005 , Rezidor SAS signed a partnership agreement with Carlson Hotels Worldwide , a subsidiary of Carlson Companies . The agreement included Carlson acquired 25% shares of Rezidor SAS , as well as Rezidor SAS acquired the rights to use the Carlson-owned brands , such as Radisson SAS , Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns & Suites , in the Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) markets . Rezidor SAS , at that time known as SAS International Hotels , signed a similar agreement in 1994 ( 1995 according to the Financial Times and Rezidor themselves ) with Radisson Hotels International , another subsidiary of Carlson Companies . That agreement give birth of the hotel chain Radisson SAS . Radisson SAS was known as Radisson Blu since 2009 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 , which added three more brands : Park Inn , Regent and Country Inn in the new agreement . In February 2005 , Rezidor signed an agreement to convert seven former Holiday Inn hotels in Germany to Park Inn : Park Inn Bochum , Park Inn Dortmund-City Centre , Park Inn Düsseldorf/Kaarst , Park Inn Hanover , Park Inn Kamen/Unna , Park Inn Köln-Belfortstraße ( Park Inn Cologne-Belfortstrasse ) and Park Inn Cologne City-West . However , six of the aforementioned hotels , except Cologne City-West , were converted to Mercure brand of AccorHotels in 2014 . In 2005 , Rezidor SAS opened four more Radisson hotels in the Republic of Ireland . Two Park Inn hotels were also opened in Dundalk and Mulranny respectively in the same year . However , Park Inn Dundalk was closed down in 2010 . The former Park Inn Dundalk was under Ramada brand of Wyndham Hotels and managed by another company Lester Hotels since 2016 . In February 2006 , Rezidor opened a Park Inn hotel in Baku , the first Park Inn hotel in the Commonwealth of Independent States . Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2006 , SAS Group floated Rezidor SAS Hospitality as Rezidor Hotel Group AB ( publ ) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange . The listed company is incorporated in Sweden . After the listing , as of 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group , while Carlson Hotels Worldwide owned about 42% shares . In the 2010s , Rezidor Hotel Group became part of a larger hotel group , which trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Hotels increased its ownership ratio of the Rezidor Hotel Group to 50.1% in 2010 and then integrating the two hotel groups . In January 2012 , it was announced that Carlson hotel group and Rezidor hotel group would runs hotels under one name Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2010 , Carlson and Rezidor had already sold the brand Regent to . The enlarged group , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson–Rezidor group was acquired by Chinese conglomerate HNA Group , via their division , HNA Tourism Group , in 2016 from Carlson Companies . The takeover also triggered a mandatory bid for the remaining shares of the listed company . However , HNA Group re-sold Carlson–Rezidor group to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International Holdings , another Chinese conglomerate . In May 2018 , Rezidor Hotel Group , the listed company , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB ( publ ) ; The Belgian subsidiary , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality Belgium SPRL/BVBA ; The parent company , Carlson Hotels , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc . in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The trading name of the whole hotel group , including both Radisson Hospitality AB and Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hotel Group .
|
[
"Park Inn"
] |
[
{
"text": "Rezidor Hotel Group AB , originally SAS International Hotels and then Rezidor SAS Hospitality , is an American-Swedish-listed hotel group company . Originally founded by Scandinavian conglomerate SAS Group as a hotel in 1960 , it became a listed company in 2006 . The global headquarters of Rezidor relocated to Brussels , Belgium , circa 1989 . The listed company managed hotel chains under brands such as Radisson SAS ( now Radisson Blu ) , Park Inn , and Country Inns & Suites . The brands were franchised from American hospitality and travel conglomerate Carlson Companies from 1994 ( the",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Radisson brand ) and 2002 ( the other brands ) respectively . In 2005 , Carlson Companies acquired 25% of the shares of Rezidor Hotel Group from SAS Group . In 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of the company .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 , Carlson Companies acquired control ( more than 50.1% shares ) of the listed company . In 2012 , Rezidor Hotel Group started to integrate with the direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) , with both companies collectively known as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Rezidor was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson Hotels , Inc . and its subsidiaries , including Rezidor Hotel Group , were sold to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group in 2016 . Rezidor Hotel Group AB was then renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . The direct",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) became Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , and the whole hotel group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . In 2018 , Radisson Hotel Group was re-sold to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International of China .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " SAS Group , the flag carrier of Scandinavian countries , opened their first hotel in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1960 . The hotel , the SAS Royal Hotel , was the worlds first designer hotel , which was designed by Arne Jacobsen . The hotel was initially under the catering division of the group . The hospitality and catering division then became SAS Catering and Hotels . In 1982 , the hotels were spin-off as a separate division . It became a subsidiary known as SAS International Hotels in 1985 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "Future President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of SAS International Hotels , , joined the company as a junior manager in 1976 . He was promoted as the president and CEO in 1989 . According to the Financial Times , he lays claim to several innovations [ in the hospitality business ] . He also struck a franchise deal for the company with Carlson Hotels in 1995 , which made SAS International Hotels had a decade of compound annual growth north of 20 per cent .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " Rezidor SAS Hospitality , was a company headquartered in Brussels , Belgium . As of January 2005 , it was a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS Group . The subsidiary was known as SAS International Hotels until 2001 . The headquarters of the subsidiary was relocated to Brussels soon after Ritter became President & CEO of the subsidiary in 1989 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "In April 2005 , Rezidor SAS signed a partnership agreement with Carlson Hotels Worldwide , a subsidiary of Carlson Companies . The agreement included Carlson acquired 25% shares of Rezidor SAS , as well as Rezidor SAS acquired the rights to use the Carlson-owned brands , such as Radisson SAS , Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns & Suites , in the Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) markets . Rezidor SAS , at that time known as SAS International Hotels , signed a similar agreement in 1994 ( 1995 according to the Financial Times",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "and Rezidor themselves ) with Radisson Hotels International , another subsidiary of Carlson Companies . That agreement give birth of the hotel chain Radisson SAS . Radisson SAS was known as Radisson Blu since 2009 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 , which added three more brands : Park Inn , Regent and Country Inn in the new agreement .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In February 2005 , Rezidor signed an agreement to convert seven former Holiday Inn hotels in Germany to Park Inn : Park Inn Bochum , Park Inn Dortmund-City Centre , Park Inn Düsseldorf/Kaarst , Park Inn Hanover , Park Inn Kamen/Unna , Park Inn Köln-Belfortstraße ( Park Inn Cologne-Belfortstrasse ) and Park Inn Cologne City-West . However , six of the aforementioned hotels , except Cologne City-West , were converted to Mercure brand of AccorHotels in 2014 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Rezidor SAS opened four more Radisson hotels in the Republic of Ireland . Two Park Inn hotels were also opened in Dundalk and Mulranny respectively in the same year . However , Park Inn Dundalk was closed down in 2010 . The former Park Inn Dundalk was under Ramada brand of Wyndham Hotels and managed by another company Lester Hotels since 2016 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In February 2006 , Rezidor opened a Park Inn hotel in Baku , the first Park Inn hotel in the Commonwealth of Independent States .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , SAS Group floated Rezidor SAS Hospitality as Rezidor Hotel Group AB ( publ ) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange . The listed company is incorporated in Sweden . After the listing , as of 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group , while Carlson Hotels Worldwide owned about 42% shares .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In the 2010s , Rezidor Hotel Group became part of a larger hotel group , which trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Hotels increased its ownership ratio of the Rezidor Hotel Group to 50.1% in 2010 and then integrating the two hotel groups . In January 2012 , it was announced that Carlson hotel group and Rezidor hotel group would runs hotels under one name Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2010 , Carlson and Rezidor had already sold the brand Regent to . The enlarged group , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , was one of the top",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "hotel corporations in 2013 .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " Carlson–Rezidor group was acquired by Chinese conglomerate HNA Group , via their division , HNA Tourism Group , in 2016 from Carlson Companies . The takeover also triggered a mandatory bid for the remaining shares of the listed company . However , HNA Group re-sold Carlson–Rezidor group to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International Holdings , another Chinese conglomerate .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In May 2018 , Rezidor Hotel Group , the listed company , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB ( publ ) ; The Belgian subsidiary , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality Belgium SPRL/BVBA ; The parent company , Carlson Hotels , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc . in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The trading name of the whole hotel group , including both Radisson Hospitality AB and Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hotel Group .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
}
] |
/wiki/Rezidor_Hotel_Group#P121#2
|
Rezidor Hotel Group was operated by what between Aug 2005 and Jul 2007?
|
Rezidor Hotel Group Rezidor Hotel Group AB , originally SAS International Hotels and then Rezidor SAS Hospitality , is an American-Swedish-listed hotel group company . Originally founded by Scandinavian conglomerate SAS Group as a hotel in 1960 , it became a listed company in 2006 . The global headquarters of Rezidor relocated to Brussels , Belgium , circa 1989 . The listed company managed hotel chains under brands such as Radisson SAS ( now Radisson Blu ) , Park Inn , and Country Inns & Suites . The brands were franchised from American hospitality and travel conglomerate Carlson Companies from 1994 ( the Radisson brand ) and 2002 ( the other brands ) respectively . In 2005 , Carlson Companies acquired 25% of the shares of Rezidor Hotel Group from SAS Group . In 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of the company . In 2010 , Carlson Companies acquired control ( more than 50.1% shares ) of the listed company . In 2012 , Rezidor Hotel Group started to integrate with the direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) , with both companies collectively known as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Rezidor was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson Hotels , Inc . and its subsidiaries , including Rezidor Hotel Group , were sold to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group in 2016 . Rezidor Hotel Group AB was then renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . The direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) became Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , and the whole hotel group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . In 2018 , Radisson Hotel Group was re-sold to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International of China . History . Predecessors . SAS Group , the flag carrier of Scandinavian countries , opened their first hotel in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1960 . The hotel , the SAS Royal Hotel , was the worlds first designer hotel , which was designed by Arne Jacobsen . The hotel was initially under the catering division of the group . The hospitality and catering division then became SAS Catering and Hotels . In 1982 , the hotels were spin-off as a separate division . It became a subsidiary known as SAS International Hotels in 1985 . Future President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of SAS International Hotels , , joined the company as a junior manager in 1976 . He was promoted as the president and CEO in 1989 . According to the Financial Times , he lays claim to several innovations [ in the hospitality business ] . He also struck a franchise deal for the company with Carlson Hotels in 1995 , which made SAS International Hotels had a decade of compound annual growth north of 20 per cent . Rezidor SAS Hospitality . Rezidor SAS Hospitality , was a company headquartered in Brussels , Belgium . As of January 2005 , it was a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS Group . The subsidiary was known as SAS International Hotels until 2001 . The headquarters of the subsidiary was relocated to Brussels soon after Ritter became President & CEO of the subsidiary in 1989 . In April 2005 , Rezidor SAS signed a partnership agreement with Carlson Hotels Worldwide , a subsidiary of Carlson Companies . The agreement included Carlson acquired 25% shares of Rezidor SAS , as well as Rezidor SAS acquired the rights to use the Carlson-owned brands , such as Radisson SAS , Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns & Suites , in the Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) markets . Rezidor SAS , at that time known as SAS International Hotels , signed a similar agreement in 1994 ( 1995 according to the Financial Times and Rezidor themselves ) with Radisson Hotels International , another subsidiary of Carlson Companies . That agreement give birth of the hotel chain Radisson SAS . Radisson SAS was known as Radisson Blu since 2009 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 , which added three more brands : Park Inn , Regent and Country Inn in the new agreement . In February 2005 , Rezidor signed an agreement to convert seven former Holiday Inn hotels in Germany to Park Inn : Park Inn Bochum , Park Inn Dortmund-City Centre , Park Inn Düsseldorf/Kaarst , Park Inn Hanover , Park Inn Kamen/Unna , Park Inn Köln-Belfortstraße ( Park Inn Cologne-Belfortstrasse ) and Park Inn Cologne City-West . However , six of the aforementioned hotels , except Cologne City-West , were converted to Mercure brand of AccorHotels in 2014 . In 2005 , Rezidor SAS opened four more Radisson hotels in the Republic of Ireland . Two Park Inn hotels were also opened in Dundalk and Mulranny respectively in the same year . However , Park Inn Dundalk was closed down in 2010 . The former Park Inn Dundalk was under Ramada brand of Wyndham Hotels and managed by another company Lester Hotels since 2016 . In February 2006 , Rezidor opened a Park Inn hotel in Baku , the first Park Inn hotel in the Commonwealth of Independent States . Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2006 , SAS Group floated Rezidor SAS Hospitality as Rezidor Hotel Group AB ( publ ) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange . The listed company is incorporated in Sweden . After the listing , as of 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group , while Carlson Hotels Worldwide owned about 42% shares . In the 2010s , Rezidor Hotel Group became part of a larger hotel group , which trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Hotels increased its ownership ratio of the Rezidor Hotel Group to 50.1% in 2010 and then integrating the two hotel groups . In January 2012 , it was announced that Carlson hotel group and Rezidor hotel group would runs hotels under one name Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2010 , Carlson and Rezidor had already sold the brand Regent to . The enlarged group , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson–Rezidor group was acquired by Chinese conglomerate HNA Group , via their division , HNA Tourism Group , in 2016 from Carlson Companies . The takeover also triggered a mandatory bid for the remaining shares of the listed company . However , HNA Group re-sold Carlson–Rezidor group to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International Holdings , another Chinese conglomerate . In May 2018 , Rezidor Hotel Group , the listed company , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB ( publ ) ; The Belgian subsidiary , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality Belgium SPRL/BVBA ; The parent company , Carlson Hotels , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc . in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The trading name of the whole hotel group , including both Radisson Hospitality AB and Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hotel Group .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Rezidor Hotel Group AB , originally SAS International Hotels and then Rezidor SAS Hospitality , is an American-Swedish-listed hotel group company . Originally founded by Scandinavian conglomerate SAS Group as a hotel in 1960 , it became a listed company in 2006 . The global headquarters of Rezidor relocated to Brussels , Belgium , circa 1989 . The listed company managed hotel chains under brands such as Radisson SAS ( now Radisson Blu ) , Park Inn , and Country Inns & Suites . The brands were franchised from American hospitality and travel conglomerate Carlson Companies from 1994 ( the",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Radisson brand ) and 2002 ( the other brands ) respectively . In 2005 , Carlson Companies acquired 25% of the shares of Rezidor Hotel Group from SAS Group . In 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of the company .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 , Carlson Companies acquired control ( more than 50.1% shares ) of the listed company . In 2012 , Rezidor Hotel Group started to integrate with the direct parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) , with both companies collectively known as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Rezidor was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . Carlson Hotels , Inc . and its subsidiaries , including Rezidor Hotel Group , were sold to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group in 2016 . Rezidor Hotel Group AB was then renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . The direct",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "parent company ( Carlson Hotels , Inc. ) became Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , and the whole hotel group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . In 2018 , Radisson Hotel Group was re-sold to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International of China .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " SAS Group , the flag carrier of Scandinavian countries , opened their first hotel in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1960 . The hotel , the SAS Royal Hotel , was the worlds first designer hotel , which was designed by Arne Jacobsen . The hotel was initially under the catering division of the group . The hospitality and catering division then became SAS Catering and Hotels . In 1982 , the hotels were spin-off as a separate division . It became a subsidiary known as SAS International Hotels in 1985 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "Future President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of SAS International Hotels , , joined the company as a junior manager in 1976 . He was promoted as the president and CEO in 1989 . According to the Financial Times , he lays claim to several innovations [ in the hospitality business ] . He also struck a franchise deal for the company with Carlson Hotels in 1995 , which made SAS International Hotels had a decade of compound annual growth north of 20 per cent .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " Rezidor SAS Hospitality , was a company headquartered in Brussels , Belgium . As of January 2005 , it was a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS Group . The subsidiary was known as SAS International Hotels until 2001 . The headquarters of the subsidiary was relocated to Brussels soon after Ritter became President & CEO of the subsidiary in 1989 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "In April 2005 , Rezidor SAS signed a partnership agreement with Carlson Hotels Worldwide , a subsidiary of Carlson Companies . The agreement included Carlson acquired 25% shares of Rezidor SAS , as well as Rezidor SAS acquired the rights to use the Carlson-owned brands , such as Radisson SAS , Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns & Suites , in the Europe , the Middle East and Africa ( EMEA ) markets . Rezidor SAS , at that time known as SAS International Hotels , signed a similar agreement in 1994 ( 1995 according to the Financial Times",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "and Rezidor themselves ) with Radisson Hotels International , another subsidiary of Carlson Companies . That agreement give birth of the hotel chain Radisson SAS . Radisson SAS was known as Radisson Blu since 2009 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 , which added three more brands : Park Inn , Regent and Country Inn in the new agreement .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In February 2005 , Rezidor signed an agreement to convert seven former Holiday Inn hotels in Germany to Park Inn : Park Inn Bochum , Park Inn Dortmund-City Centre , Park Inn Düsseldorf/Kaarst , Park Inn Hanover , Park Inn Kamen/Unna , Park Inn Köln-Belfortstraße ( Park Inn Cologne-Belfortstrasse ) and Park Inn Cologne City-West . However , six of the aforementioned hotels , except Cologne City-West , were converted to Mercure brand of AccorHotels in 2014 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Rezidor SAS opened four more Radisson hotels in the Republic of Ireland . Two Park Inn hotels were also opened in Dundalk and Mulranny respectively in the same year . However , Park Inn Dundalk was closed down in 2010 . The former Park Inn Dundalk was under Ramada brand of Wyndham Hotels and managed by another company Lester Hotels since 2016 .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In February 2006 , Rezidor opened a Park Inn hotel in Baku , the first Park Inn hotel in the Commonwealth of Independent States .",
"title": "Rezidor SAS Hospitality"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , SAS Group floated Rezidor SAS Hospitality as Rezidor Hotel Group AB ( publ ) on the Stockholm Stock Exchange . The listed company is incorporated in Sweden . After the listing , as of 2007 , SAS Group ceased to be a shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group , while Carlson Hotels Worldwide owned about 42% shares .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In the 2010s , Rezidor Hotel Group became part of a larger hotel group , which trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Carlson Hotels increased its ownership ratio of the Rezidor Hotel Group to 50.1% in 2010 and then integrating the two hotel groups . In January 2012 , it was announced that Carlson hotel group and Rezidor hotel group would runs hotels under one name Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In 2010 , Carlson and Rezidor had already sold the brand Regent to . The enlarged group , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , was one of the top",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "hotel corporations in 2013 .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " Carlson–Rezidor group was acquired by Chinese conglomerate HNA Group , via their division , HNA Tourism Group , in 2016 from Carlson Companies . The takeover also triggered a mandatory bid for the remaining shares of the listed company . However , HNA Group re-sold Carlson–Rezidor group to a consortium led by Jin Jiang International Holdings , another Chinese conglomerate .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "In May 2018 , Rezidor Hotel Group , the listed company , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB ( publ ) ; The Belgian subsidiary , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality Belgium SPRL/BVBA ; The parent company , Carlson Hotels , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc . in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The trading name of the whole hotel group , including both Radisson Hospitality AB and Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , was renamed to Radisson Hotel Group .",
"title": "Rezidor Hotel Group"
}
] |
/wiki/François_Asselineau#P102#0
|
Which party was François Asselineau a member of in early 2000s?
