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/wiki/Carol_L._Boggs#P108#1
|
Which employer did Carol L. Boggs work for in late 1980s?
|
Carol L . Boggs Carol Linda Boggs ( born April 11 , 1952 ) is an American biologist specializing in the reproductive biology , population biology , ecology , and evolution of butterflies . Boggs completed her BA in 1973 and her PhD in 1979 in zoology at the University of Texas at Austin . Since 2013 , she has been a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina . Boggs is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has served on editorial boards for several journals . She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001 . Career . Boggs was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University from 1980 to 1985 . Shortly after , Stanford hired her as a lecturer and consulting assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences ( 1986-1997 ) . She was promoted to associate professor ( teaching ) ( 1997–2002 ) , consulting professor ( 2002–2006 ) , and finally , professor ( teaching ) ( 2006–2012 ) . In parallel with these appointments , she was also a senior research scientist with Stanford University ( 1994–2006 ) . Boggs also held administrative appointments at Stanford University such as the associate director ( 1994–1995 ) and director ( 1995–2006 ) of the Center for Conservation Biology , and the Bing Director for the Program in Human Biology ( 2006–2012 ) . In 2013 , Boggs moved to the University of South Carolina where she was hired as the director of the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment ( 2013–2018 ) and as a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences ( 2013–present ) . Boggs has served on several editorial boards , either as a founding member or as an associate editor , for journals including Functional Ecology , Ecological Applications , Evolution , and the Journal of Insect Conservation . She has also worked with the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory ( RMBL ) , serving on the board of trustees as a member for more than 13 years and as the president for 6 years . She has been a senior researcher with the RMBL since 1978 . Research and contributions . Boggs early research as a PhD student was influenced by her supervisor who studied neotropical butterflies in Costa Rica and Trinidad . Gilbert was trained by another butterfly biologist , Paul R . Ehrlich , who specializes in population ecology and whom Boggs would eventually collaborate with at Stanford University in later years . Boggs early work focused mainly on the reproductive biology , sexual selection , and resource allocation of butterflies . For instance , she was the first to show that male butterflies can donate nutrients to future offspring . Her articles on the subject of male nuptial gifts opened up a new research arena and remains some of her most highly cited work to date . Later , Boggs research continued with her work on both lab-reared colonies ( e.g. , Colias eurytheme ) and natural populations ( e.g. , Euphydryas editha ) of butterflies . She has also done long-term studies on temperate montane species at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory , including the locally introduced Gillettes checkerspot ( Euphydryas gillettii ) and the Mormon fritillary ( Speyeria mormonia ) . Her research on S . mormonia in particular led to significant advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying insect life history traits through the integration of knowledge on nutrient resource allocation . Boggs research on S . mormonia in the Colorado Rocky Mountains garnered media interest in 2013 when she used over two decades of long-term data to show how climate change can affect pollinator populations , raising awareness of this important issue . She showed that a single climate driver , early snow melt , affected S . mormonia population dynamics in indirect and direct ways . First , earlier snow melts led to situations where developing nectar flowers were decimated by early season frost events . For S . mormonia , this meant increased competition for nectar and therefore fewer eggs laid at the end of the season . In the following year after the eggs overwintered , early snow melts and early season frost events impacted the population once again , but this time directly through mortality of post-diapause caterpillars . Combined , the effects of early snow melt in two consecutive years explained as much as 84% of the variation in the population growth rate . In a New York Times interview , her co-author on the paper , David W . Inouye , stated that , It is very unusual for research to uncover such a simple mechanism that can explain almost all of the variation in growth rate of an insect population . At the time the article was published , very few studies existed that illustrated the mechanisms whereby climate change can affect species life history traits and fitness . Overall , Boggs work has mainly focused on determining how environmental variation affects individuals , populations , and species interactions . Honors and awards . Boggs became a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 2000 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001 . She also served as the Stanford Friends University fellow in Undergraduate Education ( 2010–2012 ) . In 2012 , Boggs was awarded the Lloyd W . Dinkelspiel Award for Distinctive Contributions to Undergraduate Teaching at Stanford University . Selected publications . Books . - Boggs , C . L. ; Watt , W . B . & Ehrlich , P . R. , eds . ( 2003 ) . Butterflies : Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight . University of Chicago Press . 736 pp . Selected papers . - Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1979 ) . Male contribution to egg production in butterflies : Evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating . Science . 206 : 83–84 . - McLaughlin , J . F. ; Hellmann , J. ; Boggs , C . L . & Ehrlich , P . R . ( 2002 ) . Climate change hastens population extinctions . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 : 6070–6074 . - Fleishman , E. ; Ray , C. ; Sjögren-Gulve , P. ; Boggs , C . L . & Murphy , D . D . ( 2002 ) . Assessing the relative roles of patch quality , area , and isolation in predicting metapopulation dynamics . Conservation Biology . 16 : 706–716 . - Morris , W . F. ; Pfister , C . A. ; Tuljapurkar , S. ; Haridas , C . V. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Boyce , M . S. ; Bruna , E . M. ; Church , D . R. ; Coulson , T. ; Doak , D . F. ; Forsyth , S. ; Gaillard , J-M. ; Horvitz , C . C. ; Kalisz , S. ; Kendall , B . E. ; Knight , T . M. ; Lee , C . T . & Menges , E . S . ( 2008 ) . Longevity can buffer plant and animal populations against changing climatic uncertainty . Ecology . 89 : 19–25 . - Chan , K . M . A. ; Pringle , R . M. ; Ranganathan , J. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Chan , Y . E. ; Ehrlich , P . R. ; Haff , P. ; Heller , N . E. ; Al-Khafaji , K . & MacMynowski , D . ( 2007 ) . When Agendas Collide : Human Welfare and Biological Conservation . Conservation Biology . 21 : 59–68 . - Boggs , C . L . ( 1990 ) . A general model of the role of male-donated nutrients in female insects reproduction . American Naturalist . 136 : 598–617 . - Boggs , C . L . & Ross , C . L . ( 1993 ) . The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) . Ecology . 74 : 433–441 . - Boggs , C . L . ( 1981 ) . Nutritional and life history determinants of resource allocation in holometabolous insects . American Naturalist . 117 : 692–709 . - Dunlap-Pianka , H. ; Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1977 ) . Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies : Programmed senescence versus eternal youth . Science . 197 : 487–490 . External links . - Faculty website
|
[
"Stanford University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Carol Linda Boggs ( born April 11 , 1952 ) is an American biologist specializing in the reproductive biology , population biology , ecology , and evolution of butterflies . Boggs completed her BA in 1973 and her PhD in 1979 in zoology at the University of Texas at Austin . Since 2013 , she has been a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina . Boggs is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has served on editorial boards for several",
"title": "Carol L . Boggs"
},
{
"text": "journals . She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001 .",
"title": "Carol L . Boggs"
},
{
"text": "Boggs was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University from 1980 to 1985 . Shortly after , Stanford hired her as a lecturer and consulting assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences ( 1986-1997 ) . She was promoted to associate professor ( teaching ) ( 1997–2002 ) , consulting professor ( 2002–2006 ) , and finally , professor ( teaching ) ( 2006–2012 ) . In parallel with these appointments , she was also a senior research scientist with Stanford University ( 1994–2006 ) . Boggs also held administrative appointments at Stanford University such as the associate director (",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1994–1995 ) and director ( 1995–2006 ) of the Center for Conservation Biology , and the Bing Director for the Program in Human Biology ( 2006–2012 ) . In 2013 , Boggs moved to the University of South Carolina where she was hired as the director of the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment ( 2013–2018 ) and as a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences ( 2013–present ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Boggs has served on several editorial boards , either as a founding member or as an associate editor , for journals including Functional Ecology , Ecological Applications , Evolution , and the Journal of Insect Conservation . She has also worked with the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory ( RMBL ) , serving on the board of trustees as a member for more than 13 years and as the president for 6 years . She has been a senior researcher with the RMBL since 1978 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Boggs early research as a PhD student was influenced by her supervisor who studied neotropical butterflies in Costa Rica and Trinidad . Gilbert was trained by another butterfly biologist , Paul R . Ehrlich , who specializes in population ecology and whom Boggs would eventually collaborate with at Stanford University in later years . Boggs early work focused mainly on the reproductive biology , sexual selection , and resource allocation of butterflies . For instance , she was the first to show that male butterflies can donate nutrients to future offspring . Her articles on the subject of male nuptial",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "gifts opened up a new research arena and remains some of her most highly cited work to date .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": " Later , Boggs research continued with her work on both lab-reared colonies ( e.g. , Colias eurytheme ) and natural populations ( e.g. , Euphydryas editha ) of butterflies . She has also done long-term studies on temperate montane species at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory , including the locally introduced Gillettes checkerspot ( Euphydryas gillettii ) and the Mormon fritillary ( Speyeria mormonia ) . Her research on S . mormonia in particular led to significant advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying insect life history traits through the integration of knowledge on nutrient resource allocation .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "Boggs research on S . mormonia in the Colorado Rocky Mountains garnered media interest in 2013 when she used over two decades of long-term data to show how climate change can affect pollinator populations , raising awareness of this important issue . She showed that a single climate driver , early snow melt , affected S . mormonia population dynamics in indirect and direct ways . First , earlier snow melts led to situations where developing nectar flowers were decimated by early season frost events . For S . mormonia , this meant increased competition for nectar and therefore fewer",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "eggs laid at the end of the season . In the following year after the eggs overwintered , early snow melts and early season frost events impacted the population once again , but this time directly through mortality of post-diapause caterpillars . Combined , the effects of early snow melt in two consecutive years explained as much as 84% of the variation in the population growth rate . In a New York Times interview , her co-author on the paper , David W . Inouye , stated that , It is very unusual for research to uncover such a simple",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "mechanism that can explain almost all of the variation in growth rate of an insect population . At the time the article was published , very few studies existed that illustrated the mechanisms whereby climate change can affect species life history traits and fitness .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": " Overall , Boggs work has mainly focused on determining how environmental variation affects individuals , populations , and species interactions .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": " Boggs became a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 2000 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001 . She also served as the Stanford Friends University fellow in Undergraduate Education ( 2010–2012 ) . In 2012 , Boggs was awarded the Lloyd W . Dinkelspiel Award for Distinctive Contributions to Undergraduate Teaching at Stanford University .",
"title": "Honors and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Boggs , C . L. ; Watt , W . B . & Ehrlich , P . R. , eds . ( 2003 ) . Butterflies : Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight . University of Chicago Press . 736 pp .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1979 ) . Male contribution to egg production in butterflies : Evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating . Science . 206 : 83–84 . - McLaughlin , J . F. ; Hellmann , J. ; Boggs , C . L . & Ehrlich , P . R . ( 2002 ) . Climate change hastens population extinctions . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 : 6070–6074 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Fleishman , E. ; Ray , C. ; Sjögren-Gulve , P. ; Boggs , C . L . & Murphy , D . D . ( 2002 ) . Assessing the relative roles of patch quality , area , and isolation in predicting metapopulation dynamics . Conservation Biology . 16 : 706–716 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Morris , W . F. ; Pfister , C . A. ; Tuljapurkar , S. ; Haridas , C . V. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Boyce , M . S. ; Bruna , E . M. ; Church , D . R. ; Coulson , T. ; Doak , D . F. ; Forsyth , S. ; Gaillard , J-M. ; Horvitz , C . C. ; Kalisz , S. ; Kendall , B . E. ; Knight , T . M. ; Lee , C . T . & Menges , E . S .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "( 2008 ) . Longevity can buffer plant and animal populations against changing climatic uncertainty . Ecology . 89 : 19–25 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": " - Chan , K . M . A. ; Pringle , R . M. ; Ranganathan , J. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Chan , Y . E. ; Ehrlich , P . R. ; Haff , P. ; Heller , N . E. ; Al-Khafaji , K . & MacMynowski , D . ( 2007 ) . When Agendas Collide : Human Welfare and Biological Conservation . Conservation Biology . 21 : 59–68 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Boggs , C . L . ( 1990 ) . A general model of the role of male-donated nutrients in female insects reproduction . American Naturalist . 136 : 598–617 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": " - Boggs , C . L . & Ross , C . L . ( 1993 ) . The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) . Ecology . 74 : 433–441 . - Boggs , C . L . ( 1981 ) . Nutritional and life history determinants of resource allocation in holometabolous insects . American Naturalist . 117 : 692–709 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Dunlap-Pianka , H. ; Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1977 ) . Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies : Programmed senescence versus eternal youth . Science . 197 : 487–490 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": " - Faculty website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carol_L._Boggs#P108#2
|
Which employer did Carol L. Boggs work for in Feb 2018?
|
Carol L . Boggs Carol Linda Boggs ( born April 11 , 1952 ) is an American biologist specializing in the reproductive biology , population biology , ecology , and evolution of butterflies . Boggs completed her BA in 1973 and her PhD in 1979 in zoology at the University of Texas at Austin . Since 2013 , she has been a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina . Boggs is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has served on editorial boards for several journals . She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001 . Career . Boggs was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University from 1980 to 1985 . Shortly after , Stanford hired her as a lecturer and consulting assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences ( 1986-1997 ) . She was promoted to associate professor ( teaching ) ( 1997–2002 ) , consulting professor ( 2002–2006 ) , and finally , professor ( teaching ) ( 2006–2012 ) . In parallel with these appointments , she was also a senior research scientist with Stanford University ( 1994–2006 ) . Boggs also held administrative appointments at Stanford University such as the associate director ( 1994–1995 ) and director ( 1995–2006 ) of the Center for Conservation Biology , and the Bing Director for the Program in Human Biology ( 2006–2012 ) . In 2013 , Boggs moved to the University of South Carolina where she was hired as the director of the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment ( 2013–2018 ) and as a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences ( 2013–present ) . Boggs has served on several editorial boards , either as a founding member or as an associate editor , for journals including Functional Ecology , Ecological Applications , Evolution , and the Journal of Insect Conservation . She has also worked with the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory ( RMBL ) , serving on the board of trustees as a member for more than 13 years and as the president for 6 years . She has been a senior researcher with the RMBL since 1978 . Research and contributions . Boggs early research as a PhD student was influenced by her supervisor who studied neotropical butterflies in Costa Rica and Trinidad . Gilbert was trained by another butterfly biologist , Paul R . Ehrlich , who specializes in population ecology and whom Boggs would eventually collaborate with at Stanford University in later years . Boggs early work focused mainly on the reproductive biology , sexual selection , and resource allocation of butterflies . For instance , she was the first to show that male butterflies can donate nutrients to future offspring . Her articles on the subject of male nuptial gifts opened up a new research arena and remains some of her most highly cited work to date . Later , Boggs research continued with her work on both lab-reared colonies ( e.g. , Colias eurytheme ) and natural populations ( e.g. , Euphydryas editha ) of butterflies . She has also done long-term studies on temperate montane species at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory , including the locally introduced Gillettes checkerspot ( Euphydryas gillettii ) and the Mormon fritillary ( Speyeria mormonia ) . Her research on S . mormonia in particular led to significant advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying insect life history traits through the integration of knowledge on nutrient resource allocation . Boggs research on S . mormonia in the Colorado Rocky Mountains garnered media interest in 2013 when she used over two decades of long-term data to show how climate change can affect pollinator populations , raising awareness of this important issue . She showed that a single climate driver , early snow melt , affected S . mormonia population dynamics in indirect and direct ways . First , earlier snow melts led to situations where developing nectar flowers were decimated by early season frost events . For S . mormonia , this meant increased competition for nectar and therefore fewer eggs laid at the end of the season . In the following year after the eggs overwintered , early snow melts and early season frost events impacted the population once again , but this time directly through mortality of post-diapause caterpillars . Combined , the effects of early snow melt in two consecutive years explained as much as 84% of the variation in the population growth rate . In a New York Times interview , her co-author on the paper , David W . Inouye , stated that , It is very unusual for research to uncover such a simple mechanism that can explain almost all of the variation in growth rate of an insect population . At the time the article was published , very few studies existed that illustrated the mechanisms whereby climate change can affect species life history traits and fitness . Overall , Boggs work has mainly focused on determining how environmental variation affects individuals , populations , and species interactions . Honors and awards . Boggs became a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 2000 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001 . She also served as the Stanford Friends University fellow in Undergraduate Education ( 2010–2012 ) . In 2012 , Boggs was awarded the Lloyd W . Dinkelspiel Award for Distinctive Contributions to Undergraduate Teaching at Stanford University . Selected publications . Books . - Boggs , C . L. ; Watt , W . B . & Ehrlich , P . R. , eds . ( 2003 ) . Butterflies : Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight . University of Chicago Press . 736 pp . Selected papers . - Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1979 ) . Male contribution to egg production in butterflies : Evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating . Science . 206 : 83–84 . - McLaughlin , J . F. ; Hellmann , J. ; Boggs , C . L . & Ehrlich , P . R . ( 2002 ) . Climate change hastens population extinctions . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 : 6070–6074 . - Fleishman , E. ; Ray , C. ; Sjögren-Gulve , P. ; Boggs , C . L . & Murphy , D . D . ( 2002 ) . Assessing the relative roles of patch quality , area , and isolation in predicting metapopulation dynamics . Conservation Biology . 16 : 706–716 . - Morris , W . F. ; Pfister , C . A. ; Tuljapurkar , S. ; Haridas , C . V. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Boyce , M . S. ; Bruna , E . M. ; Church , D . R. ; Coulson , T. ; Doak , D . F. ; Forsyth , S. ; Gaillard , J-M. ; Horvitz , C . C. ; Kalisz , S. ; Kendall , B . E. ; Knight , T . M. ; Lee , C . T . & Menges , E . S . ( 2008 ) . Longevity can buffer plant and animal populations against changing climatic uncertainty . Ecology . 89 : 19–25 . - Chan , K . M . A. ; Pringle , R . M. ; Ranganathan , J. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Chan , Y . E. ; Ehrlich , P . R. ; Haff , P. ; Heller , N . E. ; Al-Khafaji , K . & MacMynowski , D . ( 2007 ) . When Agendas Collide : Human Welfare and Biological Conservation . Conservation Biology . 21 : 59–68 . - Boggs , C . L . ( 1990 ) . A general model of the role of male-donated nutrients in female insects reproduction . American Naturalist . 136 : 598–617 . - Boggs , C . L . & Ross , C . L . ( 1993 ) . The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) . Ecology . 74 : 433–441 . - Boggs , C . L . ( 1981 ) . Nutritional and life history determinants of resource allocation in holometabolous insects . American Naturalist . 117 : 692–709 . - Dunlap-Pianka , H. ; Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1977 ) . Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies : Programmed senescence versus eternal youth . Science . 197 : 487–490 . External links . - Faculty website
|
[
"University of South Carolina"
] |
[
{
"text": "Carol Linda Boggs ( born April 11 , 1952 ) is an American biologist specializing in the reproductive biology , population biology , ecology , and evolution of butterflies . Boggs completed her BA in 1973 and her PhD in 1979 in zoology at the University of Texas at Austin . Since 2013 , she has been a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina . Boggs is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has served on editorial boards for several",
"title": "Carol L . Boggs"
},
{
"text": "journals . She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001 .",
"title": "Carol L . Boggs"
},
{
"text": "Boggs was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University from 1980 to 1985 . Shortly after , Stanford hired her as a lecturer and consulting assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences ( 1986-1997 ) . She was promoted to associate professor ( teaching ) ( 1997–2002 ) , consulting professor ( 2002–2006 ) , and finally , professor ( teaching ) ( 2006–2012 ) . In parallel with these appointments , she was also a senior research scientist with Stanford University ( 1994–2006 ) . Boggs also held administrative appointments at Stanford University such as the associate director (",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1994–1995 ) and director ( 1995–2006 ) of the Center for Conservation Biology , and the Bing Director for the Program in Human Biology ( 2006–2012 ) . In 2013 , Boggs moved to the University of South Carolina where she was hired as the director of the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment ( 2013–2018 ) and as a professor in the School of the Earth , Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences ( 2013–present ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Boggs has served on several editorial boards , either as a founding member or as an associate editor , for journals including Functional Ecology , Ecological Applications , Evolution , and the Journal of Insect Conservation . She has also worked with the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory ( RMBL ) , serving on the board of trustees as a member for more than 13 years and as the president for 6 years . She has been a senior researcher with the RMBL since 1978 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Boggs early research as a PhD student was influenced by her supervisor who studied neotropical butterflies in Costa Rica and Trinidad . Gilbert was trained by another butterfly biologist , Paul R . Ehrlich , who specializes in population ecology and whom Boggs would eventually collaborate with at Stanford University in later years . Boggs early work focused mainly on the reproductive biology , sexual selection , and resource allocation of butterflies . For instance , she was the first to show that male butterflies can donate nutrients to future offspring . Her articles on the subject of male nuptial",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "gifts opened up a new research arena and remains some of her most highly cited work to date .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": " Later , Boggs research continued with her work on both lab-reared colonies ( e.g. , Colias eurytheme ) and natural populations ( e.g. , Euphydryas editha ) of butterflies . She has also done long-term studies on temperate montane species at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory , including the locally introduced Gillettes checkerspot ( Euphydryas gillettii ) and the Mormon fritillary ( Speyeria mormonia ) . Her research on S . mormonia in particular led to significant advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying insect life history traits through the integration of knowledge on nutrient resource allocation .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "Boggs research on S . mormonia in the Colorado Rocky Mountains garnered media interest in 2013 when she used over two decades of long-term data to show how climate change can affect pollinator populations , raising awareness of this important issue . She showed that a single climate driver , early snow melt , affected S . mormonia population dynamics in indirect and direct ways . First , earlier snow melts led to situations where developing nectar flowers were decimated by early season frost events . For S . mormonia , this meant increased competition for nectar and therefore fewer",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "eggs laid at the end of the season . In the following year after the eggs overwintered , early snow melts and early season frost events impacted the population once again , but this time directly through mortality of post-diapause caterpillars . Combined , the effects of early snow melt in two consecutive years explained as much as 84% of the variation in the population growth rate . In a New York Times interview , her co-author on the paper , David W . Inouye , stated that , It is very unusual for research to uncover such a simple",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": "mechanism that can explain almost all of the variation in growth rate of an insect population . At the time the article was published , very few studies existed that illustrated the mechanisms whereby climate change can affect species life history traits and fitness .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": " Overall , Boggs work has mainly focused on determining how environmental variation affects individuals , populations , and species interactions .",
"title": "Research and contributions"
},
{
"text": " Boggs became a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 2000 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001 . She also served as the Stanford Friends University fellow in Undergraduate Education ( 2010–2012 ) . In 2012 , Boggs was awarded the Lloyd W . Dinkelspiel Award for Distinctive Contributions to Undergraduate Teaching at Stanford University .",
"title": "Honors and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Boggs , C . L. ; Watt , W . B . & Ehrlich , P . R. , eds . ( 2003 ) . Butterflies : Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight . University of Chicago Press . 736 pp .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1979 ) . Male contribution to egg production in butterflies : Evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating . Science . 206 : 83–84 . - McLaughlin , J . F. ; Hellmann , J. ; Boggs , C . L . & Ehrlich , P . R . ( 2002 ) . Climate change hastens population extinctions . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 : 6070–6074 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Fleishman , E. ; Ray , C. ; Sjögren-Gulve , P. ; Boggs , C . L . & Murphy , D . D . ( 2002 ) . Assessing the relative roles of patch quality , area , and isolation in predicting metapopulation dynamics . Conservation Biology . 16 : 706–716 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Morris , W . F. ; Pfister , C . A. ; Tuljapurkar , S. ; Haridas , C . V. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Boyce , M . S. ; Bruna , E . M. ; Church , D . R. ; Coulson , T. ; Doak , D . F. ; Forsyth , S. ; Gaillard , J-M. ; Horvitz , C . C. ; Kalisz , S. ; Kendall , B . E. ; Knight , T . M. ; Lee , C . T . & Menges , E . S .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "( 2008 ) . Longevity can buffer plant and animal populations against changing climatic uncertainty . Ecology . 89 : 19–25 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": " - Chan , K . M . A. ; Pringle , R . M. ; Ranganathan , J. ; Boggs , C . L. ; Chan , Y . E. ; Ehrlich , P . R. ; Haff , P. ; Heller , N . E. ; Al-Khafaji , K . & MacMynowski , D . ( 2007 ) . When Agendas Collide : Human Welfare and Biological Conservation . Conservation Biology . 21 : 59–68 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Boggs , C . L . ( 1990 ) . A general model of the role of male-donated nutrients in female insects reproduction . American Naturalist . 136 : 598–617 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": " - Boggs , C . L . & Ross , C . L . ( 1993 ) . The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia ( Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae ) . Ecology . 74 : 433–441 . - Boggs , C . L . ( 1981 ) . Nutritional and life history determinants of resource allocation in holometabolous insects . American Naturalist . 117 : 692–709 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": "- Dunlap-Pianka , H. ; Boggs , C . L . & Gilbert , L . E . ( 1977 ) . Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies : Programmed senescence versus eternal youth . Science . 197 : 487–490 .",
"title": "Selected papers"
},
{
"text": " - Faculty website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand#P39#0
|
Which position did Adarsh Sein Anand hold before Jul 1985?
