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/wiki/Albert_Ferrer#P54#0
|
Albert Ferrer played for which team in Feb 1988?
|
Albert Ferrer Albert Ferrer Llopis ( ; born 6 June 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right back , and a current coach . Having represented local Barcelona for almost a decade , he went on to appear for Englands Chelsea until his retirement . During his spell in his country he was nicknamed Chapi , and appeared in a total of 221 La Liga matches over nine seasons . A Spanish international on more than 30 occasions , Ferrer represented the nation in two World Cups and at the 1992 Olympic Games , winning the latter tournament . He started working as a manager in 2010 , with Vitesse . Playing career . Club . Barcelona . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Ferrer was a pacy and tough-tackling defender . He began his senior career with FC Barcelona B , then served a loan with CD Tenerife in the 1989–90 season , with whom he made his La Liga debut at the age of 19 . Ferrer returned to the first team the following summer and became first-choice right back , remaining as such the following eight years and scoring once in the league . He often partnered another youth graduate , Sergi Barjuán , in the defensive wings . Ferrer was a key member of the famous Dream Team and , during his time with the Blaugrana , won five leagues , a European Cup , a UEFA Cup Winners Cup , two domestic cups , four Supercups and two UEFA Super Cups . As the Dutch dominance at the Camp Nou in terms of players was still an important one ( the club was coached by Louis van Gaal ) , he left in June 1998 amongst other greats as Guillermo Amor . Chelsea . In June 1998 , Ferrer signed with Chelsea for £2.2 million . He quickly established himself in the side , helping them qualify for their first ever Champions League in his debut campaign ; his new club won the FA Cup the following year ( but he missed the final through injury ) and reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League ; during the run in the latter he played in 14 of 16 games , and scored his only goal in a 2–0 win over Hertha BSC . A combination of injuries and manager Gianluca Viallis squad rotation policy reduced Ferrers opportunities in 2000–01 , and he made only 14 league appearances . Chelsea reached another FA Cup final in 2002 – which he again missed , though this time through not being selected , despite playing in the semi-final against Fulham . Out of favour and facing strong competition from younger teammates he played just seven times in his final two years , and left in May 2003 upon the expiry of his contract , totalling 113 overall matches for the Londoners and retiring shortly after at 33 . International . Ferrer was a Spain international on 36 occasions . His debut came on 4 September 1991 in a friendly win with Uruguay in Oviedo , as La Roja eventually did not qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 . Subsequently , Ferrer was a regular figure in the national side , appearing as starter at the 1994 FIFA World Cup and playing once in the 1998 edition , the 2–3 group stage loss against Nigeria , missing Euro 1996 and 2000 through injury ( with Barcelona teammate Sergi on the other flank in all these tournaments ) . In 1992 , Ferrer was first-choice for the Olympic team that won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics , held in his hometown . Coaching career . After retiring , Ferrer worked as a color commentator for a number of Spanish broadcasters . In late October 2010 , he was announced as new head coach of SBV Vitesse in the Eredivisie , his staff also including compatriot Albert Capellas ( formerly youth coach at Barcelona ) and former Dutch goalkeeper Stanley Menzo , who left his post at SC Cambuur in order to join the Spaniards . Ferrer led the side to the 15th position , in a narrow escape from relegation . He was subsequently relieved of his duties , being replaced by John van den Brom . On 17 February 2014 , Ferrer was appointed at Segunda División club Córdoba CF . After finishing the season in the seventh place , they defeated UD Las Palmas in the play-off final to return to the top flight for the first time in 42 years . Ferrer was fired on 20 October 2014 , as Córdoba ranked dead last with only four points in eight matches . On 20 June of the following year he was named RCD Mallorca manager , signing a one-year deal ; after three wins from 15 second level games , he was dismissed on 30 November . On 29 August 2017 , Ferrer returned to Barcelona as coach of its legends team . Honours . Club . Barcelona - La Liga : 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 - European Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1992 , 1997 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Community Shield : 2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 International . Spain - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 External links . - Spain stats at Eu-Football
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Albert Ferrer Llopis ( ; born 6 June 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right back , and a current coach . Having represented local Barcelona for almost a decade , he went on to appear for Englands Chelsea until his retirement . During his spell in his country he was nicknamed Chapi , and appeared in a total of 221 La Liga matches over nine seasons .",
"title": "Albert Ferrer"
},
{
"text": "A Spanish international on more than 30 occasions , Ferrer represented the nation in two World Cups and at the 1992 Olympic Games , winning the latter tournament . He started working as a manager in 2010 , with Vitesse .",
"title": "Albert Ferrer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Ferrer was a pacy and tough-tackling defender . He began his senior career with FC Barcelona B , then served a loan with CD Tenerife in the 1989–90 season , with whom he made his La Liga debut at the age of 19 . Ferrer returned to the first team the following summer and became first-choice right back , remaining as such the following eight years and scoring once in the league . He often partnered another youth graduate , Sergi Barjuán , in the defensive wings .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer was a key member of the famous Dream Team and , during his time with the Blaugrana , won five leagues , a European Cup , a UEFA Cup Winners Cup , two domestic cups , four Supercups and two UEFA Super Cups . As the Dutch dominance at the Camp Nou in terms of players was still an important one ( the club was coached by Louis van Gaal ) , he left in June 1998 amongst other greats as Guillermo Amor .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " In June 1998 , Ferrer signed with Chelsea for £2.2 million . He quickly established himself in the side , helping them qualify for their first ever Champions League in his debut campaign ; his new club won the FA Cup the following year ( but he missed the final through injury ) and reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League ; during the run in the latter he played in 14 of 16 games , and scored his only goal in a 2–0 win over Hertha BSC .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A combination of injuries and manager Gianluca Viallis squad rotation policy reduced Ferrers opportunities in 2000–01 , and he made only 14 league appearances . Chelsea reached another FA Cup final in 2002 – which he again missed , though this time through not being selected , despite playing in the semi-final against Fulham . Out of favour and facing strong competition from younger teammates he played just seven times in his final two years , and left in May 2003 upon the expiry of his contract , totalling 113 overall matches for the Londoners and retiring shortly after at",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "33 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ferrer was a Spain international on 36 occasions . His debut came on 4 September 1991 in a friendly win with Uruguay in Oviedo , as La Roja eventually did not qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 . Subsequently , Ferrer was a regular figure in the national side , appearing as starter at the 1994 FIFA World Cup and playing once in the 1998 edition , the 2–3 group stage loss against Nigeria , missing Euro 1996 and 2000 through injury ( with Barcelona teammate Sergi on the other flank in all these tournaments ) .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , Ferrer was first-choice for the Olympic team that won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics , held in his hometown .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " After retiring , Ferrer worked as a color commentator for a number of Spanish broadcasters . In late October 2010 , he was announced as new head coach of SBV Vitesse in the Eredivisie , his staff also including compatriot Albert Capellas ( formerly youth coach at Barcelona ) and former Dutch goalkeeper Stanley Menzo , who left his post at SC Cambuur in order to join the Spaniards .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer led the side to the 15th position , in a narrow escape from relegation . He was subsequently relieved of his duties , being replaced by John van den Brom .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2014 , Ferrer was appointed at Segunda División club Córdoba CF . After finishing the season in the seventh place , they defeated UD Las Palmas in the play-off final to return to the top flight for the first time in 42 years .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer was fired on 20 October 2014 , as Córdoba ranked dead last with only four points in eight matches . On 20 June of the following year he was named RCD Mallorca manager , signing a one-year deal ; after three wins from 15 second level games , he was dismissed on 30 November .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2017 , Ferrer returned to Barcelona as coach of its legends team .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 - European Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1992 , 1997",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Community Shield : 2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Spain stats at Eu-Football",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Ferrer#P54#1
|
Albert Ferrer played for which team in Sep 1991?
|
Albert Ferrer Albert Ferrer Llopis ( ; born 6 June 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right back , and a current coach . Having represented local Barcelona for almost a decade , he went on to appear for Englands Chelsea until his retirement . During his spell in his country he was nicknamed Chapi , and appeared in a total of 221 La Liga matches over nine seasons . A Spanish international on more than 30 occasions , Ferrer represented the nation in two World Cups and at the 1992 Olympic Games , winning the latter tournament . He started working as a manager in 2010 , with Vitesse . Playing career . Club . Barcelona . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Ferrer was a pacy and tough-tackling defender . He began his senior career with FC Barcelona B , then served a loan with CD Tenerife in the 1989–90 season , with whom he made his La Liga debut at the age of 19 . Ferrer returned to the first team the following summer and became first-choice right back , remaining as such the following eight years and scoring once in the league . He often partnered another youth graduate , Sergi Barjuán , in the defensive wings . Ferrer was a key member of the famous Dream Team and , during his time with the Blaugrana , won five leagues , a European Cup , a UEFA Cup Winners Cup , two domestic cups , four Supercups and two UEFA Super Cups . As the Dutch dominance at the Camp Nou in terms of players was still an important one ( the club was coached by Louis van Gaal ) , he left in June 1998 amongst other greats as Guillermo Amor . Chelsea . In June 1998 , Ferrer signed with Chelsea for £2.2 million . He quickly established himself in the side , helping them qualify for their first ever Champions League in his debut campaign ; his new club won the FA Cup the following year ( but he missed the final through injury ) and reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League ; during the run in the latter he played in 14 of 16 games , and scored his only goal in a 2–0 win over Hertha BSC . A combination of injuries and manager Gianluca Viallis squad rotation policy reduced Ferrers opportunities in 2000–01 , and he made only 14 league appearances . Chelsea reached another FA Cup final in 2002 – which he again missed , though this time through not being selected , despite playing in the semi-final against Fulham . Out of favour and facing strong competition from younger teammates he played just seven times in his final two years , and left in May 2003 upon the expiry of his contract , totalling 113 overall matches for the Londoners and retiring shortly after at 33 . International . Ferrer was a Spain international on 36 occasions . His debut came on 4 September 1991 in a friendly win with Uruguay in Oviedo , as La Roja eventually did not qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 . Subsequently , Ferrer was a regular figure in the national side , appearing as starter at the 1994 FIFA World Cup and playing once in the 1998 edition , the 2–3 group stage loss against Nigeria , missing Euro 1996 and 2000 through injury ( with Barcelona teammate Sergi on the other flank in all these tournaments ) . In 1992 , Ferrer was first-choice for the Olympic team that won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics , held in his hometown . Coaching career . After retiring , Ferrer worked as a color commentator for a number of Spanish broadcasters . In late October 2010 , he was announced as new head coach of SBV Vitesse in the Eredivisie , his staff also including compatriot Albert Capellas ( formerly youth coach at Barcelona ) and former Dutch goalkeeper Stanley Menzo , who left his post at SC Cambuur in order to join the Spaniards . Ferrer led the side to the 15th position , in a narrow escape from relegation . He was subsequently relieved of his duties , being replaced by John van den Brom . On 17 February 2014 , Ferrer was appointed at Segunda División club Córdoba CF . After finishing the season in the seventh place , they defeated UD Las Palmas in the play-off final to return to the top flight for the first time in 42 years . Ferrer was fired on 20 October 2014 , as Córdoba ranked dead last with only four points in eight matches . On 20 June of the following year he was named RCD Mallorca manager , signing a one-year deal ; after three wins from 15 second level games , he was dismissed on 30 November . On 29 August 2017 , Ferrer returned to Barcelona as coach of its legends team . Honours . Club . Barcelona - La Liga : 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 - European Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1992 , 1997 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Community Shield : 2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 International . Spain - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 External links . - Spain stats at Eu-Football
|
[
"Barcelona"
] |
[
{
"text": " Albert Ferrer Llopis ( ; born 6 June 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right back , and a current coach . Having represented local Barcelona for almost a decade , he went on to appear for Englands Chelsea until his retirement . During his spell in his country he was nicknamed Chapi , and appeared in a total of 221 La Liga matches over nine seasons .",
"title": "Albert Ferrer"
},
{
"text": "A Spanish international on more than 30 occasions , Ferrer represented the nation in two World Cups and at the 1992 Olympic Games , winning the latter tournament . He started working as a manager in 2010 , with Vitesse .",
"title": "Albert Ferrer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Ferrer was a pacy and tough-tackling defender . He began his senior career with FC Barcelona B , then served a loan with CD Tenerife in the 1989–90 season , with whom he made his La Liga debut at the age of 19 . Ferrer returned to the first team the following summer and became first-choice right back , remaining as such the following eight years and scoring once in the league . He often partnered another youth graduate , Sergi Barjuán , in the defensive wings .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer was a key member of the famous Dream Team and , during his time with the Blaugrana , won five leagues , a European Cup , a UEFA Cup Winners Cup , two domestic cups , four Supercups and two UEFA Super Cups . As the Dutch dominance at the Camp Nou in terms of players was still an important one ( the club was coached by Louis van Gaal ) , he left in June 1998 amongst other greats as Guillermo Amor .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " In June 1998 , Ferrer signed with Chelsea for £2.2 million . He quickly established himself in the side , helping them qualify for their first ever Champions League in his debut campaign ; his new club won the FA Cup the following year ( but he missed the final through injury ) and reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League ; during the run in the latter he played in 14 of 16 games , and scored his only goal in a 2–0 win over Hertha BSC .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A combination of injuries and manager Gianluca Viallis squad rotation policy reduced Ferrers opportunities in 2000–01 , and he made only 14 league appearances . Chelsea reached another FA Cup final in 2002 – which he again missed , though this time through not being selected , despite playing in the semi-final against Fulham . Out of favour and facing strong competition from younger teammates he played just seven times in his final two years , and left in May 2003 upon the expiry of his contract , totalling 113 overall matches for the Londoners and retiring shortly after at",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "33 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ferrer was a Spain international on 36 occasions . His debut came on 4 September 1991 in a friendly win with Uruguay in Oviedo , as La Roja eventually did not qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 . Subsequently , Ferrer was a regular figure in the national side , appearing as starter at the 1994 FIFA World Cup and playing once in the 1998 edition , the 2–3 group stage loss against Nigeria , missing Euro 1996 and 2000 through injury ( with Barcelona teammate Sergi on the other flank in all these tournaments ) .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , Ferrer was first-choice for the Olympic team that won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics , held in his hometown .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " After retiring , Ferrer worked as a color commentator for a number of Spanish broadcasters . In late October 2010 , he was announced as new head coach of SBV Vitesse in the Eredivisie , his staff also including compatriot Albert Capellas ( formerly youth coach at Barcelona ) and former Dutch goalkeeper Stanley Menzo , who left his post at SC Cambuur in order to join the Spaniards .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer led the side to the 15th position , in a narrow escape from relegation . He was subsequently relieved of his duties , being replaced by John van den Brom .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2014 , Ferrer was appointed at Segunda División club Córdoba CF . After finishing the season in the seventh place , they defeated UD Las Palmas in the play-off final to return to the top flight for the first time in 42 years .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer was fired on 20 October 2014 , as Córdoba ranked dead last with only four points in eight matches . On 20 June of the following year he was named RCD Mallorca manager , signing a one-year deal ; after three wins from 15 second level games , he was dismissed on 30 November .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2017 , Ferrer returned to Barcelona as coach of its legends team .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 - European Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1992 , 1997",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Community Shield : 2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Spain stats at Eu-Football",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Ferrer#P54#2
|
Albert Ferrer played for which team between Mar 2000 and Apr 2002?
|
Albert Ferrer Albert Ferrer Llopis ( ; born 6 June 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right back , and a current coach . Having represented local Barcelona for almost a decade , he went on to appear for Englands Chelsea until his retirement . During his spell in his country he was nicknamed Chapi , and appeared in a total of 221 La Liga matches over nine seasons . A Spanish international on more than 30 occasions , Ferrer represented the nation in two World Cups and at the 1992 Olympic Games , winning the latter tournament . He started working as a manager in 2010 , with Vitesse . Playing career . Club . Barcelona . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Ferrer was a pacy and tough-tackling defender . He began his senior career with FC Barcelona B , then served a loan with CD Tenerife in the 1989–90 season , with whom he made his La Liga debut at the age of 19 . Ferrer returned to the first team the following summer and became first-choice right back , remaining as such the following eight years and scoring once in the league . He often partnered another youth graduate , Sergi Barjuán , in the defensive wings . Ferrer was a key member of the famous Dream Team and , during his time with the Blaugrana , won five leagues , a European Cup , a UEFA Cup Winners Cup , two domestic cups , four Supercups and two UEFA Super Cups . As the Dutch dominance at the Camp Nou in terms of players was still an important one ( the club was coached by Louis van Gaal ) , he left in June 1998 amongst other greats as Guillermo Amor . Chelsea . In June 1998 , Ferrer signed with Chelsea for £2.2 million . He quickly established himself in the side , helping them qualify for their first ever Champions League in his debut campaign ; his new club won the FA Cup the following year ( but he missed the final through injury ) and reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League ; during the run in the latter he played in 14 of 16 games , and scored his only goal in a 2–0 win over Hertha BSC . A combination of injuries and manager Gianluca Viallis squad rotation policy reduced Ferrers opportunities in 2000–01 , and he made only 14 league appearances . Chelsea reached another FA Cup final in 2002 – which he again missed , though this time through not being selected , despite playing in the semi-final against Fulham . Out of favour and facing strong competition from younger teammates he played just seven times in his final two years , and left in May 2003 upon the expiry of his contract , totalling 113 overall matches for the Londoners and retiring shortly after at 33 . International . Ferrer was a Spain international on 36 occasions . His debut came on 4 September 1991 in a friendly win with Uruguay in Oviedo , as La Roja eventually did not qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 . Subsequently , Ferrer was a regular figure in the national side , appearing as starter at the 1994 FIFA World Cup and playing once in the 1998 edition , the 2–3 group stage loss against Nigeria , missing Euro 1996 and 2000 through injury ( with Barcelona teammate Sergi on the other flank in all these tournaments ) . In 1992 , Ferrer was first-choice for the Olympic team that won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics , held in his hometown . Coaching career . After retiring , Ferrer worked as a color commentator for a number of Spanish broadcasters . In late October 2010 , he was announced as new head coach of SBV Vitesse in the Eredivisie , his staff also including compatriot Albert Capellas ( formerly youth coach at Barcelona ) and former Dutch goalkeeper Stanley Menzo , who left his post at SC Cambuur in order to join the Spaniards . Ferrer led the side to the 15th position , in a narrow escape from relegation . He was subsequently relieved of his duties , being replaced by John van den Brom . On 17 February 2014 , Ferrer was appointed at Segunda División club Córdoba CF . After finishing the season in the seventh place , they defeated UD Las Palmas in the play-off final to return to the top flight for the first time in 42 years . Ferrer was fired on 20 October 2014 , as Córdoba ranked dead last with only four points in eight matches . On 20 June of the following year he was named RCD Mallorca manager , signing a one-year deal ; after three wins from 15 second level games , he was dismissed on 30 November . On 29 August 2017 , Ferrer returned to Barcelona as coach of its legends team . Honours . Club . Barcelona - La Liga : 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 - European Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1992 , 1997 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Community Shield : 2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 International . Spain - Summer Olympic Games : 1992 External links . - Spain stats at Eu-Football
|
[
"Chelsea"
] |
[
{
"text": " Albert Ferrer Llopis ( ; born 6 June 1970 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right back , and a current coach . Having represented local Barcelona for almost a decade , he went on to appear for Englands Chelsea until his retirement . During his spell in his country he was nicknamed Chapi , and appeared in a total of 221 La Liga matches over nine seasons .",
"title": "Albert Ferrer"
},
{
"text": "A Spanish international on more than 30 occasions , Ferrer represented the nation in two World Cups and at the 1992 Olympic Games , winning the latter tournament . He started working as a manager in 2010 , with Vitesse .",
"title": "Albert Ferrer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Ferrer was a pacy and tough-tackling defender . He began his senior career with FC Barcelona B , then served a loan with CD Tenerife in the 1989–90 season , with whom he made his La Liga debut at the age of 19 . Ferrer returned to the first team the following summer and became first-choice right back , remaining as such the following eight years and scoring once in the league . He often partnered another youth graduate , Sergi Barjuán , in the defensive wings .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer was a key member of the famous Dream Team and , during his time with the Blaugrana , won five leagues , a European Cup , a UEFA Cup Winners Cup , two domestic cups , four Supercups and two UEFA Super Cups . As the Dutch dominance at the Camp Nou in terms of players was still an important one ( the club was coached by Louis van Gaal ) , he left in June 1998 amongst other greats as Guillermo Amor .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " In June 1998 , Ferrer signed with Chelsea for £2.2 million . He quickly established himself in the side , helping them qualify for their first ever Champions League in his debut campaign ; his new club won the FA Cup the following year ( but he missed the final through injury ) and reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League ; during the run in the latter he played in 14 of 16 games , and scored his only goal in a 2–0 win over Hertha BSC .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A combination of injuries and manager Gianluca Viallis squad rotation policy reduced Ferrers opportunities in 2000–01 , and he made only 14 league appearances . Chelsea reached another FA Cup final in 2002 – which he again missed , though this time through not being selected , despite playing in the semi-final against Fulham . Out of favour and facing strong competition from younger teammates he played just seven times in his final two years , and left in May 2003 upon the expiry of his contract , totalling 113 overall matches for the Londoners and retiring shortly after at",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "33 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Ferrer was a Spain international on 36 occasions . His debut came on 4 September 1991 in a friendly win with Uruguay in Oviedo , as La Roja eventually did not qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 . Subsequently , Ferrer was a regular figure in the national side , appearing as starter at the 1994 FIFA World Cup and playing once in the 1998 edition , the 2–3 group stage loss against Nigeria , missing Euro 1996 and 2000 through injury ( with Barcelona teammate Sergi on the other flank in all these tournaments ) .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , Ferrer was first-choice for the Olympic team that won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics , held in his hometown .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " After retiring , Ferrer worked as a color commentator for a number of Spanish broadcasters . In late October 2010 , he was announced as new head coach of SBV Vitesse in the Eredivisie , his staff also including compatriot Albert Capellas ( formerly youth coach at Barcelona ) and former Dutch goalkeeper Stanley Menzo , who left his post at SC Cambuur in order to join the Spaniards .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer led the side to the 15th position , in a narrow escape from relegation . He was subsequently relieved of his duties , being replaced by John van den Brom .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2014 , Ferrer was appointed at Segunda División club Córdoba CF . After finishing the season in the seventh place , they defeated UD Las Palmas in the play-off final to return to the top flight for the first time in 42 years .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Ferrer was fired on 20 October 2014 , as Córdoba ranked dead last with only four points in eight matches . On 20 June of the following year he was named RCD Mallorca manager , signing a one-year deal ; after three wins from 15 second level games , he was dismissed on 30 November .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2017 , Ferrer returned to Barcelona as coach of its legends team .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 - Copa del Rey : 1996–97 , 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 - European Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1996–97 - UEFA Super Cup : 1992 , 1997",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Community Shield : 2000 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Spain stats at Eu-Football",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Miles_Jones#P54#0
|
Which team did Miles Jones play for between Jul 2005 and Sep 2005?
|
Miles Jones Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer . Career . Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking . In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd . Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award . The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future . After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 . International career . In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers . In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues . External links . - usatoday.com - Barbados
|
[
"Woking"
] |
[
{
"text": " Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer .",
"title": "Miles Jones"
},
{
"text": " Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - usatoday.com - Barbados",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Miles_Jones#P54#1
|
Which team did Miles Jones play for in Sep 2006?
|
Miles Jones Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer . Career . Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking . In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd . Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award . The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future . After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 . International career . In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers . In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues . External links . - usatoday.com - Barbados
|
[
"Hayes",
"Corinthian-Casuals"
] |
[
{
"text": " Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer .",
"title": "Miles Jones"
},
{
"text": " Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - usatoday.com - Barbados",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Miles_Jones#P54#2
|
Which team did Miles Jones play for between Aug 2007 and Nov 2007?
|
Miles Jones Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer . Career . Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking . In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd . Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award . The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future . After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 . International career . In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers . In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues . External links . - usatoday.com - Barbados
|
[
"Hayes & Yeading",
"Aldershot Town",
"Los Angeles Galaxy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer .",
"title": "Miles Jones"
},
{
"text": " Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - usatoday.com - Barbados",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Miles_Jones#P54#3
|
Which team did Miles Jones play for in Oct 2008?
|
Miles Jones Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer . Career . Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking . In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd . Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award . The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future . After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 . International career . In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers . In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues . External links . - usatoday.com - Barbados
|
[
"Harrow Borough",
"Beaconsfield SYCOB"
] |
[
{
"text": " Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer .",
"title": "Miles Jones"
},
{
"text": " Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - usatoday.com - Barbados",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Miles_Jones#P54#4
|
Which team did Miles Jones play for after Dec 2010?
|
Miles Jones Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer . Career . Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking . In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd . Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award . The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future . After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 . International career . In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers . In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues . External links . - usatoday.com - Barbados
|
[
"Northwood"
] |
[
{
"text": " Miles Jones ( born 17 December 1987 ) is a retired English-Barbadian international footballer .",
"title": "Miles Jones"
},
{
"text": " Jones started his career at Brentford as a youth player and was there for 5 years . He went on to sign for Woking in the Conference National in 2004 , playing in the youth and the reserves . Then towards the end of the season he made his first appearance at the age of 16 , against Stevenage Borough . Jones went on to make 2 more appearances for Woking .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Jones left Woking to join Hayes in the Conference South . He announced his arrival with a solo goal , followed by an authentic Barbadian gymnastic routine , against Watford during the pre-season . Jones went on to make six appearances before going on loan to Corinthian-Casuals due to limited first team chances , Joness first game for Casuals against Dartford , where he received the man of the match . He went on to play another 10 games for Corinthian-Casuals , becoming affectionately known as Judge Dredd .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Jones signed for Hayes & Yeading in August 2007 , and made his debut on 15 September , against Weling United , receiving the man of the match award . In November 2007 , Jones left Hayes & Yeading United to sign for Aldershot Town . He made his debut in the Hampshire Senior Cup against Christchurch where he went on to gain the man of the match award .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The following month , he went out to the United States and trialled with Los Angeles Galaxy , doing well enough to be invited back for training at a time that was to be agreed in the future .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After a spell at Harrow Borough and a short stay at Beaconsfield SYCOB , Jones signed for Northwood in December 2010 remaining with the team until 2011 . Jones then had a short spell with Thatcham Town in 2012 , in which he lined up against his former side Northwood . The midfielder then had a second spell at Beaconsfield SYCOB before signing briefly for Chalfont St Peter in 2013 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , Jones earned a call up to Barbados under-23 squad to play in the Olympics qualifiers taking place in Aruba between 7–14 September . Jones scored on his debut against Aruba and went on to play against Jamaica and Antigua & Barbuda . Jones has been selected to play in the Barbados national team for the 2008 CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2008 , Jones was called up to the Barbados senior team to play against Bermuda in the warm up games for the World Cup qualifier against United States . Jones started both the games against Bermuda but didnt play against United States due to immigration issues .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - usatoday.com - Barbados",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Victoria_Nuland#P108#0
|
Victoria Nuland was an employee for whom in Mar 1991?
|
Victoria Nuland Victoria Jane Nuland ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat currently serving as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs . Nuland , a former member of the foreign service , served as the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State from 2015-2017 . She held the rank of Career Ambassador , the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service . She is the former CEO of the Center for a New American Security , ( CNAS ) , serving from January 2018 until early 2019 , and is also the Brady-Johnson Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale University , and a Member of the Board of the National Endowment for Democracy . She served as a nonresident fellow in the foreign policy program at the Brookings Institution and senior counselor at the Albright Stonebridge Group . On January 5 , 2021 , it was reported that President-elect Joe Biden would nominate Nuland to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under Secretary-designate Antony Blinken . On February 13 , 2021 , her nomination was formally submitted to the Senate for confirmation , and on April 29 , 2021 , her nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent , and she started her work as Under Secretary of State on May 3 , 2021 . Early life and education . Victoria Nuland was born in 1961 to Sherwin B . Nuland , a surgeon , and Rhona McKhann . She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1979 . She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University in 1983 , where she studied Russian literature , political science , and history . Career . From 1993 to 1996 , during Bill Clintons presidency , Nuland was chief of staff to Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott before moving on to serve as deputy director for former Soviet Union affairs . From 2003 to 2005 , Nuland served as the principal deputy foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney , exercising an influential role during the years the U.S . invaded and occupied Iraq . From 2005 to 2008 , during President George Bushs second term , Nuland served as U.S . ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Brussels , where she concentrated on mobilizing European support for the U.S . occupation of Afghanistan . In May 2013 , Nuland was nominated to act as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs and was sworn in on September 18 , 2013 . In her role as assistant secretary , she managed diplomatic relations with 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia , as well as with NATO , the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . In the summer of 2011 , Nuland became special envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and then became State Department spokesperson . Ukraine . Nuland was the lead U.S . point person for the Ukrainian crisis , establishing loan guarantees to Ukraine , including a $1 billion loan guarantee in 2014 , and the provisions of non-lethal assistance to the Ukrainian military and border guard . Along with Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter , she is seen as a leading supporter of defensive weapons delivery to Ukraine . In 2016 , Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials : Its time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption . While serving as the Department of States lead diplomat on the Ukraine crisis , Nuland pushed European allies to take a harder line on Russian expansionism . During a June 7 , 2016 , Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing titled Russian Violations of Borders , Treaties , and Human Rights , Nuland described U.S . diplomatic outreach to the former Soviet Union and efforts to build a constructive relationship with Russia . During her testimony , Nuland noted Russias 2014 invasion of Ukraine which she said , shattered any remaining illusions about this Kremlins willingness to abide by international law or live by the rules of the institutions that Russia joined at the end of the Cold War . Nuland described four essential elements of the U.S . foreign policy towards Russia : 1 . Deter further aggression through the projection of strength and unity with allies ; 2 . Build resilience and reduce vulnerability among friends and Allies facing Russian pressure and coercion ; 3 . Cooperate on core national security priorities when U.S . interests and Russias do align ; 4 . Sustain ties to the Russian people and business community to preserve the potential for a more constructive relationship in the future . Departure from State Department . Nuland left the State Department in January 2017 , amid the departure of many career officials who left in the early days of the Trump administration . Leaked private phone conversation . On February 4 , 2014 , a recording of a phone call between Nuland and U.S . ambassador to Ukraine , Geoffrey Pyatt , on January 28 , 2014 , was published on YouTube . The State Department and the White House suggested that an assistant to the deputy prime minister of Russia Dmitry Rogozin was the source of the leak , which he denied . In their phone conversation , Nuland and Pyatt discussed who should join a unity government , to include Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and in what ways they might achieve that outcome . Specifically , the two spoke about which opposition leaders they would like to see in government , what pitches they would give each opposition leader in subsequent calls to achieve this , and strategies on how they would try to manage the personality problems and conflicts between the different opposition leaders with ambitions to become president . Nuland notified Pyatt that after the review of the three opposition candidates for the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine , the US State Department had selected Arseniy Yatsenyuk . She said : I think Yats is the guy whos got the economic experience , the governing experience . What he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside . He needs to be talking to them four times a week . Pyatt asked : Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step ? Nuland told Pyatt that the next step should be to set up a telephone conversation between her and the three Ukrainian candidates , with Pyatt also possibly participating . Pyatt agreed : I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it . Yatsenyuk became prime minister of Ukraine on February 27 , 2014 . After discussing Ukrainian opposition figures , they discussed that the EU would not commit to mediate , with Nuland adding Fuck the EU . Pyatt responds , Oh , exactly .. . According to the Washington Post , A spokeswoman for EU foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that the EU would not comment on a leaked alleged conversation . The following day , Christiane Wirtz , Deputy Government Spokesperson and Deputy Head of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government , stated that German Chancellor Angela Merkel termed Nulands remark absolutely unacceptable . The president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , condemned the remark as unacceptable . Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who had left the State Department by the time of the leak , argued in 2017 that the incident didnt have lasting diplomatic repercussions . She said it was notable as an early example of Russia weaponizing intelligence against other states : the Russians were not just stealing information for intelligence purposes , as all countries do ; they were now using social media and strategic leaks to weaponize that information . Comments on the Trump administration . On January 24 , 2018 , the Washington Post published an interview with Nuland where she opined on the work of President Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . She described an exodus of career foreign service officials and dysfunction within the State Department , and stated that the American judiciary and media were under assault . Nuland also decried a trend towards American isolationism stating : When we withdraw and say its every nation for itself , you open the door for countries dissatisfied with their territorial position and influence in the international system — or with the system itself . She encouraged whole-government responses to international issues stating , Military leaders would be the first to say military solutions alone result in more and longer military entanglements . The role of American diplomats and political leaders is to work concurrently with the military to bring to bear all of the political tools we have . In January 2018 , the Trump administration began new high-level engagements with Russian government officials by scheduling a meeting between Russias top general Valery Gerasimov and the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe , General Curtis Scaparrotti . Nuland stated , These channels are especially vital at a time when relations at the leader level are so unpredictable . She said Scaparrotti was uniquely positioned to address concerns about Russias ongoing military role in Ukraine , its INF treaty violations , its active measures to undermine Transatlantic democracies and the other strategic tensions that are driving the US and its allies to take stronger deterrent measures . Personal life . Nulands husband , Robert Kagan , is a historian , foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution , and co-founder in 1998 of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) . External links . - Official biography at the U.S . State Department - Official biography at the U.S . State Department ( 2008 archive ) - Official biography at the U.S . NATO Mission website ( 2010 archive ) - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Nuland , June 18 , 2006
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Victoria Jane Nuland ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat currently serving as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs . Nuland , a former member of the foreign service , served as the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State from 2015-2017 . She held the rank of Career Ambassador , the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service . She is the former CEO of the Center for a New American Security , ( CNAS ) , serving from January 2018 until early",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": "2019 , and is also the Brady-Johnson Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale University , and a Member of the Board of the National Endowment for Democracy .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": "She served as a nonresident fellow in the foreign policy program at the Brookings Institution and senior counselor at the Albright Stonebridge Group . On January 5 , 2021 , it was reported that President-elect Joe Biden would nominate Nuland to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under Secretary-designate Antony Blinken . On February 13 , 2021 , her nomination was formally submitted to the Senate for confirmation , and on April 29 , 2021 , her nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent , and she started her work as Under Secretary of State on May 3",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": ", 2021 .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Victoria Nuland was born in 1961 to Sherwin B . Nuland , a surgeon , and Rhona McKhann . She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1979 . She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University in 1983 , where she studied Russian literature , political science , and history .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": " From 1993 to 1996 , during Bill Clintons presidency , Nuland was chief of staff to Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott before moving on to serve as deputy director for former Soviet Union affairs . From 2003 to 2005 , Nuland served as the principal deputy foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney , exercising an influential role during the years the U.S . invaded and occupied Iraq .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 2005 to 2008 , during President George Bushs second term , Nuland served as U.S . ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Brussels , where she concentrated on mobilizing European support for the U.S . occupation of Afghanistan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Nuland was nominated to act as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs and was sworn in on September 18 , 2013 . In her role as assistant secretary , she managed diplomatic relations with 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia , as well as with NATO , the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . In the summer of 2011 , Nuland became special envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and then became State Department spokesperson .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nuland was the lead U.S . point person for the Ukrainian crisis , establishing loan guarantees to Ukraine , including a $1 billion loan guarantee in 2014 , and the provisions of non-lethal assistance to the Ukrainian military and border guard . Along with Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter , she is seen as a leading supporter of defensive weapons delivery to Ukraine . In 2016 , Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials : Its time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption . While serving as the Department of States lead diplomat on the Ukraine crisis , Nuland pushed European allies to take a harder line on Russian expansionism .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "During a June 7 , 2016 , Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing titled Russian Violations of Borders , Treaties , and Human Rights , Nuland described U.S . diplomatic outreach to the former Soviet Union and efforts to build a constructive relationship with Russia . During her testimony , Nuland noted Russias 2014 invasion of Ukraine which she said , shattered any remaining illusions about this Kremlins willingness to abide by international law or live by the rules of the institutions that Russia joined at the end of the Cold War . Nuland described four essential elements of the U.S",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": ". foreign policy towards Russia :",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Deter further aggression through the projection of strength and unity with allies ; 2 . Build resilience and reduce vulnerability among friends and Allies facing Russian pressure and coercion ; 3 . Cooperate on core national security priorities when U.S . interests and Russias do align ; 4 . Sustain ties to the Russian people and business community to preserve the potential for a more constructive relationship in the future . Departure from State Department .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Nuland left the State Department in January 2017 , amid the departure of many career officials who left in the early days of the Trump administration .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Leaked private phone conversation . On February 4 , 2014 , a recording of a phone call between Nuland and U.S . ambassador to Ukraine , Geoffrey Pyatt , on January 28 , 2014 , was published on YouTube . The State Department and the White House suggested that an assistant to the deputy prime minister of Russia Dmitry Rogozin was the source of the leak , which he denied .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "In their phone conversation , Nuland and Pyatt discussed who should join a unity government , to include Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and in what ways they might achieve that outcome . Specifically , the two spoke about which opposition leaders they would like to see in government , what pitches they would give each opposition leader in subsequent calls to achieve this , and strategies on how they would try to manage the personality problems and conflicts between the different opposition leaders with ambitions to become president .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Nuland notified Pyatt that after the review of the three opposition candidates for the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine , the US State Department had selected Arseniy Yatsenyuk . She said : I think Yats is the guy whos got the economic experience , the governing experience . What he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside . He needs to be talking to them four times a week . Pyatt asked : Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step ? Nuland told Pyatt that the next step should be",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "to set up a telephone conversation between her and the three Ukrainian candidates , with Pyatt also possibly participating . Pyatt agreed : I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it . Yatsenyuk became prime minister of Ukraine on February 27 , 2014 .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After discussing Ukrainian opposition figures , they discussed that the EU would not commit to mediate , with Nuland adding Fuck the EU . Pyatt responds , Oh , exactly .. . According to the Washington Post ,",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "A spokeswoman for EU foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that the EU would not comment on a leaked alleged conversation . The following day , Christiane Wirtz , Deputy Government Spokesperson and Deputy Head of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government , stated that German Chancellor Angela Merkel termed Nulands remark absolutely unacceptable . The president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , condemned the remark as unacceptable .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who had left the State Department by the time of the leak , argued in 2017 that the incident didnt have lasting diplomatic repercussions . She said it was notable as an early example of Russia weaponizing intelligence against other states : the Russians were not just stealing information for intelligence purposes , as all countries do ; they were now using social media and strategic leaks to weaponize that information . Comments on the Trump administration .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "On January 24 , 2018 , the Washington Post published an interview with Nuland where she opined on the work of President Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . She described an exodus of career foreign service officials and dysfunction within the State Department , and stated that the American judiciary and media were under assault . Nuland also decried a trend towards American isolationism stating : When we withdraw and say its every nation for itself , you open the door for countries dissatisfied with their territorial position and influence in the international system — or with the",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "system itself . She encouraged whole-government responses to international issues stating , Military leaders would be the first to say military solutions alone result in more and longer military entanglements . The role of American diplomats and political leaders is to work concurrently with the military to bring to bear all of the political tools we have .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "In January 2018 , the Trump administration began new high-level engagements with Russian government officials by scheduling a meeting between Russias top general Valery Gerasimov and the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe , General Curtis Scaparrotti . Nuland stated , These channels are especially vital at a time when relations at the leader level are so unpredictable . She said Scaparrotti was uniquely positioned to address concerns about Russias ongoing military role in Ukraine , its INF treaty violations , its active measures to undermine Transatlantic democracies and the other strategic tensions that are driving the US and its allies",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "to take stronger deterrent measures .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Nulands husband , Robert Kagan , is a historian , foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution , and co-founder in 1998 of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official biography at the U.S . State Department - Official biography at the U.S . State Department ( 2008 archive ) - Official biography at the U.S . NATO Mission website ( 2010 archive ) - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Nuland , June 18 , 2006",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Victoria_Nuland#P108#1
|
Victoria Nuland was an employee for whom in Jun 1999?
|
Victoria Nuland Victoria Jane Nuland ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat currently serving as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs . Nuland , a former member of the foreign service , served as the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State from 2015-2017 . She held the rank of Career Ambassador , the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service . She is the former CEO of the Center for a New American Security , ( CNAS ) , serving from January 2018 until early 2019 , and is also the Brady-Johnson Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale University , and a Member of the Board of the National Endowment for Democracy . She served as a nonresident fellow in the foreign policy program at the Brookings Institution and senior counselor at the Albright Stonebridge Group . On January 5 , 2021 , it was reported that President-elect Joe Biden would nominate Nuland to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under Secretary-designate Antony Blinken . On February 13 , 2021 , her nomination was formally submitted to the Senate for confirmation , and on April 29 , 2021 , her nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent , and she started her work as Under Secretary of State on May 3 , 2021 . Early life and education . Victoria Nuland was born in 1961 to Sherwin B . Nuland , a surgeon , and Rhona McKhann . She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1979 . She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University in 1983 , where she studied Russian literature , political science , and history . Career . From 1993 to 1996 , during Bill Clintons presidency , Nuland was chief of staff to Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott before moving on to serve as deputy director for former Soviet Union affairs . From 2003 to 2005 , Nuland served as the principal deputy foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney , exercising an influential role during the years the U.S . invaded and occupied Iraq . From 2005 to 2008 , during President George Bushs second term , Nuland served as U.S . ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Brussels , where she concentrated on mobilizing European support for the U.S . occupation of Afghanistan . In May 2013 , Nuland was nominated to act as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs and was sworn in on September 18 , 2013 . In her role as assistant secretary , she managed diplomatic relations with 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia , as well as with NATO , the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . In the summer of 2011 , Nuland became special envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and then became State Department spokesperson . Ukraine . Nuland was the lead U.S . point person for the Ukrainian crisis , establishing loan guarantees to Ukraine , including a $1 billion loan guarantee in 2014 , and the provisions of non-lethal assistance to the Ukrainian military and border guard . Along with Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter , she is seen as a leading supporter of defensive weapons delivery to Ukraine . In 2016 , Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials : Its time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption . While serving as the Department of States lead diplomat on the Ukraine crisis , Nuland pushed European allies to take a harder line on Russian expansionism . During a June 7 , 2016 , Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing titled Russian Violations of Borders , Treaties , and Human Rights , Nuland described U.S . diplomatic outreach to the former Soviet Union and efforts to build a constructive relationship with Russia . During her testimony , Nuland noted Russias 2014 invasion of Ukraine which she said , shattered any remaining illusions about this Kremlins willingness to abide by international law or live by the rules of the institutions that Russia joined at the end of the Cold War . Nuland described four essential elements of the U.S . foreign policy towards Russia : 1 . Deter further aggression through the projection of strength and unity with allies ; 2 . Build resilience and reduce vulnerability among friends and Allies facing Russian pressure and coercion ; 3 . Cooperate on core national security priorities when U.S . interests and Russias do align ; 4 . Sustain ties to the Russian people and business community to preserve the potential for a more constructive relationship in the future . Departure from State Department . Nuland left the State Department in January 2017 , amid the departure of many career officials who left in the early days of the Trump administration . Leaked private phone conversation . On February 4 , 2014 , a recording of a phone call between Nuland and U.S . ambassador to Ukraine , Geoffrey Pyatt , on January 28 , 2014 , was published on YouTube . The State Department and the White House suggested that an assistant to the deputy prime minister of Russia Dmitry Rogozin was the source of the leak , which he denied . In their phone conversation , Nuland and Pyatt discussed who should join a unity government , to include Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and in what ways they might achieve that outcome . Specifically , the two spoke about which opposition leaders they would like to see in government , what pitches they would give each opposition leader in subsequent calls to achieve this , and strategies on how they would try to manage the personality problems and conflicts between the different opposition leaders with ambitions to become president . Nuland notified Pyatt that after the review of the three opposition candidates for the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine , the US State Department had selected Arseniy Yatsenyuk . She said : I think Yats is the guy whos got the economic experience , the governing experience . What he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside . He needs to be talking to them four times a week . Pyatt asked : Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step ? Nuland told Pyatt that the next step should be to set up a telephone conversation between her and the three Ukrainian candidates , with Pyatt also possibly participating . Pyatt agreed : I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it . Yatsenyuk became prime minister of Ukraine on February 27 , 2014 . After discussing Ukrainian opposition figures , they discussed that the EU would not commit to mediate , with Nuland adding Fuck the EU . Pyatt responds , Oh , exactly .. . According to the Washington Post , A spokeswoman for EU foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that the EU would not comment on a leaked alleged conversation . The following day , Christiane Wirtz , Deputy Government Spokesperson and Deputy Head of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government , stated that German Chancellor Angela Merkel termed Nulands remark absolutely unacceptable . The president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , condemned the remark as unacceptable . Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who had left the State Department by the time of the leak , argued in 2017 that the incident didnt have lasting diplomatic repercussions . She said it was notable as an early example of Russia weaponizing intelligence against other states : the Russians were not just stealing information for intelligence purposes , as all countries do ; they were now using social media and strategic leaks to weaponize that information . Comments on the Trump administration . On January 24 , 2018 , the Washington Post published an interview with Nuland where she opined on the work of President Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . She described an exodus of career foreign service officials and dysfunction within the State Department , and stated that the American judiciary and media were under assault . Nuland also decried a trend towards American isolationism stating : When we withdraw and say its every nation for itself , you open the door for countries dissatisfied with their territorial position and influence in the international system — or with the system itself . She encouraged whole-government responses to international issues stating , Military leaders would be the first to say military solutions alone result in more and longer military entanglements . The role of American diplomats and political leaders is to work concurrently with the military to bring to bear all of the political tools we have . In January 2018 , the Trump administration began new high-level engagements with Russian government officials by scheduling a meeting between Russias top general Valery Gerasimov and the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe , General Curtis Scaparrotti . Nuland stated , These channels are especially vital at a time when relations at the leader level are so unpredictable . She said Scaparrotti was uniquely positioned to address concerns about Russias ongoing military role in Ukraine , its INF treaty violations , its active measures to undermine Transatlantic democracies and the other strategic tensions that are driving the US and its allies to take stronger deterrent measures . Personal life . Nulands husband , Robert Kagan , is a historian , foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution , and co-founder in 1998 of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) . External links . - Official biography at the U.S . State Department - Official biography at the U.S . State Department ( 2008 archive ) - Official biography at the U.S . NATO Mission website ( 2010 archive ) - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Nuland , June 18 , 2006
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Victoria Jane Nuland ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat currently serving as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs . Nuland , a former member of the foreign service , served as the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State from 2015-2017 . She held the rank of Career Ambassador , the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service . She is the former CEO of the Center for a New American Security , ( CNAS ) , serving from January 2018 until early",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": "2019 , and is also the Brady-Johnson Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale University , and a Member of the Board of the National Endowment for Democracy .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": "She served as a nonresident fellow in the foreign policy program at the Brookings Institution and senior counselor at the Albright Stonebridge Group . On January 5 , 2021 , it was reported that President-elect Joe Biden would nominate Nuland to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under Secretary-designate Antony Blinken . On February 13 , 2021 , her nomination was formally submitted to the Senate for confirmation , and on April 29 , 2021 , her nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent , and she started her work as Under Secretary of State on May 3",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": ", 2021 .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Victoria Nuland was born in 1961 to Sherwin B . Nuland , a surgeon , and Rhona McKhann . She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1979 . She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University in 1983 , where she studied Russian literature , political science , and history .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": " From 1993 to 1996 , during Bill Clintons presidency , Nuland was chief of staff to Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott before moving on to serve as deputy director for former Soviet Union affairs . From 2003 to 2005 , Nuland served as the principal deputy foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney , exercising an influential role during the years the U.S . invaded and occupied Iraq .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 2005 to 2008 , during President George Bushs second term , Nuland served as U.S . ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Brussels , where she concentrated on mobilizing European support for the U.S . occupation of Afghanistan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Nuland was nominated to act as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs and was sworn in on September 18 , 2013 . In her role as assistant secretary , she managed diplomatic relations with 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia , as well as with NATO , the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . In the summer of 2011 , Nuland became special envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and then became State Department spokesperson .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nuland was the lead U.S . point person for the Ukrainian crisis , establishing loan guarantees to Ukraine , including a $1 billion loan guarantee in 2014 , and the provisions of non-lethal assistance to the Ukrainian military and border guard . Along with Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter , she is seen as a leading supporter of defensive weapons delivery to Ukraine . In 2016 , Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials : Its time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption . While serving as the Department of States lead diplomat on the Ukraine crisis , Nuland pushed European allies to take a harder line on Russian expansionism .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "During a June 7 , 2016 , Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing titled Russian Violations of Borders , Treaties , and Human Rights , Nuland described U.S . diplomatic outreach to the former Soviet Union and efforts to build a constructive relationship with Russia . During her testimony , Nuland noted Russias 2014 invasion of Ukraine which she said , shattered any remaining illusions about this Kremlins willingness to abide by international law or live by the rules of the institutions that Russia joined at the end of the Cold War . Nuland described four essential elements of the U.S",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": ". foreign policy towards Russia :",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Deter further aggression through the projection of strength and unity with allies ; 2 . Build resilience and reduce vulnerability among friends and Allies facing Russian pressure and coercion ; 3 . Cooperate on core national security priorities when U.S . interests and Russias do align ; 4 . Sustain ties to the Russian people and business community to preserve the potential for a more constructive relationship in the future . Departure from State Department .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Nuland left the State Department in January 2017 , amid the departure of many career officials who left in the early days of the Trump administration .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Leaked private phone conversation . On February 4 , 2014 , a recording of a phone call between Nuland and U.S . ambassador to Ukraine , Geoffrey Pyatt , on January 28 , 2014 , was published on YouTube . The State Department and the White House suggested that an assistant to the deputy prime minister of Russia Dmitry Rogozin was the source of the leak , which he denied .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "In their phone conversation , Nuland and Pyatt discussed who should join a unity government , to include Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and in what ways they might achieve that outcome . Specifically , the two spoke about which opposition leaders they would like to see in government , what pitches they would give each opposition leader in subsequent calls to achieve this , and strategies on how they would try to manage the personality problems and conflicts between the different opposition leaders with ambitions to become president .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Nuland notified Pyatt that after the review of the three opposition candidates for the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine , the US State Department had selected Arseniy Yatsenyuk . She said : I think Yats is the guy whos got the economic experience , the governing experience . What he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside . He needs to be talking to them four times a week . Pyatt asked : Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step ? Nuland told Pyatt that the next step should be",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "to set up a telephone conversation between her and the three Ukrainian candidates , with Pyatt also possibly participating . Pyatt agreed : I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it . Yatsenyuk became prime minister of Ukraine on February 27 , 2014 .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After discussing Ukrainian opposition figures , they discussed that the EU would not commit to mediate , with Nuland adding Fuck the EU . Pyatt responds , Oh , exactly .. . According to the Washington Post ,",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "A spokeswoman for EU foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that the EU would not comment on a leaked alleged conversation . The following day , Christiane Wirtz , Deputy Government Spokesperson and Deputy Head of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government , stated that German Chancellor Angela Merkel termed Nulands remark absolutely unacceptable . The president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , condemned the remark as unacceptable .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who had left the State Department by the time of the leak , argued in 2017 that the incident didnt have lasting diplomatic repercussions . She said it was notable as an early example of Russia weaponizing intelligence against other states : the Russians were not just stealing information for intelligence purposes , as all countries do ; they were now using social media and strategic leaks to weaponize that information . Comments on the Trump administration .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "On January 24 , 2018 , the Washington Post published an interview with Nuland where she opined on the work of President Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . She described an exodus of career foreign service officials and dysfunction within the State Department , and stated that the American judiciary and media were under assault . Nuland also decried a trend towards American isolationism stating : When we withdraw and say its every nation for itself , you open the door for countries dissatisfied with their territorial position and influence in the international system — or with the",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "system itself . She encouraged whole-government responses to international issues stating , Military leaders would be the first to say military solutions alone result in more and longer military entanglements . The role of American diplomats and political leaders is to work concurrently with the military to bring to bear all of the political tools we have .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "In January 2018 , the Trump administration began new high-level engagements with Russian government officials by scheduling a meeting between Russias top general Valery Gerasimov and the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe , General Curtis Scaparrotti . Nuland stated , These channels are especially vital at a time when relations at the leader level are so unpredictable . She said Scaparrotti was uniquely positioned to address concerns about Russias ongoing military role in Ukraine , its INF treaty violations , its active measures to undermine Transatlantic democracies and the other strategic tensions that are driving the US and its allies",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "to take stronger deterrent measures .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Nulands husband , Robert Kagan , is a historian , foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution , and co-founder in 1998 of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official biography at the U.S . State Department - Official biography at the U.S . State Department ( 2008 archive ) - Official biography at the U.S . NATO Mission website ( 2010 archive ) - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Nuland , June 18 , 2006",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Victoria_Nuland#P108#2
|
Victoria Nuland was an employee for whom in Aug 2018?