|
François Asselineau François Asselineau ( , born 14 September 1957 ) is a French politician and an Inspector General for finances . Asselineau was a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) and UMP before creating his own political party the Popular Republican Union ( Union Populaire Républicaine or UPR ) . His movement promotes Frances unilateral withdrawal from the European Union , the Eurozone and NATO . Asselineau has been described as a souverainist but doesnt self-identify as such . He identifies neither as right-wing nor left-wing . Asselineau has had a troubled relationship with the media , which he has repeatedly accused of censorship . In his critique he includes French Wikipedia , which has considered him insufficiently noteworthy to justify a page in the encyclopedia . The activism of his supporters to try and increase media coverage of Asselineau and the UPR has been noted by some observers . He ran in the 2017 French presidential election , presenting himself as the “Frexit candidate” . He was eventually eliminated in the first round , earning only 0.92% of the votes . Education . Asselineau enrolled in HEC Paris where he graduated in 1980 with the MSc in Management . He enrolled at the École nationale dadministration ( promotion Léonard de Vinci , 1985 ) . Career . Asselineau started his career in Japan in the department of economic expansion for National Service Overseas ( CSNE ) . Served in 1985 as inspector General in the inspection générale des Finances . From 1989 to 1990 , he was chief of mission for the National Credit . He was also president of the direction of the Society for Economical and Financial Analysis and Diagnostic ( SADEF ) . In 1991 , he became chief of mission of the Asia-Oceania office at the Direction of Foreign Economical Relation ( DREE ) in the Ministry of Economy and Finance under the Pierre Bérégovoy government . From 1994 to 1995 , he served as counsellor for international affairs in the Ministry of Industry under the Edouard Balladur government . In June 1995 , he was named director of the office of the Ministry of Tourism . In 1996 , he moved to the ministry of Foreign Affairs , where he was in charge of economic matters for Asia , Oceania and Latin America until the dissolution of parliament by Jacques Chirac in 1997 . Political career . In 1999 , François Asselineau got involved in politics by becoming a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) , a party created by Charles Pasqua and Philippe de Villiers . He became a member of the national bureau , director of studies and spokesman of the party until autumn 2005 . On July 27 , 2000 , he became vice-director of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine . He was in charge of economic and international affairs . On May 23 , 2001 , Charles Pasqua nominated François Asselineau as the director of his office of the presidency of the general council of Hauts-de-Seine where he worked until March 30 , 2004 when Nicolas Sarkozy took over the position of Charles Pasqua . On October 20 , 2004 , Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Asselineau as the director of the general delegation for economic intelligence within the Minister of Economy and Finance . In November 2006 , Asselineau joined the steering committee of Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France ( RIF ) , a party created by Paul-Marie Coûteaux , Municipal councillor . On March 19 , 2001 , he was elected as a member of the council of Paris in the 19e arrondissement de Paris . His list , a right-wing dissident list made with an agreement between Jean Tiberi and Charles Pasqua , was third with 15,78% in a triangular against a Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) list and unified left list composed with Socialist Party ( PS ) . His campaign was marked by a radical rhetoric on security , with posters denouncing six years of socialist laxity , supposed drug trafficking , alleged prostitution and an asserted lack of police forces . On December 31 , 2004 , Asselineau decided to join the group Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) at the Council of Paris . On November 3 , 2006 , he decided to quit the group and seat with the non-inscrits just after Françoise de Panafieu , for whom he worked , was elected president of the council of Paris for the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) . In September 2007 , Asselineau participated in a dissident political group named Paris Libre with several other ex-UMP members . The group ran several lists against the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , and Asselineau ran a list in the 17e arrondissement de Paris against Françoise de Panafieu . However , he then backtracked , denouncing consequent pressure on the members of his list . Creation of the UPR . On March 25 , 2007 , for the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty signature , he created the Popular Republican Union ( UPR ) . Election results . In January 2011 , François Asselineau announced his intention to run for the 2012 French presidential election , and confirmed this intention in December 2011 . However , he was only able to garner 17 of the required 500 endorsements from elected politicians necessary to be on the ballot . As a result , Asselineau called for a boycott of the presidential election . Following the Cahuzac affair and the resignation of Jérôme Cahuzac , for whom Asselineau had worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance , Asselineau ran for the legislative by-election in Lot-et-Garonnes 3rd constituency , with Régis Chamagne . They failed to reach the second round with a score of 189 votes ( 0.58% ) . Asselineau ran for the 2014 European Parliament election as the head of the list for the Île-de-France constituency . He hoped that the UPRs agenda could rally voters disappointed by the current political system . Asselineau complained to the CSA for not having had access to mainstream media ; he also claimed that the principle of equity for all candidates was actually undermined by the media , that tended to give voice to parties that were already well-known . He scored 0.56% of votes cast in his constituency . Political views . François Asselineaus souverainiste platform has two main targets , the European Union and the United States . He insists that France should leave the Eurozone , the European Union , and NATO . According to Asselineau , the EU and NATO as seen from Washington...are the political and military side of the same coin , that of the enthrallment of the European continent to their buffer zone so as to surround and contain the Russian continental power . He says the process leading to European unification was launched solely upon orders from the American government . Asselineau denies he is a eurosceptic , preferring to call himself a euro-atheist . He said on the French TV program On nest pas couché that he opposes military intervention in Syria and Iraq . Asselineau claims the 1944 Conseil national de la Résistance as the source of inspiration for his presidential program in 2012 , including re-nationalisations and quality public services . Asselineau does not say what should be done about the major national issues such as nuclear power in France , the French debt crisis or the decisions to be made about immigration , [ which ] should be addressed through referendums , once France has left the European Union . Other . In November 2019 was published in Japanese a book comparing the EU system with the one of contemporary China ; the book includes mostly contributions by Japanese politicians and intellectuals , but also contributions by Emmanuel Todd and François Asselineau .
|
[
"Rally for France"
] |
[
{
"text": " François Asselineau ( , born 14 September 1957 ) is a French politician and an Inspector General for finances . Asselineau was a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) and UMP before creating his own political party the Popular Republican Union ( Union Populaire Républicaine or UPR ) . His movement promotes Frances unilateral withdrawal from the European Union , the Eurozone and NATO . Asselineau has been described as a souverainist but doesnt self-identify as such . He identifies neither as right-wing nor left-wing .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": "Asselineau has had a troubled relationship with the media , which he has repeatedly accused of censorship . In his critique he includes French Wikipedia , which has considered him insufficiently noteworthy to justify a page in the encyclopedia . The activism of his supporters to try and increase media coverage of Asselineau and the UPR has been noted by some observers .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": " He ran in the 2017 French presidential election , presenting himself as the “Frexit candidate” . He was eventually eliminated in the first round , earning only 0.92% of the votes .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau enrolled in HEC Paris where he graduated in 1980 with the MSc in Management . He enrolled at the École nationale dadministration ( promotion Léonard de Vinci , 1985 ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau started his career in Japan in the department of economic expansion for National Service Overseas ( CSNE ) . Served in 1985 as inspector General in the inspection générale des Finances .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1989 to 1990 , he was chief of mission for the National Credit . He was also president of the direction of the Society for Economical and Financial Analysis and Diagnostic ( SADEF ) . In 1991 , he became chief of mission of the Asia-Oceania office at the Direction of Foreign Economical Relation ( DREE ) in the Ministry of Economy and Finance under the Pierre Bérégovoy government .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1994 to 1995 , he served as counsellor for international affairs in the Ministry of Industry under the Edouard Balladur government . In June 1995 , he was named director of the office of the Ministry of Tourism . In 1996 , he moved to the ministry of Foreign Affairs , where he was in charge of economic matters for Asia , Oceania and Latin America until the dissolution of parliament by Jacques Chirac in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , François Asselineau got involved in politics by becoming a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) , a party created by Charles Pasqua and Philippe de Villiers . He became a member of the national bureau , director of studies and spokesman of the party until autumn 2005 . On July 27 , 2000 , he became vice-director of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine . He was in charge of economic and international affairs . On May 23 , 2001 , Charles Pasqua nominated François Asselineau as the director of his office of the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "presidency of the general council of Hauts-de-Seine where he worked until March 30 , 2004 when Nicolas Sarkozy took over the position of Charles Pasqua .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " On October 20 , 2004 , Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Asselineau as the director of the general delegation for economic intelligence within the Minister of Economy and Finance . In November 2006 , Asselineau joined the steering committee of Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France ( RIF ) , a party created by Paul-Marie Coûteaux ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On March 19 , 2001 , he was elected as a member of the council of Paris in the 19e arrondissement de Paris . His list , a right-wing dissident list made with an agreement between Jean Tiberi and Charles Pasqua , was third with 15,78% in a triangular against a Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) list and unified left list composed with Socialist Party ( PS ) . His campaign was marked by a radical rhetoric on security , with posters denouncing six years of socialist laxity , supposed drug trafficking , alleged prostitution and an asserted",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": "lack of police forces .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " On December 31 , 2004 , Asselineau decided to join the group Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) at the Council of Paris . On November 3 , 2006 , he decided to quit the group and seat with the non-inscrits just after Françoise de Panafieu , for whom he worked , was elected president of the council of Paris for the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Asselineau participated in a dissident political group named Paris Libre with several other ex-UMP members . The group ran several lists against the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , and Asselineau ran a list in the 17e arrondissement de Paris against Françoise de Panafieu . However , he then backtracked , denouncing consequent pressure on the members of his list .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " Creation of the UPR . On March 25 , 2007 , for the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty signature , he created the Popular Republican Union ( UPR ) .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " In January 2011 , François Asselineau announced his intention to run for the 2012 French presidential election , and confirmed this intention in December 2011 . However , he was only able to garner 17 of the required 500 endorsements from elected politicians necessary to be on the ballot . As a result , Asselineau called for a boycott of the presidential election .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Following the Cahuzac affair and the resignation of Jérôme Cahuzac , for whom Asselineau had worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance , Asselineau ran for the legislative by-election in Lot-et-Garonnes 3rd constituency , with Régis Chamagne . They failed to reach the second round with a score of 189 votes ( 0.58% ) .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau ran for the 2014 European Parliament election as the head of the list for the Île-de-France constituency . He hoped that the UPRs agenda could rally voters disappointed by the current political system . Asselineau complained to the CSA for not having had access to mainstream media ; he also claimed that the principle of equity for all candidates was actually undermined by the media , that tended to give voice to parties that were already well-known . He scored 0.56% of votes cast in his constituency .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " François Asselineaus souverainiste platform has two main targets , the European Union and the United States . He insists that France should leave the Eurozone , the European Union , and NATO . According to Asselineau , the EU and NATO as seen from Washington...are the political and military side of the same coin , that of the enthrallment of the European continent to their buffer zone so as to surround and contain the Russian continental power . He says the process leading to European unification was launched solely upon orders from the American government .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Asselineau denies he is a eurosceptic , preferring to call himself a euro-atheist . He said on the French TV program On nest pas couché that he opposes military intervention in Syria and Iraq .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau claims the 1944 Conseil national de la Résistance as the source of inspiration for his presidential program in 2012 , including re-nationalisations and quality public services . Asselineau does not say what should be done about the major national issues such as nuclear power in France , the French debt crisis or the decisions to be made about immigration , [ which ] should be addressed through referendums , once France has left the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " In November 2019 was published in Japanese a book comparing the EU system with the one of contemporary China ; the book includes mostly contributions by Japanese politicians and intellectuals , but also contributions by Emmanuel Todd and François Asselineau .",
"title": "Other"
}
] |
/wiki/François_Asselineau#P102#1
|
Which party was François Asselineau a member of between Sep 2006 and Nov 2006?