|
Adarsh Sein Anand Adarsh Sein Anand ( 1 November 1936 – 1 December 2017 ) was the 29th Chief Justice of India , serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001 . Life . Anand completed his studies from GGM Science College Jammu ( erstwhile Prince of Wales college ) , Lucknow University , and University College London , and enrolled as an Advocate at the Bar Council on 9 November 1964 . Having practised in Criminal Law , Constitutional Law , Election Law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court , he was appointed Additional Judge , Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 26 May 1975 . He became the Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 11 May 1985 and transferred to the Madras High Court on 1 November 1989 . He was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of India , on 18 November 1991 . On 17 February 2003 , he took over as the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission and was succeeded by Justice Rajendra Babu on 2 April 2007 . On February , 2010 , he was appointed chairman of a five-member committee set up to examine the safety aspects of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The panel submitted the report on 25 April 2012 . Honours . Anand was unanimously elected President of the International Institute of Human Rights Society in 1996 . In 1997 , he became the first Indian to be awarded the Fellowship of University College London , his alma mater . Anand was nominated as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority ( India ) , a statutory body , with effect from July 1997 in recognition of his contribution to legal aid for the poor . He was also unanimously elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple this year . He is the author of the book , The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir - Its Development and Comments . On 26 January 2008 , Anand was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award in India . Awarded the Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) at the Special Convocation held by Lucknow University on 14 March 1996 . Awarded Fellowship of the University College , London , on 19 May 1997 . Elected as Hony . Bencher of the Honble Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1998 . Awarded Degree of D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) at the 9th Convocation held at Jammu University on 20 March 1999 . Awarded Honorary Fellowship for Life by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies , London , in October 2000 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Punjab University , Chandigarh , on 28 December 2001 . Recipient of Shiromani Award - 2002 for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Judiciary and Commitment to National Progress and Human Welfare on 30 August 2003 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Banaras Hindu University on 29 November 2003 , for Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Law and Protection of Human Rights . Recipient of Plaque of Honour from the University of Lucknow for outstanding contribution to the Country and Society on 25 November 2004 . Awarded Dogra Ratan Award instituted by Council for Promotion of Dogri Language , Culture & History , Jammu on 27 October 2006 at Jammu . Awarded National Law Day award by the President of India for Outstanding contribution to fair and efficient administration of justice on 24 November 2007 . Landmark judgements . At least three landmark judgments given by Anand as the Judge of the Supreme Court have revealed his commitment to human rights and justice . 1 . In the Nilabeti Behera case ( 1993 ) , which he heard jointly with J.S . Verma , ( later CJI ) his separate judgment on the right of compensation in the cases of custodial deaths is hailed as a significant contribution to the protection of human rights . Anand held that public bodies and officials are expected to perform public duties properly and refrain from unlawful actions that are likely to violate individual rights under Article 21 of the Constitution . 2 . In the D.K . Basu case ( 1996 ) , he laid down important safeguards against custodial torture . These safeguards are considered valuable in protecting the rights of prisoners . 3 . Anands commitment to judicial discipline is also highlighted in his judgment in the V.C . Mishra case . The Supreme Court first sentenced the Chairman of the Bar Council of India , V.C . Mishra , for contempt of court and suspended him from practising . Later , a Bench headed by Anand ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the power to debar any advocate from practising even if it held him guilty of contempt . Corruption allegations . Anand had a controversial tenure as Chief Justice of India . Activists have made four serious charges of corruption and abuse of office against Anand . No probe , however , was conducted on any of the allegations .
|
[
"Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adarsh Sein Anand ( 1 November 1936 – 1 December 2017 ) was the 29th Chief Justice of India , serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001 .",
"title": "Adarsh Sein Anand"
},
{
"text": "Anand completed his studies from GGM Science College Jammu ( erstwhile Prince of Wales college ) , Lucknow University , and University College London , and enrolled as an Advocate at the Bar Council on 9 November 1964 . Having practised in Criminal Law , Constitutional Law , Election Law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court , he was appointed Additional Judge , Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 26 May 1975 . He became the Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 11 May 1985 and transferred to the Madras High Court on 1 November 1989",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ". He was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of India , on 18 November 1991 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2003 , he took over as the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission and was succeeded by Justice Rajendra Babu on 2 April 2007 . On February , 2010 , he was appointed chairman of a five-member committee set up to examine the safety aspects of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The panel submitted the report on 25 April 2012 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Anand was unanimously elected President of the International Institute of Human Rights Society in 1996 . In 1997 , he became the first Indian to be awarded the Fellowship of University College London , his alma mater . Anand was nominated as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority ( India ) , a statutory body , with effect from July 1997 in recognition of his contribution to legal aid for the poor . He was also unanimously elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple this year . He is the author of the book , The Constitution",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "of Jammu and Kashmir - Its Development and Comments . On 26 January 2008 , Anand was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award in India .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Awarded the Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) at the Special Convocation held by Lucknow University on 14 March 1996 . Awarded Fellowship of the University College , London , on 19 May 1997 . Elected as Hony . Bencher of the Honble Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1998 . Awarded Degree of D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) at the 9th Convocation held at Jammu University on 20 March 1999 . Awarded Honorary Fellowship for Life by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies , London , in October 2000 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Punjab University , Chandigarh , on 28 December 2001 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Recipient of Shiromani Award - 2002 for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Judiciary and Commitment to National Progress and Human Welfare on 30 August 2003 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Banaras Hindu University on 29 November 2003 , for Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Law and Protection of Human Rights . Recipient of Plaque of Honour from the University of Lucknow for outstanding contribution to the Country and Society on 25 November 2004 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "Awarded Dogra Ratan Award instituted by Council for Promotion of Dogri Language , Culture & History , Jammu on 27 October 2006 at Jammu .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Awarded National Law Day award by the President of India for Outstanding contribution to fair and efficient administration of justice on 24 November 2007 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " At least three landmark judgments given by Anand as the Judge of the Supreme Court have revealed his commitment to human rights and justice .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": "1 . In the Nilabeti Behera case ( 1993 ) , which he heard jointly with J.S . Verma , ( later CJI ) his separate judgment on the right of compensation in the cases of custodial deaths is hailed as a significant contribution to the protection of human rights . Anand held that public bodies and officials are expected to perform public duties properly and refrain from unlawful actions that are likely to violate individual rights under Article 21 of the Constitution .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": " 2 . In the D.K . Basu case ( 1996 ) , he laid down important safeguards against custodial torture . These safeguards are considered valuable in protecting the rights of prisoners .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": "3 . Anands commitment to judicial discipline is also highlighted in his judgment in the V.C . Mishra case . The Supreme Court first sentenced the Chairman of the Bar Council of India , V.C . Mishra , for contempt of court and suspended him from practising . Later , a Bench headed by Anand ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the power to debar any advocate from practising even if it held him guilty of contempt .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": " Anand had a controversial tenure as Chief Justice of India . Activists have made four serious charges of corruption and abuse of office against Anand . No probe , however , was conducted on any of the allegations .",
"title": "Corruption allegations"
}
] |
/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand#P39#1
|
Which position did Adarsh Sein Anand hold in Aug 1990?
|
Adarsh Sein Anand Adarsh Sein Anand ( 1 November 1936 – 1 December 2017 ) was the 29th Chief Justice of India , serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001 . Life . Anand completed his studies from GGM Science College Jammu ( erstwhile Prince of Wales college ) , Lucknow University , and University College London , and enrolled as an Advocate at the Bar Council on 9 November 1964 . Having practised in Criminal Law , Constitutional Law , Election Law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court , he was appointed Additional Judge , Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 26 May 1975 . He became the Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 11 May 1985 and transferred to the Madras High Court on 1 November 1989 . He was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of India , on 18 November 1991 . On 17 February 2003 , he took over as the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission and was succeeded by Justice Rajendra Babu on 2 April 2007 . On February , 2010 , he was appointed chairman of a five-member committee set up to examine the safety aspects of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The panel submitted the report on 25 April 2012 . Honours . Anand was unanimously elected President of the International Institute of Human Rights Society in 1996 . In 1997 , he became the first Indian to be awarded the Fellowship of University College London , his alma mater . Anand was nominated as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority ( India ) , a statutory body , with effect from July 1997 in recognition of his contribution to legal aid for the poor . He was also unanimously elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple this year . He is the author of the book , The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir - Its Development and Comments . On 26 January 2008 , Anand was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award in India . Awarded the Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) at the Special Convocation held by Lucknow University on 14 March 1996 . Awarded Fellowship of the University College , London , on 19 May 1997 . Elected as Hony . Bencher of the Honble Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1998 . Awarded Degree of D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) at the 9th Convocation held at Jammu University on 20 March 1999 . Awarded Honorary Fellowship for Life by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies , London , in October 2000 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Punjab University , Chandigarh , on 28 December 2001 . Recipient of Shiromani Award - 2002 for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Judiciary and Commitment to National Progress and Human Welfare on 30 August 2003 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Banaras Hindu University on 29 November 2003 , for Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Law and Protection of Human Rights . Recipient of Plaque of Honour from the University of Lucknow for outstanding contribution to the Country and Society on 25 November 2004 . Awarded Dogra Ratan Award instituted by Council for Promotion of Dogri Language , Culture & History , Jammu on 27 October 2006 at Jammu . Awarded National Law Day award by the President of India for Outstanding contribution to fair and efficient administration of justice on 24 November 2007 . Landmark judgements . At least three landmark judgments given by Anand as the Judge of the Supreme Court have revealed his commitment to human rights and justice . 1 . In the Nilabeti Behera case ( 1993 ) , which he heard jointly with J.S . Verma , ( later CJI ) his separate judgment on the right of compensation in the cases of custodial deaths is hailed as a significant contribution to the protection of human rights . Anand held that public bodies and officials are expected to perform public duties properly and refrain from unlawful actions that are likely to violate individual rights under Article 21 of the Constitution . 2 . In the D.K . Basu case ( 1996 ) , he laid down important safeguards against custodial torture . These safeguards are considered valuable in protecting the rights of prisoners . 3 . Anands commitment to judicial discipline is also highlighted in his judgment in the V.C . Mishra case . The Supreme Court first sentenced the Chairman of the Bar Council of India , V.C . Mishra , for contempt of court and suspended him from practising . Later , a Bench headed by Anand ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the power to debar any advocate from practising even if it held him guilty of contempt . Corruption allegations . Anand had a controversial tenure as Chief Justice of India . Activists have made four serious charges of corruption and abuse of office against Anand . No probe , however , was conducted on any of the allegations .
|
[
"Chief Justice"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adarsh Sein Anand ( 1 November 1936 – 1 December 2017 ) was the 29th Chief Justice of India , serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001 .",
"title": "Adarsh Sein Anand"
},
{
"text": "Anand completed his studies from GGM Science College Jammu ( erstwhile Prince of Wales college ) , Lucknow University , and University College London , and enrolled as an Advocate at the Bar Council on 9 November 1964 . Having practised in Criminal Law , Constitutional Law , Election Law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court , he was appointed Additional Judge , Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 26 May 1975 . He became the Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 11 May 1985 and transferred to the Madras High Court on 1 November 1989",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ". He was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of India , on 18 November 1991 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2003 , he took over as the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission and was succeeded by Justice Rajendra Babu on 2 April 2007 . On February , 2010 , he was appointed chairman of a five-member committee set up to examine the safety aspects of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The panel submitted the report on 25 April 2012 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Anand was unanimously elected President of the International Institute of Human Rights Society in 1996 . In 1997 , he became the first Indian to be awarded the Fellowship of University College London , his alma mater . Anand was nominated as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority ( India ) , a statutory body , with effect from July 1997 in recognition of his contribution to legal aid for the poor . He was also unanimously elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple this year . He is the author of the book , The Constitution",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "of Jammu and Kashmir - Its Development and Comments . On 26 January 2008 , Anand was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award in India .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Awarded the Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) at the Special Convocation held by Lucknow University on 14 March 1996 . Awarded Fellowship of the University College , London , on 19 May 1997 . Elected as Hony . Bencher of the Honble Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1998 . Awarded Degree of D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) at the 9th Convocation held at Jammu University on 20 March 1999 . Awarded Honorary Fellowship for Life by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies , London , in October 2000 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Punjab University , Chandigarh , on 28 December 2001 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Recipient of Shiromani Award - 2002 for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Judiciary and Commitment to National Progress and Human Welfare on 30 August 2003 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Banaras Hindu University on 29 November 2003 , for Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Law and Protection of Human Rights . Recipient of Plaque of Honour from the University of Lucknow for outstanding contribution to the Country and Society on 25 November 2004 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "Awarded Dogra Ratan Award instituted by Council for Promotion of Dogri Language , Culture & History , Jammu on 27 October 2006 at Jammu .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Awarded National Law Day award by the President of India for Outstanding contribution to fair and efficient administration of justice on 24 November 2007 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " At least three landmark judgments given by Anand as the Judge of the Supreme Court have revealed his commitment to human rights and justice .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": "1 . In the Nilabeti Behera case ( 1993 ) , which he heard jointly with J.S . Verma , ( later CJI ) his separate judgment on the right of compensation in the cases of custodial deaths is hailed as a significant contribution to the protection of human rights . Anand held that public bodies and officials are expected to perform public duties properly and refrain from unlawful actions that are likely to violate individual rights under Article 21 of the Constitution .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": " 2 . In the D.K . Basu case ( 1996 ) , he laid down important safeguards against custodial torture . These safeguards are considered valuable in protecting the rights of prisoners .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": "3 . Anands commitment to judicial discipline is also highlighted in his judgment in the V.C . Mishra case . The Supreme Court first sentenced the Chairman of the Bar Council of India , V.C . Mishra , for contempt of court and suspended him from practising . Later , a Bench headed by Anand ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the power to debar any advocate from practising even if it held him guilty of contempt .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": " Anand had a controversial tenure as Chief Justice of India . Activists have made four serious charges of corruption and abuse of office against Anand . No probe , however , was conducted on any of the allegations .",
"title": "Corruption allegations"
}
] |
/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand#P39#2
|
Which position did Adarsh Sein Anand hold in Sep 1999?
|
Adarsh Sein Anand Adarsh Sein Anand ( 1 November 1936 – 1 December 2017 ) was the 29th Chief Justice of India , serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001 . Life . Anand completed his studies from GGM Science College Jammu ( erstwhile Prince of Wales college ) , Lucknow University , and University College London , and enrolled as an Advocate at the Bar Council on 9 November 1964 . Having practised in Criminal Law , Constitutional Law , Election Law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court , he was appointed Additional Judge , Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 26 May 1975 . He became the Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 11 May 1985 and transferred to the Madras High Court on 1 November 1989 . He was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of India , on 18 November 1991 . On 17 February 2003 , he took over as the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission and was succeeded by Justice Rajendra Babu on 2 April 2007 . On February , 2010 , he was appointed chairman of a five-member committee set up to examine the safety aspects of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The panel submitted the report on 25 April 2012 . Honours . Anand was unanimously elected President of the International Institute of Human Rights Society in 1996 . In 1997 , he became the first Indian to be awarded the Fellowship of University College London , his alma mater . Anand was nominated as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority ( India ) , a statutory body , with effect from July 1997 in recognition of his contribution to legal aid for the poor . He was also unanimously elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple this year . He is the author of the book , The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir - Its Development and Comments . On 26 January 2008 , Anand was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award in India . Awarded the Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) at the Special Convocation held by Lucknow University on 14 March 1996 . Awarded Fellowship of the University College , London , on 19 May 1997 . Elected as Hony . Bencher of the Honble Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1998 . Awarded Degree of D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) at the 9th Convocation held at Jammu University on 20 March 1999 . Awarded Honorary Fellowship for Life by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies , London , in October 2000 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Punjab University , Chandigarh , on 28 December 2001 . Recipient of Shiromani Award - 2002 for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Judiciary and Commitment to National Progress and Human Welfare on 30 August 2003 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Banaras Hindu University on 29 November 2003 , for Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Law and Protection of Human Rights . Recipient of Plaque of Honour from the University of Lucknow for outstanding contribution to the Country and Society on 25 November 2004 . Awarded Dogra Ratan Award instituted by Council for Promotion of Dogri Language , Culture & History , Jammu on 27 October 2006 at Jammu . Awarded National Law Day award by the President of India for Outstanding contribution to fair and efficient administration of justice on 24 November 2007 . Landmark judgements . At least three landmark judgments given by Anand as the Judge of the Supreme Court have revealed his commitment to human rights and justice . 1 . In the Nilabeti Behera case ( 1993 ) , which he heard jointly with J.S . Verma , ( later CJI ) his separate judgment on the right of compensation in the cases of custodial deaths is hailed as a significant contribution to the protection of human rights . Anand held that public bodies and officials are expected to perform public duties properly and refrain from unlawful actions that are likely to violate individual rights under Article 21 of the Constitution . 2 . In the D.K . Basu case ( 1996 ) , he laid down important safeguards against custodial torture . These safeguards are considered valuable in protecting the rights of prisoners . 3 . Anands commitment to judicial discipline is also highlighted in his judgment in the V.C . Mishra case . The Supreme Court first sentenced the Chairman of the Bar Council of India , V.C . Mishra , for contempt of court and suspended him from practising . Later , a Bench headed by Anand ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the power to debar any advocate from practising even if it held him guilty of contempt . Corruption allegations . Anand had a controversial tenure as Chief Justice of India . Activists have made four serious charges of corruption and abuse of office against Anand . No probe , however , was conducted on any of the allegations .
|
[
"Chief Justice of India"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adarsh Sein Anand ( 1 November 1936 – 1 December 2017 ) was the 29th Chief Justice of India , serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001 .",
"title": "Adarsh Sein Anand"
},
{
"text": "Anand completed his studies from GGM Science College Jammu ( erstwhile Prince of Wales college ) , Lucknow University , and University College London , and enrolled as an Advocate at the Bar Council on 9 November 1964 . Having practised in Criminal Law , Constitutional Law , Election Law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court , he was appointed Additional Judge , Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 26 May 1975 . He became the Chief Justice , Jammu and Kashmir High Court on 11 May 1985 and transferred to the Madras High Court on 1 November 1989",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ". He was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of India , on 18 November 1991 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2003 , he took over as the Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission and was succeeded by Justice Rajendra Babu on 2 April 2007 . On February , 2010 , he was appointed chairman of a five-member committee set up to examine the safety aspects of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala . The panel submitted the report on 25 April 2012 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Anand was unanimously elected President of the International Institute of Human Rights Society in 1996 . In 1997 , he became the first Indian to be awarded the Fellowship of University College London , his alma mater . Anand was nominated as the Executive Chairman of the National Legal Services Authority ( India ) , a statutory body , with effect from July 1997 in recognition of his contribution to legal aid for the poor . He was also unanimously elected Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple this year . He is the author of the book , The Constitution",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "of Jammu and Kashmir - Its Development and Comments . On 26 January 2008 , Anand was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award in India .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Awarded the Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) at the Special Convocation held by Lucknow University on 14 March 1996 . Awarded Fellowship of the University College , London , on 19 May 1997 . Elected as Hony . Bencher of the Honble Society of Inner Temple , London , in 1998 . Awarded Degree of D . Litt . ( Honoris Causa ) at the 9th Convocation held at Jammu University on 20 March 1999 . Awarded Honorary Fellowship for Life by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies , London , in October 2000 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Punjab University , Chandigarh , on 28 December 2001 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Recipient of Shiromani Award - 2002 for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Judiciary and Commitment to National Progress and Human Welfare on 30 August 2003 . Awarded Degree of LL.D . ( Honoris Causa ) by Banaras Hindu University on 29 November 2003 , for Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Law and Protection of Human Rights . Recipient of Plaque of Honour from the University of Lucknow for outstanding contribution to the Country and Society on 25 November 2004 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "Awarded Dogra Ratan Award instituted by Council for Promotion of Dogri Language , Culture & History , Jammu on 27 October 2006 at Jammu .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " Awarded National Law Day award by the President of India for Outstanding contribution to fair and efficient administration of justice on 24 November 2007 .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " At least three landmark judgments given by Anand as the Judge of the Supreme Court have revealed his commitment to human rights and justice .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": "1 . In the Nilabeti Behera case ( 1993 ) , which he heard jointly with J.S . Verma , ( later CJI ) his separate judgment on the right of compensation in the cases of custodial deaths is hailed as a significant contribution to the protection of human rights . Anand held that public bodies and officials are expected to perform public duties properly and refrain from unlawful actions that are likely to violate individual rights under Article 21 of the Constitution .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": " 2 . In the D.K . Basu case ( 1996 ) , he laid down important safeguards against custodial torture . These safeguards are considered valuable in protecting the rights of prisoners .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": "3 . Anands commitment to judicial discipline is also highlighted in his judgment in the V.C . Mishra case . The Supreme Court first sentenced the Chairman of the Bar Council of India , V.C . Mishra , for contempt of court and suspended him from practising . Later , a Bench headed by Anand ruled that the Supreme Court did not have the power to debar any advocate from practising even if it held him guilty of contempt .",
"title": "Landmark judgements"
},
{
"text": " Anand had a controversial tenure as Chief Justice of India . Activists have made four serious charges of corruption and abuse of office against Anand . No probe , however , was conducted on any of the allegations .",
"title": "Corruption allegations"
}
] |
/wiki/Antonia_Göransson#P54#0
|
Which team did Antonia Göransson play for before Feb 2007?
|
Antonia Göransson Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later . After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot . Club career . Early career . Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game . Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen . Kristianstads DFF . In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award . Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 . Germany . Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract . Back to Sweden . In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed . She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network . Norway and Italy . Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 . Retirement . Bayer 04 Leverkusen signed Göransson to a two-year contract in September 2019 . She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season . International career . As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final . In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg . Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play . Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden . In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup , Playing style . Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique . Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 . In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament . Honours . Club . Turbine Potsdam - Frauen-Bundesliga ( 1 ) : 2011–12 International . Sweden - FIFA Womens World Cup Third place : 2011 Olympics 2012 Third place EM Sweden 2013 Individual . Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 . External links . - Framba.de profile
|
[
"BK Skjold"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": "After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": " Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": "Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": " Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract .",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": ". She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network .",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": " Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 .",
"title": "Norway and Italy"
},
{
"text": "She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup ,",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 .",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Framba.de profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Antonia_Göransson#P54#1
|
Which team did Antonia Göransson play for in Apr 2009?
|
Antonia Göransson Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later . After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot . Club career . Early career . Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game . Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen . Kristianstads DFF . In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award . Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 . Germany . Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract . Back to Sweden . In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed . She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network . Norway and Italy . Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 . Retirement . Bayer 04 Leverkusen signed Göransson to a two-year contract in September 2019 . She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season . International career . As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final . In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg . Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play . Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden . In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup , Playing style . Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique . Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 . In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament . Honours . Club . Turbine Potsdam - Frauen-Bundesliga ( 1 ) : 2011–12 International . Sweden - FIFA Womens World Cup Third place : 2011 Olympics 2012 Third place EM Sweden 2013 Individual . Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 . External links . - Framba.de profile
|
[
"Kristianstads DFF"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": "After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": " Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": "Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": " Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract .",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": ". She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network .",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": " Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 .",
"title": "Norway and Italy"
},
{
"text": "She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup ,",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 .",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Framba.de profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Antonia_Göransson#P54#2
|
Which team did Antonia Göransson play for in Apr 2010?