|
Victoria Nuland Victoria Jane Nuland ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat currently serving as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs . Nuland , a former member of the foreign service , served as the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State from 2015-2017 . She held the rank of Career Ambassador , the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service . She is the former CEO of the Center for a New American Security , ( CNAS ) , serving from January 2018 until early 2019 , and is also the Brady-Johnson Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale University , and a Member of the Board of the National Endowment for Democracy . She served as a nonresident fellow in the foreign policy program at the Brookings Institution and senior counselor at the Albright Stonebridge Group . On January 5 , 2021 , it was reported that President-elect Joe Biden would nominate Nuland to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under Secretary-designate Antony Blinken . On February 13 , 2021 , her nomination was formally submitted to the Senate for confirmation , and on April 29 , 2021 , her nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent , and she started her work as Under Secretary of State on May 3 , 2021 . Early life and education . Victoria Nuland was born in 1961 to Sherwin B . Nuland , a surgeon , and Rhona McKhann . She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1979 . She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University in 1983 , where she studied Russian literature , political science , and history . Career . From 1993 to 1996 , during Bill Clintons presidency , Nuland was chief of staff to Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott before moving on to serve as deputy director for former Soviet Union affairs . From 2003 to 2005 , Nuland served as the principal deputy foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney , exercising an influential role during the years the U.S . invaded and occupied Iraq . From 2005 to 2008 , during President George Bushs second term , Nuland served as U.S . ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Brussels , where she concentrated on mobilizing European support for the U.S . occupation of Afghanistan . In May 2013 , Nuland was nominated to act as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs and was sworn in on September 18 , 2013 . In her role as assistant secretary , she managed diplomatic relations with 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia , as well as with NATO , the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . In the summer of 2011 , Nuland became special envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and then became State Department spokesperson . Ukraine . Nuland was the lead U.S . point person for the Ukrainian crisis , establishing loan guarantees to Ukraine , including a $1 billion loan guarantee in 2014 , and the provisions of non-lethal assistance to the Ukrainian military and border guard . Along with Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter , she is seen as a leading supporter of defensive weapons delivery to Ukraine . In 2016 , Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials : Its time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption . While serving as the Department of States lead diplomat on the Ukraine crisis , Nuland pushed European allies to take a harder line on Russian expansionism . During a June 7 , 2016 , Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing titled Russian Violations of Borders , Treaties , and Human Rights , Nuland described U.S . diplomatic outreach to the former Soviet Union and efforts to build a constructive relationship with Russia . During her testimony , Nuland noted Russias 2014 invasion of Ukraine which she said , shattered any remaining illusions about this Kremlins willingness to abide by international law or live by the rules of the institutions that Russia joined at the end of the Cold War . Nuland described four essential elements of the U.S . foreign policy towards Russia : 1 . Deter further aggression through the projection of strength and unity with allies ; 2 . Build resilience and reduce vulnerability among friends and Allies facing Russian pressure and coercion ; 3 . Cooperate on core national security priorities when U.S . interests and Russias do align ; 4 . Sustain ties to the Russian people and business community to preserve the potential for a more constructive relationship in the future . Departure from State Department . Nuland left the State Department in January 2017 , amid the departure of many career officials who left in the early days of the Trump administration . Leaked private phone conversation . On February 4 , 2014 , a recording of a phone call between Nuland and U.S . ambassador to Ukraine , Geoffrey Pyatt , on January 28 , 2014 , was published on YouTube . The State Department and the White House suggested that an assistant to the deputy prime minister of Russia Dmitry Rogozin was the source of the leak , which he denied . In their phone conversation , Nuland and Pyatt discussed who should join a unity government , to include Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and in what ways they might achieve that outcome . Specifically , the two spoke about which opposition leaders they would like to see in government , what pitches they would give each opposition leader in subsequent calls to achieve this , and strategies on how they would try to manage the personality problems and conflicts between the different opposition leaders with ambitions to become president . Nuland notified Pyatt that after the review of the three opposition candidates for the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine , the US State Department had selected Arseniy Yatsenyuk . She said : I think Yats is the guy whos got the economic experience , the governing experience . What he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside . He needs to be talking to them four times a week . Pyatt asked : Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step ? Nuland told Pyatt that the next step should be to set up a telephone conversation between her and the three Ukrainian candidates , with Pyatt also possibly participating . Pyatt agreed : I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it . Yatsenyuk became prime minister of Ukraine on February 27 , 2014 . After discussing Ukrainian opposition figures , they discussed that the EU would not commit to mediate , with Nuland adding Fuck the EU . Pyatt responds , Oh , exactly .. . According to the Washington Post , A spokeswoman for EU foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that the EU would not comment on a leaked alleged conversation . The following day , Christiane Wirtz , Deputy Government Spokesperson and Deputy Head of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government , stated that German Chancellor Angela Merkel termed Nulands remark absolutely unacceptable . The president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , condemned the remark as unacceptable . Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who had left the State Department by the time of the leak , argued in 2017 that the incident didnt have lasting diplomatic repercussions . She said it was notable as an early example of Russia weaponizing intelligence against other states : the Russians were not just stealing information for intelligence purposes , as all countries do ; they were now using social media and strategic leaks to weaponize that information . Comments on the Trump administration . On January 24 , 2018 , the Washington Post published an interview with Nuland where she opined on the work of President Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . She described an exodus of career foreign service officials and dysfunction within the State Department , and stated that the American judiciary and media were under assault . Nuland also decried a trend towards American isolationism stating : When we withdraw and say its every nation for itself , you open the door for countries dissatisfied with their territorial position and influence in the international system — or with the system itself . She encouraged whole-government responses to international issues stating , Military leaders would be the first to say military solutions alone result in more and longer military entanglements . The role of American diplomats and political leaders is to work concurrently with the military to bring to bear all of the political tools we have . In January 2018 , the Trump administration began new high-level engagements with Russian government officials by scheduling a meeting between Russias top general Valery Gerasimov and the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe , General Curtis Scaparrotti . Nuland stated , These channels are especially vital at a time when relations at the leader level are so unpredictable . She said Scaparrotti was uniquely positioned to address concerns about Russias ongoing military role in Ukraine , its INF treaty violations , its active measures to undermine Transatlantic democracies and the other strategic tensions that are driving the US and its allies to take stronger deterrent measures . Personal life . Nulands husband , Robert Kagan , is a historian , foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution , and co-founder in 1998 of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) . External links . - Official biography at the U.S . State Department - Official biography at the U.S . State Department ( 2008 archive ) - Official biography at the U.S . NATO Mission website ( 2010 archive ) - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Nuland , June 18 , 2006
|
[
"Center for a New American Security"
] |
[
{
"text": "Victoria Jane Nuland ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American diplomat currently serving as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs . Nuland , a former member of the foreign service , served as the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State from 2015-2017 . She held the rank of Career Ambassador , the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service . She is the former CEO of the Center for a New American Security , ( CNAS ) , serving from January 2018 until early",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": "2019 , and is also the Brady-Johnson Distinguished Practitioner in Grand Strategy at Yale University , and a Member of the Board of the National Endowment for Democracy .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": "She served as a nonresident fellow in the foreign policy program at the Brookings Institution and senior counselor at the Albright Stonebridge Group . On January 5 , 2021 , it was reported that President-elect Joe Biden would nominate Nuland to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs under Secretary-designate Antony Blinken . On February 13 , 2021 , her nomination was formally submitted to the Senate for confirmation , and on April 29 , 2021 , her nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent , and she started her work as Under Secretary of State on May 3",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": ", 2021 .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Victoria Nuland was born in 1961 to Sherwin B . Nuland , a surgeon , and Rhona McKhann . She graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1979 . She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brown University in 1983 , where she studied Russian literature , political science , and history .",
"title": "Victoria Nuland"
},
{
"text": " From 1993 to 1996 , during Bill Clintons presidency , Nuland was chief of staff to Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott before moving on to serve as deputy director for former Soviet Union affairs . From 2003 to 2005 , Nuland served as the principal deputy foreign policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney , exercising an influential role during the years the U.S . invaded and occupied Iraq .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 2005 to 2008 , during President George Bushs second term , Nuland served as U.S . ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Brussels , where she concentrated on mobilizing European support for the U.S . occupation of Afghanistan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Nuland was nominated to act as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs and was sworn in on September 18 , 2013 . In her role as assistant secretary , she managed diplomatic relations with 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia , as well as with NATO , the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . In the summer of 2011 , Nuland became special envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and then became State Department spokesperson .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nuland was the lead U.S . point person for the Ukrainian crisis , establishing loan guarantees to Ukraine , including a $1 billion loan guarantee in 2014 , and the provisions of non-lethal assistance to the Ukrainian military and border guard . Along with Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter , she is seen as a leading supporter of defensive weapons delivery to Ukraine . In 2016 , Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials : Its time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption . While serving as the Department of States lead diplomat on the Ukraine crisis , Nuland pushed European allies to take a harder line on Russian expansionism .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "During a June 7 , 2016 , Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing titled Russian Violations of Borders , Treaties , and Human Rights , Nuland described U.S . diplomatic outreach to the former Soviet Union and efforts to build a constructive relationship with Russia . During her testimony , Nuland noted Russias 2014 invasion of Ukraine which she said , shattered any remaining illusions about this Kremlins willingness to abide by international law or live by the rules of the institutions that Russia joined at the end of the Cold War . Nuland described four essential elements of the U.S",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": ". foreign policy towards Russia :",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Deter further aggression through the projection of strength and unity with allies ; 2 . Build resilience and reduce vulnerability among friends and Allies facing Russian pressure and coercion ; 3 . Cooperate on core national security priorities when U.S . interests and Russias do align ; 4 . Sustain ties to the Russian people and business community to preserve the potential for a more constructive relationship in the future . Departure from State Department .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Nuland left the State Department in January 2017 , amid the departure of many career officials who left in the early days of the Trump administration .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Leaked private phone conversation . On February 4 , 2014 , a recording of a phone call between Nuland and U.S . ambassador to Ukraine , Geoffrey Pyatt , on January 28 , 2014 , was published on YouTube . The State Department and the White House suggested that an assistant to the deputy prime minister of Russia Dmitry Rogozin was the source of the leak , which he denied .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "In their phone conversation , Nuland and Pyatt discussed who should join a unity government , to include Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and in what ways they might achieve that outcome . Specifically , the two spoke about which opposition leaders they would like to see in government , what pitches they would give each opposition leader in subsequent calls to achieve this , and strategies on how they would try to manage the personality problems and conflicts between the different opposition leaders with ambitions to become president .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Nuland notified Pyatt that after the review of the three opposition candidates for the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine , the US State Department had selected Arseniy Yatsenyuk . She said : I think Yats is the guy whos got the economic experience , the governing experience . What he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside . He needs to be talking to them four times a week . Pyatt asked : Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step ? Nuland told Pyatt that the next step should be",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "to set up a telephone conversation between her and the three Ukrainian candidates , with Pyatt also possibly participating . Pyatt agreed : I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it . Yatsenyuk became prime minister of Ukraine on February 27 , 2014 .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After discussing Ukrainian opposition figures , they discussed that the EU would not commit to mediate , with Nuland adding Fuck the EU . Pyatt responds , Oh , exactly .. . According to the Washington Post ,",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "A spokeswoman for EU foreign-policy chief Catherine Ashton stated that the EU would not comment on a leaked alleged conversation . The following day , Christiane Wirtz , Deputy Government Spokesperson and Deputy Head of the Press and Information Office of the German Federal Government , stated that German Chancellor Angela Merkel termed Nulands remark absolutely unacceptable . The president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , condemned the remark as unacceptable .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who had left the State Department by the time of the leak , argued in 2017 that the incident didnt have lasting diplomatic repercussions . She said it was notable as an early example of Russia weaponizing intelligence against other states : the Russians were not just stealing information for intelligence purposes , as all countries do ; they were now using social media and strategic leaks to weaponize that information . Comments on the Trump administration .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "On January 24 , 2018 , the Washington Post published an interview with Nuland where she opined on the work of President Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . She described an exodus of career foreign service officials and dysfunction within the State Department , and stated that the American judiciary and media were under assault . Nuland also decried a trend towards American isolationism stating : When we withdraw and say its every nation for itself , you open the door for countries dissatisfied with their territorial position and influence in the international system — or with the",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "system itself . She encouraged whole-government responses to international issues stating , Military leaders would be the first to say military solutions alone result in more and longer military entanglements . The role of American diplomats and political leaders is to work concurrently with the military to bring to bear all of the political tools we have .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "In January 2018 , the Trump administration began new high-level engagements with Russian government officials by scheduling a meeting between Russias top general Valery Gerasimov and the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe , General Curtis Scaparrotti . Nuland stated , These channels are especially vital at a time when relations at the leader level are so unpredictable . She said Scaparrotti was uniquely positioned to address concerns about Russias ongoing military role in Ukraine , its INF treaty violations , its active measures to undermine Transatlantic democracies and the other strategic tensions that are driving the US and its allies",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "to take stronger deterrent measures .",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " Nulands husband , Robert Kagan , is a historian , foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution , and co-founder in 1998 of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official biography at the U.S . State Department - Official biography at the U.S . State Department ( 2008 archive ) - Official biography at the U.S . NATO Mission website ( 2010 archive ) - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Nuland , June 18 , 2006",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Salomon#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Rick Salomon before May 1996?
|
Rick Salomon Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event . Early life . Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent . Career . Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event . Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot . As of February 2021 , his live tournament winnings exceed $9,900,000 . Personal life . Sex tape . In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress . In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit . Marriages . In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months . On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 , 2008 . In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .
|
[
"Elizabeth Daily"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event .",
"title": "Rick Salomon"
},
{
"text": " Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": "was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .",
"title": "Marriages"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Salomon#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Rick Salomon in Sep 2002?
|
Rick Salomon Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event . Early life . Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent . Career . Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event . Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot . As of February 2021 , his live tournament winnings exceed $9,900,000 . Personal life . Sex tape . In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress . In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit . Marriages . In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months . On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 , 2008 . In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .
|
[
"Shannen Doherty"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event .",
"title": "Rick Salomon"
},
{
"text": " Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": "was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .",
"title": "Marriages"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Salomon#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Rick Salomon in Oct 2008?
|
Rick Salomon Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event . Early life . Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent . Career . Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event . Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot . As of February 2021 , his live tournament winnings exceed $9,900,000 . Personal life . Sex tape . In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress . In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit . Marriages . In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months . On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 , 2008 . In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .
|
[
"Pamela Anderson"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event .",
"title": "Rick Salomon"
},
{
"text": " Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": "was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .",
"title": "Marriages"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Salomon#P26#3
|
Who was the spouse of Rick Salomon between Jan 2014 and Oct 2014?
|
Rick Salomon Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event . Early life . Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent . Career . Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event . Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot . As of February 2021 , his live tournament winnings exceed $9,900,000 . Personal life . Sex tape . In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress . In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit . Marriages . In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months . On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 , 2008 . In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .
|
[
"Pamela Anderson"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rick Salomon ( born January 24 , 1968 ) is an American poker player , best known for the 2004 sex tape he released without the consent of Paris Hilton . He had other high-profile relationships with various female celebrities , including Elizabeth Daily , Shannen Doherty , and Pamela Anderson . As a poker player , Salomon won $2.8 million in the 2014 , $3.3 million in the 2016 , and $2.84 million in the 2018 World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop event .",
"title": "Rick Salomon"
},
{
"text": " Salomon was born and raised in Neptune Township , New Jersey . He is of Jewish descent .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Salomon owned an online gambling site . On July 1 , 2014 , he won $2.8 million in the World Series of Pokers Big One for One Drop . Four years later , he won $2.84 million at the same event .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Salomon has made regular TV poker appearances on PokerGO shows including World Series of Poker coverage , Super High Roller Bowl coverage , Robs Home Game , Poker After Dark , and High Stakes Poker . Salomon was one of the new players appearing in Season 8 of High Stakes Poker and appeared in the first eight episodes . Salomon played one of the biggest pots of the season against Bryn Kenney when he made a straight to beat Kenneys set to scoop the $868,200 pot .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , a sex tape featuring Salomon and then-girlfriend Paris Hilton was leaked onto the Internet . Shortly afterward , Salomon filed a lawsuit against the company that distributed the tape , and against the Hilton family , whom he accused of tarnishing his reputation by suggesting that he had exploited Hilton . Salomon further claimed in his $10 million suit that representatives of the Hiltons tried to discourage media outlets from playing excerpts of the tape by saying that Hilton was underage when the tape was made ( which would have made showing the tape illegal – Hilton",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": "was actually 19 when the tape was filmed ) , and were attempting to crush him to preserve the image they had created for her . Hilton later sued the company that released the tape , Kahatani Ltd. , for $30 million for violation of privacy and emotional distress .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In April 2004 , Salomon began distributing the tape himself through the adult film company Red Light District Video under the title 1 Night in Paris . In July 2004 , Salomon dropped his lawsuit against the Hilton family after Paris Hiltons privacy lawsuit was thrown out of court . Salomon and Red Light District Video agreed to pay Hilton $400,000 plus a percentage of the tapes sale profit .",
"title": "Sex tape"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Salomon married voice actress Elizabeth Daily . The couple had two daughters , Hunter and Tyson , before divorcing in 2000 . In 2002 , Salomon married actress Shannen Doherty . The marriage was annulled after nine months .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "On September 29 , 2007 , Salomon and actress Pamela Anderson applied for a marriage license in Las Vegas . Anderson had told talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres in September that she was engaged ; she referred to her fiancé only as a poker player . The couple were married on October 6 , 2007 during a break between the 7 p.m . and 10 p.m . shows of Hans Kloks The Beauty of Magic at Planet Hollywood resort , where Anderson was starring as a magicians assistant . Salomon and Anderson separated less than ten weeks later and , on",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "December 14 , Anderson filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences . Two days later , Anderson and Salomon were seen shopping together . Anderson later posted a message on her website indicating that they were reconciling . On December 28 , 2007 , Andersons attorney filed a proof of service of summons in Los Angeles Superior Court regarding the divorce claim . In February 2008 , Anderson filed to have the marriage annulled citing fraud as the reasoning . The following month , Salomon also filed for an annulment citing fraud . The marriage was annulled on March 24 ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , Anderson announced she and Salomon had married at an unspecified date . Anderson again filed for divorce from Salomon on July 3 , 2014 , while Salomon filed for an annulment in Nevada on the grounds of fraud . On April 29 , 2015 , her divorce was granted , with a $1 million settlement payment from Salomon to Anderson .",
"title": "Marriages"
}
] |
/wiki/Frank_Wolf_(politician)#P69#0
|
Where was Frank Wolf (politician) educated between Jun 1957 and Dec 1957?
|
Frank Wolf ( politician ) Frank Rudolph Wolf ( born January 30 , 1939 ) is an American politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives , as a member of the Republican Party , from January 1981 to his retirement in January 2015 . He announced in December 2013 that he would not run for re-election in 2014 , and retired at the conclusion of his 17th term in office . At the time of his retirement , he was the dean of the states congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years . Early life , education , and early political career . Born and raised in West Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity , received a degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington , D.C. . He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military . Wolf entered politics in 1968 , at the age of 29 , when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975 , Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolfs first campaign for Virginias 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42% . Two years later , amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed , but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L . Fisher , 53%–47% . In the 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagans decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House , Wolfs third run proved to be successful ; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch , 51%–49% . In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest anywhere near that close . Wolf did not face a Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third party candidates . After 1982 , his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39% , respectively . Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote . In 2012 , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried the district by 1% , Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013 , it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger , a Fairfax attorney and small business owner . In December 2013 , Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics , leaving office in January 2015just days before his 76th birthday . He was succeeded by his former aide , Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock . Wolfs district was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office . For his first six terms , he represented a compact Northern Virginia-based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun counties . The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District , while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into the new 11th district . To make up for the loss of population , the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S . Rep . George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act . Allen chose not to challenge Wolf , instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993 . The district kept approximately the same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun . In 2013 , the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population , Loudoun county held 30 percent , and the remainder of the district at 30 percent . During his final six terms , Wolf was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by a Democrat in 2008 , while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side , Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002 . Tenure . Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas : transportation , human rights , and gambling . Before he retired , he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus . Human rights . Wolf has traveled extensively to places around the world where people are suffering , including five times to the Sudan since 1989 . He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world . After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11 , 2009 , Wolf voiced his deep concern over the systematic persecution of the Baháʼís . On February 13 , Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial , co-sponsored by seven others , in H . RES . 175 – Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights ; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . The situation in Iran gathered international attention , including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June , after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad , including her defending Irans minority Baháʼí community . On September 30 , 2010 , Wolf spoke against human trafficking during a Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic home . On February 28 , 2014 , along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus , a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9 , 2014 , Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4653 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S . Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019 . China . Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Womens Conference in Beijing , Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked , repeating the blood libel that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China . He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999 . When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers . In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted a clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year . Wolf remarked , We dont want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology , and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them . And frankly , it boils down to a moral issue . .. . Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin ? This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access to the launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists . In June 2014 , Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza , in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo . Iraq War . During the Bush administration , Wolf voted consistently with the Presidents positions . For example , Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002 . He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent , opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States , and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations . However , in March 2006 , Congress , at Wolfs suggestion by inserting an earmark into a supplemental appropriation bill , and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S . strategy in Iraq . Social issues . Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees . As congressman , Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries . Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman . As such , he signed a letter supporting the one man one woman issue in the . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in 1996 . Gambling . A 2005 Washington Post article cited opposition to the spread of gambling as one of Wolfs central causes . Wolf sought to revise the regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . External links . - Videos - at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally , VA , September 9 , 2006 - at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill , September 16 , 2006
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Frank Rudolph Wolf ( born January 30 , 1939 ) is an American politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives , as a member of the Republican Party , from January 1981 to his retirement in January 2015 . He announced in December 2013 that he would not run for re-election in 2014 , and retired at the conclusion of his 17th term in office . At the time of his retirement , he was the dean of the states congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Early life , education , and early political career .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " Born and raised in West Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity , received a degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington , D.C. . He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Wolf entered politics in 1968 , at the age of 29 , when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975 , Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolfs first campaign for Virginias 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42% . Two years later , amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed , but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L . Fisher , 53%–47% .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In the 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagans decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House , Wolfs third run proved to be successful ; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch , 51%–49% . In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest anywhere near that close .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Wolf did not face a Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third party candidates . After 1982 , his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39% , respectively . Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried the district by 1% , Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013 , it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger , a Fairfax attorney and small business owner . In December 2013 , Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics , leaving office in January 2015just days before his 76th birthday . He was succeeded by his former aide , Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Wolfs district was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office . For his first six terms , he represented a compact Northern Virginia-based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun counties . The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District , while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into the new 11th district . To make up for the loss of population , the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Rep . George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act . Allen chose not to challenge Wolf , instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993 . The district kept approximately the same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun . In 2013 , the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population , Loudoun county held 30 percent , and the",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "remainder of the district at 30 percent .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " During his final six terms , Wolf was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by a Democrat in 2008 , while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side , Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas : transportation , human rights , and gambling . Before he retired , he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has traveled extensively to places around the world where people are suffering , including five times to the Sudan since 1989 . He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11 , 2009 , Wolf voiced his deep concern over the systematic persecution of the Baháʼís . On February 13 , Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial , co-sponsored by seven others , in H . RES . 175 – Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights ; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . The situation in",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "Iran gathered international attention , including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June , after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad , including her defending Irans minority Baháʼí community .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": " On September 30 , 2010 , Wolf spoke against human trafficking during a Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic home .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "On February 28 , 2014 , along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus , a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9 , 2014 , Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4653 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S . Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019 .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Womens Conference in Beijing , Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked , repeating the blood libel that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China . He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999 .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted a clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year . Wolf remarked , We dont want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology , and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them . And frankly , it boils down to a moral issue . .. . Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin ? This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "to the launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": " In June 2014 , Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza , in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": " During the Bush administration , Wolf voted consistently with the Presidents positions . For example , Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002 . He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent , opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States , and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "However , in March 2006 , Congress , at Wolfs suggestion by inserting an earmark into a supplemental appropriation bill , and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S . strategy in Iraq .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees . As congressman , Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries . Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman . As such , he signed a letter supporting the one man one woman issue in the . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in",
"title": "Social issues"
},
{
"text": "1996 .",
"title": "Social issues"
},
{
"text": " A 2005 Washington Post article cited opposition to the spread of gambling as one of Wolfs central causes . Wolf sought to revise the regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations .",
"title": "Gambling"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " - Videos - at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally , VA , September 9 , 2006 - at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill , September 16 , 2006",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Frank_Wolf_(politician)#P69#1
|
Where was Frank Wolf (politician) educated after Dec 1961?
|
Frank Wolf ( politician ) Frank Rudolph Wolf ( born January 30 , 1939 ) is an American politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives , as a member of the Republican Party , from January 1981 to his retirement in January 2015 . He announced in December 2013 that he would not run for re-election in 2014 , and retired at the conclusion of his 17th term in office . At the time of his retirement , he was the dean of the states congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years . Early life , education , and early political career . Born and raised in West Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity , received a degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington , D.C. . He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military . Wolf entered politics in 1968 , at the age of 29 , when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975 , Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolfs first campaign for Virginias 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42% . Two years later , amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed , but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L . Fisher , 53%–47% . In the 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagans decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House , Wolfs third run proved to be successful ; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch , 51%–49% . In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest anywhere near that close . Wolf did not face a Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third party candidates . After 1982 , his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39% , respectively . Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote . In 2012 , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried the district by 1% , Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013 , it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger , a Fairfax attorney and small business owner . In December 2013 , Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics , leaving office in January 2015just days before his 76th birthday . He was succeeded by his former aide , Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock . Wolfs district was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office . For his first six terms , he represented a compact Northern Virginia-based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun counties . The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District , while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into the new 11th district . To make up for the loss of population , the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S . Rep . George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act . Allen chose not to challenge Wolf , instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993 . The district kept approximately the same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun . In 2013 , the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population , Loudoun county held 30 percent , and the remainder of the district at 30 percent . During his final six terms , Wolf was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by a Democrat in 2008 , while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side , Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002 . Tenure . Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas : transportation , human rights , and gambling . Before he retired , he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus . Human rights . Wolf has traveled extensively to places around the world where people are suffering , including five times to the Sudan since 1989 . He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world . After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11 , 2009 , Wolf voiced his deep concern over the systematic persecution of the Baháʼís . On February 13 , Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial , co-sponsored by seven others , in H . RES . 175 – Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights ; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . The situation in Iran gathered international attention , including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June , after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad , including her defending Irans minority Baháʼí community . On September 30 , 2010 , Wolf spoke against human trafficking during a Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic home . On February 28 , 2014 , along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus , a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9 , 2014 , Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4653 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S . Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019 . China . Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Womens Conference in Beijing , Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked , repeating the blood libel that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China . He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999 . When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers . In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted a clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year . Wolf remarked , We dont want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology , and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them . And frankly , it boils down to a moral issue . .. . Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin ? This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access to the launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists . In June 2014 , Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza , in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo . Iraq War . During the Bush administration , Wolf voted consistently with the Presidents positions . For example , Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002 . He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent , opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States , and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations . However , in March 2006 , Congress , at Wolfs suggestion by inserting an earmark into a supplemental appropriation bill , and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S . strategy in Iraq . Social issues . Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees . As congressman , Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries . Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman . As such , he signed a letter supporting the one man one woman issue in the . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in 1996 . Gambling . A 2005 Washington Post article cited opposition to the spread of gambling as one of Wolfs central causes . Wolf sought to revise the regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . External links . - Videos - at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally , VA , September 9 , 2006 - at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill , September 16 , 2006
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Frank Rudolph Wolf ( born January 30 , 1939 ) is an American politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives , as a member of the Republican Party , from January 1981 to his retirement in January 2015 . He announced in December 2013 that he would not run for re-election in 2014 , and retired at the conclusion of his 17th term in office . At the time of his retirement , he was the dean of the states congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Early life , education , and early political career .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " Born and raised in West Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity , received a degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington , D.C. . He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Wolf entered politics in 1968 , at the age of 29 , when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975 , Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolfs first campaign for Virginias 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42% . Two years later , amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed , but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L . Fisher , 53%–47% .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In the 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagans decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House , Wolfs third run proved to be successful ; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch , 51%–49% . In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest anywhere near that close .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Wolf did not face a Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third party candidates . After 1982 , his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39% , respectively . Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried the district by 1% , Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013 , it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger , a Fairfax attorney and small business owner . In December 2013 , Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics , leaving office in January 2015just days before his 76th birthday . He was succeeded by his former aide , Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Wolfs district was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office . For his first six terms , he represented a compact Northern Virginia-based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun counties . The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District , while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into the new 11th district . To make up for the loss of population , the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Rep . George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act . Allen chose not to challenge Wolf , instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993 . The district kept approximately the same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun . In 2013 , the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population , Loudoun county held 30 percent , and the",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "remainder of the district at 30 percent .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " During his final six terms , Wolf was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by a Democrat in 2008 , while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side , Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas : transportation , human rights , and gambling . Before he retired , he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has traveled extensively to places around the world where people are suffering , including five times to the Sudan since 1989 . He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11 , 2009 , Wolf voiced his deep concern over the systematic persecution of the Baháʼís . On February 13 , Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial , co-sponsored by seven others , in H . RES . 175 – Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights ; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . The situation in",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "Iran gathered international attention , including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June , after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad , including her defending Irans minority Baháʼí community .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": " On September 30 , 2010 , Wolf spoke against human trafficking during a Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic home .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "On February 28 , 2014 , along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus , a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9 , 2014 , Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4653 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S . Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019 .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Womens Conference in Beijing , Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked , repeating the blood libel that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China . He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999 .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted a clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year . Wolf remarked , We dont want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology , and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them . And frankly , it boils down to a moral issue . .. . Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin ? This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "to the launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": " In June 2014 , Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza , in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": " During the Bush administration , Wolf voted consistently with the Presidents positions . For example , Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002 . He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent , opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States , and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "However , in March 2006 , Congress , at Wolfs suggestion by inserting an earmark into a supplemental appropriation bill , and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S . strategy in Iraq .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees . As congressman , Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries . Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman . As such , he signed a letter supporting the one man one woman issue in the . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in",
"title": "Social issues"
},
{
"text": "1996 .",
"title": "Social issues"
},
{
"text": " A 2005 Washington Post article cited opposition to the spread of gambling as one of Wolfs central causes . Wolf sought to revise the regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations .",
"title": "Gambling"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " - Videos - at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally , VA , September 9 , 2006 - at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill , September 16 , 2006",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Frank_Wolf_(politician)#P69#2
|
Where was Frank Wolf (politician) educated between Jul 1950 and Sep 1953?
|
Frank Wolf ( politician ) Frank Rudolph Wolf ( born January 30 , 1939 ) is an American politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives , as a member of the Republican Party , from January 1981 to his retirement in January 2015 . He announced in December 2013 that he would not run for re-election in 2014 , and retired at the conclusion of his 17th term in office . At the time of his retirement , he was the dean of the states congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years . Early life , education , and early political career . Born and raised in West Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity , received a degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington , D.C. . He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military . Wolf entered politics in 1968 , at the age of 29 , when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975 , Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolfs first campaign for Virginias 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42% . Two years later , amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed , but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L . Fisher , 53%–47% . In the 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagans decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House , Wolfs third run proved to be successful ; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch , 51%–49% . In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest anywhere near that close . Wolf did not face a Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third party candidates . After 1982 , his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39% , respectively . Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote . In 2012 , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried the district by 1% , Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013 , it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger , a Fairfax attorney and small business owner . In December 2013 , Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics , leaving office in January 2015just days before his 76th birthday . He was succeeded by his former aide , Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock . Wolfs district was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office . For his first six terms , he represented a compact Northern Virginia-based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun counties . The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District , while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into the new 11th district . To make up for the loss of population , the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S . Rep . George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act . Allen chose not to challenge Wolf , instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993 . The district kept approximately the same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun . In 2013 , the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population , Loudoun county held 30 percent , and the remainder of the district at 30 percent . During his final six terms , Wolf was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by a Democrat in 2008 , while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side , Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002 . Tenure . Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas : transportation , human rights , and gambling . Before he retired , he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus . Human rights . Wolf has traveled extensively to places around the world where people are suffering , including five times to the Sudan since 1989 . He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world . After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11 , 2009 , Wolf voiced his deep concern over the systematic persecution of the Baháʼís . On February 13 , Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial , co-sponsored by seven others , in H . RES . 175 – Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights ; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . The situation in Iran gathered international attention , including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June , after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad , including her defending Irans minority Baháʼí community . On September 30 , 2010 , Wolf spoke against human trafficking during a Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic home . On February 28 , 2014 , along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus , a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9 , 2014 , Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4653 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S . Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019 . China . Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Womens Conference in Beijing , Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked , repeating the blood libel that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China . He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999 . When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers . In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted a clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year . Wolf remarked , We dont want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology , and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them . And frankly , it boils down to a moral issue . .. . Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin ? This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access to the launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists . In June 2014 , Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza , in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo . Iraq War . During the Bush administration , Wolf voted consistently with the Presidents positions . For example , Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002 . He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent , opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States , and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations . However , in March 2006 , Congress , at Wolfs suggestion by inserting an earmark into a supplemental appropriation bill , and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S . strategy in Iraq . Social issues . Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees . As congressman , Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries . Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman . As such , he signed a letter supporting the one man one woman issue in the . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in 1996 . Gambling . A 2005 Washington Post article cited opposition to the spread of gambling as one of Wolfs central causes . Wolf sought to revise the regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . External links . - Videos - at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally , VA , September 9 , 2006 - at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill , September 16 , 2006
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Frank Rudolph Wolf ( born January 30 , 1939 ) is an American politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives , as a member of the Republican Party , from January 1981 to his retirement in January 2015 . He announced in December 2013 that he would not run for re-election in 2014 , and retired at the conclusion of his 17th term in office . At the time of his retirement , he was the dean of the states congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Early life , education , and early political career .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " Born and raised in West Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity , received a degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington , D.C. . He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Wolf entered politics in 1968 , at the age of 29 , when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975 , Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton .",
"title": "Frank Wolf ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolfs first campaign for Virginias 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42% . Two years later , amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed , but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L . Fisher , 53%–47% .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In the 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagans decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House , Wolfs third run proved to be successful ; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch , 51%–49% . In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest anywhere near that close .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Wolf did not face a Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third party candidates . After 1982 , his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39% , respectively . Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried the district by 1% , Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013 , it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger , a Fairfax attorney and small business owner . In December 2013 , Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics , leaving office in January 2015just days before his 76th birthday . He was succeeded by his former aide , Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Wolfs district was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office . For his first six terms , he represented a compact Northern Virginia-based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun counties . The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District , while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into the new 11th district . To make up for the loss of population , the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Rep . George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act . Allen chose not to challenge Wolf , instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993 . The district kept approximately the same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun . In 2013 , the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population , Loudoun county held 30 percent , and the",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "remainder of the district at 30 percent .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " During his final six terms , Wolf was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by a Democrat in 2008 , while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side , Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas : transportation , human rights , and gambling . Before he retired , he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has traveled extensively to places around the world where people are suffering , including five times to the Sudan since 1989 . He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11 , 2009 , Wolf voiced his deep concern over the systematic persecution of the Baháʼís . On February 13 , Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial , co-sponsored by seven others , in H . RES . 175 – Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights ; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . The situation in",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "Iran gathered international attention , including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June , after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad , including her defending Irans minority Baháʼí community .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": " On September 30 , 2010 , Wolf spoke against human trafficking during a Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic home .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": "On February 28 , 2014 , along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus , a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9 , 2014 , Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4653 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S . Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019 .",
"title": "Human rights"
},
{
"text": " Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Womens Conference in Beijing , Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked , repeating the blood libel that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China . He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999 .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted a clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year . Wolf remarked , We dont want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology , and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them . And frankly , it boils down to a moral issue . .. . Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin ? This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": "to the launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": " In June 2014 , Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza , in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo .",
"title": "China"
},
{
"text": " During the Bush administration , Wolf voted consistently with the Presidents positions . For example , Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002 . He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent , opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States , and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "However , in March 2006 , Congress , at Wolfs suggestion by inserting an earmark into a supplemental appropriation bill , and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S . strategy in Iraq .",
"title": "Iraq War"
},
{
"text": "Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees . As congressman , Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries . Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman . As such , he signed a letter supporting the one man one woman issue in the . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in",
"title": "Social issues"
},
{
"text": "1996 .",
"title": "Social issues"
},
{
"text": " A 2005 Washington Post article cited opposition to the spread of gambling as one of Wolfs central causes . Wolf sought to revise the regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations .",
"title": "Gambling"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission ( Co-Chair ) - International Conservation Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations , Export Financing , and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " - Videos - at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally , VA , September 9 , 2006 - at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill , September 16 , 2006",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/E._W._Marland_Mansion#P127#0
|
E. W. Marland Mansion was owned by whom before May 1933?
|
E . W . Marland Mansion The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public . Architecture . The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site , and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies . Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations . The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt . Interior . First floor . The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman . To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s . Second floor . The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances and counters made of Monel . Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace . Third floor . The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion . Grounds . The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma . South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House . The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . History . At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including French limestone sculptures of the family . E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions , such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will . In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .
|
[
"E . W . Marland"
] |
[
{
"text": " The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public .",
"title": "E . W . Marland Mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site ,",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "and counters made of Monel .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion .",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "French limestone sculptures of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/E._W._Marland_Mansion#P127#1
|
E. W. Marland Mansion was owned by whom between Oct 1942 and Nov 1944?
|
E . W . Marland Mansion The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public . Architecture . The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site , and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies . Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations . The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt . Interior . First floor . The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman . To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s . Second floor . The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances and counters made of Monel . Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace . Third floor . The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion . Grounds . The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma . South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House . The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . History . At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including French limestone sculptures of the family . E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions , such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will . In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .
|
[
"Discalced Carmelite Fathers"
] |
[
{
"text": " The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public .",
"title": "E . W . Marland Mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site ,",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "and counters made of Monel .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion .",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "French limestone sculptures of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/E._W._Marland_Mansion#P127#2
|
E. W. Marland Mansion was owned by whom in early 1970s?
|
E . W . Marland Mansion The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public . Architecture . The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site , and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies . Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations . The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt . Interior . First floor . The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman . To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s . Second floor . The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances and counters made of Monel . Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace . Third floor . The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion . Grounds . The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma . South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House . The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . History . At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including French limestone sculptures of the family . E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions , such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will . In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .
|
[
"Felician Sisters"
] |
[
{
"text": " The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public .",
"title": "E . W . Marland Mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site ,",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "and counters made of Monel .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion .",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "French limestone sculptures of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/E._W._Marland_Mansion#P127#3
|
E. W. Marland Mansion was owned by whom after Jun 1975?
|
E . W . Marland Mansion The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public . Architecture . The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site , and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies . Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations . The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt . Interior . First floor . The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman . To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s . Second floor . The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances and counters made of Monel . Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace . Third floor . The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion . Grounds . The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma . South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House . The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . History . At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including French limestone sculptures of the family . E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions , such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will . In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .
|
[
"Ponca City"
] |
[
{
"text": " The E.W . Marland Mansion is a Mediterranean Revival-style mansion located in Ponca City , Oklahoma , United States . Built by oil baron and philanthropist Ernest Whitworth ( E.W. ) Marland , as a display of wealth at the peak of the 1920s oil boom , the house is one of the largest residences in the southwestern United States , and is known as the Palace on the Prairie . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 , and is now a museum open to the public .",
"title": "E . W . Marland Mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Marland Mansion was built on the side of a small hill , higher on the west side than on the east , in an abandoned stone quarry that determined the placement for the mansion , as the excavations for the quarry was used for the construction of the swimming pool . Designed by prominent Tulsa architect John Duncan Forsyth , the mansion was constructed between 1925 and 1928 , and influenced by the Palazzo Davanzati in Florence , Italy that Marland had visited while traveling in Europe . Crafted from light-colored , rusticated limestone blocks , quarried on-site ,",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "and set in concrete on a steel frame , the roughly u-shaped layout is 78 feet wide and 184 feet long . The main entrance is found on the west front and features an arched and buttressed porte-cochère with gabled , clay tiled roof , that shelters the arched , 11-panel , double wood entrance doors custom-made in New York . Under each of the four inside corners of the porte-cochère are sculptures of Marlands four hunting dogs , carved by Italian sculptor , Ernest G . Pellegrini . The windows with black painted metal surrounds , to contrast with",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "the light colored stone , are asymmetrically arranged . The first level windows feature wrought iron grill work , while those on the second level are smaller , or have wrought iron balconies .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Large raised terraces are found on the north , south and east fronts , however they do not interconnect . The south fronts notable features include triple arched windows giving an arcaded effect and accented with stone balconies with flower carved corbels that flank the facade on the upper level . The drainage system is also exposed and displays the Marland monogram and the date 1927 . The water from the system drains through a sculptured carving of Pan into a water feature located in a niche in the side of the terrace wall . Giving access to the terrace",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "is a semicircular arched glass and wrought iron double doorway . The fanlight features a sunburst pattern with the tracery continuing down into the sidelights and doors with vertical bars . The arched doorway is replicated on the north facade in a set of three , continuing the arcaded effect . This arcade is highlighted by a stone cantilevered staircase to the left , with ornately carved corbels of mythological creatures leading to a second floor balcony adjacent to E.W . Marlands quarters . The east front is the only one that features a symmetrical facade , and where all",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "three stories are evident due to the house being built on a hill . The first level has a set of three arched doorways that enclose a lounge directly below a terrace found on the second level , centered by a single arched entryway . On the third level are flanking rectangular windows with wrought iron balconies , mirroring those on the west front , centered by three small square shaped fenestrations .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " The overhanging hipped roof , with stone corbeling along the roof line , features red clay tiles pierced by five large stone chimneys topped with Mediterranean style chimney caps . There was a sixth chimney situated on the north side of the house towards the rear that was destroyed in a storm and never rebuilt .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mansion is spread out over three floors featuring a total of 55 rooms , including 10 bedrooms , 12 bathrooms , 7 fireplaces , and 3 kitchens illuminated by 861 light bulbs . The layout of the house is generally a central hall plan , and as a result of being built on the side of a hill , the entrance hall is located on the second floor . Defining the space is a large stone arch flanked by two lower rectangular openings , through which a short flight of stairs lead to a landing behind the arch featuring",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "a balustrade . Overhead are gilded domed ceilings , and the space is embellished with two stone carved night owls , peering out of the stairway niches through glowing red eyes . Below the arch , a grand stairway leads down to the first level , and to the Hall of Merriment . The hall is named due to the four whimsical carvings of men representing Eat , drink and be merry , with the fourth figure taking a pinch of snuff . The hall today is the site of the Carl and Carolyn Renfro Gallery that feature replicas of",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the twelve statues entered in a competition to depict the Pioneer Woman .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "To the left of the hall is the service area of the house including the main kitchen where a majority of the cooking was done , the staff dining room and pantry . On the right was originally a handball court for the amusement of family and friends , but has been re-purposed as the administrative offices for the Estate and the National Petroleum Hall of Fame . At the far eastern side of the house are two lounges , the inner lounge known as the Winter Room , and the outer lounge known as the Summer Room . The",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "Winter Room has a large fireplace with a hearth that hides a small entry to a panic room that could have been used by the family during any dangerous situations . Above the concrete beams of the ceiling are decorated with artwork tracing the history of Oklahoma from the days of the pre-Columbian Native Americans through the discovery of oil by Marland Oil Company . The third kitchen is also located in this room and is known as the Hunt Kitchen as this is where guest assembled for breakfast before the fox hunts . Adjacent to the Hunt Kitchen is",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "the secret Poker Room that concealed a hidden Whiskey Room and door to the 550 foot tunnel leading to the Boat House and Artist Studio . The ceilings in the Summer Lounge were designed and painted by Vincent Maragliotti free of charge and pay homage to the spirit of the 1920s .",
"title": "First floor"
},
{
"text": "The principal rooms of the house are located on the second floor . To the left of the entrance hall is the Elizabethan formal dining room featuring wall panels of hand-cut pollard oak cut from an English royal forest , as well as a suspended cast plaster barrel ceiling that was molded at bench level , and then hoisted and wired into position to the structural beams . Adjacent to the dining room is a small octagonal-shaped breakfast room with plaster work representing the Tree of Life on the walls , and a service kitchen that featured once state-of-the-art appliances",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "and counters made of Monel .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "Accessed by a curved double staircase in the entrance hall , a multiple arched loggia with vaulted ceilings , featuring hand painted chinoiserie canvases , and a terrazzo floor with each tile individually poured between brass dividers , runs through the center of the house to the ballroom . Flanking the loggia are the sun room and living room where Marland displayed his collection of tapestries , paintings and works of art . The spacious ballroom features an ornate coffered ceiling that was gilded in $80,000 of gold leaf , and lit from imported Waterford crystal chandeliers with wrought iron",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "bases that originally cost $15,000 each . To replace the ceiling and chandeliers today would cost an estimated $2 million . On the north wall are family portraits surrounding a large fireplace .",
"title": "Second floor"
},
{
"text": "The third floor , where the familys private quarters are found , is accessed by a spacious stone staircase with wrought iron railings , or by the original Otis elevator lined with buffalo leather ; one of the first to be installed in the state of Oklahoma . E.W . Marlands wood paneled bedroom was done in the English Tudor-style , and features a carved wood mantel with two of Marlands favorite polo mounts . The room is filled with many original pieces of furniture that have been returned to the house over the years . The connecting bathroom includes",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "an electric sauna , believed to be one of the first in the United States . The library was Marlands private study and was the headquarters for his campaign when running for the office of Governor of Oklahoma . Noteworthy in this room are the bookshelves that are topped with giant seashell designs , replicas of those found in the Oval Office of the White House . The Louis XV-style bedroom of his wife , Lydie Marland , is lined with imported lime-wood hand-carved panels with rounded corners , and a fireplace carved from Italian pink marble . There are",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "a number of guest suites and bedrooms on this floor as well , including one named after Will Rogers where it is believed he stayed during his visits to the mansion .",
"title": "Third floor"
},
{
"text": "The grounds of the Marland Mansion are currently composed of of gardens , lakes and ancillary buildings spread throughout the estate . The original buildings were designed to complement the main house with rough-hewn stone facades and red clay tile roofs . Lydies Cottage was originally the chauffeurs quarters with garage space attached for the Marlands carriages and cars . Several architectural elements used in the mansion can be found in the cottage including a wood beam ceiling and a fish-scale stone floor in the entry . The house was remodeled by Forsyth with the addition of a bedroom and",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "bathroom in the former carriage area , and the Marlands moved-in upon the sale of the mansion in 1941 . E.W . Marland died here six months later of a heart condition , while Lydie Marland continued to live in the house , off and on , until her death in 1987 . The cottage today contains the Marland Family Exhibit , that includes photos and artifacts from the familys presence in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "South of the cottage , is the Artist Studio featuring a two-story peaked roof structure on the south and north , with two one-story galleries and an arched walkway in between . Built for Jo Davidson , sculptor of the Marland family statues , the beams of the studio were recycled from one of Marlands first oil derricks . The south wing houses the Bryant Baker Gallery featuring 44 bronze and plaster maquettes and busts of Bryant Bakers work . Bryant Baker was the sculptor of the Pioneer Woman Statue , which was commissioned by Marland and is located in",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "Ponca City . Also , a room in the gallery displays information and drawings of the architect , John Duncan Forsyth , who designed the estate , as well as many other homes in Ponca City and Tulsa . The Oil Museum is located in the north wing of the Artist Studio and showcases the history of the Marland Oil Company in the early 20th-century . The studio is connected to the mansion by a tunnel via the Boat House .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "The Boat House is the location of a large underground wine cellar that is accessed by a safe door . It also functioned as a storage area for the boats that were used for the enjoyment of guest and family . Once on the edge of one of five lakes on the estate , this body of water along with three other lakes , and the T-shaped Olympic-sized pool , were filled in by a successive owner . Lake Whitemarsh is the only remaining lake , and named after Marlands yacht , which in turn was named for a lake",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "in Marlands hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .",
"title": "Grounds"
},
{
"text": "At the height of the 1920s oil boom , E.W . Marland who controlled one tenth of the worlds oil , set about building a home that was befitting of his new station in life . The mansion was built on a estate on the edge of town , and named The Refuge by Marland . Construction of the house began in 1925 , employing dozens of European craftsmen , and was completed in 1928 at a cost of $5.5 million . Artwork and antique furnishings were purchased from around the world to fill the large mansion and gardens including",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "French limestone sculptures of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "E.W . Marland opened his estate on June 2 , 1928 to invited friends and family , who enjoyed a luncheon and an afternoon of equestrian events such as polo and fox hunting which he had introduced to Oklahoma . Due to a hostile takeover of his company in 1928 by J . P . Morgan Jr. , the Marlands only enjoyed living in the mansion until 1931 , as the operation of the large dwelling depleted their much reduced finances . Moving into the Artist Studio on the estate , the mansion was only opened for special occasions ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "such as the Inaugural Ball to celebrate Marland becoming Oklahomas 10th governor in 1935 . Just six months prior to his death , Marland sold the estate to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1941 for just $66,000 . Marland kept the former chauffeur cottage and surrounding land , leaving them to Lydie in his will .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1948 , the Fathers sold the estate to the Sisters of St . Felix who operated a private high school on the grounds . During their tenure , they built a number of structures on the grounds , though all have been removed except for Angela Hall , built in 1958 , and still operating as a school . The Felician Sisters moved to New Mexico in 1975 , and sold the estate to the City of Ponca City and Continental Oil Company , which transferred their partial ownership to the city , for $1.5 million . The mansion",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was opened to the public the following year , and since then has undergone continued renovation to restore the estate to its former grandeur .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Mann#P27#0
|
What was the nationality of Thomas Mann before Jun 1885?
|
Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime . Life . Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature . Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 . In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children . Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War . In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition . In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 . Anti-Nazi broadcasts . The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture . Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual . Last years . With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends . Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich , Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders . Death . Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger , showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland . Legacy . Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Career . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America . Nobel Prize in Literature . Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations . The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death . Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit . Sexuality . Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) . Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. . Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) . Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this , once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth . Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives . Cultural references . The Magic Mountain . Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis . - Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp . - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) . - The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain . - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.” - Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium . - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel . - Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal . Death in Venice . Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter . - Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) . - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain . - David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little . - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis . Other . - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 . - Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee . - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them . - In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German . - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood . Political views . During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles . He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats . In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship . During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism . Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism . Literary works . Play . 1905 : Fiorenza Prose sketch . 1893 : Vision Short stories . - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry - 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind ) - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar Novels . - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte ) Series . The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 ) Felix Krull 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 ) 3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 ) 4 . Joseph the Provider ( Joseph , der Ernährer ) ( 1943 ) Novella . - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende ) - 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz ) - 1954 : The Black Swan ( Die Betrogene : Erzählung ) Essays . - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen ) - 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 . - Nietzsches Philosophy in the Light of Recent History Miscellaneous . - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters Compilations in English . - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice . - 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote . - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice . - 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .
|
[
"Germany"
] |
[
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime .",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "Hitler from making speeches about culture .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": " Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": ". Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich ,",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ", showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nobel Prize in Literature .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": ", once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.”",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": "- 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind )",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte )",
"title": "Novels"
},
{
"text": " The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 )",
"title": "Series"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": "3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": " - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": "- 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": " - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen )",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": "- 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 .",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters",
"title": "Miscellaneous"
},
{
"text": " - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": " - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Mann#P27#1
|
What was the nationality of Thomas Mann in early 1930s?
|
Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime . Life . Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature . Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 . In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children . Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War . In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition . In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 . Anti-Nazi broadcasts . The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture . Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual . Last years . With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends . Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich , Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders . Death . Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger , showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland . Legacy . Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Career . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America . Nobel Prize in Literature . Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations . The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death . Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit . Sexuality . Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) . Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. . Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) . Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this , once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth . Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives . Cultural references . The Magic Mountain . Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis . - Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp . - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) . - The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain . - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.” - Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium . - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel . - Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal . Death in Venice . Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter . - Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) . - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain . - David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little . - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis . Other . - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 . - Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee . - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them . - In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German . - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood . Political views . During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles . He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats . In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship . During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism . Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism . Literary works . Play . 1905 : Fiorenza Prose sketch . 1893 : Vision Short stories . - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry - 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind ) - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar Novels . - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte ) Series . The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 ) Felix Krull 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 ) 3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 ) 4 . Joseph the Provider ( Joseph , der Ernährer ) ( 1943 ) Novella . - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende ) - 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz ) - 1954 : The Black Swan ( Die Betrogene : Erzählung ) Essays . - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen ) - 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 . - Nietzsches Philosophy in the Light of Recent History Miscellaneous . - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters Compilations in English . - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice . - 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote . - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice . - 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .
|
[
"Switzerland"
] |
[
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime .",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "Hitler from making speeches about culture .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": " Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": ". Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich ,",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ", showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nobel Prize in Literature .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": ", once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.”",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": "- 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind )",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte )",
"title": "Novels"
},
{
"text": " The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 )",
"title": "Series"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": "3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": " - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": "- 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": " - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen )",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": "- 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 .",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters",
"title": "Miscellaneous"
},
{
"text": " - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": " - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Mann#P27#2
|
What was the nationality of Thomas Mann between Jan 1933 and Nov 1933?