|
François Asselineau François Asselineau ( , born 14 September 1957 ) is a French politician and an Inspector General for finances . Asselineau was a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) and UMP before creating his own political party the Popular Republican Union ( Union Populaire Républicaine or UPR ) . His movement promotes Frances unilateral withdrawal from the European Union , the Eurozone and NATO . Asselineau has been described as a souverainist but doesnt self-identify as such . He identifies neither as right-wing nor left-wing . Asselineau has had a troubled relationship with the media , which he has repeatedly accused of censorship . In his critique he includes French Wikipedia , which has considered him insufficiently noteworthy to justify a page in the encyclopedia . The activism of his supporters to try and increase media coverage of Asselineau and the UPR has been noted by some observers . He ran in the 2017 French presidential election , presenting himself as the “Frexit candidate” . He was eventually eliminated in the first round , earning only 0.92% of the votes . Education . Asselineau enrolled in HEC Paris where he graduated in 1980 with the MSc in Management . He enrolled at the École nationale dadministration ( promotion Léonard de Vinci , 1985 ) . Career . Asselineau started his career in Japan in the department of economic expansion for National Service Overseas ( CSNE ) . Served in 1985 as inspector General in the inspection générale des Finances . From 1989 to 1990 , he was chief of mission for the National Credit . He was also president of the direction of the Society for Economical and Financial Analysis and Diagnostic ( SADEF ) . In 1991 , he became chief of mission of the Asia-Oceania office at the Direction of Foreign Economical Relation ( DREE ) in the Ministry of Economy and Finance under the Pierre Bérégovoy government . From 1994 to 1995 , he served as counsellor for international affairs in the Ministry of Industry under the Edouard Balladur government . In June 1995 , he was named director of the office of the Ministry of Tourism . In 1996 , he moved to the ministry of Foreign Affairs , where he was in charge of economic matters for Asia , Oceania and Latin America until the dissolution of parliament by Jacques Chirac in 1997 . Political career . In 1999 , François Asselineau got involved in politics by becoming a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) , a party created by Charles Pasqua and Philippe de Villiers . He became a member of the national bureau , director of studies and spokesman of the party until autumn 2005 . On July 27 , 2000 , he became vice-director of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine . He was in charge of economic and international affairs . On May 23 , 2001 , Charles Pasqua nominated François Asselineau as the director of his office of the presidency of the general council of Hauts-de-Seine where he worked until March 30 , 2004 when Nicolas Sarkozy took over the position of Charles Pasqua . On October 20 , 2004 , Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Asselineau as the director of the general delegation for economic intelligence within the Minister of Economy and Finance . In November 2006 , Asselineau joined the steering committee of Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France ( RIF ) , a party created by Paul-Marie Coûteaux , Municipal councillor . On March 19 , 2001 , he was elected as a member of the council of Paris in the 19e arrondissement de Paris . His list , a right-wing dissident list made with an agreement between Jean Tiberi and Charles Pasqua , was third with 15,78% in a triangular against a Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) list and unified left list composed with Socialist Party ( PS ) . His campaign was marked by a radical rhetoric on security , with posters denouncing six years of socialist laxity , supposed drug trafficking , alleged prostitution and an asserted lack of police forces . On December 31 , 2004 , Asselineau decided to join the group Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) at the Council of Paris . On November 3 , 2006 , he decided to quit the group and seat with the non-inscrits just after Françoise de Panafieu , for whom he worked , was elected president of the council of Paris for the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) . In September 2007 , Asselineau participated in a dissident political group named Paris Libre with several other ex-UMP members . The group ran several lists against the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , and Asselineau ran a list in the 17e arrondissement de Paris against Françoise de Panafieu . However , he then backtracked , denouncing consequent pressure on the members of his list . Creation of the UPR . On March 25 , 2007 , for the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty signature , he created the Popular Republican Union ( UPR ) . Election results . In January 2011 , François Asselineau announced his intention to run for the 2012 French presidential election , and confirmed this intention in December 2011 . However , he was only able to garner 17 of the required 500 endorsements from elected politicians necessary to be on the ballot . As a result , Asselineau called for a boycott of the presidential election . Following the Cahuzac affair and the resignation of Jérôme Cahuzac , for whom Asselineau had worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance , Asselineau ran for the legislative by-election in Lot-et-Garonnes 3rd constituency , with Régis Chamagne . They failed to reach the second round with a score of 189 votes ( 0.58% ) . Asselineau ran for the 2014 European Parliament election as the head of the list for the Île-de-France constituency . He hoped that the UPRs agenda could rally voters disappointed by the current political system . Asselineau complained to the CSA for not having had access to mainstream media ; he also claimed that the principle of equity for all candidates was actually undermined by the media , that tended to give voice to parties that were already well-known . He scored 0.56% of votes cast in his constituency . Political views . François Asselineaus souverainiste platform has two main targets , the European Union and the United States . He insists that France should leave the Eurozone , the European Union , and NATO . According to Asselineau , the EU and NATO as seen from Washington...are the political and military side of the same coin , that of the enthrallment of the European continent to their buffer zone so as to surround and contain the Russian continental power . He says the process leading to European unification was launched solely upon orders from the American government . Asselineau denies he is a eurosceptic , preferring to call himself a euro-atheist . He said on the French TV program On nest pas couché that he opposes military intervention in Syria and Iraq . Asselineau claims the 1944 Conseil national de la Résistance as the source of inspiration for his presidential program in 2012 , including re-nationalisations and quality public services . Asselineau does not say what should be done about the major national issues such as nuclear power in France , the French debt crisis or the decisions to be made about immigration , [ which ] should be addressed through referendums , once France has left the European Union . Other . In November 2019 was published in Japanese a book comparing the EU system with the one of contemporary China ; the book includes mostly contributions by Japanese politicians and intellectuals , but also contributions by Emmanuel Todd and François Asselineau .
|
[
"Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France"
] |
[
{
"text": " François Asselineau ( , born 14 September 1957 ) is a French politician and an Inspector General for finances . Asselineau was a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) and UMP before creating his own political party the Popular Republican Union ( Union Populaire Républicaine or UPR ) . His movement promotes Frances unilateral withdrawal from the European Union , the Eurozone and NATO . Asselineau has been described as a souverainist but doesnt self-identify as such . He identifies neither as right-wing nor left-wing .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": "Asselineau has had a troubled relationship with the media , which he has repeatedly accused of censorship . In his critique he includes French Wikipedia , which has considered him insufficiently noteworthy to justify a page in the encyclopedia . The activism of his supporters to try and increase media coverage of Asselineau and the UPR has been noted by some observers .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": " He ran in the 2017 French presidential election , presenting himself as the “Frexit candidate” . He was eventually eliminated in the first round , earning only 0.92% of the votes .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau enrolled in HEC Paris where he graduated in 1980 with the MSc in Management . He enrolled at the École nationale dadministration ( promotion Léonard de Vinci , 1985 ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau started his career in Japan in the department of economic expansion for National Service Overseas ( CSNE ) . Served in 1985 as inspector General in the inspection générale des Finances .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1989 to 1990 , he was chief of mission for the National Credit . He was also president of the direction of the Society for Economical and Financial Analysis and Diagnostic ( SADEF ) . In 1991 , he became chief of mission of the Asia-Oceania office at the Direction of Foreign Economical Relation ( DREE ) in the Ministry of Economy and Finance under the Pierre Bérégovoy government .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1994 to 1995 , he served as counsellor for international affairs in the Ministry of Industry under the Edouard Balladur government . In June 1995 , he was named director of the office of the Ministry of Tourism . In 1996 , he moved to the ministry of Foreign Affairs , where he was in charge of economic matters for Asia , Oceania and Latin America until the dissolution of parliament by Jacques Chirac in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , François Asselineau got involved in politics by becoming a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) , a party created by Charles Pasqua and Philippe de Villiers . He became a member of the national bureau , director of studies and spokesman of the party until autumn 2005 . On July 27 , 2000 , he became vice-director of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine . He was in charge of economic and international affairs . On May 23 , 2001 , Charles Pasqua nominated François Asselineau as the director of his office of the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "presidency of the general council of Hauts-de-Seine where he worked until March 30 , 2004 when Nicolas Sarkozy took over the position of Charles Pasqua .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " On October 20 , 2004 , Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Asselineau as the director of the general delegation for economic intelligence within the Minister of Economy and Finance . In November 2006 , Asselineau joined the steering committee of Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France ( RIF ) , a party created by Paul-Marie Coûteaux ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On March 19 , 2001 , he was elected as a member of the council of Paris in the 19e arrondissement de Paris . His list , a right-wing dissident list made with an agreement between Jean Tiberi and Charles Pasqua , was third with 15,78% in a triangular against a Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) list and unified left list composed with Socialist Party ( PS ) . His campaign was marked by a radical rhetoric on security , with posters denouncing six years of socialist laxity , supposed drug trafficking , alleged prostitution and an asserted",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": "lack of police forces .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " On December 31 , 2004 , Asselineau decided to join the group Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) at the Council of Paris . On November 3 , 2006 , he decided to quit the group and seat with the non-inscrits just after Françoise de Panafieu , for whom he worked , was elected president of the council of Paris for the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Asselineau participated in a dissident political group named Paris Libre with several other ex-UMP members . The group ran several lists against the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , and Asselineau ran a list in the 17e arrondissement de Paris against Françoise de Panafieu . However , he then backtracked , denouncing consequent pressure on the members of his list .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " Creation of the UPR . On March 25 , 2007 , for the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty signature , he created the Popular Republican Union ( UPR ) .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " In January 2011 , François Asselineau announced his intention to run for the 2012 French presidential election , and confirmed this intention in December 2011 . However , he was only able to garner 17 of the required 500 endorsements from elected politicians necessary to be on the ballot . As a result , Asselineau called for a boycott of the presidential election .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Following the Cahuzac affair and the resignation of Jérôme Cahuzac , for whom Asselineau had worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance , Asselineau ran for the legislative by-election in Lot-et-Garonnes 3rd constituency , with Régis Chamagne . They failed to reach the second round with a score of 189 votes ( 0.58% ) .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau ran for the 2014 European Parliament election as the head of the list for the Île-de-France constituency . He hoped that the UPRs agenda could rally voters disappointed by the current political system . Asselineau complained to the CSA for not having had access to mainstream media ; he also claimed that the principle of equity for all candidates was actually undermined by the media , that tended to give voice to parties that were already well-known . He scored 0.56% of votes cast in his constituency .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " François Asselineaus souverainiste platform has two main targets , the European Union and the United States . He insists that France should leave the Eurozone , the European Union , and NATO . According to Asselineau , the EU and NATO as seen from Washington...are the political and military side of the same coin , that of the enthrallment of the European continent to their buffer zone so as to surround and contain the Russian continental power . He says the process leading to European unification was launched solely upon orders from the American government .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Asselineau denies he is a eurosceptic , preferring to call himself a euro-atheist . He said on the French TV program On nest pas couché that he opposes military intervention in Syria and Iraq .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau claims the 1944 Conseil national de la Résistance as the source of inspiration for his presidential program in 2012 , including re-nationalisations and quality public services . Asselineau does not say what should be done about the major national issues such as nuclear power in France , the French debt crisis or the decisions to be made about immigration , [ which ] should be addressed through referendums , once France has left the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " In November 2019 was published in Japanese a book comparing the EU system with the one of contemporary China ; the book includes mostly contributions by Japanese politicians and intellectuals , but also contributions by Emmanuel Todd and François Asselineau .",
"title": "Other"
}
] |
/wiki/François_Asselineau#P102#2
|
Which party was François Asselineau a member of in Jul 2007?
|
François Asselineau François Asselineau ( , born 14 September 1957 ) is a French politician and an Inspector General for finances . Asselineau was a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) and UMP before creating his own political party the Popular Republican Union ( Union Populaire Républicaine or UPR ) . His movement promotes Frances unilateral withdrawal from the European Union , the Eurozone and NATO . Asselineau has been described as a souverainist but doesnt self-identify as such . He identifies neither as right-wing nor left-wing . Asselineau has had a troubled relationship with the media , which he has repeatedly accused of censorship . In his critique he includes French Wikipedia , which has considered him insufficiently noteworthy to justify a page in the encyclopedia . The activism of his supporters to try and increase media coverage of Asselineau and the UPR has been noted by some observers . He ran in the 2017 French presidential election , presenting himself as the “Frexit candidate” . He was eventually eliminated in the first round , earning only 0.92% of the votes . Education . Asselineau enrolled in HEC Paris where he graduated in 1980 with the MSc in Management . He enrolled at the École nationale dadministration ( promotion Léonard de Vinci , 1985 ) . Career . Asselineau started his career in Japan in the department of economic expansion for National Service Overseas ( CSNE ) . Served in 1985 as inspector General in the inspection générale des Finances . From 1989 to 1990 , he was chief of mission for the National Credit . He was also president of the direction of the Society for Economical and Financial Analysis and Diagnostic ( SADEF ) . In 1991 , he became chief of mission of the Asia-Oceania office at the Direction of Foreign Economical Relation ( DREE ) in the Ministry of Economy and Finance under the Pierre Bérégovoy government . From 1994 to 1995 , he served as counsellor for international affairs in the Ministry of Industry under the Edouard Balladur government . In June 1995 , he was named director of the office of the Ministry of Tourism . In 1996 , he moved to the ministry of Foreign Affairs , where he was in charge of economic matters for Asia , Oceania and Latin America until the dissolution of parliament by Jacques Chirac in 1997 . Political career . In 1999 , François Asselineau got involved in politics by becoming a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) , a party created by Charles Pasqua and Philippe de Villiers . He became a member of the national bureau , director of studies and spokesman of the party until autumn 2005 . On July 27 , 2000 , he became vice-director of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine . He was in charge of economic and international affairs . On May 23 , 2001 , Charles Pasqua nominated François Asselineau as the director of his office of the presidency of the general council of Hauts-de-Seine where he worked until March 30 , 2004 when Nicolas Sarkozy took over the position of Charles Pasqua . On October 20 , 2004 , Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Asselineau as the director of the general delegation for economic intelligence within the Minister of Economy and Finance . In November 2006 , Asselineau joined the steering committee of Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France ( RIF ) , a party created by Paul-Marie Coûteaux , Municipal councillor . On March 19 , 2001 , he was elected as a member of the council of Paris in the 19e arrondissement de Paris . His list , a right-wing dissident list made with an agreement between Jean Tiberi and Charles Pasqua , was third with 15,78% in a triangular against a Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) list and unified left list composed with Socialist Party ( PS ) . His campaign was marked by a radical rhetoric on security , with posters denouncing six years of socialist laxity , supposed drug trafficking , alleged prostitution and an asserted lack of police forces . On December 31 , 2004 , Asselineau decided to join the group Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) at the Council of Paris . On November 3 , 2006 , he decided to quit the group and seat with the non-inscrits just after Françoise de Panafieu , for whom he worked , was elected president of the council of Paris for the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) . In September 2007 , Asselineau participated in a dissident political group named Paris Libre with several other ex-UMP members . The group ran several lists against the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , and Asselineau ran a list in the 17e arrondissement de Paris against Françoise de Panafieu . However , he then backtracked , denouncing consequent pressure on the members of his list . Creation of the UPR . On March 25 , 2007 , for the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty signature , he created the Popular Republican Union ( UPR ) . Election results . In January 2011 , François Asselineau announced his intention to run for the 2012 French presidential election , and confirmed this intention in December 2011 . However , he was only able to garner 17 of the required 500 endorsements from elected politicians necessary to be on the ballot . As a result , Asselineau called for a boycott of the presidential election . Following the Cahuzac affair and the resignation of Jérôme Cahuzac , for whom Asselineau had worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance , Asselineau ran for the legislative by-election in Lot-et-Garonnes 3rd constituency , with Régis Chamagne . They failed to reach the second round with a score of 189 votes ( 0.58% ) . Asselineau ran for the 2014 European Parliament election as the head of the list for the Île-de-France constituency . He hoped that the UPRs agenda could rally voters disappointed by the current political system . Asselineau complained to the CSA for not having had access to mainstream media ; he also claimed that the principle of equity for all candidates was actually undermined by the media , that tended to give voice to parties that were already well-known . He scored 0.56% of votes cast in his constituency . Political views . François Asselineaus souverainiste platform has two main targets , the European Union and the United States . He insists that France should leave the Eurozone , the European Union , and NATO . According to Asselineau , the EU and NATO as seen from Washington...are the political and military side of the same coin , that of the enthrallment of the European continent to their buffer zone so as to surround and contain the Russian continental power . He says the process leading to European unification was launched solely upon orders from the American government . Asselineau denies he is a eurosceptic , preferring to call himself a euro-atheist . He said on the French TV program On nest pas couché that he opposes military intervention in Syria and Iraq . Asselineau claims the 1944 Conseil national de la Résistance as the source of inspiration for his presidential program in 2012 , including re-nationalisations and quality public services . Asselineau does not say what should be done about the major national issues such as nuclear power in France , the French debt crisis or the decisions to be made about immigration , [ which ] should be addressed through referendums , once France has left the European Union . Other . In November 2019 was published in Japanese a book comparing the EU system with the one of contemporary China ; the book includes mostly contributions by Japanese politicians and intellectuals , but also contributions by Emmanuel Todd and François Asselineau .