|
Antonia Göransson Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later . After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot . Club career . Early career . Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game . Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen . Kristianstads DFF . In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award . Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 . Germany . Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract . Back to Sweden . In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed . She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network . Norway and Italy . Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 . Retirement . Bayer 04 Leverkusen signed Göransson to a two-year contract in September 2019 . She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season . International career . As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final . In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg . Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play . Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden . In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup , Playing style . Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique . Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 . In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament . Honours . Club . Turbine Potsdam - Frauen-Bundesliga ( 1 ) : 2011–12 International . Sweden - FIFA Womens World Cup Third place : 2011 Olympics 2012 Third place EM Sweden 2013 Individual . Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 . External links . - Framba.de profile
|
[
"Germany"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": "After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": " Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": "Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": " Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract .",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": ". She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network .",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": " Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 .",
"title": "Norway and Italy"
},
{
"text": "She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup ,",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 .",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Framba.de profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Antonia_Göransson#P54#3
|
Which team did Antonia Göransson play for in Jan 2014?
|
Antonia Göransson Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later . After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot . Club career . Early career . Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game . Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen . Kristianstads DFF . In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award . Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 . Germany . Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract . Back to Sweden . In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed . She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network . Norway and Italy . Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 . Retirement . Bayer 04 Leverkusen signed Göransson to a two-year contract in September 2019 . She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season . International career . As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final . In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg . Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play . Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden . In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup , Playing style . Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique . Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 . In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament . Honours . Club . Turbine Potsdam - Frauen-Bundesliga ( 1 ) : 2011–12 International . Sweden - FIFA Womens World Cup Third place : 2011 Olympics 2012 Third place EM Sweden 2013 Individual . Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 . External links . - Framba.de profile
|
[
"Sweden"
] |
[
{
"text": " Antonia Pia Anna Göransson ( born 16 September 1990 ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger . A product of Malmö FFs youth system , Göransson began her Damallsvenskan career with Kristianstads DFF in 2008 . She moved to Germany in 2010 , with SV Hamburg , before joining Turbine Potsdam a year later .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": "After making her debut for the senior Sweden womens national football team in October 2010 , Göransson represented her country at the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup , the 2012 London Olympics and the 2013 UEFA Womens Championship . A fast and skilful winger , Göransson can strike the ball equally well with either foot .",
"title": "Antonia Göransson"
},
{
"text": " Born in Stockholm , Göransson moved to Sjöbo aged three , then Boden aged seven . She played for various clubs in this period before signing for Malmö FF at youth level when the family returned to Skåne County in 2006 . At Malmö Göransson came under the influence of youth coach Lena Videkull , whom she credited for a rapid improvement in all aspects of her game .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Göransson was sent on loan to Malmös lower division nursery club Husie IF . She also spent part of the 2007–2008 season on loan to BK Skjold in Copenhagen , scoring three goals in the Danish Elitedivisionen .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In summer 2008 , Göransson quit Malmö for a low-key transfer to their Damallsvenskan rivals Kristianstads DFF . After adjusting to first team football in the remainder of the 2008 season , Göransson flourished under the leadership of KDFFs Icelandic coach Elísabet Gunnarsdóttir in 2009 . She became an important part of the team , scoring five goals in 19 league matches and winning the Swedish Football Associations Rookie of the Year award .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": "Ambitious 18-year-old Göransson informed Kristianstads that the chances of her remaining at the club for another season were 50:50 . In 2010 , she played 16 matches and scored three league goals for Kristianstads , before accepting a professional contract offer from SV Hamburg in August 2010 .",
"title": "Kristianstads DFF"
},
{
"text": " Göransson performed well in 2010–11 , her first season in the Frauen-Bundesliga , scoring six goals in her 17 appearances . Hamburg were keen to extend the initial one-year contract she had signed . Instead Göransson accepted a competing offer from Frauen-Bundesliga champions Turbine Potsdam , signing a two-year contract .",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 Göransson left Turbine Potsdam and returned to Sweden to join Vittsjö GIK . She signed a contract until the end of the 2015 season . American National Womens Soccer League club Seattle Reign FC announced in November 2015 that they had signed Göransson for their 2016 season . Weeks before she was due to leave for the United States , Göransson was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes . She travelled to Seattle against medical advice , but returned to Sweden after only a short period with the team , during which she had felt unwell and stressed",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": ". She signed for Mallbackens IF and was more settled living in a small town in a quiet area , closer to her family and support network .",
"title": "Back to Sweden"
},
{
"text": " Göransson signed for Norwegian Toppserien club Kolbotn Fotball in February 2017 . In spring 2017 she played 12 times for Kolbotn , including 10 league games , and scored one goal . Her good form brought her to the attention of other clubs and in July 2017 she agreed a two-year contract with Fiorentina , reigning champions of the Italian Serie A . She made one appearance for the team against AGSM Verona , being substituted after 57 minutes , then was released from her contract in December 2017 .",
"title": "Norway and Italy"
},
{
"text": "She was yet again coached by Achim Fiefel . Fiefel coached Göransson in Hamburg in 2010 . She has always praised the german training culture . Leverkusen has according to Göransson a very profesional environment . Although she didnt get too many minutes under the belt in bundesliga she developed every training session . She was the best she had ever been in the training sessions , but unfortunately she didnt ( according to herself ) play as well as she did in training when she got minutes in bundesliga . This was a real shame . The coach praised",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "her performance several periods during 2019-20 as she was outstanding in training . But like Göransson herself said . It was unfortunate that she didnt reach the same level in bundesliga . Fiefel is one of her absolute favorite coaches . She wanted to win back her place in the national team ahead of the 2020 Olympics . She returned to Sweden in August 2020 , joining Växjö where she played once in the Damallsvenskan and once in the Svenska Cupen Damer . She decided to end her football career before the 2021 Damallsvenskan season .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " As a Swedish under-19 international , Göransson played in the 2009 U-19 European Championship in Belarus , where Sweden lost 2–0 in the final to England . At the 2010 U-20 World Cup in Germany , Göransson was surprised to be utilised as a makeshift striker . She scored four goals in four games as Sweden were beaten 2–0 by Colombia in the quarter-final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Göransson and Emilia Appelqvist were called up to train with the senior national team for the Algarve Cup . Göransson was named in the senior national team squad for the first time in March 2010 , replacing the injured Kosovare Asllani for a 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup qualifier in Wales . She made her first senior appearance in October 2010 ; a 3–1 friendly win over longstanding rivals Norway in Falkenberg .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Quotes attributed to Göransson in local newspapers strongly criticised national team coach Thomas Dennerby for leaving her out of the national team . But she later distanced herself from the remarks , stressing that her relationship with Dennerby was good . Angry Dennerby wrote an open letter , criticising state broadcaster Sveriges Television for unethically taking Göranssons quotes out of context . When she was named in Dennerbys squad for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany , delighted Göransson said she had dreamed of the opportunity since she was 12 years old . She featured as a substitute",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in Swedens 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt . Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim , although Göransson did not play .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Third place in the World Cup secured Swedens qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London . Dennerby kept Göransson in Swedens Olympic squad for London , and she made a substitute appearance in Swedens 2–1 defeat by France in the quarter-final at Hampden Park . In June 2013 , incoming coach Pia Sundhage named Göransson in the squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 , which Sweden hosted . When the Swedes lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final , disappointed Göransson was glad that the team had managed to raise the profile of womens football in Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2013 Sundhage tried Göransson in the left back position during Swedens 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup qualification matches . Göransson responded positively to the experiment . Sundhage dropped Göransson from the national squad for an important qualifier against Scotland because she was not playing often enough at club level for Turbine Potsdam . Although Göransson found regular first-team football with Vittsjö and returned to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup ,",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Göransson can play equally well with either foot . She describes her left foot as more powerful and her right foot as more accurate . An editorial in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper published during the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup called for Göransson to be included in the national teams starting line-up , praising her pace , power and technique .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "Göransson has been honoured twice at 2 indoor tournaments with Turbine Potsdam . In 2013 and in 2014 . In 2013 , when the tournament was held in Magdeburg , she was chosen into a Hall of Fame in Germany along stars like Birgitt Prinz , Alexandra Popp after being awarded the title of best player of the tournament , at the same tournament , she also won the Golden Boot award for scoring most goals , 6 .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , she was also named the best player of the tournament for an indoor football tournament hosted by Turbine Potsdam . This was a special moment for her since it was awarded based on votes by the coaches of all the teams . Göransson also won the golden boot award for this tournament .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Best Swedish New Talent in 2010 Chosen into Hall of fame at DFB Hallenpokal in Magdeburg in 2013 . Chosen into hall of fame , at Turbine Potsdams International indoor tournament in 2014 . Guldkepsen Winner , Kristianstad 2010 . 50 Caps for Sweden achieved in 2015 .",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Framba.de profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fergus_Ewing#P39#0
|
What position did Fergus Ewing take before Oct 2002?
|
Fergus Ewing Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 . Background . Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party . Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 . He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism . In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him . After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government . External links . - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website
|
[
"Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East",
"Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 .",
"title": "Fergus Ewing"
},
{
"text": " Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fergus_Ewing#P39#1
|
What position did Fergus Ewing take in Jan 2007?
|
Fergus Ewing Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 . Background . Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party . Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 . He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism . In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him . After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government . External links . - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 .",
"title": "Fergus Ewing"
},
{
"text": " Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fergus_Ewing#P39#2
|
What position did Fergus Ewing take in Feb 2010?
|
Fergus Ewing Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 . Background . Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party . Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 . He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism . In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him . After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government . External links . - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 .",
"title": "Fergus Ewing"
},
{
"text": " Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fergus_Ewing#P39#3
|
What position did Fergus Ewing take after Feb 2015?
|
Fergus Ewing Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 . Background . Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party . Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 . He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism . In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him . After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government . External links . - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Fergus Stewart Ewing ( born 23 September 1957 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician who served as the Scottish Governments Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy from 2016 to 2021 , having previously held two junior ministerial posts . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) since 1999 : for Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber from 1999 to 2011 , and for Inverness and Nairn since 2011 .",
"title": "Fergus Ewing"
},
{
"text": " Ewing is the son of the veteran Scottish nationalist Winnie Ewing , who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the House of Commons , as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , and an MSP . His father was an SNP local councillor . He has long been active in the Scottish National Party .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Educated at Loretto School , in Musselburgh , he read Law at the University of Glasgow where he was a member of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association . His late wife , Margaret Ewing , was the MSP for the neighbouring constituency of Moray until her death from breast cancer in March 2006 . His sister , Annabelle Ewing , was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Perth until the 2005 general election and has been the MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife since 2011 .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He is now in a relationship with Dr . Fiona Pearsall with whom he had a daughter in 2008 . Member of the Scottish Parliament .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to represent Inverness East , Nairn and Lochaber in the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and he held on to the seat in 2003 and 2007 . He , with his mother Winnie Ewing , abstained from the vote to abolish Section 28 via the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2000 ; he also opposed an outright ban on fox hunting . After the SNPs victory at the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election , Ewing was appointed as the Minister for Community Safety . After the SNP victory at the 2011 Scottish Parliament",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Election , he was appointed as the Minister for Energy , Enterprise and Tourism , succeeding Jim Mather who stood down as an MSP . In February 2014 he voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Scotland In November 2014 the portfolio became Business Energy & Tourism .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 civil servants complained to senior managers that Ewing had bullied them . Speaking to journalists Ewing said : I completely reject all claims against me . A process is underway and that is entirely right and proper when such allegations are made . That process is at an early stage . I will make no further comment while that process is ongoing . The previous year Ewing apologised to an official for his forthright manner , after a bullying complaint was lodged against him .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "After the 2021 election Ewing was replaced as a minister by Mairi Gougeon and became a backbencher . In a public letter to First Minister Nicola Sturgeon , Ewing revealed : In our discussion yesterday , you indicated that you will form a slimmed down cabinet . Obviously , you have had to make some tough decisions and we agreed that this meant I should now step out of Government .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - Fergus Ewing.com Official Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Schmutzer#P463#0
|
What organization or association or team did Ernst Schmutzer join in 1990?
|
Ernst Schmutzer Ernst Schmutzer ( born 26 February 1930 ) is a German theoretical physicist . Life . Early years . Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Career progress . He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990 he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla . Focus . Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart . Politics . Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London . International reputation . Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik . Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member - 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .
|
[
"German Academy of Sciences at Berlin"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla .",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart .",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik .",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "- 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .",
"title": "International reputation"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Schmutzer#P463#1
|
What organization or association or team did Ernst Schmutzer join in Feb 1991?
|
Ernst Schmutzer Ernst Schmutzer ( born 26 February 1930 ) is a German theoretical physicist . Life . Early years . Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Career progress . He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990 he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla . Focus . Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart . Politics . Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London . International reputation . Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik . Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member - 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .
|
[
"Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla .",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart .",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik .",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "- 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .",
"title": "International reputation"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Schmutzer#P463#2
|
What organization or association or team did Ernst Schmutzer join in 1969?
|
Ernst Schmutzer Ernst Schmutzer ( born 26 February 1930 ) is a German theoretical physicist . Life . Early years . Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Career progress . He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990 he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla . Focus . Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart . Politics . Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London . International reputation . Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik . Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member - 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .
|
[
"Academy of Sciences Leopoldina"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla .",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart .",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik .",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "- 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .",
"title": "International reputation"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Schmutzer#P463#3
|
What organization or association or team did Ernst Schmutzer join in 1995?
|
Ernst Schmutzer Ernst Schmutzer ( born 26 February 1930 ) is a German theoretical physicist . Life . Early years . Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) . Career progress . He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990 he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla . Focus . Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart . Politics . Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London . International reputation . Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik . Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member - 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Ernst Schmutzer was born in 1930 in a small village in western Bohemia , which at that time had been part of Czechoslovakia for slightly more than a decade . By May 1945 , when the war ended , he had attended schools in three different local villages . The area was occupied by the Americans on 1 May 1945 , and less than a year later the entire German speaking population had been expelled . Schmutzers schooling continued across the border in Weiden . By the time he passed his school final exams in 1949 he had been relocated",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "again , this time to Waren ( Müritz ) in the northern part of what had at the time been designated the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany . A few months later , in October 1949 , the occupation zone was re-founded as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "He studied at the University of Rostock , obtaining his first degree in 1953 and his doctorate just two years later . His dissertation , for which he was supervised by Hans Falkenhagen , concerned Electrolyte . After this , in 1955 he obtained a position as a research assistant at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena which is where in 1958 he obtained his habilitation ( a higher academic qualification ) . He obtained a lectureship at Jena in 1959 and in 1960 a professorship ( with a teaching contract ) in Theoretical physics . From 1968 till 1990",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "he was in charge of the Relativistic Physics field at Jena , serving between 1974 and 1978 as Dean of the Mathematics , Natural Sciences and Engineering faculty . Between 1990 and his retirement in 1993 he was of Jenas Friedrich Schiller University in succession to Hans Schmigalla .",
"title": "Career progress"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer is concerned with the Theories of Relativity and Gravitation . He investigated extensions of General relativity theory in a supplementary spatial dimension which he terms Projective Unified Field Theory ( Projektive Einheitliche Feldtheorie ) , extrapolating from the ideas of Theodor Kaluza . This invokes five space-time dimensions including a massive supplementary scalar field which , according to Schmutzer , can serve as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe identified in the 1990s ( as a candidate for dark energy ) and for the Pioneer effect . According to Schmutzers theory the singularities of General relativity",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "theory are smoothed , so that instead of a Big bang singularity , matter begins with a more gentle progression which Schmutzer terms an Urstart .",
"title": "Focus"
},
{
"text": "Politics was peripheral to Ernst Schmutzers career , but in the German Democratic Republic it was hard to entirely ignore the countrys ruling Socialist Unity Party . He joined the SED ( party ) in 1949 , but was then expelled from it in 1958 . The official report contained the conclusions that Schmutzer was in a fundamental disagreement with Party Policy regarding the practical transformation of the university . Following months of discussions in which Dr . Schmutzer had shown total disregard for party policy regarding scientific work , the conclusion was reached that his membership in the party",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "could only be damaging to it , and he was expelled from the party . Political exclusion turned out less damaging to Schmutzers career than might have been anticipated . He was one of just a handful of Jena professors permitted to visit western universities as a guest lecturer . In 1967 he taught at Queen Mary College in London .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Schmutzer became one of East Germanys leading theoretical physicists . An internationally recognised authority on Gravitational Physics , in 1979 he was able to celebrate Albert Einsteins centenary by attracting to Jena the 9th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation which took place in July 1980 . In Jena he created a School of Gravitation Physics , members of which include Hans Stephani , Dietrich Kramer and Eduard Herlt , and which has established a name for itself , most notably , with investigation of precise solutions for the Einstein field equations . Between 1980 and 1990 he was",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "a principal editor of the scientific journal Experimentelle Technik der Physik .",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " Schmutzers published output includes a comprehensive textbook on Theoretical Physics as well as an Introduction to Relativity Theory . Awards , honours and memberships . - 1969 : Member Academy of Sciences Leopoldina - 1977 : ( awarded by the Leopoldina Academy ) - 1978 : Service Medal from the Charles University in Prague - 1981 : National Prize of East Germany - 1990 : Corresponding Member German Academy of Sciences at Berlin ( till 1992 ) - 1990 : Member - 1991 : Member Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities - 1995 : Member",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": "- 2005 : Name entered in the Golden Book of the City of Jena",
"title": "International reputation"
},
{
"text": " In Jena Ernst Schmutzer is an honorary member of the ( Arminius Student Fraternity of the City [ hostelry ] Cellar ) .",
"title": "International reputation"
}
] |
/wiki/Wayne_Gilchrest#P69#0
|
Wayne Gilchrest went to which school in Jan 1963?
|
Wayne Gilchrest Wayne Thomas Gilchrest ( born April 15 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . In 2008 , Gilchrest was defeated in the Republican primary by State Senator Andy Harris . Following his departure from politics he has worked on environmental education . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2019 , Gilchrest changed his party affiliation to Democratic . Early life and education . Born in Rahway , New Jersey , Gilchrest was the fourth child of Elizabeth and Arthur Gilchrests six boys . After graduating high school in 1964 , he joined the United States Marine Corps . His tour of duty saw action during the invasion of the Dominican Republic , and later the Vietnam War . He earned the rank of Sergeant in Vietnam where , as a platoon leader , he was wounded in the chest . Gilchrest was decorated with the Purple Heart , Bronze Star , and Navy Commendation Medal . He is a member of the American Legion , Veterans of Foreign Wars , and Military Order of the Purple Heart . In 1969 , he received an associates degree from Wesley College in Dover , Delaware . He then spent a semester in Kentucky studying rural poverty in Appalachia . He went on to receive a bachelors degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973 . Since then , he has done some work towards a masters degree at Loyola College in Baltimore . Career . While teaching at Kent County High School on the Eastern Shore of Maryland , Gilchrest ran against four-term 1st District Democratic incumbent Roy Dyson in 1988 . Dyson was plagued by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors , questions about his sexual orientation , and the suicide of his top staffer . Despite being badly outspent , Gilchrest lost narrowly to Dyson . He sought a rematch in 1990 ; this time soundly beating Dyson by 14% . In 1992 , he survived a close contest against Tom McMillen , who had represented the 4th District before being drawn into the 1st District . Gilchrest won by only 3% , largely by swamping McMillen on the Eastern Shore . He wouldnt face serious opposition again for over a decade . Gilchrest broke ranks with his party more often than any other House member in 2007 . While Democrats and Republicans were nearly tied in registration in 2006 ( 183,332 Democrats to 180,856 Republicans ) , the district had a strong tinge of social conservatism that usually favored Republicans . The 1st had a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13 , indicating that it was a strongly Republican district , and supported President Bushs re-election with over 60% of the vote . Gilchrest was a member of many moderate Republican groups such as the Republican Main Street Partnership , Republicans for Environmental Protection , and the Republican Majority For Choice . He was also the co-chairman of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus together with Democrat John Olver ( MA-1 ) . Gilchrest was a Republican co-sponsor of Rep . Marty Meehans Military Readiness Enhancement Act which would have repealed the Dont ask , dont tell policy . Gilchrest also spoke in favor of same-sex marriage while the Maryland Legislature was considering legalizing it , calling same-sex marriage a matter of social justice , civil rights and a more viable democracy . In 1993 , Gilchrest was the lone Republican vote in support of a bill that would have created DC Statehood . Aside from his socially moderate stance , Gilchrest has drawn attention for his stance on the Iraq War . Though he initially supported the war , Gilchrests support waned as the occupation became increasingly violent , expressing his support for the Iraq Study Group Report and called on setting a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq . Gilchrest also joined 16 Republicans and 229 Democrats voting in favor of House Concurrent Resolution ( H.CON.RES ) 63 , a non-binding resolution expressing disapproval for the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 . 2008 election . Gilchrests moderate voting record resulted in vigorous primary challenges from Republicans who considered him a Republican in Name Only . However , none were successful until 2008 . That year , State Senator Andrew Harris , State Senator E . J . Pipkin , Joe Arminio , and Robert Banks challenged Gilchrest in the 2008 Republican primary . Harris was strongly supported by the Club for Growth . Harris defeated Gilchrest in the Republican primary , with Pipkin finishing third . After Gilchrests loss in the primary , he broke with his party and endorsed Queen Annes County States Attorney Frank Kratovil , the Democratic nominee , in the general election , being quoted as saying , Lets see , the Republican Party , or my eternal soul ? and Party loyalty , or integrity ? when questioned . Kratovil won the election . On September 18 , 2008 , Gilchrest made radio comments praising the Democratic Presidential ticket of Barack Obama and Joe Biden , causing some media outlets to claim his endorsement of the Democratic ticket . However , Gilchrest quickly clarified these comments , saying that they did not amount to an endorsement . Despite the fact that he did not officially endorse Obama , in an October 2 Washington Post article , Gilchrest sharply criticized his own party and their presidential nominee , fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain . Gilchrest said that the Republican party has become more narrow , more self-serving , more centered around I want , I want , I want . and said that McCain recites memorized pieces of information in a narrow way , whereas Barack Obama is constantly evaluating information , using his judgment . One guy just recites whats in front of him , and the other has initiative and reason and prudence and wisdom . Gilchrest later told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in the November election . Gilchrest was ranked as the Houses most liberal Republican in 2008 ( his final term ) by the National Journal , placing him to the left of 8 House Democrats . Committee and caucus membership . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife and Oceans ( Chairman 2001–2007 ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Founder and Co-chair of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Task Force - Co-founder and Co-chair of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus - Co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus - Chairman of the House Corps Reform Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Organic Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Dialogue Caucus - Board member of the National Iranian American Council ( NIAC ) . Election history .