|
Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime . Life . Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature . Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 . In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children . Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War . In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition . In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 . Anti-Nazi broadcasts . The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture . Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual . Last years . With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends . Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich , Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders . Death . Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger , showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland . Legacy . Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Career . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America . Nobel Prize in Literature . Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations . The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death . Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit . Sexuality . Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) . Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. . Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) . Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this , once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth . Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives . Cultural references . The Magic Mountain . Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis . - Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp . - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) . - The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain . - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.” - Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium . - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel . - Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal . Death in Venice . Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter . - Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) . - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain . - David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little . - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis . Other . - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 . - Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee . - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them . - In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German . - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood . Political views . During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles . He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats . In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship . During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism . Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism . Literary works . Play . 1905 : Fiorenza Prose sketch . 1893 : Vision Short stories . - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry - 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind ) - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar Novels . - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte ) Series . The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 ) Felix Krull 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 ) 3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 ) 4 . Joseph the Provider ( Joseph , der Ernährer ) ( 1943 ) Novella . - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende ) - 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz ) - 1954 : The Black Swan ( Die Betrogene : Erzählung ) Essays . - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen ) - 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 . - Nietzsches Philosophy in the Light of Recent History Miscellaneous . - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters Compilations in English . - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice . - 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote . - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice . - 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .
|
[
"Switzerland"
] |
[
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime .",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "Hitler from making speeches about culture .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": " Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": ". Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich ,",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ", showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nobel Prize in Literature .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": ", once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.”",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": "- 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind )",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte )",
"title": "Novels"
},
{
"text": " The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 )",
"title": "Series"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": "3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": " - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": "- 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": " - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen )",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": "- 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 .",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters",
"title": "Miscellaneous"
},
{
"text": " - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": " - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Mann#P27#3
|
What was the nationality of Thomas Mann between Sep 1942 and Jul 1943?
|
Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime . Life . Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature . Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 . In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children . Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War . In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition . In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 . Anti-Nazi broadcasts . The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture . Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual . Last years . With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends . Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich , Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders . Death . Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger , showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland . Legacy . Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Career . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America . Nobel Prize in Literature . Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations . The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death . Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit . Sexuality . Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) . Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. . Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) . Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this , once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth . Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives . Cultural references . The Magic Mountain . Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis . - Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp . - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) . - The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain . - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.” - Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium . - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel . - Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal . Death in Venice . Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter . - Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) . - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain . - David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little . - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis . Other . - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 . - Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee . - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them . - In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German . - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood . Political views . During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles . He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats . In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship . During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism . Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism . Literary works . Play . 1905 : Fiorenza Prose sketch . 1893 : Vision Short stories . - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry - 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind ) - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar Novels . - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte ) Series . The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 ) Felix Krull 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 ) 3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 ) 4 . Joseph the Provider ( Joseph , der Ernährer ) ( 1943 ) Novella . - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende ) - 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz ) - 1954 : The Black Swan ( Die Betrogene : Erzählung ) Essays . - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen ) - 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 . - Nietzsches Philosophy in the Light of Recent History Miscellaneous . - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters Compilations in English . - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice . - 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote . - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice . - 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .
|
[
"Czechoslovak"
] |
[
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime .",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "Hitler from making speeches about culture .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": " Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": ". Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich ,",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ", showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nobel Prize in Literature .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": ", once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.”",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": "- 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind )",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte )",
"title": "Novels"
},
{
"text": " The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 )",
"title": "Series"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": "3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": " - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": "- 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": " - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen )",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": "- 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 .",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters",
"title": "Miscellaneous"
},
{
"text": " - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": " - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Mann#P27#4
|
What was the nationality of Thomas Mann in May 1944?
|
Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime . Life . Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature . Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 . In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children . Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War . In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition . In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 . Anti-Nazi broadcasts . The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture . Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual . Last years . With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends . Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich , Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders . Death . Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger , showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland . Legacy . Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Career . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America . Nobel Prize in Literature . Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations . The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death . Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit . Sexuality . Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) . Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. . Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) . Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this , once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth . Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives . Cultural references . The Magic Mountain . Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis . - Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp . - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) . - The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain . - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.” - Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium . - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel . - Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal . Death in Venice . Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter . - Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) . - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain . - David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little . - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis . Other . - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 . - Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee . - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them . - In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German . - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood . Political views . During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles . He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats . In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship . During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism . Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism . Literary works . Play . 1905 : Fiorenza Prose sketch . 1893 : Vision Short stories . - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry - 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind ) - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar Novels . - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte ) Series . The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 ) Felix Krull 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 ) 3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 ) 4 . Joseph the Provider ( Joseph , der Ernährer ) ( 1943 ) Novella . - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende ) - 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz ) - 1954 : The Black Swan ( Die Betrogene : Erzählung ) Essays . - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen ) - 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 . - Nietzsches Philosophy in the Light of Recent History Miscellaneous . - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters Compilations in English . - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice . - 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote . - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice . - 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .
|
[
"United States"
] |
[
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955 ) was a German novelist , short story writer , social critic , philanthropist , essayist , and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate . His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual . His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories , as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel , Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Manns six children , Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann , also became significant German writers . When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland . When World War II broke out in 1939 , he moved to the United States , then returned to Switzerland in 1952 . Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime .",
"title": "Thomas Mann"
},
{
"text": "Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann ( a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry , who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old . His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion . Manns father died in 1891 , and after that his trading firm was liquidated . The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "at a Lübeck Gymnasium ( secondary school ) , then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where , in preparation for a journalism career , he studied history , economics , art history and literature .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933 , with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy , with his elder brother , the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95 . His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Manns first short story , Little Mr Friedemann ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ) , was published in 1898 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1905 , Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy , secular Jewish industrialist family . She later joined the Lutheran church . The couple had six children .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Pre-war and Second World War period . In 1912 , he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland , which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain . He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France , following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco , and later by the outbreak of the First World War .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1929 , Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden , Memel Territory ( now Nida , Lithuania ) on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him , with a small memorial exhibition .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , while travelling in the South of France , Mann heard from his eldest children Klaus and Erika in Munich , that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany . The family ( except these two children ) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland , but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936 . In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , he emigrated to the United States . He moved to Princeton , New Jersey , where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Princeton University . In 1942 , the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles , and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica , and at the Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . On 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States . The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches ( in German ) to the German people via the BBC . In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts , recorded in the U.S . and flown to London , where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band . In these eight-minute addresses , Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture . In one noted speech he said , The war is horrible , but it has the advantage of keeping",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "Hitler from making speeches about culture .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": " Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S . In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945 , Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about revenge . And he expressed regret that such judgment cannot be based on the individual .",
"title": "Anti-Nazi broadcasts"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the Cold War he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a suspected communist , he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed one of the worlds foremost apologists for Stalin and company . He was listed by HUAC as being affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts . Being in his own words a non-communist rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations : As an American citizen of German birth I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": ". Spiritual intolerance , political inquisitions , and declining legal security , and all this in the name of an alleged state of emergency . .. . That is how it started in Germany . As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists , he found the media had been closed to him . Finally he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress and in 1952 he returned to Europe , to live in Kilchberg , near Zürich ,",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Switzerland . He never again lived in Germany , though he regularly traveled there . His most important German visit was in 1949 , at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar , as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Following his 80th birthday , Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk ( the Netherlands ) . On 18 July 1955 , he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg . The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr . Mülders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr . Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital , but soon developed a state of shock ( circulatory ) . On 12 August 1955 , he died . Postmortem , his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed . The pathologic diagnosis , made by Christoph Hedinger",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ", showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein . ( At that time , lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955 , Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery , Kilchberg , Zürich , Switzerland .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Manns work influenced many later authors , such as Yukio Mishima . Many institutions are named in his honour , for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Blanche Knopf of Alfred A . Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H . L . Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe . Knopf became Manns American publisher , and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Manns books in 1924 . Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Manns complete works . Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann . After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year , they sent him an unexpected bonus . Later in the 1930s , Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Nobel Prize in Literature .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 , after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks ( 1901 ) , The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) and his numerous short stories . ( Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member , only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length. ) Based on Manns own family , Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924 ) follows an engineering student who , planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks , finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed . During that time , he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters , who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization . The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years , and is one of the largest and most significant works",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Manns oeuvre . Later , other novels included ( 1939 ) , in which Mann returned to the world of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) ; Doctor Faustus ( 1947 ) , the story of composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II ; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954 ) , which was unfinished at Manns death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Dostoevsky essay , he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche , he says : his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal.. . in general all creative originality , all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word , does the same . It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime . Nietzsches influence on Mann runs deep in his work , especially in Nietzsches views",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity . Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative . In his essay on Dostoevsky we find : but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased , who mad , who epileptic or paralytic : an average dull-witted man , in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent ; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky . In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sanity.. . in other words : certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease , madness , crime of the spirit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Manns diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found reflection in his works , most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Anthony Heilbuts biography Thomas Mann : Eros and Literature ( 1997 ) uncovered the centrality of Manns sexuality to his oeuvre . Gilbert Adairs work The Real Tadzio ( 2001 ) describes how , in the summer of 1911 , Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother , when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław ( Władzio ) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( see also The real Tadzio on the Death in Venice page ) . Manns diary records his attraction to his",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "own 13-year-old son , Eissi – Klaus Mann : Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn ( 22 June ) . In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place ; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic , while the diary reveals : In love with Klaus during these days ( 5 June ) . Eissi , who enchants me right now ( 11 July ) . Delight over Eissi , who in his bath is terribly handsome . Find it very natural that I am in love with my son .. .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked , which disconcerted me ( 25 July ) . I heard noise in the boys room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golos bed acting foolish . Strong impression of his premasculine , gleaming body . Disquiet ( 17 October 1920 ) .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": "Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man ( at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled ) . The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg , which is corroborated by notebook entries , caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman , Mary Smith , whom he met in 1901 . In 1950 , Mann met the 19 year old waiter Franz Westermeier , confiding to his diary Once again this",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": ", once again love . In 1975 , when Manns diaries were published , creating a national sensation in Germany , the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States : he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Manns obsession , but also shocked at its depth .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components , the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work . Klaus Mann had dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work , critically referring to his fathers sublimation in his diary , whereas daughter Erika Mann and younger son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives .",
"title": "Sexuality"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Manns book The Magic Mountain , including : - Frederic Tutens novel Tintin in the New World , features many characters ( such as Clavdia Chauchat , Mynheer Peeperkorn and others ) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru . - Alice Munros short story Amundsen in which a character makes a reference to The Magic Mountain during a conversation on tuberculosis .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Andrew Crumeys novel Mobius Dick ( 2004 ) , which imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Manns . These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Haruki Murakamis novel Norwegian Wood , in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium . - The song Magic Mountain by the band Blonde Redhead - The painting Magic Mountain ( after Thomas Mann ) by Christiaan Tonnis ( 1987 ) . The Magic Mountain is also a chapter in Tonniss 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ( Illness as a Symbol ) .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- The 1941 film 49th Parallel , in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Manns work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander , who later responds by burning Scotts copy of The Magic Mountain .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Ken Keseys novel , Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) , character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out .. . just where was this mountain full of magic.. . ( p . 578 ) . - Renata Adlers novel Speedboat , in which a ministers wife says to a courteous , bearded boy , “How I envy you , .. . reading The Magic Mountain for the first time.”",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Hayao Miyazakis 2013 film The Wind Rises , in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes . After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police , the protagonist , who fears his own mail is being read , refers to him as the novels Mr . Castorp . The film is partly based on another Japanese novel , set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " - Father John Mistys 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled , So Im Growing Old on Magic Mountain in which a man , near death , reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Manns novel .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": "- Viktor Frankls book Mans Search for Meaning relates the time-experience of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain : How paradoxical was our time-experience ! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain , which contains some very pointed psychological remarks . Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position , i.e. , tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release . They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal .",
"title": "The Magic Mountain"
},
{
"text": " Several literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including : - The 2006 movie A Good Year directed by Ridley Scott , starring Russell Crowe and Albert Finney , which features a paperback version of Death in Venice ; it is the book Christie Roberts is reading at her deceased fathers vineyard . - Woody Allens film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) . - Alexander McCall Smiths novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs ( 1997 ) has a final chapter entitled Death in Venice and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- Philip Roths novel The Human Stain ( 2000 ) .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Joseph Hellers 1994 novel , Closing Time , which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice . - Alan Bennetts play The Habit of Art , in which Benjamin Britten visits W . H . Auden to discuss the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Brittens opera version of Death in Venice . - Rufus Wainwrights 2001 song Grey Gardens , which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": "- David Rakoffs essay Shrimp which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty makes a humorous comparison between Manns Aschenbach and E.B . Whites Stuart Little .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled , Death in Tennis .",
"title": "Death in Venice"
},
{
"text": " - Hayavadana ( 1972 ) , a play by Girish Karnad was based on a theme drawn from The Transposed Heads and employed the folk theatre form of Yakshagana . A German version of the play , was directed by Vijaya Mehta as part of the repertoire of the Deutsches National Theatre , Weimar . A staged musical version of The Transposed Heads , adapted by Julie Taymor and Sidney Goldfarb , with music by Elliot Goldenthal , was produced at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Center in New York in 1988 .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Manns 1896 short story Disillusionment is the basis for the Leiber and Stoller song Is That All There Is? , famously recorded in 1969 by Peggy Lee .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - In a 1994 essay , Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections as an alternative to Whether Joyce is boring . - In The Simpsons episode Them , Robot , Waylon Smithers threatens the children at Springfield Elementary with not reading Death in Venice to them .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- In the Family Guy episode Road to Europe , a pro-Fascist German tour guide argues with Brian Griffin about Manns reasons for fleeing Germany , erroneously stating : Nope , nope . He left to manage a Dairy Queen . Brian attempts to correct him , but the tour guide then begins angrily screaming at Brian in German .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Manns life in California during World War II , including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood .",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "During World War I , Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm IIs conservatism , attacked liberalism and supported the war effort , calling the Great War a purification , a liberation , an enormous hope . Yet in Von Deutscher Republik ( 1923 ) as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy , Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922 , which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922 in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic , based on extensive",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Thereafter , his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " He initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "In 1930 , Mann gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class . This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time , he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland . Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies , his son Klaus advised him not to return . In contrast to those of his",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "brother Heinrich and his son Klaus , Manns books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitlers regime in May 1933 , possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929 . In 1936 , the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " During the war , Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches , published as Listen , Germany! . They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom , where the BBC transmitted them , hoping to reach German listeners . Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile , Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) , that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949 , declaring that he was not a communist , but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future . He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "was a tragedy while Nazism was only devilish nihilism .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " - 1894 : Gefallen - 1896 : The Will to Happiness - 1896 : Disillusionment ( Enttäuschung ) - 1896 : Little Herr Friedemann ( Der kleine Herr Friedemann ) - 1897 : Death ( Der Tod ) - 1897 : The Clown ( Der Bajazzo ) - 1897 : The Dilettante - 1898 : Tobias Mindernickel - 1899 : The Wardrobe ( Der Kleiderschrank ) - 1900 : Luischen ( Little Lizzy ) – written in 1897 - 1900 : The Road to the Churchyard ( Der Weg zum Friedhof ) - 1903 : The Hungry",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": "- 1903 : The Child Prodigy ( Das Wunderkind )",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1904 : A Gleam - 1904 : At the Prophets - 1905 : A Weary Hour - 1907 : Railway Accident - 1908 : Anecdote ( Anekdote ) - 1911 : The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar",
"title": "Short stories"
},
{
"text": " - 1901 : Buddenbrooks ( Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie ) - 1909 : Royal Highness ( Königliche Hoheit ) - 1924 : The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg ) - 1939 : - 1947 : Doctor Faustus ( Doktor Faustus ) - 1951 : The Holy Sinner ( Der Erwählte )",
"title": "Novels"
},
{
"text": " The Blood of the Walsungs 1 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( Wӓlsungenblut ) ( 1905 ) 2 . The Blood of the Walsungs ( 2nd edition , 1921 )",
"title": "Series"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull ) ( written in 1911 , published in 1922 ) 2 . Confessions of Felix Krull , ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull . Der Memoiren erster Teil ; expanded from 1911 short story ) , unfinished ( 1954 ) Joseph and His Brothers ( Joseph und seine Brüder ) ( 1933–43 ) 1 . The Stories of Jacob ( Die Geschichten Jaakobs ) ( 1933 ) 2 . Young Joseph ( Der junge Joseph ) ( 1934 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": "3 . Joseph in Egypt ( Joseph in Ägypten ) ( 1936 )",
"title": "Felix Krull"
},
{
"text": " - 1902 : Gladius Dei - 1903 : Tristan - 1903 : Tonio Kröger - 1912 : Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig ) - 1918 : A Man and His Dog ( Herr und Hund ) , sometimes translated as Bashan and I - 1925 : Disorder and Early Sorrow ( Unordnung und frühes Leid ) - 1930 : Mario and the Magician ( Mario und der Zauberer ) - 1940 : The Transposed Heads ( Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": "- 1944 : The Tables of the Law – a commissioned work ( Das Gesetz )",
"title": "Novella"
},
{
"text": " - 1915 : Frederick and the Great Coalition ( Friedrich und die große Koalition ) - 1918 : Reflections of an Unpolitical Man ( Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen ) - 1922 : The German Republic ( Von deutscher Republik ) - 1930 : A Sketch of My Life ( Lebensabriß ) – autobiographical - 1950 : Michelangelo according to his poems ( Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen )",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": "- 1947 : Essays of Three Decades , translated from the German by H . T . Lowe-Porter . [ 1st American ed. ] , New York , A . A . Knopf , 1947 . Reprinted as Vintage book , K55 , New York , Vintage Books , 1957 .",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " - 1937 : The Problem of Freedom ( Das Problem der Freiheit ) , speech - 1938 : The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures - 1938 : This Peace ( Dieser Friede ) , pamphlet - 1938 : Schopenhauer , philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer - 1943 : Listen , Germany ! ( Deutsche Hörer! ) – collection of letters",
"title": "Miscellaneous"
},
{
"text": " - 1936 : Stories of Three Decades ( 24 stories written from 1896 to 1929 , trans . H . T . Lowe-Porter ) - 1988 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . David Luke ) . Includes : Little Herr Friedemann ; The Joker ; The Road to the Churchyard ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; Tonio Kroger ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1997 : Six Early Stories ( trans . Peter Constantine ) . Includes : A Vision , Prose Sketch ; Fallen ; The Will to Happiness ; Death ; Avenged , Study for a Novella ; Anecdote .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": " - 1998 : Death in Venice and Other Tales ( trans . Joachim Neugroschel ) . Includes : The Will for Happiness ; Little Herr Friedemann ; Tobias Mindernickel ; Little Lizzy ; Gladius Dei ; Tristan ; The Starvelings : A Study ; Tonio Kröger ; The Wunderkind ; Harsh Hour ; The Blood of the Walsungs ; Death in Venice .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
},
{
"text": "- 1999 : Death in Venice and Other Stories ( trans . Jefferson Chase ) . Includes : Tobias Mindernickel ; Tristan ; Tonio Kröger ; The Child Prodigy ; Hour of Hardship ; Death in Venice ; Man and Dog .",
"title": "Compilations in English"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Pitt_Kellogg#P39#0
|
William Pitt Kellogg took which position in Nov 1869?
|
William Pitt Kellogg William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era . He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 . Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 . Career . Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska . With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union . In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery . Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused . The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots or returns to count . It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision . President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 . In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat . Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help . Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 . Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia . Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his Senate service. ) External links . - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
|
[
"United States Senator"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": "He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "or returns to count .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Senate service. )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Pitt_Kellogg#P39#1
|
William Pitt Kellogg took which position in May 1876?
|
William Pitt Kellogg William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era . He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 . Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 . Career . Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska . With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union . In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery . Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused . The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots or returns to count . It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision . President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 . In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat . Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help . Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 . Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia . Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his Senate service. ) External links . - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
|
[
"Governor of Louisiana"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": "He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "or returns to count .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Senate service. )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Pitt_Kellogg#P39#2
|
William Pitt Kellogg took which position in Jul 1878?
|
William Pitt Kellogg William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era . He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 . Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 . Career . Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska . With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union . In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery . Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused . The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots or returns to count . It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision . President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 . In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat . Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help . Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 . Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia . Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his Senate service. ) External links . - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
|
[
"United States Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": "He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "or returns to count .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Senate service. )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Pitt_Kellogg#P39#3
|
William Pitt Kellogg took which position in Mar 1885?
|
William Pitt Kellogg William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era . He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 . Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 . Career . Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska . With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States . In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union . In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery . Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused . The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots or returns to count . It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision . President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 . In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat . Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help . Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 . Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia . Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his Senate service. ) External links . - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
|
[
"United States House of Representatives"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Pitt Kellogg ( December 8 , 1830 – August 10 , 1918 ) was an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 and as the Governor of Louisiana from 1873 to 1877 during the Reconstruction Era .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": "He was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction and was notable for being elected after most other Republican officials had been defeated when white Democrats regained control of state politics . He is also notable as one of few incumbent Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives , where he served from 1883 to 1885 . He was the last elected Republican Governor of Louisiana until Dave Treen in 1980 and the last Republican to serve as a Senator from Louisiana until David Vitter was elected in 2004 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kellogg was born in Orwell , Vermont , near the New York border , where he spent his childhood . After completing his education in the common schools , he moved to Peoria , Illinois , at the age of eighteen and was a school teacher for several years . His fifth cousin William Kellogg lived in the area and served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1863 .",
"title": "William Pitt Kellogg"
},
{
"text": " Kellogg became a lawyer , likely reading law and studying with practicing lawyers , as was typical for many then . He moved to Canton , Illinois , and started a law practice . There he joined the U.S . Republican Party and eventually came to know Abraham Lincoln , a fellow lawyer . When Lincoln became president in 1861 , he appointed Kellogg as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Nebraska Territory . Kellogg moved to Nebraska .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "With the outbreak of the American Civil War , Kellogg was granted a leave of absence and he returned to Illinois and joined the 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry . By 1862 , he had risen to the rank of Colonel and played an important role at a small battle near Sikeston , Missouri . Kellogg resigned because of ill health on June 1 , 1862 . He then returned to Nebraska and resumed his work as Chief Justice . After the Civil War , Kellogg was elected as a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1865 , at the end of the Civil War , days before his assassination , Lincoln appointed Kellogg as the federal collector of customs of the port of New Orleans . This launched Kelloggs 20-year political career in Louisiana , notable as he was one of the first carpetbaggers . He remained Collector of New Orleans , despite complaints , until 1868 , and was then elected to the United States Senate . That year , reconstructed Louisiana was readmitted to the federal Union .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1872 , Kellogg ran on the Republican ticket and was elected governor . He resigned from the Senate to take office . In the election , John McEnery , a Democrat , ran against Kellogg . The sitting Governor Henry Clay Warmoth , although a Republican , opposed the Republican Party faction that was loyal to President Ulysses S . Grant , who was supporting Kellogg . Warmoth supported McEnery .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Former Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John Archibald Campbell was involved in the controversy surrounding Kellogg . He was a member of the Committee of One Hundred that went to Washington to persuade President Grant to end his support of what they called the Kellogg usurpation . Grant initially refused to meet them but later relented . Campbell stated the case before Grant but was refused .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The results of the election were disputed by the Democrats . The politics of the state was in turmoil for months , as both candidates held inauguration celebrations , certified their local candidate slates and tried to gather political power . Political tensions broke out in violence , including the Colfax Massacre in April 1873 . As Governor , Warmoth controlled the State Returning Board , the institution which administered elections . With the election challenged , Warmoths board named McEnery the winner . A rival board claimed Kellogg to be the victor , although the board had no ballots",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "or returns to count .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " It was not only disputed by Democrats . Even the Republican-controlled U . S . Congress doubted the legitimacy of Kelloggs Carpetbag state government . The House of Representatives declared that the Kellogg regime was not much better than a successful conspiracy . The Senate threw out both returns of Louisianas 1872 presidential electoral results . A Senate committee reported that the entire Louisiana 1872 election had been unfair and that both state governments were illegal . It recommended that a new election be held under federal supervision .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "President Grant ignored the Senate committee recommendation and chose to put the force of the U . S . Army behind Kelloggs machine , perhaps because Grants own brother-in-law , James Casey , was part of the machine . Casey also held the lucrative post of New Orleans Customs Collector , to which Grant reappointed him in March 1873 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1875 even President Grant admitted that Louisianas 1872 election was a gigantic fraud , and there are no reliable returns of its result . According to historian William Gillette , By having invoked federal authority in civil law and having employed federal force in state politics , he [ Grant ] had mounted a successful coups détat .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Warmoth was impeached for allegedly stealing the election . A black Republican , P . B . S . Pinchback , became governor for 35 days until Grant seated Kellogg as Governor with Federal protection . McEnerys faction established a rump legislature in New Orleans to oppose Kelloggs actions . McEnery urged his supporters to take up arms against Kelloggs fraudulent government . In 1874 the anti-Republican White League sent 5,000 paramilitary men into New Orleans , wherein the Battle of Liberty Place , they defeated the 3500-man Metropolitan Police and state militia . They took over the state government",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "offices for a few days but retreated before the arrival of federal troops sent as reinforcements . President Grant had finally sent U.S . troops in response to Kelloggs request for help .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Kelloggs lieutenant governor was Caesar Antoine , an African-American native of New Orleans . He had been a State Senator from Shreveport before running as lieutenant governor . Despite the intense backlash against the Republican Party among white Democrats in the South , Kellogg was elected to the United States Senate in 1876 . He served in the Senate until 1883 . He did not seek re-election , for his party was too weak in the South to be competitive . He was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Railroads from 1881 to 1883 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1882 , defeating the incumbent Democrat Chester Bidwell Darrall and served one term from 1883 to 1885 . He was defeated for re-election in 1884 by Edward James Gay . He continued to live in Washington , D.C. , but retired from political life . He died in Washington and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Kellogg was one of the most important politicians in Louisiana during and immediately after Reconstruction . He was able to maintain power for much longer than most Republican elected officials who had come to the area from the North . He is also notable as one of few Senators to be elected to the House of Representatives immediately after leaving the Senate . ( Claude Pepper , a 20th-century Florida Democrat , was similarly elected to the House after having served in the Senate but did not begin his long House tenure until 12 years after the end of his",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Senate service. )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Google Books full online browsing copy - State of Louisiana - Biography - Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Leonard_Rosoman#P937#0
|
What was the working location for Leonard Rosoman between Oct 1946 and Nov 1947?
|
Leonard Rosoman Leonard Rosoman ( 27 October 1913 – 21 February 2012 ) was a British artist . Early life . Rosoman was born in London and educated at the Deacons school , Peterborough , and then at the King Edward VII school of art in Newcastle upon Tyne , under E.M.OR . Dickey in 1930–4 , at the Royal Academy Schools in 1935–6 and at the Central School under Bernard Meninsky in 1937–8 . His first major break came in 1937 , with a commission to illustrate My Friend Mr Leakey , a childrens book by the scientist JBS Haldane . From 1938 he ran life classes at the Reinmann school , the London branch of a Berlin art college . World War II . At the beginning of the Second World War Rosoman joined the Auxiliary Fire Service , which in 1941 became the National Fire Service , and began making paintings based on his experiences as a fire-fighter during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in London . One of these A House Collapsing on Two Firemen , Shoe Lane , London , EC4 ( 1941 ) , now in the Imperial War Museum , shows the incident on the night of 29/30 December 1940 in which a young fireman who had just relieved Rosoman at his position was killed by a collapsing building in the City of London . Whilst the other fireman , the author William Sansom , survived , the scene haunted Rosoman and he re-worked the painting several times . Rosoman sometimes called his work , The Falling Wall . It was completed in August 1941 . The painting was shown in the Firemen Artists exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1941 . A number of artists had joined the NFS and an firemen artists committee had been formed which included Bernard Hailstone , Paul Lucien Dessau , Norman Hepple and Robert Coram as well as Rosoman . As well as contributing to both War Artists Advisory Committee , WAAC , and specialist civil defence art shows , the firemen held several of their own exhibitions . In 1943 Rosoman was seconded to the War Office to illustrate books on fire-fighting , and in April 1945 was appointed , by the War Artists Advisory Committee , to a full-time salaried position , along with James Morris , to document the activities of the British Pacific Fleet . Commissioned as a captain in the Royal Marines , he was posted to the Far East . He joined the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable in Sydney in May 1945 and sailed with her for three months before returning to Sydney to work his on-board sketches into finished paintings . On board Formidable he became fascinated by the new technologies he encountered there , Ive become interested in all sorts of strange devices like radar indicators , pom-poms and planes with wings that fold up like a moths . He travelled to Hong Kong in September 1945 to record bomb damage and although he reached the coast of Japan he did not go ashore there . Later life . On his return to Britain , Rosoman taught at Camberwell College of Art for a while before moving to Edinburgh College of Art in 1948 to teach mural painting . He organised a famous exhibition for Sergei Diaghilev at the Edinburgh festival of 1954 and , with the help of students , made a large mural at the art college , where the exhibit was held . This exhibition was later shown in London . In 1956 he moved on to the Chelsea School of Art , and the following year to the Royal College of Art , where David Hockney was one of his students . In 1951 Rosoman painted a mural for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank in London and drew his first illustrations for the Radio Times . In 1958 he did the murals for the British Pavilion at the Brussels International Exhibition . Rosoman was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1960 and became a full academician in 1969 . He painted a mural at the restaurant in the Academys home , Burlington House , depicting scenes of life within and around the building . In 1988 he painted the ceiling of the chapel at Lambeth Palace . His work there consists of a series of panels with scenes from the lives of St Augustine , Thomas Becket and Matthew Parker , and a Christ in Glory . A retrospective exhibition of Rosomans war art was held at the Imperial War Museum in 1989 , before being shown in Edinburgh in 1990 . He received the OBE in 1981 . He was married twice . Further reading . - Michael Middleton , The Drawings of Leonard Rosoman , in Image ; 3 ( 1949–1950 ) , p . 3-22
|
[
"London"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leonard Rosoman ( 27 October 1913 – 21 February 2012 ) was a British artist .",
"title": "Leonard Rosoman"
},
{
"text": " Rosoman was born in London and educated at the Deacons school , Peterborough , and then at the King Edward VII school of art in Newcastle upon Tyne , under E.M.OR . Dickey in 1930–4 , at the Royal Academy Schools in 1935–6 and at the Central School under Bernard Meninsky in 1937–8 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His first major break came in 1937 , with a commission to illustrate My Friend Mr Leakey , a childrens book by the scientist JBS Haldane . From 1938 he ran life classes at the Reinmann school , the London branch of a Berlin art college .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the Second World War Rosoman joined the Auxiliary Fire Service , which in 1941 became the National Fire Service , and began making paintings based on his experiences as a fire-fighter during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in London . One of these A House Collapsing on Two Firemen , Shoe Lane , London , EC4 ( 1941 ) , now in the Imperial War Museum , shows the incident on the night of 29/30 December 1940 in which a young fireman who had just relieved Rosoman at his position was killed by a",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "collapsing building in the City of London . Whilst the other fireman , the author William Sansom , survived , the scene haunted Rosoman and he re-worked the painting several times . Rosoman sometimes called his work , The Falling Wall . It was completed in August 1941 . The painting was shown in the Firemen Artists exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1941 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " A number of artists had joined the NFS and an firemen artists committee had been formed which included Bernard Hailstone , Paul Lucien Dessau , Norman Hepple and Robert Coram as well as Rosoman . As well as contributing to both War Artists Advisory Committee , WAAC , and specialist civil defence art shows , the firemen held several of their own exhibitions .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 Rosoman was seconded to the War Office to illustrate books on fire-fighting , and in April 1945 was appointed , by the War Artists Advisory Committee , to a full-time salaried position , along with James Morris , to document the activities of the British Pacific Fleet . Commissioned as a captain in the Royal Marines , he was posted to the Far East . He joined the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable in Sydney in May 1945 and sailed with her for three months before returning to Sydney to work his on-board sketches into finished paintings . On",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "board Formidable he became fascinated by the new technologies he encountered there , Ive become interested in all sorts of strange devices like radar indicators , pom-poms and planes with wings that fold up like a moths . He travelled to Hong Kong in September 1945 to record bomb damage and although he reached the coast of Japan he did not go ashore there .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On his return to Britain , Rosoman taught at Camberwell College of Art for a while before moving to Edinburgh College of Art in 1948 to teach mural painting . He organised a famous exhibition for Sergei Diaghilev at the Edinburgh festival of 1954 and , with the help of students , made a large mural at the art college , where the exhibit was held . This exhibition was later shown in London . In 1956 he moved on to the Chelsea School of Art , and the following year to the Royal College of Art , where David",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Hockney was one of his students .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 Rosoman painted a mural for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank in London and drew his first illustrations for the Radio Times . In 1958 he did the murals for the British Pavilion at the Brussels International Exhibition . Rosoman was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1960 and became a full academician in 1969 . He painted a mural at the restaurant in the Academys home , Burlington House , depicting scenes of life within and around the building .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 he painted the ceiling of the chapel at Lambeth Palace . His work there consists of a series of panels with scenes from the lives of St Augustine , Thomas Becket and Matthew Parker , and a Christ in Glory . A retrospective exhibition of Rosomans war art was held at the Imperial War Museum in 1989 , before being shown in Edinburgh in 1990 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - Michael Middleton , The Drawings of Leonard Rosoman , in Image ; 3 ( 1949–1950 ) , p . 3-22",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Leonard_Rosoman#P937#1
|
What was the working location for Leonard Rosoman in early 1950s?
|
Leonard Rosoman Leonard Rosoman ( 27 October 1913 – 21 February 2012 ) was a British artist . Early life . Rosoman was born in London and educated at the Deacons school , Peterborough , and then at the King Edward VII school of art in Newcastle upon Tyne , under E.M.OR . Dickey in 1930–4 , at the Royal Academy Schools in 1935–6 and at the Central School under Bernard Meninsky in 1937–8 . His first major break came in 1937 , with a commission to illustrate My Friend Mr Leakey , a childrens book by the scientist JBS Haldane . From 1938 he ran life classes at the Reinmann school , the London branch of a Berlin art college . World War II . At the beginning of the Second World War Rosoman joined the Auxiliary Fire Service , which in 1941 became the National Fire Service , and began making paintings based on his experiences as a fire-fighter during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in London . One of these A House Collapsing on Two Firemen , Shoe Lane , London , EC4 ( 1941 ) , now in the Imperial War Museum , shows the incident on the night of 29/30 December 1940 in which a young fireman who had just relieved Rosoman at his position was killed by a collapsing building in the City of London . Whilst the other fireman , the author William Sansom , survived , the scene haunted Rosoman and he re-worked the painting several times . Rosoman sometimes called his work , The Falling Wall . It was completed in August 1941 . The painting was shown in the Firemen Artists exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1941 . A number of artists had joined the NFS and an firemen artists committee had been formed which included Bernard Hailstone , Paul Lucien Dessau , Norman Hepple and Robert Coram as well as Rosoman . As well as contributing to both War Artists Advisory Committee , WAAC , and specialist civil defence art shows , the firemen held several of their own exhibitions . In 1943 Rosoman was seconded to the War Office to illustrate books on fire-fighting , and in April 1945 was appointed , by the War Artists Advisory Committee , to a full-time salaried position , along with James Morris , to document the activities of the British Pacific Fleet . Commissioned as a captain in the Royal Marines , he was posted to the Far East . He joined the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable in Sydney in May 1945 and sailed with her for three months before returning to Sydney to work his on-board sketches into finished paintings . On board Formidable he became fascinated by the new technologies he encountered there , Ive become interested in all sorts of strange devices like radar indicators , pom-poms and planes with wings that fold up like a moths . He travelled to Hong Kong in September 1945 to record bomb damage and although he reached the coast of Japan he did not go ashore there . Later life . On his return to Britain , Rosoman taught at Camberwell College of Art for a while before moving to Edinburgh College of Art in 1948 to teach mural painting . He organised a famous exhibition for Sergei Diaghilev at the Edinburgh festival of 1954 and , with the help of students , made a large mural at the art college , where the exhibit was held . This exhibition was later shown in London . In 1956 he moved on to the Chelsea School of Art , and the following year to the Royal College of Art , where David Hockney was one of his students . In 1951 Rosoman painted a mural for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank in London and drew his first illustrations for the Radio Times . In 1958 he did the murals for the British Pavilion at the Brussels International Exhibition . Rosoman was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1960 and became a full academician in 1969 . He painted a mural at the restaurant in the Academys home , Burlington House , depicting scenes of life within and around the building . In 1988 he painted the ceiling of the chapel at Lambeth Palace . His work there consists of a series of panels with scenes from the lives of St Augustine , Thomas Becket and Matthew Parker , and a Christ in Glory . A retrospective exhibition of Rosomans war art was held at the Imperial War Museum in 1989 , before being shown in Edinburgh in 1990 . He received the OBE in 1981 . He was married twice . Further reading . - Michael Middleton , The Drawings of Leonard Rosoman , in Image ; 3 ( 1949–1950 ) , p . 3-22
|
[
"Edinburgh"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leonard Rosoman ( 27 October 1913 – 21 February 2012 ) was a British artist .",
"title": "Leonard Rosoman"
},
{
"text": " Rosoman was born in London and educated at the Deacons school , Peterborough , and then at the King Edward VII school of art in Newcastle upon Tyne , under E.M.OR . Dickey in 1930–4 , at the Royal Academy Schools in 1935–6 and at the Central School under Bernard Meninsky in 1937–8 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His first major break came in 1937 , with a commission to illustrate My Friend Mr Leakey , a childrens book by the scientist JBS Haldane . From 1938 he ran life classes at the Reinmann school , the London branch of a Berlin art college .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the Second World War Rosoman joined the Auxiliary Fire Service , which in 1941 became the National Fire Service , and began making paintings based on his experiences as a fire-fighter during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in London . One of these A House Collapsing on Two Firemen , Shoe Lane , London , EC4 ( 1941 ) , now in the Imperial War Museum , shows the incident on the night of 29/30 December 1940 in which a young fireman who had just relieved Rosoman at his position was killed by a",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "collapsing building in the City of London . Whilst the other fireman , the author William Sansom , survived , the scene haunted Rosoman and he re-worked the painting several times . Rosoman sometimes called his work , The Falling Wall . It was completed in August 1941 . The painting was shown in the Firemen Artists exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1941 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " A number of artists had joined the NFS and an firemen artists committee had been formed which included Bernard Hailstone , Paul Lucien Dessau , Norman Hepple and Robert Coram as well as Rosoman . As well as contributing to both War Artists Advisory Committee , WAAC , and specialist civil defence art shows , the firemen held several of their own exhibitions .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 Rosoman was seconded to the War Office to illustrate books on fire-fighting , and in April 1945 was appointed , by the War Artists Advisory Committee , to a full-time salaried position , along with James Morris , to document the activities of the British Pacific Fleet . Commissioned as a captain in the Royal Marines , he was posted to the Far East . He joined the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable in Sydney in May 1945 and sailed with her for three months before returning to Sydney to work his on-board sketches into finished paintings . On",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "board Formidable he became fascinated by the new technologies he encountered there , Ive become interested in all sorts of strange devices like radar indicators , pom-poms and planes with wings that fold up like a moths . He travelled to Hong Kong in September 1945 to record bomb damage and although he reached the coast of Japan he did not go ashore there .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On his return to Britain , Rosoman taught at Camberwell College of Art for a while before moving to Edinburgh College of Art in 1948 to teach mural painting . He organised a famous exhibition for Sergei Diaghilev at the Edinburgh festival of 1954 and , with the help of students , made a large mural at the art college , where the exhibit was held . This exhibition was later shown in London . In 1956 he moved on to the Chelsea School of Art , and the following year to the Royal College of Art , where David",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Hockney was one of his students .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 Rosoman painted a mural for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank in London and drew his first illustrations for the Radio Times . In 1958 he did the murals for the British Pavilion at the Brussels International Exhibition . Rosoman was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1960 and became a full academician in 1969 . He painted a mural at the restaurant in the Academys home , Burlington House , depicting scenes of life within and around the building .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 he painted the ceiling of the chapel at Lambeth Palace . His work there consists of a series of panels with scenes from the lives of St Augustine , Thomas Becket and Matthew Parker , and a Christ in Glory . A retrospective exhibition of Rosomans war art was held at the Imperial War Museum in 1989 , before being shown in Edinburgh in 1990 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - Michael Middleton , The Drawings of Leonard Rosoman , in Image ; 3 ( 1949–1950 ) , p . 3-22",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Leonard_Rosoman#P937#2
|
What was the working location for Leonard Rosoman between Nov 1970 and Aug 1982?
|
Leonard Rosoman Leonard Rosoman ( 27 October 1913 – 21 February 2012 ) was a British artist . Early life . Rosoman was born in London and educated at the Deacons school , Peterborough , and then at the King Edward VII school of art in Newcastle upon Tyne , under E.M.OR . Dickey in 1930–4 , at the Royal Academy Schools in 1935–6 and at the Central School under Bernard Meninsky in 1937–8 . His first major break came in 1937 , with a commission to illustrate My Friend Mr Leakey , a childrens book by the scientist JBS Haldane . From 1938 he ran life classes at the Reinmann school , the London branch of a Berlin art college . World War II . At the beginning of the Second World War Rosoman joined the Auxiliary Fire Service , which in 1941 became the National Fire Service , and began making paintings based on his experiences as a fire-fighter during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in London . One of these A House Collapsing on Two Firemen , Shoe Lane , London , EC4 ( 1941 ) , now in the Imperial War Museum , shows the incident on the night of 29/30 December 1940 in which a young fireman who had just relieved Rosoman at his position was killed by a collapsing building in the City of London . Whilst the other fireman , the author William Sansom , survived , the scene haunted Rosoman and he re-worked the painting several times . Rosoman sometimes called his work , The Falling Wall . It was completed in August 1941 . The painting was shown in the Firemen Artists exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1941 . A number of artists had joined the NFS and an firemen artists committee had been formed which included Bernard Hailstone , Paul Lucien Dessau , Norman Hepple and Robert Coram as well as Rosoman . As well as contributing to both War Artists Advisory Committee , WAAC , and specialist civil defence art shows , the firemen held several of their own exhibitions . In 1943 Rosoman was seconded to the War Office to illustrate books on fire-fighting , and in April 1945 was appointed , by the War Artists Advisory Committee , to a full-time salaried position , along with James Morris , to document the activities of the British Pacific Fleet . Commissioned as a captain in the Royal Marines , he was posted to the Far East . He joined the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable in Sydney in May 1945 and sailed with her for three months before returning to Sydney to work his on-board sketches into finished paintings . On board Formidable he became fascinated by the new technologies he encountered there , Ive become interested in all sorts of strange devices like radar indicators , pom-poms and planes with wings that fold up like a moths . He travelled to Hong Kong in September 1945 to record bomb damage and although he reached the coast of Japan he did not go ashore there . Later life . On his return to Britain , Rosoman taught at Camberwell College of Art for a while before moving to Edinburgh College of Art in 1948 to teach mural painting . He organised a famous exhibition for Sergei Diaghilev at the Edinburgh festival of 1954 and , with the help of students , made a large mural at the art college , where the exhibit was held . This exhibition was later shown in London . In 1956 he moved on to the Chelsea School of Art , and the following year to the Royal College of Art , where David Hockney was one of his students . In 1951 Rosoman painted a mural for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank in London and drew his first illustrations for the Radio Times . In 1958 he did the murals for the British Pavilion at the Brussels International Exhibition . Rosoman was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1960 and became a full academician in 1969 . He painted a mural at the restaurant in the Academys home , Burlington House , depicting scenes of life within and around the building . In 1988 he painted the ceiling of the chapel at Lambeth Palace . His work there consists of a series of panels with scenes from the lives of St Augustine , Thomas Becket and Matthew Parker , and a Christ in Glory . A retrospective exhibition of Rosomans war art was held at the Imperial War Museum in 1989 , before being shown in Edinburgh in 1990 . He received the OBE in 1981 . He was married twice . Further reading . - Michael Middleton , The Drawings of Leonard Rosoman , in Image ; 3 ( 1949–1950 ) , p . 3-22
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Leonard Rosoman ( 27 October 1913 – 21 February 2012 ) was a British artist .",
"title": "Leonard Rosoman"
},
{
"text": " Rosoman was born in London and educated at the Deacons school , Peterborough , and then at the King Edward VII school of art in Newcastle upon Tyne , under E.M.OR . Dickey in 1930–4 , at the Royal Academy Schools in 1935–6 and at the Central School under Bernard Meninsky in 1937–8 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His first major break came in 1937 , with a commission to illustrate My Friend Mr Leakey , a childrens book by the scientist JBS Haldane . From 1938 he ran life classes at the Reinmann school , the London branch of a Berlin art college .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the Second World War Rosoman joined the Auxiliary Fire Service , which in 1941 became the National Fire Service , and began making paintings based on his experiences as a fire-fighter during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in London . One of these A House Collapsing on Two Firemen , Shoe Lane , London , EC4 ( 1941 ) , now in the Imperial War Museum , shows the incident on the night of 29/30 December 1940 in which a young fireman who had just relieved Rosoman at his position was killed by a",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "collapsing building in the City of London . Whilst the other fireman , the author William Sansom , survived , the scene haunted Rosoman and he re-worked the painting several times . Rosoman sometimes called his work , The Falling Wall . It was completed in August 1941 . The painting was shown in the Firemen Artists exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1941 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " A number of artists had joined the NFS and an firemen artists committee had been formed which included Bernard Hailstone , Paul Lucien Dessau , Norman Hepple and Robert Coram as well as Rosoman . As well as contributing to both War Artists Advisory Committee , WAAC , and specialist civil defence art shows , the firemen held several of their own exhibitions .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In 1943 Rosoman was seconded to the War Office to illustrate books on fire-fighting , and in April 1945 was appointed , by the War Artists Advisory Committee , to a full-time salaried position , along with James Morris , to document the activities of the British Pacific Fleet . Commissioned as a captain in the Royal Marines , he was posted to the Far East . He joined the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable in Sydney in May 1945 and sailed with her for three months before returning to Sydney to work his on-board sketches into finished paintings . On",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "board Formidable he became fascinated by the new technologies he encountered there , Ive become interested in all sorts of strange devices like radar indicators , pom-poms and planes with wings that fold up like a moths . He travelled to Hong Kong in September 1945 to record bomb damage and although he reached the coast of Japan he did not go ashore there .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On his return to Britain , Rosoman taught at Camberwell College of Art for a while before moving to Edinburgh College of Art in 1948 to teach mural painting . He organised a famous exhibition for Sergei Diaghilev at the Edinburgh festival of 1954 and , with the help of students , made a large mural at the art college , where the exhibit was held . This exhibition was later shown in London . In 1956 he moved on to the Chelsea School of Art , and the following year to the Royal College of Art , where David",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Hockney was one of his students .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 Rosoman painted a mural for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank in London and drew his first illustrations for the Radio Times . In 1958 he did the murals for the British Pavilion at the Brussels International Exhibition . Rosoman was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1960 and became a full academician in 1969 . He painted a mural at the restaurant in the Academys home , Burlington House , depicting scenes of life within and around the building .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 he painted the ceiling of the chapel at Lambeth Palace . His work there consists of a series of panels with scenes from the lives of St Augustine , Thomas Becket and Matthew Parker , and a Christ in Glory . A retrospective exhibition of Rosomans war art was held at the Imperial War Museum in 1989 , before being shown in Edinburgh in 1990 .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - Michael Middleton , The Drawings of Leonard Rosoman , in Image ; 3 ( 1949–1950 ) , p . 3-22",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Ruthie_Tompson#P551#0
|
What was the residence of Ruthie Tompson before Dec 1917?
|
Ruthie Tompson Ruthie Tompson ( born July 22 , 1910 ) is an American former camera technician , artist , and supercentenarian . She is known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company . Biography . Early life . Ruthie Tompson was born on July 22 , 1910 in Portland , Maine and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . She then moved with her family to Oakland , California in November 1918 at age eight . She experienced the 1918 influenza pandemic near the end of World War I . In 1924 , her parents divorced and her mother , Arlene , remarried artist John Roberts . The family relocated to Los Angeles and their house was in the same block as the house of Robert Disney , uncle of Walt Disney . This is where Roy and Walt Disney lived when they first came to Los Angeles . Walt Disney company . As she stated in an interview , Tompson first met the Disneys when she visited her neighbor Roberts new baby . She recalls sitting on an apple box until her parents said theyll be going home for dinner . The location of The Walt Disney Company , then known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , was not far from her home – she passed it on her way to grammar school . She was invited into the office after many times of standing outside and watching them work through the window . She visited the office often and ended up appearing in the Alice Comedies . At the age of 18 , Tompson started working at Dubrocks Riding Academy , where Roy and Walt Disney often played polo . Walt Disney remembered Tompson from when she was young and offered her a job as an Inker . After training as an Inker , Tompson was transferred to the Paint Department , where she helped with Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . After working on several other Disney films , Tompson was promoted to Final Checker position where she reviewed animation cels before they were photographed onto film . Tompson continued working for Disney and was promoted to Animation Checker during WWII , where she worked on training and education films , for the U.S Armed Forces , starring Disney characters such as Mickey , Donald Duck and Goofy . By 1948 , Tompson was working in the Camera Department , developing camera moves and mechanics to shoot animation . She became one of the first three women admitted into the International Photographers Union , Local 659 of the IATSE . Tompson continued to work through the studio ranks , eventually becoming the supervisor of the Screen Planning Department . Tompson retired in 1975 after working for The Walt Disney Company for almost 40 years . In retirement , she works for an in-house television channel at the Motion Picture & Television Fund ( MPTF ) Country House where she lives . Tompson is the oldest member of Women in Animation . In 2000 , Tompson was honored by the Disney Legends program and received the Disney Legends Award for her work at the Walt Disney Studios . In 2017 , Tompson was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the animation industry . In July 2020 , Tompson became a supercentenarian and celebrities including Whoopi Goldberg wished her a happy birthday . Filmography . - Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) ( ink and paint - uncredited ) - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( ink and paint - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Pinocchio ( 1940 ) - Fantasia ( 1940 ) - Dumbo ( 1941 ) - Donald in Mathmagic Land ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( checker and scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Popeye the Sailor ( 1960–62 ) - Mary Poppins ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1964 ) - The Aristocats ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1970 ) - Robin Hood ( scene planning supervisor - uncredited ) ( 1973 ) - Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( short ; 1974 ) - The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) - Metamorphoses ( 1978 ) - The Hand Behind the Mouse : The Ub Iwerks Story ( Documentary ) ( special thanks - as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 1999 ) - American Experience ( TV Series documentary ) ( self ) ( 2015 ) - Walt Disney - Part 1 ( self ; as Ruthie Thompson ) ( 2015 ) - 110-Year-Old Ruthie Tompson Tells Us About Making Snow White | NOT-SO SMALL WORLD ( Web episode ) ( self ; as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 2020 )
|
[
"Boston , Massachusetts"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ruthie Tompson ( born July 22 , 1910 ) is an American former camera technician , artist , and supercentenarian . She is known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company .",
"title": "Ruthie Tompson"
},
{
"text": "Ruthie Tompson was born on July 22 , 1910 in Portland , Maine and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . She then moved with her family to Oakland , California in November 1918 at age eight . She experienced the 1918 influenza pandemic near the end of World War I . In 1924 , her parents divorced and her mother , Arlene , remarried artist John Roberts . The family relocated to Los Angeles and their house was in the same block as the house of Robert Disney , uncle of Walt Disney . This is where Roy and Walt",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Disney lived when they first came to Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As she stated in an interview , Tompson first met the Disneys when she visited her neighbor Roberts new baby . She recalls sitting on an apple box until her parents said theyll be going home for dinner . The location of The Walt Disney Company , then known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , was not far from her home – she passed it on her way to grammar school . She was invited into the office after many times of standing outside and watching them work through the window . She visited the office often and ended",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "up appearing in the Alice Comedies .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "At the age of 18 , Tompson started working at Dubrocks Riding Academy , where Roy and Walt Disney often played polo . Walt Disney remembered Tompson from when she was young and offered her a job as an Inker . After training as an Inker , Tompson was transferred to the Paint Department , where she helped with Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . After working on several other Disney films , Tompson was promoted to Final Checker position where she reviewed animation cels before they were photographed onto film . Tompson continued working for Disney and",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "was promoted to Animation Checker during WWII , where she worked on training and education films , for the U.S Armed Forces , starring Disney characters such as Mickey , Donald Duck and Goofy . By 1948 , Tompson was working in the Camera Department , developing camera moves and mechanics to shoot animation . She became one of the first three women admitted into the International Photographers Union , Local 659 of the IATSE . Tompson continued to work through the studio ranks , eventually becoming the supervisor of the Screen Planning Department .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "Tompson retired in 1975 after working for The Walt Disney Company for almost 40 years . In retirement , she works for an in-house television channel at the Motion Picture & Television Fund ( MPTF ) Country House where she lives . Tompson is the oldest member of Women in Animation . In 2000 , Tompson was honored by the Disney Legends program and received the Disney Legends Award for her work at the Walt Disney Studios . In 2017 , Tompson was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the animation industry",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": ". In July 2020 , Tompson became a supercentenarian and celebrities including Whoopi Goldberg wished her a happy birthday .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": " - Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) ( ink and paint - uncredited ) - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( ink and paint - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Pinocchio ( 1940 ) - Fantasia ( 1940 ) - Dumbo ( 1941 ) - Donald in Mathmagic Land ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( checker and scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Popeye the Sailor ( 1960–62 ) - Mary Poppins ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1964 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- The Aristocats ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1970 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - Robin Hood ( scene planning supervisor - uncredited ) ( 1973 ) - Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( short ; 1974 ) - The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) - Metamorphoses ( 1978 ) - The Hand Behind the Mouse : The Ub Iwerks Story ( Documentary ) ( special thanks - as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 1999 ) - American Experience ( TV Series documentary ) ( self ) ( 2015 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- Walt Disney - Part 1 ( self ; as Ruthie Thompson ) ( 2015 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - 110-Year-Old Ruthie Tompson Tells Us About Making Snow White | NOT-SO SMALL WORLD ( Web episode ) ( self ; as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 2020 )",
"title": "Filmography"
}
] |
/wiki/Ruthie_Tompson#P551#1
|
What was the residence of Ruthie Tompson between Jan 1921 and Jun 1923?