|
[
"Popular Republican Union"
] |
[
{
"text": " François Asselineau ( , born 14 September 1957 ) is a French politician and an Inspector General for finances . Asselineau was a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) and UMP before creating his own political party the Popular Republican Union ( Union Populaire Républicaine or UPR ) . His movement promotes Frances unilateral withdrawal from the European Union , the Eurozone and NATO . Asselineau has been described as a souverainist but doesnt self-identify as such . He identifies neither as right-wing nor left-wing .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": "Asselineau has had a troubled relationship with the media , which he has repeatedly accused of censorship . In his critique he includes French Wikipedia , which has considered him insufficiently noteworthy to justify a page in the encyclopedia . The activism of his supporters to try and increase media coverage of Asselineau and the UPR has been noted by some observers .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": " He ran in the 2017 French presidential election , presenting himself as the “Frexit candidate” . He was eventually eliminated in the first round , earning only 0.92% of the votes .",
"title": "François Asselineau"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau enrolled in HEC Paris where he graduated in 1980 with the MSc in Management . He enrolled at the École nationale dadministration ( promotion Léonard de Vinci , 1985 ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau started his career in Japan in the department of economic expansion for National Service Overseas ( CSNE ) . Served in 1985 as inspector General in the inspection générale des Finances .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1989 to 1990 , he was chief of mission for the National Credit . He was also president of the direction of the Society for Economical and Financial Analysis and Diagnostic ( SADEF ) . In 1991 , he became chief of mission of the Asia-Oceania office at the Direction of Foreign Economical Relation ( DREE ) in the Ministry of Economy and Finance under the Pierre Bérégovoy government .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1994 to 1995 , he served as counsellor for international affairs in the Ministry of Industry under the Edouard Balladur government . In June 1995 , he was named director of the office of the Ministry of Tourism . In 1996 , he moved to the ministry of Foreign Affairs , where he was in charge of economic matters for Asia , Oceania and Latin America until the dissolution of parliament by Jacques Chirac in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , François Asselineau got involved in politics by becoming a member of the Rally for France ( RPF ) , a party created by Charles Pasqua and Philippe de Villiers . He became a member of the national bureau , director of studies and spokesman of the party until autumn 2005 . On July 27 , 2000 , he became vice-director of the general council of the Hauts-de-Seine . He was in charge of economic and international affairs . On May 23 , 2001 , Charles Pasqua nominated François Asselineau as the director of his office of the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "presidency of the general council of Hauts-de-Seine where he worked until March 30 , 2004 when Nicolas Sarkozy took over the position of Charles Pasqua .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " On October 20 , 2004 , Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Asselineau as the director of the general delegation for economic intelligence within the Minister of Economy and Finance . In November 2006 , Asselineau joined the steering committee of Rally for an Independent and Sovereign France ( RIF ) , a party created by Paul-Marie Coûteaux ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On March 19 , 2001 , he was elected as a member of the council of Paris in the 19e arrondissement de Paris . His list , a right-wing dissident list made with an agreement between Jean Tiberi and Charles Pasqua , was third with 15,78% in a triangular against a Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) list and unified left list composed with Socialist Party ( PS ) . His campaign was marked by a radical rhetoric on security , with posters denouncing six years of socialist laxity , supposed drug trafficking , alleged prostitution and an asserted",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": "lack of police forces .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " On December 31 , 2004 , Asselineau decided to join the group Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) at the Council of Paris . On November 3 , 2006 , he decided to quit the group and seat with the non-inscrits just after Françoise de Panafieu , for whom he worked , was elected president of the council of Paris for the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Asselineau participated in a dissident political group named Paris Libre with several other ex-UMP members . The group ran several lists against the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) , and Asselineau ran a list in the 17e arrondissement de Paris against Françoise de Panafieu . However , he then backtracked , denouncing consequent pressure on the members of his list .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " Creation of the UPR . On March 25 , 2007 , for the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty signature , he created the Popular Republican Union ( UPR ) .",
"title": "Municipal councillor"
},
{
"text": " In January 2011 , François Asselineau announced his intention to run for the 2012 French presidential election , and confirmed this intention in December 2011 . However , he was only able to garner 17 of the required 500 endorsements from elected politicians necessary to be on the ballot . As a result , Asselineau called for a boycott of the presidential election .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Following the Cahuzac affair and the resignation of Jérôme Cahuzac , for whom Asselineau had worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance , Asselineau ran for the legislative by-election in Lot-et-Garonnes 3rd constituency , with Régis Chamagne . They failed to reach the second round with a score of 189 votes ( 0.58% ) .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau ran for the 2014 European Parliament election as the head of the list for the Île-de-France constituency . He hoped that the UPRs agenda could rally voters disappointed by the current political system . Asselineau complained to the CSA for not having had access to mainstream media ; he also claimed that the principle of equity for all candidates was actually undermined by the media , that tended to give voice to parties that were already well-known . He scored 0.56% of votes cast in his constituency .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " François Asselineaus souverainiste platform has two main targets , the European Union and the United States . He insists that France should leave the Eurozone , the European Union , and NATO . According to Asselineau , the EU and NATO as seen from Washington...are the political and military side of the same coin , that of the enthrallment of the European continent to their buffer zone so as to surround and contain the Russian continental power . He says the process leading to European unification was launched solely upon orders from the American government .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Asselineau denies he is a eurosceptic , preferring to call himself a euro-atheist . He said on the French TV program On nest pas couché that he opposes military intervention in Syria and Iraq .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Asselineau claims the 1944 Conseil national de la Résistance as the source of inspiration for his presidential program in 2012 , including re-nationalisations and quality public services . Asselineau does not say what should be done about the major national issues such as nuclear power in France , the French debt crisis or the decisions to be made about immigration , [ which ] should be addressed through referendums , once France has left the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " In November 2019 was published in Japanese a book comparing the EU system with the one of contemporary China ; the book includes mostly contributions by Japanese politicians and intellectuals , but also contributions by Emmanuel Todd and François Asselineau .",
"title": "Other"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#0
|
Which country did Yalta belong to in late 390s?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
"Byzantine"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#1
|
Which country did Yalta belong to between Jan 1623 and Jan 1696?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#2
|
Which country did Yalta belong to between Jul 1780 and Oct 1809?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
"Russian Empire"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#3
|
Which country did Yalta belong to between Apr 1919 and May 1919?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
"Soviet Union"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#4
|
Which country did Yalta belong to in late 1920s?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#5
|
Which country did Yalta belong to between Jun 1993 and Mar 2009?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
"Ukrainian"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Yalta#P17#6
|
Which country did Yalta belong to after Nov 2014?
|
Yalta Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population : The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards . The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements . History . 12th–19th centuries . The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called . In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 . 20th century . During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence . Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km ) . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships . Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets . Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state . Main sights . Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita ) - Livadia Palace ( Livadiya ) - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail Geography . Climate . As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is . Demographics . As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey - Baden-Baden , Germany - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia
|
[
"Ukrainian",
"Russian"
] |
[
{
"text": " Yalta ( Russian and Ukrainian : Я́лта ) is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea . It serves as the administrative center of Yalta Municipality , one of the regions within Crimea . Population :",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita . It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore ( yalos in Greek ) on which to land . It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea , surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri . It has a warm humid subtropical climate and is surrounded by numerous vineyards and orchards .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": " The area became famous when the city held the Yalta Conference as part of the Allied World War II conferences in 1945 . The term Greater Yalta is used to designate a part of the Crimean southern coast spanning from Foros in the west to Gurzuf in the east and including the city of Yalta and multiple adjacent urban settlements .",
"title": "Yalta"
},
{
"text": "The existence of Yalta was first recorded in the 12th century by an Arab geographer , who described it as a Byzantine port and fishing settlement . It became part of a network of Genoese trading colonies on the Crimean coast in the 14th century , when it was known as Etalita or Galita . Crimea was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1475 , which made it a semi-independent subject territory under the rule of the Crimean Khanate but the southern coast with Yalta was under direct Ottoman rule forming the Eyalet of Kefe ( Feodosiya ) . Yalta",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 , along with the rest of Crimea , sparking the Russo-Turkish War , 1787-1792 . Prior to the annexation of the Crimea , the Crimean Greeks were moved to Mariupol in 1778 ; one of the villages they established nearby is also called .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 19th century , the town became a fashionable resort for the Russian aristocracy and gentry . Leo Tolstoy spent summers there and Anton Chekhov in 1898 bought a house ( the White Dacha ) here , where he lived till 1902 ; Yalta is the setting for Chekhovs short story , The Lady with the Dog , and such prominent plays as The Three Sisters were written in Yalta . The town was also closely associated with royalty . In 1889 Tsar Alexander III finished construction of Massandra Palace a short distance to the north of Yalta and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Nicholas II built the Livadia Palace south-west of the town in 1911 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union . In 1920 , Vladimir Lenin issued a decree On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People which endorsed the regions transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians . Numerous workers sanatoria were constructed in and around Yalta and the surrounding district . There were , in fact , few other places that Soviet citizens could come for a seaside holiday , as foreign travel was forbidden to all but a handful . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Soviet elite also came to Yalta ; the Soviet premier Joseph Stalin used the Massandra Palace as his summer residence .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta was occupied by the German Army from 9 November 1941 to 16 April 1944 . The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the Big Three powers – the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom – was held at the Livadia Palace . 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Yalta has struggled economically . Many of the nouveaux riches of ex-Soviet citizens began going to other European holiday resorts , now that they had the freedom and money to travel ; conversely , the impoverishment of many ex-Soviet citizens meant that they could no longer afford to go to Yalta . The towns transport links have been significantly reduced with the end of almost all passenger traffic by sea . The longest trolleybus line in Europe goes from the train station in Simferopol to Yalta ( almost 90 km",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") . Yalta is crowded in the vacation season ( July–August ) and prices for accommodation are very high . Most of the tourists are from countries of the former Soviet Union ; in 2013 , about 12% of tourists to the Crimea were Westerners from more than 200 cruise ships .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Yalta has a beautiful seafront promenade along the Black Sea . People can be seen strolling there all seasons of the year , and it also serves as a place to gather and talk , to see and be seen . There are several beaches to the east and west of the promenade . The town has several movie theaters , a drama theater , plenty of restaurants , and several open-air markets .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Two beaches in Yalta are Blue Flag beaches since May 2010 , these were the first beaches ( with two beaches in Yevpatoria ) to be awarded a Blue Flag in a CIS member state .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Famous attractions within or near Yalta are : - Yaltas Sea Promenade ( Naberezhnaya ) , housing many attractions , which was renovated in 2003 and 2004 . - Saint Hripsime Church of Yalta , an Armenian Church , with frescoes by V . Surenyants - A Roman Catholic Church built by Nikolay Krasnov - Yaltas cable car , taking visitors to the Darsan hill , from which one can see Yaltas shoreline - Renovated Hotel Taurica , the first hotel in the former Russian Empire with elevators",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , constructed by the architect Krasnov , who also constructed the Livadia Palace and the architect P . Terebenyov",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Former main building of the Ministry of Defence hotel , built in the style of a Gothic castle - Palace of Bukhara Emir - Yaltas Zoo - Yaltas Aquarium , housing small dolphins - Park-museum Polyana Skazok ( Glade of Fairytales ) - White Dacha – House-museum of Anton Chekhov - House-museum of Lesya Ukrainka - House with Caryatids , where the composer A . Spendiarov lived - Yalta Hotel Complex - Roffe Bath , historical monument Moreover , Yaltas suburbs contain : - Foros Church - Nikitsky Botanical Garden ( Nikita )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "- Livadia Palace ( Livadiya )",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " - Organ hall in Livadiya - Massandra Palace ( Massandra ) - Massandra Winery and Vaults - International childrens centre of Artek ( Gurzuf ) - Ai-Petri Mountain ( 1233 metres high , with a cable car traveling to and from the mountain ) - Alupka Palace - Swallows Nest castle near Gaspra . - Tsars Path hiking trail",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "As Yalta lies to the south of the Crimean Mountains and , within an amphitheatre of hills , the climate is mild . Yalta has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that closely borders on a Mediterranean climate . According to the Trewartha climate classification the climate is Do ( oceanic. ) In February , the average temperature reaches . Snow is infrequent and melts soon thereafter . In July , the average temperature reaches . The average annual precipitation is , most of it being concentrated in the colder months . The sun shines",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "approximately 2,169 hours per year . Since the city is located on the shore of the Black Sea , the weather rarely becomes extremely hot due to the cool sea breezes . The average annual temperature for Yalta is .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " As of the Ukrainian Census conducted on 1 January 2001 , the population of Yalta is 80,500 . The main ethnic groups of Yalta are : Russians ( 65.5% ) , Ukrainians ( 25.7% ) , Belarusians ( 1.6% ) , and Crimean Tatars ( 1.3% ) . The majority of people speak Russian as their mother tongue . This total number does not comprise the population of neighbouring villages and small towns . The metropolitan area population is about 139,500 . Twin towns – sister cities . Yalta is twinned with : - Antalya , Turkey",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": "- Baden-Baden , Germany",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " - Batumi , Georgia - Eilat , Israel - Fujisawa , Japan - Grozny , Russia - Kaluga , Russia - Khachmaz , Azerbaijan - Latakia , Syria - Luhansk , Ukraine - Margate , England , United Kingdom - Nice , France - Pozzuoli , Italy - Rhodes , Greece - Salsomaggiore Terme , Italy - Sanya , China - Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt - Ulan-Ude , Russia - Vladikavkaz , Russia",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] |
/wiki/Ivone_Kirkpatrick#P39#0
|
What position did Ivone Kirkpatrick take in Sep 1949?
|
Ivone Kirkpatrick Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family . Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar . His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 . Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium . Early career in the Foreign Office . He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown ) . Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships . Second World War . During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 . British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary . Permanent Under-Secretary . Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position : Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general . Suez Crisis . Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that : No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said : If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished . Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. . Retirement and death . After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953 , and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children . Notes . 4 . FCO Website Publications . - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .
|
[
"Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": "Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position :",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general .",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ", and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": " - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Ivone_Kirkpatrick#P39#1
|
What position did Ivone Kirkpatrick take between Apr 1950 and Jun 1950?
|
Ivone Kirkpatrick Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family . Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar . His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 . Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium . Early career in the Foreign Office . He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown ) . Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships . Second World War . During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 . British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary . Permanent Under-Secretary . Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position : Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general . Suez Crisis . Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that : No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said : If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished . Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. . Retirement and death . After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953 , and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children . Notes . 4 . FCO Website Publications . - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": "Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position :",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general .",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ", and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": " - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Ivone_Kirkpatrick#P39#2
|
What position did Ivone Kirkpatrick take in Oct 1950?