|
[
"Rahway , New Jersey"
] |
[
{
"text": " Wayne Thomas Gilchrest ( born April 15 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . In 2008 , Gilchrest was defeated in the Republican primary by State Senator Andy Harris . Following his departure from politics he has worked on environmental education . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2019 , Gilchrest changed his party affiliation to Democratic . Early life and education .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "Born in Rahway , New Jersey , Gilchrest was the fourth child of Elizabeth and Arthur Gilchrests six boys . After graduating high school in 1964 , he joined the United States Marine Corps . His tour of duty saw action during the invasion of the Dominican Republic , and later the Vietnam War . He earned the rank of Sergeant in Vietnam where , as a platoon leader , he was wounded in the chest . Gilchrest was decorated with the Purple Heart , Bronze Star , and Navy Commendation Medal . He is a member of the American",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "Legion , Veterans of Foreign Wars , and Military Order of the Purple Heart .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , he received an associates degree from Wesley College in Dover , Delaware . He then spent a semester in Kentucky studying rural poverty in Appalachia . He went on to receive a bachelors degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973 . Since then , he has done some work towards a masters degree at Loyola College in Baltimore .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "While teaching at Kent County High School on the Eastern Shore of Maryland , Gilchrest ran against four-term 1st District Democratic incumbent Roy Dyson in 1988 . Dyson was plagued by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors , questions about his sexual orientation , and the suicide of his top staffer . Despite being badly outspent , Gilchrest lost narrowly to Dyson . He sought a rematch in 1990 ; this time soundly beating Dyson by 14% . In 1992 , he survived a close contest against Tom McMillen , who had represented the 4th District before being drawn",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "into the 1st District . Gilchrest won by only 3% , largely by swamping McMillen on the Eastern Shore . He wouldnt face serious opposition again for over a decade .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Gilchrest broke ranks with his party more often than any other House member in 2007 . While Democrats and Republicans were nearly tied in registration in 2006 ( 183,332 Democrats to 180,856 Republicans ) , the district had a strong tinge of social conservatism that usually favored Republicans . The 1st had a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13 , indicating that it was a strongly Republican district , and supported President Bushs re-election with over 60% of the vote .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Gilchrest was a member of many moderate Republican groups such as the Republican Main Street Partnership , Republicans for Environmental Protection , and the Republican Majority For Choice . He was also the co-chairman of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus together with Democrat John Olver ( MA-1 ) . Gilchrest was a Republican co-sponsor of Rep . Marty Meehans Military Readiness Enhancement Act which would have repealed the Dont ask , dont tell policy . Gilchrest also spoke in favor of same-sex marriage while the Maryland Legislature was considering legalizing it , calling same-sex marriage a matter of social justice",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", civil rights and a more viable democracy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , Gilchrest was the lone Republican vote in support of a bill that would have created DC Statehood . Aside from his socially moderate stance , Gilchrest has drawn attention for his stance on the Iraq War . Though he initially supported the war , Gilchrests support waned as the occupation became increasingly violent , expressing his support for the Iraq Study Group Report and called on setting a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq . Gilchrest also joined 16 Republicans and 229 Democrats voting in favor of House Concurrent Resolution ( H.CON.RES ) 63 , a non-binding resolution",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "expressing disapproval for the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2008 election . Gilchrests moderate voting record resulted in vigorous primary challenges from Republicans who considered him a Republican in Name Only . However , none were successful until 2008 . That year , State Senator Andrew Harris , State Senator E . J . Pipkin , Joe Arminio , and Robert Banks challenged Gilchrest in the 2008 Republican primary . Harris was strongly supported by the Club for Growth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Harris defeated Gilchrest in the Republican primary , with Pipkin finishing third . After Gilchrests loss in the primary , he broke with his party and endorsed Queen Annes County States Attorney Frank Kratovil , the Democratic nominee , in the general election , being quoted as saying , Lets see , the Republican Party , or my eternal soul ? and Party loyalty , or integrity ? when questioned . Kratovil won the election .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 2008 , Gilchrest made radio comments praising the Democratic Presidential ticket of Barack Obama and Joe Biden , causing some media outlets to claim his endorsement of the Democratic ticket . However , Gilchrest quickly clarified these comments , saying that they did not amount to an endorsement . Despite the fact that he did not officially endorse Obama , in an October 2 Washington Post article , Gilchrest sharply criticized his own party and their presidential nominee , fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain . Gilchrest said that the Republican party has become more narrow ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more self-serving , more centered around I want , I want , I want . and said that McCain recites memorized pieces of information in a narrow way , whereas Barack Obama is constantly evaluating information , using his judgment . One guy just recites whats in front of him , and the other has initiative and reason and prudence and wisdom . Gilchrest later told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in the November election .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Gilchrest was ranked as the Houses most liberal Republican in 2008 ( his final term ) by the National Journal , placing him to the left of 8 House Democrats . Committee and caucus membership . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife and Oceans ( Chairman 2001–2007 ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Founder and Co-chair of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Task Force",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "- Co-founder and Co-chair of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus - Chairman of the House Corps Reform Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Organic Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Dialogue Caucus - Board member of the National Iranian American Council ( NIAC ) .",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
/wiki/Wayne_Gilchrest#P69#1
|
Wayne Gilchrest went to which school in 1964?
|
Wayne Gilchrest Wayne Thomas Gilchrest ( born April 15 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . In 2008 , Gilchrest was defeated in the Republican primary by State Senator Andy Harris . Following his departure from politics he has worked on environmental education . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2019 , Gilchrest changed his party affiliation to Democratic . Early life and education . Born in Rahway , New Jersey , Gilchrest was the fourth child of Elizabeth and Arthur Gilchrests six boys . After graduating high school in 1964 , he joined the United States Marine Corps . His tour of duty saw action during the invasion of the Dominican Republic , and later the Vietnam War . He earned the rank of Sergeant in Vietnam where , as a platoon leader , he was wounded in the chest . Gilchrest was decorated with the Purple Heart , Bronze Star , and Navy Commendation Medal . He is a member of the American Legion , Veterans of Foreign Wars , and Military Order of the Purple Heart . In 1969 , he received an associates degree from Wesley College in Dover , Delaware . He then spent a semester in Kentucky studying rural poverty in Appalachia . He went on to receive a bachelors degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973 . Since then , he has done some work towards a masters degree at Loyola College in Baltimore . Career . While teaching at Kent County High School on the Eastern Shore of Maryland , Gilchrest ran against four-term 1st District Democratic incumbent Roy Dyson in 1988 . Dyson was plagued by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors , questions about his sexual orientation , and the suicide of his top staffer . Despite being badly outspent , Gilchrest lost narrowly to Dyson . He sought a rematch in 1990 ; this time soundly beating Dyson by 14% . In 1992 , he survived a close contest against Tom McMillen , who had represented the 4th District before being drawn into the 1st District . Gilchrest won by only 3% , largely by swamping McMillen on the Eastern Shore . He wouldnt face serious opposition again for over a decade . Gilchrest broke ranks with his party more often than any other House member in 2007 . While Democrats and Republicans were nearly tied in registration in 2006 ( 183,332 Democrats to 180,856 Republicans ) , the district had a strong tinge of social conservatism that usually favored Republicans . The 1st had a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13 , indicating that it was a strongly Republican district , and supported President Bushs re-election with over 60% of the vote . Gilchrest was a member of many moderate Republican groups such as the Republican Main Street Partnership , Republicans for Environmental Protection , and the Republican Majority For Choice . He was also the co-chairman of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus together with Democrat John Olver ( MA-1 ) . Gilchrest was a Republican co-sponsor of Rep . Marty Meehans Military Readiness Enhancement Act which would have repealed the Dont ask , dont tell policy . Gilchrest also spoke in favor of same-sex marriage while the Maryland Legislature was considering legalizing it , calling same-sex marriage a matter of social justice , civil rights and a more viable democracy . In 1993 , Gilchrest was the lone Republican vote in support of a bill that would have created DC Statehood . Aside from his socially moderate stance , Gilchrest has drawn attention for his stance on the Iraq War . Though he initially supported the war , Gilchrests support waned as the occupation became increasingly violent , expressing his support for the Iraq Study Group Report and called on setting a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq . Gilchrest also joined 16 Republicans and 229 Democrats voting in favor of House Concurrent Resolution ( H.CON.RES ) 63 , a non-binding resolution expressing disapproval for the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 . 2008 election . Gilchrests moderate voting record resulted in vigorous primary challenges from Republicans who considered him a Republican in Name Only . However , none were successful until 2008 . That year , State Senator Andrew Harris , State Senator E . J . Pipkin , Joe Arminio , and Robert Banks challenged Gilchrest in the 2008 Republican primary . Harris was strongly supported by the Club for Growth . Harris defeated Gilchrest in the Republican primary , with Pipkin finishing third . After Gilchrests loss in the primary , he broke with his party and endorsed Queen Annes County States Attorney Frank Kratovil , the Democratic nominee , in the general election , being quoted as saying , Lets see , the Republican Party , or my eternal soul ? and Party loyalty , or integrity ? when questioned . Kratovil won the election . On September 18 , 2008 , Gilchrest made radio comments praising the Democratic Presidential ticket of Barack Obama and Joe Biden , causing some media outlets to claim his endorsement of the Democratic ticket . However , Gilchrest quickly clarified these comments , saying that they did not amount to an endorsement . Despite the fact that he did not officially endorse Obama , in an October 2 Washington Post article , Gilchrest sharply criticized his own party and their presidential nominee , fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain . Gilchrest said that the Republican party has become more narrow , more self-serving , more centered around I want , I want , I want . and said that McCain recites memorized pieces of information in a narrow way , whereas Barack Obama is constantly evaluating information , using his judgment . One guy just recites whats in front of him , and the other has initiative and reason and prudence and wisdom . Gilchrest later told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in the November election . Gilchrest was ranked as the Houses most liberal Republican in 2008 ( his final term ) by the National Journal , placing him to the left of 8 House Democrats . Committee and caucus membership . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife and Oceans ( Chairman 2001–2007 ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Founder and Co-chair of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Task Force - Co-founder and Co-chair of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus - Co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus - Chairman of the House Corps Reform Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Organic Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Dialogue Caucus - Board member of the National Iranian American Council ( NIAC ) . Election history .
|
[
"Delaware State College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Wayne Thomas Gilchrest ( born April 15 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . In 2008 , Gilchrest was defeated in the Republican primary by State Senator Andy Harris . Following his departure from politics he has worked on environmental education . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2019 , Gilchrest changed his party affiliation to Democratic . Early life and education .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "Born in Rahway , New Jersey , Gilchrest was the fourth child of Elizabeth and Arthur Gilchrests six boys . After graduating high school in 1964 , he joined the United States Marine Corps . His tour of duty saw action during the invasion of the Dominican Republic , and later the Vietnam War . He earned the rank of Sergeant in Vietnam where , as a platoon leader , he was wounded in the chest . Gilchrest was decorated with the Purple Heart , Bronze Star , and Navy Commendation Medal . He is a member of the American",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "Legion , Veterans of Foreign Wars , and Military Order of the Purple Heart .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , he received an associates degree from Wesley College in Dover , Delaware . He then spent a semester in Kentucky studying rural poverty in Appalachia . He went on to receive a bachelors degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973 . Since then , he has done some work towards a masters degree at Loyola College in Baltimore .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "While teaching at Kent County High School on the Eastern Shore of Maryland , Gilchrest ran against four-term 1st District Democratic incumbent Roy Dyson in 1988 . Dyson was plagued by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors , questions about his sexual orientation , and the suicide of his top staffer . Despite being badly outspent , Gilchrest lost narrowly to Dyson . He sought a rematch in 1990 ; this time soundly beating Dyson by 14% . In 1992 , he survived a close contest against Tom McMillen , who had represented the 4th District before being drawn",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "into the 1st District . Gilchrest won by only 3% , largely by swamping McMillen on the Eastern Shore . He wouldnt face serious opposition again for over a decade .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Gilchrest broke ranks with his party more often than any other House member in 2007 . While Democrats and Republicans were nearly tied in registration in 2006 ( 183,332 Democrats to 180,856 Republicans ) , the district had a strong tinge of social conservatism that usually favored Republicans . The 1st had a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13 , indicating that it was a strongly Republican district , and supported President Bushs re-election with over 60% of the vote .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Gilchrest was a member of many moderate Republican groups such as the Republican Main Street Partnership , Republicans for Environmental Protection , and the Republican Majority For Choice . He was also the co-chairman of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus together with Democrat John Olver ( MA-1 ) . Gilchrest was a Republican co-sponsor of Rep . Marty Meehans Military Readiness Enhancement Act which would have repealed the Dont ask , dont tell policy . Gilchrest also spoke in favor of same-sex marriage while the Maryland Legislature was considering legalizing it , calling same-sex marriage a matter of social justice",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", civil rights and a more viable democracy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , Gilchrest was the lone Republican vote in support of a bill that would have created DC Statehood . Aside from his socially moderate stance , Gilchrest has drawn attention for his stance on the Iraq War . Though he initially supported the war , Gilchrests support waned as the occupation became increasingly violent , expressing his support for the Iraq Study Group Report and called on setting a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq . Gilchrest also joined 16 Republicans and 229 Democrats voting in favor of House Concurrent Resolution ( H.CON.RES ) 63 , a non-binding resolution",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "expressing disapproval for the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2008 election . Gilchrests moderate voting record resulted in vigorous primary challenges from Republicans who considered him a Republican in Name Only . However , none were successful until 2008 . That year , State Senator Andrew Harris , State Senator E . J . Pipkin , Joe Arminio , and Robert Banks challenged Gilchrest in the 2008 Republican primary . Harris was strongly supported by the Club for Growth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Harris defeated Gilchrest in the Republican primary , with Pipkin finishing third . After Gilchrests loss in the primary , he broke with his party and endorsed Queen Annes County States Attorney Frank Kratovil , the Democratic nominee , in the general election , being quoted as saying , Lets see , the Republican Party , or my eternal soul ? and Party loyalty , or integrity ? when questioned . Kratovil won the election .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 2008 , Gilchrest made radio comments praising the Democratic Presidential ticket of Barack Obama and Joe Biden , causing some media outlets to claim his endorsement of the Democratic ticket . However , Gilchrest quickly clarified these comments , saying that they did not amount to an endorsement . Despite the fact that he did not officially endorse Obama , in an October 2 Washington Post article , Gilchrest sharply criticized his own party and their presidential nominee , fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain . Gilchrest said that the Republican party has become more narrow ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more self-serving , more centered around I want , I want , I want . and said that McCain recites memorized pieces of information in a narrow way , whereas Barack Obama is constantly evaluating information , using his judgment . One guy just recites whats in front of him , and the other has initiative and reason and prudence and wisdom . Gilchrest later told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in the November election .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Gilchrest was ranked as the Houses most liberal Republican in 2008 ( his final term ) by the National Journal , placing him to the left of 8 House Democrats . Committee and caucus membership . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife and Oceans ( Chairman 2001–2007 ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Founder and Co-chair of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Task Force",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "- Co-founder and Co-chair of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus - Chairman of the House Corps Reform Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Organic Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Dialogue Caucus - Board member of the National Iranian American Council ( NIAC ) .",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
/wiki/Wayne_Gilchrest#P69#2
|
Wayne Gilchrest went to which school after Nov 1972?
|
Wayne Gilchrest Wayne Thomas Gilchrest ( born April 15 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . In 2008 , Gilchrest was defeated in the Republican primary by State Senator Andy Harris . Following his departure from politics he has worked on environmental education . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2019 , Gilchrest changed his party affiliation to Democratic . Early life and education . Born in Rahway , New Jersey , Gilchrest was the fourth child of Elizabeth and Arthur Gilchrests six boys . After graduating high school in 1964 , he joined the United States Marine Corps . His tour of duty saw action during the invasion of the Dominican Republic , and later the Vietnam War . He earned the rank of Sergeant in Vietnam where , as a platoon leader , he was wounded in the chest . Gilchrest was decorated with the Purple Heart , Bronze Star , and Navy Commendation Medal . He is a member of the American Legion , Veterans of Foreign Wars , and Military Order of the Purple Heart . In 1969 , he received an associates degree from Wesley College in Dover , Delaware . He then spent a semester in Kentucky studying rural poverty in Appalachia . He went on to receive a bachelors degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973 . Since then , he has done some work towards a masters degree at Loyola College in Baltimore . Career . While teaching at Kent County High School on the Eastern Shore of Maryland , Gilchrest ran against four-term 1st District Democratic incumbent Roy Dyson in 1988 . Dyson was plagued by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors , questions about his sexual orientation , and the suicide of his top staffer . Despite being badly outspent , Gilchrest lost narrowly to Dyson . He sought a rematch in 1990 ; this time soundly beating Dyson by 14% . In 1992 , he survived a close contest against Tom McMillen , who had represented the 4th District before being drawn into the 1st District . Gilchrest won by only 3% , largely by swamping McMillen on the Eastern Shore . He wouldnt face serious opposition again for over a decade . Gilchrest broke ranks with his party more often than any other House member in 2007 . While Democrats and Republicans were nearly tied in registration in 2006 ( 183,332 Democrats to 180,856 Republicans ) , the district had a strong tinge of social conservatism that usually favored Republicans . The 1st had a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13 , indicating that it was a strongly Republican district , and supported President Bushs re-election with over 60% of the vote . Gilchrest was a member of many moderate Republican groups such as the Republican Main Street Partnership , Republicans for Environmental Protection , and the Republican Majority For Choice . He was also the co-chairman of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus together with Democrat John Olver ( MA-1 ) . Gilchrest was a Republican co-sponsor of Rep . Marty Meehans Military Readiness Enhancement Act which would have repealed the Dont ask , dont tell policy . Gilchrest also spoke in favor of same-sex marriage while the Maryland Legislature was considering legalizing it , calling same-sex marriage a matter of social justice , civil rights and a more viable democracy . In 1993 , Gilchrest was the lone Republican vote in support of a bill that would have created DC Statehood . Aside from his socially moderate stance , Gilchrest has drawn attention for his stance on the Iraq War . Though he initially supported the war , Gilchrests support waned as the occupation became increasingly violent , expressing his support for the Iraq Study Group Report and called on setting a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq . Gilchrest also joined 16 Republicans and 229 Democrats voting in favor of House Concurrent Resolution ( H.CON.RES ) 63 , a non-binding resolution expressing disapproval for the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 . 2008 election . Gilchrests moderate voting record resulted in vigorous primary challenges from Republicans who considered him a Republican in Name Only . However , none were successful until 2008 . That year , State Senator Andrew Harris , State Senator E . J . Pipkin , Joe Arminio , and Robert Banks challenged Gilchrest in the 2008 Republican primary . Harris was strongly supported by the Club for Growth . Harris defeated Gilchrest in the Republican primary , with Pipkin finishing third . After Gilchrests loss in the primary , he broke with his party and endorsed Queen Annes County States Attorney Frank Kratovil , the Democratic nominee , in the general election , being quoted as saying , Lets see , the Republican Party , or my eternal soul ? and Party loyalty , or integrity ? when questioned . Kratovil won the election . On September 18 , 2008 , Gilchrest made radio comments praising the Democratic Presidential ticket of Barack Obama and Joe Biden , causing some media outlets to claim his endorsement of the Democratic ticket . However , Gilchrest quickly clarified these comments , saying that they did not amount to an endorsement . Despite the fact that he did not officially endorse Obama , in an October 2 Washington Post article , Gilchrest sharply criticized his own party and their presidential nominee , fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain . Gilchrest said that the Republican party has become more narrow , more self-serving , more centered around I want , I want , I want . and said that McCain recites memorized pieces of information in a narrow way , whereas Barack Obama is constantly evaluating information , using his judgment . One guy just recites whats in front of him , and the other has initiative and reason and prudence and wisdom . Gilchrest later told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in the November election . Gilchrest was ranked as the Houses most liberal Republican in 2008 ( his final term ) by the National Journal , placing him to the left of 8 House Democrats . Committee and caucus membership . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife and Oceans ( Chairman 2001–2007 ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Founder and Co-chair of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Task Force - Co-founder and Co-chair of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus - Co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus - Chairman of the House Corps Reform Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Organic Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Dialogue Caucus - Board member of the National Iranian American Council ( NIAC ) . Election history .
|
[
"Delaware State College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Wayne Thomas Gilchrest ( born April 15 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . In 2008 , Gilchrest was defeated in the Republican primary by State Senator Andy Harris . Following his departure from politics he has worked on environmental education . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2019 , Gilchrest changed his party affiliation to Democratic . Early life and education .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "Born in Rahway , New Jersey , Gilchrest was the fourth child of Elizabeth and Arthur Gilchrests six boys . After graduating high school in 1964 , he joined the United States Marine Corps . His tour of duty saw action during the invasion of the Dominican Republic , and later the Vietnam War . He earned the rank of Sergeant in Vietnam where , as a platoon leader , he was wounded in the chest . Gilchrest was decorated with the Purple Heart , Bronze Star , and Navy Commendation Medal . He is a member of the American",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "Legion , Veterans of Foreign Wars , and Military Order of the Purple Heart .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , he received an associates degree from Wesley College in Dover , Delaware . He then spent a semester in Kentucky studying rural poverty in Appalachia . He went on to receive a bachelors degree in history from Delaware State College in 1973 . Since then , he has done some work towards a masters degree at Loyola College in Baltimore .",
"title": "Wayne Gilchrest"
},
{
"text": "While teaching at Kent County High School on the Eastern Shore of Maryland , Gilchrest ran against four-term 1st District Democratic incumbent Roy Dyson in 1988 . Dyson was plagued by allegations of improper contributions from defense contractors , questions about his sexual orientation , and the suicide of his top staffer . Despite being badly outspent , Gilchrest lost narrowly to Dyson . He sought a rematch in 1990 ; this time soundly beating Dyson by 14% . In 1992 , he survived a close contest against Tom McMillen , who had represented the 4th District before being drawn",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "into the 1st District . Gilchrest won by only 3% , largely by swamping McMillen on the Eastern Shore . He wouldnt face serious opposition again for over a decade .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Gilchrest broke ranks with his party more often than any other House member in 2007 . While Democrats and Republicans were nearly tied in registration in 2006 ( 183,332 Democrats to 180,856 Republicans ) , the district had a strong tinge of social conservatism that usually favored Republicans . The 1st had a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13 , indicating that it was a strongly Republican district , and supported President Bushs re-election with over 60% of the vote .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Gilchrest was a member of many moderate Republican groups such as the Republican Main Street Partnership , Republicans for Environmental Protection , and the Republican Majority For Choice . He was also the co-chairman of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus together with Democrat John Olver ( MA-1 ) . Gilchrest was a Republican co-sponsor of Rep . Marty Meehans Military Readiness Enhancement Act which would have repealed the Dont ask , dont tell policy . Gilchrest also spoke in favor of same-sex marriage while the Maryland Legislature was considering legalizing it , calling same-sex marriage a matter of social justice",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ", civil rights and a more viable democracy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , Gilchrest was the lone Republican vote in support of a bill that would have created DC Statehood . Aside from his socially moderate stance , Gilchrest has drawn attention for his stance on the Iraq War . Though he initially supported the war , Gilchrests support waned as the occupation became increasingly violent , expressing his support for the Iraq Study Group Report and called on setting a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq . Gilchrest also joined 16 Republicans and 229 Democrats voting in favor of House Concurrent Resolution ( H.CON.RES ) 63 , a non-binding resolution",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "expressing disapproval for the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2008 election . Gilchrests moderate voting record resulted in vigorous primary challenges from Republicans who considered him a Republican in Name Only . However , none were successful until 2008 . That year , State Senator Andrew Harris , State Senator E . J . Pipkin , Joe Arminio , and Robert Banks challenged Gilchrest in the 2008 Republican primary . Harris was strongly supported by the Club for Growth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Harris defeated Gilchrest in the Republican primary , with Pipkin finishing third . After Gilchrests loss in the primary , he broke with his party and endorsed Queen Annes County States Attorney Frank Kratovil , the Democratic nominee , in the general election , being quoted as saying , Lets see , the Republican Party , or my eternal soul ? and Party loyalty , or integrity ? when questioned . Kratovil won the election .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 2008 , Gilchrest made radio comments praising the Democratic Presidential ticket of Barack Obama and Joe Biden , causing some media outlets to claim his endorsement of the Democratic ticket . However , Gilchrest quickly clarified these comments , saying that they did not amount to an endorsement . Despite the fact that he did not officially endorse Obama , in an October 2 Washington Post article , Gilchrest sharply criticized his own party and their presidential nominee , fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain . Gilchrest said that the Republican party has become more narrow ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more self-serving , more centered around I want , I want , I want . and said that McCain recites memorized pieces of information in a narrow way , whereas Barack Obama is constantly evaluating information , using his judgment . One guy just recites whats in front of him , and the other has initiative and reason and prudence and wisdom . Gilchrest later told WBAL-TV that he voted for Obama in the November election .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Gilchrest was ranked as the Houses most liberal Republican in 2008 ( his final term ) by the National Journal , placing him to the left of 8 House Democrats . Committee and caucus membership . - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife and Oceans ( Chairman 2001–2007 ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Railroads , Pipelines , and Hazardous Materials - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment - Founder and Co-chair of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Task Force",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "- Co-founder and Co-chair of the Congressional Climate Change Caucus",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus - Chairman of the House Corps Reform Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Organic Caucus - Co-founder and Co-chair of the House Dialogue Caucus - Board member of the National Iranian American Council ( NIAC ) .",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
/wiki/Mario_Monti#P39#0
|
What was the position of Mario Monti between Jun 1997 and Nov 1998?
|
Mario Monti Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years . On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July . From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party . Early life . Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese . Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics . Academic career . Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances . European Commissioner . Santer Commission . In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press . Prodi Commission . In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition . As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 . Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing . On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended . Barroso Commission . In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy . Appointment . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against . Austerity measures . On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 . Labour market reforms . On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18 are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March . 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice . The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta . Political career . Lifetime Senator . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration . President of Civic Choice . On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice . On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom . Other activities . Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company . In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France . Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) . In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel . In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems . Other activities include : - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 ) Personal life . Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English . Awards and decorations . National honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 ) Foreign honours . - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )
|
[
"European Commissioner"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": "On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press .",
"title": "Santer Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy .",
"title": "Barroso Commission"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against .",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 .",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 )",
"title": "Other activities include :"
},
{
"text": " Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 )",
"title": "National honours"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Mario_Monti#P39#1
|
What was the position of Mario Monti in Oct 2003?