|
Ruthie Tompson Ruthie Tompson ( born July 22 , 1910 ) is an American former camera technician , artist , and supercentenarian . She is known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company . Biography . Early life . Ruthie Tompson was born on July 22 , 1910 in Portland , Maine and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . She then moved with her family to Oakland , California in November 1918 at age eight . She experienced the 1918 influenza pandemic near the end of World War I . In 1924 , her parents divorced and her mother , Arlene , remarried artist John Roberts . The family relocated to Los Angeles and their house was in the same block as the house of Robert Disney , uncle of Walt Disney . This is where Roy and Walt Disney lived when they first came to Los Angeles . Walt Disney company . As she stated in an interview , Tompson first met the Disneys when she visited her neighbor Roberts new baby . She recalls sitting on an apple box until her parents said theyll be going home for dinner . The location of The Walt Disney Company , then known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , was not far from her home – she passed it on her way to grammar school . She was invited into the office after many times of standing outside and watching them work through the window . She visited the office often and ended up appearing in the Alice Comedies . At the age of 18 , Tompson started working at Dubrocks Riding Academy , where Roy and Walt Disney often played polo . Walt Disney remembered Tompson from when she was young and offered her a job as an Inker . After training as an Inker , Tompson was transferred to the Paint Department , where she helped with Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . After working on several other Disney films , Tompson was promoted to Final Checker position where she reviewed animation cels before they were photographed onto film . Tompson continued working for Disney and was promoted to Animation Checker during WWII , where she worked on training and education films , for the U.S Armed Forces , starring Disney characters such as Mickey , Donald Duck and Goofy . By 1948 , Tompson was working in the Camera Department , developing camera moves and mechanics to shoot animation . She became one of the first three women admitted into the International Photographers Union , Local 659 of the IATSE . Tompson continued to work through the studio ranks , eventually becoming the supervisor of the Screen Planning Department . Tompson retired in 1975 after working for The Walt Disney Company for almost 40 years . In retirement , she works for an in-house television channel at the Motion Picture & Television Fund ( MPTF ) Country House where she lives . Tompson is the oldest member of Women in Animation . In 2000 , Tompson was honored by the Disney Legends program and received the Disney Legends Award for her work at the Walt Disney Studios . In 2017 , Tompson was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the animation industry . In July 2020 , Tompson became a supercentenarian and celebrities including Whoopi Goldberg wished her a happy birthday . Filmography . - Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) ( ink and paint - uncredited ) - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( ink and paint - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Pinocchio ( 1940 ) - Fantasia ( 1940 ) - Dumbo ( 1941 ) - Donald in Mathmagic Land ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( checker and scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Popeye the Sailor ( 1960–62 ) - Mary Poppins ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1964 ) - The Aristocats ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1970 ) - Robin Hood ( scene planning supervisor - uncredited ) ( 1973 ) - Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( short ; 1974 ) - The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) - Metamorphoses ( 1978 ) - The Hand Behind the Mouse : The Ub Iwerks Story ( Documentary ) ( special thanks - as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 1999 ) - American Experience ( TV Series documentary ) ( self ) ( 2015 ) - Walt Disney - Part 1 ( self ; as Ruthie Thompson ) ( 2015 ) - 110-Year-Old Ruthie Tompson Tells Us About Making Snow White | NOT-SO SMALL WORLD ( Web episode ) ( self ; as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 2020 )
|
[
"Oakland , California"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ruthie Tompson ( born July 22 , 1910 ) is an American former camera technician , artist , and supercentenarian . She is known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company .",
"title": "Ruthie Tompson"
},
{
"text": "Ruthie Tompson was born on July 22 , 1910 in Portland , Maine and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . She then moved with her family to Oakland , California in November 1918 at age eight . She experienced the 1918 influenza pandemic near the end of World War I . In 1924 , her parents divorced and her mother , Arlene , remarried artist John Roberts . The family relocated to Los Angeles and their house was in the same block as the house of Robert Disney , uncle of Walt Disney . This is where Roy and Walt",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Disney lived when they first came to Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As she stated in an interview , Tompson first met the Disneys when she visited her neighbor Roberts new baby . She recalls sitting on an apple box until her parents said theyll be going home for dinner . The location of The Walt Disney Company , then known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , was not far from her home – she passed it on her way to grammar school . She was invited into the office after many times of standing outside and watching them work through the window . She visited the office often and ended",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "up appearing in the Alice Comedies .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "At the age of 18 , Tompson started working at Dubrocks Riding Academy , where Roy and Walt Disney often played polo . Walt Disney remembered Tompson from when she was young and offered her a job as an Inker . After training as an Inker , Tompson was transferred to the Paint Department , where she helped with Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . After working on several other Disney films , Tompson was promoted to Final Checker position where she reviewed animation cels before they were photographed onto film . Tompson continued working for Disney and",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "was promoted to Animation Checker during WWII , where she worked on training and education films , for the U.S Armed Forces , starring Disney characters such as Mickey , Donald Duck and Goofy . By 1948 , Tompson was working in the Camera Department , developing camera moves and mechanics to shoot animation . She became one of the first three women admitted into the International Photographers Union , Local 659 of the IATSE . Tompson continued to work through the studio ranks , eventually becoming the supervisor of the Screen Planning Department .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "Tompson retired in 1975 after working for The Walt Disney Company for almost 40 years . In retirement , she works for an in-house television channel at the Motion Picture & Television Fund ( MPTF ) Country House where she lives . Tompson is the oldest member of Women in Animation . In 2000 , Tompson was honored by the Disney Legends program and received the Disney Legends Award for her work at the Walt Disney Studios . In 2017 , Tompson was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the animation industry",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": ". In July 2020 , Tompson became a supercentenarian and celebrities including Whoopi Goldberg wished her a happy birthday .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": " - Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) ( ink and paint - uncredited ) - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( ink and paint - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Pinocchio ( 1940 ) - Fantasia ( 1940 ) - Dumbo ( 1941 ) - Donald in Mathmagic Land ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( checker and scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Popeye the Sailor ( 1960–62 ) - Mary Poppins ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1964 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- The Aristocats ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1970 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - Robin Hood ( scene planning supervisor - uncredited ) ( 1973 ) - Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( short ; 1974 ) - The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) - Metamorphoses ( 1978 ) - The Hand Behind the Mouse : The Ub Iwerks Story ( Documentary ) ( special thanks - as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 1999 ) - American Experience ( TV Series documentary ) ( self ) ( 2015 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- Walt Disney - Part 1 ( self ; as Ruthie Thompson ) ( 2015 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - 110-Year-Old Ruthie Tompson Tells Us About Making Snow White | NOT-SO SMALL WORLD ( Web episode ) ( self ; as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 2020 )",
"title": "Filmography"
}
] |
/wiki/Ruthie_Tompson#P551#2
|
What was the residence of Ruthie Tompson in Jan 1924?
|
Ruthie Tompson Ruthie Tompson ( born July 22 , 1910 ) is an American former camera technician , artist , and supercentenarian . She is known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company . Biography . Early life . Ruthie Tompson was born on July 22 , 1910 in Portland , Maine and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . She then moved with her family to Oakland , California in November 1918 at age eight . She experienced the 1918 influenza pandemic near the end of World War I . In 1924 , her parents divorced and her mother , Arlene , remarried artist John Roberts . The family relocated to Los Angeles and their house was in the same block as the house of Robert Disney , uncle of Walt Disney . This is where Roy and Walt Disney lived when they first came to Los Angeles . Walt Disney company . As she stated in an interview , Tompson first met the Disneys when she visited her neighbor Roberts new baby . She recalls sitting on an apple box until her parents said theyll be going home for dinner . The location of The Walt Disney Company , then known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , was not far from her home – she passed it on her way to grammar school . She was invited into the office after many times of standing outside and watching them work through the window . She visited the office often and ended up appearing in the Alice Comedies . At the age of 18 , Tompson started working at Dubrocks Riding Academy , where Roy and Walt Disney often played polo . Walt Disney remembered Tompson from when she was young and offered her a job as an Inker . After training as an Inker , Tompson was transferred to the Paint Department , where she helped with Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . After working on several other Disney films , Tompson was promoted to Final Checker position where she reviewed animation cels before they were photographed onto film . Tompson continued working for Disney and was promoted to Animation Checker during WWII , where she worked on training and education films , for the U.S Armed Forces , starring Disney characters such as Mickey , Donald Duck and Goofy . By 1948 , Tompson was working in the Camera Department , developing camera moves and mechanics to shoot animation . She became one of the first three women admitted into the International Photographers Union , Local 659 of the IATSE . Tompson continued to work through the studio ranks , eventually becoming the supervisor of the Screen Planning Department . Tompson retired in 1975 after working for The Walt Disney Company for almost 40 years . In retirement , she works for an in-house television channel at the Motion Picture & Television Fund ( MPTF ) Country House where she lives . Tompson is the oldest member of Women in Animation . In 2000 , Tompson was honored by the Disney Legends program and received the Disney Legends Award for her work at the Walt Disney Studios . In 2017 , Tompson was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the animation industry . In July 2020 , Tompson became a supercentenarian and celebrities including Whoopi Goldberg wished her a happy birthday . Filmography . - Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) ( ink and paint - uncredited ) - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( ink and paint - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Pinocchio ( 1940 ) - Fantasia ( 1940 ) - Dumbo ( 1941 ) - Donald in Mathmagic Land ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( checker and scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Popeye the Sailor ( 1960–62 ) - Mary Poppins ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1964 ) - The Aristocats ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1970 ) - Robin Hood ( scene planning supervisor - uncredited ) ( 1973 ) - Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( short ; 1974 ) - The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) - Metamorphoses ( 1978 ) - The Hand Behind the Mouse : The Ub Iwerks Story ( Documentary ) ( special thanks - as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 1999 ) - American Experience ( TV Series documentary ) ( self ) ( 2015 ) - Walt Disney - Part 1 ( self ; as Ruthie Thompson ) ( 2015 ) - 110-Year-Old Ruthie Tompson Tells Us About Making Snow White | NOT-SO SMALL WORLD ( Web episode ) ( self ; as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 2020 )
|
[
"Los Angeles"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ruthie Tompson ( born July 22 , 1910 ) is an American former camera technician , artist , and supercentenarian . She is known for her work on animated features at The Walt Disney Company .",
"title": "Ruthie Tompson"
},
{
"text": "Ruthie Tompson was born on July 22 , 1910 in Portland , Maine and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . She then moved with her family to Oakland , California in November 1918 at age eight . She experienced the 1918 influenza pandemic near the end of World War I . In 1924 , her parents divorced and her mother , Arlene , remarried artist John Roberts . The family relocated to Los Angeles and their house was in the same block as the house of Robert Disney , uncle of Walt Disney . This is where Roy and Walt",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Disney lived when they first came to Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As she stated in an interview , Tompson first met the Disneys when she visited her neighbor Roberts new baby . She recalls sitting on an apple box until her parents said theyll be going home for dinner . The location of The Walt Disney Company , then known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , was not far from her home – she passed it on her way to grammar school . She was invited into the office after many times of standing outside and watching them work through the window . She visited the office often and ended",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "up appearing in the Alice Comedies .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "At the age of 18 , Tompson started working at Dubrocks Riding Academy , where Roy and Walt Disney often played polo . Walt Disney remembered Tompson from when she was young and offered her a job as an Inker . After training as an Inker , Tompson was transferred to the Paint Department , where she helped with Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . After working on several other Disney films , Tompson was promoted to Final Checker position where she reviewed animation cels before they were photographed onto film . Tompson continued working for Disney and",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "was promoted to Animation Checker during WWII , where she worked on training and education films , for the U.S Armed Forces , starring Disney characters such as Mickey , Donald Duck and Goofy . By 1948 , Tompson was working in the Camera Department , developing camera moves and mechanics to shoot animation . She became one of the first three women admitted into the International Photographers Union , Local 659 of the IATSE . Tompson continued to work through the studio ranks , eventually becoming the supervisor of the Screen Planning Department .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": "Tompson retired in 1975 after working for The Walt Disney Company for almost 40 years . In retirement , she works for an in-house television channel at the Motion Picture & Television Fund ( MPTF ) Country House where she lives . Tompson is the oldest member of Women in Animation . In 2000 , Tompson was honored by the Disney Legends program and received the Disney Legends Award for her work at the Walt Disney Studios . In 2017 , Tompson was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the animation industry",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": ". In July 2020 , Tompson became a supercentenarian and celebrities including Whoopi Goldberg wished her a happy birthday .",
"title": "Walt Disney company"
},
{
"text": " - Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) ( ink and paint - uncredited ) - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( ink and paint - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Pinocchio ( 1940 ) - Fantasia ( 1940 ) - Dumbo ( 1941 ) - Donald in Mathmagic Land ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( checker and scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1959 ) - Popeye the Sailor ( 1960–62 ) - Mary Poppins ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1964 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- The Aristocats ( scene planner - uncredited ) ( 1970 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - Robin Hood ( scene planning supervisor - uncredited ) ( 1973 ) - Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( short ; 1974 ) - The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) - Metamorphoses ( 1978 ) - The Hand Behind the Mouse : The Ub Iwerks Story ( Documentary ) ( special thanks - as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 1999 ) - American Experience ( TV Series documentary ) ( self ) ( 2015 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- Walt Disney - Part 1 ( self ; as Ruthie Thompson ) ( 2015 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - 110-Year-Old Ruthie Tompson Tells Us About Making Snow White | NOT-SO SMALL WORLD ( Web episode ) ( self ; as Ruthie Tompson ) ( 2020 )",
"title": "Filmography"
}
] |
/wiki/Janet_Napolitano#P39#0
|
Which position did Janet Napolitano hold in early 2000s?
|
Janet Napolitano Janet Ann Napolitano ( ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American politician , lawyer and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013 , under President Barack Obama . She was president of the University of California system from September 2013 , and stepped down from that position on August 1 , 2020 to join the faculty at Berkeleys Goldman School of Public Policy . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018 . As of , she remains the most recent Governor of Arizona from the Democratic Party . Prior to her election as governor , she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 . She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office . Napolitano had earlier served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . She has been the first woman to serve in several offices , including Attorney General of Arizona , Secretary of Homeland Security , and president of the University of California . Forbes ranked her as the worlds ninth most powerful woman in 2012 and eighth most powerful woman in 2013 . In 2008 , she was listed by The New York Times as one of the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States . Early life . Janet Napolitano was born on November 29 , 1957 , in New York City , the daughter of Jane Marie ( née Winer ) and Leonard Michael Napolitano , who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine . Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry . Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano . Napolitano is a Methodist . She is the oldest of three children , with a younger brother and sister . She was raised in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Albuquerque , New Mexico , where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 . Napolitano attended Santa Clara University in Santa Clara , California , where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa , won a Truman Scholarship , and studied political science . She was named valedictorian of her graduating class . After graduation , she worked as an analyst for the United States Senate Committee on the Budget . In 1978 , she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange program through IES Abroad . She then earned her Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M . Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , then joined Schroeders former firm , Lewis and Roca , in Phoenix . She was named a partner of the firm in 1989 . Early political career . In 1991 , while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP , Napolitano served as an attorney for Anita Hill . Hill testified in the U.S . Senate that then U.S . Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . In 1993 , Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . As U.S . Attorney , she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman , Arizona , in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing . She ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998 . During her tenure as attorney general , she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement . While serving as attorney general , she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy . Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up . Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer , says Napolitano . I am very grateful for all the support I had from family , friends and Arizonans . Governor of Arizona . In 2002 , Napolitano narrowly won the gubernatorial election with 46 percent of the vote , succeeding Republican Jane Dee Hull and defeating her Republican opponent , former congressman Matt Salmon , who received 45 percent of the vote . She was Arizonas third female governor and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor . She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987 , and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright . She spoke at the 2004 Democratic Convention , where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen . John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election . Kerry selected Senator John Edwards instead . In November 2005 , Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S . As Governor , Napolitano set records for total number of vetoes issued . In 2005 , she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes , breaking Jane Dee Hulls 2001 record of 28 . This was followed in June 2006 , less than four years into her term , when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor . The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by Bruce Babbitt during his nine years in office . By the time she left office , Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes . Napolitano supported many educational initiatives . She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona . The state previously only funded half-day programs . She created a literacy program , and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries . She spearheaded significant investments in higher education , including funding a Phoenix campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine . She also built the states rainy day fund to more than $650 million , at the time the highest ever . She played a leading role in the successful bid to host Super Bowl XLII in Glendale , Arizona , expanded the number of teams in the Cactus league and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives . She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security . In November 2006 , Napolitano was re-elected as governor , defeating the Republican challenger , Len Munsil , by a nearly 2:1 ratio . She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona . Arizonas constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms , so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010 . In January 2006 , Napolitano won the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service . She served as a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee . She has also served previously as chair of the Western Governors Association , and the National Governors Association . She served as NGA Chair from 2006 to 2007 , and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position . Secretary of Homeland Security . In February 2006 , Napolitano was named by The White House Project as one of 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008 . On January 11 , 2008 , she endorsed then Illinois Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee for president . On November 5 , 2008 , she was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project . On December 1 , 2008 , Barack Obama introduced Napolitano as his nominee for United States Secretary of Homeland Security . On January 20 , 2009 , Napolitano was confirmed , becoming the first woman appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department , and the fourth person to hold the position overall ( including one acting secretary ) . Arizona Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor of Arizona . In March 2009 , Napolitano told the German news site Der Spiegel that while there is always a threat from terrorism , she preferred to talk about man-caused disasters as a way to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur . In April 2009 , in an interview defending her plans to tighten the Canada–US border , Napolitano incorrectly implied that the September 11 attack perpetrators entered the United States from Canada . This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack . Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada , but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth . In response to criticism , she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S . through Canada , there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States.. . [ s ] ome of these are well known to the public , such as the millennium bomber , while others are not due to security reasons . There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada , that of Ahmed Ressam , an Algerian citizen who was in Canada illegally . Nevertheless , Napolitano later claimed that Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally . H1N1 flu . As Secretary , Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the 2009 flu epidemic . Rather than closing schools and businesses , which would have led to wide-scale disruption , Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention . This included a basic virus-prevention education program . Ultimately , as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others , much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated . Right-wing extremism memo . Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security threat assessment report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans . The report focused on potential threats from the radical right . Rightwing Extremism : Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment was made public in April 2009 . The report suggested several factors , including the election of the first black or mixed race president in Barack Obama , concerns regarding future gun control measures , illegal immigration , the economic downturn beginning in 2008 , abortion controversy , and disgruntled military veterans possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment . Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment , and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue . The Department of Homeland Security admitted a breakdown in an internal process by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document . While the American Legion reportedly criticized the assessment , Glen M . Gardner Jr. , the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars , generally defended it , saying it should have been worded differently but served a vital purpose . A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility , he said in a statement . Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . Napolitano was criticized for stating in an interview with CNNs Candy Crowley that the system worked with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009 . She said : What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe , that people are confident when they travel . And one thing Id like to point out is that the system worked . Everybody played an important role here . The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action . Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring , all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight . We instituted new measures on the ground and at screening areas , both here in the United States and in Europe , where this flight originated . So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly , correctly and effectively went very smoothly . She later went on NBCs Today Show with host Matt Lauer and admitted that the security system had indeed failed . She said that her earlier statement was taken out of context and maintained air travel is safe , but admitted , our system did not work in this instance and no one is happy or satisfied with that . Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane , and Napolitano answered , It did [ fail ] . In response to the NW253 bomb attempt , Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives . After full body scanners were deployed , the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment . TSA Pre-Check and Global Entry . To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program TSA Pre Check , which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) in return for expedited security screening . TSA Pre-Check reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports . She also expanded the U.S . Customs and Border Protection trusted traveler program , Global Entry , to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad . Secure Communities . Secure Communities , or SComm , is a deportation program managed by U.S . Immigration and Customs Enforcement , a subdivision of Homeland Security . Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions . On September 7 , 2010 , Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so . However , in October 2010 a Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying : Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in federal law enforcement .. . State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks . ICE will take immigration action appropriately . Napolitano later modified her position : What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like .. . But we do not view this as an opt-in , opt-out program . At the same time Arlington , Virginia passed a resolution to opt out of SComm . A DHS employee commented at a policy conference : Have we created some of the confusion out there ? Absolutely we have . Border security . Under Napolitanos leadership , the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology . These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico . This technology was used to replace Boeings SBI Net , which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional . Printer bomb attempt . After the 2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot , which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs , Napolitano issued a ban for toner and ink cartridges weighing more than one pound on passenger flights . Walmart–DHS partnership . On December 6 , 2010 , Walmart announced it was partnering with the DHS . The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a public service announcement to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager . Napolitano compared the undertaking to the Cold War fight against communists . Tucson memorial . On January 12 , 2011 , together with President Barack Obama , Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of Tucson , the State of Arizona , and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the 2011 Tucson shooting . Discrimination lawsuit . In July 2012 , Napolitano was accused of allowing discrimination against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security . The federal discrimination lawsuit , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , was filled by James Hayes Jr. , at the time a special agent of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) in New York City . The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers , and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano . The suit also claimed that when the abuse was reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party , Hayes . This allegation was never proven . The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on unfounded claims . Suzanne Barr , who was one of Napolitanos first appointments after she became secretary in 2009 , went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1 , 2012 . She called the allegations in the lawsuit unfounded . In November 2012 , Hayes attorney said that the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions , including Hayes keeping his job . Napolitano was also sued by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who claims he was pulled from his post at JFK Airport after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints . DACA and comprehensive immigration reform . Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform , starting with her terms as governor of Arizona . In 2012 , in an effort to provide relief for the so-called DREAM Act population , or DREAMers , Napolitano used prosecutorial discretion to create the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program ( DACA ) . DREAMers were brought to the U.S . by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship . The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers , providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without fear of deportation . DACA was announced by President Obama in a Rose Garden ceremony shortly after its creation . It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority . Napolitanos successor , Jeh Johnson , later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers , but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts . DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S . court . University of California . In July 2013 , Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the University of California ( UC ) . She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18 , 2013 , the first woman to lead the University of California , and began her tenure as president on September 30 , 2013 . On September 18 , 2019 , Napolitano announced her resignation as president , effective August 1 , 2020 . She plans to then teach at the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of California , Berkeley , where she is a tenured professor . Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UCs undocumented students , and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers . She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025 , saying that it was a moral imperative for UC to find solutions to global climate change . In seeking to reduce UCs carbon footprint to zero , Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider , allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in Fresno . In 2017 , Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership . Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers . She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C . She also created the Presidents Public Service Law Fellowship program , which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at UC Berkeley , UC Davis , UC Irvine and UCLA to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of financial need . As part of her Global Food Initiative , which was launched in 2014 , Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food . At the time it was the nations most comprehensive , systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity . Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the systems policies and procedures . On March 7 , 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty , staff and students . She also created a system-wide Title IX office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017 . On October 26 , 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement . Chaired by Napolitano , the center is devoted to research , education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement . During Napolitanos time as president of UC , tuition for undergraduates has held steady , with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017 . Controversies . In April 2016 , Napolitano placed Linda Katehi , the chancellor of UC Davis , on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the UC Davis pepper-spray incident , as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds . On April 25 , 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices After an investigation , the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano , issuing a public admonishment . According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice Carlos R . Moreno , Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitanos administration from negative responses to positive ones . On September 8 , 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed a lawsuit against the United States Federal Government in response to President Trumps decision to ultimately end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA , making her the first former Secretary of Homeland Security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created . In 2020 , Janet Napolitano fired 82 UC Santa Cruz graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a Cost of Living Adjustment to address untenable living conditions . Dismissed students also face loss of tuition remission , health benefits , and living stipends in one of the most expensive counties in the United States , and international students face loss of student visa status . Speculation on other appointments . Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the U.S . Supreme Court . Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the 2016 election . In September 2014 , when Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down , there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next United States Attorney General . Instead , Loretta Lynch replaced Holder . Personal life . Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball . Whitewater rafting and hiking are among her hobbies . She has hiked in Arizonas Superstition Mountains , New Mexicos Sandia Mountains , and the Himalayas , and has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . Napolitano has never married or had children ; as a result , some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation . In 2002 , vote gay fliers were posted next to her campaign signs . Napolitano responded by saying that she is just a straight , single workaholic . Napolitano began undergoing cancer-related treatment in August 2016 . On January 17 , 2017 , Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment . She was released from hospital on January 23 , 2017 .
|
[
"Attorney General of Arizona"
] |
[
{
"text": "Janet Ann Napolitano ( ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American politician , lawyer and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013 , under President Barack Obama . She was president of the University of California system from September 2013 , and stepped down from that position on August 1 , 2020 to join the faculty at Berkeleys Goldman School of Public Policy . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018 . As of ,",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": "she remains the most recent Governor of Arizona from the Democratic Party .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": " Prior to her election as governor , she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 . She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office . Napolitano had earlier served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . She has been the first woman to serve in several offices , including Attorney General of Arizona , Secretary of Homeland Security , and president of the University of California .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": "Forbes ranked her as the worlds ninth most powerful woman in 2012 and eighth most powerful woman in 2013 . In 2008 , she was listed by The New York Times as one of the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": " Janet Napolitano was born on November 29 , 1957 , in New York City , the daughter of Jane Marie ( née Winer ) and Leonard Michael Napolitano , who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine . Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry . Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano is a Methodist . She is the oldest of three children , with a younger brother and sister . She was raised in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Albuquerque , New Mexico , where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano attended Santa Clara University in Santa Clara , California , where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa , won a Truman Scholarship , and studied political science . She was named valedictorian of her graduating class . After graduation , she worked as an analyst for the United States Senate Committee on the Budget . In 1978 , she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange program through IES Abroad . She then earned her Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . After",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M . Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , then joined Schroeders former firm , Lewis and Roca , in Phoenix . She was named a partner of the firm in 1989 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP , Napolitano served as an attorney for Anita Hill . Hill testified in the U.S . Senate that then U.S . Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . As U.S . Attorney , she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman , Arizona , in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing . She ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998 . During her tenure as attorney general , she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " While serving as attorney general , she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy . Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up . Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer , says Napolitano . I am very grateful for all the support I had from family , friends and Arizonans .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Napolitano narrowly won the gubernatorial election with 46 percent of the vote , succeeding Republican Jane Dee Hull and defeating her Republican opponent , former congressman Matt Salmon , who received 45 percent of the vote . She was Arizonas third female governor and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor . She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987 , and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "She spoke at the 2004 Democratic Convention , where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen . John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election . Kerry selected Senator John Edwards instead . In November 2005 , Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " As Governor , Napolitano set records for total number of vetoes issued . In 2005 , she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes , breaking Jane Dee Hulls 2001 record of 28 . This was followed in June 2006 , less than four years into her term , when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor . The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by Bruce Babbitt during his nine years in office . By the time she left office , Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano supported many educational initiatives . She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona . The state previously only funded half-day programs . She created a literacy program , and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries . She spearheaded significant investments in higher education , including funding a Phoenix campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " She also built the states rainy day fund to more than $650 million , at the time the highest ever . She played a leading role in the successful bid to host Super Bowl XLII in Glendale , Arizona , expanded the number of teams in the Cactus league and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives . She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In November 2006 , Napolitano was re-elected as governor , defeating the Republican challenger , Len Munsil , by a nearly 2:1 ratio . She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona . Arizonas constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms , so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010 .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " In January 2006 , Napolitano won the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service . She served as a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee . She has also served previously as chair of the Western Governors Association , and the National Governors Association . She served as NGA Chair from 2006 to 2007 , and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position . Secretary of Homeland Security .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In February 2006 , Napolitano was named by The White House Project as one of 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008 . On January 11 , 2008 , she endorsed then Illinois Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee for president . On November 5 , 2008 , she was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " On December 1 , 2008 , Barack Obama introduced Napolitano as his nominee for United States Secretary of Homeland Security . On January 20 , 2009 , Napolitano was confirmed , becoming the first woman appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department , and the fourth person to hold the position overall ( including one acting secretary ) . Arizona Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor of Arizona .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , Napolitano told the German news site Der Spiegel that while there is always a threat from terrorism , she preferred to talk about man-caused disasters as a way to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " In April 2009 , in an interview defending her plans to tighten the Canada–US border , Napolitano incorrectly implied that the September 11 attack perpetrators entered the United States from Canada . This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack . Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada , but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In response to criticism , she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S . through Canada , there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States.. . [ s ] ome of these are well known to the public , such as the millennium bomber , while others are not due to security reasons . There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada , that of Ahmed Ressam , an Algerian citizen who was in",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "Canada illegally . Nevertheless , Napolitano later claimed that Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " As Secretary , Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the 2009 flu epidemic . Rather than closing schools and businesses , which would have led to wide-scale disruption , Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention . This included a basic virus-prevention education program . Ultimately , as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others , much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated .",
"title": "H1N1 flu"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security threat assessment report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans . The report focused on potential threats from the radical right . Rightwing Extremism : Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment was made public in April 2009 . The report suggested several factors , including the election of the first black or mixed race president in Barack Obama , concerns regarding future gun control measures , illegal immigration , the economic downturn beginning in 2008 , abortion controversy",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": ", and disgruntled military veterans possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment , and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue . The Department of Homeland Security admitted a breakdown in an internal process by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "While the American Legion reportedly criticized the assessment , Glen M . Gardner Jr. , the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars , generally defended it , saying it should have been worded differently but served a vital purpose . A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility , he said in a statement .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . Napolitano was criticized for stating in an interview with CNNs Candy Crowley that the system worked with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009 . She said :",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe , that people are confident when they travel . And one thing Id like to point out is that the system worked . Everybody played an important role here . The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action . Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring , all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight . We instituted new measures on the ground",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "and at screening areas , both here in the United States and in Europe , where this flight originated . So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly , correctly and effectively went very smoothly .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " She later went on NBCs Today Show with host Matt Lauer and admitted that the security system had indeed failed . She said that her earlier statement was taken out of context and maintained air travel is safe , but admitted , our system did not work in this instance and no one is happy or satisfied with that . Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane , and Napolitano answered , It did [ fail ] .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "In response to the NW253 bomb attempt , Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives . After full body scanners were deployed , the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " TSA Pre-Check and Global Entry . To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program TSA Pre Check , which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) in return for expedited security screening . TSA Pre-Check reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports . She also expanded the U.S . Customs and Border Protection trusted traveler program , Global Entry , to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "Secure Communities , or SComm , is a deportation program managed by U.S . Immigration and Customs Enforcement , a subdivision of Homeland Security . Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions . On September 7 , 2010 , Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so . However , in October 2010 a Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying : Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": "federal law enforcement .. . State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks . ICE will take immigration action appropriately .",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano later modified her position : What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like .. . But we do not view this as an opt-in , opt-out program . At the same time Arlington , Virginia passed a resolution to opt out of SComm . A DHS employee commented at a policy conference : Have we created some of the confusion out there ? Absolutely we have .",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": " Under Napolitanos leadership , the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology . These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico . This technology was used to replace Boeings SBI Net , which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional .",
"title": "Border security"
},
{
"text": " After the 2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot , which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs , Napolitano issued a ban for toner and ink cartridges weighing more than one pound on passenger flights .",
"title": "Printer bomb attempt"
},
{
"text": " On December 6 , 2010 , Walmart announced it was partnering with the DHS . The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a public service announcement to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager . Napolitano compared the undertaking to the Cold War fight against communists .",
"title": "Walmart–DHS partnership"
},
{
"text": " On January 12 , 2011 , together with President Barack Obama , Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of Tucson , the State of Arizona , and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the 2011 Tucson shooting .",
"title": "Tucson memorial"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Napolitano was accused of allowing discrimination against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security . The federal discrimination lawsuit , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , was filled by James Hayes Jr. , at the time a special agent of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) in New York City . The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers , and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano . The suit also claimed that when the abuse was",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party , Hayes . This allegation was never proven . The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on unfounded claims .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": " Suzanne Barr , who was one of Napolitanos first appointments after she became secretary in 2009 , went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1 , 2012 . She called the allegations in the lawsuit unfounded . In November 2012 , Hayes attorney said that the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions , including Hayes keeping his job .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was also sued by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who claims he was pulled from his post at JFK Airport after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform , starting with her terms as governor of Arizona . In 2012 , in an effort to provide relief for the so-called DREAM Act population , or DREAMers , Napolitano used prosecutorial discretion to create the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program ( DACA ) . DREAMers were brought to the U.S . by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship . The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers , providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "fear of deportation .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": " DACA was announced by President Obama in a Rose Garden ceremony shortly after its creation . It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority . Napolitanos successor , Jeh Johnson , later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers , but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts . DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S . court .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "In July 2013 , Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the University of California ( UC ) . She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18 , 2013 , the first woman to lead the University of California , and began her tenure as president on September 30 , 2013 . On September 18 , 2019 , Napolitano announced her resignation as president , effective August 1 , 2020 . She plans to then teach at the Goldman School of Public",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Policy at University of California , Berkeley , where she is a tenured professor .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UCs undocumented students , and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers . She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025 , saying that it was a moral imperative for UC to find solutions to global climate change . In seeking to reduce UCs carbon footprint to zero , Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider , allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in Fresno . In 2017 , Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers . She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C . She also created the Presidents Public Service Law Fellowship program , which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at UC Berkeley , UC Davis , UC Irvine and UCLA to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "financial need .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " As part of her Global Food Initiative , which was launched in 2014 , Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food . At the time it was the nations most comprehensive , systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the systems policies and procedures . On March 7 , 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty , staff and students . She also created a system-wide Title IX office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017 .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " On October 26 , 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement . Chaired by Napolitano , the center is devoted to research , education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement . During Napolitanos time as president of UC , tuition for undergraduates has held steady , with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017 .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " In April 2016 , Napolitano placed Linda Katehi , the chancellor of UC Davis , on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the UC Davis pepper-spray incident , as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "On April 25 , 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices After an investigation , the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano , issuing a public admonishment . According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice Carlos R . Moreno , Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitanos administration from negative responses to positive ones .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " On September 8 , 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed a lawsuit against the United States Federal Government in response to President Trumps decision to ultimately end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA , making her the first former Secretary of Homeland Security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Janet Napolitano fired 82 UC Santa Cruz graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a Cost of Living Adjustment to address untenable living conditions . Dismissed students also face loss of tuition remission , health benefits , and living stipends in one of the most expensive counties in the United States , and international students face loss of student visa status .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " Speculation on other appointments . Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the U.S . Supreme Court . Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the 2016 election . In September 2014 , when Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down , there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next United States Attorney General . Instead , Loretta Lynch replaced Holder .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball . Whitewater rafting and hiking are among her hobbies . She has hiked in Arizonas Superstition Mountains , New Mexicos Sandia Mountains , and the Himalayas , and has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . Napolitano has never married or had children ; as a result , some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation . In 2002 , vote gay fliers were posted next to her campaign signs . Napolitano responded by saying that she is just a straight , single workaholic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano began undergoing cancer-related treatment in August 2016 . On January 17 , 2017 , Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment . She was released from hospital on January 23 , 2017 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Janet_Napolitano#P39#1
|
Which position did Janet Napolitano hold between Aug 2003 and Dec 2007?
|
Janet Napolitano Janet Ann Napolitano ( ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American politician , lawyer and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013 , under President Barack Obama . She was president of the University of California system from September 2013 , and stepped down from that position on August 1 , 2020 to join the faculty at Berkeleys Goldman School of Public Policy . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018 . As of , she remains the most recent Governor of Arizona from the Democratic Party . Prior to her election as governor , she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 . She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office . Napolitano had earlier served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . She has been the first woman to serve in several offices , including Attorney General of Arizona , Secretary of Homeland Security , and president of the University of California . Forbes ranked her as the worlds ninth most powerful woman in 2012 and eighth most powerful woman in 2013 . In 2008 , she was listed by The New York Times as one of the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States . Early life . Janet Napolitano was born on November 29 , 1957 , in New York City , the daughter of Jane Marie ( née Winer ) and Leonard Michael Napolitano , who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine . Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry . Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano . Napolitano is a Methodist . She is the oldest of three children , with a younger brother and sister . She was raised in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Albuquerque , New Mexico , where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 . Napolitano attended Santa Clara University in Santa Clara , California , where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa , won a Truman Scholarship , and studied political science . She was named valedictorian of her graduating class . After graduation , she worked as an analyst for the United States Senate Committee on the Budget . In 1978 , she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange program through IES Abroad . She then earned her Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M . Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , then joined Schroeders former firm , Lewis and Roca , in Phoenix . She was named a partner of the firm in 1989 . Early political career . In 1991 , while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP , Napolitano served as an attorney for Anita Hill . Hill testified in the U.S . Senate that then U.S . Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . In 1993 , Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . As U.S . Attorney , she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman , Arizona , in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing . She ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998 . During her tenure as attorney general , she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement . While serving as attorney general , she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy . Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up . Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer , says Napolitano . I am very grateful for all the support I had from family , friends and Arizonans . Governor of Arizona . In 2002 , Napolitano narrowly won the gubernatorial election with 46 percent of the vote , succeeding Republican Jane Dee Hull and defeating her Republican opponent , former congressman Matt Salmon , who received 45 percent of the vote . She was Arizonas third female governor and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor . She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987 , and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright . She spoke at the 2004 Democratic Convention , where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen . John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election . Kerry selected Senator John Edwards instead . In November 2005 , Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S . As Governor , Napolitano set records for total number of vetoes issued . In 2005 , she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes , breaking Jane Dee Hulls 2001 record of 28 . This was followed in June 2006 , less than four years into her term , when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor . The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by Bruce Babbitt during his nine years in office . By the time she left office , Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes . Napolitano supported many educational initiatives . She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona . The state previously only funded half-day programs . She created a literacy program , and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries . She spearheaded significant investments in higher education , including funding a Phoenix campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine . She also built the states rainy day fund to more than $650 million , at the time the highest ever . She played a leading role in the successful bid to host Super Bowl XLII in Glendale , Arizona , expanded the number of teams in the Cactus league and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives . She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security . In November 2006 , Napolitano was re-elected as governor , defeating the Republican challenger , Len Munsil , by a nearly 2:1 ratio . She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona . Arizonas constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms , so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010 . In January 2006 , Napolitano won the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service . She served as a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee . She has also served previously as chair of the Western Governors Association , and the National Governors Association . She served as NGA Chair from 2006 to 2007 , and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position . Secretary of Homeland Security . In February 2006 , Napolitano was named by The White House Project as one of 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008 . On January 11 , 2008 , she endorsed then Illinois Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee for president . On November 5 , 2008 , she was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project . On December 1 , 2008 , Barack Obama introduced Napolitano as his nominee for United States Secretary of Homeland Security . On January 20 , 2009 , Napolitano was confirmed , becoming the first woman appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department , and the fourth person to hold the position overall ( including one acting secretary ) . Arizona Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor of Arizona . In March 2009 , Napolitano told the German news site Der Spiegel that while there is always a threat from terrorism , she preferred to talk about man-caused disasters as a way to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur . In April 2009 , in an interview defending her plans to tighten the Canada–US border , Napolitano incorrectly implied that the September 11 attack perpetrators entered the United States from Canada . This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack . Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada , but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth . In response to criticism , she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S . through Canada , there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States.. . [ s ] ome of these are well known to the public , such as the millennium bomber , while others are not due to security reasons . There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada , that of Ahmed Ressam , an Algerian citizen who was in Canada illegally . Nevertheless , Napolitano later claimed that Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally . H1N1 flu . As Secretary , Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the 2009 flu epidemic . Rather than closing schools and businesses , which would have led to wide-scale disruption , Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention . This included a basic virus-prevention education program . Ultimately , as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others , much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated . Right-wing extremism memo . Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security threat assessment report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans . The report focused on potential threats from the radical right . Rightwing Extremism : Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment was made public in April 2009 . The report suggested several factors , including the election of the first black or mixed race president in Barack Obama , concerns regarding future gun control measures , illegal immigration , the economic downturn beginning in 2008 , abortion controversy , and disgruntled military veterans possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment . Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment , and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue . The Department of Homeland Security admitted a breakdown in an internal process by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document . While the American Legion reportedly criticized the assessment , Glen M . Gardner Jr. , the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars , generally defended it , saying it should have been worded differently but served a vital purpose . A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility , he said in a statement . Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . Napolitano was criticized for stating in an interview with CNNs Candy Crowley that the system worked with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009 . She said : What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe , that people are confident when they travel . And one thing Id like to point out is that the system worked . Everybody played an important role here . The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action . Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring , all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight . We instituted new measures on the ground and at screening areas , both here in the United States and in Europe , where this flight originated . So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly , correctly and effectively went very smoothly . She later went on NBCs Today Show with host Matt Lauer and admitted that the security system had indeed failed . She said that her earlier statement was taken out of context and maintained air travel is safe , but admitted , our system did not work in this instance and no one is happy or satisfied with that . Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane , and Napolitano answered , It did [ fail ] . In response to the NW253 bomb attempt , Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives . After full body scanners were deployed , the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment . TSA Pre-Check and Global Entry . To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program TSA Pre Check , which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) in return for expedited security screening . TSA Pre-Check reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports . She also expanded the U.S . Customs and Border Protection trusted traveler program , Global Entry , to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad . Secure Communities . Secure Communities , or SComm , is a deportation program managed by U.S . Immigration and Customs Enforcement , a subdivision of Homeland Security . Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions . On September 7 , 2010 , Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so . However , in October 2010 a Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying : Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in federal law enforcement .. . State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks . ICE will take immigration action appropriately . Napolitano later modified her position : What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like .. . But we do not view this as an opt-in , opt-out program . At the same time Arlington , Virginia passed a resolution to opt out of SComm . A DHS employee commented at a policy conference : Have we created some of the confusion out there ? Absolutely we have . Border security . Under Napolitanos leadership , the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology . These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico . This technology was used to replace Boeings SBI Net , which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional . Printer bomb attempt . After the 2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot , which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs , Napolitano issued a ban for toner and ink cartridges weighing more than one pound on passenger flights . Walmart–DHS partnership . On December 6 , 2010 , Walmart announced it was partnering with the DHS . The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a public service announcement to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager . Napolitano compared the undertaking to the Cold War fight against communists . Tucson memorial . On January 12 , 2011 , together with President Barack Obama , Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of Tucson , the State of Arizona , and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the 2011 Tucson shooting . Discrimination lawsuit . In July 2012 , Napolitano was accused of allowing discrimination against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security . The federal discrimination lawsuit , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , was filled by James Hayes Jr. , at the time a special agent of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) in New York City . The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers , and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano . The suit also claimed that when the abuse was reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party , Hayes . This allegation was never proven . The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on unfounded claims . Suzanne Barr , who was one of Napolitanos first appointments after she became secretary in 2009 , went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1 , 2012 . She called the allegations in the lawsuit unfounded . In November 2012 , Hayes attorney said that the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions , including Hayes keeping his job . Napolitano was also sued by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who claims he was pulled from his post at JFK Airport after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints . DACA and comprehensive immigration reform . Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform , starting with her terms as governor of Arizona . In 2012 , in an effort to provide relief for the so-called DREAM Act population , or DREAMers , Napolitano used prosecutorial discretion to create the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program ( DACA ) . DREAMers were brought to the U.S . by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship . The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers , providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without fear of deportation . DACA was announced by President Obama in a Rose Garden ceremony shortly after its creation . It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority . Napolitanos successor , Jeh Johnson , later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers , but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts . DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S . court . University of California . In July 2013 , Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the University of California ( UC ) . She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18 , 2013 , the first woman to lead the University of California , and began her tenure as president on September 30 , 2013 . On September 18 , 2019 , Napolitano announced her resignation as president , effective August 1 , 2020 . She plans to then teach at the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of California , Berkeley , where she is a tenured professor . Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UCs undocumented students , and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers . She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025 , saying that it was a moral imperative for UC to find solutions to global climate change . In seeking to reduce UCs carbon footprint to zero , Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider , allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in Fresno . In 2017 , Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership . Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers . She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C . She also created the Presidents Public Service Law Fellowship program , which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at UC Berkeley , UC Davis , UC Irvine and UCLA to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of financial need . As part of her Global Food Initiative , which was launched in 2014 , Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food . At the time it was the nations most comprehensive , systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity . Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the systems policies and procedures . On March 7 , 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty , staff and students . She also created a system-wide Title IX office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017 . On October 26 , 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement . Chaired by Napolitano , the center is devoted to research , education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement . During Napolitanos time as president of UC , tuition for undergraduates has held steady , with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017 . Controversies . In April 2016 , Napolitano placed Linda Katehi , the chancellor of UC Davis , on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the UC Davis pepper-spray incident , as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds . On April 25 , 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices After an investigation , the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano , issuing a public admonishment . According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice Carlos R . Moreno , Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitanos administration from negative responses to positive ones . On September 8 , 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed a lawsuit against the United States Federal Government in response to President Trumps decision to ultimately end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA , making her the first former Secretary of Homeland Security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created . In 2020 , Janet Napolitano fired 82 UC Santa Cruz graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a Cost of Living Adjustment to address untenable living conditions . Dismissed students also face loss of tuition remission , health benefits , and living stipends in one of the most expensive counties in the United States , and international students face loss of student visa status . Speculation on other appointments . Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the U.S . Supreme Court . Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the 2016 election . In September 2014 , when Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down , there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next United States Attorney General . Instead , Loretta Lynch replaced Holder . Personal life . Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball . Whitewater rafting and hiking are among her hobbies . She has hiked in Arizonas Superstition Mountains , New Mexicos Sandia Mountains , and the Himalayas , and has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . Napolitano has never married or had children ; as a result , some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation . In 2002 , vote gay fliers were posted next to her campaign signs . Napolitano responded by saying that she is just a straight , single workaholic . Napolitano began undergoing cancer-related treatment in August 2016 . On January 17 , 2017 , Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment . She was released from hospital on January 23 , 2017 .
|
[
"Governor of Arizona"
] |
[
{
"text": "Janet Ann Napolitano ( ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American politician , lawyer and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013 , under President Barack Obama . She was president of the University of California system from September 2013 , and stepped down from that position on August 1 , 2020 to join the faculty at Berkeleys Goldman School of Public Policy . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018 . As of ,",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": "she remains the most recent Governor of Arizona from the Democratic Party .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": " Prior to her election as governor , she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 . She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office . Napolitano had earlier served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . She has been the first woman to serve in several offices , including Attorney General of Arizona , Secretary of Homeland Security , and president of the University of California .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": "Forbes ranked her as the worlds ninth most powerful woman in 2012 and eighth most powerful woman in 2013 . In 2008 , she was listed by The New York Times as one of the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": " Janet Napolitano was born on November 29 , 1957 , in New York City , the daughter of Jane Marie ( née Winer ) and Leonard Michael Napolitano , who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine . Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry . Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano is a Methodist . She is the oldest of three children , with a younger brother and sister . She was raised in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Albuquerque , New Mexico , where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano attended Santa Clara University in Santa Clara , California , where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa , won a Truman Scholarship , and studied political science . She was named valedictorian of her graduating class . After graduation , she worked as an analyst for the United States Senate Committee on the Budget . In 1978 , she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange program through IES Abroad . She then earned her Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . After",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M . Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , then joined Schroeders former firm , Lewis and Roca , in Phoenix . She was named a partner of the firm in 1989 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP , Napolitano served as an attorney for Anita Hill . Hill testified in the U.S . Senate that then U.S . Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . As U.S . Attorney , she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman , Arizona , in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing . She ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998 . During her tenure as attorney general , she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " While serving as attorney general , she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy . Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up . Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer , says Napolitano . I am very grateful for all the support I had from family , friends and Arizonans .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Napolitano narrowly won the gubernatorial election with 46 percent of the vote , succeeding Republican Jane Dee Hull and defeating her Republican opponent , former congressman Matt Salmon , who received 45 percent of the vote . She was Arizonas third female governor and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor . She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987 , and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "She spoke at the 2004 Democratic Convention , where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen . John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election . Kerry selected Senator John Edwards instead . In November 2005 , Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " As Governor , Napolitano set records for total number of vetoes issued . In 2005 , she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes , breaking Jane Dee Hulls 2001 record of 28 . This was followed in June 2006 , less than four years into her term , when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor . The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by Bruce Babbitt during his nine years in office . By the time she left office , Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano supported many educational initiatives . She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona . The state previously only funded half-day programs . She created a literacy program , and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries . She spearheaded significant investments in higher education , including funding a Phoenix campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " She also built the states rainy day fund to more than $650 million , at the time the highest ever . She played a leading role in the successful bid to host Super Bowl XLII in Glendale , Arizona , expanded the number of teams in the Cactus league and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives . She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In November 2006 , Napolitano was re-elected as governor , defeating the Republican challenger , Len Munsil , by a nearly 2:1 ratio . She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona . Arizonas constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms , so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010 .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " In January 2006 , Napolitano won the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service . She served as a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee . She has also served previously as chair of the Western Governors Association , and the National Governors Association . She served as NGA Chair from 2006 to 2007 , and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position . Secretary of Homeland Security .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In February 2006 , Napolitano was named by The White House Project as one of 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008 . On January 11 , 2008 , she endorsed then Illinois Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee for president . On November 5 , 2008 , she was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " On December 1 , 2008 , Barack Obama introduced Napolitano as his nominee for United States Secretary of Homeland Security . On January 20 , 2009 , Napolitano was confirmed , becoming the first woman appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department , and the fourth person to hold the position overall ( including one acting secretary ) . Arizona Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor of Arizona .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , Napolitano told the German news site Der Spiegel that while there is always a threat from terrorism , she preferred to talk about man-caused disasters as a way to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " In April 2009 , in an interview defending her plans to tighten the Canada–US border , Napolitano incorrectly implied that the September 11 attack perpetrators entered the United States from Canada . This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack . Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada , but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In response to criticism , she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S . through Canada , there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States.. . [ s ] ome of these are well known to the public , such as the millennium bomber , while others are not due to security reasons . There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada , that of Ahmed Ressam , an Algerian citizen who was in",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "Canada illegally . Nevertheless , Napolitano later claimed that Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " As Secretary , Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the 2009 flu epidemic . Rather than closing schools and businesses , which would have led to wide-scale disruption , Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention . This included a basic virus-prevention education program . Ultimately , as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others , much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated .",
"title": "H1N1 flu"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security threat assessment report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans . The report focused on potential threats from the radical right . Rightwing Extremism : Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment was made public in April 2009 . The report suggested several factors , including the election of the first black or mixed race president in Barack Obama , concerns regarding future gun control measures , illegal immigration , the economic downturn beginning in 2008 , abortion controversy",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": ", and disgruntled military veterans possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment , and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue . The Department of Homeland Security admitted a breakdown in an internal process by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "While the American Legion reportedly criticized the assessment , Glen M . Gardner Jr. , the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars , generally defended it , saying it should have been worded differently but served a vital purpose . A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility , he said in a statement .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . Napolitano was criticized for stating in an interview with CNNs Candy Crowley that the system worked with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009 . She said :",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe , that people are confident when they travel . And one thing Id like to point out is that the system worked . Everybody played an important role here . The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action . Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring , all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight . We instituted new measures on the ground",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "and at screening areas , both here in the United States and in Europe , where this flight originated . So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly , correctly and effectively went very smoothly .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " She later went on NBCs Today Show with host Matt Lauer and admitted that the security system had indeed failed . She said that her earlier statement was taken out of context and maintained air travel is safe , but admitted , our system did not work in this instance and no one is happy or satisfied with that . Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane , and Napolitano answered , It did [ fail ] .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "In response to the NW253 bomb attempt , Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives . After full body scanners were deployed , the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " TSA Pre-Check and Global Entry . To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program TSA Pre Check , which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) in return for expedited security screening . TSA Pre-Check reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports . She also expanded the U.S . Customs and Border Protection trusted traveler program , Global Entry , to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "Secure Communities , or SComm , is a deportation program managed by U.S . Immigration and Customs Enforcement , a subdivision of Homeland Security . Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions . On September 7 , 2010 , Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so . However , in October 2010 a Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying : Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": "federal law enforcement .. . State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks . ICE will take immigration action appropriately .",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano later modified her position : What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like .. . But we do not view this as an opt-in , opt-out program . At the same time Arlington , Virginia passed a resolution to opt out of SComm . A DHS employee commented at a policy conference : Have we created some of the confusion out there ? Absolutely we have .",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": " Under Napolitanos leadership , the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology . These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico . This technology was used to replace Boeings SBI Net , which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional .",
"title": "Border security"
},
{
"text": " After the 2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot , which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs , Napolitano issued a ban for toner and ink cartridges weighing more than one pound on passenger flights .",
"title": "Printer bomb attempt"
},
{
"text": " On December 6 , 2010 , Walmart announced it was partnering with the DHS . The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a public service announcement to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager . Napolitano compared the undertaking to the Cold War fight against communists .",
"title": "Walmart–DHS partnership"
},
{
"text": " On January 12 , 2011 , together with President Barack Obama , Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of Tucson , the State of Arizona , and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the 2011 Tucson shooting .",
"title": "Tucson memorial"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Napolitano was accused of allowing discrimination against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security . The federal discrimination lawsuit , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , was filled by James Hayes Jr. , at the time a special agent of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) in New York City . The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers , and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano . The suit also claimed that when the abuse was",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party , Hayes . This allegation was never proven . The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on unfounded claims .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": " Suzanne Barr , who was one of Napolitanos first appointments after she became secretary in 2009 , went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1 , 2012 . She called the allegations in the lawsuit unfounded . In November 2012 , Hayes attorney said that the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions , including Hayes keeping his job .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was also sued by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who claims he was pulled from his post at JFK Airport after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform , starting with her terms as governor of Arizona . In 2012 , in an effort to provide relief for the so-called DREAM Act population , or DREAMers , Napolitano used prosecutorial discretion to create the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program ( DACA ) . DREAMers were brought to the U.S . by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship . The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers , providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "fear of deportation .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": " DACA was announced by President Obama in a Rose Garden ceremony shortly after its creation . It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority . Napolitanos successor , Jeh Johnson , later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers , but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts . DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S . court .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "In July 2013 , Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the University of California ( UC ) . She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18 , 2013 , the first woman to lead the University of California , and began her tenure as president on September 30 , 2013 . On September 18 , 2019 , Napolitano announced her resignation as president , effective August 1 , 2020 . She plans to then teach at the Goldman School of Public",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Policy at University of California , Berkeley , where she is a tenured professor .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UCs undocumented students , and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers . She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025 , saying that it was a moral imperative for UC to find solutions to global climate change . In seeking to reduce UCs carbon footprint to zero , Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider , allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in Fresno . In 2017 , Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers . She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C . She also created the Presidents Public Service Law Fellowship program , which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at UC Berkeley , UC Davis , UC Irvine and UCLA to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "financial need .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " As part of her Global Food Initiative , which was launched in 2014 , Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food . At the time it was the nations most comprehensive , systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the systems policies and procedures . On March 7 , 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty , staff and students . She also created a system-wide Title IX office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017 .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " On October 26 , 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement . Chaired by Napolitano , the center is devoted to research , education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement . During Napolitanos time as president of UC , tuition for undergraduates has held steady , with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017 .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " In April 2016 , Napolitano placed Linda Katehi , the chancellor of UC Davis , on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the UC Davis pepper-spray incident , as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "On April 25 , 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices After an investigation , the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano , issuing a public admonishment . According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice Carlos R . Moreno , Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitanos administration from negative responses to positive ones .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " On September 8 , 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed a lawsuit against the United States Federal Government in response to President Trumps decision to ultimately end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA , making her the first former Secretary of Homeland Security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Janet Napolitano fired 82 UC Santa Cruz graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a Cost of Living Adjustment to address untenable living conditions . Dismissed students also face loss of tuition remission , health benefits , and living stipends in one of the most expensive counties in the United States , and international students face loss of student visa status .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " Speculation on other appointments . Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the U.S . Supreme Court . Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the 2016 election . In September 2014 , when Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down , there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next United States Attorney General . Instead , Loretta Lynch replaced Holder .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball . Whitewater rafting and hiking are among her hobbies . She has hiked in Arizonas Superstition Mountains , New Mexicos Sandia Mountains , and the Himalayas , and has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . Napolitano has never married or had children ; as a result , some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation . In 2002 , vote gay fliers were posted next to her campaign signs . Napolitano responded by saying that she is just a straight , single workaholic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano began undergoing cancer-related treatment in August 2016 . On January 17 , 2017 , Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment . She was released from hospital on January 23 , 2017 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Janet_Napolitano#P39#2
|
Which position did Janet Napolitano hold between Aug 2013 and Sep 2013?