|
Ivone Kirkpatrick Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family . Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar . His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 . Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium . Early career in the Foreign Office . He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown ) . Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships . Second World War . During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 . British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary . Permanent Under-Secretary . Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position : Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general . Suez Crisis . Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that : No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said : If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished . Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. . Retirement and death . After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953 , and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children . Notes . 4 . FCO Website Publications . - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .
|
[
"British High Commissioner for Germany"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": "Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position :",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general .",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ", and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": " - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Ivone_Kirkpatrick#P39#3
|
What position did Ivone Kirkpatrick take between Jun 1956 and Jul 1956?
|
Ivone Kirkpatrick Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family . Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar . His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 . Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium . Early career in the Foreign Office . He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown ) . Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships . Second World War . During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 . British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary . Permanent Under-Secretary . Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position : Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general . Suez Crisis . Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that : No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said : If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished . Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. . Retirement and death . After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953 , and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children . Notes . 4 . FCO Website Publications . - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .
|
[
"Permanent Under-Secretary"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick , ( 3 February 1897 – 25 May 1964 ) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II , and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office . Early life and family .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington , India , the elder son of Colonel Ivone Kirkpatrick ( 1860–1936 ) of the South Staffordshire Regiment , and his wife , Mary Hardinge ( d . 1931 ) , daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge , later Commander-in-Chief , Bombay Army , and Governor of Gibraltar .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century . His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria , and her grandfather Henry Hardinge , 1st Viscount Hardinge , served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel , and was later governor-general of India in 1844–8 . Her first cousin Charles Hardinge , 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–10 and 1916–20 , and Viceroy of India in 1910–16 .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "Being a Roman Catholic , Kirkpatrick was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914 . Kirkpatrick volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers . Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915 , he was accepted by Balliol College , Oxford , in October , but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London . During the last year of the",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best . From there he worked as a spy master , running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in German-occupied Belgium .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919 . He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year , returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office . He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928 . On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield , daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell , army surgeon , of 7 Phillimore Terrace , London ; they had one son , Ivone Peter ( 1930-2013 ) , and one daughter , Cecilia Sybil ( 1932-Unknown",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": ") .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": " Kirkpatrick was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932 ; chargé daffaires at the Vatican in 1932–33 ; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938 . It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships .",
"title": "Ivone Kirkpatrick"
},
{
"text": "During the Second World War Kirkpatrick was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier . Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940 , he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941 . During this time , he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitlers deputy , Rudolf Hess , following Hesss flight to Scotland in May 1941 . His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , Foreign",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": "Secretary Anthony Eden , Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook . In September 1944 Kirkpatrick was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany , and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S . General Dwight D . Eisenhower until that organizations disbandment . After the war , he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949 .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " British High Commissioner for Germany . In June 1950 , Kirkpatrick was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany . As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany , Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–2 , which terminated the occupation regime and ( in parallel ) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany . In November 1953 , Kirkpatrick was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary .",
"title": "Second World War"
},
{
"text": " Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary ( PUS ) in 1953 . In his memoirs , Kirkpatrick later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position :",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatrick was related to a former PUS , his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge . He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work , an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC . Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–38 , he made clear his detestation of the Nazis . His views seem not , however , to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador , Sir Neville Henderson . After 1945 he was again",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "very much involved with German affairs , serving for a year in the Offices Germany Section and then , during 1950–53 , as High Commissioner in Bonn . Kirkpatrick had a reputation as a combative , even aggressive , Irishman , who had little time for discussion . He was not , according to some of his former colleagues , the easiest of men to work with , and in Lord Gladwyns opinion he would have made an excellent general .",
"title": "Permanent Under-Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Kirkpatricks difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , an event that was little referred to in his memoirs , The Inner Circle ( London , 1959 ) . Convinced that the nations survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities , he encouraged the Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler . The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any appeasement of Nasser . Kirkpatricks closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Ministers dissatisfaction with what he perceived",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration . As a result , Eden increasingly used Kirkpatrick as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office . This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis . For Kirkpatrick , the Suez debacle was a test of Britains great power status , leading him later to reflect that :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " No country [ in the Western world ] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy . The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance . As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis Kirkpatrick was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Kirkpatrick said :",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": " Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of Kirkpatrick : He was so sharp that he cut . However , Suez sullied Kirkpatricks reputation as PUS , though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servants duty of loyalty to his political chiefs. .",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 Kirkpatrick served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority . In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( published posthumously in 1964 ) . He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in 1939 , Knight Commander ( KCMG ) in 1948 , Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in 1951 , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in 1953",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": ", and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath ( GCB ) in 1956 . He died at his home , Donacomper , Celbridge , co . Kildare , Ireland , on 25 May 1964 . He was survived by his wife and two children .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": " - The Inner Circle : The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick ( London : Macmillan , 1959 ) . - Mussolini : Study of a Demagogue ( London : Odhams , 1964 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Hartland_Covered_Bridge#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Hartland Covered Bridge before Mar 1982?
|
Hartland Covered Bridge The Hartland Covered Bridge in Hartland , New Brunswick , is the worlds longest covered bridge , at long . It crosses the Saint John River from Hartland to Somerville , New Brunswick , Canada . The framework consists of seven small Howe Truss bridges joined together on six piers . History . Before the bridge , the only way to cross the Saint John River was by ferry . Plans and specifications of the bridge began in 1898 and the bridge was constructed in 1901 by the Hartland Bridge Company . On May 13 , 1901 , Dr . Estey was the first person to cross the bridge before its scheduled opening , because he had to respond to an emergency call . Workers placed planks on the bridge so he could drive across the bridge . It was finally inaugurated by Justice McKeowan on July 4 , 1901 before a crowd of 2,000 people . It was funded by tolls until it was purchased by the provincial government on May 1 , 1906 . The bridge was not originally built covered . A fire in 1907 burnt some of the structure and nearly destroyed the toll house . The tolls had been removed earlier that year . On April 6 , 1920 , two spans of the bridge collapsed due to river ice . The bridge reopened in 1922 after construction to repair the structure , at which time the bridge was also covered , despite some local opposition . The wooden piers were also converted to concrete . A pedestrian walkway was added to the bridge in 1945 . In 1966 , vandals attempted to burn the bridge down . In 1970 , heavy trucks were barred from crossing the bridge . The bridge was declared a National Historic Site in 1980 , and a Provincial Historic Site in 1999 . In 1982 , the bridge was again closed for repairs after a car struck a steel beam , causing part of the bridge to drop . The bridge was reopened to traffic on February 10 , 1983 . In 2006 , the town of Hartland contributed a small piece of wood from the bridge to the Six String Nation project . Part of this material now serves as one of the reinforcing strips on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project . In the winter of 2007 , the bridge was closed due to the central beam splitting down the middle . It has since been reopened after repairs were carried out . On July 4 , 2012 , in honour of its 111th anniversary , it was celebrated with a Google Doodle on Googles Canadian homepage . Legends . When the bridge was mostly used by horse and wagon , couples would stop half-way across to share a kiss . The first wedding on the bridge was celebrated in September 1992 between Charmaine Laffoley and Dana Hunt from Toronto . It is thought by some locals to be good luck to hold ones breath the entire way across while driving . Characteristics . Location . The bridge is situated in Southeastern Canada , in the western part of New Brunswick , between the municipality of Hartland to the east and the local service district of Somerville , in Carleton County , New Brunswick . Oriented west-southwest to east-northeast , it is used by a small route connecting New Brunswick routes 103 and 105 that crosses the Saint John River just south of the island of Middle Becaguimec . Since the construction of the Hugh John Flemming Bridge in 1960 used by New Brunswick Route 130 one kilometre to the north , the Hartland bridge is now used exclusively for local and tourist traffic . Dimensions . The Hartland Bridge has a length of , which makes it the longest covered bridge in the world . It is also the longest covered bridge ever constructed in Canada , the second-longest being a long bridge on the Batiscan river in Quebec , in use between 1844 and 1870 . On the other hand , several other , longer , covered bridges have existed in the past elsewhere in the world , notably the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge in Pennsylvania , constructed in 1814 and measuring in length , crossing the Susquehanna River until its destruction in 1863 during the American Civil War . The Hartland Bridge has only one lane and only permits passage to vehicles having a mass lower than 10 tonnes and a height lower than . A small gallery , also covered and permitting access to pedestrians , is attached on the South side of the bridge .
|
[
"National Historic Site"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Hartland Covered Bridge in Hartland , New Brunswick , is the worlds longest covered bridge , at long . It crosses the Saint John River from Hartland to Somerville , New Brunswick , Canada . The framework consists of seven small Howe Truss bridges joined together on six piers .",
"title": "Hartland Covered Bridge"
},
{
"text": "Before the bridge , the only way to cross the Saint John River was by ferry . Plans and specifications of the bridge began in 1898 and the bridge was constructed in 1901 by the Hartland Bridge Company . On May 13 , 1901 , Dr . Estey was the first person to cross the bridge before its scheduled opening , because he had to respond to an emergency call . Workers placed planks on the bridge so he could drive across the bridge . It was finally inaugurated by Justice McKeowan on July 4 , 1901 before a crowd",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of 2,000 people . It was funded by tolls until it was purchased by the provincial government on May 1 , 1906 . The bridge was not originally built covered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A fire in 1907 burnt some of the structure and nearly destroyed the toll house . The tolls had been removed earlier that year . On April 6 , 1920 , two spans of the bridge collapsed due to river ice . The bridge reopened in 1922 after construction to repair the structure , at which time the bridge was also covered , despite some local opposition . The wooden piers were also converted to concrete .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "A pedestrian walkway was added to the bridge in 1945 . In 1966 , vandals attempted to burn the bridge down . In 1970 , heavy trucks were barred from crossing the bridge . The bridge was declared a National Historic Site in 1980 , and a Provincial Historic Site in 1999 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , the bridge was again closed for repairs after a car struck a steel beam , causing part of the bridge to drop . The bridge was reopened to traffic on February 10 , 1983 . In 2006 , the town of Hartland contributed a small piece of wood from the bridge to the Six String Nation project . Part of this material now serves as one of the reinforcing strips on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the winter of 2007 , the bridge was closed due to the central beam splitting down the middle . It has since been reopened after repairs were carried out .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On July 4 , 2012 , in honour of its 111th anniversary , it was celebrated with a Google Doodle on Googles Canadian homepage .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " When the bridge was mostly used by horse and wagon , couples would stop half-way across to share a kiss . The first wedding on the bridge was celebrated in September 1992 between Charmaine Laffoley and Dana Hunt from Toronto . It is thought by some locals to be good luck to hold ones breath the entire way across while driving .",
"title": "Legends"
},
{
"text": " The bridge is situated in Southeastern Canada , in the western part of New Brunswick , between the municipality of Hartland to the east and the local service district of Somerville , in Carleton County , New Brunswick . Oriented west-southwest to east-northeast , it is used by a small route connecting New Brunswick routes 103 and 105 that crosses the Saint John River just south of the island of Middle Becaguimec .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "Since the construction of the Hugh John Flemming Bridge in 1960 used by New Brunswick Route 130 one kilometre to the north , the Hartland bridge is now used exclusively for local and tourist traffic .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The Hartland Bridge has a length of , which makes it the longest covered bridge in the world . It is also the longest covered bridge ever constructed in Canada , the second-longest being a long bridge on the Batiscan river in Quebec , in use between 1844 and 1870 . On the other hand , several other , longer , covered bridges have existed in the past elsewhere in the world , notably the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge in Pennsylvania , constructed in 1814 and measuring in length , crossing the Susquehanna River until its destruction in 1863 during the American",
"title": "Dimensions"
},
{
"text": "Civil War .",
"title": "Dimensions"
},
{
"text": " The Hartland Bridge has only one lane and only permits passage to vehicles having a mass lower than 10 tonnes and a height lower than . A small gallery , also covered and permitting access to pedestrians , is attached on the South side of the bridge .",
"title": "Dimensions"
}
] |
/wiki/Hartland_Covered_Bridge#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Hartland Covered Bridge after Aug 2002?
|
Hartland Covered Bridge The Hartland Covered Bridge in Hartland , New Brunswick , is the worlds longest covered bridge , at long . It crosses the Saint John River from Hartland to Somerville , New Brunswick , Canada . The framework consists of seven small Howe Truss bridges joined together on six piers . History . Before the bridge , the only way to cross the Saint John River was by ferry . Plans and specifications of the bridge began in 1898 and the bridge was constructed in 1901 by the Hartland Bridge Company . On May 13 , 1901 , Dr . Estey was the first person to cross the bridge before its scheduled opening , because he had to respond to an emergency call . Workers placed planks on the bridge so he could drive across the bridge . It was finally inaugurated by Justice McKeowan on July 4 , 1901 before a crowd of 2,000 people . It was funded by tolls until it was purchased by the provincial government on May 1 , 1906 . The bridge was not originally built covered . A fire in 1907 burnt some of the structure and nearly destroyed the toll house . The tolls had been removed earlier that year . On April 6 , 1920 , two spans of the bridge collapsed due to river ice . The bridge reopened in 1922 after construction to repair the structure , at which time the bridge was also covered , despite some local opposition . The wooden piers were also converted to concrete . A pedestrian walkway was added to the bridge in 1945 . In 1966 , vandals attempted to burn the bridge down . In 1970 , heavy trucks were barred from crossing the bridge . The bridge was declared a National Historic Site in 1980 , and a Provincial Historic Site in 1999 . In 1982 , the bridge was again closed for repairs after a car struck a steel beam , causing part of the bridge to drop . The bridge was reopened to traffic on February 10 , 1983 . In 2006 , the town of Hartland contributed a small piece of wood from the bridge to the Six String Nation project . Part of this material now serves as one of the reinforcing strips on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project . In the winter of 2007 , the bridge was closed due to the central beam splitting down the middle . It has since been reopened after repairs were carried out . On July 4 , 2012 , in honour of its 111th anniversary , it was celebrated with a Google Doodle on Googles Canadian homepage . Legends . When the bridge was mostly used by horse and wagon , couples would stop half-way across to share a kiss . The first wedding on the bridge was celebrated in September 1992 between Charmaine Laffoley and Dana Hunt from Toronto . It is thought by some locals to be good luck to hold ones breath the entire way across while driving . Characteristics . Location . The bridge is situated in Southeastern Canada , in the western part of New Brunswick , between the municipality of Hartland to the east and the local service district of Somerville , in Carleton County , New Brunswick . Oriented west-southwest to east-northeast , it is used by a small route connecting New Brunswick routes 103 and 105 that crosses the Saint John River just south of the island of Middle Becaguimec . Since the construction of the Hugh John Flemming Bridge in 1960 used by New Brunswick Route 130 one kilometre to the north , the Hartland bridge is now used exclusively for local and tourist traffic . Dimensions . The Hartland Bridge has a length of , which makes it the longest covered bridge in the world . It is also the longest covered bridge ever constructed in Canada , the second-longest being a long bridge on the Batiscan river in Quebec , in use between 1844 and 1870 . On the other hand , several other , longer , covered bridges have existed in the past elsewhere in the world , notably the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge in Pennsylvania , constructed in 1814 and measuring in length , crossing the Susquehanna River until its destruction in 1863 during the American Civil War . The Hartland Bridge has only one lane and only permits passage to vehicles having a mass lower than 10 tonnes and a height lower than . A small gallery , also covered and permitting access to pedestrians , is attached on the South side of the bridge .