|
Mario Monti Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years . On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July . From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party . Early life . Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese . Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics . Academic career . Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances . European Commissioner . Santer Commission . In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press . Prodi Commission . In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition . As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 . Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing . On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended . Barroso Commission . In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy . Appointment . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against . Austerity measures . On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 . Labour market reforms . On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18 are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March . 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice . The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta . Political career . Lifetime Senator . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration . President of Civic Choice . On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice . On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom . Other activities . Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company . In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France . Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) . In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel . In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems . Other activities include : - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 ) Personal life . Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English . Awards and decorations . National honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 ) Foreign honours . - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )
|
[
"for Competition"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": "On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press .",
"title": "Santer Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy .",
"title": "Barroso Commission"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against .",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 .",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 )",
"title": "Other activities include :"
},
{
"text": " Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 )",
"title": "National honours"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Mario_Monti#P39#2
|
What was the position of Mario Monti in Nov 2011?
|
Mario Monti Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years . On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July . From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party . Early life . Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese . Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics . Academic career . Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances . European Commissioner . Santer Commission . In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press . Prodi Commission . In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition . As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 . Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing . On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended . Barroso Commission . In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy . Appointment . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against . Austerity measures . On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 . Labour market reforms . On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18 are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March . 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice . The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta . Political career . Lifetime Senator . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration . President of Civic Choice . On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice . On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom . Other activities . Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company . In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France . Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) . In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel . In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems . Other activities include : - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 ) Personal life . Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English . Awards and decorations . National honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 ) Foreign honours . - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )
|
[
"Prime Minister of Italy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": "On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press .",
"title": "Santer Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy .",
"title": "Barroso Commission"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against .",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 .",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 )",
"title": "Other activities include :"
},
{
"text": " Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 )",
"title": "National honours"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Mario_Monti#P39#3
|
What was the position of Mario Monti between Jun 2012 and Jul 2012?
|
Mario Monti Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years . On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July . From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party . Early life . Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese . Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics . Academic career . Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances . European Commissioner . Santer Commission . In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press . Prodi Commission . In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition . As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 . Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing . On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended . Barroso Commission . In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy . Appointment . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against . Austerity measures . On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 . Labour market reforms . On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18 are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March . 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice . The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta . Political career . Lifetime Senator . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration . President of Civic Choice . On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice . On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom . Other activities . Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company . In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France . Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) . In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel . In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems . Other activities include : - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 ) Personal life . Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English . Awards and decorations . National honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 ) Foreign honours . - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )
|
[
"Prime Minister"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": "On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press .",
"title": "Santer Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy .",
"title": "Barroso Commission"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against .",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 .",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 )",
"title": "Other activities include :"
},
{
"text": " Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 )",
"title": "National honours"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Mario_Monti#P39#4
|
What was the position of Mario Monti in Mar 2013?
|
Mario Monti Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years . On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July . From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party . Early life . Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese . Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics . Academic career . Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances . European Commissioner . Santer Commission . In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press . Prodi Commission . In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition . As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 . Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing . On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended . Barroso Commission . In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy . Appointment . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in 2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against . Austerity measures . On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 . Labour market reforms . On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18 are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March . 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice . The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta . Political career . Lifetime Senator . On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration . President of Civic Choice . On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice . On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom . Other activities . Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company . In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France . Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) . In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel . In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems . Other activities include : - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 ) Personal life . Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English . Awards and decorations . National honours . - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 ) Foreign honours . - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )
|
[
"President of Civic Choice"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mario Monti , ( born 19 March 1943 ) is an Italian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 , leading a government of technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis . Monti served as a European Commissioner from 1995 to 2004 , with responsibility for the Internal Market , Services , Customs and Taxation from 1995 to 1999 and for Competition from 1999 to 2004 . Monti has also been Rector and President of Bocconi University in Milan for many years .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": "On 12 November 2011 , in the midst of the European sovereign debt crisis , Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi . Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 November 2011 , just a week after having been appointed a Lifetime Senator by President Napolitano , and initially became Minister of Economy and Finances as well , giving that portfolio up the following July .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " From 16 May 2013 to 17 October 2013 Monti was the President of Civic Choice , a centrist political party .",
"title": "Mario Monti"
},
{
"text": " Monti was born in Varese on 19 March 1943 . His mother was from Piacenza . Although his father grew up in Varese , he was born in Luján in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , where his grandfather Abramo had emigrated to from Italy in the 19th century and built up a soft-drink and beer-production business . Montis father went back to Argentina during World War II , but later returned to his family home in Varese .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Monti studied at the private Leo XIII High School and attended Bocconi University of Milan , where he obtained a degree in economics in 1965 . Later , he won a scholarship to Yale University where he studied under James Tobin , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Monti began his academic career at the University of Trento , before moving to teach economics at the University of Turin from 1970 to 1985 , and finally to Bocconi University , where he was appointed Rector in 1989 , and President in 1994 . He also served as President of the SUERF ( The European Money and Finance Forum ) from 1982 to 1985 . His research helped to create the Klein-Monti model , aimed at describing the behaviour of banks operating under monopoly circumstances .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Monti was appointed to the Santer Commission , along with Emma Bonino , by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . In his office as a European Commissioner from 1994 to 1999 , he was responsible for internal market , financial services and financial integration , customs , and taxation . His work with the Commission earned him the nickname Super Mario from his colleagues and from the press .",
"title": "Santer Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Prime Minister Massimo DAlema confirmed Montis appointment to the new Prodi Commission and he was given one of the most powerful positions at the Commission , with responsibility for Competition .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "As Competition Commissioner , Monti led the investigation into a number of high-profile and controversial mergers , including : Scania AB & Volvo ( 1999 ) , WorldCom & Sprint ( 2000 ) , General Electric & Honeywell ( 2001 ) , Schneider Electric & Legrand ( 2001 ) and Carnival Corporation & P&O Ferries ( 2002 ) . His term in office also saw the European Court of Justice , for the first time , overrule the Commissions decision to block a merger in three separate cases , although two were decided by his predecessor . Monti was also",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "responsible for levying the EUs largest ever fine at the time ( €497 million ) against Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position in 2004 .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "Monti was criticised in the media and by competition lawyers for the perceived inflexibility of the merger oversight process and the high number of cases that were being blocked . On 1 November 2002 , Monti responding to the European Court of Justices ruling which reversed his decision to block the merger between Airtours & First Choice Holidays said , Last week was a tough week for the Commissions merger control policy and of course for me . This ruling in combination with his decision to block the General Electric & Honeywell merger led to criticism in the United States",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": "against both the Commissions procedures and accusations that Montis decisions were politically motivated . Monti , however , was defended by supporters who saw his actions as an important step in the development of competition law in the EU . Dan Rubinfeld , economics professor at the University of California who worked on the US Justice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft , said of Monti , There has been a lot of talk of politics in this and other cases , but I believe he has been driven entirely by the desire to do the right thing .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " On 11 December 2002 , Monti proposed a series of reforms to the EUs merger rules and made structural changes within the Commissions Competition department which aimed to improve transparency for companies throughout the merger review process . The reforms were adopted by the EU as Regulation 139/2004 ( known as ECMR ) . In 2004 , Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi returned to power in Italy and chose not to re-appoint Monti to the Commission when his second term ended .",
"title": "Prodi Commission"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Monti was asked by Commission President Manuel Barroso to draft a Report on the Future of the Single Market proposing further measures towards the completion of the EUs Single Market . The published report , adopted by the EU on 13 April 2011 , proposed 12 reforms to the Single Market and was intended to give new momentum to the European economy . Prime Minister of Italy .",
"title": "Barroso Commission"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a lifetime senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano . He was seen as a favourite to replace Silvio Berlusconi to lead a new unity government in Italy in order to implement reforms and austerity measures . On 12 November 2011 , following Berlusconis resignation , Napolitano invited Monti to form a new government . Monti accepted the offer , and held talks with the leaders of the main Italian political parties , declaring that he wanted to form a government that would remain in office until the next scheduled general elections in",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "2013 . On 16 November 2011 , Monti was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy , after unveiling a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals . He also chose to hold the post of Minister of Economy and Finances . On 17 and 18 November 2011 , the Italian Senate and Italian Chamber of Deputies both passed motions of confidence supporting Montis government , with only Lega Nord voting against .",
"title": "Appointment"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2011 , Montis government introduced emergency austerity measures intended to stem the worsening economic conditions in Italy and restore market confidence , especially after rising Italian government bond yields began to threaten Italys financial stability . The austerity package called for increased taxes , pension reform and measures to fight tax evasion . Monti also announced that he would be giving up his own salary as part of the reforms . On 16 December 2011 , the Lower House of the Italian Parliament adopted the measures by a vote of 495 to 88 . Six days later",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "the Upper House gave final approval to the package by a vote of 257 to 41 .",
"title": "Austerity measures"
},
{
"text": "On 20 January 2012 , Montis government formally adopted a package of reforms targeting Italys labour market . The reforms are intended to open certain professions ( such as taxi drivers , pharmacists , doctors , lawyers and notaries ) to more competition by reforming their licensing systems and abolishing minimum tariffs for their services . Article 18 of Italys labour code , which requires companies that employ 15 or more workers to re-hire ( rather than compensate ) any employee found to have been fired without just cause , would also be reformed . The reforms to Article 18",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "are intended to make it easier for companies to dismiss or lay-off employees , which would hopefully encourage companies to hire more employees on permanent rather than short-term renewable contracts . The proposals have been met by strong opposition from labour unions and public protests . In early January 2012 , consultations between the government and labour unions commenced and on 13 February it was reported in the Italian media that a compromise on the proposals was very close and the government was hopeful that reforms could be approved by the Italian parliament in March .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On 21 December 2012 , Monti announced his resignation as Prime Minister , having made a public promise to step down on 8 December , after the passing of the 2013 Budget . He initially stated that he would only remain in office until an early election could be held . However , on 28 December , he announced that he would seek to remain Prime Minister by contesting the election , as the leader of a centrist coalition , the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "The election was held on 24 February 2013 , and Montis centrist coalition was only able to come fourth , with 10.5% of the vote . Monti remained Prime Minister until a coalition was formed on 28 April led by Enrico Letta .",
"title": "Labour market reforms"
},
{
"text": "On 9 November 2011 , Monti was appointed a Lifetime Senator by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 59 of the Constitution , which merits national honor distinguished in science and society . He was a member of the Commission for Industry , Commerce and Tourism from 30 November 2011 to 14 March 2013 in the sixteenth legislature . Monti was a member of the independents mixed parliamentary group until 19 March 2013 , when he joined the Civic Choice ( SC ) parliamentary group , becoming the first lifetime senator aligned with",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "a party group . On 7 May 2013 , he became a member of the Commission for Foreign Affairs and Emigration .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2013 , Monti launched Civic Choice as an electoral list of the civil society , to realize the implementation of his agenda in a future government . SC was announced as part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) centrist coalition , alongside Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . In the 2013 general election , the party obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( on own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . On 12 March 2013 , Civic Choice was",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": "turned into a political party as Monti took office as acting SC president in the Provisional Committee of the party and appointed senator Andrea Olivero as provisional political coordinator . On 16 May 2013 , Mario Monti was unanimously elected president of the Civic Choice .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " On 17 October 2013 he resigned and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to The People of Freedom .",
"title": "Lifetime Senator"
},
{
"text": " Monti actively participates in several major think tanks . He was the founding chairman of Bruegel , another European think tank , which was formed in 2005 . Monti is a leading member of the exclusive Bilderberg Group . He has also been an international advisor to Goldman Sachs and The Coca-Cola Company .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , Monti was one of the first supporters of the first European civic forum , États Généraux de lEurope , initiated by European think tank EuropaNova and European Movement . He was also a member of the French governments Attali Commission from 2007 to 2008 , appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy to provide recommendations to enhance economic growth in France .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Monti is a founding member of the Spinelli Group , an organization launched in September 2010 to facilitate integration within the European Union ( other members of the steering group include Jacques Delors , Daniel Cohn-Bendit , Guy Verhofstadt , Andrew Duff and Elmar Brok ) .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , Monti became Chairman of the High Level Group on Own Resources , a consultative committee of the European Union aimed at proposing new forms of revenue for the European Unions budget . The final report of the group was adopted in December 2016 and published in January 2017 . It argued for new tax sources , such as on carbon and fuel .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Monti chaired a search committee which recommended to the European Commission the appointment of Mauro Ferrari as the next President of the European Research Council ( ERC ) . In 2020 , he was appointed by the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe to chair the Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development to make recommendations on investments and reforms to improve the resilience of health and social care systems .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " - Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) , Distinguished Fellow ( since 2019 ) - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee - Friends of Europe , Member of the Praesidium - Moodys , Member of the Senior European Advisory Council - Atlantic Council , Member of the Business and Economics Advisors Group - Transparency International , Chairman of the European Advisory Board ( since 2015 ) - Trilateral Commission , European Chairman ( -2011 )",
"title": "Other activities include :"
},
{
"text": " Since 1970 Monti has been married to Elsa Antonioli ( born 1944 ) , an Italian Red Cross volunteer , with whom he has two children , Federica and Giovanni . Known for his reserved character , Monti acknowledges not being especially sociable . He said that his youth was given over to hard study ; spare-time activities included cycling and keeping up with world affairs by tuning into foreign short-wave radio stations . In addition to his native Italian , Monti also speaks English .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2004 ) - Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 27 December 1992 )",
"title": "National honours"
},
{
"text": " - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( 3 November 2015 )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
}
] |
/wiki/P._E._Easterling#P108#0
|
Who did P. E. Easterling work for before Sep 1956?
|
P . E . Easterling Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post . Life and career . Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture at University College London on 14 June 2005 . Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII . In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All . On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 . Academic interests . Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) . Publications . Books - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002 - Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 ) Articles - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 . External links . - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post .",
"title": "P . E . Easterling"
},
{
"text": "Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "at University College London on 14 June 2005 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) .",
"title": "Academic interests"
},
{
"text": " - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/P._E._Easterling#P108#1
|
Who did P. E. Easterling work for in Aug 1957?
|
P . E . Easterling Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post . Life and career . Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture at University College London on 14 June 2005 . Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII . In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All . On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 . Academic interests . Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) . Publications . Books - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002 - Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 ) Articles - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 . External links . - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry
|
[
"University of Manchester"
] |
[
{
"text": " Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post .",
"title": "P . E . Easterling"
},
{
"text": "Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "at University College London on 14 June 2005 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) .",
"title": "Academic interests"
},
{
"text": " - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/P._E._Easterling#P108#2
|
Who did P. E. Easterling work for in Nov 1981?
|
P . E . Easterling Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post . Life and career . Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture at University College London on 14 June 2005 . Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII . In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All . On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 . Academic interests . Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) . Publications . Books - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002 - Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 ) Articles - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 . External links . - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry
|
[
"Newnham College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post .",
"title": "P . E . Easterling"
},
{
"text": "Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "at University College London on 14 June 2005 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) .",
"title": "Academic interests"
},
{
"text": " - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/P._E._Easterling#P108#3
|
Who did P. E. Easterling work for between Nov 1990 and Jul 1993?
|
P . E . Easterling Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post . Life and career . Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture at University College London on 14 June 2005 . Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII . In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All . On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 . Academic interests . Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) . Publications . Books - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002 - Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 ) Articles - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 . External links . - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry
|
[
"University College London"
] |
[
{
"text": " Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post .",
"title": "P . E . Easterling"
},
{
"text": "Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "at University College London on 14 June 2005 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) .",
"title": "Academic interests"
},
{
"text": " - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/P._E._Easterling#P108#4
|
Who did P. E. Easterling work for between May 1996 and Sep 1996?
|
P . E . Easterling Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post . Life and career . Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture at University College London on 14 June 2005 . Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII . In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All . On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 . Academic interests . Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) . Publications . Books - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002 - Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 ) Articles - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 . External links . - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry
|
[
"Newnham College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Patricia Elizabeth Easterling , FBA ( née Fairfax ; born 11 March 1934 ) is an English classical scholar , recognised as a particular expert on the work of Sophocles . She was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1994 to 2001 . She was the 36th person and the first — and , so far , only — woman to hold the post .",
"title": "P . E . Easterling"
},
{
"text": "Born in Blackburn , Easterling attended Witton Park High School ( originally called Blackburn High School for Girls ) before graduating with first class honours and distinction in Classics at Newnham College , Cambridge in 1955 . After an initial spell lecturing at the University of Manchester ( 1957–58 ) , Easterling taught within the Cambridge Classics Faculty as a Fellow of Newnham College until 1987 when she took up the position of Professor of Greek at University College London . In 1987 , she also became an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College . She gave the inaugural Housman Lecture",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "at University College London on 14 June 2005 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling was the first woman to chair the Council of University Classical Departments . In 1994 , she returned to Cambridge and Newnham as the 36th Regius Professor of Greek , the first ( and so far only ) woman to hold that post since its endowment by Henry VIII .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , Easterling was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 2013 was made associé étranger de lAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres at the Institut de France , and Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . She was the first Chair of the Management Committee of the Cambridge Greek Lexicon Project , and is a patron of the charity Classics for All .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " On 22 January 2000 , Easterling received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University , Sweden . She has also been awarded honorary doctorates by the universities of Athens , Bristol ( 1999 ) , Royal Holloway ( University of London ) and Ioannina , and has been an Honorary Fellow of University College London since 1997 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Easterling works mainly on Greek literature , particularly tragedy ; she also studies the survival and reception of ancient drama . Easterling has been a General Editor of the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics series since its foundation over thirty years ago , and has published an edition within this series of Sophocles’ Trachiniae ( 1982 ) .",
"title": "Academic interests"
},
{
"text": " - Sophocles : Trachiniae , edited , Cambridge , 1982 - Greek Religion and Society , edited with J V Muir , 1984 - The Cambridge History of Classical Literature , General editor with E J Kenney - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , Editor , 1997 - Greek Scripts : An Illustrated Introduction , edited with Carol Handley ( Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 ) - Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , edited with Edith Hall , 2002",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Sophocles : Electra and Other Plays ( Penguin , 2008 )",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Constructing the Heroic in Christopher Pelling , Greek Tragedy and the Historian , Oxford , 1997 : 21-37 - The Infanticide in Euripides Medea , Yale Classical Studies 25 ( 1977 ) : 177-191 - From Repertoire to Canon . in Easterling , P . E . ( ed. ) Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy , 1997 , pp . 211-227 . - Narrative on the Greek Tragic Stage . Defining Greek Narrative , 2014 , pp . 226-240 .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Cambridge University database - Profile of P E Easterling - Picture of P . E . Easterling - Homer , Tragedy and Beyond : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling , New Hellenic Society 1991 - Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition : Essays in honour of P . E . Easterling on her 75th birthday . Cambridge University Press 2009 - British Academy fellowship entry",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers#P54#0
|
Which team did Brendan Rodgers play for in late 1980s?
|
Brendan Rodgers Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City . Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being promoted to reserve manager in 2006 . In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool , whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season . Early life . Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic . Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 . Playing career . As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family . Coaching career . Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari . Managerial career . Watford . On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation . Reading . Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship . Swansea City . Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium . On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy . Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 . Liverpool . 2012–13 season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training . On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners . On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season . At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League . A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City . Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool . 2014–15 season . Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners . 2015–16 season . On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs . Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli . Celtic . 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career . On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition . On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy . On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games . On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic . As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the 2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions . 2017–18 season . On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts . On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season . Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City . Leicester City . 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season . On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage . 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss . On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League . Management style . Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen . Personal life . Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic . In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster . Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive . Honours . Manager . Swansea City - Football League Championship play-offs : 2011 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 Leicester City - FA Cup : 2020–21 Individual - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017 External links . - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History
|
[
"Ballymena United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "promoted to reserve manager in 2006 .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool ,",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship .",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": " On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen .",
"title": "Management style"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers#P54#1
|
Which team did Brendan Rodgers play for between Aug 1990 and May 1992?
|
Brendan Rodgers Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City . Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being promoted to reserve manager in 2006 . In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool , whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season . Early life . Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic . Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 . Playing career . As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family . Coaching career . Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari . Managerial career . Watford . On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation . Reading . Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship . Swansea City . Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium . On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy . Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 . Liverpool . 2012–13 season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training . On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners . On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season . At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League . A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City . Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool . 2014–15 season . Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners . 2015–16 season . On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs . Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli . Celtic . 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career . On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition . On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy . On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games . On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic . As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the 2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions . 2017–18 season . On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts . On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season . Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City . Leicester City . 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season . On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage . 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss . On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League . Management style . Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen . Personal life . Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic . In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster . Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive . Honours . Manager . Swansea City - Football League Championship play-offs : 2011 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 Leicester City - FA Cup : 2020–21 Individual - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017 External links . - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History
|
[
"Reading"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "promoted to reserve manager in 2006 .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool ,",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship .",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": " On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen .",
"title": "Management style"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers#P54#2
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Which team did Brendan Rodgers play for in Apr 1993?