|
Janet Napolitano Janet Ann Napolitano ( ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American politician , lawyer and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013 , under President Barack Obama . She was president of the University of California system from September 2013 , and stepped down from that position on August 1 , 2020 to join the faculty at Berkeleys Goldman School of Public Policy . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018 . As of , she remains the most recent Governor of Arizona from the Democratic Party . Prior to her election as governor , she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 . She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office . Napolitano had earlier served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . She has been the first woman to serve in several offices , including Attorney General of Arizona , Secretary of Homeland Security , and president of the University of California . Forbes ranked her as the worlds ninth most powerful woman in 2012 and eighth most powerful woman in 2013 . In 2008 , she was listed by The New York Times as one of the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States . Early life . Janet Napolitano was born on November 29 , 1957 , in New York City , the daughter of Jane Marie ( née Winer ) and Leonard Michael Napolitano , who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine . Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry . Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano . Napolitano is a Methodist . She is the oldest of three children , with a younger brother and sister . She was raised in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Albuquerque , New Mexico , where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 . Napolitano attended Santa Clara University in Santa Clara , California , where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa , won a Truman Scholarship , and studied political science . She was named valedictorian of her graduating class . After graduation , she worked as an analyst for the United States Senate Committee on the Budget . In 1978 , she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange program through IES Abroad . She then earned her Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M . Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , then joined Schroeders former firm , Lewis and Roca , in Phoenix . She was named a partner of the firm in 1989 . Early political career . In 1991 , while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP , Napolitano served as an attorney for Anita Hill . Hill testified in the U.S . Senate that then U.S . Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . In 1993 , Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . As U.S . Attorney , she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman , Arizona , in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing . She ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998 . During her tenure as attorney general , she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement . While serving as attorney general , she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy . Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up . Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer , says Napolitano . I am very grateful for all the support I had from family , friends and Arizonans . Governor of Arizona . In 2002 , Napolitano narrowly won the gubernatorial election with 46 percent of the vote , succeeding Republican Jane Dee Hull and defeating her Republican opponent , former congressman Matt Salmon , who received 45 percent of the vote . She was Arizonas third female governor and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor . She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987 , and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright . She spoke at the 2004 Democratic Convention , where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen . John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election . Kerry selected Senator John Edwards instead . In November 2005 , Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S . As Governor , Napolitano set records for total number of vetoes issued . In 2005 , she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes , breaking Jane Dee Hulls 2001 record of 28 . This was followed in June 2006 , less than four years into her term , when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor . The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by Bruce Babbitt during his nine years in office . By the time she left office , Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes . Napolitano supported many educational initiatives . She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona . The state previously only funded half-day programs . She created a literacy program , and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries . She spearheaded significant investments in higher education , including funding a Phoenix campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine . She also built the states rainy day fund to more than $650 million , at the time the highest ever . She played a leading role in the successful bid to host Super Bowl XLII in Glendale , Arizona , expanded the number of teams in the Cactus league and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives . She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security . In November 2006 , Napolitano was re-elected as governor , defeating the Republican challenger , Len Munsil , by a nearly 2:1 ratio . She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona . Arizonas constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms , so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010 . In January 2006 , Napolitano won the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service . She served as a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee . She has also served previously as chair of the Western Governors Association , and the National Governors Association . She served as NGA Chair from 2006 to 2007 , and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position . Secretary of Homeland Security . In February 2006 , Napolitano was named by The White House Project as one of 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008 . On January 11 , 2008 , she endorsed then Illinois Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee for president . On November 5 , 2008 , she was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project . On December 1 , 2008 , Barack Obama introduced Napolitano as his nominee for United States Secretary of Homeland Security . On January 20 , 2009 , Napolitano was confirmed , becoming the first woman appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department , and the fourth person to hold the position overall ( including one acting secretary ) . Arizona Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor of Arizona . In March 2009 , Napolitano told the German news site Der Spiegel that while there is always a threat from terrorism , she preferred to talk about man-caused disasters as a way to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur . In April 2009 , in an interview defending her plans to tighten the Canada–US border , Napolitano incorrectly implied that the September 11 attack perpetrators entered the United States from Canada . This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack . Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada , but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth . In response to criticism , she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S . through Canada , there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States.. . [ s ] ome of these are well known to the public , such as the millennium bomber , while others are not due to security reasons . There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada , that of Ahmed Ressam , an Algerian citizen who was in Canada illegally . Nevertheless , Napolitano later claimed that Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally . H1N1 flu . As Secretary , Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the 2009 flu epidemic . Rather than closing schools and businesses , which would have led to wide-scale disruption , Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention . This included a basic virus-prevention education program . Ultimately , as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others , much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated . Right-wing extremism memo . Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security threat assessment report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans . The report focused on potential threats from the radical right . Rightwing Extremism : Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment was made public in April 2009 . The report suggested several factors , including the election of the first black or mixed race president in Barack Obama , concerns regarding future gun control measures , illegal immigration , the economic downturn beginning in 2008 , abortion controversy , and disgruntled military veterans possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment . Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment , and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue . The Department of Homeland Security admitted a breakdown in an internal process by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document . While the American Legion reportedly criticized the assessment , Glen M . Gardner Jr. , the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars , generally defended it , saying it should have been worded differently but served a vital purpose . A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility , he said in a statement . Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . Napolitano was criticized for stating in an interview with CNNs Candy Crowley that the system worked with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009 . She said : What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe , that people are confident when they travel . And one thing Id like to point out is that the system worked . Everybody played an important role here . The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action . Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring , all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight . We instituted new measures on the ground and at screening areas , both here in the United States and in Europe , where this flight originated . So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly , correctly and effectively went very smoothly . She later went on NBCs Today Show with host Matt Lauer and admitted that the security system had indeed failed . She said that her earlier statement was taken out of context and maintained air travel is safe , but admitted , our system did not work in this instance and no one is happy or satisfied with that . Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane , and Napolitano answered , It did [ fail ] . In response to the NW253 bomb attempt , Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives . After full body scanners were deployed , the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment . TSA Pre-Check and Global Entry . To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program TSA Pre Check , which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) in return for expedited security screening . TSA Pre-Check reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports . She also expanded the U.S . Customs and Border Protection trusted traveler program , Global Entry , to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad . Secure Communities . Secure Communities , or SComm , is a deportation program managed by U.S . Immigration and Customs Enforcement , a subdivision of Homeland Security . Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions . On September 7 , 2010 , Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so . However , in October 2010 a Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying : Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in federal law enforcement .. . State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks . ICE will take immigration action appropriately . Napolitano later modified her position : What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like .. . But we do not view this as an opt-in , opt-out program . At the same time Arlington , Virginia passed a resolution to opt out of SComm . A DHS employee commented at a policy conference : Have we created some of the confusion out there ? Absolutely we have . Border security . Under Napolitanos leadership , the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology . These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico . This technology was used to replace Boeings SBI Net , which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional . Printer bomb attempt . After the 2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot , which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs , Napolitano issued a ban for toner and ink cartridges weighing more than one pound on passenger flights . Walmart–DHS partnership . On December 6 , 2010 , Walmart announced it was partnering with the DHS . The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a public service announcement to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager . Napolitano compared the undertaking to the Cold War fight against communists . Tucson memorial . On January 12 , 2011 , together with President Barack Obama , Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of Tucson , the State of Arizona , and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the 2011 Tucson shooting . Discrimination lawsuit . In July 2012 , Napolitano was accused of allowing discrimination against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security . The federal discrimination lawsuit , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , was filled by James Hayes Jr. , at the time a special agent of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) in New York City . The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers , and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano . The suit also claimed that when the abuse was reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party , Hayes . This allegation was never proven . The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on unfounded claims . Suzanne Barr , who was one of Napolitanos first appointments after she became secretary in 2009 , went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1 , 2012 . She called the allegations in the lawsuit unfounded . In November 2012 , Hayes attorney said that the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions , including Hayes keeping his job . Napolitano was also sued by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who claims he was pulled from his post at JFK Airport after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints . DACA and comprehensive immigration reform . Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform , starting with her terms as governor of Arizona . In 2012 , in an effort to provide relief for the so-called DREAM Act population , or DREAMers , Napolitano used prosecutorial discretion to create the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program ( DACA ) . DREAMers were brought to the U.S . by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship . The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers , providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without fear of deportation . DACA was announced by President Obama in a Rose Garden ceremony shortly after its creation . It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority . Napolitanos successor , Jeh Johnson , later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers , but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts . DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S . court . University of California . In July 2013 , Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the University of California ( UC ) . She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18 , 2013 , the first woman to lead the University of California , and began her tenure as president on September 30 , 2013 . On September 18 , 2019 , Napolitano announced her resignation as president , effective August 1 , 2020 . She plans to then teach at the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of California , Berkeley , where she is a tenured professor . Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UCs undocumented students , and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers . She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025 , saying that it was a moral imperative for UC to find solutions to global climate change . In seeking to reduce UCs carbon footprint to zero , Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider , allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in Fresno . In 2017 , Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership . Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers . She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C . She also created the Presidents Public Service Law Fellowship program , which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at UC Berkeley , UC Davis , UC Irvine and UCLA to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of financial need . As part of her Global Food Initiative , which was launched in 2014 , Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food . At the time it was the nations most comprehensive , systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity . Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the systems policies and procedures . On March 7 , 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty , staff and students . She also created a system-wide Title IX office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017 . On October 26 , 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement . Chaired by Napolitano , the center is devoted to research , education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement . During Napolitanos time as president of UC , tuition for undergraduates has held steady , with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017 . Controversies . In April 2016 , Napolitano placed Linda Katehi , the chancellor of UC Davis , on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the UC Davis pepper-spray incident , as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds . On April 25 , 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices After an investigation , the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano , issuing a public admonishment . According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice Carlos R . Moreno , Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitanos administration from negative responses to positive ones . On September 8 , 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed a lawsuit against the United States Federal Government in response to President Trumps decision to ultimately end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA , making her the first former Secretary of Homeland Security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created . In 2020 , Janet Napolitano fired 82 UC Santa Cruz graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a Cost of Living Adjustment to address untenable living conditions . Dismissed students also face loss of tuition remission , health benefits , and living stipends in one of the most expensive counties in the United States , and international students face loss of student visa status . Speculation on other appointments . Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the U.S . Supreme Court . Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the 2016 election . In September 2014 , when Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down , there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next United States Attorney General . Instead , Loretta Lynch replaced Holder . Personal life . Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball . Whitewater rafting and hiking are among her hobbies . She has hiked in Arizonas Superstition Mountains , New Mexicos Sandia Mountains , and the Himalayas , and has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . Napolitano has never married or had children ; as a result , some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation . In 2002 , vote gay fliers were posted next to her campaign signs . Napolitano responded by saying that she is just a straight , single workaholic . Napolitano began undergoing cancer-related treatment in August 2016 . On January 17 , 2017 , Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment . She was released from hospital on January 23 , 2017 .
|
[
"United States Secretary of Homeland Security"
] |
[
{
"text": "Janet Ann Napolitano ( ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American politician , lawyer and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013 , under President Barack Obama . She was president of the University of California system from September 2013 , and stepped down from that position on August 1 , 2020 to join the faculty at Berkeleys Goldman School of Public Policy . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018 . As of ,",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": "she remains the most recent Governor of Arizona from the Democratic Party .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": " Prior to her election as governor , she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 . She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office . Napolitano had earlier served as the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . She has been the first woman to serve in several offices , including Attorney General of Arizona , Secretary of Homeland Security , and president of the University of California .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": "Forbes ranked her as the worlds ninth most powerful woman in 2012 and eighth most powerful woman in 2013 . In 2008 , she was listed by The New York Times as one of the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States .",
"title": "Janet Napolitano"
},
{
"text": " Janet Napolitano was born on November 29 , 1957 , in New York City , the daughter of Jane Marie ( née Winer ) and Leonard Michael Napolitano , who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine . Her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry . Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano is a Methodist . She is the oldest of three children , with a younger brother and sister . She was raised in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Albuquerque , New Mexico , where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano attended Santa Clara University in Santa Clara , California , where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa , won a Truman Scholarship , and studied political science . She was named valedictorian of her graduating class . After graduation , she worked as an analyst for the United States Senate Committee on the Budget . In 1978 , she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange program through IES Abroad . She then earned her Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . After",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M . Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , then joined Schroeders former firm , Lewis and Roca , in Phoenix . She was named a partner of the firm in 1989 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP , Napolitano served as an attorney for Anita Hill . Hill testified in the U.S . Senate that then U.S . Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona . As U.S . Attorney , she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman , Arizona , in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing . She ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998 . During her tenure as attorney general , she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " While serving as attorney general , she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy . Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up . Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer , says Napolitano . I am very grateful for all the support I had from family , friends and Arizonans .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Napolitano narrowly won the gubernatorial election with 46 percent of the vote , succeeding Republican Jane Dee Hull and defeating her Republican opponent , former congressman Matt Salmon , who received 45 percent of the vote . She was Arizonas third female governor and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor . She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987 , and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "She spoke at the 2004 Democratic Convention , where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen . John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election . Kerry selected Senator John Edwards instead . In November 2005 , Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " As Governor , Napolitano set records for total number of vetoes issued . In 2005 , she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes , breaking Jane Dee Hulls 2001 record of 28 . This was followed in June 2006 , less than four years into her term , when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor . The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by Bruce Babbitt during his nine years in office . By the time she left office , Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano supported many educational initiatives . She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona . The state previously only funded half-day programs . She created a literacy program , and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries . She spearheaded significant investments in higher education , including funding a Phoenix campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " She also built the states rainy day fund to more than $650 million , at the time the highest ever . She played a leading role in the successful bid to host Super Bowl XLII in Glendale , Arizona , expanded the number of teams in the Cactus league and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives . She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In November 2006 , Napolitano was re-elected as governor , defeating the Republican challenger , Len Munsil , by a nearly 2:1 ratio . She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona . Arizonas constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms , so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010 .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " In January 2006 , Napolitano won the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service . She served as a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee . She has also served previously as chair of the Western Governors Association , and the National Governors Association . She served as NGA Chair from 2006 to 2007 , and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position . Secretary of Homeland Security .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In February 2006 , Napolitano was named by The White House Project as one of 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008 . On January 11 , 2008 , she endorsed then Illinois Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee for president . On November 5 , 2008 , she was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " On December 1 , 2008 , Barack Obama introduced Napolitano as his nominee for United States Secretary of Homeland Security . On January 20 , 2009 , Napolitano was confirmed , becoming the first woman appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department , and the fourth person to hold the position overall ( including one acting secretary ) . Arizona Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor of Arizona .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , Napolitano told the German news site Der Spiegel that while there is always a threat from terrorism , she preferred to talk about man-caused disasters as a way to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " In April 2009 , in an interview defending her plans to tighten the Canada–US border , Napolitano incorrectly implied that the September 11 attack perpetrators entered the United States from Canada . This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack . Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada , but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "In response to criticism , she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S . through Canada , there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States.. . [ s ] ome of these are well known to the public , such as the millennium bomber , while others are not due to security reasons . There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada , that of Ahmed Ressam , an Algerian citizen who was in",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": "Canada illegally . Nevertheless , Napolitano later claimed that Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally .",
"title": "Governor of Arizona"
},
{
"text": " As Secretary , Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the 2009 flu epidemic . Rather than closing schools and businesses , which would have led to wide-scale disruption , Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention . This included a basic virus-prevention education program . Ultimately , as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others , much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated .",
"title": "H1N1 flu"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security threat assessment report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans . The report focused on potential threats from the radical right . Rightwing Extremism : Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment was made public in April 2009 . The report suggested several factors , including the election of the first black or mixed race president in Barack Obama , concerns regarding future gun control measures , illegal immigration , the economic downturn beginning in 2008 , abortion controversy",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": ", and disgruntled military veterans possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment , and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue . The Department of Homeland Security admitted a breakdown in an internal process by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "While the American Legion reportedly criticized the assessment , Glen M . Gardner Jr. , the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars , generally defended it , saying it should have been worded differently but served a vital purpose . A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility , he said in a statement .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253 . Napolitano was criticized for stating in an interview with CNNs Candy Crowley that the system worked with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009 . She said :",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe , that people are confident when they travel . And one thing Id like to point out is that the system worked . Everybody played an important role here . The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action . Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring , all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight . We instituted new measures on the ground",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "and at screening areas , both here in the United States and in Europe , where this flight originated . So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly , correctly and effectively went very smoothly .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " She later went on NBCs Today Show with host Matt Lauer and admitted that the security system had indeed failed . She said that her earlier statement was taken out of context and maintained air travel is safe , but admitted , our system did not work in this instance and no one is happy or satisfied with that . Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane , and Napolitano answered , It did [ fail ] .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "In response to the NW253 bomb attempt , Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives . After full body scanners were deployed , the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": " TSA Pre-Check and Global Entry . To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program TSA Pre Check , which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) in return for expedited security screening . TSA Pre-Check reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports . She also expanded the U.S . Customs and Border Protection trusted traveler program , Global Entry , to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad .",
"title": "Right-wing extremism memo"
},
{
"text": "Secure Communities , or SComm , is a deportation program managed by U.S . Immigration and Customs Enforcement , a subdivision of Homeland Security . Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions . On September 7 , 2010 , Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so . However , in October 2010 a Washington Post article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying : Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": "federal law enforcement .. . State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks . ICE will take immigration action appropriately .",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano later modified her position : What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like .. . But we do not view this as an opt-in , opt-out program . At the same time Arlington , Virginia passed a resolution to opt out of SComm . A DHS employee commented at a policy conference : Have we created some of the confusion out there ? Absolutely we have .",
"title": "Secure Communities"
},
{
"text": " Under Napolitanos leadership , the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology . These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico . This technology was used to replace Boeings SBI Net , which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional .",
"title": "Border security"
},
{
"text": " After the 2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot , which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs , Napolitano issued a ban for toner and ink cartridges weighing more than one pound on passenger flights .",
"title": "Printer bomb attempt"
},
{
"text": " On December 6 , 2010 , Walmart announced it was partnering with the DHS . The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a public service announcement to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager . Napolitano compared the undertaking to the Cold War fight against communists .",
"title": "Walmart–DHS partnership"
},
{
"text": " On January 12 , 2011 , together with President Barack Obama , Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of Tucson , the State of Arizona , and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the 2011 Tucson shooting .",
"title": "Tucson memorial"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Napolitano was accused of allowing discrimination against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security . The federal discrimination lawsuit , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , was filled by James Hayes Jr. , at the time a special agent of Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) in New York City . The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers , and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano . The suit also claimed that when the abuse was",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party , Hayes . This allegation was never proven . The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on unfounded claims .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": " Suzanne Barr , who was one of Napolitanos first appointments after she became secretary in 2009 , went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1 , 2012 . She called the allegations in the lawsuit unfounded . In November 2012 , Hayes attorney said that the parties have come to an agreement in principle to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions , including Hayes keeping his job .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was also sued by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent who claims he was pulled from his post at JFK Airport after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform , starting with her terms as governor of Arizona . In 2012 , in an effort to provide relief for the so-called DREAM Act population , or DREAMers , Napolitano used prosecutorial discretion to create the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program ( DACA ) . DREAMers were brought to the U.S . by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship . The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers , providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "fear of deportation .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": " DACA was announced by President Obama in a Rose Garden ceremony shortly after its creation . It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority . Napolitanos successor , Jeh Johnson , later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers , but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts . DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S . court .",
"title": "Discrimination lawsuit"
},
{
"text": "In July 2013 , Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the University of California ( UC ) . She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18 , 2013 , the first woman to lead the University of California , and began her tenure as president on September 30 , 2013 . On September 18 , 2019 , Napolitano announced her resignation as president , effective August 1 , 2020 . She plans to then teach at the Goldman School of Public",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Policy at University of California , Berkeley , where she is a tenured professor .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UCs undocumented students , and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers . She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025 , saying that it was a moral imperative for UC to find solutions to global climate change . In seeking to reduce UCs carbon footprint to zero , Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider , allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in Fresno . In 2017 , Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers . She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C . She also created the Presidents Public Service Law Fellowship program , which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at UC Berkeley , UC Davis , UC Irvine and UCLA to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "financial need .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " As part of her Global Food Initiative , which was launched in 2014 , Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food . At the time it was the nations most comprehensive , systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the systems policies and procedures . On March 7 , 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty , staff and students . She also created a system-wide Title IX office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017 .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " On October 26 , 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement . Chaired by Napolitano , the center is devoted to research , education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement . During Napolitanos time as president of UC , tuition for undergraduates has held steady , with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017 .",
"title": "University of California"
},
{
"text": " In April 2016 , Napolitano placed Linda Katehi , the chancellor of UC Davis , on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the UC Davis pepper-spray incident , as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "On April 25 , 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices After an investigation , the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano , issuing a public admonishment . According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice Carlos R . Moreno , Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitanos administration from negative responses to positive ones .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " On September 8 , 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed a lawsuit against the United States Federal Government in response to President Trumps decision to ultimately end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or DACA , making her the first former Secretary of Homeland Security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "In 2020 , Janet Napolitano fired 82 UC Santa Cruz graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a Cost of Living Adjustment to address untenable living conditions . Dismissed students also face loss of tuition remission , health benefits , and living stipends in one of the most expensive counties in the United States , and international students face loss of student visa status .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " Speculation on other appointments . Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the U.S . Supreme Court . Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the 2016 election . In September 2014 , when Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down , there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next United States Attorney General . Instead , Loretta Lynch replaced Holder .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": " Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball . Whitewater rafting and hiking are among her hobbies . She has hiked in Arizonas Superstition Mountains , New Mexicos Sandia Mountains , and the Himalayas , and has climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . Napolitano has never married or had children ; as a result , some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation . In 2002 , vote gay fliers were posted next to her campaign signs . Napolitano responded by saying that she is just a straight , single workaholic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Napolitano began undergoing cancer-related treatment in August 2016 . On January 17 , 2017 , Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment . She was released from hospital on January 23 , 2017 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Gus_Poyet#P54#0
|
Which team did Gus Poyet play for in Jul 1987?
|
Gus Poyet Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América . After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season , but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 . In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager . Playing career . Club career . Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club . Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals . With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals . Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games . International career . Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals . Managerial career . Early coaching . In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager . On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate . On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco . The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager . During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark . On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup . Sunderland . On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October . In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games . Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places . AEK Athens . On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016 Betis . On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez . Shanghai Shenhua . On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final . Bordeaux . On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September . Universidad Católica . On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time . Personal life . Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking . Honours . Player . Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : 1993–94 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1994–95 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 Uruguay - Copa América : 1995 Manager . Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11 Universidad Católica - Supercopa de Chile : 2020 Individual - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011 External links . - Gus Poyets Official Website
|
[
"River Plate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "América .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": ", but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016",
"title": "AEK Athens"
},
{
"text": " On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez .",
"title": "Betis"
},
{
"text": " On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final .",
"title": "Shanghai Shenhua"
},
{
"text": " On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time .",
"title": "Universidad Católica"
},
{
"text": " Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Gus Poyets Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Gus_Poyet#P54#1
|
Which team did Gus Poyet play for in Apr 1988?
|
Gus Poyet Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América . After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season , but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 . In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager . Playing career . Club career . Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club . Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals . With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals . Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games . International career . Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals . Managerial career . Early coaching . In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager . On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate . On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco . The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager . During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark . On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup . Sunderland . On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October . In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games . Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places . AEK Athens . On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016 Betis . On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez . Shanghai Shenhua . On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final . Bordeaux . On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September . Universidad Católica . On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time . Personal life . Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking . Honours . Player . Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : 1993–94 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1994–95 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 Uruguay - Copa América : 1995 Manager . Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11 Universidad Católica - Supercopa de Chile : 2020 Individual - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011 External links . - Gus Poyets Official Website
|
[
"Grenoble"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "América .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": ", but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016",
"title": "AEK Athens"
},
{
"text": " On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez .",
"title": "Betis"
},
{
"text": " On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final .",
"title": "Shanghai Shenhua"
},
{
"text": " On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time .",
"title": "Universidad Católica"
},
{
"text": " Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Gus Poyets Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Gus_Poyet#P54#2
|
Which team did Gus Poyet play for in Dec 1989?
|
Gus Poyet Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América . After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season , but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 . In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager . Playing career . Club career . Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club . Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals . With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals . Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games . International career . Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals . Managerial career . Early coaching . In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager . On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate . On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco . The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager . During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark . On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup . Sunderland . On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October . In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games . Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places . AEK Athens . On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016 Betis . On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez . Shanghai Shenhua . On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final . Bordeaux . On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September . Universidad Católica . On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time . Personal life . Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking . Honours . Player . Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : 1993–94 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1994–95 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 Uruguay - Copa América : 1995 Manager . Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11 Universidad Católica - Supercopa de Chile : 2020 Individual - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011 External links . - Gus Poyets Official Website
|
[
"River Plate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "América .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": ", but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016",
"title": "AEK Athens"
},
{
"text": " On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez .",
"title": "Betis"
},
{
"text": " On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final .",
"title": "Shanghai Shenhua"
},
{
"text": " On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time .",
"title": "Universidad Católica"
},
{
"text": " Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Gus Poyets Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Gus_Poyet#P54#3
|
Which team did Gus Poyet play for between Nov 1990 and Aug 1992?
|
Gus Poyet Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América . After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season , but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 . In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager . Playing career . Club career . Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club . Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals . With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals . Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games . International career . Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals . Managerial career . Early coaching . In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager . On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate . On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco . The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager . During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark . On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup . Sunderland . On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October . In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games . Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places . AEK Athens . On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016 Betis . On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez . Shanghai Shenhua . On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final . Bordeaux . On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September . Universidad Católica . On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time . Personal life . Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking . Honours . Player . Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : 1993–94 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1994–95 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 Uruguay - Copa América : 1995 Manager . Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11 Universidad Católica - Supercopa de Chile : 2020 Individual - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011 External links . - Gus Poyets Official Website
|
[
"Real Zaragoza"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "América .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": ", but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016",
"title": "AEK Athens"
},
{
"text": " On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez .",
"title": "Betis"
},
{
"text": " On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final .",
"title": "Shanghai Shenhua"
},
{
"text": " On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time .",
"title": "Universidad Católica"
},
{
"text": " Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Gus Poyets Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Gus_Poyet#P54#4
|
Which team did Gus Poyet play for between Jun 1999 and Jul 1999?
|
Gus Poyet Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América . After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season , but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 . In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager . Playing career . Club career . Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club . Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals . With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals . Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games . International career . Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals . Managerial career . Early coaching . In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager . On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate . On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco . The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager . During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark . On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup . Sunderland . On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October . In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games . Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places . AEK Athens . On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016 Betis . On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez . Shanghai Shenhua . On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final . Bordeaux . On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September . Universidad Católica . On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time . Personal life . Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking . Honours . Player . Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : 1993–94 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1994–95 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 Uruguay - Copa América : 1995 Manager . Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11 Universidad Católica - Supercopa de Chile : 2020 Individual - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011 External links . - Gus Poyets Official Website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "América .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": ", but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016",
"title": "AEK Athens"
},
{
"text": " On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez .",
"title": "Betis"
},
{
"text": " On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final .",
"title": "Shanghai Shenhua"
},
{
"text": " On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time .",
"title": "Universidad Católica"
},
{
"text": " Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Gus Poyets Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Gus_Poyet#P54#5
|
Which team did Gus Poyet play for in May 2001?
|
Gus Poyet Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América . After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season , but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 . In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager . Playing career . Club career . Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club . Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals . With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals . Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games . International career . Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals . Managerial career . Early coaching . In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager . On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate . On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco . The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager . During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark . On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup . Sunderland . On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October . In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games . Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places . AEK Athens . On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016 Betis . On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez . Shanghai Shenhua . On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final . Bordeaux . On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September . Universidad Católica . On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time . Personal life . Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking . Honours . Player . Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : 1993–94 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1994–95 Chelsea - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998 Uruguay - Copa América : 1995 Manager . Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11 Universidad Católica - Supercopa de Chile : 2020 Individual - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011 External links . - Gus Poyets Official Website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez ( ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer . He is the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate . He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza , with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 1997 , Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In 2001 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur , where he saw out the remainder of his career . He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "América .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": "After his playing career ended , Poyet moved into coaching . He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United , and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur . In November 2009 , Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions , for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA . In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": ", but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results . After short spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens , La Liga club Real Betis , and Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua , he took over Bordeaux in 2018 .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " In February 2021 , after 3 years , he joined Universidad Católica in Chile as the new manager .",
"title": "Gus Poyet"
},
{
"text": " Born in Montevideo , a goalscoring midfielder , he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate . Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990 ; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later , beating Arsenal in the final . He became Zaragozas longest-serving foreign player , and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997 . Not long into his first season at the London club , he suffered cruciate ligament damage , this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the teams successful Cup Winners Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart . The following year , he contributed 14 goals – making him the clubs second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership , including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United . He also scored the winner for Chelsea",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid . In 1999–2000 , he scored 18 goals ( which again made him Chelseas second highest scorer ) , with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland , a long range strike against Lazio , and both of Chelseas goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United , among the most memorable , as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000 , Chelsea was a team in transition . With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad , Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer . In 145 appearances for Chelsea , Poyet scored 49 goals .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million . He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final , but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers . His time at the club was blighted by injuries , and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002 , but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Poyet was a Uruguay international , making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru ( 1–2 ) . After 67 minutes , he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera . Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995 . In doing so , he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament . He won 26 caps in total , scoring three goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In July 2006 , he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate , Dennis Wise . Both Poyet and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager , John Carver , until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation . On 24 October 2006 , Poyet was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 29 October 2007 , Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach . During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane , he won the 2007–08 League Cup , beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 25 October 2008 , Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos , first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli . Brighton & Hove Albion .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "On 10 November 2009 , Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract . Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyets assistant manager . He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1 . He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer , Radostin Kishishev , Liam Bridcutt , Matt Sparrow , Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes . He also signed a new four-year",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "The season started with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table . Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Years Day against Leyton Orient . Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March , leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton . Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge , Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "minute . The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011 , as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1 , having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play . On 23 May 2011 , Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "During pre-season 2011 , Poyet twice broke the clubs record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith , and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer . After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season , Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011 . Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016 . In March 2012 , Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony , beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": "Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 23 June 2013 , Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that his employment has been terminated with immediate effect . Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement , whilst working as a pundit for BBC Threes coverage of the Spain vs . Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "Early coaching"
},
{
"text": " On 8 October 2013 , it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract , becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League . Eleven days later in his first match in charge , they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City . His second game in charge , and first at the Stadium of Light , resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "In his first season in charge , he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals . On 19 April 2014 , Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager , a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge . Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining , performing a miracle in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": "points adrift of safety as late as 7 April , when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club , but Sunderland , under Poyets stewardship , earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014 . The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015 . At the time of his sacking , they were in 17th place in the league , one point above the relegation places .",
"title": "Sunderland"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2015 , AEK Athens reported that Poyet had agreed in principle to be the clubs manager until summer 2016 . In February 2016 , he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos . He was sacked on 19 April 2016",
"title": "AEK Athens"
},
{
"text": " On 9 May 2016 , Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis . On 12 November 2016 , he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez .",
"title": "Betis"
},
{
"text": " On 29 November 2016 , Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua . Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September , he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the teams championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November , including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round , and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final .",
"title": "Shanghai Shenhua"
},
{
"text": " On 20 January 2018 , Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux . In August , he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier . He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " On 28 February 2021 , Poyet became the manager of Primera División club Universidad Católica . His son Diego , now retired , joined his coaching staff for the first time .",
"title": "Universidad Católica"
},
{
"text": " Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons : Diego ( born 1995 ) and Matias ( born 1993 ) . Diego is also a midfielder , making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United , and has represented England at youth international level . Poyets father was Olympic basketball player Washington Poyet , while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America . Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions , believing it to share many attributes with football , particularly marking .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1999–2000 - FA Charity Shield : 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1997–98 - UEFA Super Cup : 1998",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - League One Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement : 2011",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Gus Poyets Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom#P39#0
|
Which position did Andrea Leadsom hold between Aug 2012 and Apr 2014?
|
Andrea Leadsom Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual . Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation as party leader , taking effect on 7 June . She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick . After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy , and she left the company in 1997 . From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing . Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire . Political career . Member of Parliament . Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank . Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies . In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right . Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple . In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury . On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom . Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system . According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting . Inheritance tax . In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm . There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” . Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department . In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto . Brexit campaign . Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU . In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures . Conservative leadership election , 2016 . Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union . In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron . Interviews . In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true . Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay . Alleged exaggeration of pre-government jobs and responsibilities . On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ; Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months . Comments about motherhood . Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May , Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her . Comments about men and childcare . In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. . Questions over financial affairs . She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she has not published her tax return.” Black ops allegation . Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism . Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian . In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering . Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so . Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay . Criticism of broadcasters . On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment . On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 . On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in the Commons during the week of 18–22 February . Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership . Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates . Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson . On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit . Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 . Political views . Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job . She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . Environment . Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded . As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used . In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . European Union . In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving . However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament , set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin . Charity support . Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee . Personal life . She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months . Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament . External links . - Official website - Debretts People of Today
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[
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[
{
"text": " Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "as party leader , taking effect on 7 June .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy ,",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "and she left the company in 1997 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ;",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": ", Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "has not published her tax return.”",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "the Commons during the week of 18–22 February .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament ,",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee .",
"title": "Charity support"
},
{
"text": " She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Debretts People of Today",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom#P39#1
|
Which position did Andrea Leadsom hold in Jun 2014?
|
Andrea Leadsom Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual . Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation as party leader , taking effect on 7 June . She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick . After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy , and she left the company in 1997 . From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing . Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire . Political career . Member of Parliament . Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank . Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies . In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right . Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple . In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury . On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom . Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system . According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting . Inheritance tax . In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm . There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” . Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department . In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto . Brexit campaign . Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU . In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures . Conservative leadership election , 2016 . Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union . In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron . Interviews . In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true . Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay . Alleged exaggeration of pre-government jobs and responsibilities . On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ; Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months . Comments about motherhood . Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May , Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her . Comments about men and childcare . In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. . Questions over financial affairs . She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she has not published her tax return.” Black ops allegation . Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism . Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian . In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering . Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so . Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay . Criticism of broadcasters . On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment . On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 . On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in the Commons during the week of 18–22 February . Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership . Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates . Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson . On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit . Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 . Political views . Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job . She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . Environment . Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded . As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used . In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . European Union . In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving . However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament , set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin . Charity support . Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee . Personal life . She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months . Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament . External links . - Official website - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "as party leader , taking effect on 7 June .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy ,",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "and she left the company in 1997 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ;",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": ", Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "has not published her tax return.”",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "the Commons during the week of 18–22 February .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament ,",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee .",
"title": "Charity support"
},
{
"text": " She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Debretts People of Today",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom#P39#2
|
Which position did Andrea Leadsom hold in May 2015?
|
Andrea Leadsom Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual . Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation as party leader , taking effect on 7 June . She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick . After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy , and she left the company in 1997 . From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing . Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire . Political career . Member of Parliament . Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank . Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies . In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right . Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple . In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury . On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom . Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system . According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting . Inheritance tax . In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm . There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” . Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department . In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto . Brexit campaign . Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU . In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures . Conservative leadership election , 2016 . Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union . In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron . Interviews . In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true . Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay . Alleged exaggeration of pre-government jobs and responsibilities . On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ; Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months . Comments about motherhood . Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May , Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her . Comments about men and childcare . In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. . Questions over financial affairs . She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she has not published her tax return.” Black ops allegation . Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism . Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian . In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering . Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so . Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay . Criticism of broadcasters . On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment . On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 . On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in the Commons during the week of 18–22 February . Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership . Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates . Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson . On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit . Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 . Political views . Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job . She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . Environment . Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded . As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used . In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . European Union . In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving . However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament , set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin . Charity support . Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee . Personal life . She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months . Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament . External links . - Official website - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"MP for South Northamptonshire"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "as party leader , taking effect on 7 June .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy ,",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "and she left the company in 1997 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ;",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": ", Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "has not published her tax return.”",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "the Commons during the week of 18–22 February .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament ,",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee .",
"title": "Charity support"
},
{
"text": " She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Debretts People of Today",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom#P39#3
|
Which position did Andrea Leadsom hold in Mar 2016?
|
Andrea Leadsom Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual . Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation as party leader , taking effect on 7 June . She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick . After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy , and she left the company in 1997 . From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing . Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire . Political career . Member of Parliament . Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank . Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies . In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right . Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple . In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury . On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom . Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system . According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting . Inheritance tax . In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm . There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” . Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department . In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto . Brexit campaign . Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU . In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures . Conservative leadership election , 2016 . Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union . In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron . Interviews . In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true . Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay . Alleged exaggeration of pre-government jobs and responsibilities . On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ; Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months . Comments about motherhood . Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May , Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her . Comments about men and childcare . In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. . Questions over financial affairs . She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she has not published her tax return.” Black ops allegation . Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism . Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian . In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering . Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so . Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay . Criticism of broadcasters . On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment . On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 . On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in the Commons during the week of 18–22 February . Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership . Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates . Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson . On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit . Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 . Political views . Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job . She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . Environment . Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded . As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used . In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . European Union . In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving . However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament , set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin . Charity support . Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee . Personal life . She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months . Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament . External links . - Official website - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "as party leader , taking effect on 7 June .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy ,",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "and she left the company in 1997 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ;",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": ", Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "has not published her tax return.”",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "the Commons during the week of 18–22 February .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament ,",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee .",
"title": "Charity support"
},
{
"text": " She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Debretts People of Today",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom#P39#4
|
Which position did Andrea Leadsom hold between Mar 2017 and May 2017?
|
Andrea Leadsom Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual . Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation as party leader , taking effect on 7 June . She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick . After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy , and she left the company in 1997 . From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing . Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire . Political career . Member of Parliament . Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank . Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies . In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right . Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple . In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury . On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom . Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system . According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting . Inheritance tax . In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm . There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” . Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department . In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto . Brexit campaign . Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU . In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures . Conservative leadership election , 2016 . Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union . In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron . Interviews . In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true . Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay . Alleged exaggeration of pre-government jobs and responsibilities . On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ; Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months . Comments about motherhood . Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May , Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her . Comments about men and childcare . In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. . Questions over financial affairs . She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she has not published her tax return.” Black ops allegation . Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism . Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian . In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering . Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so . Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay . Criticism of broadcasters . On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment . On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 . On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in the Commons during the week of 18–22 February . Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership . Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates . Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson . On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit . Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 . Political views . Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job . She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . Environment . Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded . As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used . In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . European Union . In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving . However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament , set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin . Charity support . Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee . Personal life . She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months . Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament . External links . - Official website - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Environment Secretary"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "as party leader , taking effect on 7 June .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy ,",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "and she left the company in 1997 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ;",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": ", Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "has not published her tax return.”",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "the Commons during the week of 18–22 February .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament ,",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee .",
"title": "Charity support"
},
{
"text": " She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Debretts People of Today",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom#P39#5
|
Which position did Andrea Leadsom hold in Jun 2017?