|
[
"Provincial Historic Site"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Hartland Covered Bridge in Hartland , New Brunswick , is the worlds longest covered bridge , at long . It crosses the Saint John River from Hartland to Somerville , New Brunswick , Canada . The framework consists of seven small Howe Truss bridges joined together on six piers .",
"title": "Hartland Covered Bridge"
},
{
"text": "Before the bridge , the only way to cross the Saint John River was by ferry . Plans and specifications of the bridge began in 1898 and the bridge was constructed in 1901 by the Hartland Bridge Company . On May 13 , 1901 , Dr . Estey was the first person to cross the bridge before its scheduled opening , because he had to respond to an emergency call . Workers placed planks on the bridge so he could drive across the bridge . It was finally inaugurated by Justice McKeowan on July 4 , 1901 before a crowd",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of 2,000 people . It was funded by tolls until it was purchased by the provincial government on May 1 , 1906 . The bridge was not originally built covered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A fire in 1907 burnt some of the structure and nearly destroyed the toll house . The tolls had been removed earlier that year . On April 6 , 1920 , two spans of the bridge collapsed due to river ice . The bridge reopened in 1922 after construction to repair the structure , at which time the bridge was also covered , despite some local opposition . The wooden piers were also converted to concrete .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "A pedestrian walkway was added to the bridge in 1945 . In 1966 , vandals attempted to burn the bridge down . In 1970 , heavy trucks were barred from crossing the bridge . The bridge was declared a National Historic Site in 1980 , and a Provincial Historic Site in 1999 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , the bridge was again closed for repairs after a car struck a steel beam , causing part of the bridge to drop . The bridge was reopened to traffic on February 10 , 1983 . In 2006 , the town of Hartland contributed a small piece of wood from the bridge to the Six String Nation project . Part of this material now serves as one of the reinforcing strips on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the winter of 2007 , the bridge was closed due to the central beam splitting down the middle . It has since been reopened after repairs were carried out .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On July 4 , 2012 , in honour of its 111th anniversary , it was celebrated with a Google Doodle on Googles Canadian homepage .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " When the bridge was mostly used by horse and wagon , couples would stop half-way across to share a kiss . The first wedding on the bridge was celebrated in September 1992 between Charmaine Laffoley and Dana Hunt from Toronto . It is thought by some locals to be good luck to hold ones breath the entire way across while driving .",
"title": "Legends"
},
{
"text": " The bridge is situated in Southeastern Canada , in the western part of New Brunswick , between the municipality of Hartland to the east and the local service district of Somerville , in Carleton County , New Brunswick . Oriented west-southwest to east-northeast , it is used by a small route connecting New Brunswick routes 103 and 105 that crosses the Saint John River just south of the island of Middle Becaguimec .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "Since the construction of the Hugh John Flemming Bridge in 1960 used by New Brunswick Route 130 one kilometre to the north , the Hartland bridge is now used exclusively for local and tourist traffic .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The Hartland Bridge has a length of , which makes it the longest covered bridge in the world . It is also the longest covered bridge ever constructed in Canada , the second-longest being a long bridge on the Batiscan river in Quebec , in use between 1844 and 1870 . On the other hand , several other , longer , covered bridges have existed in the past elsewhere in the world , notably the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge in Pennsylvania , constructed in 1814 and measuring in length , crossing the Susquehanna River until its destruction in 1863 during the American",
"title": "Dimensions"
},
{
"text": "Civil War .",
"title": "Dimensions"
},
{
"text": " The Hartland Bridge has only one lane and only permits passage to vehicles having a mass lower than 10 tonnes and a height lower than . A small gallery , also covered and permitting access to pedestrians , is attached on the South side of the bridge .",
"title": "Dimensions"
}
] |
/wiki/Hartland_Covered_Bridge#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Hartland Covered Bridge before May 1968?
|
Hartland Covered Bridge The Hartland Covered Bridge in Hartland , New Brunswick , is the worlds longest covered bridge , at long . It crosses the Saint John River from Hartland to Somerville , New Brunswick , Canada . The framework consists of seven small Howe Truss bridges joined together on six piers . History . Before the bridge , the only way to cross the Saint John River was by ferry . Plans and specifications of the bridge began in 1898 and the bridge was constructed in 1901 by the Hartland Bridge Company . On May 13 , 1901 , Dr . Estey was the first person to cross the bridge before its scheduled opening , because he had to respond to an emergency call . Workers placed planks on the bridge so he could drive across the bridge . It was finally inaugurated by Justice McKeowan on July 4 , 1901 before a crowd of 2,000 people . It was funded by tolls until it was purchased by the provincial government on May 1 , 1906 . The bridge was not originally built covered . A fire in 1907 burnt some of the structure and nearly destroyed the toll house . The tolls had been removed earlier that year . On April 6 , 1920 , two spans of the bridge collapsed due to river ice . The bridge reopened in 1922 after construction to repair the structure , at which time the bridge was also covered , despite some local opposition . The wooden piers were also converted to concrete . A pedestrian walkway was added to the bridge in 1945 . In 1966 , vandals attempted to burn the bridge down . In 1970 , heavy trucks were barred from crossing the bridge . The bridge was declared a National Historic Site in 1980 , and a Provincial Historic Site in 1999 . In 1982 , the bridge was again closed for repairs after a car struck a steel beam , causing part of the bridge to drop . The bridge was reopened to traffic on February 10 , 1983 . In 2006 , the town of Hartland contributed a small piece of wood from the bridge to the Six String Nation project . Part of this material now serves as one of the reinforcing strips on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project . In the winter of 2007 , the bridge was closed due to the central beam splitting down the middle . It has since been reopened after repairs were carried out . On July 4 , 2012 , in honour of its 111th anniversary , it was celebrated with a Google Doodle on Googles Canadian homepage . Legends . When the bridge was mostly used by horse and wagon , couples would stop half-way across to share a kiss . The first wedding on the bridge was celebrated in September 1992 between Charmaine Laffoley and Dana Hunt from Toronto . It is thought by some locals to be good luck to hold ones breath the entire way across while driving . Characteristics . Location . The bridge is situated in Southeastern Canada , in the western part of New Brunswick , between the municipality of Hartland to the east and the local service district of Somerville , in Carleton County , New Brunswick . Oriented west-southwest to east-northeast , it is used by a small route connecting New Brunswick routes 103 and 105 that crosses the Saint John River just south of the island of Middle Becaguimec . Since the construction of the Hugh John Flemming Bridge in 1960 used by New Brunswick Route 130 one kilometre to the north , the Hartland bridge is now used exclusively for local and tourist traffic . Dimensions . The Hartland Bridge has a length of , which makes it the longest covered bridge in the world . It is also the longest covered bridge ever constructed in Canada , the second-longest being a long bridge on the Batiscan river in Quebec , in use between 1844 and 1870 . On the other hand , several other , longer , covered bridges have existed in the past elsewhere in the world , notably the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge in Pennsylvania , constructed in 1814 and measuring in length , crossing the Susquehanna River until its destruction in 1863 during the American Civil War . The Hartland Bridge has only one lane and only permits passage to vehicles having a mass lower than 10 tonnes and a height lower than . A small gallery , also covered and permitting access to pedestrians , is attached on the South side of the bridge .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Hartland Covered Bridge in Hartland , New Brunswick , is the worlds longest covered bridge , at long . It crosses the Saint John River from Hartland to Somerville , New Brunswick , Canada . The framework consists of seven small Howe Truss bridges joined together on six piers .",
"title": "Hartland Covered Bridge"
},
{
"text": "Before the bridge , the only way to cross the Saint John River was by ferry . Plans and specifications of the bridge began in 1898 and the bridge was constructed in 1901 by the Hartland Bridge Company . On May 13 , 1901 , Dr . Estey was the first person to cross the bridge before its scheduled opening , because he had to respond to an emergency call . Workers placed planks on the bridge so he could drive across the bridge . It was finally inaugurated by Justice McKeowan on July 4 , 1901 before a crowd",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of 2,000 people . It was funded by tolls until it was purchased by the provincial government on May 1 , 1906 . The bridge was not originally built covered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A fire in 1907 burnt some of the structure and nearly destroyed the toll house . The tolls had been removed earlier that year . On April 6 , 1920 , two spans of the bridge collapsed due to river ice . The bridge reopened in 1922 after construction to repair the structure , at which time the bridge was also covered , despite some local opposition . The wooden piers were also converted to concrete .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "A pedestrian walkway was added to the bridge in 1945 . In 1966 , vandals attempted to burn the bridge down . In 1970 , heavy trucks were barred from crossing the bridge . The bridge was declared a National Historic Site in 1980 , and a Provincial Historic Site in 1999 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , the bridge was again closed for repairs after a car struck a steel beam , causing part of the bridge to drop . The bridge was reopened to traffic on February 10 , 1983 . In 2006 , the town of Hartland contributed a small piece of wood from the bridge to the Six String Nation project . Part of this material now serves as one of the reinforcing strips on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the winter of 2007 , the bridge was closed due to the central beam splitting down the middle . It has since been reopened after repairs were carried out .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On July 4 , 2012 , in honour of its 111th anniversary , it was celebrated with a Google Doodle on Googles Canadian homepage .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " When the bridge was mostly used by horse and wagon , couples would stop half-way across to share a kiss . The first wedding on the bridge was celebrated in September 1992 between Charmaine Laffoley and Dana Hunt from Toronto . It is thought by some locals to be good luck to hold ones breath the entire way across while driving .",
"title": "Legends"
},
{
"text": " The bridge is situated in Southeastern Canada , in the western part of New Brunswick , between the municipality of Hartland to the east and the local service district of Somerville , in Carleton County , New Brunswick . Oriented west-southwest to east-northeast , it is used by a small route connecting New Brunswick routes 103 and 105 that crosses the Saint John River just south of the island of Middle Becaguimec .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "Since the construction of the Hugh John Flemming Bridge in 1960 used by New Brunswick Route 130 one kilometre to the north , the Hartland bridge is now used exclusively for local and tourist traffic .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The Hartland Bridge has a length of , which makes it the longest covered bridge in the world . It is also the longest covered bridge ever constructed in Canada , the second-longest being a long bridge on the Batiscan river in Quebec , in use between 1844 and 1870 . On the other hand , several other , longer , covered bridges have existed in the past elsewhere in the world , notably the Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge in Pennsylvania , constructed in 1814 and measuring in length , crossing the Susquehanna River until its destruction in 1863 during the American",
"title": "Dimensions"
},
{
"text": "Civil War .",
"title": "Dimensions"
},
{
"text": " The Hartland Bridge has only one lane and only permits passage to vehicles having a mass lower than 10 tonnes and a height lower than . A small gallery , also covered and permitting access to pedestrians , is attached on the South side of the bridge .",
"title": "Dimensions"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_46_class#P137#0
|
What operated LSWR 46 class before May 1886?
|
LSWR 46 class The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation . Background . The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation . Construction history . The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive . The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network . The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design . Livery and numbering . LSWR . After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 . LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 . Operational details . The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement . The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered . The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 . Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .
|
[
"London and South Western Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation .",
"title": "LSWR 46 class"
},
{
"text": " The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": "Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": " The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .",
"title": "Operational details"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_46_class#P137#1
|
What operated LSWR 46 class in late 1910s?
|
LSWR 46 class The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation . Background . The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation . Construction history . The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive . The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network . The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design . Livery and numbering . LSWR . After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 . LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 . Operational details . The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement . The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered . The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 . Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .
|
[
"Brecon and Merthyr Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation .",
"title": "LSWR 46 class"
},
{
"text": " The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": "Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": " The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .",
"title": "Operational details"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_46_class#P137#2
|
What operated LSWR 46 class in Jul 1922?
|
LSWR 46 class The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation . Background . The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation . Construction history . The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive . The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network . The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design . Livery and numbering . LSWR . After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 . LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 . Operational details . The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement . The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered . The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 . Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .
|
[
"Great Western Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation .",
"title": "LSWR 46 class"
},
{
"text": " The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": "Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": " The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .",
"title": "Operational details"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_46_class#P137#3
|
What operated LSWR 46 class after Oct 1924?
|
LSWR 46 class The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation . Background . The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation . Construction history . The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive . The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network . The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design . Livery and numbering . LSWR . After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 . LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 . Operational details . The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement . The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered . The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 . Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR 46 Class was a class of 4-4-0 passenger tank locomotive designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway . None have survived for preservation .",
"title": "LSWR 46 class"
},
{
"text": " The first design by William Adams , the 12 members of the 46 Class represent an interim design to supplement the Beattie Well Tanks that were already in service . All were built from 1879 , and were intended for light suburban passenger traffic around London and the South Coast on the LSWR railway network . They were later rostered on local passenger services under the ownership of the Southern Railway , though none of the class survived into British Railways control . In consequence , none have survived into preservation .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The 46 Class was designed as a response to the requirements of the LSWR to have a range of newer , more reliable locomotives for use on their network . As a result , Adams intended the 46 Class to be an immediate stop-gap measure that could be utilised on passenger services while he devised a better solution to the railways motive power problem . This solution would eventually prove to be the 415 Class of 4-4-2 locomotive .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The construction of the 46 Class was contracted out by the LSWR in order to speed construction and delivery . The contractor selected was Beyer , Peacock and Company , which manufactured 12 4-4-0 tank locomotives in 1879 . After only four years in service , the entire class was eventually converted to the 4-4-2 radial tank design between 1883 and 1886 , following the successful introduction of the 415 Class in 1882 on Londons suburban network .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "The reasoning behind the conversion was one of standardization , as various parts could be exchanged between both classes , and in consequence , the only glaringly obvious difference between the two classes , apart from the large side tanks on the 46 class , was the positioning of the safety valves on the boiler . However , the conversion resulted in a heavier locomotive , as an increase in water capacity was incorporated , as was an extended coal bunker to enable longer journeys to be achieved . This entailed the extension of the locomotives frames , resulting in",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "a longer locomotive than the original 4-4-0 design .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " After a period in the LSWRs early Yellow Ochre/Brown passenger livery , the 46 Class was outshopped in LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": "Under the LSWR numbering policy , the number of the first locomotive of a new design became the number of the class . As in this case the first locomotive was numbered 46 , the class became known as the 46 Class . The rest of the class were numbered 123 , 124 , 130 , 132 , 133 and 374–379 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " LSWR numbering policy was , and continues to be , a highly confusing topic because the LSWR did not allocate a numerical series to a new class of locomotive . This resulted in many different classes of locomotives being numbered and mixed within series . From 1903 to 1905 , the locomotives were re-numbered according to the LSWRs duplicate numbering system . This meant that a 0 prefix was added to the LSWR numbers , and that the doyen of the class , number 46 became 046 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " The class , despite its long period of service , was regarded as a stop-gap measure to assist the smooth operation of LSWR passenger services . This belief continued despite the attempt at standardization in 1883 by converting the locomotives to 4-4-2 wheel arrangement .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "The class was eventually demoted to rural local passenger services by the LSWR , along with their 415 class cousins . One locomotive , number 0376 ( 376 ) , was withdrawn early in February 1914 , though was sold to the Brecon and Merthyr Railway in South Wales . This locomotive was re-numbered 44 when in service on this railway , passing to the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1922 who allocated it number 1391 . However it was withdraw later that year before it was renumbered .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": " The class withdrawal programme ended temporarily with the onset of the First World War , where motive power shortages effectively extended their working lives until they became surplus to requirements during the years following the war . As a result , four of the class were withdrawn in November 1921 , with the remaining seven examples in service just making it to grouping and Southern Railway ownership in 1923 . The withdrawals continued , with the final serviceable example being withdrawn in October 1925 .",
"title": "Operational details"
},
{
"text": "Because of the early withdrawal of the class during the 1920s , no examples survived to be earmarked for preservation .",
"title": "Operational details"
}
] |
/wiki/Paolo_Soleri#P551#0
|
Where did Paolo Soleri live in late 1940s?