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Brendan Rodgers Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City . Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being promoted to reserve manager in 2006 . In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool , whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season . Early life . Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic . Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 . Playing career . As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family . Coaching career . Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari . Managerial career . Watford . On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation . Reading . Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship . Swansea City . Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium . On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy . Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 . Liverpool . 2012–13 season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training . On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners . On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season . At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League . A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City . Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool . 2014–15 season . Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners . 2015–16 season . On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs . Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli . Celtic . 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career . On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition . On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy . On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games . On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic . As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the 2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions . 2017–18 season . On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts . On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season . Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City . Leicester City . 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season . On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage . 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss . On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League . Management style . Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen . Personal life . Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic . In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster . Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive . Honours . Manager . Swansea City - Football League Championship play-offs : 2011 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 Leicester City - FA Cup : 2020–21 Individual - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017 External links . - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History
|
[
"Newport"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "promoted to reserve manager in 2006 .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool ,",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship .",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": " On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen .",
"title": "Management style"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers#P54#3
|
Which team did Brendan Rodgers play for in Jan 1994?
|
Brendan Rodgers Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City . Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being promoted to reserve manager in 2006 . In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool , whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season . Early life . Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic . Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 . Playing career . As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family . Coaching career . Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari . Managerial career . Watford . On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation . Reading . Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship . Swansea City . Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium . On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy . Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 . Liverpool . 2012–13 season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training . On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners . On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season . At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League . A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City . Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool . 2014–15 season . Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners . 2015–16 season . On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs . Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli . Celtic . 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career . On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition . On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy . On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games . On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic . As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the 2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions . 2017–18 season . On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts . On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season . Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City . Leicester City . 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season . On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage . 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss . On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League . Management style . Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen . Personal life . Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic . In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster . Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive . Honours . Manager . Swansea City - Football League Championship play-offs : 2011 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 Leicester City - FA Cup : 2020–21 Individual - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017 External links . - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History
|
[
"Witney Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "promoted to reserve manager in 2006 .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool ,",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship .",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": " On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen .",
"title": "Management style"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers#P54#4
|
Which team did Brendan Rodgers play for after Aug 1995?
|
Brendan Rodgers Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City . Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being promoted to reserve manager in 2006 . In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool , whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season . Early life . Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic . Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 . Playing career . As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family . Coaching career . Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari . Managerial career . Watford . On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation . Reading . Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship . Swansea City . Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium . On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy . Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 . Liverpool . 2012–13 season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training . On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners . On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season . At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League . A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City . Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool . 2014–15 season . Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners . 2015–16 season . On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs . Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli . Celtic . 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career . On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition . On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy . On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games . On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic . As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the 2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions . 2017–18 season . On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts . On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season . Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City . Leicester City . 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season . On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage . 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss . On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League . Management style . Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen . Personal life . Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic . In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster . Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive . Honours . Manager . Swansea City - Football League Championship play-offs : 2011 Celtic - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 Leicester City - FA Cup : 2020–21 Individual - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017 External links . - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History
|
[
"Newbury Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brendan Rodgers ( born 26 January 1973 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers began his career as a defender at Ballymena United , where he stayed until he was signed by Reading at the age of 18 , although a genetic knee condition forced him to retire at age 20 . He remained at Reading as a coach and then academy director , and continued to play non-league football at Newport , Witney Town and Newbury Town for several years . After a period travelling around Spain to study coaching methods , he was invited by José Mourinho to leave Reading and join Chelsea as youth manager in 2004 , later being",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "promoted to reserve manager in 2006 .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , he was appointed manager of Watford , where he remained until he accepted an offer to become manager of his former club Reading in 2009 . He left the club by mutual consent after some disappointing results six months later . He returned to management with Swansea City in 2010 , leading the club to promotion to the Premier League , the first Welsh team ever to do so , before guiding them to finish 11th the following season . On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers accepted an offer to become the new manager of Liverpool ,",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": "whom he led to runners-up position in the league in the 2013–14 season before his dismissal in October 2015 . He became manager of Celtic in May 2016 and led Celtic to an undefeated domestic season in his first year , and trebles in both of his first two seasons . He left Celtic for Leicester City in February 2019 , winning the 2021 FA Cup in his second full season .",
"title": "Brendan Rodgers"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers was born in the seaside village of Carnlough in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father Malachy was a painter and decorator , while his mother Christina was a volunteer for the Irish charity Trócaire . Rodgers is the eldest of five boys . His younger brother Malachy became a well-known country-and-western singer locally , and is now pursuing a career in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . He grew up as a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday and Celtic .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers was brought up a Catholic . He attended St Johns Catholic Primary School in Carnlough , and then moved on to St Patricks College in Ballymena until the age of 16 . His mother died in 2010 at the age of 53 , and in September 2011 Rodgers was by his fathers side when he died of cancer , aged 59 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As a teenager , Rodgers represented Northern Ireland at schoolboy level , notably playing against Brazil in 1988 . He also represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level . He began his senior career as a defender for Ballymena United , his local team , in 1987 . Three years later , at the age of 18 , he was signed by Reading where he played in the reserves . His professional playing career was ended when he was 20 , due to a genetic knee condition . Following this enforced retirement , Rodgers spent several years playing in",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "non-league football for Newport ( IOW ) , Witney Town and Newbury Town , while remaining as a youth coach at Reading . He found employment at John Lewis to support his young family .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers spent a large amount of time travelling around Spain studying different coaching methods , and was eventually invited by manager José Mourinho to leave his role of academy director at Reading and join the Chelsea Academy as their head youth coach in 2004 after a recommendation by Mourinhos assistant and future Premier League manager Steve Clarke . Rodgers was promoted to reserve team manager two years later , and was kept in that position by subsequent Chelsea managers Avram Grant and Luiz Felipe Scolari .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 November 2008 , Rodgers left Chelsea to become the manager of Championship side Watford . Rodgers won only two of his first ten league games as manager , leaving Watford in the relegation zone by January . Watfords form dramatically improved , however , and Rodgers was able to guide them to finish 13th , avoiding relegation .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "Weeks after guaranteeing Watfords survival , and following the resignation of Steve Coppell as Reading manager , Rodgers quickly became the favourite to succeed him and rejoin his old club . He initially distanced himself from reports linking him with the job , saying that his concentration ( is ) fully on Watford . However , he eventually agreed a deal to become the new manager of Reading on 5 June 2009 , after a compensation package worth an initial £500,000 with Watford was agreed , which later rose to £1 million . The Watford Supporters Trust stated that Rodgers",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "reputation was severely damaged in the eyes of the supporters as a result of the move , but they nevertheless thanked ( Rodgers ) for his efforts last season and ( wished ) him well for the future . On 11 August , Rodgers got his first win as Reading manager with a 5–1 win over League Two side Burton Albion in the first round of the League Cup . Despite a good start in the league , a disappointing string of results followed , and Rodgers left Reading by mutual consent on 16 December , just over six months",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "after his arrival , with Reading one place above relegation in the Championship .",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers accepted an offer to become the manager of Championship side Swansea City on 16 July 2010 . Prior to this appointment , he had been asked to join the coaching staff at Manchester City under manager Roberto Mancini . His beginning as Swansea manager was very successful , leading to Rodgers being awarded the Championship Manager of the Month Award for February 2011 after Swansea won five out of the six league games they played that month , while keeping four clean sheets . By 25 April 2011 , Rodgers had managed to comfortably secure Swansea Citys place in",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "the 2011 Championship Play-Offs for promotion into the Premier League , with a convincing 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town at the Liberty Stadium .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": " On 16 May 2011 , Rodgers led Swansea to the 2011 Championship Play-Off final as the favourites after defeating underdogs Nottingham Forest over two legs in the semi-final . He faced his old club Reading in the final at Wembley Stadium on 30 May 2011 , which Swansea won 4–2 thanks in part to a hat-trick from Scott Sinclair , meaning Swansea became the first Welsh team ever to gain promotion to the Premier League . Rodgers was praised by the media and supporters for consoling Reading manager Brian McDermott and owner John Madejski before receiving the trophy .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers first win as a Premier League manager came on 17 September 2011 , when Swansea beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at the Liberty Stadium . Despite many predicting before the season began that Swansea were favourites to be relegated , their debut season proved very impressive , as they picked up points against Liverpool , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , keeping them well above the relegation zone . In January 2012 , Swansea claimed their first away win of the season at Aston Villa , a month which also saw them beat Arsenal 3–2 at home",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "and hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw . This saw Rodgers earn his first Premier League Manager of the Month Award . In February , Rodgers signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract to keep him at the club until July 2015 .",
"title": "Swansea City"
},
{
"text": "On 1 June 2012 , Rodgers was unveiled as the new Liverpool manager on a three-year contract , following the departure of Kenny Dalglish two weeks prior . Rodgers appointment was immediately endorsed by former colleague and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho . In July 2012 , Rodgers wrote an open letter to the Swansea City supporters , thanking both the staff and supporters for his time at the club , and wishing them well for the future . Days later , Rodgers held his first training session at Melwood as the squad reported back for pre-season training .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 2 August 2012 , Rodgers oversaw his first competitive game as Liverpool manager , a 1–0 win in the UEFA Europa League against Belarusian club Gomel , and won his first home game in charge in the second leg one week later . In his first league game as manager on 18 August , Liverpool lost 3–0 against West Brom at The Hawthorns . His first win in the league came against Norwich City at Carrow Road , Liverpool winning 5–2 . On 31 October , Rodgers welcomed his former club Swansea to Anfield in the fourth round of",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "the League Cup , a match Liverpool lost 3–1 . On 6 December , Liverpool defeated Udinese 1–0 away in the Europa League to qualify for the round of 32 as group winners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " On 27 January 2013 , Liverpool were knocked out of the FA Cup in the fourth round , surprisingly losing 3–2 to League One team Oldham Athletic . Liverpool finished in seventh position in the Premier League in his first season in charge , one position higher than the previous season . 2013–14 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2013–14 season , Rodgers was named the Premier League Manager of the Month for August 2013 as Liverpool won their first three league games of the season . In January 2014 , he was fined £8,000 after making comments about referee Lee Mason after a 2–1 loss to Manchester City in December 2013 . He was later named Manager of the Month for the second time that season for March 2014 , after Liverpool won all five of their games that month to go top of the Premier League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " A run of 11-straight wins for Liverpool left them five points clear at the top of the Premier League with just three matches to play . However , they then suffered a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea on 27 April . This result handed the advantage to Manchester City in the title race . In their next game away to Crystal Palace on 5 May , Liverpool led 3–0 with 11 minutes to go , but the game finished 3–3 . Liverpool ended the season as Premier League runners-up , two points behind champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool scored 101 league goals in the season , the clubs most since the 1895–96 season and the third-highest in Premier League history . Later that month , Rodgers was awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award becoming the first Liverpool manager to win the accolade in its 20-year history . On 26 May 2014 , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract at Liverpool .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Liverpool were eliminated from the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League after drawing against Basel in their final group match , dropping into the Europa League . The Reds were subsequently knocked out in the Europa League round of 32 after losing 4–5 on penalties to Turkish side Beşiktaş . On 19 April 2015 , Liverpool were defeated by Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final . Liverpool finished the season with a 6–1 defeat to Stoke , finishing sixth in the Premier League . This meant Rodgers became the first Liverpool manager since the 1950s not to win a trophy after",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "three seasons in charge . Despite this , Rodgers received the backing of Liverpools owners .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2015 , Liverpool played their 225th Merseyside derby against Everton with the game ending again in a 1–1 draw . This was the fifth time in Liverpools previous six games that they had taken a 1–0 lead , then to have the game end in a 1–1 draw ; while they had just one win in their previous nine games . Just one hour after the game , Rodgers was sacked , leaving Liverpool in tenth place after eight matches played . Later , it became known that the decision to sack him had already been made",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "prior to the match against Everton . The following day , Rodgers released a statement through the League Managers Association stating , I am , of course , incredibly disappointed to be leaving.. . [ but ] it has been both an honour and a privilege to manage one of the games great clubs .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers signings for Liverpool included James Milner , Roberto Firmino , Philippe Coutinho , Adam Lallana , Joe Gomez , Dejan Lovren , Divock Origi and Mario Balotelli .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " 2016–17 season . Rodgers was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership champions Celtic on a 12-month rolling contract on 20 May 2016 , following the exit of Ronny Deila . Upon his arrival in Glasgow , Rodgers spoke of his admiration for the late Tommy Burns , the former Celtic player and manager who was in charge of Reading when Rodgers began his coaching career .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 12 July , in his first competitive game in charge , Celtic lost 1–0 away to Gibraltars Lincoln Red Imps in the first leg of their second qualifying round of the 2016–17 Champions League . He said of the surprise result , There is obvious disappointment . There is no embarrassment . Celtic overcame their one-goal deficit with a 3–0 win at Celtic Park . On 23 August 2016 , Celtic qualified for the group stage of the 2016–17 Champions League for the first time in three years after a 5–4 aggregate victory over Hapoel Beer Sheva . In",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the first game of the group stage , 13 September 2016 , Rodgers suffered a 7–0 defeat against Barcelona at Camp Nou , this was Brendan Rodgers heaviest defeat and the worst ever result for Celtic in European competition .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 27 November 2016 , Rodgers won his first ever trophy as a manager as Celtic beat Aberdeen 3–0 in the final of the Scottish League Cup . The win also gave Celtic their 100th major trophy .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 31 December 2016 , Rodgers became the first manager in Celtic history to win his opening three games against Rangers . This victory meant Celtic went 19 points clear , with a game in hand , in the 2016–17 Scottish Premiership table . It also secured Celtic their 5th consecutive league victory , 58 points from a possible 60 , and stretched their unbeaten run in domestic football to 24 games .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 2 April 2017 , Celtic defeated Hearts 5–0 to secure the clubs sixth consecutive league title , with eight games to spare . Five days later , Rodgers signed a new four-year contract with Celtic .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "As Celtics unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , thrashing their rivals 5–1 on 29 April . Celtics 2–0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second-placed Aberdeen in the league with a record 106 points , and the team become the first Scottish side to complete a top-flight season undefeated since 1899 . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic defeated Aberdeen 2–1 to win the Scottish Cup , securing a domestic treble for the fourth time in their history , and ending the",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "2016–17 season unbeaten in all domestic competitions .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "On 4 November 2017 , Rodgers guided Celtic to a 4–0 victory over St Johnstone . This victory meant Celtic were unbeaten for their last 63 domestic games . The victory also meant they surpassed the 100-year British-held recorded for consecutive domestic games undefeated , which was also held by Willie Maleys Celtic team , set in 1917 at 62 . On 26 November 2017 , Rodgers won his fourth trophy in a row as a manager as Celtic beat Motherwell 2–0 in the 2017 Scottish League Cup Final . Rodgers became the first manager in the clubs history to",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "win his first four domestic trophies and also stretch the unbeaten domestic record to 65 games . This unbeaten run finally ended after 69 games , ending with a 4–0 loss to Hearts .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " On 29 April 2018 , Rodgers secured his second and Celtics seventh consecutive league title with a 5–0 win against Rangers at Celtic Park . This win also extended Celtics unbeaten run against Rangers to 12 games . The season ended with Rodgers winning the first ever Double Treble ( a treble in two consecutive seasons ) in Scottish football history with a 2–0 Scottish Cup Final win over Motherwell on 19 May 2018 . 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "Rodgers said that he turned down an approach from a Chinese club during the summer of 2018 . He told BBC Scotland : With China its big money , but Ive found happiness here . After failing to qualify for the Champions League , Celtic qualified in second place from the group stage of the UEFA Europa League . They were knocked out by Valencia in the round of 32 , 3–0 on aggregate . Celtic won the Scottish League Cup in December 2018 , Rodgers seventh successive trophy with the club . In February 2019 , with Celtic leading",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": "the Premiership by eight points , Rodgers departed Celtic , joining English Premier League club Leicester City .",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " 2018–19 season . In February 2019 , Rodgers was appointed manager of Leicester City , following the sacking of Claude Puel . Rodgers first game in charge of The Foxes was on 3 March 2019 away against former club Watford . The game ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Andre Gray scoring a 92nd-minute winner for the Hornets . In Rodgers home debut , his second game in charge , Leicester won 3–1 over struggling Fulham . Striker Jamie Vardy scored his 100th goal for the club in the match . 2019–20 season .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 6 December 2019 , Rodgers signed a contract extension keeping him at the club until 2025 . At the point of signing the deal , his team had recorded 7 wins in a row and sat second in the table after 15 Premier League games . In his first full season , Rodgers guided Leicester to fifth place and therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " 2020–21 season . They started the 2020–21 season strongly , beating Manchester City 5–2 away from home on 27 September 2020 , meaning that Rodgers is the first manager whose team have scored 5 goals against a team managed by Pep Guardiola . In Europe , Leicester managed to win the Europa League group with Braga , AEK Athens and Zorya Luhansk to progress to the round of 16 , but they were eliminated by Slavia Prague after a 0–0 away draw in Czech Republic and a 0–2 home loss .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "On 15 May 2021 , he led Leicester City to win the first FA Cup title in their history , after a 1–0 win over Chelsea in the final . The end of the season in the league saw a fierce battle between Leicester , Chelsea and Liverpool for the remaining UEFA Champions League spots . Despite being in third place for most of the season , a 1–2 loss to Chelsea in the penultimate round saw Leicester drop to 5th place after Liverpools 3–0 defeat of Burnley , with Leicester and Liverpool tied on points and Chelsea up in",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": "third via a solitary point . Despite Chelseas 1–2 loss against Aston Villa giving them a chance to a fourth place finish , Leicester couldnt take advantage due to a dramatic 2–4 loss to Tottenham Hotspur after maintaining a 2–1 lead until Kasper Schmeichels own goal in the 76th minute , coupled with a brace from Gareth Bale . Thus , Leicester once again finished fifth , qualifying for Europa League .",
"title": "Leicester City"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers believes in his teams keeping possession of the ball and playing a flowing passing and attacking game with the ball always moving ; defensively , he likes his team to put a lot of pressure on the opposing team . His Liverpool team during the 2013–14 season interchanged from 4–5–1 to 3–5–2 to 4–4–2 to 4–3–3 to a diamond formation . Steven Gerrard described Rodgers one-on-one management as the best he had seen .",
"title": "Management style"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers separated from his wife , Susan , in the summer of 2014 ; the couple divorced in December 2015 . They have two children – a son , Anton , also a footballer , and a daughter , Mischa . Rodgers got engaged to Charlotte Searle in February 2016 , and they married in June 2017 . He is a boyhood Celtic fan . On 6 March 2019 , thieves broke into his home in Glasgow , stealing family possessions and medals he won at Celtic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Rodgers joined a team representing The Football League to climb Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Marie Curie Cancer Care in honour of his mother – who died in 2010 – and his father – who died of cancer in 2011 . In June 2014 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Ulster .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Rodgers speaks Spanish and Italian . His nickname is Buck Rodgers , after the comic strip character Buck Rogers . In May 2020 , Rodgers revealed that he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 in March the same year after showing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic – both of them made full recoveries . Rodgers likened his breathing difficulties to the altitude when he climbed Mount Kilimanjaro . The couple endured losses in smell , taste , and strength for three weeks before being tested positive .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Premiership : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Scottish League Cup : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19",
"title": "Celtic"
},
{
"text": " - LMA Manager of the Year : 2013–14 - PFA Scotland Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - SFWA Manager of the Year : 2016–17 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Premier League Manager of the Month : January 2012 , August 2013 , March 2014 - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2011 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2016 , October 2016 , December 2016 , April 2017 , September 2017",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Manager Profile - Brendan Rodgers LFC History",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#0
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for before Aug 1968?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"South Coast United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#1
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for in Apr 1969?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"Australian national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#2
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for between May 1970 and Aug 1971?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"St George"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#3
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for between Sep 1972 and Oct 1972?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"Australian national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#4
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for between Dec 1974 and 1975?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"Luton Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#5
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for in Jan 1975?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"Cardiff City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#6
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for between Oct 1976 and Dec 1976?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"Australian national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Adrian_Alston#P54#7
|
Which team did Adrian Alston play for after Jan 1977?
|
Adrian Alston Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country . Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in 1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury . He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer . Career . Early career . Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him . He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 . Return to Europe . His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in 1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston . In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 . After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him . Later career . Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired . International career . Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match against Greece . Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat . He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden . Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated : Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974 as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 . International goals . Australia score listed first , score column indicates score after each Alston goal . Coaching career . After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club . In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge . After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season . In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties . Honours . South Coast United - National Premier Leagues NSW Division One : 1969 Cardiff City - Welsh Cup : 1976
|
[
"Tampa Bay Rowdies"
] |
[
{
"text": " Adrian Alston ( born 6 February 1949 ) is a former professional soccer player . Born in England , he began his career as a youth player with Preston North End before moving to Australia without making a first-team appearance . In Australia , he played for South Coast United , St George and Safeway United and was called up to the Australia national soccer team after two years in the country .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Nicknamed Noddy for his heading ability , he made his international debut in 1969 and was instrumental in helping the side qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , the first time the nation had ever reached the finals tournament , where he featured in all three group matches . His performances attracted attention from around Europe and he eventually signed for English First Division side Luton Town after turning down several offers from clubs in Germany . After one season , he joined Cardiff City where he spent two seasons and helped the club win the Welsh Cup in",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "1976 . He later received a lucrative offer to play in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) to join the newly formed Tampa Bay Rowdies , where he spent two seasons before retiring after suffering a serious knee ligament injury .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Australia to work as a manager , taking charge of the Wollongong Wolves in 1983 but left the club after a single season . He spent five years with Corrimal Rangers before being appointed manager of Port Kembla where he enjoyed considerable success , leading the club to 26 trophies between 1991 and 2004 . He later returned to Wollongong for a second spell before managing Bulli between 2006 and 2007 . His brother Alex was also a professional footballer .",
"title": "Adrian Alston"
},
{
"text": "Born in Preston , Alston was playing as an apprentice at his hometown club Preston North End where his older brother Alex Alston had made over 100 appearances before leaving in 1962 . He was spotted playing a youth team match by Jimmy Kelly , who was working as a coach for Fleetwood Town . Kelly had previously spent four seasons playing in Australia and planned to return in 1968 . Despite not yet turning professional , Kelly offered Alston a deal which quadrupled the wages he was receiving at Preston to move to Australia and join South Coast United",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on an initial six-month loan deal . He had been playing with Preston for one year and was convinced to move after being told that the heavy grounds in England did not suit his playing style . Alston was due to be married at the time but convinced his fiancée Doreen to make the move with him .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "He settled quickly in the country , scoring the goal that won the New South Wales Soccer Federation Division One title in 1969 in a 1–1 draw with APIA Leichhardt and was chosen to play for a New South Wales representative side soon after . He later moved to St George where he won a league title and was offered a contract in Japan , along with teammate Attila Abonyi , after impressing in an Asian tournament that St George won but turned down the deal . It was during this time that Abonyi who started using Alstons nickname Noddy",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in regards to his heading ability . He returned to his former club South Coast United , then known as Safeway United following a takeover by a motor company , in 1973 for a fee of $5,000 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His performances in the 1974 World Cup saw Alston receive offers from a number of clubs in Germany , including Hertha Berlin , Hamburg and Eintracht Frankfurt . Alston agreed a deal with Hertha that included a $40,000 signing-on fee and a temporary apartment until he was able to secure his own living accommodation and a fee was agreed between Hertha and Safeway United . However , Alston received a late offer from Luton Town in the Football League who had tracked Alston following his performance against the side during a tour of England by the Australian national side in",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "1970 , Alston having scored the winning goal during a 2–1 victory . The club had achieved promotion to the First Division , the highest tier in English football , the previous season and Alston decided to join the Hatters in order to help his wife settle and the lack of a language barrier . He also held talks with his former club Preston .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "In his debut season , Alston finished as the clubs joint top goalscorer , along with Ron Futcher , in the league as the club suffered relegation . However , Alston spent just one season at Kenilworth Road as the club began to experience financial difficulties resulting in Alston not being paid at times . Alston later described his decision to reject offers from Germany and return to England with Luton as the biggest mistake I ever made . Cardiff City manager Jimmy Andrews paid £20,000 to take him to Ninian Park with the club also agreeing to pay Alston",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "the wages owed to him by Luton . He scored twice on his debut in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield and later went on to become the first post-war Cardiff player to score a hat-trick in the FA Cup in a 6–2 win over Exeter City . In his first season , the club won the Welsh Cup , qualifying for the European Cup Winners Cup the following season . In the first round of the competition , Alston became the first Australian player to score in a European competition when he scored in a 1–0 victory over Georgian side",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Dinamo Tbilisi on 15 September 1976 .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": " After helping the club win promotion to Division Two , scoring the goal that confirmed promotion in a 1–0 victory over Bury , he struggled to reproduce his form the following year and left Cardiff to play in the NASL for Tampa Bay Rowdies . Alston later stated that he enjoyed playing for Cardiff more than any club in his career and had only chosen to accept Tampas offer due to the money offered to him .",
"title": "Return to Europe"
},
{
"text": "Alston joined the Rowdies after being spotted by the teams manager Eddie Firmani . On his debut for the Rowdies in the NASL , Alston was unveiled to the clubs fans by arriving in a helicopter . He helped the club to a third-placed finish in his debut season , eventually being eliminated in the post season play-offs by the New York Cosmos . After his first season with Tampa , Alston returned to Australia to play for struggling Canberra City , who were managed by his former international teammate Johnny Warren as a guest player . Earning a fraction",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "of his Rowdies wages , he scored on his debut , during a 4–0 victory over Sydney Olympic , and made a total of ten appearances and scored three times as he helped the side escape relegation before returning to Tampa . During his second season in the US , Alston suffered a knee injury that would eventually force him to retire from professional football after his studs were caught in the pitch while his knee was hit by an opposing player . He was initially told that he had suffered strained knee ligaments but after fourteen weeks with little",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "progress he became concerned and hired a doctor in Harley Street in London . The doctor immediately informed Alston that the injury was considerably more serious as he had actually torn the ligament away from the bone . He remained out for the remainder of the season his contract was eventually paid off after his green card expired .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Alston was handed his debut for the Australian national team by head coach Joe Vlasits on 19 July 1969 in a 1–0 friendly victory over Greece , who were undertaking a tour of Australia , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . Alston later commented that as soon as he began playing for Australia , he was no longer English . He won two further caps in 1969 , playing in two out of three matches of a tour of Rhodesia against the national side in November , before scoring his first international goal the following year in a friendly match",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "against Greece .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Alston was instrumental in Australias progress during the qualifying rounds for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , scoring three goals in the group stage and once during the final play-off match against Iran as Australia qualified for the World Cup for the first time in their history . During the qualification stages , the team embarked on a gruelling world tour that included playing matches in Vietnam during the Vietnam war where they were forced to travel to U.S . army bases to eat .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was named to the squad for the tournament in West Germany by manager Rale Rasic . In the opening match against East Germany , Alston performed a move to beat defender Konrad Weise that was used later in the tournament by Dutch international Johan Cruyff and became known as the Cruyff Turn . He later commented on Cruyffs use of the move I used to do this trick but not very often , [ ... ] He must have practiced it for five days because five days later he did the same thing against Sweden .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to the Australia side meeting West Germany in the group stage , during a press conference , German manager Helmut Schoen stated :",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Alston started all three of Australias matches at the tournament as they suffered defeats to East Germany and West Germany and drew 0–0 with Chile . He lost his place in the side soon after to John Kosmina but did return to play in the qualifying stages of the 1978 World Cup as Australia failed to qualify after a series of disappointing results and he was never called up for the side again . In total , he represented Australia between 1969 and 1977 in 37 official matches , scoring 6 goals . Alston represented New South Wales in 1974",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "as a player and led the selection of the Illawarra region as coach in 2004 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After suffering the knee injury that ended his career , Alstons son Adrian Jr was diagnosed with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease , a hip disorder . He soon spent the majority of his earnings made during his football career and moved back to England to set up a hotel with his brother Alex in Blackpool . However , after just four months , Alston grew unsettled and decided to return to Australia , eventually moving to Illawarra . Alston signed a three-year contract with the Wollongong City in 1983 . Prior to the season seven of his players were sold to rival",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "league clubs due to Wollongongs financial troubles . Wollongong finished second last in National Soccer League and Alston left the club .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , he was appointed coach of Corrimal Rangers in the second division in Illawarra regional competition after being recommended by his former Wollongong assistant Terry Hurley . After one season the side was promoted to the Illawarra Premier League , where they signed Alstons former Australian international teammate Attila Abonyi who would score 21 goals for the club in the 1985 season . Alston left the Rangers at the end of the 1989 season after six seasons in charge .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After a year long break from football , Alston was approached by Port Kembla and he became head coach for the 1991 season . Alston spent 13 seasons with Port Kembla ; during that period the club won 26 trophies including five league titles , seven Grand Finals , and two Bert Bampton Cups . Alston left Port Kembla at the end of 2004 after securing his fourth League and Cup double . In 2005 , he rejoined Wollongong Wolves who were playing in the NSW Premier League and he was once again handed a three-year contract . The side",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished mid-table but , frustrated by financial and off the field issues , Alston walked out of the club after just one season .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , Alston joined Illawarra Premier League club Bulli ; during his six seasons with the club , they finished 2nd on three occasions and featured in three Grand Finals . After leaving Bulli , Alston turned down several offers to return to coaching before working as a carer for adults with learning difficulties .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Welsh Cup : 1976",
"title": "Cardiff City"
}
] |
/wiki/Leipzig_University_Library#P1037#0
|
Who was the director or manager of Leipzig University Library before Apr 1543?