|
Andrea Leadsom Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual . Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation as party leader , taking effect on 7 June . She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick . After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy , and she left the company in 1997 . From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing . Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire . Political career . Member of Parliament . Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank . Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies . In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right . Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple . In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury . On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom . Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system . According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting . Inheritance tax . In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm . There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” . Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department . In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto . Brexit campaign . Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU . In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures . Conservative leadership election , 2016 . Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union . In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron . Interviews . In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true . Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay . Alleged exaggeration of pre-government jobs and responsibilities . On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest . Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ; Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months . Comments about motherhood . Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May , Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her . Comments about men and childcare . In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. . Questions over financial affairs . She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she has not published her tax return.” Black ops allegation . Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism . Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian . In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering . Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so . Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay . Criticism of broadcasters . On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment . On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 . On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in the Commons during the week of 18–22 February . Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership . Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates . Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson . On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit . Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 . Political views . Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job . She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . Environment . Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded . As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used . In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . European Union . In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving . However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament , set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin . Charity support . Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee . Personal life . She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months . Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament . External links . - Official website - Debretts People of Today
|
[
"Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom ( ; Salmon ; born 13 May 1963 ) is a Conservative politician who served as Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2019 to 2020 , and has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Northamptonshire since 2010 . Leadsom served as the Leader of the House of Commons from 2017 to 2019 . Leadsom has twice run to become Leader of the Conservative Party , in 2016 and 2019 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire in 1963 . After graduating with a degree in political science at the University of Warwick , she began a career in finance including working as Institutional Banking Director at Barclays , and later as Senior Investment Officer and Head of Corporate Governance at Invesco Perpetual .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a prominent member of the Leave campaign during the 2016 EU referendum , and gained standing in referendum TV debates . On David Camerons resignation , Leadsom became one of five candidates in the election for the leadership of the governing Conservative Party , and thereby for the role of Prime Minister . In the second round of voting by MPs , she came second to Theresa May . May appointed Leadsom as Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom served in the May Government as Environment Secretary from 2016 to 2017 . She had previously served in the Cameron–Clegg coalition as Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2015 to 2016 , and Economic Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister from 2014 to 2015 . Following the snap election of 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . On 22 May 2019 , she resigned in protest at Mays Brexit strategy . Two days later , May announced her resignation",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "as party leader , taking effect on 7 June .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " She stood to be leader of the Conservative Party in June 2019 but was eliminated in the first round of voting , finishing 8th out of 10 candidates with 11 votes . Early life and financial career . Leadsom was born in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the daughter of Richard and Judy Salmon ( née Kitchin ) . She attended Tonbridge Girls Grammar School , then read Political Science at the University of Warwick .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "After graduation , Leadsom began a career in the financial sector as a debt trader for Barclays de Zoete Wedd , then the investment bank division of Barclays Bank . For Barclays itself , she served as Deputy Director in the Financial Institutions team from 1993 ; this involved the maintenance of contractual relationships with other banks . In this role , she said she was given a ringside seat in the collapse of Barings Bank . Leadsom clashed with the head of Barclays Investments who tried to persuade her to return to full-time work soon after a pregnancy ,",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "and she left the company in 1997 .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " From 1997 to 1999 , Leadsom served as Managing Director of De Putron Fund Management ( DPFM ) . In 1998 she was promoted to board director for marketing .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was Head of Corporate Governance and a Senior Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual from 1999 to 2009 . Her role was to work ( sometimes part-time ) on special projects , mostly for the Chief Investment Officer , which included negotiating pay terms for senior fund managers . Towards the end of her time , she advised on a number of governance issues , but she had no-one reporting to her in either role . Leadsom has never claimed to have personally been a fund manager , and Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms former manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a Councillor on South Oxfordshire District Council between 2003 and 2007 . She contested the safe labour seat of Knowsley South constituency in the 2005 general election unsuccessfully and finished in third place , adding just under 1% to the previous vote . She was subsequently placed on the Conservative A-List and later chosen to represent the newly created seat of South Northamptonshire .",
"title": "Andrea Leadsom"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was selected to stand as the parliamentary candidate in the newly-created South Northamptonshire constituency in June 2006 . In 2009 , ConservativeHome said that she was defending a notional Conservative majority of 11,356 . At the 2010 general election in May , Leadsom was elected with a majority of more than 20,000 . On entering the House of Commons she was elected as a member of the Treasury Select Committee . She made her maiden speech on 22 June 2010 during the budget debate , when she spoke of restoring health to the financial sector , drawing from personal",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "experience in financial regulation , particularly with Barings Bank .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom campaigned for EU reform . In September 2011 , she co-founded the Fresh Start Project with Conservative MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and George Eustice to research and build support for realistic and far-reaching proposals for reforming the EU . On 25 October 2011 , Leadsom was one of 81 Conservative MPs to defy the party whip and vote in favour of holding a referendum on the UKs membership of the European Union . This led to a sharp ruction with the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , at the time , which she denies .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , during the Libor scandal , she was widely reported on for her contribution to the Treasury Select Committees questioning of Bob Diamond . At a subsequent hearing she questioned Paul Tucker , who stated that the previous government had not conspired with the Bank to fix rates . In a BBC interview , Leadsom stated that the suggestion has now been completely squashed by Paul Tucker , and that on that specific point , George Osborne might want to apologise to Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls for suggesting he was implicated in rate fixing , although she",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "also pointed out that Balls still [ had ] a huge amount to answer for in relation to the scandal and his time in office . Mike Smithson suggested this could be a reason for Osborne to overlook her for a promotion in the 2012 cabinet reshuffle , despite the fact that in terms of talent she must be right at the top of the list of 2010 newbies who should be promoted . In 2012 , Leadsom was ranked 91 on Iain Dales list of top 100 most influential figures from the right .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom was one of five MPs to abstain from the Governments Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill by voting in both lobbies . Leadsom had earlier said she found the wording of the legislation unacceptable , and that voting no reflected the views of so many of her constituents , who felt that the bill was deeply wrong , but ultimately chose to abstain , saying , I find myself genuinely torn...I cannot vote against a measure that would mean so much to the minority of homosexual couples for whom marriage is the ultimate recognition for their genuine feelings",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "for each other . Yet nor can I vote for a measure that risks centuries of faith-based belief in marriage . During her Conservative Party leadership campaign in 2016 , she stated she would have preferred a situation in which there were two types of services . Following the vote , Leadsom stated , I would like to make clear that I fully support the lifelong commitment that is made between any loving couple and that I believe the legal basis of a same sex marriage should be no different to that of a heterosexual couple .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Leadsom was appointed by David Cameron to the Number 10 Policy Unit , with responsibility for part of the public services brief . Economic Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "On 9 April 2014 Leadsom was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury following Maria Millers resignation from the Cabinet . She was also given the additional responsibility of City Minister , a post which had previously been held concurrently with the position of Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Leadsom received praise for her dealings with Icelandic Minister of Finance , Bjarni Benediktsson , for delivering an almighty dressing down from the fearsome Leadsom .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was instrumental in introducing the UK Governments first Islamic bonds , the Sukuk . This was the first Islamic bond listed outside the Islamic world . Leadsom stated the strong demand for the Sukuk not only delivers good value for money for the taxpayer , but also cements Britains position as the western hub of Islamic finance and is a part of our long term economic plan to make Britain the undisputed centre of the global financial system .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "According to the Financial Times , her period as City Minister was seen by departmental officials as a disaster , the worst minister we ever had . … She found it difficult to understand issues or take decisions . She was monomaniacal , seeing the EU as the source of every problem . She alienated officials by continually complaining about poor drafting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In about 1997 , she formed the company Bandal with her husband , and bought property in Oxford and Surrey . The company was financed by loans from the Jersey arm of Kleinwort Benson , a private bank . It was learned in 2014 that Leadsom had transferred her shares to a trust fund for her children . A spokesman for Leadsom said : This is a normal corporate situation and all tax that is due is being paid . None of the loans for the properties are based offshore . Donations from family firm .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "There was further criticism in 2014 when The Independent revealed that she had received a series of donations totalling £70,000 to pay for printing and research costs for the FSP over the course of three years . The company is owned by her brother in law , whose family is based in the British Virgin Islands . Leadsoms husband Ben is a director of the firm which made the donations , which were used to pay the salaries of staff in Leadsoms Westminster office after her election as MP ; the firm has also made donations of £816,000 to the",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "Conservative party . Because the firm making the donations , Gloucester Research ( later becoming GR Software and Research ) , was based in London , the donations conformed to the rule banning political donations from abroad . The Labour MP Tom Watson said : “These very large donations might be within the rules , but it certainly isn’t right that a Treasury minister has been taking money in this way . Most reasonable people will see this as completely unreasonable” .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Energy . Leadsom was re-elected as MP for South Northamptonshire on 7 May 2015 with 36,607 votes , compared to her nearest rival Lucy Mills ( Labour ) , with 10,191 votes . On 11 May 2015 , Leadsom , who had previously opposed wind farms and European renewable energy targets , was moved from Economic Secretary to the Treasury , to be appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , reporting to Amber Rudd who was promoted to Secretary of State at the same department .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 Leadsom announced the end of taxpayer funded subsidies for onshore wind farms , stating we now have enough onshore wind in the pipeline to be sufficient to meet our renewable electricity aims . This was a year earlier than was originally planned and was in line with the Conservative Party Manifesto .",
"title": "Inheritance tax"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom took a prominent role in the campaign to leave the EU in June 2016 . She argued that the Governor of the Bank of England , Mark Carney , had destabilised financial markets and jeopardised the Banks independence by warning of short-term negative effects on the economy caused by leaving the EU .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "In a televised debate on the referendum , Leadsom appeared on the Leave panel , along with Gisela Stuart and Boris Johnson . She disputed claims that the UK should pursue single market membership , saying that 80% of the worlds economy , and most EU free-trade deals , are not within the single market . She also said that the UK economy is too large to need the single market , but is hindered by the slowness of EU trade procedures .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": "Immediately following the referendum vote on 23 June 2016 for Britain to leave the EU , David Cameron announced that he would resign as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister by October . Leadsom was one of the early favourites to become the next Prime Minister , and was also linked with a possible role as Chancellor . On 30 June 2016 she announced her candidacy to become leader of the Conservative Party . Leadsom said she would trigger immediately upon becoming Prime Minister , and conduct swift negotiations with the European Union .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In the first round of voting on 5 July 2016 , Theresa May received support from 165 MPs , while Leadsom came second with 66 votes . In the second ballot , Leadsom came second with 84 votes . Michael Gove was eliminated with 46 votes . Theresa May received 199 votes . On 11 July 2016 , Leadsom announced she would be withdrawing her leadership bid , leaving Theresa May as the successor to David Cameron .",
"title": "Brexit campaign"
},
{
"text": " In a BBC interview on 7 July 2016 , Leadsom spoke of her disappointment about plotting in the leadership race , including alleged attempts by opponents to block her from the final ballot . She dismissed as ridiculous accusations that her biography was misleading , saying that her incredibly varied CV is all absolutely true .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom promised to banish the pessimists and to provide prosperity for the UK if elected , and stated that she was committed to fair trade . She also stated that she would review the Hunting Act with a focus on animal welfare if elected , and was asked about her concerns over the legislation passed to introduce same sex marriage . Prior to 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled . She also criticised her rival Theresa Mays plan to use the",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "status of EU nationals living in the UK as bargaining chips , promising that if she was elected they could stay .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "On 6 July 2016 The Times and other news media published articles which said that Leadsom had overstated her private sector experience and responsibilities . They said that despite references her supporters had made to her managing billions of pounds in funds and her impressive-sounding job titles , she had held financial services regulator approval for only a brief three-month period in 10 years at Invesco Perpetual , and quoted former colleagues who said that she had exaggerated her level of involvement and her management responsibilities . Bob Yerbury , former Chief Investment Officer at Invesco Perpetual and Leadsoms former",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "manager , dismissed the controversy about how she described her time there and described her as totally honest .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Penny Mordaunt , a Leadsom supporter , described the reports as a concerted effort to rubbish a stellar career . Leadsom then issued an amended CV , which The Guardian said listed both deputy financial institutions director , and financial institutions director roles at Barclays . Leadsom defended her CV in a BBC interview , saying claims of it being exaggerated were ridiculous . I have not changed my CV , she said . I was always very clear ; I was senior investment officer working very closely with the chief investment officer . I have been very clear ;",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Im not a funds manager . I was , in Barclays and BZW , managing huge teams of people and large budgets and responsible for the trading relationships . To be very careful not to mislead , Barclays is a very big player in the large corporate and institutional banking world , and so the trading relationships are enormous – billions and billions and billions of pounds . So , when I was there as the financial institutions director [ sic ] responsible for UK banking relationship , the responsibility was for billions of pounds of trading lines and facilities",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "to those companies … Ive never said I was a fund manager and Ive never been a fund manager , she said . According to FSA records she was authorised to manage money for only three months .",
"title": "Interviews"
},
{
"text": "Leadsoms comments in an interview with The Times were interpreted as hinting that her being a mother meant that she was a better choice for Prime Minister than May , who has not been able to have children for health reasons , because it meant that she had a very real stake in the future . She said that she did not want this to be Andrea has children , Theresa hasnt because I think that would be really horrible . After The Times published the story , with the headline Being a mother gives me an edge on May",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": ", Leadsom said that she was disgusted by the article , which was the exact opposite of what I said . The Times later released a partial transcript of the comments , and when Leadsom supporter Penny Mordaunt said that it was trying to smear Leadsom , The Times released an audio recording . Her comments were widely criticised with fellow Conservative MPs including Sarah Wollaston and Anna Soubry suggesting the remarks showed she lacked the judgement to be Prime Minister and calling upon her to withdraw . Alan Duncan described her remarks as vile . Tim Loughton , Leadsoms",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "campaign manager for the leadership contest , said that the establishment were ganging up on her .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with The Times , Andrea Leadsom suggested men should not be hired to look after young children as they might be paedophiles . In the interview she said : As an employer we’re not , let’s face it , most of us don’t employ men as nannies , most of us don’t .. . Now you can call that sexist , I call that cautious and very sensible when you look at the stats . Your odds are stacked against you if you employ a man . . . We know paedophiles are attracted to working with",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "children . I’m sorry but they’re the facts. .",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "She promised to publish her tax returns when she made it to the final ballot of the leadership election . Three days later she published one year of tax information after rival Theresa May released four years’ worth of tax returns . Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research UK , a tax campaign group , said “This isn’t her tax return , it’s a tax computation...It’s a summary of numerical information but not an explanation of where it came from or what tax is due . It excludes all the information that might be of interest , so she",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "has not published her tax return.”",
"title": "Comments about motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Former conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith alleged that the intensity and nature of the sniping at Andrea Leadsom revealed ulterior motives , unconnected to her fitness for the post , saying to journalist Robert Peston that they indicated a kind of real black-ops operation to denigrate her reputation , writing later it constituted a concerted and brutal attempt to destroy her character . Allison Pearson in The Sunday Telegraph wrote , I have no doubt whatsoever that Leadsom became the target of a brutal and sustained character assassination . The next day she wrote , Andrea Leadsom has nothing to",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "be ashamed of : her conscience is clear . Those who sought to destroy her should examine theirs , if they can find it . Norman Tebbit described the efforts to remove her candidature as an intense smear campaign , saying that he suspected they may have arisen from her opposition to gay marriage as much as her Euroscepticism .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawal from the leadership contest . On 11 July 2016 Leadsom withdrew from the Conservative leadership election , stating that she did not have enough support for her cause , with only a quarter of the votes from the parliamentary party . The previous day The Sunday Times had reported a rumour that up to 20 Tory MPs would quit the party if Leadsom won the leadership contest ; this was later supported by reports in other news media but denied by MPs according to The Guardian .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In her statement Leadsom said : the interests of our country are best served by the immediate appointment of a strong and well-supported prime minister . I am therefore withdrawing from the leadership election , and I wish Mrs May the very greatest success . Her campaign manager , MP Tim Loughton spoke about an onslaught of often very personal attacks from colleagues and journalists as well as underhand tactics against decent people . Leadsom had been under pressure from the news media , with reports criticising her exaggeration of business and management experience and her suggestion that motherhood strengthened",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "her candidacy for Prime Minister . Leadsom charged The Times with gutter journalism in response to the article about the motherhood issue . The Times subsequently released the audio tapes of the interview to confirm Leadsoms statement . Although she subsequently apologised for any hurt I have caused to Theresa May , she also related that she had felt under attack , under enormous pressure … It has been shattering .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "Her resignation statement did not touch on either controversy or her personal feelings . Instead , she thanked the 84 MPs who had supported her , conceding that this is less than 25% of the parliamentary party and .. . I do not believe this is sufficient support to win a strong and stable government should I win the leadership election . After her appointment as a Cabinet minister , other comments that Leadsom had made during the leadership race came to light and also led to criticism . During the 6 July 2016 interview with The Times , she",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "had stated that men were more likely to be paedophiles than women and hence , were not suitable to be hired for jobs in daycare . Several MPs in opposition parties called for May to dismiss Leadsom from the Cabinet but the prime minister declined to do so .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Following Theresa Mays cabinet shuffle on 14 July 2016 Leadsom moved from her role as Energy Minister to become Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": "In April 2017 , following the announcement of the general election in June , Leadsom was instructed to delay a report of illegally high levels of diesel pollution affecting over half the population until after the election . Constitutional experts Dr Jo Murkens and Colin Talbot agreed it was a health issue and therefore not affected by the election and the government was instructed to appear in the high court to explain the delay .",
"title": "Black ops allegation"
},
{
"text": " On the anniversary of the Brexit vote , Leadsom was invited to discuss progress on Newsnight and claimed that the government had made a good start . While being interviewed by Emily Maitlis , Leadsom suggested broadcasters should be a little more patriotic . Tim Farron described her remarks as a sinister threat to the free media , a comment echoed by Hugo Rifkind in The Times , whilst Peston on Sunday mockingly displayed his patriotism by decorating the studio with Union Jacks . Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2017 , Leadsom was appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons . In this capacity , in July 2017 , while attempting to eulogise Jane Austen , who was about to feature on the new £10 note scheduled to go into circulation in September , Leadsom told the House of Commons : I would just add one other great lady to that lovely list , who I am delighted to join in celebrating , and thats that of Jane Austen , who will feature on the new £10 note , which",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "I think is one of our greatest living authors . Amid laughs from both benches , she corrected herself , adding : Greatest ever authors , and I think its fantastic that at last we are starting to recognize – well I think many of us probably wish she were still living – but I absolutely share the sentiment .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " On 14 January 2019 , Leadsom was criticised in the House of Commons by the Speaker of the House , John Bercow for the failure of the government to advance the cause of proxy voting for expectant mothers . The issue came to a head due to the imminent caesarean section delivery by Tulip Siddiq at the time of the rescheduled meaningful vote on 15 January 2019 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 31 January 2019 , Leadsom said the House of Commons February recess from 15 to 24 February would be cancelled to free up time to pass the necessary Brexit-related legislation . Earlier in the day , her cabinet colleague Jeremy Hunt raised the possibility of Brexit being delayed with a technical extension to Article 50 . The Times newspaper reported that senior Government ministers fear that it is already too late to meet the Brexit deadline of 29 March , and that Conservative MPs have been told that a one-line whip is expected to be imposed on votes in",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "the Commons during the week of 18–22 February .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom resigned as Leader of the House of Commons on 22 May , the eve of the European elections , as a result of Theresa Mays most recent Brexit proposals , including the offer of votes in the House of Commons on a customs union and a second referendum . Conservative leadership election , 2019 . On 8 May 2019 , Leadsom stated she was seriously considering a bid for the party leadership .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom officially announced her candidacy on 25 May , the same day that Matt Hancock and Dominic Raab also announced they were running . She was proposed and seconded by fellow MPs Chris Heaton-Harris and Heather Wheeler . Leadsom was eliminated from the contest in the first ballot , on 13 June 2019 , and came overall in eighth place out of ten candidates .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . On 24 July 2019 , Leadsom was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy by incoming Prime Minister Boris Johnson .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": "On 19 October , she said she was subject to frightening abuse from anti-Brexit demonstrators whilst leaving the Palace of Westminster . Jacob Rees-Mogg and Michael Gove were also targeted as they left following a House of Commons sitting . Leadsom was given a police escort through crowds gathered for a Peoples Vote rally , who were protesting for a further public vote on Brexit .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom retained her seat with an increased majority at the 2019 general election . In May 2020 the environmental law charity ClientEarth unsuccessfully sued the UK Government after Leadsom approved proposals for the expansion of the gas-fired Drax Power Station in Yorkshire . According to the charity , the power station could produce 75% of the UK’s energy sector emissions when fully operational and would become the largest gas-fired power station in Europe . She was relieved of her duties as Business Secretary in the 2020 British cabinet reshuffle undertaken by Boris Johnson on 13 February 2020 .",
"title": "Criticism of broadcasters"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom said in 2016 that she was absolutely pro-choice on abortion , but was keeping an eye on scientific progress which makes foetuses viable earlier . She is concerned about child development , and founded a charity which helps vulnerable mothers to bond with their babies . In the 2016 US Presidential election she supported Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton against Republican Trump . When seeking the Premiership she said she absolutely would rule out giving Nigel Farage [ of UKIP ] a job .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": "She said that if she became Prime Minister she would reform the ban on fox hunting to ensure greater protections for animal welfare . Prior to the 2017 election , Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Before becoming Minister at the Department of Energy and Climate Change , Leadsom had opposed wind farms and EU renewable energy targets . After her appointment she said When I first came to this job one of my two questions was : Is climate change real ? and the other was Is hydraulic fracturing [ fracking ] safe ? And on both of those questions I am now completely persuaded .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "As Minister , Leadsom launched the consultation to ban microbeads . Leadsom was personally opposed to microbeads , stating Most people would be dismayed to know the face scrub or toothpaste they use was causing irreversible damage to the environment , with billions of indigestible plastic pieces poisoning sea creatures . Adding plastic to products like face washes and body scrubs is wholly unnecessary when harmless alternatives can be used .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In her role as Secretary of State for the Department for Energy , Food and Rural Affairs , Leadsom stated she was personally deeply committed to the importance of ensuring clean air . Prior to the 2017 election Leadsom advised Theresa May not to repeat her promise to allow parliamentary time to discuss repealing the hunting ban , but was overruled .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " In April 2013 at the Hansard Societys annual parliamentary affairs lecture , Leadsom warned against the UK leaving the European Union , stating that I think it would be a disaster for our economy and it would lead to a decade of economic and political uncertainty at a time when the tectonic plates of global success are moving .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "However , in 2016 Leadsom campaigned for leave in the UK referendum on European Union membership . The Mail on Sunday reproduced her earlier comments in its issue of 3 July 2016 . After her comments were read out by Andrew Marr on his Sunday morning BBC programme , she explained to Marr how she reached her more recent position : It has been a journey . When I came into Parliament , like most people in the country Id grown up as part of the EU and its absolutely part of our DNA and I came into Parliament ,",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "set up something called the Fresh Start Project , which took hundreds and hundreds of hours of evidence about how the EU impacts on the UK – on everything from immigration to fisheries and so on.. . During that process I travelled all across Europe with lots of parliamentary colleagues – up to 100 Conservative colleagues supporting this work – to try and get a really decent , fundamental reform of the EU . A spokesman for Leadsom said that the recording was taken completely out of context because she had opened the lecture by saying that the EU needed",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": "major reforms in order for it to be sustainable . She added that the democratic consent for the EU in Britain was wafer thin .",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"text": " Leadsom was a founder of the Northamptonshire Parent Infant Partnership , a charity providing therapeutic support to help parents bond with their babies who have insecure attachment , and also founded PIPUK , the national charity for Parent Infant Partnerships which set up branches in four further counties since its inception . NORPIP was originally set up with funding from the Ana Leaf Foundation , of which Leadsoms sister Hayley , wife of Peter de Putron , is a trustee .",
"title": "Charity support"
},
{
"text": " She married business manager Ben Leadsom in 1993 and has two sons and one daughter . Following the birth of her first child , she suffered from postnatal depression for several months .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Leadsom states that Christianity has a central role in her life . She told Tim Ross of The Daily Telegraph : I am a very committed Christian . I think my values and everything I do is driven by that . She participates in various Bible studies groups with other parliamentarians and prays all the time and has discussed her Christian faith openly in a video hosted on the website of the all party parliamentary group Christians in Parliament .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Debretts People of Today",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Grafton_Melville_Richards#P108#0
|
Grafton Melville Richards was an employee for whom before Feb 1939?
|
Grafton Melville Richards He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A . with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 . Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS ( Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 . After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 . Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest . He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area . Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. . Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) . It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time . Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .
|
[
"Swansea University"
] |
[
{
"text": "He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": ". with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS (",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
}
] |
/wiki/Grafton_Melville_Richards#P108#1
|
Grafton Melville Richards was an employee for whom in Apr 1941?
|
Grafton Melville Richards He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A . with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 . Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS ( Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 . After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 . Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest . He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area . Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. . Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) . It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time . Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .
|
[
"Bletchley Park"
] |
[
{
"text": "He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": ". with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS (",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
}
] |
/wiki/Grafton_Melville_Richards#P108#2
|
Grafton Melville Richards was an employee for whom between Feb 1945 and Jul 1945?
|
Grafton Melville Richards He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A . with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 . Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS ( Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 . After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 . Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest . He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area . Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. . Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) . It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time . Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .
|
[
"Swansea University"
] |
[
{
"text": "He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": ". with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS (",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
}
] |
/wiki/Grafton_Melville_Richards#P108#3
|
Grafton Melville Richards was an employee for whom between Feb 1956 and Dec 1959?
|
Grafton Melville Richards He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A . with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 . Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS ( Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 . After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 . Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest . He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area . Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. . Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) . It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time . Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .
|
[
"Liverpool University"
] |
[
{
"text": "He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": ". with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS (",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
}
] |
/wiki/Grafton_Melville_Richards#P108#4
|
Grafton Melville Richards was an employee for whom in Jan 1965?
|
Grafton Melville Richards He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A . with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 . Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS ( Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 . After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 . Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest . He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area . Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. . Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) . It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time . Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "He was born on 29 September 1910 as the third son of William and Elizabeth Richards ( his father was a railway foreman ) in Ffair-fach , Llandybie , Llandeilo , Carms . Grafton Melville Richards married Ethyn Anne Bowen in Llanelli in July 1939 and had a son and daughter . He was educated at Neath Grammar School and went onto achieve a first-class ( 1:1 ) Honours degree in Welsh from the University College of Swansea , ( now Swansea University ) starting in 1928 and finishing in 1931 . In 1933 , he gained a research M.A",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": ". with distinction . Following on from that , he was elected to a University Fellowship in 1934 which enabled him to continue his studies in Dublin with the scholars , Osborn Bergin , Myles Dillon and Gerard Murphy , as well as in Paris with Joseph Vendryes , Antoine Meillet and Émile Benveniste . In October 1936 , he was given the position of Research Assistant Lecturer in Welsh at Swansea University and later became Assistant Lecturer in April 1937 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published his work in academic journals on the syntax of the sentence in Medieval Welsh and revealed his ability early in his career as he was one of a number of language scholars that were associated with Henry Lewis . During the Second World War , Melville Richards was attached to Bletchley Park . His name is listed on the Bletchley Park roll of honour with the grade of FO ( Foreign Office ) civilian ; he served at Bletchley Park between 1941-1945 in Hut 9A , Elmers School , Hut 18 and Block G , ISOS (",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Illicit Service Oliver Strachey . ISOS was responsible for Abwehr communications using manual codes and ciphers . He used his experiences at war to write his only novel Y Gelyn Mewnol ( The Enemy Within ) , an espionage story set in West Wales which won the Bangor National Eisteddfod thriller novel competition in 1943 . The novel tells the story of a British Secret Service operation to frustrate a fictitious German Fifth Column action in West Wales . The plot involves a Welsh-speaking British Secret Service agent with a background somewhat similar to Melville Richards himself . It features",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "documents recovered from a U-boat sunk by the RAF in Cardigan Bay and the solution of a cryptogram intercepted by MI5 . The novel was published in book form by Llyfraur Dryw in 1946 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " After the end of the war , he returned to Swansea University where he was appointed Lecturer ( where he stayed until 1947 ) , then he became Reader and Head of Celtic Studies Department in Liverpool University . From there , he was elected to the Chair of Welsh at the University College of North Wales , Bangor in 1965 . He gained a PhD from Liverpool 1965 .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards first areas of interest in his research were Celtic studies and Welsh syntax . In his early research , he published Llawlyfr Hen Wyddeleg in 1935 which was a handbook based on Rudolf Thurneysens magisterial Grammar of Old Irish . In 1938 , he published Cystrawen y Frawddeg Gymraeg which is a clear guide to the syntax of the sentence in modern Welsh . However , it was unfavourably reviewed by T . J . Morgan in Y Llenor . He continued to work on the syntax of Middle Welsh and Early Modern Welsh and published a number",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "of texts including Breuddwyt Ronabwy ( The Dream of Rhonabwy ) ( 1948 ) . His area of research started changing in the early 1950s as he started to publish work on Welsh place-names and onomastics which led on to be his primary academic interest .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " He single-handedly produced an historical archive of place-names in Wales and made clear of their meaning and significance in a comprehensive Welsh onomasticon . His research was conducted in a range of fields of study which are : settlement patterns and demography , the history of governance and administration , legal custom and structures , toponyms as well as the more strictly linguistic area .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "Melville Richards published a translation of Llyfr Blegywryd , The Laws of Hywel Dda ( 1954 ) , Cyfraith Hywel and an edition of the manuscript Jesus College LVII ( 1957 ) , Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units ( 1969 ) as well as editing Atlas Môn , an Atlas of Anglesey in Welsh and English in 1972 . He also published important articles explaining the significance of place-names and laying out the methodology and scholarly standards in a hazardous area of academic study . Some of his research and work brought him international recognition . For example , his",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "contributions to the Batsford The names of towns and cities in Britain ( 1970 ) , as a member of the council of the English Place-Name Society , a member of the International Committee on Onomastic Sciences and chairman of the Council for Name Studies of Great Britain and Ireland.. .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Melville Richards did not succeed in publishing his place-names research as he intended but his archive of 300,000 slips , which is held by the Archives and Special Collections at Bangor University Library , has been edited and is available online ( transcribed in Welsh and English ) .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": "It has to said that Melville Richards faced unfair criticism from some in Wales who believed he received the post of lecturer in Swansea following the dismissal of Saunders Lewis following the Tân yn Llŷn , but he was already a member of staff and an assistant lecturer at the time .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
},
{
"text": " Around 1970 , his health deteriorated . He died unexpectedly and tragically at home in Benllech , Anglesey on 3 November 1973 . His funeral service was held in Colwyn Bay Crematorium on 8 November .",
"title": "Grafton Melville Richards"
}
] |
/wiki/Jörgen_Warborn#P39#0
|
What was the position of Jörgen Warborn in Oct 2017?
|
Jörgen Warborn Jörgen Warborn , ( born 23 January 1969 ) is a Swedish entrepreneur and politician of the Moderate Party . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden . He serves as vice coordinator for the European Peoples Party in the EU Parliaments Committee on International Trade . Warborn was Mayor of Varberg Municipality from the 2010 general election until his election to the Riksdag in 2014 . He was reelected to the Riksdag in 2018 . In addition to his role in parliament , Warborn briefly served as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2019 . Since 2016 , Warborn has been national chairman of the Moderate Partys business council . Biography . Jörgen Warborn studied economy and leadership at the International University of Monaco , international relations at the London School of Economics , and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston . Warborn started his first business at the age of 17 and has since then started and managed several small business , primarily in the IT and marketing sector . Warborn lives in Varberg on the Swedish west coast . He is since 2008 married to Titti Warborn , and the couple have three children . His wife is also a small business entrepreneur , managing a furniture store . Political career . Warborns political commitment grew in the early 1990s , when he wanted Sweden to become part of the European Union . In the Swedish 1994 referendum on EU membership , Warborn was the county campaign leader for the Yes-campaign , that organized 14 political parties and NGOs in Halland County . After studying abroad , Warborn moved back to Varberg in 2005 and became active in the Moderate Party . He became mayor of Varberg in 2010 , member of parliament in 2014 and member of the European Parliament in 2019 .
|
[
"Riksdag"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jörgen Warborn , ( born 23 January 1969 ) is a Swedish entrepreneur and politician of the Moderate Party . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden . He serves as vice coordinator for the European Peoples Party in the EU Parliaments Committee on International Trade . Warborn was Mayor of Varberg Municipality from the 2010 general election until his election to the Riksdag in 2014 . He was reelected to the Riksdag in 2018 .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": "In addition to his role in parliament , Warborn briefly served as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2019 .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": " Since 2016 , Warborn has been national chairman of the Moderate Partys business council .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": " Jörgen Warborn studied economy and leadership at the International University of Monaco , international relations at the London School of Economics , and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston . Warborn started his first business at the age of 17 and has since then started and managed several small business , primarily in the IT and marketing sector . Warborn lives in Varberg on the Swedish west coast . He is since 2008 married to Titti Warborn , and the couple have three children . His wife is also a small business entrepreneur , managing a furniture store .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Warborns political commitment grew in the early 1990s , when he wanted Sweden to become part of the European Union . In the Swedish 1994 referendum on EU membership , Warborn was the county campaign leader for the Yes-campaign , that organized 14 political parties and NGOs in Halland County . After studying abroad , Warborn moved back to Varberg in 2005 and became active in the Moderate Party . He became mayor of Varberg in 2010 , member of parliament in 2014 and member of the European Parliament in 2019 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Jörgen_Warborn#P39#1
|
What was the position of Jörgen Warborn in Apr 2019?
|
Jörgen Warborn Jörgen Warborn , ( born 23 January 1969 ) is a Swedish entrepreneur and politician of the Moderate Party . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden . He serves as vice coordinator for the European Peoples Party in the EU Parliaments Committee on International Trade . Warborn was Mayor of Varberg Municipality from the 2010 general election until his election to the Riksdag in 2014 . He was reelected to the Riksdag in 2018 . In addition to his role in parliament , Warborn briefly served as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2019 . Since 2016 , Warborn has been national chairman of the Moderate Partys business council . Biography . Jörgen Warborn studied economy and leadership at the International University of Monaco , international relations at the London School of Economics , and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston . Warborn started his first business at the age of 17 and has since then started and managed several small business , primarily in the IT and marketing sector . Warborn lives in Varberg on the Swedish west coast . He is since 2008 married to Titti Warborn , and the couple have three children . His wife is also a small business entrepreneur , managing a furniture store . Political career . Warborns political commitment grew in the early 1990s , when he wanted Sweden to become part of the European Union . In the Swedish 1994 referendum on EU membership , Warborn was the county campaign leader for the Yes-campaign , that organized 14 political parties and NGOs in Halland County . After studying abroad , Warborn moved back to Varberg in 2005 and became active in the Moderate Party . He became mayor of Varberg in 2010 , member of parliament in 2014 and member of the European Parliament in 2019 .
|
[
"European Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jörgen Warborn , ( born 23 January 1969 ) is a Swedish entrepreneur and politician of the Moderate Party . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden . He serves as vice coordinator for the European Peoples Party in the EU Parliaments Committee on International Trade . Warborn was Mayor of Varberg Municipality from the 2010 general election until his election to the Riksdag in 2014 . He was reelected to the Riksdag in 2018 .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": "In addition to his role in parliament , Warborn briefly served as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2019 .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": " Since 2016 , Warborn has been national chairman of the Moderate Partys business council .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": " Jörgen Warborn studied economy and leadership at the International University of Monaco , international relations at the London School of Economics , and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston . Warborn started his first business at the age of 17 and has since then started and managed several small business , primarily in the IT and marketing sector . Warborn lives in Varberg on the Swedish west coast . He is since 2008 married to Titti Warborn , and the couple have three children . His wife is also a small business entrepreneur , managing a furniture store .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Warborns political commitment grew in the early 1990s , when he wanted Sweden to become part of the European Union . In the Swedish 1994 referendum on EU membership , Warborn was the county campaign leader for the Yes-campaign , that organized 14 political parties and NGOs in Halland County . After studying abroad , Warborn moved back to Varberg in 2005 and became active in the Moderate Party . He became mayor of Varberg in 2010 , member of parliament in 2014 and member of the European Parliament in 2019 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Jörgen_Warborn#P39#2
|
What was the position of Jörgen Warborn in late 2000s?
|
Jörgen Warborn Jörgen Warborn , ( born 23 January 1969 ) is a Swedish entrepreneur and politician of the Moderate Party . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden . He serves as vice coordinator for the European Peoples Party in the EU Parliaments Committee on International Trade . Warborn was Mayor of Varberg Municipality from the 2010 general election until his election to the Riksdag in 2014 . He was reelected to the Riksdag in 2018 . In addition to his role in parliament , Warborn briefly served as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2019 . Since 2016 , Warborn has been national chairman of the Moderate Partys business council . Biography . Jörgen Warborn studied economy and leadership at the International University of Monaco , international relations at the London School of Economics , and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston . Warborn started his first business at the age of 17 and has since then started and managed several small business , primarily in the IT and marketing sector . Warborn lives in Varberg on the Swedish west coast . He is since 2008 married to Titti Warborn , and the couple have three children . His wife is also a small business entrepreneur , managing a furniture store . Political career . Warborns political commitment grew in the early 1990s , when he wanted Sweden to become part of the European Union . In the Swedish 1994 referendum on EU membership , Warborn was the county campaign leader for the Yes-campaign , that organized 14 political parties and NGOs in Halland County . After studying abroad , Warborn moved back to Varberg in 2005 and became active in the Moderate Party . He became mayor of Varberg in 2010 , member of parliament in 2014 and member of the European Parliament in 2019 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Jörgen Warborn , ( born 23 January 1969 ) is a Swedish entrepreneur and politician of the Moderate Party . He was elected Member of the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden . He serves as vice coordinator for the European Peoples Party in the EU Parliaments Committee on International Trade . Warborn was Mayor of Varberg Municipality from the 2010 general election until his election to the Riksdag in 2014 . He was reelected to the Riksdag in 2018 .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": "In addition to his role in parliament , Warborn briefly served as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2019 .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": " Since 2016 , Warborn has been national chairman of the Moderate Partys business council .",
"title": "Jörgen Warborn"
},
{
"text": " Jörgen Warborn studied economy and leadership at the International University of Monaco , international relations at the London School of Economics , and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston . Warborn started his first business at the age of 17 and has since then started and managed several small business , primarily in the IT and marketing sector . Warborn lives in Varberg on the Swedish west coast . He is since 2008 married to Titti Warborn , and the couple have three children . His wife is also a small business entrepreneur , managing a furniture store .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Warborns political commitment grew in the early 1990s , when he wanted Sweden to become part of the European Union . In the Swedish 1994 referendum on EU membership , Warborn was the county campaign leader for the Yes-campaign , that organized 14 political parties and NGOs in Halland County . After studying abroad , Warborn moved back to Varberg in 2005 and became active in the Moderate Party . He became mayor of Varberg in 2010 , member of parliament in 2014 and member of the European Parliament in 2019 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Poverty_Point#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Poverty Point in Feb 1963?
|
Poverty Point Poverty Point State Historical Site ( ; 16 WC 5 ) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture . The Poverty Point site is located in present-day northeastern Louisiana though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands . The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast . The Poverty Point site has been designated as a U.S . National Monument , a U.S . National Historic Landmark , and UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the Southern United States , the site is from the current flow of the Mississippi River , and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge , near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish , Louisiana . The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds , built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BC during the Late Archaic period in North America . Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement , a trading center , and/or a ceremonial religious complex . The 402-acre ( 163 ha ) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America . Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century . Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s . The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property . Site description . The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges , earthen mounds , and a central plaza . The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres ( 140 ha ) , although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles ( 5 km ) along the Bayou Macon . The earthworks include six concentric , C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges . These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point . Six C-shaped ridges . The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges . Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley . The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors . Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges . Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft ( 10 –185 cm ) in height relative to the adjacent swales . Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places , but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing . The slightly rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft ( 15–25 m ) in width . The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft ( 20 – 30 m ) . The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , while the innermost ridges diameter is about three-eighths of a mile ( 0.6 km ) . The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasnt until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design . Radiocarbon dates suggest that most of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BC . Plaza . Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large , 37.5-acre ( 17.4 ha ) , plaza . Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area , it has been modified extensively . In addition to filled gullies , archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft ( 1 m ) . In the 1970s , excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza . Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic features , ranging from about 82 ft ( 25 m ) to 206 ft ( 63 m ) in diameter , in the southern half of the plaza . Based on the geophysical data , archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features ; they found large post pits , indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts . Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans , even as the earthworks were under construction . Mound A . The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site . The largest of these , Mound A , is 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft ( 215 x 200 m ) at its base . Mound A is located to the west of the ridges , and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above . Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an Earth island representing the cosmological center of the site . Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly , probably over a period of less than three months . Prior to construction , the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned . According to radiocarbon analysis , this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BC . The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt , followed quickly by the main construction effort . There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels , indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a short period . In total volume , Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet ( 238,000 cubic meters ) of fill , making it the second-largest earthen mound ( by volume ) in eastern North America . It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia , built beginning about 950-1000 AD in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River . Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A . Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound . Mound B . Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft ( 625 m ) north of Mound A . The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft ( 6.5 m ) in height with a 180 ft ( 55 m ) basal diameter . Dating to sometime after 1700 BC , Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point . Built in several stages , charcoal , fire pits , and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound . The impressions of woven baskets were preserved in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction . The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface . During excavations in the mid-1950s , a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound . At the time , this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation . However , recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens . Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds . The identification of the bone ( reported as the proximal end of an infants femur ) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site . Mound C . Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge . Mound C is 6.5 ft ( 2 m ) in height , about 260 ft ( 80 m ) long , and today is 80 ft ( 25 m ) wide . The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge . There is a depression that divides the mound , which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd , Louisiana . Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the entire occupation of the site , but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site . Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris , or midden , between them , indicating they were added over time . The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape . Mound D . Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation . This mound is about 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall and 100 x 130 ft ( 30 x 40 m ) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges . Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built , at least in part , by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site . First , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered near Mound D . Second , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D . Third , optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound , which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight , are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge . Mound E . Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound . The Ballcourt designation comes from two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals , not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point . Mound E is located 1330 ft ( 405 m ) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner . Mound E is 13.4 ft ( 4 m ) in height and 360 x 295 ft ( 110 x 90 m ) at its base . The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface . No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number of artifacts were recovered . Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert , such as novaculite , characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage . Until recently , dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development . In 2017 , a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp . This charcoal , from the base of the mound , provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BC . Mound F . A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013 . Known as Mound F , it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges . Mound F is about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) tall and 80 x 100 ft ( 24 by 30 m ) at its base . A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BC , making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point . Lower Jackson and Motley mounds . Approximately 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound ( 16WC10 ) a conical structure 10 ft ( 3 m ) in height and 115 ft ( 35 m ) in diameter at its base . For many years , archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site . However , modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca . 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by about 1500 years . Artifacts typical of the early date , such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points , were recovered near the mound . Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E , A , and B . Approximately 1.2 miles ( 2.2 km ) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound ( 16WC7 ) , which is 52 ft ( 16 m ) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft ( 170 x 125 m ) . Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A , however , the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative . History . Construction . Poverty Point was not constructed all at once . The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time . The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known . Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results , but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BC and continued until as late as 1200 BC . Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks , prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges . The main building material was loess , a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water . For this reason , clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion . The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them . The baskets , depending on the size of the bearer , could hold between of dirt , suggesting that men , women , and children participated in the construction . The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown , although archaeologist Jon L . Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts . For example , he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project . Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction , possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that they were building . Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household . An exception is the 1980-1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1 . The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time . Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site . Changes in temperature , precipitation , and increased flooding , may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point . Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods . Purposes . Archaeologists have long-debated the functions of the Poverty Point site . One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events . Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges . Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges , indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities . Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes . Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses . Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis . Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation , and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center . Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance . Archaeologist William Haag , who excavated at the site in the 1970s , interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices . Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically , rather than astronomically , aligned . Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels . Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex . Poverty Point people . The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists . They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments . The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments , ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufus Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt , were constructed by agricultural societies , in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society . The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans , descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago . The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley . Time , cultural change , and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe . The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region . The Poverty Point peoples food was acquired through fishing , gathering , and hunting . Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available . Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer , small mammals like possum , various fish and turtles , mollusks , nuts , fruits , berries , and aquatic roots . Artifacts . The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small , baked shapes made of loess , found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as Poverty Point Objects or PPOs . Except for unique specialized forms , archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking , based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology . When placed in earth ovens , the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food . The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery , creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered , grog-tempered , and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration . More commonly , however , they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site , as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges . An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities . For example , based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris , the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools . Beads , pendants and other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector . However , clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system . Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction , there are clear changes in artifact styles through time . For example , cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time . There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point . Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point , archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans . For example , a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys . Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia , and galena from Missouri and Iowa . Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region . However , modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced . Discovery , excavation and tourism . Discovery and archaeological excavation . In the 1830s Jacob Walter , an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area , came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary : The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett , who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . During the early 20th century , archaeologists took an interest in the site . Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B . Moore in 1913 , by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 , by Clarence H . Webb in 1935 , and by Michael Beckman in 1946 . Three excavation seasons in 1952 , 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A . Ford and Clarence Webb , leading to the publication of Poverty Point , a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana in 1956 . Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century . These research efforts include Sharon Goads ( 1980–1982 ) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1 , Jon Gibsons ( 1983–1995 ) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site , Glen Greenes ( 1983–1992 ) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site , and other archaeologists conducting limited site research . In the early 2000s T.R . Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site . Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012 , using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system . Since 2006 , Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza . The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee , coordinate , and conduct site research . The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections from previous excavations at Poverty Point . Public access and site maintenance . In 1960 , John Griffin , who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service , suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established a National Monument . At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection , fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners , but the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13 , 1962 . In 1972 , the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site . In 1976 , the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area . The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there . In 1988 Congress designated the site as a U.S . National Monument . Today Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m . to 5 p.m . except for Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Years Day . As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks , a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission . Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S . Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control . In 2013 , Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne , the ex officio head of the Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism , requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point . The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site . The funding was approved . UNESCO World Heritage Site designation . In January 2013 , the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List . State Senator Francis C . Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not just a local or even state issue [ but ] of international importance . The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically . On June 22 , 2014 , the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha , Qatar . Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S . Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List . Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group , alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England , the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt , and the Great Wall of China . The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States .
|
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] |
[
{
"text": "Poverty Point State Historical Site ( ; 16 WC 5 ) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture . The Poverty Point site is located in present-day northeastern Louisiana though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands . The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast . The Poverty Point site has been designated as a U.S . National Monument , a U.S . National Historic Landmark , and UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the Southern United States , the site is from the",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": "current flow of the Mississippi River , and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge , near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish , Louisiana .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": " The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds , built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BC during the Late Archaic period in North America . Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement , a trading center , and/or a ceremonial religious complex .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": "The 402-acre ( 163 ha ) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America . Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century . Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s . The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": " The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges , earthen mounds , and a central plaza . The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres ( 140 ha ) , although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles ( 5 km ) along the Bayou Macon . The earthworks include six concentric , C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges . These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point .",
"title": "Site description"
},
{
"text": "The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges . Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley . The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors . Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges . Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft ( 10 –185 cm ) in height relative to the adjacent swales . Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places , but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing . The slightly",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft ( 15–25 m ) in width . The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft ( 20 – 30 m ) . The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , while the innermost ridges diameter is about three-eighths of a mile ( 0.6 km ) . The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasnt until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design . Radiocarbon dates suggest that most",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BC .",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large , 37.5-acre ( 17.4 ha ) , plaza . Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area , it has been modified extensively . In addition to filled gullies , archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft ( 1 m ) . In the 1970s , excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza . Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": "features , ranging from about 82 ft ( 25 m ) to 206 ft ( 63 m ) in diameter , in the southern half of the plaza . Based on the geophysical data , archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features ; they found large post pits , indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts . Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans , even",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": "as the earthworks were under construction .",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": " The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site . The largest of these , Mound A , is 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft ( 215 x 200 m ) at its base . Mound A is located to the west of the ridges , and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above . Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an Earth island representing the cosmological center of the site .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly , probably over a period of less than three months . Prior to construction , the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned . According to radiocarbon analysis , this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BC . The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt , followed quickly by the main construction effort . There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels , indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "short period . In total volume , Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet ( 238,000 cubic meters ) of fill , making it the second-largest earthen mound ( by volume ) in eastern North America . It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia , built beginning about 950-1000 AD in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": " Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A . Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft ( 625 m ) north of Mound A . The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft ( 6.5 m ) in height with a 180 ft ( 55 m ) basal diameter . Dating to sometime after 1700 BC , Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point . Built in several stages , charcoal , fire pits , and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound . The impressions of woven baskets were preserved",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction . The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface . During excavations in the mid-1950s , a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound . At the time , this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation . However , recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens . Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds . The identification of the bone ( reported as the proximal end of an infants femur ) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site .",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge . Mound C is 6.5 ft ( 2 m ) in height , about 260 ft ( 80 m ) long , and today is 80 ft ( 25 m ) wide . The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge . There is a depression that divides the mound , which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd , Louisiana . Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the",
"title": "Mound C"
},
{
"text": "entire occupation of the site , but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site . Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris , or midden , between them , indicating they were added over time . The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape .",
"title": "Mound C"
},
{
"text": "Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation . This mound is about 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall and 100 x 130 ft ( 30 x 40 m ) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges . Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built , at least in part , by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site . First , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered",
"title": "Mound D"
},
{
"text": "near Mound D . Second , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D . Third , optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound , which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight , are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge .",
"title": "Mound D"
},
{
"text": " Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound . The Ballcourt designation comes from two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals , not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point .",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": "Mound E is located 1330 ft ( 405 m ) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner . Mound E is 13.4 ft ( 4 m ) in height and 360 x 295 ft ( 110 x 90 m ) at its base . The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface . No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": "of artifacts were recovered . Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert , such as novaculite , characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage . Until recently , dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development . In 2017 , a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp . This charcoal , from the base of the mound , provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BC .",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": " A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013 . Known as Mound F , it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges . Mound F is about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) tall and 80 x 100 ft ( 24 by 30 m ) at its base . A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BC , making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point . Lower Jackson and Motley mounds .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": "Approximately 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound ( 16WC10 ) a conical structure 10 ft ( 3 m ) in height and 115 ft ( 35 m ) in diameter at its base . For many years , archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site . However , modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca . 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": "about 1500 years . Artifacts typical of the early date , such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points , were recovered near the mound . Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E , A , and B .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": " Approximately 1.2 miles ( 2.2 km ) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound ( 16WC7 ) , which is 52 ft ( 16 m ) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft ( 170 x 125 m ) . Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A , however , the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": " Poverty Point was not constructed all at once . The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time . The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known . Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results , but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BC and continued until as late as 1200 BC .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks , prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges . The main building material was loess , a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water . For this reason , clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion . The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them . The baskets , depending on the size of the bearer , could hold between of dirt , suggesting that men , women , and children participated in the construction .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown , although archaeologist Jon L . Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts . For example , he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project . Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction , possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "they were building . Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household . An exception is the 1980-1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1 . The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time . Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " Changes in temperature , precipitation , and increased flooding , may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point . Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Archaeologists have long-debated the functions of the Poverty Point site . One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events . Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges . Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges , indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities . Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes . Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": "site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": " Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis . Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation , and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": "Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance . Archaeologist William Haag , who excavated at the site in the 1970s , interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices . Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically , rather than astronomically , aligned . Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels . Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": " The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists . They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments . The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments , ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufus Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt , were constructed by agricultural societies , in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": "The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans , descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago . The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley . Time , cultural change , and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": " The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region . The Poverty Point peoples food was acquired through fishing , gathering , and hunting . Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available . Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer , small mammals like possum , various fish and turtles , mollusks , nuts , fruits , berries , and aquatic roots .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": " The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small , baked shapes made of loess , found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as Poverty Point Objects or PPOs . Except for unique specialized forms , archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking , based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology . When placed in earth ovens , the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery , creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered , grog-tempered , and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration . More commonly , however , they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site , as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges . An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities . For example , based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris , the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools . Beads , pendants and",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector . However , clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system . Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction , there are clear changes in artifact styles through time . For example , cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point . Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point , archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans . For example , a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys . Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia , and galena from Missouri and Iowa",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": ". Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region . However , modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Discovery , excavation and tourism . Discovery and archaeological excavation . In the 1830s Jacob Walter , an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area , came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary :",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett , who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . During the early 20th century , archaeologists took an interest in the site . Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B . Moore in 1913 , by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 , by Clarence H . Webb in 1935 , and by Michael Beckman in 1946 . Three excavation seasons in 1952 , 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A . Ford and Clarence",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Webb , leading to the publication of Poverty Point , a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana in 1956 .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century . These research efforts include Sharon Goads ( 1980–1982 ) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1 , Jon Gibsons ( 1983–1995 ) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site , Glen Greenes ( 1983–1992 ) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site , and other archaeologists conducting limited site research . In the early 2000s T.R . Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site . Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012 , using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system . Since 2006 , Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza . The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee , coordinate , and conduct site research . The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "from previous excavations at Poverty Point .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Public access and site maintenance . In 1960 , John Griffin , who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service , suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established a National Monument . At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection , fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners , but the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13 , 1962 .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site . In 1976 , the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area . The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there . In 1988 Congress designated the site as a U.S . National Monument .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Today Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m . to 5 p.m . except for Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Years Day . As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks , a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission . Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S . Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne , the ex officio head of the Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism , requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point . The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site . The funding was approved .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " UNESCO World Heritage Site designation . In January 2013 , the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List . State Senator Francis C . Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not just a local or even state issue [ but ] of international importance . The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "On June 22 , 2014 , the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha , Qatar . Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S . Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List . Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group , alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England , the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt ,",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "and the Great Wall of China . The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States .",
"title": "Artifacts"
}
] |
/wiki/Poverty_Point#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Poverty Point between Jan 1996 and Aug 2006?
|
Poverty Point Poverty Point State Historical Site ( ; 16 WC 5 ) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture . The Poverty Point site is located in present-day northeastern Louisiana though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands . The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast . The Poverty Point site has been designated as a U.S . National Monument , a U.S . National Historic Landmark , and UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the Southern United States , the site is from the current flow of the Mississippi River , and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge , near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish , Louisiana . The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds , built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BC during the Late Archaic period in North America . Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement , a trading center , and/or a ceremonial religious complex . The 402-acre ( 163 ha ) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America . Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century . Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s . The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property . Site description . The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges , earthen mounds , and a central plaza . The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres ( 140 ha ) , although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles ( 5 km ) along the Bayou Macon . The earthworks include six concentric , C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges . These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point . Six C-shaped ridges . The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges . Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley . The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors . Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges . Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft ( 10 –185 cm ) in height relative to the adjacent swales . Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places , but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing . The slightly rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft ( 15–25 m ) in width . The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft ( 20 – 30 m ) . The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , while the innermost ridges diameter is about three-eighths of a mile ( 0.6 km ) . The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasnt until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design . Radiocarbon dates suggest that most of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BC . Plaza . Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large , 37.5-acre ( 17.4 ha ) , plaza . Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area , it has been modified extensively . In addition to filled gullies , archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft ( 1 m ) . In the 1970s , excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza . Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic features , ranging from about 82 ft ( 25 m ) to 206 ft ( 63 m ) in diameter , in the southern half of the plaza . Based on the geophysical data , archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features ; they found large post pits , indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts . Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans , even as the earthworks were under construction . Mound A . The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site . The largest of these , Mound A , is 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft ( 215 x 200 m ) at its base . Mound A is located to the west of the ridges , and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above . Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an Earth island representing the cosmological center of the site . Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly , probably over a period of less than three months . Prior to construction , the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned . According to radiocarbon analysis , this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BC . The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt , followed quickly by the main construction effort . There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels , indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a short period . In total volume , Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet ( 238,000 cubic meters ) of fill , making it the second-largest earthen mound ( by volume ) in eastern North America . It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia , built beginning about 950-1000 AD in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River . Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A . Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound . Mound B . Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft ( 625 m ) north of Mound A . The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft ( 6.5 m ) in height with a 180 ft ( 55 m ) basal diameter . Dating to sometime after 1700 BC , Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point . Built in several stages , charcoal , fire pits , and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound . The impressions of woven baskets were preserved in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction . The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface . During excavations in the mid-1950s , a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound . At the time , this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation . However , recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens . Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds . The identification of the bone ( reported as the proximal end of an infants femur ) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site . Mound C . Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge . Mound C is 6.5 ft ( 2 m ) in height , about 260 ft ( 80 m ) long , and today is 80 ft ( 25 m ) wide . The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge . There is a depression that divides the mound , which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd , Louisiana . Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the entire occupation of the site , but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site . Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris , or midden , between them , indicating they were added over time . The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape . Mound D . Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation . This mound is about 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall and 100 x 130 ft ( 30 x 40 m ) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges . Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built , at least in part , by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site . First , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered near Mound D . Second , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D . Third , optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound , which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight , are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge . Mound E . Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound . The Ballcourt designation comes from two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals , not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point . Mound E is located 1330 ft ( 405 m ) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner . Mound E is 13.4 ft ( 4 m ) in height and 360 x 295 ft ( 110 x 90 m ) at its base . The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface . No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number of artifacts were recovered . Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert , such as novaculite , characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage . Until recently , dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development . In 2017 , a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp . This charcoal , from the base of the mound , provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BC . Mound F . A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013 . Known as Mound F , it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges . Mound F is about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) tall and 80 x 100 ft ( 24 by 30 m ) at its base . A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BC , making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point . Lower Jackson and Motley mounds . Approximately 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound ( 16WC10 ) a conical structure 10 ft ( 3 m ) in height and 115 ft ( 35 m ) in diameter at its base . For many years , archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site . However , modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca . 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by about 1500 years . Artifacts typical of the early date , such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points , were recovered near the mound . Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E , A , and B . Approximately 1.2 miles ( 2.2 km ) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound ( 16WC7 ) , which is 52 ft ( 16 m ) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft ( 170 x 125 m ) . Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A , however , the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative . History . Construction . Poverty Point was not constructed all at once . The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time . The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known . Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results , but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BC and continued until as late as 1200 BC . Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks , prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges . The main building material was loess , a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water . For this reason , clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion . The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them . The baskets , depending on the size of the bearer , could hold between of dirt , suggesting that men , women , and children participated in the construction . The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown , although archaeologist Jon L . Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts . For example , he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project . Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction , possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that they were building . Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household . An exception is the 1980-1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1 . The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time . Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site . Changes in temperature , precipitation , and increased flooding , may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point . Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods . Purposes . Archaeologists have long-debated the functions of the Poverty Point site . One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events . Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges . Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges , indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities . Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes . Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses . Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis . Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation , and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center . Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance . Archaeologist William Haag , who excavated at the site in the 1970s , interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices . Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically , rather than astronomically , aligned . Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels . Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex . Poverty Point people . The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists . They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments . The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments , ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufus Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt , were constructed by agricultural societies , in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society . The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans , descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago . The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley . Time , cultural change , and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe . The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region . The Poverty Point peoples food was acquired through fishing , gathering , and hunting . Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available . Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer , small mammals like possum , various fish and turtles , mollusks , nuts , fruits , berries , and aquatic roots . Artifacts . The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small , baked shapes made of loess , found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as Poverty Point Objects or PPOs . Except for unique specialized forms , archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking , based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology . When placed in earth ovens , the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food . The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery , creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered , grog-tempered , and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration . More commonly , however , they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site , as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges . An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities . For example , based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris , the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools . Beads , pendants and other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector . However , clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system . Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction , there are clear changes in artifact styles through time . For example , cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time . There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point . Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point , archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans . For example , a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys . Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia , and galena from Missouri and Iowa . Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region . However , modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced . Discovery , excavation and tourism . Discovery and archaeological excavation . In the 1830s Jacob Walter , an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area , came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary : The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett , who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . During the early 20th century , archaeologists took an interest in the site . Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B . Moore in 1913 , by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 , by Clarence H . Webb in 1935 , and by Michael Beckman in 1946 . Three excavation seasons in 1952 , 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A . Ford and Clarence Webb , leading to the publication of Poverty Point , a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana in 1956 . Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century . These research efforts include Sharon Goads ( 1980–1982 ) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1 , Jon Gibsons ( 1983–1995 ) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site , Glen Greenes ( 1983–1992 ) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site , and other archaeologists conducting limited site research . In the early 2000s T.R . Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site . Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012 , using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system . Since 2006 , Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza . The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee , coordinate , and conduct site research . The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections from previous excavations at Poverty Point . Public access and site maintenance . In 1960 , John Griffin , who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service , suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established a National Monument . At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection , fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners , but the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13 , 1962 . In 1972 , the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site . In 1976 , the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area . The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there . In 1988 Congress designated the site as a U.S . National Monument . Today Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m . to 5 p.m . except for Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Years Day . As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks , a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission . Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S . Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control . In 2013 , Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne , the ex officio head of the Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism , requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point . The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site . The funding was approved . UNESCO World Heritage Site designation . In January 2013 , the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List . State Senator Francis C . Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not just a local or even state issue [ but ] of international importance . The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically . On June 22 , 2014 , the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha , Qatar . Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S . Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List . Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group , alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England , the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt , and the Great Wall of China . The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Poverty Point State Historical Site ( ; 16 WC 5 ) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture . The Poverty Point site is located in present-day northeastern Louisiana though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands . The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast . The Poverty Point site has been designated as a U.S . National Monument , a U.S . National Historic Landmark , and UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the Southern United States , the site is from the",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": "current flow of the Mississippi River , and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge , near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish , Louisiana .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": " The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds , built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BC during the Late Archaic period in North America . Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement , a trading center , and/or a ceremonial religious complex .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": "The 402-acre ( 163 ha ) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America . Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century . Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s . The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": " The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges , earthen mounds , and a central plaza . The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres ( 140 ha ) , although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles ( 5 km ) along the Bayou Macon . The earthworks include six concentric , C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges . These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point .",
"title": "Site description"
},
{
"text": "The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges . Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley . The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors . Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges . Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft ( 10 –185 cm ) in height relative to the adjacent swales . Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places , but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing . The slightly",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft ( 15–25 m ) in width . The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft ( 20 – 30 m ) . The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , while the innermost ridges diameter is about three-eighths of a mile ( 0.6 km ) . The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasnt until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design . Radiocarbon dates suggest that most",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BC .",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large , 37.5-acre ( 17.4 ha ) , plaza . Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area , it has been modified extensively . In addition to filled gullies , archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft ( 1 m ) . In the 1970s , excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza . Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": "features , ranging from about 82 ft ( 25 m ) to 206 ft ( 63 m ) in diameter , in the southern half of the plaza . Based on the geophysical data , archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features ; they found large post pits , indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts . Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans , even",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": "as the earthworks were under construction .",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": " The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site . The largest of these , Mound A , is 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft ( 215 x 200 m ) at its base . Mound A is located to the west of the ridges , and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above . Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an Earth island representing the cosmological center of the site .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly , probably over a period of less than three months . Prior to construction , the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned . According to radiocarbon analysis , this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BC . The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt , followed quickly by the main construction effort . There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels , indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "short period . In total volume , Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet ( 238,000 cubic meters ) of fill , making it the second-largest earthen mound ( by volume ) in eastern North America . It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia , built beginning about 950-1000 AD in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": " Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A . Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft ( 625 m ) north of Mound A . The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft ( 6.5 m ) in height with a 180 ft ( 55 m ) basal diameter . Dating to sometime after 1700 BC , Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point . Built in several stages , charcoal , fire pits , and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound . The impressions of woven baskets were preserved",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction . The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface . During excavations in the mid-1950s , a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound . At the time , this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation . However , recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens . Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds . The identification of the bone ( reported as the proximal end of an infants femur ) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site .",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge . Mound C is 6.5 ft ( 2 m ) in height , about 260 ft ( 80 m ) long , and today is 80 ft ( 25 m ) wide . The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge . There is a depression that divides the mound , which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd , Louisiana . Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the",
"title": "Mound C"
},
{
"text": "entire occupation of the site , but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site . Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris , or midden , between them , indicating they were added over time . The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape .",
"title": "Mound C"
},
{
"text": "Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation . This mound is about 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall and 100 x 130 ft ( 30 x 40 m ) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges . Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built , at least in part , by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site . First , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered",
"title": "Mound D"
},
{
"text": "near Mound D . Second , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D . Third , optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound , which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight , are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge .",
"title": "Mound D"
},
{
"text": " Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound . The Ballcourt designation comes from two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals , not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point .",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": "Mound E is located 1330 ft ( 405 m ) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner . Mound E is 13.4 ft ( 4 m ) in height and 360 x 295 ft ( 110 x 90 m ) at its base . The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface . No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": "of artifacts were recovered . Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert , such as novaculite , characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage . Until recently , dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development . In 2017 , a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp . This charcoal , from the base of the mound , provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BC .",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": " A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013 . Known as Mound F , it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges . Mound F is about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) tall and 80 x 100 ft ( 24 by 30 m ) at its base . A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BC , making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point . Lower Jackson and Motley mounds .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": "Approximately 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound ( 16WC10 ) a conical structure 10 ft ( 3 m ) in height and 115 ft ( 35 m ) in diameter at its base . For many years , archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site . However , modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca . 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": "about 1500 years . Artifacts typical of the early date , such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points , were recovered near the mound . Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E , A , and B .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": " Approximately 1.2 miles ( 2.2 km ) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound ( 16WC7 ) , which is 52 ft ( 16 m ) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft ( 170 x 125 m ) . Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A , however , the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": " Poverty Point was not constructed all at once . The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time . The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known . Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results , but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BC and continued until as late as 1200 BC .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks , prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges . The main building material was loess , a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water . For this reason , clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion . The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them . The baskets , depending on the size of the bearer , could hold between of dirt , suggesting that men , women , and children participated in the construction .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown , although archaeologist Jon L . Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts . For example , he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project . Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction , possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "they were building . Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household . An exception is the 1980-1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1 . The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time . Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " Changes in temperature , precipitation , and increased flooding , may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point . Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Archaeologists have long-debated the functions of the Poverty Point site . One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events . Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges . Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges , indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities . Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes . Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": "site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": " Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis . Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation , and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": "Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance . Archaeologist William Haag , who excavated at the site in the 1970s , interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices . Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically , rather than astronomically , aligned . Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels . Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": " The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists . They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments . The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments , ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufus Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt , were constructed by agricultural societies , in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": "The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans , descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago . The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley . Time , cultural change , and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": " The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region . The Poverty Point peoples food was acquired through fishing , gathering , and hunting . Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available . Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer , small mammals like possum , various fish and turtles , mollusks , nuts , fruits , berries , and aquatic roots .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": " The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small , baked shapes made of loess , found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as Poverty Point Objects or PPOs . Except for unique specialized forms , archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking , based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology . When placed in earth ovens , the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery , creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered , grog-tempered , and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration . More commonly , however , they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site , as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges . An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities . For example , based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris , the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools . Beads , pendants and",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector . However , clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system . Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction , there are clear changes in artifact styles through time . For example , cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point . Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point , archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans . For example , a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys . Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia , and galena from Missouri and Iowa",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": ". Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region . However , modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Discovery , excavation and tourism . Discovery and archaeological excavation . In the 1830s Jacob Walter , an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area , came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary :",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett , who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . During the early 20th century , archaeologists took an interest in the site . Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B . Moore in 1913 , by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 , by Clarence H . Webb in 1935 , and by Michael Beckman in 1946 . Three excavation seasons in 1952 , 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A . Ford and Clarence",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Webb , leading to the publication of Poverty Point , a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana in 1956 .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century . These research efforts include Sharon Goads ( 1980–1982 ) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1 , Jon Gibsons ( 1983–1995 ) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site , Glen Greenes ( 1983–1992 ) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site , and other archaeologists conducting limited site research . In the early 2000s T.R . Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site . Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012 , using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system . Since 2006 , Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza . The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee , coordinate , and conduct site research . The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "from previous excavations at Poverty Point .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Public access and site maintenance . In 1960 , John Griffin , who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service , suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established a National Monument . At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection , fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners , but the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13 , 1962 .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site . In 1976 , the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area . The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there . In 1988 Congress designated the site as a U.S . National Monument .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Today Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m . to 5 p.m . except for Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Years Day . As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks , a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission . Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S . Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne , the ex officio head of the Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism , requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point . The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site . The funding was approved .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " UNESCO World Heritage Site designation . In January 2013 , the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List . State Senator Francis C . Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not just a local or even state issue [ but ] of international importance . The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "On June 22 , 2014 , the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha , Qatar . Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S . Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List . Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group , alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England , the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt ,",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "and the Great Wall of China . The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States .",
"title": "Artifacts"
}
] |
/wiki/Poverty_Point#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Poverty Point between Mar 2014 and Aug 2014?