|
Paolo Soleri Paolo Soleri ( 21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013 ) was an Italian architect . He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti . Soleri was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006 . He coined the concept of arcology – a synthesis of architecture and ecology as the philosophy of democratic society . He died at home of natural causes on 9 April 2013 at the age of 93 . Soleri authored several books , including The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit is Matter Becoming Spirit and Arcology - City In the Image of Man . Early life . Soleri was born in Turin , Italy , Europe . He was awarded his laurea ( masters degree ) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946 . He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona , and at Taliesin in Spring Green , Wisconsin . During this time , he gained international recognition for a bridge design that was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art . In 1950 , Soleri , with his wife Colly ( née Corolyn Woods ) , returned to Italy where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory , Ceramica Artistica Solimene , in Vietri on the Amalfi coast . Soleri adapted ceramics industry processes learned at this time to use in his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronze windbells and silt-cast architectural structures . For more than 40 years , proceeds from sales of the wind-bells have been an important source of funds for construction that is meant to test his theoretical work . Ceramic and bronze bells continue to be produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona . In 1956 , Soleri settled in Scottsdale , Arizona , with Colly and the elder of their two daughters ; the younger was born in Arizona . He began building Arcosanti in 1970 with the help of architecture and design students , as a place to test his urban design hypotheses . This urban laboratory ( so-dubbed by Ada Louise Huxtable , who at the time was the architectural critic of The NY Times ) became internationally renowned . Paolo and Colly Soleri made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning . They established the Cosanti Foundation , a 501-3C educational non-profit foundation . Soleris philosophy and works were strongly influenced by the Jesuit paleontologist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . Soleri died on 9 April 2013 and was buried at Arcosanti in its private cemetery , beside his wife . Arcosanti . The Cosanti Foundations major project is Arcosanti . Arcosanti , as originally designed by Soleri , was intended for 5,000 people ; it has been in construction since 1970 . Located near Cordes Junction , about north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona , the intention of the project is to provide a model that can demonstrate Soleris concept of Arcology , architecture coherent with ecology . Arcology was envisioned by Soleri as a hyper-dense city , designed to : maximize human interaction with ready access to shared , cost-effective infrastructural services ; conserve water and reduce sewage ; minimize the use of energy , raw materials and land ; reduce waste and environmental pollution ; increase interaction with the surrounding natural environment . In 2010 , construction was underway to complete Arcosantis Greenhouse Apron , but that initiative was put on hold not long after Soleris death in 2013 . Arcosanti is intended as a prototype of a desert arcology . Soleris other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean ( Nova Noah ) , et al . ( see : Arcology : City in the Image of Man ) . Since 1970 , over 7000 people have participated in Arcosantis construction . Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network . Other achievements . The International Architecture Symposium Mensch und Raum ( Man and Space ) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984 received international attention . Paolo Soleri participated with , among others : Justus Dahinden , Dennis Sharp , Bruno Zevi , Jorge Glusberg , Otto Kapfinger , Frei Otto , Pierre Vago , Ernst Gisel , and Ionel Schein . Soleri was a distinguished lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a member of the Lindisfarne Association . In 1966 , Paolo Soleri began working on the design for the Paolo Soleri Amphitheater in Santa Fe , New Mexico . It was built for the IAIA ( Institute of American Indian Arts ) on what is now the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School using large silt cast forms . The property is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico and is therefore not protected by local or state preservation laws . A landmark exhibition , City in the Image of Man - The Architectural Visions of Paolo Soleri , organized in 1970 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , DC , traveled extensively thereafter in the U.S . and Canada , breaking records for attendance . Two Suns Arcology , A Concept for Future Cities opened in 1976 at the Xerox Square Center in Rochester , New York . In 1989 , Paolo Soleri Habitats : Ecologic Minutiae , an exhibition of arcologies , space habitats , and bridges , was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences . More recently , Soleris Cities , Architecture for the Planet Earth and Beyond was featured at the Scottsdale Center for the Arts in Scottsdale , AZ . A Soleri bell appears in the film What the *Bleep* Do We Know ? His work has been exhibited worldwide . In 1976 , Paolo Soleri was a key participant at UN Habitat I , the first UN forum on human settlements , held it Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , North America . Soleri appeared there together with Buckminster Fuller . The Paolo Soleri Archives , the collection of Soleris drawings and writings , is located at Arcosanti . The Soleri Archives is managed by Sue Kirsch under the direction of Tomiaki Tamura , a Cosanti Board Trustee and Arcosantis Director of Special Projects . Tomiaki Tamura resides at Arcosanti . An interview with Soleri was featured in the environmental documentary The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) . On 10 December 2010 , the Soleri Bridge and Plaza was completed . The structure had been commissioned by Scottsdale Public Art . The pedestrian bridge based on Paolo Soleris design is located on the South Bank of the Arizona Canal and connects a developed retail area of the Scottsdale Waterfront with Old Town Scottsdale . The bridge is incorporated into a plaza including silt cast artwork , as well as a large bell assembly called The Goldwater Bell , also designed by Paolo Soleri . The feature-length documentary film ( 2013 ) contains interviews with Morley Safer , Paul Goldberger , Catherine Hardwicke , Will Bruder , Jean-Michel Cousteau , Steven Holl , and Eric Lloyd Wright . Awards . Soleri received fellowships from the Graham Foundation and from the Guggenheim Foundation ( 1964 , Architecture , Planning , & Design ) . He was awarded three honorary doctorates and several awards from design groups worldwide : - 1963 – American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Craftmanship - 1981 – Gold Medal at the World Bienniale of Architecture held by the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia , Bulgaria - 1984 – Silver Medal of the Academie d Architecture in Paris - 1996 – Honorary Fellow , Royal Institute of British Architects - 2000 – Leone doro at the Venice Biennale of Architecture for his lifelong achievement - 2006 – Cooper Hewitt National Design Award for lifetime achievement Sexual abuse allegation . In October 2010 , Daniela Soleri – Paolo Soleris daughter – resigned from the Cosanti Foundation board , citing abuse by her father . She stated that some of Soleris inner circle had been told decades earlier , but nothing had been done about it at the time . After the resignation , Soleri stepped down as chairman , but the board made no public statement on the reasons . After the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art had a major retrospective exhibition on Paolo Soleri in October 2017 , Daniela published an article on the website Medium on 13 November 2017 accusing her father of persistent sexual abuse , writing : In my early adolescence , my father , an architect and craftsman , began sexually molesting me , eventually attempting rape when I was 17 . Encouraged to publish the article by the #MeToo movement , Daniela wrote that she had already come forward to many of her fathers colleagues but received little response : In the article , Daniela wrote about her lingering admiration for some of Soleris work and ideas . However , she also warned against uncritical praise of artists with abusive tendencies and the tendency to accept abusive behavior as a necessary and justified cost for the contributions of intellect or creativity . Of her father , Daniela wrote : As noted in Dezeen , Danielas article suggested that she had approached The New York Times or other news publishers to discuss her fathers abuse , but had been turned away . The Cosanti Foundation Board released an official statement in response to Daniela Soleris : Curbed editor-in-chief Kelsey Keith wrote [ Daniela ] Soleris account is breathtaking not only for its thorough and very personal reckoning with the truth , but for its clear-eyed articulation of the reasons why assigning all intellectual power to a solitary genius is so harmful . Keith noted that architecture as a profession hasnt ( yet ) experienced its Weinstein moment , referring to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations and the resulting Weinstein effect of reporting sexual misconduct committed by powerful men in media and other industries . In a 2018 Curbed article , Hilary George-Parkin said : While Hollywood , tech , sports , media , politics , the restaurant industry , and others are reeling from high-profile revelations and resignations , the design world has remained—with the notable exception of Daniela Soleris account of sexual abuse by her father , architect Paolo Soleri—mostly undisturbed in the public realm .
|
[
"United States"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paolo Soleri ( 21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013 ) was an Italian architect . He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti . Soleri was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006 . He coined the concept of arcology – a synthesis of architecture and ecology as the philosophy of democratic society . He died at home of natural causes on 9 April 2013 at the age of 93 .",
"title": "Paolo Soleri"
},
{
"text": "Soleri authored several books , including The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit is Matter Becoming Spirit and Arcology - City In the Image of Man .",
"title": "Paolo Soleri"
},
{
"text": " Soleri was born in Turin , Italy , Europe . He was awarded his laurea ( masters degree ) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946 . He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona , and at Taliesin in Spring Green , Wisconsin . During this time , he gained international recognition for a bridge design that was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , Soleri , with his wife Colly ( née Corolyn Woods ) , returned to Italy where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory , Ceramica Artistica Solimene , in Vietri on the Amalfi coast .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Soleri adapted ceramics industry processes learned at this time to use in his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronze windbells and silt-cast architectural structures . For more than 40 years , proceeds from sales of the wind-bells have been an important source of funds for construction that is meant to test his theoretical work . Ceramic and bronze bells continue to be produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 , Soleri settled in Scottsdale , Arizona , with Colly and the elder of their two daughters ; the younger was born in Arizona . He began building Arcosanti in 1970 with the help of architecture and design students , as a place to test his urban design hypotheses . This urban laboratory ( so-dubbed by Ada Louise Huxtable , who at the time was the architectural critic of The NY Times ) became internationally renowned .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Paolo and Colly Soleri made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning . They established the Cosanti Foundation , a 501-3C educational non-profit foundation . Soleris philosophy and works were strongly influenced by the Jesuit paleontologist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . Soleri died on 9 April 2013 and was buried at Arcosanti in its private cemetery , beside his wife .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The Cosanti Foundations major project is Arcosanti . Arcosanti , as originally designed by Soleri , was intended for 5,000 people ; it has been in construction since 1970 . Located near Cordes Junction , about north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona , the intention of the project is to provide a model that can demonstrate Soleris concept of Arcology , architecture coherent with ecology . Arcology was envisioned by Soleri as a hyper-dense city , designed to : maximize human interaction with ready access to shared , cost-effective infrastructural services ; conserve water and",
"title": "Arcosanti"
},
{
"text": "reduce sewage ; minimize the use of energy , raw materials and land ; reduce waste and environmental pollution ; increase interaction with the surrounding natural environment . In 2010 , construction was underway to complete Arcosantis Greenhouse Apron , but that initiative was put on hold not long after Soleris death in 2013 .",
"title": "Arcosanti"
},
{
"text": " Arcosanti is intended as a prototype of a desert arcology . Soleris other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean ( Nova Noah ) , et al . ( see : Arcology : City in the Image of Man ) . Since 1970 , over 7000 people have participated in Arcosantis construction . Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network .",
"title": "Arcosanti"
},
{
"text": " The International Architecture Symposium Mensch und Raum ( Man and Space ) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984 received international attention . Paolo Soleri participated with , among others : Justus Dahinden , Dennis Sharp , Bruno Zevi , Jorge Glusberg , Otto Kapfinger , Frei Otto , Pierre Vago , Ernst Gisel , and Ionel Schein . Soleri was a distinguished lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a member of the Lindisfarne Association .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Paolo Soleri began working on the design for the Paolo Soleri Amphitheater in Santa Fe , New Mexico . It was built for the IAIA ( Institute of American Indian Arts ) on what is now the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School using large silt cast forms . The property is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico and is therefore not protected by local or state preservation laws .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "A landmark exhibition , City in the Image of Man - The Architectural Visions of Paolo Soleri , organized in 1970 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , DC , traveled extensively thereafter in the U.S . and Canada , breaking records for attendance . Two Suns Arcology , A Concept for Future Cities opened in 1976 at the Xerox Square Center in Rochester , New York . In 1989 , Paolo Soleri Habitats : Ecologic Minutiae , an exhibition of arcologies , space habitats , and bridges , was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": ". More recently , Soleris Cities , Architecture for the Planet Earth and Beyond was featured at the Scottsdale Center for the Arts in Scottsdale , AZ . A Soleri bell appears in the film What the *Bleep* Do We Know ? His work has been exhibited worldwide .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Paolo Soleri was a key participant at UN Habitat I , the first UN forum on human settlements , held it Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , North America . Soleri appeared there together with Buckminster Fuller . The Paolo Soleri Archives , the collection of Soleris drawings and writings , is located at Arcosanti . The Soleri Archives is managed by Sue Kirsch under the direction of Tomiaki Tamura , a Cosanti Board Trustee and Arcosantis Director of Special Projects . Tomiaki Tamura resides at Arcosanti .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "An interview with Soleri was featured in the environmental documentary The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": " On 10 December 2010 , the Soleri Bridge and Plaza was completed . The structure had been commissioned by Scottsdale Public Art . The pedestrian bridge based on Paolo Soleris design is located on the South Bank of the Arizona Canal and connects a developed retail area of the Scottsdale Waterfront with Old Town Scottsdale . The bridge is incorporated into a plaza including silt cast artwork , as well as a large bell assembly called The Goldwater Bell , also designed by Paolo Soleri .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "The feature-length documentary film ( 2013 ) contains interviews with Morley Safer , Paul Goldberger , Catherine Hardwicke , Will Bruder , Jean-Michel Cousteau , Steven Holl , and Eric Lloyd Wright .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": " Soleri received fellowships from the Graham Foundation and from the Guggenheim Foundation ( 1964 , Architecture , Planning , & Design ) . He was awarded three honorary doctorates and several awards from design groups worldwide : - 1963 – American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Craftmanship - 1981 – Gold Medal at the World Bienniale of Architecture held by the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia , Bulgaria - 1984 – Silver Medal of the Academie d Architecture in Paris - 1996 – Honorary Fellow , Royal Institute of British Architects",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 – Leone doro at the Venice Biennale of Architecture for his lifelong achievement",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In October 2010 , Daniela Soleri – Paolo Soleris daughter – resigned from the Cosanti Foundation board , citing abuse by her father . She stated that some of Soleris inner circle had been told decades earlier , but nothing had been done about it at the time . After the resignation , Soleri stepped down as chairman , but the board made no public statement on the reasons .",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "After the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art had a major retrospective exhibition on Paolo Soleri in October 2017 , Daniela published an article on the website Medium on 13 November 2017 accusing her father of persistent sexual abuse , writing : In my early adolescence , my father , an architect and craftsman , began sexually molesting me , eventually attempting rape when I was 17 . Encouraged to publish the article by the #MeToo movement , Daniela wrote that she had already come forward to many of her fathers colleagues but received little response :",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": " In the article , Daniela wrote about her lingering admiration for some of Soleris work and ideas . However , she also warned against uncritical praise of artists with abusive tendencies and the tendency to accept abusive behavior as a necessary and justified cost for the contributions of intellect or creativity . Of her father , Daniela wrote :",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "As noted in Dezeen , Danielas article suggested that she had approached The New York Times or other news publishers to discuss her fathers abuse , but had been turned away . The Cosanti Foundation Board released an official statement in response to Daniela Soleris :",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "Curbed editor-in-chief Kelsey Keith wrote [ Daniela ] Soleris account is breathtaking not only for its thorough and very personal reckoning with the truth , but for its clear-eyed articulation of the reasons why assigning all intellectual power to a solitary genius is so harmful . Keith noted that architecture as a profession hasnt ( yet ) experienced its Weinstein moment , referring to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations and the resulting Weinstein effect of reporting sexual misconduct committed by powerful men in media and other industries . In a 2018 Curbed article , Hilary George-Parkin said : While",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "Hollywood , tech , sports , media , politics , the restaurant industry , and others are reeling from high-profile revelations and resignations , the design world has remained—with the notable exception of Daniela Soleris account of sexual abuse by her father , architect Paolo Soleri—mostly undisturbed in the public realm .",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
}
] |
/wiki/Paolo_Soleri#P551#1
|
Where did Paolo Soleri live between Feb 1951 and Jan 1953?