|
Leipzig University Library Leipzig University Library ( ) , known also as Bibliotheca Albertina , is the central library of the University of Leipzig . It is one of the oldest German university libraries . History . The library was founded in 1542 following the Reformation by the then Rector of the university , Caspar Borner , who persuaded Moritz , Duke of Saxony , to donate the property and buildings of the dissolved Dominican friary of St Paul in Leipzig to the university . The library began in one of the monastery buildings with 1,000 books and around 1,500 manuscripts from the stocks of four secularised Leipzig city monasteries and other dissolved monasteries in Saxony and Thuringia . Its land and buildings fell in 1543 by donation of the Albertiners Duke Moritz of Saxony to the University of Leipzig . In one of these buildings , the Central Paleum , the library collections of several monasteries were brought together . Due to the strong growth in the number of books , as well as the takeover of the Goethe collection by the publisher Salomon Hirzel , and above all due to the increasing production of publishing in the 19th century , a move into a larger building became necessary . Many building designs were submitted to one call , and on 15 and 16 October 1883 , a court of appeal discussed the ten proposals selected for the final round and decided on the project by Arwed Rossbach . Building was complete on October 24 , 1891 . In honor to King Albert of Saxony , the new building was named Bibliotheca Albertina . In the Second World War , the main building was severely damaged by the air raids on Leipzig on 6 April 1945 . The catalogs and stocks , however , had been outsourced and remained largely intact . Approximately 42,000 volumes were lost . Currently some are found in collections of Russian libraries . After the war only the undamaged left wing was used . Reconstruction of the main building was a shortage of financial resources . Because of the damage to the main building , the use of the institutes and section libraries has often been shifted in the following decades . It was not until after the German reunification that the extensive restoration and extension of the main building , including the reconstruction of individual buildings , has begun in 1994 . The ruins of the right wing were removed entirely , a second cellar floor lifted , and the façade - despite considerable additional costs - was reconstructed in the original way . Renovation , restoration and restoration lasted until 2002 . Today , the main building of the University Library , the Bibliotheca Albertina , is one of a total of 15 locations of the University Library . Bombing in 1943-1945 destroyed two-thirds of the magnificent Neo-Renaissance Bibliotheca Albertina building . Three famous librarians worked at the institution : Joachim Feller ( from 1675 ) , Christian Gottlieb Jöcher ( from 1742 to 1758 ) , and Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf ( from 1833 ) . Since 2005 Ulrich Johannes Schneider has been director of the library . Collections . The Bibliotheca Albertina is the center for the media acquisition with a central business operation for numerous branch libraries as well as for the interlibrary loan . Central technical facilities such as bookbinding and restoration works are also located in the Bibliotheca Albertina . The collection currently comprises over 5.5 million volumes , with 8,700 manuscripts and 3,600 incunabula , and some 25,000 prints dating from the 16th century , and around 6,500 journals . Approximately 3.5 million of the total stock is now stocked in the magazines , the remaining stocks are freely accessible in the three main readings rooms . In addition , the library has a series of special collections , including about 8,700 manuscripts , of which approx . 3,200 in the special collection of oriental manuscripts , approx . 3,600 incunabulae , 16th century prints and approx . 173,000 autographs . There is also a significant collection of Papyrus and Ostracs . Among the collections is the Papyrus Ebers , one of the oldest medical treatises ever ( around 1525 BC ) or the Leipziger Weltchronik , the remains of the oldest preserved world chronicle ( 2nd century after Christ ) . Papyrus Ebers is the longest and oldest surviving medical manuscript from ancient Egypt , dated to around 1600 BC . In 2010 the library was given 12 sketchbooks and a number of diaries of the late Leipzig artist Werner Tübke . In 2014 an early , unknown manuscript fragment of the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach was found in the holdings of the handwriting center . The fragment is housed in a handwriting book of the Domstiftsbibliothek Naumburg and served as bookbinding material in the 15th century . The Leipzig University Library owns parts of the Codex Sinaiticus , a Bible manuscript from the 4th century , brought from Sinai in 1843 by Constantin von Tischendorf . The Codex contains large parts of the Old Testament and a complete New Testament in ancient Greek , and is one of the most important known manuscripts of the Greek Old Testament and the New Testament . It is the oldest fully preserved copy of the New Testament . Since 2014 , the library has been developing the specialist information service for media , communication and film science adlr.link . A central search portal for scientists has been online since 2016 . Further reading . - Ekkehard Henschke , ed . Die Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Festschrift zum Abschluss des Wiederaufbaus im Jahre 2002 . Munich : Saur , 2002 . - Sophia Manns . Zwischen Denkmalschutz und Nutzeranspruch . Wiederaufbau und Erweiterung der Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Berliner Handreichungen zur Bibliothekswissenschaft 151 . Berlin : Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft , 2005 Text online External links . - Webauftritt der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig - Die Institution im Leipzig-Lexikon - Das Hauptgebäude im Leipzig-Lexikon - Photographien der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
|
[
"Caspar Borner"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leipzig University Library ( ) , known also as Bibliotheca Albertina , is the central library of the University of Leipzig . It is one of the oldest German university libraries .",
"title": "Leipzig University Library"
},
{
"text": "The library was founded in 1542 following the Reformation by the then Rector of the university , Caspar Borner , who persuaded Moritz , Duke of Saxony , to donate the property and buildings of the dissolved Dominican friary of St Paul in Leipzig to the university . The library began in one of the monastery buildings with 1,000 books and around 1,500 manuscripts from the stocks of four secularised Leipzig city monasteries and other dissolved monasteries in Saxony and Thuringia . Its land and buildings fell in 1543 by donation of the Albertiners Duke Moritz of Saxony to the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "University of Leipzig . In one of these buildings , the Central Paleum , the library collections of several monasteries were brought together .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to the strong growth in the number of books , as well as the takeover of the Goethe collection by the publisher Salomon Hirzel , and above all due to the increasing production of publishing in the 19th century , a move into a larger building became necessary . Many building designs were submitted to one call , and on 15 and 16 October 1883 , a court of appeal discussed the ten proposals selected for the final round and decided on the project by Arwed Rossbach . Building was complete on October 24 , 1891 . In honor",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to King Albert of Saxony , the new building was named Bibliotheca Albertina .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the Second World War , the main building was severely damaged by the air raids on Leipzig on 6 April 1945 . The catalogs and stocks , however , had been outsourced and remained largely intact . Approximately 42,000 volumes were lost . Currently some are found in collections of Russian libraries . After the war only the undamaged left wing was used . Reconstruction of the main building was a shortage of financial resources . Because of the damage to the main building , the use of the institutes and section libraries has often been shifted in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "following decades .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was not until after the German reunification that the extensive restoration and extension of the main building , including the reconstruction of individual buildings , has begun in 1994 . The ruins of the right wing were removed entirely , a second cellar floor lifted , and the façade - despite considerable additional costs - was reconstructed in the original way . Renovation , restoration and restoration lasted until 2002 . Today , the main building of the University Library , the Bibliotheca Albertina , is one of a total of 15 locations of the University Library .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Bombing in 1943-1945 destroyed two-thirds of the magnificent Neo-Renaissance Bibliotheca Albertina building .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Three famous librarians worked at the institution : Joachim Feller ( from 1675 ) , Christian Gottlieb Jöcher ( from 1742 to 1758 ) , and Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf ( from 1833 ) . Since 2005 Ulrich Johannes Schneider has been director of the library .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Bibliotheca Albertina is the center for the media acquisition with a central business operation for numerous branch libraries as well as for the interlibrary loan . Central technical facilities such as bookbinding and restoration works are also located in the Bibliotheca Albertina .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "The collection currently comprises over 5.5 million volumes , with 8,700 manuscripts and 3,600 incunabula , and some 25,000 prints dating from the 16th century , and around 6,500 journals . Approximately 3.5 million of the total stock is now stocked in the magazines , the remaining stocks are freely accessible in the three main readings rooms .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "In addition , the library has a series of special collections , including about 8,700 manuscripts , of which approx . 3,200 in the special collection of oriental manuscripts , approx . 3,600 incunabulae , 16th century prints and approx . 173,000 autographs . There is also a significant collection of Papyrus and Ostracs . Among the collections is the Papyrus Ebers , one of the oldest medical treatises ever ( around 1525 BC ) or the Leipziger Weltchronik , the remains of the oldest preserved world chronicle ( 2nd century after Christ ) . Papyrus Ebers is the longest",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "and oldest surviving medical manuscript from ancient Egypt , dated to around 1600 BC .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 the library was given 12 sketchbooks and a number of diaries of the late Leipzig artist Werner Tübke . In 2014 an early , unknown manuscript fragment of the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach was found in the holdings of the handwriting center . The fragment is housed in a handwriting book of the Domstiftsbibliothek Naumburg and served as bookbinding material in the 15th century .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "The Leipzig University Library owns parts of the Codex Sinaiticus , a Bible manuscript from the 4th century , brought from Sinai in 1843 by Constantin von Tischendorf . The Codex contains large parts of the Old Testament and a complete New Testament in ancient Greek , and is one of the most important known manuscripts of the Greek Old Testament and the New Testament . It is the oldest fully preserved copy of the New Testament .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " Since 2014 , the library has been developing the specialist information service for media , communication and film science adlr.link . A central search portal for scientists has been online since 2016 .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - Ekkehard Henschke , ed . Die Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Festschrift zum Abschluss des Wiederaufbaus im Jahre 2002 . Munich : Saur , 2002 . - Sophia Manns . Zwischen Denkmalschutz und Nutzeranspruch . Wiederaufbau und Erweiterung der Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Berliner Handreichungen zur Bibliothekswissenschaft 151 . Berlin : Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft , 2005 Text online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Webauftritt der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig - Die Institution im Leipzig-Lexikon - Das Hauptgebäude im Leipzig-Lexikon - Photographien der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Leipzig_University_Library#P1037#1
|
Who was the director or manager of Leipzig University Library in late 1980s?
|
Leipzig University Library Leipzig University Library ( ) , known also as Bibliotheca Albertina , is the central library of the University of Leipzig . It is one of the oldest German university libraries . History . The library was founded in 1542 following the Reformation by the then Rector of the university , Caspar Borner , who persuaded Moritz , Duke of Saxony , to donate the property and buildings of the dissolved Dominican friary of St Paul in Leipzig to the university . The library began in one of the monastery buildings with 1,000 books and around 1,500 manuscripts from the stocks of four secularised Leipzig city monasteries and other dissolved monasteries in Saxony and Thuringia . Its land and buildings fell in 1543 by donation of the Albertiners Duke Moritz of Saxony to the University of Leipzig . In one of these buildings , the Central Paleum , the library collections of several monasteries were brought together . Due to the strong growth in the number of books , as well as the takeover of the Goethe collection by the publisher Salomon Hirzel , and above all due to the increasing production of publishing in the 19th century , a move into a larger building became necessary . Many building designs were submitted to one call , and on 15 and 16 October 1883 , a court of appeal discussed the ten proposals selected for the final round and decided on the project by Arwed Rossbach . Building was complete on October 24 , 1891 . In honor to King Albert of Saxony , the new building was named Bibliotheca Albertina . In the Second World War , the main building was severely damaged by the air raids on Leipzig on 6 April 1945 . The catalogs and stocks , however , had been outsourced and remained largely intact . Approximately 42,000 volumes were lost . Currently some are found in collections of Russian libraries . After the war only the undamaged left wing was used . Reconstruction of the main building was a shortage of financial resources . Because of the damage to the main building , the use of the institutes and section libraries has often been shifted in the following decades . It was not until after the German reunification that the extensive restoration and extension of the main building , including the reconstruction of individual buildings , has begun in 1994 . The ruins of the right wing were removed entirely , a second cellar floor lifted , and the façade - despite considerable additional costs - was reconstructed in the original way . Renovation , restoration and restoration lasted until 2002 . Today , the main building of the University Library , the Bibliotheca Albertina , is one of a total of 15 locations of the University Library . Bombing in 1943-1945 destroyed two-thirds of the magnificent Neo-Renaissance Bibliotheca Albertina building . Three famous librarians worked at the institution : Joachim Feller ( from 1675 ) , Christian Gottlieb Jöcher ( from 1742 to 1758 ) , and Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf ( from 1833 ) . Since 2005 Ulrich Johannes Schneider has been director of the library . Collections . The Bibliotheca Albertina is the center for the media acquisition with a central business operation for numerous branch libraries as well as for the interlibrary loan . Central technical facilities such as bookbinding and restoration works are also located in the Bibliotheca Albertina . The collection currently comprises over 5.5 million volumes , with 8,700 manuscripts and 3,600 incunabula , and some 25,000 prints dating from the 16th century , and around 6,500 journals . Approximately 3.5 million of the total stock is now stocked in the magazines , the remaining stocks are freely accessible in the three main readings rooms . In addition , the library has a series of special collections , including about 8,700 manuscripts , of which approx . 3,200 in the special collection of oriental manuscripts , approx . 3,600 incunabulae , 16th century prints and approx . 173,000 autographs . There is also a significant collection of Papyrus and Ostracs . Among the collections is the Papyrus Ebers , one of the oldest medical treatises ever ( around 1525 BC ) or the Leipziger Weltchronik , the remains of the oldest preserved world chronicle ( 2nd century after Christ ) . Papyrus Ebers is the longest and oldest surviving medical manuscript from ancient Egypt , dated to around 1600 BC . In 2010 the library was given 12 sketchbooks and a number of diaries of the late Leipzig artist Werner Tübke . In 2014 an early , unknown manuscript fragment of the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach was found in the holdings of the handwriting center . The fragment is housed in a handwriting book of the Domstiftsbibliothek Naumburg and served as bookbinding material in the 15th century . The Leipzig University Library owns parts of the Codex Sinaiticus , a Bible manuscript from the 4th century , brought from Sinai in 1843 by Constantin von Tischendorf . The Codex contains large parts of the Old Testament and a complete New Testament in ancient Greek , and is one of the most important known manuscripts of the Greek Old Testament and the New Testament . It is the oldest fully preserved copy of the New Testament . Since 2014 , the library has been developing the specialist information service for media , communication and film science adlr.link . A central search portal for scientists has been online since 2016 . Further reading . - Ekkehard Henschke , ed . Die Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Festschrift zum Abschluss des Wiederaufbaus im Jahre 2002 . Munich : Saur , 2002 . - Sophia Manns . Zwischen Denkmalschutz und Nutzeranspruch . Wiederaufbau und Erweiterung der Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Berliner Handreichungen zur Bibliothekswissenschaft 151 . Berlin : Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft , 2005 Text online External links . - Webauftritt der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig - Die Institution im Leipzig-Lexikon - Das Hauptgebäude im Leipzig-Lexikon - Photographien der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Leipzig University Library ( ) , known also as Bibliotheca Albertina , is the central library of the University of Leipzig . It is one of the oldest German university libraries .",
"title": "Leipzig University Library"
},
{
"text": "The library was founded in 1542 following the Reformation by the then Rector of the university , Caspar Borner , who persuaded Moritz , Duke of Saxony , to donate the property and buildings of the dissolved Dominican friary of St Paul in Leipzig to the university . The library began in one of the monastery buildings with 1,000 books and around 1,500 manuscripts from the stocks of four secularised Leipzig city monasteries and other dissolved monasteries in Saxony and Thuringia . Its land and buildings fell in 1543 by donation of the Albertiners Duke Moritz of Saxony to the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "University of Leipzig . In one of these buildings , the Central Paleum , the library collections of several monasteries were brought together .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to the strong growth in the number of books , as well as the takeover of the Goethe collection by the publisher Salomon Hirzel , and above all due to the increasing production of publishing in the 19th century , a move into a larger building became necessary . Many building designs were submitted to one call , and on 15 and 16 October 1883 , a court of appeal discussed the ten proposals selected for the final round and decided on the project by Arwed Rossbach . Building was complete on October 24 , 1891 . In honor",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to King Albert of Saxony , the new building was named Bibliotheca Albertina .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the Second World War , the main building was severely damaged by the air raids on Leipzig on 6 April 1945 . The catalogs and stocks , however , had been outsourced and remained largely intact . Approximately 42,000 volumes were lost . Currently some are found in collections of Russian libraries . After the war only the undamaged left wing was used . Reconstruction of the main building was a shortage of financial resources . Because of the damage to the main building , the use of the institutes and section libraries has often been shifted in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "following decades .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was not until after the German reunification that the extensive restoration and extension of the main building , including the reconstruction of individual buildings , has begun in 1994 . The ruins of the right wing were removed entirely , a second cellar floor lifted , and the façade - despite considerable additional costs - was reconstructed in the original way . Renovation , restoration and restoration lasted until 2002 . Today , the main building of the University Library , the Bibliotheca Albertina , is one of a total of 15 locations of the University Library .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Bombing in 1943-1945 destroyed two-thirds of the magnificent Neo-Renaissance Bibliotheca Albertina building .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Three famous librarians worked at the institution : Joachim Feller ( from 1675 ) , Christian Gottlieb Jöcher ( from 1742 to 1758 ) , and Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf ( from 1833 ) . Since 2005 Ulrich Johannes Schneider has been director of the library .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Bibliotheca Albertina is the center for the media acquisition with a central business operation for numerous branch libraries as well as for the interlibrary loan . Central technical facilities such as bookbinding and restoration works are also located in the Bibliotheca Albertina .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "The collection currently comprises over 5.5 million volumes , with 8,700 manuscripts and 3,600 incunabula , and some 25,000 prints dating from the 16th century , and around 6,500 journals . Approximately 3.5 million of the total stock is now stocked in the magazines , the remaining stocks are freely accessible in the three main readings rooms .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "In addition , the library has a series of special collections , including about 8,700 manuscripts , of which approx . 3,200 in the special collection of oriental manuscripts , approx . 3,600 incunabulae , 16th century prints and approx . 173,000 autographs . There is also a significant collection of Papyrus and Ostracs . Among the collections is the Papyrus Ebers , one of the oldest medical treatises ever ( around 1525 BC ) or the Leipziger Weltchronik , the remains of the oldest preserved world chronicle ( 2nd century after Christ ) . Papyrus Ebers is the longest",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "and oldest surviving medical manuscript from ancient Egypt , dated to around 1600 BC .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 the library was given 12 sketchbooks and a number of diaries of the late Leipzig artist Werner Tübke . In 2014 an early , unknown manuscript fragment of the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach was found in the holdings of the handwriting center . The fragment is housed in a handwriting book of the Domstiftsbibliothek Naumburg and served as bookbinding material in the 15th century .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "The Leipzig University Library owns parts of the Codex Sinaiticus , a Bible manuscript from the 4th century , brought from Sinai in 1843 by Constantin von Tischendorf . The Codex contains large parts of the Old Testament and a complete New Testament in ancient Greek , and is one of the most important known manuscripts of the Greek Old Testament and the New Testament . It is the oldest fully preserved copy of the New Testament .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " Since 2014 , the library has been developing the specialist information service for media , communication and film science adlr.link . A central search portal for scientists has been online since 2016 .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - Ekkehard Henschke , ed . Die Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Festschrift zum Abschluss des Wiederaufbaus im Jahre 2002 . Munich : Saur , 2002 . - Sophia Manns . Zwischen Denkmalschutz und Nutzeranspruch . Wiederaufbau und Erweiterung der Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Berliner Handreichungen zur Bibliothekswissenschaft 151 . Berlin : Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft , 2005 Text online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Webauftritt der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig - Die Institution im Leipzig-Lexikon - Das Hauptgebäude im Leipzig-Lexikon - Photographien der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Leipzig_University_Library#P1037#2
|
Who was the director or manager of Leipzig University Library after Nov 2006?