|
Poverty Point Poverty Point State Historical Site ( ; 16 WC 5 ) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture . The Poverty Point site is located in present-day northeastern Louisiana though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands . The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast . The Poverty Point site has been designated as a U.S . National Monument , a U.S . National Historic Landmark , and UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the Southern United States , the site is from the current flow of the Mississippi River , and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge , near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish , Louisiana . The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds , built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BC during the Late Archaic period in North America . Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement , a trading center , and/or a ceremonial religious complex . The 402-acre ( 163 ha ) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America . Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century . Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s . The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property . Site description . The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges , earthen mounds , and a central plaza . The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres ( 140 ha ) , although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles ( 5 km ) along the Bayou Macon . The earthworks include six concentric , C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges . These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point . Six C-shaped ridges . The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges . Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley . The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors . Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges . Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft ( 10 –185 cm ) in height relative to the adjacent swales . Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places , but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing . The slightly rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft ( 15–25 m ) in width . The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft ( 20 – 30 m ) . The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , while the innermost ridges diameter is about three-eighths of a mile ( 0.6 km ) . The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasnt until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design . Radiocarbon dates suggest that most of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BC . Plaza . Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large , 37.5-acre ( 17.4 ha ) , plaza . Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area , it has been modified extensively . In addition to filled gullies , archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft ( 1 m ) . In the 1970s , excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza . Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic features , ranging from about 82 ft ( 25 m ) to 206 ft ( 63 m ) in diameter , in the southern half of the plaza . Based on the geophysical data , archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features ; they found large post pits , indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts . Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans , even as the earthworks were under construction . Mound A . The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site . The largest of these , Mound A , is 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft ( 215 x 200 m ) at its base . Mound A is located to the west of the ridges , and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above . Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an Earth island representing the cosmological center of the site . Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly , probably over a period of less than three months . Prior to construction , the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned . According to radiocarbon analysis , this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BC . The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt , followed quickly by the main construction effort . There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels , indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a short period . In total volume , Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet ( 238,000 cubic meters ) of fill , making it the second-largest earthen mound ( by volume ) in eastern North America . It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia , built beginning about 950-1000 AD in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River . Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A . Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound . Mound B . Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft ( 625 m ) north of Mound A . The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft ( 6.5 m ) in height with a 180 ft ( 55 m ) basal diameter . Dating to sometime after 1700 BC , Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point . Built in several stages , charcoal , fire pits , and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound . The impressions of woven baskets were preserved in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction . The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface . During excavations in the mid-1950s , a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound . At the time , this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation . However , recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens . Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds . The identification of the bone ( reported as the proximal end of an infants femur ) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site . Mound C . Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge . Mound C is 6.5 ft ( 2 m ) in height , about 260 ft ( 80 m ) long , and today is 80 ft ( 25 m ) wide . The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge . There is a depression that divides the mound , which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd , Louisiana . Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the entire occupation of the site , but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site . Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris , or midden , between them , indicating they were added over time . The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape . Mound D . Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation . This mound is about 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall and 100 x 130 ft ( 30 x 40 m ) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges . Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built , at least in part , by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site . First , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered near Mound D . Second , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D . Third , optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound , which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight , are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge . Mound E . Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound . The Ballcourt designation comes from two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals , not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point . Mound E is located 1330 ft ( 405 m ) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner . Mound E is 13.4 ft ( 4 m ) in height and 360 x 295 ft ( 110 x 90 m ) at its base . The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface . No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number of artifacts were recovered . Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert , such as novaculite , characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage . Until recently , dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development . In 2017 , a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp . This charcoal , from the base of the mound , provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BC . Mound F . A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013 . Known as Mound F , it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges . Mound F is about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) tall and 80 x 100 ft ( 24 by 30 m ) at its base . A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BC , making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point . Lower Jackson and Motley mounds . Approximately 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound ( 16WC10 ) a conical structure 10 ft ( 3 m ) in height and 115 ft ( 35 m ) in diameter at its base . For many years , archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site . However , modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca . 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by about 1500 years . Artifacts typical of the early date , such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points , were recovered near the mound . Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E , A , and B . Approximately 1.2 miles ( 2.2 km ) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound ( 16WC7 ) , which is 52 ft ( 16 m ) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft ( 170 x 125 m ) . Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A , however , the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative . History . Construction . Poverty Point was not constructed all at once . The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time . The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known . Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results , but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BC and continued until as late as 1200 BC . Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks , prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges . The main building material was loess , a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water . For this reason , clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion . The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them . The baskets , depending on the size of the bearer , could hold between of dirt , suggesting that men , women , and children participated in the construction . The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown , although archaeologist Jon L . Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts . For example , he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project . Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction , possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that they were building . Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household . An exception is the 1980-1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1 . The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time . Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site . Changes in temperature , precipitation , and increased flooding , may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point . Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods . Purposes . Archaeologists have long-debated the functions of the Poverty Point site . One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events . Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges . Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges , indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities . Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes . Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses . Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis . Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation , and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center . Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance . Archaeologist William Haag , who excavated at the site in the 1970s , interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices . Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically , rather than astronomically , aligned . Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels . Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex . Poverty Point people . The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists . They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments . The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments , ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufus Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt , were constructed by agricultural societies , in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society . The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans , descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago . The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley . Time , cultural change , and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe . The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region . The Poverty Point peoples food was acquired through fishing , gathering , and hunting . Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available . Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer , small mammals like possum , various fish and turtles , mollusks , nuts , fruits , berries , and aquatic roots . Artifacts . The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small , baked shapes made of loess , found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as Poverty Point Objects or PPOs . Except for unique specialized forms , archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking , based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology . When placed in earth ovens , the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food . The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery , creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered , grog-tempered , and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration . More commonly , however , they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site , as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges . An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities . For example , based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris , the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools . Beads , pendants and other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector . However , clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system . Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction , there are clear changes in artifact styles through time . For example , cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time . There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point . Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point , archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans . For example , a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys . Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia , and galena from Missouri and Iowa . Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region . However , modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced . Discovery , excavation and tourism . Discovery and archaeological excavation . In the 1830s Jacob Walter , an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area , came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary : The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett , who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . During the early 20th century , archaeologists took an interest in the site . Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B . Moore in 1913 , by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 , by Clarence H . Webb in 1935 , and by Michael Beckman in 1946 . Three excavation seasons in 1952 , 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A . Ford and Clarence Webb , leading to the publication of Poverty Point , a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana in 1956 . Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century . These research efforts include Sharon Goads ( 1980–1982 ) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1 , Jon Gibsons ( 1983–1995 ) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site , Glen Greenes ( 1983–1992 ) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site , and other archaeologists conducting limited site research . In the early 2000s T.R . Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site . Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012 , using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system . Since 2006 , Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza . The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee , coordinate , and conduct site research . The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections from previous excavations at Poverty Point . Public access and site maintenance . In 1960 , John Griffin , who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service , suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established a National Monument . At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection , fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners , but the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13 , 1962 . In 1972 , the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site . In 1976 , the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area . The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there . In 1988 Congress designated the site as a U.S . National Monument . Today Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m . to 5 p.m . except for Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Years Day . As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks , a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission . Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S . Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control . In 2013 , Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne , the ex officio head of the Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism , requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point . The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site . The funding was approved . UNESCO World Heritage Site designation . In January 2013 , the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List . State Senator Francis C . Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not just a local or even state issue [ but ] of international importance . The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically . On June 22 , 2014 , the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha , Qatar . Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S . Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List . Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group , alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England , the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt , and the Great Wall of China . The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States .
|
[
"World Heritage Site"
] |
[
{
"text": "Poverty Point State Historical Site ( ; 16 WC 5 ) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture . The Poverty Point site is located in present-day northeastern Louisiana though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands . The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast . The Poverty Point site has been designated as a U.S . National Monument , a U.S . National Historic Landmark , and UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located in the Southern United States , the site is from the",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": "current flow of the Mississippi River , and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge , near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish , Louisiana .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": " The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds , built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BC during the Late Archaic period in North America . Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement , a trading center , and/or a ceremonial religious complex .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": "The 402-acre ( 163 ha ) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America . Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century . Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s . The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property .",
"title": "Poverty Point"
},
{
"text": " The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges , earthen mounds , and a central plaza . The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres ( 140 ha ) , although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles ( 5 km ) along the Bayou Macon . The earthworks include six concentric , C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges . These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point .",
"title": "Site description"
},
{
"text": "The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges . Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley . The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors . Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges . Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft ( 10 –185 cm ) in height relative to the adjacent swales . Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places , but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing . The slightly",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft ( 15–25 m ) in width . The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft ( 20 – 30 m ) . The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , while the innermost ridges diameter is about three-eighths of a mile ( 0.6 km ) . The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasnt until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design . Radiocarbon dates suggest that most",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BC .",
"title": "Six C-shaped ridges"
},
{
"text": "Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large , 37.5-acre ( 17.4 ha ) , plaza . Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area , it has been modified extensively . In addition to filled gullies , archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft ( 1 m ) . In the 1970s , excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza . Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": "features , ranging from about 82 ft ( 25 m ) to 206 ft ( 63 m ) in diameter , in the southern half of the plaza . Based on the geophysical data , archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features ; they found large post pits , indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts . Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans , even",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": "as the earthworks were under construction .",
"title": "Plaza"
},
{
"text": " The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site . The largest of these , Mound A , is 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft ( 215 x 200 m ) at its base . Mound A is located to the west of the ridges , and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above . Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an Earth island representing the cosmological center of the site .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly , probably over a period of less than three months . Prior to construction , the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned . According to radiocarbon analysis , this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BC . The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt , followed quickly by the main construction effort . There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels , indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "short period . In total volume , Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet ( 238,000 cubic meters ) of fill , making it the second-largest earthen mound ( by volume ) in eastern North America . It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia , built beginning about 950-1000 AD in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": " Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A . Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound .",
"title": "Mound A"
},
{
"text": "Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft ( 625 m ) north of Mound A . The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft ( 6.5 m ) in height with a 180 ft ( 55 m ) basal diameter . Dating to sometime after 1700 BC , Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point . Built in several stages , charcoal , fire pits , and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound . The impressions of woven baskets were preserved",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction . The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface . During excavations in the mid-1950s , a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound . At the time , this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation . However , recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens . Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds . The identification of the bone ( reported as the proximal end of an infants femur ) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site .",
"title": "Mound B"
},
{
"text": "Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge . Mound C is 6.5 ft ( 2 m ) in height , about 260 ft ( 80 m ) long , and today is 80 ft ( 25 m ) wide . The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge . There is a depression that divides the mound , which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd , Louisiana . Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the",
"title": "Mound C"
},
{
"text": "entire occupation of the site , but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site . Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris , or midden , between them , indicating they were added over time . The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape .",
"title": "Mound C"
},
{
"text": "Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation . This mound is about 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall and 100 x 130 ft ( 30 x 40 m ) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges . Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built , at least in part , by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site . First , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered",
"title": "Mound D"
},
{
"text": "near Mound D . Second , Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D . Third , optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound , which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight , are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge .",
"title": "Mound D"
},
{
"text": " Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound . The Ballcourt designation comes from two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals , not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point .",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": "Mound E is located 1330 ft ( 405 m ) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner . Mound E is 13.4 ft ( 4 m ) in height and 360 x 295 ft ( 110 x 90 m ) at its base . The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface . No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": "of artifacts were recovered . Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert , such as novaculite , characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage . Until recently , dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development . In 2017 , a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp . This charcoal , from the base of the mound , provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BC .",
"title": "Mound E"
},
{
"text": " A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013 . Known as Mound F , it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges . Mound F is about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) tall and 80 x 100 ft ( 24 by 30 m ) at its base . A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BC , making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point . Lower Jackson and Motley mounds .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": "Approximately 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound ( 16WC10 ) a conical structure 10 ft ( 3 m ) in height and 115 ft ( 35 m ) in diameter at its base . For many years , archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site . However , modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca . 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": "about 1500 years . Artifacts typical of the early date , such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points , were recovered near the mound . Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E , A , and B .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": " Approximately 1.2 miles ( 2.2 km ) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound ( 16WC7 ) , which is 52 ft ( 16 m ) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft ( 170 x 125 m ) . Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A , however , the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative .",
"title": "Mound F"
},
{
"text": " Poverty Point was not constructed all at once . The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time . The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known . Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results , but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BC and continued until as late as 1200 BC .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks , prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges . The main building material was loess , a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water . For this reason , clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion . The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them . The baskets , depending on the size of the bearer , could hold between of dirt , suggesting that men , women , and children participated in the construction .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown , although archaeologist Jon L . Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts . For example , he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project . Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction , possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "they were building . Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household . An exception is the 1980-1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1 . The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time . Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " Changes in temperature , precipitation , and increased flooding , may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point . Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Archaeologists have long-debated the functions of the Poverty Point site . One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events . Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges . Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges , indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities . Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes . Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": "site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": " Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis . Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation , and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": "Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance . Archaeologist William Haag , who excavated at the site in the 1970s , interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices . Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically , rather than astronomically , aligned . Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels . Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex .",
"title": "Purposes"
},
{
"text": " The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists . They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments . The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments , ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufus Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt , were constructed by agricultural societies , in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": "The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans , descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 12,000 to 15,000 years ago . The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley . Time , cultural change , and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": " The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region . The Poverty Point peoples food was acquired through fishing , gathering , and hunting . Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available . Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer , small mammals like possum , various fish and turtles , mollusks , nuts , fruits , berries , and aquatic roots .",
"title": "Poverty Point people"
},
{
"text": " The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small , baked shapes made of loess , found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as Poverty Point Objects or PPOs . Except for unique specialized forms , archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking , based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology . When placed in earth ovens , the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery , creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered , grog-tempered , and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration . More commonly , however , they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site , as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges . An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities . For example , based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris , the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools . Beads , pendants and",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector . However , clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system . Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction , there are clear changes in artifact styles through time . For example , cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point . Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point , archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans . For example , a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys . Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia , and galena from Missouri and Iowa",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": ". Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region . However , modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Discovery , excavation and tourism . Discovery and archaeological excavation . In the 1830s Jacob Walter , an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area , came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary :",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett , who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War . During the early 20th century , archaeologists took an interest in the site . Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B . Moore in 1913 , by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926 , by Clarence H . Webb in 1935 , and by Michael Beckman in 1946 . Three excavation seasons in 1952 , 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A . Ford and Clarence",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Webb , leading to the publication of Poverty Point , a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana in 1956 .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century . These research efforts include Sharon Goads ( 1980–1982 ) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1 , Jon Gibsons ( 1983–1995 ) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site , Glen Greenes ( 1983–1992 ) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site , and other archaeologists conducting limited site research . In the early 2000s T.R . Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site . Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012 , using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system . Since 2006 , Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza . The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee , coordinate , and conduct site research . The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "from previous excavations at Poverty Point .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Public access and site maintenance . In 1960 , John Griffin , who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service , suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established a National Monument . At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection , fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners , but the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13 , 1962 .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site . In 1976 , the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area . The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there . In 1988 Congress designated the site as a U.S . National Monument .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " Today Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m . to 5 p.m . except for Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Years Day . As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks , a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission . Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S . Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne , the ex officio head of the Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism , requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point . The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site . The funding was approved .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": " UNESCO World Heritage Site designation . In January 2013 , the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List . State Senator Francis C . Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not just a local or even state issue [ but ] of international importance . The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically .",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "On June 22 , 2014 , the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha , Qatar . Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S . Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List . Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group , alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England , the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt ,",
"title": "Artifacts"
},
{
"text": "and the Great Wall of China . The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States .",
"title": "Artifacts"
}
] |
/wiki/Sándor_Nemes#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Sándor Nemes belong to in Aug 1916?
|
Sándor Nemes Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria . Playing career . Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 . On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna . He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup . Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga . In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match . By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld . In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America , Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League . Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt . Coaching career . In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK . After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv . Name . His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch . It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches . He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes . Honours . As player : - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33 As coach : - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39 External sources . - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info
|
[
"Ferencvárosi TC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria .",
"title": "Sándor Nemes"
},
{
"text": "Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America ,",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33",
"title": "As player :"
},
{
"text": " - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39",
"title": "As coach :"
},
{
"text": " - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Sándor_Nemes#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Sándor Nemes belong to in Feb 1919?
|
Sándor Nemes Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria . Playing career . Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 . On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna . He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup . Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga . In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match . By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld . In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America , Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League . Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt . Coaching career . In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK . After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv . Name . His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch . It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches . He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes . Honours . As player : - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33 As coach : - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39 External sources . - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info
|
[
"Hungarian national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria .",
"title": "Sándor Nemes"
},
{
"text": "Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America ,",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33",
"title": "As player :"
},
{
"text": " - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39",
"title": "As coach :"
},
{
"text": " - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Sándor_Nemes#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Sándor Nemes belong to between Aug 1920 and Oct 1920?
|
Sándor Nemes Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria . Playing career . Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 . On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna . He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup . Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga . In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match . By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld . In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America , Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League . Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt . Coaching career . In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK . After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv . Name . His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch . It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches . He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes . Honours . As player : - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33 As coach : - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39 External sources . - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info
|
[
"club Ferencváros"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria .",
"title": "Sándor Nemes"
},
{
"text": "Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America ,",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33",
"title": "As player :"
},
{
"text": " - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39",
"title": "As coach :"
},
{
"text": " - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Sándor_Nemes#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Sándor Nemes belong to between Aug 1926 and Oct 1926?
|
Sándor Nemes Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria . Playing career . Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 . On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna . He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup . Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga . In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match . By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld . In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America , Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League . Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt . Coaching career . In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK . After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv . Name . His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch . It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches . He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes . Honours . As player : - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33 As coach : - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39 External sources . - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info
|
[
"Brooklyn Wanderers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria .",
"title": "Sándor Nemes"
},
{
"text": "Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America ,",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33",
"title": "As player :"
},
{
"text": " - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39",
"title": "As coach :"
},
{
"text": " - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Sándor_Nemes#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Sándor Nemes belong to between Mar 1929 and Jul 1929?
|
Sándor Nemes Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria . Playing career . Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 . On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna . He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup . Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga . In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match . By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld . In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America , Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League . Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt . Coaching career . In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK . After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv . Name . His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch . It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches . He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes . Honours . As player : - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33 As coach : - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39 External sources . - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info
|
[
"Hakoah All-Stars"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria .",
"title": "Sándor Nemes"
},
{
"text": "Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America ,",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33",
"title": "As player :"
},
{
"text": " - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39",
"title": "As coach :"
},
{
"text": " - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Sándor_Nemes#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Sándor Nemes belong to between Jan 1932 and Jun 1932?
|
Sándor Nemes Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria . Playing career . Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 . On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna . He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup . Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga . In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match . By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld . In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America , Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League . Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt . Coaching career . In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK . After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv . Name . His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch . It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches . He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes . Honours . As player : - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33 As coach : - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39 External sources . - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Sándor Nemes , also known as Alexander Neufeld ( 25 September 1899 – 27 October 1977 ) was a Hungarian football player and manager . He had a playing career in Hungary , Austria , Switzerland , United States and Yugoslavia , and he represented the national teams of Hungary and Austria .",
"title": "Sándor Nemes"
},
{
"text": "Born in Budapest to a Jewish family , Sándor Nemes begin playing for a local club named ILK . When the club was disbanded in 1916 he joined Ferencvárosi TC where after playing initially in the youth team in same year due to his skills he got promoted to the senior squad . At first he played as striker but shortly after he changed his playing position to right-winger . He soon became an established player within the team , forming the attacking line along with Mihály Pataki and Isidor Gansl . In both 1918 and 1919 they finished second",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "in the Hungarian Championship behind the then dominating MTK Budapest . With Ferencváros he played a total of 57 league matches having scored 18 goals",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 May 1918 he made his debut for the Hungarian national team playing in attack along Alfred Schaffer and Imre Schlosser in the 2–1 win over Switzerland in Budapest . A few weeks later , on 2 June , in Vienna , he played again this time winning Austria by 2–0 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 1919 , he played his third match for the Hungarian national team , again in Vienna against Austria , however this time they were defeated by 0–2 . In that period because of the political situation , many Hungarian players were emigrating abroad , and Nemes was no exception and he signed with second league Austrian club SC Hakoah Vienna . As a way to overcame a bureaucratic problem over the signing , he accepted a job in a bank in Vienna .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "He played his first match with Hakoah in November 1919 and became soon one of the most important players in their aspiration to get promotion to the first league . By then , the Hungarian Football Federation was having a violent confrontation with Austrian clubs over the players that begin playing for Austrian clubs without being officially released from their origin clubs in Hungary . Until the end of 1919 these players , among them Ferenc Plattkó , Jenö brothers , Kálmán Konrád , and Sándor Nemes included , were not allowed to play under the insistency of the Hungarian",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Federation to sanction them . This situation lasted until March 1920 when the players could finally return to play . In his first season with Hakoah , Nemes reached the semi-finals of the Austrian Cup .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Middle of that year 1920 , Nemes rejoined his former club Ferencváros as they played a tournée in Switzerland . However instead of returning to Hungary he decided to stay in Switzerland and signed with FC Basel where his former national team colleague Alfred Schaffer played . Nemes played only one month with the team in two test games . He then received an invitation from the German businessman Otto Eidinger to participate in a newly formed Hungarian professional team that had programmed during the next year exhibition matches all over Europe . Sándor Nemes accepted the invitation , along",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "with a number of other notable players like Plattkó , Pataki , József Ging , Gyula Feldmann and József Viola . However , after only a few weeks the tournée was abandoned with players complaining about not being paid . Most of the players returned to Austria and Hungary where they were sanctioned by the respective federations with Nemes receiving a suspension to last until April 1921 . He didnt respect the suspension , and as most other players did , he moved to Czechoslovakia and signed with Maccabi Brno . However soon afterwards an agreement was reached about an",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "amnesty for players that would accept to return , and thus Nemes returned to Hakoah in summer 1921 and became part of Hakoah team that this time played in the Austrian Bundesliga .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In his first complete season in 1921–22 Hakoah finished second in the league , only 2 points behind the leader . In the next season Hakoah finished in mid table , but Nemes impressed by scoring 16 goals and finishing in third place as league top scorer . In 1924 , professionalization begin in Austrian football and in that same year Hakoah won the Austrian championship . They also won in the same year their first European title by beating West Ham United by 5–0 with Nemes scoring three goals in that final match .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "By then , Nemes had already played four times with the city selection of Vienna , and Austrian national team manager Hugo Meisl convoked him for the match on 5 July 1925 , in Stockholm against Sweden , where he made his debut for the Austrian national team in the 4–2 win . He will play his second match for Austria on 8 November , that same year , in a 0–2 loss against Switzerland in Bern . He played both matches under the name of Alexander Neufeld .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In spring 1926 Hakoah made a successful tournée in the United States with a number of players receiving contract offers on behalf of American soccer clubs . Nemes returned to Austria and finished that season , however he had informed that at the end of the season he will leave Hakoah and move to the United States by accepting the offer of Brooklyn Wanderers to play in the American Soccer League . Along with Nemes , three other Hakoah players also moved to Brooklyn , namely Hoffer , Leopold Drucker and Heinrich Schoenfeld . After one season in America ,",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "Nemes returned to Hakoah , however he couldnt stop the fall of the club that lost its best players , and they ended up relegated that season . Nemes returned to the States in 1929 and played with Hakoah All-Stars until 1930 . In fall of 1930 he played with Fall River Marksmen helping them to win the 1930 American Soccer League .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Afterwards he will play with BSK Belgrade in the Yugoslav Championship and Alexandria in Egypt .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " In 1930 Nemes moved to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where he became a coach of one of the strongest clubs in the country BSK Belgrade and soon he makes his first major coaching success by winning the 1930–31 Yugoslav Championship . Seems that he returned to Austria in 1931 and worked one season as coach with a Second league Jewish club named Hasmonea , however the club ended up relegated due to the reduction in number of clubs for the next season and Nemes returned to BSK .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After coming back to Belgrade in 1932 , he will further win the Championship in 1933 and 1935 before having a year coaching experience with Hapoel Hatzair in Palestina , with Austrian Josef Uridil replacing him for that year at BSK . In 1936 however he returned to Belgrade where he will win another chsmpionship in 1939 . In June 1938 he graduated in a six-months coaching course organised by the Yugoslav Football Association . Afterwards , he had a brief spell coaching Turkish Galatasaray before returning to Israel in 1950 to coach Hapoel Tel Aviv .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " His real name is Sándor Nemes , although for unknown reasons he begin to be known by the mid-1920s as Alexander Neufeld . Also , a number of Serbian sources name him in a third variant , as Antal Nemes . A match report from IFFHS refers to him as Alex Nemesch .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": "It also seems that some sources confused him with another Hungarian born footballer , Ferry Neufeld , who was initially named Ferenc Nemes , thus appearing Alexander Nemes as having played 2 matches and scoring one goal for the Palestine national team , when in fact it was Ferry Neufeld who played for Palestine in those matches .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " He is also sometimes confused with another Hungarian coach , Károly Nemes , also known as Karlo/Carl or Dragutin Nemes , and it is sometimes wrongly attributed to Sándor as being the coach of SK Bata Borovo in the late 1930s and early 1940s , although it is uncertain who of the two coached the club in 1945 after the war interval . A coach known as G . Nemetz has coached Fenerbahçe S.K . between 1939 and 1940 although there is still no confirmation if it was Sandor Nemes .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " - Hakoah Vienna - Austrian Championship ( 1 ) : 1924–25 - Fall River Marksmen - American Soccer League ( 1 ) : 1930 - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 1 ) : 1932–33",
"title": "As player :"
},
{
"text": " - BSK Belgrade - Yugoslav Championship ( 4 ) : 1930–31 , 1932–33 , 1935–36 , 1938–39",
"title": "As coach :"
},
{
"text": " - Sándor Nemes at EU-Football.info",
"title": "External sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Stjepan_Mesić#P39#0
|
What was the position of Stjepan Mesić between Jul 1990 and Aug 1990?
|
Stjepan Mesić Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica . Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) . After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms . Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica . His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium . In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer . Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer . Career . After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal . In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia . In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution . Croatian spring . In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law . However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at the Stara Gradiška prison . Return to politics . Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) . Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 . As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik . Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia no longer exist [ s ] anymore . After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started . Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ . Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president . Presidency of Croatia . Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS . He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons . As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier . Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his funeral in Belgrade . He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq . Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy . The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović . On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro . In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac . On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur , that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists . Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia . Lawsuits . In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas . In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 . In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 . In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .
|
[
"Prime Minister of Croatia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "the Stara Gradiška prison .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "no longer exist [ s ] anymore .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "funeral in Belgrade .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": ", that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
}
] |
/wiki/Stjepan_Mesić#P39#1
|
What was the position of Stjepan Mesić between Aug 1991 and Dec 1991?
|
Stjepan Mesić Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica . Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) . After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms . Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica . His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium . In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer . Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer . Career . After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal . In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia . In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution . Croatian spring . In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law . However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at the Stara Gradiška prison . Return to politics . Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) . Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 . As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik . Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia no longer exist [ s ] anymore . After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started . Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ . Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president . Presidency of Croatia . Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS . He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons . As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier . Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his funeral in Belgrade . He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq . Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy . The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović . On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro . In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac . On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur , that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists . Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia . Lawsuits . In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas . In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 . In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 . In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .
|
[
"secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "the Stara Gradiška prison .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "no longer exist [ s ] anymore .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "funeral in Belgrade .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": ", that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
}
] |
/wiki/Stjepan_Mesić#P39#2
|
What was the position of Stjepan Mesić in Mar 1993?
|
Stjepan Mesić Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica . Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) . After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms . Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica . His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium . In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer . Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer . Career . After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal . In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia . In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution . Croatian spring . In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law . However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at the Stara Gradiška prison . Return to politics . Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) . Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 . As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik . Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia no longer exist [ s ] anymore . After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started . Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ . Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president . Presidency of Croatia . Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS . He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons . As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier . Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his funeral in Belgrade . He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq . Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy . The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović . On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro . In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac . On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur , that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists . Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia . Lawsuits . In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas . In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 . In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 . In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .
|
[
"speaker of the Croatian Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "the Stara Gradiška prison .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "no longer exist [ s ] anymore .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "funeral in Belgrade .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": ", that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
}
] |
/wiki/Stjepan_Mesić#P39#3
|
What was the position of Stjepan Mesić in late 2000s?
|
Stjepan Mesić Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica . Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved . Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) . After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms . Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica . His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium . In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer . Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer . Career . After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal . In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia . In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution . Croatian spring . In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law . However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at the Stara Gradiška prison . Return to politics . Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) . Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 . As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik . Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia no longer exist [ s ] anymore . After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started . Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ . Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president . Presidency of Croatia . Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS . He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons . As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier . Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his funeral in Belgrade . He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq . Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy . The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović . On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro . In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac . On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur , that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists . Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia . Lawsuits . In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas . In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 . In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 . In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .
|
[
"President of the Republic of Croatia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stjepan Stipe Mesić ( ; born 24 December 1934 ) is a Croatian lawyer and politician who served as President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010 . Before serving two five-year terms as president , he was prime minister of SR Croatia ( 1990 ) after the first multi-party elections , the last president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia ( 1991 ) and consequently secretary general of the Non-Aligned Movement ( 1991 ) , as well as speaker of the Croatian Parliament ( 1992–1994 ) , a judge in Našice , and mayor of his hometown of Orahovica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Mesić was a deputy in the Croatian Parliament in the 1960s , and was then absent from politics until 1990 when he joined the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and was named President of the Executive Council ( Prime Minister ) of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ( then still a constituent republic of the SFR Yugoslavia ) after HDZ won the elections . His cabinet is , despite holding office before Croatias independence , considered by the Government of Croatia to have been the first government cabinet of the current Croatian republic . He later resigned from",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "his post and was appointed to serve as the Socialist Republic of Croatias membership of the Yugoslav federal presidency where he served first as Vice President and then in 1991 as the last President of Yugoslavia before Yugoslavia dissolved .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatias independence , Mesić served as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1992 to 1994 , when he left HDZ . With several other members of parliament , he formed a new party called Croatian Independent Democrats ( HND ) . In 1997 the majority of HND members , including Mesić , merged into the Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "After Franjo Tuđman died in December 1999 , Mesić won the elections to become the next president of Croatia in February 2000 . He was the last Croatian president to serve under a strong semi-presidential system , which foresaw the president as the most powerful official in the government structure and allowed him to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and his cabinet . This system was abolished in favor of an incomplete parliamentary system , which retained the direct election of the president but greatly reduced his powers in favor of strengthening the office of Prime Minister . He",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "was reelected in January 2005 for a second five-year term . Mesić always topped the polls for the most popular politician in Croatia during his two terms .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Stjepan Mesić , commonly called Stipe , was born in Orahovica , Yugoslavia to Josip and Magdalena ( née Pernar ) Mesić . After his mother died in 1936 , his older sister Marija was sent to their uncle Tomo Pernar in France , while Stjepan was put in the care of his grandmother Marija until his father was remarried in 1938 to Mileva Jović , an ethnic Serb who gave birth to Slavko and Jelica .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "His father joined the Yugoslav Partisans in 1941 . The Mesić family spent most of the Second World War in refuges in Mount Papuk and Orahovica when it was occasionally liberated . In 1945 , the family took refuge from the final fighting of the war in Hungary , along with 10,000 other refugees , and subsequently settled in Našice , where Josip Mesić became the chairman of the District Council . The family soon moved to Osijek , where Stipe graduated from 4-year elementary school and finished two years of 8-year gymnasium .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " In 1949 , his father was reassigned back to Orahovica , and Stipe continued his education at the gymnasium in Požega . He graduated in 1955 and , as an exemplary student , was admitted to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The same year on 17 March , his father died of cancer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": "Stjepan Mesić continued his studies at the Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb , where he graduated in 1961 . That same year , Mesić married Milka Dudunić , of Ukrainian and Serbian ethnic origin from Hrvatska Kostajnica , with whom he has two daughters . After graduation , he worked as an intern at the municipal court in Orahovica and the public attorneys office at Našice . He served his compulsory military service in Bileća and Niš , becoming a reserve officer .",
"title": "Stjepan Mesić"
},
{
"text": " After passing the judicial examination , Mesić was appointed a municipal judge , but soon became embroiled in a scandal when he publicly denounced local politicians for using official vehicles for private purposes . He was nearly expelled from the party over the incident and in 1964 he moved to Zagreb to work as a manager for the company Univerzal .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , he ran as an independent candidate in the election for his municipal council , and defeated two other candidates , one from the Communist Party and the other from the Socialist Union of Working People . In 1967 , he became the mayor of Orahovica and a member of the Parliament of SR Croatia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , as mayor , Mesić attempted the building of a private factory in the town , the first private factory in Yugoslavia . However , this was personally denounced by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito as an attempt to silently introduce capitalism , which was illegal under the then-existing constitution .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1967 , when a group of Croatian nationalists published Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , Mesić publicly denounced it as a diversionary attack against the very foundations of Yugoslavia and called for its authors to be prosecuted by law .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 1970s Mesić supported the nationalist Croatian Spring movement which called for Croatian equality within the Yugoslav Federation on economic , political and cultural levels . The government indicted him for acts of enemy propaganda . The initial trial lasted three days in which 55 witnesses testified , only five against him , but he was sentenced to 20 years in jail on charges that he was a member of a Croatian terrorist group . He appealed and the trial was prolonged , but in 1975 he was incarcerated for one year and served his sentence at",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": "the Stara Gradiška prison .",
"title": "Croatian spring"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected again in 1990 as a candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) in the first multi-party elections in Croatia after World War II . He became the general secretary of HDZ and later the Prime Minister of Croatia . He served in this post from May to August 1990 , when he resigned to become the vice-president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Presidents rotated annually among the six republics of Yugoslavia . When Mesićs turn came to become president on 15 May 1991 , the Serbian incumbent Member Borisav Jović demanded , against all constitutional rules , that an election be held . The members from Serbia and its provinces voted against , and the member from Montenegro abstained , leaving Mesić one vote short of the majority . Under pressure from the international community after the Ten-Day War in Slovenia , Mesić was appointed on 1 July 1991 .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " As Yugoslav President , Mesić also held the position of Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement , superseding Jović . In October 1991 , at the height of Siege of Dubrovnik , Mesić and Croatian Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić led a relief convoy of forty fishing and tour boats to Dubrovnik .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Despite being the head of state of the SFRY , Mesić did not attend many sessions of the collective presidency as it was dominated by four members loyal to Serbia . He was also unable to re-assert control as commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Peoples Army , as his orders for them to return to barracks were ignored and they acted independently . On 5 December 1991 , Mesić declared his post irrelevant and resigned from the Presidency , returning to Croatia . In a statement to Croatian Parliament , he said : I think Ive accomplished my duty , Yugoslavia",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "no longer exist [ s ] anymore .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " After 1992 Croatian parliamentary election , Mesić became the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament . He served as the Speaker from 7 September 1992 to 24 May 1994 . In 1994 , Mesić left the HDZ to form a new party , the Croatian Independent Democrats ( Hrvatski Nezavisni Demokrati , HND ) . Mesić left the HDZ some 18 months after the Croat–Bosniak War in Bosnia had started .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": "Mesić stated that this decision was motivated by his disagreement with Croatias policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time , specifically Franjo Tuđmans alleged agreement with Slobodan Milošević in the Karađorđevo to carve up Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia and the subsequent launch of the Croat–Bosniak War . His departure matches the time of his ( and Josip Manolićs ) conflict with Gojko Šušaks fraction within HDZ .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Earlier , in 1992 , Mesić visited Široki Brijeg in 1992 in order to dismiss Stjepan Kljujić and install Mate Boban as the president of HDZ BiH , the partys branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mesić later described Boban as a radical nationalist and even crazy . Mesić criticized the failed policies of privatization during the war and unresolved cases of war profiteering . In 1997 he and a part of the HND membership merged into the liberal Croatian Peoples Party ( HNS ) , where Mesić became an executive vice-president .",
"title": "Return to politics"
},
{
"text": " Mesić was elected President of the Republic of Croatia in the 2000 election after winning the first round and defeating Dražen Budiša of HSLS in the second round . Mesić ran as the joint candidate of the HNS , HSS , LS and IDS . He received 41% of the vote in the first round and 56% in the second round . After becoming president , he stepped down from membership in the HNS .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "He heavily criticized former President Franjo Tuđmans policies as nationalistic and authoritarian , lacking a free media and employing bad economics , while Mesić favored a more liberal approach to opening the Croatian economy to foreign investment . In September 2000 Mesić retired seven Croatian active generals who had written two open letters to the public arguing that the current government administration is campaigning to criminalize Homeland War and that the Government is accusing and neglecting the Croatian Army . Mesić held that active duty officers could not write public political letters without approval of their Commander-in-Chief . Opposition parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "condemned this as a dangerous decision that could harm Croatian national security . Mesić later retired four more generals for similar reasons .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " As president , Mesić was active in foreign policy . Mesić promoted Croatias ambition to become a member of the European Union and NATO . He also initiated mutual apologies for possible war crimes with the President of Serbia and Montenegro . After Constitutional amendments in September 2000 , he was deprived of most of his roles in domestic policy-making , which instead passed wholly to the Croatian Government and its Premier .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia that implicated the Croatian army in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The right-wing parts of the Croatian public took issue with this , saying that his testimony contained untrue statements and questioned his motives ( he was often branded traitor ) , and noting that much of his testimony occurred before his presidency , as an opposition politician . His denunciation of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic on 12 March 2003 marked a notable thawing of relations with Serbia , and he attended his",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "funeral in Belgrade .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " He opposed the United States military campaign against Iraq and Saddam Husseins regime without gaining United Nations approval or mandate beforehand . Immediately following the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003 , Mesić deplored that by attacking Iraq , the Bush administration had marginalized UN , induced divisions in EU , damaged relationships with traditional allies , disturbed the foundations of international order and incited a crisis , which could spill over the borders of Iraq .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "Mesić improved Croatian foreign relations with Libya by exchanging visits with the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi , contrary to the wishes of U.S . and British diplomacy .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "The first of Mesićs mandate was not marked with historically crucial events like the Tuđman presidency had been , Croatias public political orientation shifted away from the HDZ , mostly to the benefit of leftist parties . When the government changed hands in late 2003 , problems were expected between the leftist President and a Government with rightist members , but Mesić handled the situation gracefully and there were few notable incidents in this regard . He served his first 5-year term until February 2005 . In the 2005 election , Mesić was a candidate supported by eight political parties",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "and won nearly half of the vote , but was denied the absolute majority by a few percent . Mesić faced off with Jadranka Kosor in the run-off election and won . He served his second 5-year term until 2010 when he was superseded by Ivo Josipović .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2006 the Civic Assembly of Podgorica , Montenegros capital , decided to declare Mesić an honorary citizen . The move was opposed by pro-Serbian parties in Montenegro .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "In December 2006 , a controversy arose when a video was published showing Mesić during a speech in Australia in the early 1990s , where he said that the Croats won a victory on April 10th ( when the fascist aligned Independent State of Croatia was formed ) as well as in 1945 ( when the communist anti-fascists prevailed and the Socialist Republic of Croatia was formed ) , as well as that Croatia needed to apologize to no one for the Jasenovac concentration camp ( i.e . the WWII Holocaust against Serbs and Jews ) . Mesić sparked controversy",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "on the issue of the Independent State of Croatia on another occasion during a speech in which he claimed that not all Croats fighting for the Independent State of Croatia were Ustashe supporters and claimed that most were fighting legitimately for Croatian independence . However , he described the persecutions of Serbs in Independent State of Croatia as genocide . Furthermore , in 2017 , he apologized for the imprudent statement and relativization of the crimes in Jasenovac .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": "On 21 December 2008 , President Mesić compared Dodiks policies to those of the late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević at the beginning of the 1990s . Just as the world failed to recognize Miloševićs policy then , it does not recognize Dodiks policy today , he said . Explaining where such a policy could be headed , he added : If Dodik manages to merge Republika Srpska with Serbia , all Croats concentrated in Herzegovina will want to join Croatia in the same manner , leaving a rump Bosniak country , surrounded by enemies . If this were to occur",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": ", that small country would become the refuge of all the worlds terrorists .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " Mesić has been accused by the Croatian Helsinki Committee of obstructing the investigation of war crimes committed by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . The committee also accused Mesić of abusing the commemorations at the Jasenovac concentration camp for political purposes . In 2009 , he publicly proposed that all crucifixes be removed from Croatian state offices , provoking a negative reaction from the Catholic Church in Croatia .",
"title": "Presidency of Croatia"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Mesić told the Croatian press that Croatian-French lawyer Ivan Jurasinović should visit the psychiatric clinic at Vrapče , after Jurasinović filed charges for Marin Tomulić against Marko Nikolić and others for attempted murder . Jurasinović subsequently launched a civil suit against Mesić which found the president guilty of using his position to attempt to discredit and slander him . Mesić was ordered to compensate Jurasinović 70,000 kunas .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In April 2008 Josip Kokić unsuccessfully petitioned the Croatian Constitutional Court to remove the presidents legal immunity , so that he could sue him . Ivan Jurasinović launched another appeal to remove the immunity in November 2008 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": " In 2008 , former Constitutional Court judge Vice Vukojević launched a case against Mesić , alleging that he embezzled money along with Vladimir Sokolić under the guise of purchasing vehicles for the Croatian Army in 1993 . Political scientist and publisher Darko Petričić claimed that Mesićs first campaign in 2000 was funded by the Albanian mafia . In 2009 Mesić filed a lawsuit for defamation but it was decided in Petričićs favor on 29 March 2012 .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , a court in Hämeenlinna , Finland , sentenced two executives of Finnish company Patria – executive vice president for Croatia Heiki Hulkonen and representative for Croatia Reiji Niittynen – for bribing Croatian officials in making a €112 million contract with Croatian company Đuro Đaković . Each received a suspended sentence of eight years , eight months in prison and a €300,000 fine . Director of sales , Tuomas Korpi , was acquitted . According to the charge , Patrias managers gained €1.6 million through Hans Wolfgang Riedl and Walter Wolf as mediators , and used this money",
"title": "Lawsuits"
},
{
"text": "to bribe Croatias president Mesić and director of the Đuro Đaković company Bartol Jerković .",
"title": "Lawsuits"
}
] |
/wiki/Deborah_Birx#P108#0
|
Which employer did Deborah Birx work for in Aug 1984?
|
Deborah Birx Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor . Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University . Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates . In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize . In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center . Career . From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel . From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research . From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology . Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV . In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . CDC . From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program . Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe ) , a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic . White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions . On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have evidence of that right now . Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 . In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system . On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread . In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials . According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump . Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response . In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time . Personal life . Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations . Awards and honors . - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship External links . - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State
|
[
"Walter Reed Army Medical Center"
] |
[
{
"text": "Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe )",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": ", a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "evidence of that right now .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Deborah_Birx#P108#1
|
Which employer did Deborah Birx work for in May 2009?
|
Deborah Birx Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor . Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University . Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates . In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize . In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center . Career . From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel . From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research . From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology . Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV . In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . CDC . From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program . Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe ) , a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic . White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions . On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have evidence of that right now . Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 . In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system . On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread . In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials . According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump . Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response . In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time . Personal life . Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations . Awards and honors . - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship External links . - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State
|
[
"Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA )"
] |
[
{
"text": "Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe )",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": ", a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "evidence of that right now .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Deborah_Birx#P108#2
|
Which employer did Deborah Birx work for between Jan 2019 and Dec 2019?
|
Deborah Birx Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor . Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University . Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates . In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize . In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center . Career . From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel . From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research . From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology . Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV . In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . CDC . From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program . Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe ) , a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic . White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions . On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have evidence of that right now . Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 . In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system . On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread . In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials . According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump . Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response . In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time . Personal life . Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations . Awards and honors . - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship External links . - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State
|
[
"Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program"
] |
[
{
"text": "Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe )",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": ", a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "evidence of that right now .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Deborah_Birx#P108#3
|
Which employer did Deborah Birx work for after Feb 2020?
|
Deborah Birx Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor . Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University . Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates . In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize . In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center . Career . From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel . From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research . From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology . Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV . In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . CDC . From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program . Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe ) , a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic . White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions . On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have evidence of that right now . Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 . In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system . On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread . In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials . According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump . Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response . In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time . Personal life . Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations . Awards and honors . - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship External links . - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State
|
[
"White House Coronavirus Task Force"
] |
[
{
"text": "Deborah Leah Birx ( born April 4 , 1956 ) is an American physician and diplomat who served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021 . Birx specializes in HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health . Starting in 2014 , she oversaw the implementation of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program to support HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs in 65 countries . From 2014-2020 , Birx was the United States global AIDS coordinator for presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump and served as the",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "United States special representative for global health diplomacy between 2015 and 2021 . Birx was part of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from February 2020 to January 2021 . In March 2021 , Dr . Birx joined ActivePure Technology as Chief Medical and Science Advisor .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Birx was born in Pennsylvania . She is the daughter of Donald Birx , a mathematician and electrical engineer , and Adele Sparks Birx , a nursing instructor . Her late brother Danny was a scientist who founded a research company , and her older brother , Donald Birx , is president of Plymouth State University .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "Her family lived in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , where she attended Lampeter-Strasburg High School . Growing up , the siblings used a shed behind their family home as a makeshift lab for experiments in astronomy , geology , biology , and on one occasion , a homemade satellite dish antenna mounted on roller skates .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "In Birxs sophomore year , she won third place at the Lancaster City-County Science Fair , and she was featured in a front-page story in the Lancaster New Era with the subheading : Girls Sweep Top 3 Prizes . She told the Intelligencer Journal that , third is alright , but Ill be back . I want that first prize . Her junior year she competed in the International Science and Engineering Fair in San Diego . Her family later moved to Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and she attended Carlisle High for her final year of high school . During",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": "her senior year , she competed at the Capital Area Science Fair and was awarded the Grand Prize .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Birx received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Houghton College , completing her undergraduate studies in two years . In 1980 , Birx earned an Doctor of Medicine from the Penn State Milton S . Hershey Medical Center .",
"title": "Deborah Birx"
},
{
"text": " From 1980 to 1994 , Birx served as an active duty reserve officer in the United States Army . From 1994 to 2008 , Birx was active duty regular Army , achieving the rank of Colonel .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1980 to 1989 , Birx worked as a physician at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In 1981 , Birx completed a one-year internship and did a two-year residency in internal medicine . From 1983 to 1986 , she completed two fellowships in clinical immunology in the areas of allergies and diagnostics , where she worked in Anthony Faucis lab . From 1985 to 1989 , Birx was the assistant chief of the Walter Reed Allergy/Immunology Service . Birx started her career as a clinician in immunology , eventually focusing on HIV/AIDS vaccine research .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 1986 to 1989 , Birx worked at the National Institutes of Health as an investigator specializing in cellular immunology .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Birx returned to Walter Reed , where from 1989 to 1995 she worked in the Department of Retroviral Research , first as an assistant chief and then as chief of the division . She was lab director in HIV-1 Vaccine Development for a year . Birx became the director of the United States Military HIV Research Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , a position she held for nine years , from 1996 to 2005 . In that position , Birx led the HIV vaccine clinical trial of RV 144 , the first supporting evidence of any",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "vaccine being effective in lowering the risk of contracting HIV .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In March 2020 , Birx became a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2014 , Birx served as the director of Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division of Global HIV/AIDS ( DGHA ) , part of the agencys Center for Global Health . Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief . In January 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated Birx to be the Ambassador-at-Large and U.S . Global AIDS Coordinator as part of the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) program .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on April 2 , 2014 , and was sworn in two days later . She described her role as ambassador to help meet the HIV prevention and treatment targets set by Obama in 2015 to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 . Her role has focused on the areas of HIV/AIDS immunology , vaccine research , and global health issues around HIV/AIDS . As part of her work with HIV prevention , Birx created a program called DREAMS ( Determined , Resilient , Empowered , AIDS-free , Mentored and Safe )",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": ", a public-private partnership focused on reducing infection rates among adolescent girls and young women . PEPFAR management under Birx came under scrutiny in a February 2020 audit conducted by the State Departments Office of the Inspector General , with leadership of the program being described as dictatorial and autocratic .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " White House Coronavirus Task Force . On February 27 , 2020 , Vice President Mike Pence appointed Birx to the position of White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator . As part of this role , Birx reported to Pence on the White House Coronavirus Task Force . Pence called her his right arm on the task force . In televised briefings , Birx interpreted data on the virus , urged the public to practice social distancing , and tried to avoid publicly contradicting Trump , who frequently offered unscientific digressions .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "On March 26 , 2020 , Birx sought to reassure Americans in a press conference that there is no situation in the United States right now that warrants that kind of discussion [ that ventilators or ICU hospital beds might be in limited supply ] .. . You can be thinking about it .. . but to say that to the American people , to make the implication that when they need a hospital bed , its not going to be there , or when they need that ventilator , its not going to be there , we dont have",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "evidence of that right now .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx led the creation of a reopening plan presented by Trump on April 16 , 2020 , with voluntary standards for states to end coronavirus lockdowns . During the state reopenings , Birx warned individuals to continue precautions against the virus , and opposed some activities like professional haircuts . You need to continue to social distance , she said on May 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In July 2020 , a working group convened by Birx ordered hospitals to bypass the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and instead send all COVID-19 patient information to a database at the Department of Health and Human Services . Some health experts opposed the order and warned that the data might become politicized or withheld from the public . Birx , who had criticized hospitals and the CDC for being slow to gather data , helped select the data firm Palantir to help run HHSs new system .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " On August 2 , 2020 , Birx recommended that people living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19 consider wearing masks at home . She said that the United States was in a new phase of the coronavirus epidemic that was extraordinarily widespread .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In November , an internal report from Birx stated in bold font : There is an absolute necessity of the Administration to use this moment to ask the American people to wear masks , physical distance and avoid gatherings in both public and private spaces . The report also stated that confronting an emerging wave of the pandemic required an aggressive and balanced approach that is not being implemented . Birx traveled to virus hot spots around the country to discuss mask mandates and social distancing guidelines with state and local officials .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " According to CNN , she told a friend that she aimed to take her message directly to the people and sidestep the misleading messages she heard from Scott Atlas , a White House health official favored by President Trump .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Birx was alternately praised and pilloried by various sides , both for her responses as well as the actions in general of the CDC as well as the coronavirus task force . Some critics alleged that Birx minimized the dangers of coronavirus and downplayed equipment shortfalls . She was the White Houses chief proponent for the idea in April that COVID-19 infections had peaked and the virus was fading quickly , when afterward infections surged . A board member at the American College of Emergency Physicians , Ryan A . Stanton , said Birx sounded like “the builders of the",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "Titanic saying the ship can’t sink . Birx was also accused of squandering her credibility and bringing her independence into question with her public praise of Trump , whom many believed bungled the coronavirus response .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "In December 2020 , Birx indicated that she would retire from government soon after Joe Biden assumed office , stating that she would stay as long as needed and then retire and that her tenure had been a bit overwhelming and very difficult on my family . Birxs announcement came after news broke that she hosted three generations of her family from two households during Thanksgiving after she had urged Americans to restrict such gatherings to your immediate household . On January 20 , 2021 , her term ended . Afterwards , Birx stated that she often considered quitting her",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": "position as White House coronavirus response coordinator under the Trump administration due to the administrations hyper-partisanship , especially during the 2020 presidential election . Birx also asserted that the Trump administration censored her science-based guidance and that she was also being deliberately blocked from appearing on national media outlets for a time .",
"title": "CDC"
},
{
"text": " Birx lives with her parents , husband , and the family of one of her daughters in a multi-generational home . Birxs husband , Paige Reffe , is a lawyer who held managerial roles in the Carter , Reagan , and Clinton administrations .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 : United States Department of Defense , Legion of Merit - 1991 : United States Department of Defense , Meritorious Service Medal , recombinant gp160 vaccine - 2008 : Federal Executive Board , Outstanding Manager - 2011 : African Society for Laboratory Medicine , ASLM Lifetime Achievement Award - 2014 : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , William C . Watson , Jr . Medal of Excellence - 2019 : International Relations Council , Distinguished Service Award for International Statesmanship",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - Deborah L . Birx , M.D . at United States Department of State",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Michael_McGimpsey#P39#0
|
What was the position of Michael McGimpsey before Dec 2002?