|
Paolo Soleri Paolo Soleri ( 21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013 ) was an Italian architect . He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti . Soleri was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006 . He coined the concept of arcology – a synthesis of architecture and ecology as the philosophy of democratic society . He died at home of natural causes on 9 April 2013 at the age of 93 . Soleri authored several books , including The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit is Matter Becoming Spirit and Arcology - City In the Image of Man . Early life . Soleri was born in Turin , Italy , Europe . He was awarded his laurea ( masters degree ) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946 . He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona , and at Taliesin in Spring Green , Wisconsin . During this time , he gained international recognition for a bridge design that was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art . In 1950 , Soleri , with his wife Colly ( née Corolyn Woods ) , returned to Italy where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory , Ceramica Artistica Solimene , in Vietri on the Amalfi coast . Soleri adapted ceramics industry processes learned at this time to use in his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronze windbells and silt-cast architectural structures . For more than 40 years , proceeds from sales of the wind-bells have been an important source of funds for construction that is meant to test his theoretical work . Ceramic and bronze bells continue to be produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona . In 1956 , Soleri settled in Scottsdale , Arizona , with Colly and the elder of their two daughters ; the younger was born in Arizona . He began building Arcosanti in 1970 with the help of architecture and design students , as a place to test his urban design hypotheses . This urban laboratory ( so-dubbed by Ada Louise Huxtable , who at the time was the architectural critic of The NY Times ) became internationally renowned . Paolo and Colly Soleri made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning . They established the Cosanti Foundation , a 501-3C educational non-profit foundation . Soleris philosophy and works were strongly influenced by the Jesuit paleontologist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . Soleri died on 9 April 2013 and was buried at Arcosanti in its private cemetery , beside his wife . Arcosanti . The Cosanti Foundations major project is Arcosanti . Arcosanti , as originally designed by Soleri , was intended for 5,000 people ; it has been in construction since 1970 . Located near Cordes Junction , about north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona , the intention of the project is to provide a model that can demonstrate Soleris concept of Arcology , architecture coherent with ecology . Arcology was envisioned by Soleri as a hyper-dense city , designed to : maximize human interaction with ready access to shared , cost-effective infrastructural services ; conserve water and reduce sewage ; minimize the use of energy , raw materials and land ; reduce waste and environmental pollution ; increase interaction with the surrounding natural environment . In 2010 , construction was underway to complete Arcosantis Greenhouse Apron , but that initiative was put on hold not long after Soleris death in 2013 . Arcosanti is intended as a prototype of a desert arcology . Soleris other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean ( Nova Noah ) , et al . ( see : Arcology : City in the Image of Man ) . Since 1970 , over 7000 people have participated in Arcosantis construction . Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network . Other achievements . The International Architecture Symposium Mensch und Raum ( Man and Space ) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984 received international attention . Paolo Soleri participated with , among others : Justus Dahinden , Dennis Sharp , Bruno Zevi , Jorge Glusberg , Otto Kapfinger , Frei Otto , Pierre Vago , Ernst Gisel , and Ionel Schein . Soleri was a distinguished lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a member of the Lindisfarne Association . In 1966 , Paolo Soleri began working on the design for the Paolo Soleri Amphitheater in Santa Fe , New Mexico . It was built for the IAIA ( Institute of American Indian Arts ) on what is now the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School using large silt cast forms . The property is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico and is therefore not protected by local or state preservation laws . A landmark exhibition , City in the Image of Man - The Architectural Visions of Paolo Soleri , organized in 1970 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , DC , traveled extensively thereafter in the U.S . and Canada , breaking records for attendance . Two Suns Arcology , A Concept for Future Cities opened in 1976 at the Xerox Square Center in Rochester , New York . In 1989 , Paolo Soleri Habitats : Ecologic Minutiae , an exhibition of arcologies , space habitats , and bridges , was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences . More recently , Soleris Cities , Architecture for the Planet Earth and Beyond was featured at the Scottsdale Center for the Arts in Scottsdale , AZ . A Soleri bell appears in the film What the *Bleep* Do We Know ? His work has been exhibited worldwide . In 1976 , Paolo Soleri was a key participant at UN Habitat I , the first UN forum on human settlements , held it Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , North America . Soleri appeared there together with Buckminster Fuller . The Paolo Soleri Archives , the collection of Soleris drawings and writings , is located at Arcosanti . The Soleri Archives is managed by Sue Kirsch under the direction of Tomiaki Tamura , a Cosanti Board Trustee and Arcosantis Director of Special Projects . Tomiaki Tamura resides at Arcosanti . An interview with Soleri was featured in the environmental documentary The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) . On 10 December 2010 , the Soleri Bridge and Plaza was completed . The structure had been commissioned by Scottsdale Public Art . The pedestrian bridge based on Paolo Soleris design is located on the South Bank of the Arizona Canal and connects a developed retail area of the Scottsdale Waterfront with Old Town Scottsdale . The bridge is incorporated into a plaza including silt cast artwork , as well as a large bell assembly called The Goldwater Bell , also designed by Paolo Soleri . The feature-length documentary film ( 2013 ) contains interviews with Morley Safer , Paul Goldberger , Catherine Hardwicke , Will Bruder , Jean-Michel Cousteau , Steven Holl , and Eric Lloyd Wright . Awards . Soleri received fellowships from the Graham Foundation and from the Guggenheim Foundation ( 1964 , Architecture , Planning , & Design ) . He was awarded three honorary doctorates and several awards from design groups worldwide : - 1963 – American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Craftmanship - 1981 – Gold Medal at the World Bienniale of Architecture held by the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia , Bulgaria - 1984 – Silver Medal of the Academie d Architecture in Paris - 1996 – Honorary Fellow , Royal Institute of British Architects - 2000 – Leone doro at the Venice Biennale of Architecture for his lifelong achievement - 2006 – Cooper Hewitt National Design Award for lifetime achievement Sexual abuse allegation . In October 2010 , Daniela Soleri – Paolo Soleris daughter – resigned from the Cosanti Foundation board , citing abuse by her father . She stated that some of Soleris inner circle had been told decades earlier , but nothing had been done about it at the time . After the resignation , Soleri stepped down as chairman , but the board made no public statement on the reasons . After the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art had a major retrospective exhibition on Paolo Soleri in October 2017 , Daniela published an article on the website Medium on 13 November 2017 accusing her father of persistent sexual abuse , writing : In my early adolescence , my father , an architect and craftsman , began sexually molesting me , eventually attempting rape when I was 17 . Encouraged to publish the article by the #MeToo movement , Daniela wrote that she had already come forward to many of her fathers colleagues but received little response : In the article , Daniela wrote about her lingering admiration for some of Soleris work and ideas . However , she also warned against uncritical praise of artists with abusive tendencies and the tendency to accept abusive behavior as a necessary and justified cost for the contributions of intellect or creativity . Of her father , Daniela wrote : As noted in Dezeen , Danielas article suggested that she had approached The New York Times or other news publishers to discuss her fathers abuse , but had been turned away . The Cosanti Foundation Board released an official statement in response to Daniela Soleris : Curbed editor-in-chief Kelsey Keith wrote [ Daniela ] Soleris account is breathtaking not only for its thorough and very personal reckoning with the truth , but for its clear-eyed articulation of the reasons why assigning all intellectual power to a solitary genius is so harmful . Keith noted that architecture as a profession hasnt ( yet ) experienced its Weinstein moment , referring to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations and the resulting Weinstein effect of reporting sexual misconduct committed by powerful men in media and other industries . In a 2018 Curbed article , Hilary George-Parkin said : While Hollywood , tech , sports , media , politics , the restaurant industry , and others are reeling from high-profile revelations and resignations , the design world has remained—with the notable exception of Daniela Soleris account of sexual abuse by her father , architect Paolo Soleri—mostly undisturbed in the public realm .
|
[
"Italy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Paolo Soleri ( 21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013 ) was an Italian architect . He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti . Soleri was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006 . He coined the concept of arcology – a synthesis of architecture and ecology as the philosophy of democratic society . He died at home of natural causes on 9 April 2013 at the age of 93 .",
"title": "Paolo Soleri"
},
{
"text": "Soleri authored several books , including The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit is Matter Becoming Spirit and Arcology - City In the Image of Man .",
"title": "Paolo Soleri"
},
{
"text": " Soleri was born in Turin , Italy , Europe . He was awarded his laurea ( masters degree ) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946 . He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona , and at Taliesin in Spring Green , Wisconsin . During this time , he gained international recognition for a bridge design that was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , Soleri , with his wife Colly ( née Corolyn Woods ) , returned to Italy where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory , Ceramica Artistica Solimene , in Vietri on the Amalfi coast .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Soleri adapted ceramics industry processes learned at this time to use in his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronze windbells and silt-cast architectural structures . For more than 40 years , proceeds from sales of the wind-bells have been an important source of funds for construction that is meant to test his theoretical work . Ceramic and bronze bells continue to be produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 , Soleri settled in Scottsdale , Arizona , with Colly and the elder of their two daughters ; the younger was born in Arizona . He began building Arcosanti in 1970 with the help of architecture and design students , as a place to test his urban design hypotheses . This urban laboratory ( so-dubbed by Ada Louise Huxtable , who at the time was the architectural critic of The NY Times ) became internationally renowned .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Paolo and Colly Soleri made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning . They established the Cosanti Foundation , a 501-3C educational non-profit foundation . Soleris philosophy and works were strongly influenced by the Jesuit paleontologist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . Soleri died on 9 April 2013 and was buried at Arcosanti in its private cemetery , beside his wife .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The Cosanti Foundations major project is Arcosanti . Arcosanti , as originally designed by Soleri , was intended for 5,000 people ; it has been in construction since 1970 . Located near Cordes Junction , about north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona , the intention of the project is to provide a model that can demonstrate Soleris concept of Arcology , architecture coherent with ecology . Arcology was envisioned by Soleri as a hyper-dense city , designed to : maximize human interaction with ready access to shared , cost-effective infrastructural services ; conserve water and",
"title": "Arcosanti"
},
{
"text": "reduce sewage ; minimize the use of energy , raw materials and land ; reduce waste and environmental pollution ; increase interaction with the surrounding natural environment . In 2010 , construction was underway to complete Arcosantis Greenhouse Apron , but that initiative was put on hold not long after Soleris death in 2013 .",
"title": "Arcosanti"
},
{
"text": " Arcosanti is intended as a prototype of a desert arcology . Soleris other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean ( Nova Noah ) , et al . ( see : Arcology : City in the Image of Man ) . Since 1970 , over 7000 people have participated in Arcosantis construction . Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network .",
"title": "Arcosanti"
},
{
"text": " The International Architecture Symposium Mensch und Raum ( Man and Space ) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984 received international attention . Paolo Soleri participated with , among others : Justus Dahinden , Dennis Sharp , Bruno Zevi , Jorge Glusberg , Otto Kapfinger , Frei Otto , Pierre Vago , Ernst Gisel , and Ionel Schein . Soleri was a distinguished lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a member of the Lindisfarne Association .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Paolo Soleri began working on the design for the Paolo Soleri Amphitheater in Santa Fe , New Mexico . It was built for the IAIA ( Institute of American Indian Arts ) on what is now the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School using large silt cast forms . The property is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico and is therefore not protected by local or state preservation laws .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "A landmark exhibition , City in the Image of Man - The Architectural Visions of Paolo Soleri , organized in 1970 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , DC , traveled extensively thereafter in the U.S . and Canada , breaking records for attendance . Two Suns Arcology , A Concept for Future Cities opened in 1976 at the Xerox Square Center in Rochester , New York . In 1989 , Paolo Soleri Habitats : Ecologic Minutiae , an exhibition of arcologies , space habitats , and bridges , was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": ". More recently , Soleris Cities , Architecture for the Planet Earth and Beyond was featured at the Scottsdale Center for the Arts in Scottsdale , AZ . A Soleri bell appears in the film What the *Bleep* Do We Know ? His work has been exhibited worldwide .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Paolo Soleri was a key participant at UN Habitat I , the first UN forum on human settlements , held it Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , North America . Soleri appeared there together with Buckminster Fuller . The Paolo Soleri Archives , the collection of Soleris drawings and writings , is located at Arcosanti . The Soleri Archives is managed by Sue Kirsch under the direction of Tomiaki Tamura , a Cosanti Board Trustee and Arcosantis Director of Special Projects . Tomiaki Tamura resides at Arcosanti .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "An interview with Soleri was featured in the environmental documentary The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": " On 10 December 2010 , the Soleri Bridge and Plaza was completed . The structure had been commissioned by Scottsdale Public Art . The pedestrian bridge based on Paolo Soleris design is located on the South Bank of the Arizona Canal and connects a developed retail area of the Scottsdale Waterfront with Old Town Scottsdale . The bridge is incorporated into a plaza including silt cast artwork , as well as a large bell assembly called The Goldwater Bell , also designed by Paolo Soleri .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": "The feature-length documentary film ( 2013 ) contains interviews with Morley Safer , Paul Goldberger , Catherine Hardwicke , Will Bruder , Jean-Michel Cousteau , Steven Holl , and Eric Lloyd Wright .",
"title": "Other achievements"
},
{
"text": " Soleri received fellowships from the Graham Foundation and from the Guggenheim Foundation ( 1964 , Architecture , Planning , & Design ) . He was awarded three honorary doctorates and several awards from design groups worldwide : - 1963 – American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Craftmanship - 1981 – Gold Medal at the World Bienniale of Architecture held by the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia , Bulgaria - 1984 – Silver Medal of the Academie d Architecture in Paris - 1996 – Honorary Fellow , Royal Institute of British Architects",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 – Leone doro at the Venice Biennale of Architecture for his lifelong achievement",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " In October 2010 , Daniela Soleri – Paolo Soleris daughter – resigned from the Cosanti Foundation board , citing abuse by her father . She stated that some of Soleris inner circle had been told decades earlier , but nothing had been done about it at the time . After the resignation , Soleri stepped down as chairman , but the board made no public statement on the reasons .",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "After the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art had a major retrospective exhibition on Paolo Soleri in October 2017 , Daniela published an article on the website Medium on 13 November 2017 accusing her father of persistent sexual abuse , writing : In my early adolescence , my father , an architect and craftsman , began sexually molesting me , eventually attempting rape when I was 17 . Encouraged to publish the article by the #MeToo movement , Daniela wrote that she had already come forward to many of her fathers colleagues but received little response :",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": " In the article , Daniela wrote about her lingering admiration for some of Soleris work and ideas . However , she also warned against uncritical praise of artists with abusive tendencies and the tendency to accept abusive behavior as a necessary and justified cost for the contributions of intellect or creativity . Of her father , Daniela wrote :",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "As noted in Dezeen , Danielas article suggested that she had approached The New York Times or other news publishers to discuss her fathers abuse , but had been turned away . The Cosanti Foundation Board released an official statement in response to Daniela Soleris :",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "Curbed editor-in-chief Kelsey Keith wrote [ Daniela ] Soleris account is breathtaking not only for its thorough and very personal reckoning with the truth , but for its clear-eyed articulation of the reasons why assigning all intellectual power to a solitary genius is so harmful . Keith noted that architecture as a profession hasnt ( yet ) experienced its Weinstein moment , referring to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations and the resulting Weinstein effect of reporting sexual misconduct committed by powerful men in media and other industries . In a 2018 Curbed article , Hilary George-Parkin said : While",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
},
{
"text": "Hollywood , tech , sports , media , politics , the restaurant industry , and others are reeling from high-profile revelations and resignations , the design world has remained—with the notable exception of Daniela Soleris account of sexual abuse by her father , architect Paolo Soleri—mostly undisturbed in the public realm .",
"title": "Sexual abuse allegation"
}
] |
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