|
Michael McGimpsey Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years . McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court . McGimpseys UUP office is located on Sandy Row in south Belfast . Early political career . In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland . Westminster elections . 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 . In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery . The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast . 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election . In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party Ulster Unionist Party . McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group . External links . - Official website
|
[
"Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure"
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group .",
"title": "Ulster Unionist Party"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Michael_McGimpsey#P39#1
|
What was the position of Michael McGimpsey in Jul 2005?
|
Michael McGimpsey Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years . McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court . McGimpseys UUP office is located on Sandy Row in south Belfast . Early political career . In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland . Westminster elections . 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 . In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery . The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast . 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election . In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party Ulster Unionist Party . McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group . External links . - Official website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group .",
"title": "Ulster Unionist Party"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Michael_McGimpsey#P39#2
|
What was the position of Michael McGimpsey between Nov 2009 and Dec 2010?
|
Michael McGimpsey Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years . McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court . McGimpseys UUP office is located on Sandy Row in south Belfast . Early political career . In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland . Westminster elections . 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 . In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery . The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast . 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election . In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party Ulster Unionist Party . McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group . External links . - Official website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group .",
"title": "Ulster Unionist Party"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Michael_McGimpsey#P39#3
|
What was the position of Michael McGimpsey after Oct 2013?
|
Michael McGimpsey Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years . McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court . McGimpseys UUP office is located on Sandy Row in south Belfast . Early political career . In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland . Westminster elections . 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 . In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery . The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast . 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election . In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party Ulster Unionist Party . McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group . External links . - Official website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael McGimpsey ( born 1 July 1948 ) is a former MLA who represented the people of South Belfast at Belfast City Council and the Northern Ireland Executive for twenty three years .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "McGimpsey was born in Donaghadee , County Down and was educated in Regent House Grammar School and Trinity College , Dublin . He is a businessman aside from politics involved in property development , hotels and the hospitality sector . In the mid-1980s he came to prominence alongside his brother Christopher when they challenged the Anglo-Irish Agreement by bringing a suit against the Irish government in the High Court of the Republic of Ireland , arguing that the Agreement was invalid because it contradicted Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland ( this argument was unusual coming from",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "Unionists because of the traditional Unionist opposition to these two articles. ) The case failed in the High Court , and again on appeal to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Michael McGimpsey"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 he was first elected to Belfast City Council . For the 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election McGimpsey was third on the UUP list . As a result , he was not involved in the negotiations for the Belfast Agreement . In 1998 McGimpsey was the first member to be elected for South Belfast on the 5th count . to the Northern Ireland Assembly . He was appointed to serve as Minister of Culture , Arts and Leisure in the Northern Ireland Executive from 1999 until the collapse of the Executive in 2002 . One of his achievements was",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "the digitising of the Ulster Covenant by the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " 2001 . In the run-up to the 2001 UK general election McGimpsey challenged sitting MP Martin Smyth for the Ulster Unionist nomination for Belfast South and gained 43% of the valid poll . In light of anti-agreement Smyths selection the then anti-agreement Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) did not stand a candidate , but the pro-agreement Progressive Unionist Party was prompted to put one up . McGimpsey , however endorsed Smyth . 2005 .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 the sitting UUP MP Martin Smyth retired and McGimpsey was selected as the official UUP candidate for the south Belfast constituency in the 2005 general election following a close selection campaign against an unknown figure , Christopher Montgomery .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "The Democratic Unionist Party , for the first time in over twenty years , stood a candidate in the form of former policeman Jimmy Spratt . In the battle between the two Unionist parties , both Smyth and former Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux appeared in a photograph with Jimmy Spratt which was included in his election literature . While Smyth subsequently claimed that this was just a photo that did not constitute an endorsement , two Ulster Unionists had let it be known in the most public fashion that they preferred an unknown DUP candidate to the man selected",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "by their own party . When the results were declared the poll was split three ways , with Social Democratic and Labour Party politician and part-time GP , Alasdair McDonnell winning the seat . Such an eventuality had been anticipated before the election in discussions between the UUP and DUP about an election pact involving Fermanagh and South Tyrone and Belfast South amongst other constituencies . David Burnside is known to have favoured the pact benefiting Tom Elliott , as he felt that Elliott could unite Unionists in Fermanagh and South Tyrone more readily than McGimpsey could in South Belfast",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In December 2009 , McGimpsey ruled himself out from standing in South Belfast in the 2010 General Election , saying that he felt he would best serve his constituents by continuing to work as Minister for Health . 2007 Assembly election .",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": "In the Assembly election of March 2007 McGimpsey retained his seat but the UUPs vote in South Belfast fell from 27.0% in 2003 to 18.4% of the popular vote in 2007 , which resulted in the party losing its second seat , originally held by Esmond Birnie , which was picked up by Anna Lo of the Alliance Party",
"title": "Westminster elections"
},
{
"text": " McGimpsey was politically close to David Trimble and at once talked of as a future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party , however he has never been a potential or actual challenger to a UUP leadership election . Politically McGimpsey is seen as being on the left of the Ulster Unionists and is a member of the Unionist Labour Group .",
"title": "Ulster Unionist Party"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Maryam_Monsef#P39#0
|
What position did Maryam Monsef take in Oct 2015?
|
Maryam Monsef Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 . Family and education . Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops . Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan , and Jordan . Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area . In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey . Political career . In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote . Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 . Criticism and controversy . Handling of portfolio . On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings . On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party . Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments . In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey . In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further . Place of birth . Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information . In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough , Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush . Open microphone incident . In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 . Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted . External links . - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .
|
[
"House of Commons of Canada"
] |
[
{
"text": "Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 .",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": ". Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan ,",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "and Jordan .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": " Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough ,",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Maryam_Monsef#P39#1
|
What position did Maryam Monsef take between Feb 2016 and Nov 2016?
|
Maryam Monsef Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 . Family and education . Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops . Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan , and Jordan . Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area . In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey . Political career . In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote . Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 . Criticism and controversy . Handling of portfolio . On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings . On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party . Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments . In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey . In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further . Place of birth . Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information . In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough , Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush . Open microphone incident . In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 . Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted . External links . - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .
|
[
"Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet"
] |
[
{
"text": "Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 .",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": ". Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan ,",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "and Jordan .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": " Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough ,",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Maryam_Monsef#P39#2
|
What position did Maryam Monsef take in 2017?
|
Maryam Monsef Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 . Family and education . Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops . Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan , and Jordan . Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area . In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey . Political career . In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote . Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 . Criticism and controversy . Handling of portfolio . On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings . On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party . Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments . In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey . In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further . Place of birth . Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information . In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough , Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush . Open microphone incident . In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 . Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted . External links . - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .
|
[
"Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada"
] |
[
{
"text": "Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 .",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": ". Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan ,",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "and Jordan .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": " Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough ,",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Maryam_Monsef#P39#3
|
What position did Maryam Monsef take after Jul 2018?
|
Maryam Monsef Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 . Family and education . Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops . Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan , and Jordan . Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area . In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey . Political career . In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote . Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 . Criticism and controversy . Handling of portfolio . On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings . On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party . Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments . In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey . In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further . Place of birth . Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information . In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough , Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush . Open microphone incident . In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 . Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted . External links . - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .
|
[
"Minister for Women and Gender Equality"
] |
[
{
"text": "Maryam Monsef ( ) ( born Monsefzadeh ; November 7 , 1984 ) is an Afghan Canadian politician . She was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada in 2015 . A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry , she is the current Minister for Women and Gender Equality ( previously known as the Minister of Status of Women ) , sworn in on January 10 , 2017 , and Minister of Rural Economic Development , sworn in on November 20 , 2019 . She was previously the Minister of",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "International Development , until November 20 , 2019 , and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada until January 10 , 2017 .",
"title": "Maryam Monsef"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad , Iran , to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War , and lived with her family there in childhood , together with periods in Herat , Afghanistan , in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996 . Because Iran and Afghanistan ( before 2000 ) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws , Monsef was born an Afghan citizen . Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988 , although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": ". Her uncle had , years earlier , vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul , in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity . The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants , even though they had legal status as involuntary migrants ( mohajerin ) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992 . In 1996 , during their second return to Herat , her mother opted to move the family to Canada , and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran , Pakistan ,",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "and Jordan .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": " Upon arrival , the family took up residence in Peterborough , where Monsefs uncle already lived . They relied on the support of several charity organizations , including the YMCA and the Salvation Army . Monsef has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan . In 2003 , Monsef enrolled at Trent University , from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology . After graduation , from 2011 to 2014 , she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey .",
"title": "Family and education"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , Monsef had been offered a job in Afghanistan , but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns . She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees , which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours . She returned to Canada , and ran for mayor of Peterborough in 2014 , finishing a close second . Later that same year , she was chosen to represent the Liberal Party in the upcoming federal election . She was elected on October 19 , 2015 , with 43.8% of the vote .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Monsef was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeaus Cabinet on November 4 , 2015 . She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet . According to The Hill Times , Monsef was named President of the Queens Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office . Monsef has described this position as largely ceremonial . The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On May 10 , 2016 , Monsef gave notice in the House of Commons of the governments plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform , which was to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party , three members from the Conservative Party , and one member from the New Democratic Party . This attracted immediate controversy , as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party . As well , the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee , although they were invited to attend meetings .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " On June 2 , 2016 , the Liberal government reversed course , and both Trudeau and Monsef advised that they would support Nathan Cullens motion for the composition of the committee , which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals , three Conservatives , two New Democrats , and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee Monsef criticized the Members of the committee stating On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make , the members of the committee took a pass , and We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us . It did not do that . The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee . Monsef later apologized for her comments .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": " In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pox Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems . It was also widely mocked political observers and electoral reform advocates . Conservative M.P . Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "In early 2017 Monsef was replaced as Democratic Institutions Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further .",
"title": "Handling of portfolio"
},
{
"text": "Monsef has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan , when in fact she was born in Iran . When this was revealed in September 2016 , some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation , while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics . The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "on their immigration forms . In an interview at that time , former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan , but chose not to make an issue of it . Monsef is currently awaiting the results of her request to Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad . As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work , her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014 , together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time , have caught the attention of Iranian authorities . In a 2014 interview in Peterborough ,",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": "Monsef admitted that she wanted the trip to remain hush-hush .",
"title": "Place of birth"
},
{
"text": " In November 2020 Monsef accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom . As result the camera showed her saying The question theyre going to ask me — how much do I make now ? Like 250 ? As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00 .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": "Monsef was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000 . It was unclear what prompted Monsef to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted .",
"title": "Open microphone incident"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site - Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister - Maryam Monsef Twitter account .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_H._Bacon#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Helen H. Bacon work for before Dec 1948?
|
Helen H . Bacon Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 . Career . Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 . In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues . Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) . Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president . Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 . Work . In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory . Selected publications . - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162 - “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 ) - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 ) External links . - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive
|
[
"cryptanalysist"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 .",
"title": "Helen H . Bacon"
},
{
"text": " Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": " - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_H._Bacon#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Helen H. Bacon work for in May 1951?
|
Helen H . Bacon Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 . Career . Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 . In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues . Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) . Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president . Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 . Work . In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory . Selected publications . - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162 - “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 ) - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 ) External links . - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 .",
"title": "Helen H . Bacon"
},
{
"text": " Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": " - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_H._Bacon#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Helen H. Bacon work for between Jan 1954 and Sep 1957?
|
Helen H . Bacon Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 . Career . Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 . In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues . Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) . Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president . Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 . Work . In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory . Selected publications . - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162 - “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 ) - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 ) External links . - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive
|
[
"Smith College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 .",
"title": "Helen H . Bacon"
},
{
"text": " Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": " - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_H._Bacon#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Helen H. Bacon work for after Apr 1974?
|
Helen H . Bacon Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 . Career . Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 . In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues . Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) . Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president . Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 . Work . In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory . Selected publications . - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162 - “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 ) - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 ) External links . - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive
|
[
"Barnard College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Hazard Bacon ( March 9 , 1919 – November 9 , 2007 ) was professor of classics at Barnard College . She is known in particular for her work on Greek tragedy , especially Aeschylus . Bacon is also well known for her work on classical themes in the poetry of Robert Frost and in the mythological writing of Edith Hamilton . Bacon was president of the American Philological Association in 1985 .",
"title": "Helen H . Bacon"
},
{
"text": " Bacon spent her childhood first in Berkeley and then in Florence where her father , the poet Leonard Bacon , and her mother , the painter Martha Stringham Bacon , had settled amongst a group of fellow artists . The family returned to the US in 1932 and Bacon went on to read classics at Bryn Mawr College , gaining her BA in 1940 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1942 Bacon paused her graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1940–1941 ) and Harvard University ( 1942 ) to join the United States Naval Reserve as a Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) . She worked in the Navys Communications Annex in Washington , D.C . where she was a cryptanalysist decoding Japanese radio communications . Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work , including her Bryn Mawr College professor , Richmond Lattimore . Bacon was known as Bake by her colleagues",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following World War II , Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled Barbarians in Greek Tragedy , which was published by Yale University Press in 1961 . Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , then the Womans College of the University of North Carolina . Bacon also held a Fulbright Fellowship for a year to study at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ( 1952–1953 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon then taught at Smith College from 1953 to 1961 . While still untenured in 1960 , Bacon organised support amongst Smith College faculty and wider academic community for two junior colleagues who had been reported and arrested for possessing homosexual pornography . Although the two were subsequently exonerated , Smith College fired them . Bacon succeeded in getting the college to pay her colleagues back pay but not the reinstatement of their jobs . Bacon gained tenure after this episode but decided to leave Smith College shortly afterwards . The events of the time were recounted in Barry Werths",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Scarlet Professor Newton Arvin : A Literary Life Shattered by Scandal ( 2001 ) . The American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts awarded Bacon the David Burres Award in a ceremony at the Smith College Archives on April 29 , 2002 , stating that Bacon was amongst those:heroes who speak out for civil liberties when it counts most—at the moment when individual rights are violated . Bacon spent the rest of her career at Barnard College , where she taught classics from 1961 to her retirement in 1989 . She had permanent impact on the department when as chair",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Bacon made modern Greek a permanent part of the curriculum and started the tradition of the annual Barnard College Greek or Latin play . During this time , Bacon was a director of the American Philological Association ( 1976–79 ) and became president in 1985 , the third woman elected as president .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bacon taught graduate courses regularly at Columbia University and was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Hampshire College . During her summer vacations , Bacon taught classics in translation at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College , and she was awarded an honorary doctorate there in 1970 . With Pulitzer Prize poet Anthony Hecht , Bacon translated Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes , which was nominated for a National Book Award in 1973 . During her retirement , Bacon was a trustee of Meekins Library in Williamsburg from 1996 to 2001 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In her presidential address to the American Philological Association in 1985 , Bacon talked about her lifelong preoccupation with the importance of the esthetic and literary features of Platos work . The content summary note for the Helen H . Bacon Papers , held at the library of Barnard College , describes her work as focusing on Aeschylus , Plato , Vergil , and Apuleius and the comic novel on the classical side , but including work on Robert Frost and Edith Hamilton which is more properly categorized as classical reception studies . An obituary in scholarly journal The Classical",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "World , written by Nancy Felson , Deborah Roberts , and Laura Slatkin described her as well ahead of her time , a pioneer , and anticipat [ ing ] subsequent directions in the field , on account of Bacons engagement with literary theory and psychoanalytic theory .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": " - “Mortal Father , Divine Mother : Aeneid IV and VIII,” in Poets and Critics Read Vergil , ed . Sarah Spence ( New Haven : Yale UP , 2001 ) pp . 76–85 - “The Poetry of Phaedo,” in Cabinet of the Muses : Essays on Classical and Comparative Literature in Honor of Thomas G . Rosenmeyer , ed . Mark Griffith & Donald J . Mastronarde ( Atlanta , GA : Scholars Press , 1990 ) pp . 147–162",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- “Aeschylus and Early Tragedy,” in Ancient Writers : Greece , ed . T.J . Luce ( New York : Scribners , 1982 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - “In- and Outdoor Schooling : Robert Frost and the Classics,” American Scholar 43,4 ( Autumn 1974 ) pp . 640–9 - “Socrates Crowned,” Virginia Quarterly Review 35 ( 1959 ) pp . 415–30 - The Sibyl in the Bottle ( 1958 )",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Guide to the Helen H . Bacon papers at Barnard College Archive",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Awonder_Liang#P2962#0
|
Which title was conferred to Awonder Liang in 2017?
|
Awonder Liang Awonder Liang ( born April 9 , 2003 ) is an American chess prodigy . He is the second youngest American to qualify for the title of Grandmaster ( after Samuel Sevian ) , at the age of 14 . Liang was twice world champion in his age category . Education . Liang attended Madison West High School and has committed to the University of Chicago . Career . On April 16 , 2011 , when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation ( USCF ) history with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days . He broke the earlier record , held by Samuel Sevian , by 64 days . ( That record was later broken by Abhimanyu Mishra who became expert at 7 years , 6 months , and 22 days ) On August 5 , 2011 , at the age of 8 years 118 days , he became the youngest to defeat an international master in a standard tournament game . This occurred in round 6 at the U.S . Open in Orlando , Florida , when Liang defeated IM Daniel Fernandez ( rated FIDE 2401 and USCF 2448 at that time ) . The previous record , which was held by Fabiano Caruana , was broken by 4 months and 15 days . On November 27 , 2011 , he won the gold medal in the Under 8 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in Caldas Novas , Brazil . This win earned him the titles of U-8 world chess champion and FIDE Master . On July 29 , 2012 , he became the youngest player ever to defeat a grandmaster ( GM ) in a standard time limit tournament game . It occurred in round 3 of the Washington International in Rockville , Maryland , when he defeated GM Larry Kaufman . Liang was 9 years , 111 days old at the time , breaking the previous record by about 2.5 months . the record was previously held by Shah Hetul at the age of about 9 years , 6 months . At the same time , Liang broke the USA record for the youngest to win against a GM by 10 months , 9 days ; the previous record having been held by Fabiano Caruana . On March 23 , 2013 , he became the youngest person ever to obtain a masters rating within the United States Chess Federation . While playing in the Midwest Open Team Chess Festival in Dayton , Ohio , his win over a Life Master in round 2 brought his estimated USCF rating to 2206 . Liang was 17 days shy of his tenth birthday at the time of this achievement , 10 days younger than the age at the previously existing record ( held by Samuel Sevian , 7 days prior to his tenth birthday ) . On September 2 , 2015 , Maximillian Lu broke Liangs record by 12 days . At the 2013 World Youth Championships , which took place in Al Ain , Liang won the Under 10 section . On June 30 , 2014 , at the age of 11 years and 92 days , while competing in the 2nd Annual DC International , he became the youngest American to achieve a norm for the title International Master ( IM ) . Liang earned his third and final IM norm in Dallas on November 25 , 2015 at 12 years , 7 months and 6 days old , thus becoming the youngest American ever to qualify for the title of International Master . From July 8 to July 17 , 2016 , Liang participated in the U.S . Junior Closed Championship at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St . Louis , Missouri . Liang achieved a score of 6/9 , for second place behind Jeffery Xiong , who won with a score of 6½/9 . He won four games , drew four , and lost one game to Xiong . In May 2017 , Liang earned his final two Grandmaster norms in back-to-back tournaments at the Spring Chess Classic in St . Louis ( Group B ) and the Chicago Open , with the latter won on May 29 . He won the former tournament with a score of 7½/9 and ended up getting 6½/9 at the latter tournament to share 5th to 9th place . At the time , he became the tenth youngest player ever to achieve the Grandmaster title in chess . On July 17 , 2017 , Liang won the US Junior Closed Championship with a score of 6½/9 . This earned him a spot in the 2018 US Chess Championship . External links . - Awonder Liang chess games and profile at Chess-DB.com
|
[
"Grandmaster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Awonder Liang ( born April 9 , 2003 ) is an American chess prodigy . He is the second youngest American to qualify for the title of Grandmaster ( after Samuel Sevian ) , at the age of 14 . Liang was twice world champion in his age category .",
"title": "Awonder Liang"
},
{
"text": " Liang attended Madison West High School and has committed to the University of Chicago .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " On April 16 , 2011 , when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation ( USCF ) history with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days . He broke the earlier record , held by Samuel Sevian , by 64 days . ( That record was later broken by Abhimanyu Mishra who became expert at 7 years , 6 months , and 22 days )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On August 5 , 2011 , at the age of 8 years 118 days , he became the youngest to defeat an international master in a standard tournament game . This occurred in round 6 at the U.S . Open in Orlando , Florida , when Liang defeated IM Daniel Fernandez ( rated FIDE 2401 and USCF 2448 at that time ) . The previous record , which was held by Fabiano Caruana , was broken by 4 months and 15 days .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On November 27 , 2011 , he won the gold medal in the Under 8 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in Caldas Novas , Brazil . This win earned him the titles of U-8 world chess champion and FIDE Master .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On July 29 , 2012 , he became the youngest player ever to defeat a grandmaster ( GM ) in a standard time limit tournament game . It occurred in round 3 of the Washington International in Rockville , Maryland , when he defeated GM Larry Kaufman . Liang was 9 years , 111 days old at the time , breaking the previous record by about 2.5 months . the record was previously held by Shah Hetul at the age of about 9 years , 6 months . At the same time , Liang broke the USA record for the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "youngest to win against a GM by 10 months , 9 days ; the previous record having been held by Fabiano Caruana .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On March 23 , 2013 , he became the youngest person ever to obtain a masters rating within the United States Chess Federation . While playing in the Midwest Open Team Chess Festival in Dayton , Ohio , his win over a Life Master in round 2 brought his estimated USCF rating to 2206 . Liang was 17 days shy of his tenth birthday at the time of this achievement , 10 days younger than the age at the previously existing record ( held by Samuel Sevian , 7 days prior to his tenth birthday ) . On September 2",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", 2015 , Maximillian Lu broke Liangs record by 12 days . At the 2013 World Youth Championships , which took place in Al Ain , Liang won the Under 10 section .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On June 30 , 2014 , at the age of 11 years and 92 days , while competing in the 2nd Annual DC International , he became the youngest American to achieve a norm for the title International Master ( IM ) . Liang earned his third and final IM norm in Dallas on November 25 , 2015 at 12 years , 7 months and 6 days old , thus becoming the youngest American ever to qualify for the title of International Master .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From July 8 to July 17 , 2016 , Liang participated in the U.S . Junior Closed Championship at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St . Louis , Missouri . Liang achieved a score of 6/9 , for second place behind Jeffery Xiong , who won with a score of 6½/9 . He won four games , drew four , and lost one game to Xiong .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2017 , Liang earned his final two Grandmaster norms in back-to-back tournaments at the Spring Chess Classic in St . Louis ( Group B ) and the Chicago Open , with the latter won on May 29 . He won the former tournament with a score of 7½/9 and ended up getting 6½/9 at the latter tournament to share 5th to 9th place . At the time , he became the tenth youngest player ever to achieve the Grandmaster title in chess . On July 17 , 2017 , Liang won the US Junior Closed Championship with a",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "score of 6½/9 . This earned him a spot in the 2018 US Chess Championship .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Awonder Liang chess games and profile at Chess-DB.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Awonder_Liang#P2962#1
|
Which title was conferred to Awonder Liang in 2016?
|
Awonder Liang Awonder Liang ( born April 9 , 2003 ) is an American chess prodigy . He is the second youngest American to qualify for the title of Grandmaster ( after Samuel Sevian ) , at the age of 14 . Liang was twice world champion in his age category . Education . Liang attended Madison West High School and has committed to the University of Chicago . Career . On April 16 , 2011 , when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation ( USCF ) history with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days . He broke the earlier record , held by Samuel Sevian , by 64 days . ( That record was later broken by Abhimanyu Mishra who became expert at 7 years , 6 months , and 22 days ) On August 5 , 2011 , at the age of 8 years 118 days , he became the youngest to defeat an international master in a standard tournament game . This occurred in round 6 at the U.S . Open in Orlando , Florida , when Liang defeated IM Daniel Fernandez ( rated FIDE 2401 and USCF 2448 at that time ) . The previous record , which was held by Fabiano Caruana , was broken by 4 months and 15 days . On November 27 , 2011 , he won the gold medal in the Under 8 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in Caldas Novas , Brazil . This win earned him the titles of U-8 world chess champion and FIDE Master . On July 29 , 2012 , he became the youngest player ever to defeat a grandmaster ( GM ) in a standard time limit tournament game . It occurred in round 3 of the Washington International in Rockville , Maryland , when he defeated GM Larry Kaufman . Liang was 9 years , 111 days old at the time , breaking the previous record by about 2.5 months . the record was previously held by Shah Hetul at the age of about 9 years , 6 months . At the same time , Liang broke the USA record for the youngest to win against a GM by 10 months , 9 days ; the previous record having been held by Fabiano Caruana . On March 23 , 2013 , he became the youngest person ever to obtain a masters rating within the United States Chess Federation . While playing in the Midwest Open Team Chess Festival in Dayton , Ohio , his win over a Life Master in round 2 brought his estimated USCF rating to 2206 . Liang was 17 days shy of his tenth birthday at the time of this achievement , 10 days younger than the age at the previously existing record ( held by Samuel Sevian , 7 days prior to his tenth birthday ) . On September 2 , 2015 , Maximillian Lu broke Liangs record by 12 days . At the 2013 World Youth Championships , which took place in Al Ain , Liang won the Under 10 section . On June 30 , 2014 , at the age of 11 years and 92 days , while competing in the 2nd Annual DC International , he became the youngest American to achieve a norm for the title International Master ( IM ) . Liang earned his third and final IM norm in Dallas on November 25 , 2015 at 12 years , 7 months and 6 days old , thus becoming the youngest American ever to qualify for the title of International Master . From July 8 to July 17 , 2016 , Liang participated in the U.S . Junior Closed Championship at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St . Louis , Missouri . Liang achieved a score of 6/9 , for second place behind Jeffery Xiong , who won with a score of 6½/9 . He won four games , drew four , and lost one game to Xiong . In May 2017 , Liang earned his final two Grandmaster norms in back-to-back tournaments at the Spring Chess Classic in St . Louis ( Group B ) and the Chicago Open , with the latter won on May 29 . He won the former tournament with a score of 7½/9 and ended up getting 6½/9 at the latter tournament to share 5th to 9th place . At the time , he became the tenth youngest player ever to achieve the Grandmaster title in chess . On July 17 , 2017 , Liang won the US Junior Closed Championship with a score of 6½/9 . This earned him a spot in the 2018 US Chess Championship . External links . - Awonder Liang chess games and profile at Chess-DB.com
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Awonder Liang ( born April 9 , 2003 ) is an American chess prodigy . He is the second youngest American to qualify for the title of Grandmaster ( after Samuel Sevian ) , at the age of 14 . Liang was twice world champion in his age category .",
"title": "Awonder Liang"
},
{
"text": " Liang attended Madison West High School and has committed to the University of Chicago .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " On April 16 , 2011 , when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation ( USCF ) history with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days . He broke the earlier record , held by Samuel Sevian , by 64 days . ( That record was later broken by Abhimanyu Mishra who became expert at 7 years , 6 months , and 22 days )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On August 5 , 2011 , at the age of 8 years 118 days , he became the youngest to defeat an international master in a standard tournament game . This occurred in round 6 at the U.S . Open in Orlando , Florida , when Liang defeated IM Daniel Fernandez ( rated FIDE 2401 and USCF 2448 at that time ) . The previous record , which was held by Fabiano Caruana , was broken by 4 months and 15 days .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On November 27 , 2011 , he won the gold medal in the Under 8 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in Caldas Novas , Brazil . This win earned him the titles of U-8 world chess champion and FIDE Master .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On July 29 , 2012 , he became the youngest player ever to defeat a grandmaster ( GM ) in a standard time limit tournament game . It occurred in round 3 of the Washington International in Rockville , Maryland , when he defeated GM Larry Kaufman . Liang was 9 years , 111 days old at the time , breaking the previous record by about 2.5 months . the record was previously held by Shah Hetul at the age of about 9 years , 6 months . At the same time , Liang broke the USA record for the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "youngest to win against a GM by 10 months , 9 days ; the previous record having been held by Fabiano Caruana .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On March 23 , 2013 , he became the youngest person ever to obtain a masters rating within the United States Chess Federation . While playing in the Midwest Open Team Chess Festival in Dayton , Ohio , his win over a Life Master in round 2 brought his estimated USCF rating to 2206 . Liang was 17 days shy of his tenth birthday at the time of this achievement , 10 days younger than the age at the previously existing record ( held by Samuel Sevian , 7 days prior to his tenth birthday ) . On September 2",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", 2015 , Maximillian Lu broke Liangs record by 12 days . At the 2013 World Youth Championships , which took place in Al Ain , Liang won the Under 10 section .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On June 30 , 2014 , at the age of 11 years and 92 days , while competing in the 2nd Annual DC International , he became the youngest American to achieve a norm for the title International Master ( IM ) . Liang earned his third and final IM norm in Dallas on November 25 , 2015 at 12 years , 7 months and 6 days old , thus becoming the youngest American ever to qualify for the title of International Master .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From July 8 to July 17 , 2016 , Liang participated in the U.S . Junior Closed Championship at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St . Louis , Missouri . Liang achieved a score of 6/9 , for second place behind Jeffery Xiong , who won with a score of 6½/9 . He won four games , drew four , and lost one game to Xiong .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2017 , Liang earned his final two Grandmaster norms in back-to-back tournaments at the Spring Chess Classic in St . Louis ( Group B ) and the Chicago Open , with the latter won on May 29 . He won the former tournament with a score of 7½/9 and ended up getting 6½/9 at the latter tournament to share 5th to 9th place . At the time , he became the tenth youngest player ever to achieve the Grandmaster title in chess . On July 17 , 2017 , Liang won the US Junior Closed Championship with a",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "score of 6½/9 . This earned him a spot in the 2018 US Chess Championship .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Awonder Liang chess games and profile at Chess-DB.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Awonder_Liang#P2962#2
|
Which title was conferred to Awonder Liang in 2011?
|
Awonder Liang Awonder Liang ( born April 9 , 2003 ) is an American chess prodigy . He is the second youngest American to qualify for the title of Grandmaster ( after Samuel Sevian ) , at the age of 14 . Liang was twice world champion in his age category . Education . Liang attended Madison West High School and has committed to the University of Chicago . Career . On April 16 , 2011 , when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation ( USCF ) history with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days . He broke the earlier record , held by Samuel Sevian , by 64 days . ( That record was later broken by Abhimanyu Mishra who became expert at 7 years , 6 months , and 22 days ) On August 5 , 2011 , at the age of 8 years 118 days , he became the youngest to defeat an international master in a standard tournament game . This occurred in round 6 at the U.S . Open in Orlando , Florida , when Liang defeated IM Daniel Fernandez ( rated FIDE 2401 and USCF 2448 at that time ) . The previous record , which was held by Fabiano Caruana , was broken by 4 months and 15 days . On November 27 , 2011 , he won the gold medal in the Under 8 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in Caldas Novas , Brazil . This win earned him the titles of U-8 world chess champion and FIDE Master . On July 29 , 2012 , he became the youngest player ever to defeat a grandmaster ( GM ) in a standard time limit tournament game . It occurred in round 3 of the Washington International in Rockville , Maryland , when he defeated GM Larry Kaufman . Liang was 9 years , 111 days old at the time , breaking the previous record by about 2.5 months . the record was previously held by Shah Hetul at the age of about 9 years , 6 months . At the same time , Liang broke the USA record for the youngest to win against a GM by 10 months , 9 days ; the previous record having been held by Fabiano Caruana . On March 23 , 2013 , he became the youngest person ever to obtain a masters rating within the United States Chess Federation . While playing in the Midwest Open Team Chess Festival in Dayton , Ohio , his win over a Life Master in round 2 brought his estimated USCF rating to 2206 . Liang was 17 days shy of his tenth birthday at the time of this achievement , 10 days younger than the age at the previously existing record ( held by Samuel Sevian , 7 days prior to his tenth birthday ) . On September 2 , 2015 , Maximillian Lu broke Liangs record by 12 days . At the 2013 World Youth Championships , which took place in Al Ain , Liang won the Under 10 section . On June 30 , 2014 , at the age of 11 years and 92 days , while competing in the 2nd Annual DC International , he became the youngest American to achieve a norm for the title International Master ( IM ) . Liang earned his third and final IM norm in Dallas on November 25 , 2015 at 12 years , 7 months and 6 days old , thus becoming the youngest American ever to qualify for the title of International Master . From July 8 to July 17 , 2016 , Liang participated in the U.S . Junior Closed Championship at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St . Louis , Missouri . Liang achieved a score of 6/9 , for second place behind Jeffery Xiong , who won with a score of 6½/9 . He won four games , drew four , and lost one game to Xiong . In May 2017 , Liang earned his final two Grandmaster norms in back-to-back tournaments at the Spring Chess Classic in St . Louis ( Group B ) and the Chicago Open , with the latter won on May 29 . He won the former tournament with a score of 7½/9 and ended up getting 6½/9 at the latter tournament to share 5th to 9th place . At the time , he became the tenth youngest player ever to achieve the Grandmaster title in chess . On July 17 , 2017 , Liang won the US Junior Closed Championship with a score of 6½/9 . This earned him a spot in the 2018 US Chess Championship . External links . - Awonder Liang chess games and profile at Chess-DB.com
|
[
"U-8 world chess champion",
"FIDE Master"
] |
[
{
"text": " Awonder Liang ( born April 9 , 2003 ) is an American chess prodigy . He is the second youngest American to qualify for the title of Grandmaster ( after Samuel Sevian ) , at the age of 14 . Liang was twice world champion in his age category .",
"title": "Awonder Liang"
},
{
"text": " Liang attended Madison West High School and has committed to the University of Chicago .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " On April 16 , 2011 , when he played in the Hales Corners Challenge chess tournament in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Liang became the youngest chess expert in United States Chess Federation ( USCF ) history with a rating of 2000 at the age of 8 years and 7 days . He broke the earlier record , held by Samuel Sevian , by 64 days . ( That record was later broken by Abhimanyu Mishra who became expert at 7 years , 6 months , and 22 days )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On August 5 , 2011 , at the age of 8 years 118 days , he became the youngest to defeat an international master in a standard tournament game . This occurred in round 6 at the U.S . Open in Orlando , Florida , when Liang defeated IM Daniel Fernandez ( rated FIDE 2401 and USCF 2448 at that time ) . The previous record , which was held by Fabiano Caruana , was broken by 4 months and 15 days .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On November 27 , 2011 , he won the gold medal in the Under 8 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in Caldas Novas , Brazil . This win earned him the titles of U-8 world chess champion and FIDE Master .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On July 29 , 2012 , he became the youngest player ever to defeat a grandmaster ( GM ) in a standard time limit tournament game . It occurred in round 3 of the Washington International in Rockville , Maryland , when he defeated GM Larry Kaufman . Liang was 9 years , 111 days old at the time , breaking the previous record by about 2.5 months . the record was previously held by Shah Hetul at the age of about 9 years , 6 months . At the same time , Liang broke the USA record for the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "youngest to win against a GM by 10 months , 9 days ; the previous record having been held by Fabiano Caruana .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On March 23 , 2013 , he became the youngest person ever to obtain a masters rating within the United States Chess Federation . While playing in the Midwest Open Team Chess Festival in Dayton , Ohio , his win over a Life Master in round 2 brought his estimated USCF rating to 2206 . Liang was 17 days shy of his tenth birthday at the time of this achievement , 10 days younger than the age at the previously existing record ( held by Samuel Sevian , 7 days prior to his tenth birthday ) . On September 2",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", 2015 , Maximillian Lu broke Liangs record by 12 days . At the 2013 World Youth Championships , which took place in Al Ain , Liang won the Under 10 section .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On June 30 , 2014 , at the age of 11 years and 92 days , while competing in the 2nd Annual DC International , he became the youngest American to achieve a norm for the title International Master ( IM ) . Liang earned his third and final IM norm in Dallas on November 25 , 2015 at 12 years , 7 months and 6 days old , thus becoming the youngest American ever to qualify for the title of International Master .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From July 8 to July 17 , 2016 , Liang participated in the U.S . Junior Closed Championship at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St . Louis , Missouri . Liang achieved a score of 6/9 , for second place behind Jeffery Xiong , who won with a score of 6½/9 . He won four games , drew four , and lost one game to Xiong .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2017 , Liang earned his final two Grandmaster norms in back-to-back tournaments at the Spring Chess Classic in St . Louis ( Group B ) and the Chicago Open , with the latter won on May 29 . He won the former tournament with a score of 7½/9 and ended up getting 6½/9 at the latter tournament to share 5th to 9th place . At the time , he became the tenth youngest player ever to achieve the Grandmaster title in chess . On July 17 , 2017 , Liang won the US Junior Closed Championship with a",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "score of 6½/9 . This earned him a spot in the 2018 US Chess Championship .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Awonder Liang chess games and profile at Chess-DB.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#0
|
Adam Johansson played for which team in Nov 2003?
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Västra Frölunda IF"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying .",
"title": "Adam Johansson"
},
{
"text": " After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg .",
"title": "IFK Göteborg"
},
{
"text": "Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 .",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#1
|
Adam Johansson played for which team between Dec 2004 and 2005?
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Swedish national under-21 team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying .",
"title": "Adam Johansson"
},
{
"text": " After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg .",
"title": "IFK Göteborg"
},
{
"text": "Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 .",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#2
|
Adam Johansson played for which team in Dec 2008?
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"IFK Göteborg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying .",
"title": "Adam Johansson"
},
{
"text": " After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg .",
"title": "IFK Göteborg"
},
{
"text": "Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 .",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#3
|
Adam Johansson played for which team between May 2011 and Nov 2011?
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Swedish national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying .",
"title": "Adam Johansson"
},
{
"text": " After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg .",
"title": "IFK Göteborg"
},
{
"text": "Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 .",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#4
|
Adam Johansson played for which team between Oct 2012 and Dec 2012?
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Seattle Sounders FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying .",
"title": "Adam Johansson"
},
{
"text": " After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg .",
"title": "IFK Göteborg"
},
{
"text": "Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 .",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Johansson#P54#5
|
Adam Johansson played for which team after Nov 2013?
|
Adam Johansson Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying . Club career . IFK Göteborg . After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg . Seattle Sounders FC . Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1 win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1 win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 . International career . Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan , a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 . Personal life . Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15
|
[
"Swedish national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adam Johansson ( born 21 February 1983 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a defender . Born in Gothenburg , Johansson played for Västra Frölunda IF in the Superettan before moving IFK Göteborg in the Allsvenskan in 2005 . With Göteborg , he won the Allsvenskan in 2007 and the Swedish Cup in 2008 , before he signed with the Sounders . He also has played for the Swedish national team in 18 appearances , including 2010 World Cup qualifying and 2014 World Cup qualifying .",
"title": "Adam Johansson"
},
{
"text": " After playing for two local clubs and Västra Frölunda IF , he joined IFK Göteborg in 2005 . After initially not featuring regularly , he firmly established himself as the clubs first-choice right back , starting at that position in 24 out of 26 Allsvenskan matches in 2007 as the club won the Allsvenskan title . During the 2009 season Johansson also started games at left back . In December 2010 , he was targeted by English club Sunderland and Italian club Fiorentina for transfer , but stayed with Göteborg .",
"title": "IFK Göteborg"
},
{
"text": "Johansson signed with Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC on 29 December 2011 to replace James Riley at right back . He contacted Swedish personnel in MLS , including New York Red Bulls coach Hans Backe and former Sounders midfielder Erik Friberg , about the league prior to signing , and joined the team in Arizona for training in January 2012 . The Swedish defender made his Seattle debut during 2–1 win over Santos Laguna in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal fixture on 8 March 2012 . He made his MLS league debut on 17 March in a 3–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win against Toronto at CenturyLink Field . He didnt regularly start games until July due to a hamstring injury , when he provided 2 assists in a 2–2 draw against the New York Red Bulls . Johansson didnt play in any of the Sounders U.S . Open Cup matches , and played one minute of the 2012–13 Champions League at the end of a 3–1 win over Caledonia AIA in August . Johansson played all 4 games in the MLS Cup playoffs , conceding a penalty against the Los Angeles Galaxy for a handball on Robbie Keane in a 2–1",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "win in the Conference Final , which the Sounders lost 4–2 on aggregate . Johansson was waived by Seattle on 19 March 2013 .",
"title": "Seattle Sounders FC"
},
{
"text": "Johansson previously played in the Swedish national under-21 team for 3 years before making his senior debut as left back on 24 January 2009 in a 3–2 loss to United States at the Home Depot Center , tripping Marvell Wynne to concede a penalty in the 40th minute . He played his first World Cup qualifier in a scoreless draw against Portugal on 28 March 2009 in Porto . Johansson went on to play two more qualifiers in June , a 1–0 loss to Denmark and a 4–0 win over Malta , as Sweden failed to qualify for the 2010",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Johansson was not called up to the national team in 2010 for friendlies or Euro 2012 qualifying , but he started a 2–1 win over Botswana on 19 January 2011 , and was an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with the South African development team 2 days later . The Swedish defender also played a full match in a 2–0 win over Cyprus on 8 February , but did not play in a 1–1 draw and subsequent penalty shootout loss against Ukraine . Johansson was not selected to play in Euro 2012 qualifying in 2011 and did not play",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "until 2012 , where he started in a 2–0 friendly win over Bahrain and came on as a halftime substitute in a 5–0 win over the Qatari under-23 team in January . He was not called up to Swedens squad for Euro 2012 , where they finished last in their group . Johansson came on in the 20th minute as a substitute for the injured Mikael Lustig during a 1–0 friendly win over China on 6 September . During September and October , he was an unused substitute in three 2014 World Cup qualifiers : a 2–0 win over Kazakhstan",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", a 2–1 win over Faroe Islands , and a 4–4 draw with Germany . Johansson was called up to appear in the 2013 Kings Cup in Thailand and played in a 1–1 semifinal draw with North Korea , as won on penalties , and the 3–0 win over Finland in the final on 26 January . He played 30 minutes in a friendly against Argentina in February 2013 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Adam Johansson studied political science , economics , history , and international relations at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden before beginning his professional soccer career . He enjoys Swedish rock musician Joakim Thåström and watching Swedish game show På spåret ( On Track ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - IFK Göteborg - Allsvenskan : 2007 - Svenska Cupen : 2008 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Club"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#0
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team between Jan 1959 and Aug 1959?
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"First Division West Bromwich Albion"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest .",
"title": "David Burnside ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": " Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings .",
"title": "Early days"
},
{
"text": "His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "skills .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Forest 5–0 .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": " With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": " Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": " Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67",
"title": "Wolverhampton Wanderers"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Burnside_(footballer)#P54#1
|
David Burnside (footballer) played for which team in Dec 1963?
|
David Burnside ( footballer ) David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest . Playing career . Early days . Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings . West Bromwich Albion . His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball skills . During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps . Southampton . In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific . In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated Forest 5–0 . The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals . Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place . The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves . Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league . Plymouth Argyle . In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign . The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games . With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances . Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home . Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals . Later career . Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town . In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City . After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election . Honours . As a player . Wolverhampton Wanderers - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67
|
[
"Second Division Southampton"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gort Burnside ( 10 December 1939 – 17 October 2009 ) was an English footballer , who played as an attacking midfielder . He made a total of 405 appearances in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Crystal Palace , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Plymouth Argyle , Bristol City and Colcester United . He then moved into non-league football becoming player-manager at Bath City and later became a youth trainer with England and briefly manager at Bristol City . He also made appearances for Los Angeles Wolves as a guest .",
"title": "David Burnside ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": " Burnside was born in Kingswood , near Bristol and attended Kingswood School and represented Bristol & District Schools , before joining Bristol City as a trainee in July 1955 . His father was so keen to see David develop his football skills that he installed floodlights in his back garden to enable his son to practice in the evenings .",
"title": "Early days"
},
{
"text": "His potential was quickly spotted by First Division West Bromwich Albion to whom he moved in December 1955 , signing professional papers in February 1957 . He soon acquired nationwide fame for his incredible ball-juggling abilities when , in October 1957 , during the half-time in a televised friendly match against Russian team CDSA Moscow he performed his tricks to entertain the crowd . In 1960 , he entered a heading competition organised by the Sunday Dispatch newspaper . He managed 495 clean headers without a break and although this was far from a record it amply demonstrated his ball",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "skills .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " During his time at The Hawthorns , West Bromwich were relatively successful , generally ending the season in the upper half of the First Division table , including reaching fourth spot in 1959–60 . Burnside made 135 appearances for West Bromwich and represented England at Youth level as well as winning two under-23 caps .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " In September 1962 , Ted Bates signed him for Second Division Southampton for a fee of £18,000 , making him Batess third signing in 10 days ( along with George Kirby and Stuart Williams ) . Burnside immediately became a fixture in the Saints side , alongside Terry Paine and John Sydenham on the wings and Kirby and George OBrien in attack . He was adept at finding space with well-timed runs , and his passing skills were terrific .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "In the 1962–63 season Saints fielded the same line-up in 28 matches including all seven FA Cup matches as Saints progressed to the semi-final , going out 1–0 at Villa Park to eventual winners Manchester United , after an epic three match battle to get past Nottingham Forest in the previous round . In the first quarter-final replay against Forest , Burnside scored an 89th-minute equaliser as Saints came back from a three-goal deficit . In the second replay , at White Hart Lane he scored twice , including a rocket shot for the third goal as Saints finally defeated",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Forest 5–0 .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " The cup run was not matched in the league , however , as Saints finished the 1962–63 season in eleventh place , although Burnside was the second highest scorer ( behind OBrien ) with 14 goals .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Despite a 6–1 victory over Charlton Athletic in the opening game of the 1963–64 season , Saints had dropped to the lower half of the table by mid-September . In the second victory of the season ( 2–0 over Newcastle United on 18 September ) Burnside injured his knee and was out until mid-January , losing his place to John McGuigan . Although Burnside returned for a run of six games from mid-January to mid-February , including scoring in the 7–2 victory over Scunthorpe United on 29 January 1964 , he was forced to sit out the remainder of the",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "season , until the postponed final game of the season at home to Rotherham United in which he returned to score in a 6–1 victory ( thereby helping Saints notch up 100 league goals for the season ) , with Saints finishing in fifth place .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " The following season , Burnside regained his place until he was surprisingly sold to Crystal Palace in December 1964 for £12,000 . The proceeds went to partly fund the purchase of Jimmy Melia , who was to lead the Saints to the First Division a year and a half later . In his two years at The Dell Burnside made a total of 70 appearances , scoring 26 goals . Crystal Palace and Wolves .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Burnside signed for Crystal Palace , then in their first season after promotion to Division Two , on 24 December 1964 . He spent one and a half seasons with Palace in Division Two , ( 58 appearances , 8 goals ) before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on 7 September 1966 , helping them to promotion to Division One ( as runners-up ) at the end of the 1966–67 season . He remained with Wolves until March 1968 , when he moved back to Division Two with Plymouth Argyle . Whilst at Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnside also made appearances , as",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "a guest , for Los Angeles Wolves , essentially the Wolverhampton club , playing in the short-lived United Soccer Association league .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " In March 1968 , a fee of £7,000 took the experienced 28-year-old to Home Park as one of new manager Billy Binghams first purchases for the Pilgrims . Neither Bingham nor Burnside , who made his debut in a 2–0 Second Division win at Hull City , arrived in time to save Argyle from relegation to the Third Division at the end of the 1967–68 season . Burnside played in the last 12 games of the campaign .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "The following term , however , saw Burnside prove his worth as a player . After excelling as both inside-forward and deep-lying centre-forward , he was voted Player of the Year by Home Park fans in the 1968–69 campaign , in which he scored nine goals in 42 Third Division games .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": " With Ellis Stuttard replacing Bingham in the managers office , Burnside was used more sparingly in the 1969–70 season ( 15 League games , one goal ) but he was a regular once more in 1970–71 , mostly as a midfielder . He managed five goals in his 36 Third Division appearances .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "Burnside was an important member of the Argyle squad as the Pilgrims drifted along in the middle of the Third Division , but it is probable that he would have been even more effective if he did not have to cope with a daily commute from his Bristol home .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": " Burnsides last senior game for the Pilgrims was in May 1971 at Millmoor , where he scored in a 1–1 Third Division draw with Rotherham United . The following season , he found himself stuck in the reserves , however , and in December 1971 he was transferred to his home-town club Bristol City . His final Argyle tally was 105 League games and 15 goals .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": " Burnside played just one League game for the Ashton Gate club , though , before going to Colchester United , his last League club in March 1972 . In May 1972 , he moved back to his home in Bristol and became player-manager of Southern League side Bath City , where he stayed until the following summer . There followed spells at various clubs including coaching at Walsall and playing/coaching with Minehead , Bridgwater Town and Taunton Town .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In October 1979 , he started working for the Football Association as a regional coach in the West country , before becoming part of the international set-up in 1983 , having known England manager Bobby Robson since his time at The Hawthorns . He worked as the England Youth manager until January 1997 when he rejoined Bristol City as Director of Youth Football . In January 2000 , he took on the role of caretaker manager after the departure of Tony Pulis , jointly with Tony Fawthrop . In their short time as caretaker managers , Fawthrop and Burnside guided",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "the Robins to a Wembley appearance in the Football League Trophy Final , losing 2–1 to Stoke City .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After handing the managers post to Leroy Rosenior in summer 2000 , Burnside continued to assist Bristol City as technical advisor , before a spell working with Bobby Gould as football co-ordinator at Cheltenham Town , which ended in October 2003 . Burnside died on 17 October 2009 after suffering a heart attack aged 69 . Shortly before his death , he had been adopted to contest a Bristol seat for the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) in the 2010 general election .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Second Division runners-up : 1966–67",
"title": "Wolverhampton Wanderers"
}
] |
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