|
Leipzig University Library Leipzig University Library ( ) , known also as Bibliotheca Albertina , is the central library of the University of Leipzig . It is one of the oldest German university libraries . History . The library was founded in 1542 following the Reformation by the then Rector of the university , Caspar Borner , who persuaded Moritz , Duke of Saxony , to donate the property and buildings of the dissolved Dominican friary of St Paul in Leipzig to the university . The library began in one of the monastery buildings with 1,000 books and around 1,500 manuscripts from the stocks of four secularised Leipzig city monasteries and other dissolved monasteries in Saxony and Thuringia . Its land and buildings fell in 1543 by donation of the Albertiners Duke Moritz of Saxony to the University of Leipzig . In one of these buildings , the Central Paleum , the library collections of several monasteries were brought together . Due to the strong growth in the number of books , as well as the takeover of the Goethe collection by the publisher Salomon Hirzel , and above all due to the increasing production of publishing in the 19th century , a move into a larger building became necessary . Many building designs were submitted to one call , and on 15 and 16 October 1883 , a court of appeal discussed the ten proposals selected for the final round and decided on the project by Arwed Rossbach . Building was complete on October 24 , 1891 . In honor to King Albert of Saxony , the new building was named Bibliotheca Albertina . In the Second World War , the main building was severely damaged by the air raids on Leipzig on 6 April 1945 . The catalogs and stocks , however , had been outsourced and remained largely intact . Approximately 42,000 volumes were lost . Currently some are found in collections of Russian libraries . After the war only the undamaged left wing was used . Reconstruction of the main building was a shortage of financial resources . Because of the damage to the main building , the use of the institutes and section libraries has often been shifted in the following decades . It was not until after the German reunification that the extensive restoration and extension of the main building , including the reconstruction of individual buildings , has begun in 1994 . The ruins of the right wing were removed entirely , a second cellar floor lifted , and the façade - despite considerable additional costs - was reconstructed in the original way . Renovation , restoration and restoration lasted until 2002 . Today , the main building of the University Library , the Bibliotheca Albertina , is one of a total of 15 locations of the University Library . Bombing in 1943-1945 destroyed two-thirds of the magnificent Neo-Renaissance Bibliotheca Albertina building . Three famous librarians worked at the institution : Joachim Feller ( from 1675 ) , Christian Gottlieb Jöcher ( from 1742 to 1758 ) , and Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf ( from 1833 ) . Since 2005 Ulrich Johannes Schneider has been director of the library . Collections . The Bibliotheca Albertina is the center for the media acquisition with a central business operation for numerous branch libraries as well as for the interlibrary loan . Central technical facilities such as bookbinding and restoration works are also located in the Bibliotheca Albertina . The collection currently comprises over 5.5 million volumes , with 8,700 manuscripts and 3,600 incunabula , and some 25,000 prints dating from the 16th century , and around 6,500 journals . Approximately 3.5 million of the total stock is now stocked in the magazines , the remaining stocks are freely accessible in the three main readings rooms . In addition , the library has a series of special collections , including about 8,700 manuscripts , of which approx . 3,200 in the special collection of oriental manuscripts , approx . 3,600 incunabulae , 16th century prints and approx . 173,000 autographs . There is also a significant collection of Papyrus and Ostracs . Among the collections is the Papyrus Ebers , one of the oldest medical treatises ever ( around 1525 BC ) or the Leipziger Weltchronik , the remains of the oldest preserved world chronicle ( 2nd century after Christ ) . Papyrus Ebers is the longest and oldest surviving medical manuscript from ancient Egypt , dated to around 1600 BC . In 2010 the library was given 12 sketchbooks and a number of diaries of the late Leipzig artist Werner Tübke . In 2014 an early , unknown manuscript fragment of the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach was found in the holdings of the handwriting center . The fragment is housed in a handwriting book of the Domstiftsbibliothek Naumburg and served as bookbinding material in the 15th century . The Leipzig University Library owns parts of the Codex Sinaiticus , a Bible manuscript from the 4th century , brought from Sinai in 1843 by Constantin von Tischendorf . The Codex contains large parts of the Old Testament and a complete New Testament in ancient Greek , and is one of the most important known manuscripts of the Greek Old Testament and the New Testament . It is the oldest fully preserved copy of the New Testament . Since 2014 , the library has been developing the specialist information service for media , communication and film science adlr.link . A central search portal for scientists has been online since 2016 . Further reading . - Ekkehard Henschke , ed . Die Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Festschrift zum Abschluss des Wiederaufbaus im Jahre 2002 . Munich : Saur , 2002 . - Sophia Manns . Zwischen Denkmalschutz und Nutzeranspruch . Wiederaufbau und Erweiterung der Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Berliner Handreichungen zur Bibliothekswissenschaft 151 . Berlin : Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft , 2005 Text online External links . - Webauftritt der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig - Die Institution im Leipzig-Lexikon - Das Hauptgebäude im Leipzig-Lexikon - Photographien der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
|
[
"Ulrich Johannes Schneider"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leipzig University Library ( ) , known also as Bibliotheca Albertina , is the central library of the University of Leipzig . It is one of the oldest German university libraries .",
"title": "Leipzig University Library"
},
{
"text": "The library was founded in 1542 following the Reformation by the then Rector of the university , Caspar Borner , who persuaded Moritz , Duke of Saxony , to donate the property and buildings of the dissolved Dominican friary of St Paul in Leipzig to the university . The library began in one of the monastery buildings with 1,000 books and around 1,500 manuscripts from the stocks of four secularised Leipzig city monasteries and other dissolved monasteries in Saxony and Thuringia . Its land and buildings fell in 1543 by donation of the Albertiners Duke Moritz of Saxony to the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "University of Leipzig . In one of these buildings , the Central Paleum , the library collections of several monasteries were brought together .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to the strong growth in the number of books , as well as the takeover of the Goethe collection by the publisher Salomon Hirzel , and above all due to the increasing production of publishing in the 19th century , a move into a larger building became necessary . Many building designs were submitted to one call , and on 15 and 16 October 1883 , a court of appeal discussed the ten proposals selected for the final round and decided on the project by Arwed Rossbach . Building was complete on October 24 , 1891 . In honor",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to King Albert of Saxony , the new building was named Bibliotheca Albertina .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the Second World War , the main building was severely damaged by the air raids on Leipzig on 6 April 1945 . The catalogs and stocks , however , had been outsourced and remained largely intact . Approximately 42,000 volumes were lost . Currently some are found in collections of Russian libraries . After the war only the undamaged left wing was used . Reconstruction of the main building was a shortage of financial resources . Because of the damage to the main building , the use of the institutes and section libraries has often been shifted in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "following decades .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " It was not until after the German reunification that the extensive restoration and extension of the main building , including the reconstruction of individual buildings , has begun in 1994 . The ruins of the right wing were removed entirely , a second cellar floor lifted , and the façade - despite considerable additional costs - was reconstructed in the original way . Renovation , restoration and restoration lasted until 2002 . Today , the main building of the University Library , the Bibliotheca Albertina , is one of a total of 15 locations of the University Library .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Bombing in 1943-1945 destroyed two-thirds of the magnificent Neo-Renaissance Bibliotheca Albertina building .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Three famous librarians worked at the institution : Joachim Feller ( from 1675 ) , Christian Gottlieb Jöcher ( from 1742 to 1758 ) , and Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf ( from 1833 ) . Since 2005 Ulrich Johannes Schneider has been director of the library .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Bibliotheca Albertina is the center for the media acquisition with a central business operation for numerous branch libraries as well as for the interlibrary loan . Central technical facilities such as bookbinding and restoration works are also located in the Bibliotheca Albertina .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "The collection currently comprises over 5.5 million volumes , with 8,700 manuscripts and 3,600 incunabula , and some 25,000 prints dating from the 16th century , and around 6,500 journals . Approximately 3.5 million of the total stock is now stocked in the magazines , the remaining stocks are freely accessible in the three main readings rooms .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "In addition , the library has a series of special collections , including about 8,700 manuscripts , of which approx . 3,200 in the special collection of oriental manuscripts , approx . 3,600 incunabulae , 16th century prints and approx . 173,000 autographs . There is also a significant collection of Papyrus and Ostracs . Among the collections is the Papyrus Ebers , one of the oldest medical treatises ever ( around 1525 BC ) or the Leipziger Weltchronik , the remains of the oldest preserved world chronicle ( 2nd century after Christ ) . Papyrus Ebers is the longest",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "and oldest surviving medical manuscript from ancient Egypt , dated to around 1600 BC .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 the library was given 12 sketchbooks and a number of diaries of the late Leipzig artist Werner Tübke . In 2014 an early , unknown manuscript fragment of the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach was found in the holdings of the handwriting center . The fragment is housed in a handwriting book of the Domstiftsbibliothek Naumburg and served as bookbinding material in the 15th century .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "The Leipzig University Library owns parts of the Codex Sinaiticus , a Bible manuscript from the 4th century , brought from Sinai in 1843 by Constantin von Tischendorf . The Codex contains large parts of the Old Testament and a complete New Testament in ancient Greek , and is one of the most important known manuscripts of the Greek Old Testament and the New Testament . It is the oldest fully preserved copy of the New Testament .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " Since 2014 , the library has been developing the specialist information service for media , communication and film science adlr.link . A central search portal for scientists has been online since 2016 .",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - Ekkehard Henschke , ed . Die Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Festschrift zum Abschluss des Wiederaufbaus im Jahre 2002 . Munich : Saur , 2002 . - Sophia Manns . Zwischen Denkmalschutz und Nutzeranspruch . Wiederaufbau und Erweiterung der Bibliotheca Albertina in Leipzig . Berliner Handreichungen zur Bibliothekswissenschaft 151 . Berlin : Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft , 2005 Text online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Webauftritt der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig - Die Institution im Leipzig-Lexikon - Das Hauptgebäude im Leipzig-Lexikon - Photographien der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jaclyn_Smith#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Jaclyn Smith in Aug 1974?
|
Jaclyn Smith Jacquelyn Ellen Jaclyn Smith ( born October 26 , 1945 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlies Angels ( 1976–1981 ) , and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run . She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films ( 2003 ) and Charlies Angels ( 2019 ) . Her other films include Nightkill ( 1980 ) and Déjà Vu ( 1985 ) . Beginning in the 1980s , she began developing and marketing her own brands of clothing and perfume . Smith began her career in 1969 in television commercials . In 1976 , she was cast in Charlies Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . The show propelled all three to stardom , including an appearance on the front cover of Time magazine . She was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film for the title role in the TV film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ( 1981 ) , and went on to star in numerous TV films and miniseries over the next 20 years , including Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) , George Washington ( 1984 ) , The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) , Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Nightmare in the Daylight ( 1992 ) . She had a recurring role from 2002 to 2004 in the drama series The District and appeared as Olivia Hodges in two episodes of in 2012 . Early life . Jacquelyn Ellen Smith was born in Houston , Texas , the daughter of Margaret Ellen ( née Hartsfield ) and Jack Smith ( born Jacob Kupferschmidt ) , a dentist . Her father was of Russian Jewish descent , and her mother had English , Scottish , Irish , and Welsh heritage . She graduated from Mirabeau B . Lamar High School in 1964 . She majored in psychology and drama at Trinity University ( Texas ) in San Antonio but completed only a year . Instead , she moved to New York and joined the Balanchine School of American Ballet . Smiths career aspirations shifted to modeling and acting as she found work in television commercials and print ads , including one for Listerine mouthwash . She was reportedly offered the role of Victoria Winters on the ABC daytime series Dark Shadows in 1968 but turned it down . She landed a job as a Breck girl for Breck Shampoo in 1971 , and a few years later joined the model/actress Farrah Fawcett as a spokesmodel for Wella Balsam shampoo . Career . Early career . Smiths first acting venture outside the Angels mold was the CBS-TV movie of the week Escape from Bogen County in 1977 . Then came a leading role in Joyce Habers The Users with Tony Curtis and John Forsythe in 1978 . In 1980 , Smith starred with Robert Mitchum in the suspense thriller Nightkill . Following the cancellation of Charlies Angels in 1981 , Smith starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed television movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , earning her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . In 1983 , Smith starred as Jennifer Parker in the TV movie Rage of Angels , based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon . The film was the highest rated in the Nielsen ratings the week it aired . Smith reprised the role in the 1986 sequel , Rage of Angels : The Story Continues . Charlies Angels . On March 21 , 1976 , Smith first played Kelly Garrett in Charlies Angels ; the show was aired as a movie of the week , starring Smith , Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) as private investigators for Townsend Associates , a detective agency run by a reclusive multi-millionaire whom the women had never met . Voiced by John Forsythe , the Charles Townsend character presented cases and dispensed advice via a speakerphone to his core team of three female employees , to whom he referred as Angels . They were aided in the office and occasionally in the field by two male associates , played by character actors David Doyle and David Ogden Stiers . The program earned a huge Nielsen rating , causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series , with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers . The series formally debuted on September 22 , 1976 , and ran for five seasons . The show would become a big success not only in the U.S . but , in successive years , in syndication around the world , spawning a cottage industry of peripheral products , particularly in the shows first three seasons , including several series of bubble gum cards , two sets of fashion dolls , numerous posters , puzzles , and school supplies , novelizations of episodes , toy vans , and a board game , all featuring Smiths likeness . The Angels also appeared on the covers of magazines around the world , from countless fan magazines to TV Guide ( four times ) to Time magazine . Fawcett departed at the end of the first season , and Cheryl Ladd was a successful addition to the cast , remaining until the end of the series . Jackson departed at the end of the third season , and proved harder to replace , as first Shelley Hack and then Tanya Roberts were brought in to try re-igniting the chemistry , media attention and ratings success enjoyed by the earlier teams . Smith played her role for all five seasons of Charlies Angels until 1981 , also portraying the Garrett character in a cameo in the 2003 feature film and later in the 2019 film Charlies Angels . Christina Chambers portrayed Smith in the 2004 television film . In 1977 on the first episode of the Aaron Spelling produced comedy , The San Pedro Beach Bums , the Bums try to recruit the women of Charlies Angels to judge the Miss Harbor Beauty Contest . The Angels – Smith , Jackson and Ladd – guest-star as themselves . After Charlies Angels . Smith continued to appear in a number of television movies and miniseries during the 1980s and 1990s including George Washington , The Night They Saved Christmas ( both 1984 ) , Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) , Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) – another TV film based on a Sidney Sheldon novel – The Bourne Identity ( also 1988 ) ; adapted from author Robert Ludlums novel of the same name ; Settle the Score ( 1989 ) , Lies Before Kisses , The Rape of Dr . Willis ( both 1991 ) , In the Arms of a Killer ( 1992 ) , and several TV versions of Danielle Steel novels , including Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Family Album ( 1994 ) . In 1985 , Smith starred in the feature film Deja Vu , directed by her then-husband Tony Richmond . In 1989 , she played the title role in Christine Cromwell , a mystery television series based in San Francisco , but which only lasted one season . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . From 2002 to 2004 , Smith had a recurring role as Vanessa Cavanaugh in the TV series The District . She reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for a cameo in the 2003 feature film , the only angel from the original series to appear in a film adaptation . In August 2006 , Smith reunited with her angels co-stars Farrah Fawcett and Kate Jackson at the 58th Primetime Emmy awards in tribute to producer Aaron Spelling who died earlier that year . Her appearance there subsequently led Bravo TVs producers to cast Smith as the celebrity host of Bravos weekly competitive reality series Shear Genius , which began airing in March 2007 . Smith hosted the show for its first two seasons . In March 2010 , Smith returned to acting after a five-year absence with a guest role on the NBC television drama . In March 2012 , Smith guest-starred on as Olivia Hodges , the mother of David Hodges ( played by Wallace Langham ) . In January 2019 , Smith was seen promoting the Charlies Angels television series on the MeTV network . She reprised her role as Kelly for a cameo appearance in the 2019 feature film Charlies Angels , Smiths second cameo in the film franchise . Designing . In 1985 , Smith entered the business world with the introduction of her collection of womens apparel for Kmart . She pioneered the concept of celebrities developing their own brands rather than merely endorsing others . A season 15 episode of The Simpsons ( The Fat and the Furriest ) lampooned Smiths many business successes , portraying her as having her own line of axe heads . In May 2009 , Smith allowed a documentary crew to profile her home life , design philosophy and relationship with Kmart in an online video series sponsored by Kmart . Her foray into home furnishings was extended to Kmart stores in the fall of 2008 , with the chains introduction of its Jaclyn Smith Today product line of bedding and bath accessories . In September 2008 , Smith launched the STYLE by Jaclyn Smith wig collection for Paula Young Wigs . The wigs are designed by hair stylist José Eber . Personal life . Smith has been married four times . Her first marriage was to actor Roger Davis ( 1968–1975 ) . She married Dennis Cole , an actor who appeared on Charlies Angels in 1977 and 1978 . Cole appeared on the show two more times before the couple divorced in 1981 . Coles son from a previous marriage , Joe Cole , with whom Smith had maintained a relationship after her divorce from his father , was murdered in 1991 during a robbery ; the case remains unsolved . In 1981 , Smith married filmmaker Tony Richmond , with whom she had two children , Gaston ( born 1982 ) and Spencer Margaret ( born 1985 ) , before divorcing Richmond in 1989 . Smith has been married to Houston cardiothoracic surgeon Brad Allen since 1997 . Smith was treated for breast cancer in 2003 . In 2010 , Smith was featured in 1 a Minute , a documentary about breast cancer . Tributes . - A number of style editorialists and magazine polls have attested to Smiths popularity and declared her one of the most beautiful women in the world . The difficult-to-please Mr . Blackwell once named her The Worlds Best Dressed Woman . In 1979 , McCalls ran a poll of Whose Face Most Women Would Like To Have ; Smith topped the list . - In the April 1984 issue of People , Smith was voted as having one of the Ten Great Faces of Our Time . - In 1985 , McCalls named Smith as having one of Americas 10 Best Bodies . People named Smith twice in its annual list of the Most Beautiful People in the World . Also in 1985 , Ladies Home Journal sampled 2,000 men and women in 100 different locations in the United States to determine Americas Favorite Women ; Smith came top of the list as the Most Beautiful Woman in America , with actress Linda Evans coming in second . - In 1991 , TV Guide readers voted Smith as the Most Beautiful Woman Not on Television . - The French band Air was inspired by Smiths Charlies Angels character Kelly Garrett to record the song Kelly Watch the Stars for their critically acclaimed 1998 album Moon Safari , and the track was released as a single . External links . - Jaclyn Smith Feature in Energy Times Issue July/August 2009
|
[
"Roger Davis"
] |
[
{
"text": "Jacquelyn Ellen Jaclyn Smith ( born October 26 , 1945 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlies Angels ( 1976–1981 ) , and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run . She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films ( 2003 ) and Charlies Angels ( 2019 ) . Her other films include Nightkill ( 1980 ) and Déjà Vu ( 1985 ) . Beginning in the 1980s , she began developing and marketing",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "her own brands of clothing and perfume .",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "Smith began her career in 1969 in television commercials . In 1976 , she was cast in Charlies Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . The show propelled all three to stardom , including an appearance on the front cover of Time magazine . She was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film for the title role in the TV film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ( 1981 ) , and went on to star in numerous TV films and miniseries over the next 20 years",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": ", including Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) , George Washington ( 1984 ) , The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) , Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Nightmare in the Daylight ( 1992 ) . She had a recurring role from 2002 to 2004 in the drama series The District and appeared as Olivia Hodges in two episodes of in 2012 .",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "Jacquelyn Ellen Smith was born in Houston , Texas , the daughter of Margaret Ellen ( née Hartsfield ) and Jack Smith ( born Jacob Kupferschmidt ) , a dentist . Her father was of Russian Jewish descent , and her mother had English , Scottish , Irish , and Welsh heritage . She graduated from Mirabeau B . Lamar High School in 1964 . She majored in psychology and drama at Trinity University ( Texas ) in San Antonio but completed only a year . Instead , she moved to New York and joined the Balanchine School of American",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Ballet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Smiths career aspirations shifted to modeling and acting as she found work in television commercials and print ads , including one for Listerine mouthwash . She was reportedly offered the role of Victoria Winters on the ABC daytime series Dark Shadows in 1968 but turned it down . She landed a job as a Breck girl for Breck Shampoo in 1971 , and a few years later joined the model/actress Farrah Fawcett as a spokesmodel for Wella Balsam shampoo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Smiths first acting venture outside the Angels mold was the CBS-TV movie of the week Escape from Bogen County in 1977 . Then came a leading role in Joyce Habers The Users with Tony Curtis and John Forsythe in 1978 . In 1980 , Smith starred with Robert Mitchum in the suspense thriller Nightkill . Following the cancellation of Charlies Angels in 1981 , Smith starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed television movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , earning her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . In 1983 , Smith starred as Jennifer Parker in the",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "TV movie Rage of Angels , based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon . The film was the highest rated in the Nielsen ratings the week it aired . Smith reprised the role in the 1986 sequel , Rage of Angels : The Story Continues .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On March 21 , 1976 , Smith first played Kelly Garrett in Charlies Angels ; the show was aired as a movie of the week , starring Smith , Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) as private investigators for Townsend Associates , a detective agency run by a reclusive multi-millionaire whom the women had never met . Voiced by John Forsythe , the Charles Townsend character presented cases and dispensed advice via a speakerphone to his core team of three female employees , to whom he referred as Angels . They were aided in the",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "office and occasionally in the field by two male associates , played by character actors David Doyle and David Ogden Stiers . The program earned a huge Nielsen rating , causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series , with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers . The series formally debuted on September 22 , 1976 , and ran for five seasons . The show would become a big success not only in the U.S . but , in successive years , in syndication around the world , spawning",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "a cottage industry of peripheral products , particularly in the shows first three seasons , including several series of bubble gum cards , two sets of fashion dolls , numerous posters , puzzles , and school supplies , novelizations of episodes , toy vans , and a board game , all featuring Smiths likeness . The Angels also appeared on the covers of magazines around the world , from countless fan magazines to TV Guide ( four times ) to Time magazine .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "Fawcett departed at the end of the first season , and Cheryl Ladd was a successful addition to the cast , remaining until the end of the series . Jackson departed at the end of the third season , and proved harder to replace , as first Shelley Hack and then Tanya Roberts were brought in to try re-igniting the chemistry , media attention and ratings success enjoyed by the earlier teams . Smith played her role for all five seasons of Charlies Angels until 1981 , also portraying the Garrett character in a cameo in the 2003 feature film",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "and later in the 2019 film Charlies Angels . Christina Chambers portrayed Smith in the 2004 television film .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In 1977 on the first episode of the Aaron Spelling produced comedy , The San Pedro Beach Bums , the Bums try to recruit the women of Charlies Angels to judge the Miss Harbor Beauty Contest . The Angels – Smith , Jackson and Ladd – guest-star as themselves .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "Smith continued to appear in a number of television movies and miniseries during the 1980s and 1990s including George Washington , The Night They Saved Christmas ( both 1984 ) , Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) , Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) – another TV film based on a Sidney Sheldon novel – The Bourne Identity ( also 1988 ) ; adapted from author Robert Ludlums novel of the same name ; Settle the Score ( 1989 ) , Lies Before Kisses , The Rape of Dr . Willis ( both 1991 ) , In the Arms of",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "a Killer ( 1992 ) , and several TV versions of Danielle Steel novels , including Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Family Album ( 1994 ) .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In 1985 , Smith starred in the feature film Deja Vu , directed by her then-husband Tony Richmond . In 1989 , she played the title role in Christine Cromwell , a mystery television series based in San Francisco , but which only lasted one season . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "From 2002 to 2004 , Smith had a recurring role as Vanessa Cavanaugh in the TV series The District . She reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for a cameo in the 2003 feature film , the only angel from the original series to appear in a film adaptation . In August 2006 , Smith reunited with her angels co-stars Farrah Fawcett and Kate Jackson at the 58th Primetime Emmy awards in tribute to producer Aaron Spelling who died earlier that year . Her appearance there subsequently led Bravo TVs producers to cast Smith as the celebrity host of Bravos",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "weekly competitive reality series Shear Genius , which began airing in March 2007 . Smith hosted the show for its first two seasons .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In March 2010 , Smith returned to acting after a five-year absence with a guest role on the NBC television drama . In March 2012 , Smith guest-starred on as Olivia Hodges , the mother of David Hodges ( played by Wallace Langham ) . In January 2019 , Smith was seen promoting the Charlies Angels television series on the MeTV network . She reprised her role as Kelly for a cameo appearance in the 2019 feature film Charlies Angels , Smiths second cameo in the film franchise .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , Smith entered the business world with the introduction of her collection of womens apparel for Kmart . She pioneered the concept of celebrities developing their own brands rather than merely endorsing others . A season 15 episode of The Simpsons ( The Fat and the Furriest ) lampooned Smiths many business successes , portraying her as having her own line of axe heads . In May 2009 , Smith allowed a documentary crew to profile her home life , design philosophy and relationship with Kmart in an online video series sponsored by Kmart . Her foray into",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": "home furnishings was extended to Kmart stores in the fall of 2008 , with the chains introduction of its Jaclyn Smith Today product line of bedding and bath accessories .",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": " In September 2008 , Smith launched the STYLE by Jaclyn Smith wig collection for Paula Young Wigs . The wigs are designed by hair stylist José Eber .",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": "Smith has been married four times . Her first marriage was to actor Roger Davis ( 1968–1975 ) . She married Dennis Cole , an actor who appeared on Charlies Angels in 1977 and 1978 . Cole appeared on the show two more times before the couple divorced in 1981 . Coles son from a previous marriage , Joe Cole , with whom Smith had maintained a relationship after her divorce from his father , was murdered in 1991 during a robbery ; the case remains unsolved . In 1981 , Smith married filmmaker Tony Richmond , with whom she",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "had two children , Gaston ( born 1982 ) and Spencer Margaret ( born 1985 ) , before divorcing Richmond in 1989 . Smith has been married to Houston cardiothoracic surgeon Brad Allen since 1997 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Smith was treated for breast cancer in 2003 . In 2010 , Smith was featured in 1 a Minute , a documentary about breast cancer .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - A number of style editorialists and magazine polls have attested to Smiths popularity and declared her one of the most beautiful women in the world . The difficult-to-please Mr . Blackwell once named her The Worlds Best Dressed Woman . In 1979 , McCalls ran a poll of Whose Face Most Women Would Like To Have ; Smith topped the list . - In the April 1984 issue of People , Smith was voted as having one of the Ten Great Faces of Our Time .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": "- In 1985 , McCalls named Smith as having one of Americas 10 Best Bodies . People named Smith twice in its annual list of the Most Beautiful People in the World . Also in 1985 , Ladies Home Journal sampled 2,000 men and women in 100 different locations in the United States to determine Americas Favorite Women ; Smith came top of the list as the Most Beautiful Woman in America , with actress Linda Evans coming in second .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": " - In 1991 , TV Guide readers voted Smith as the Most Beautiful Woman Not on Television . - The French band Air was inspired by Smiths Charlies Angels character Kelly Garrett to record the song Kelly Watch the Stars for their critically acclaimed 1998 album Moon Safari , and the track was released as a single .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": " - Jaclyn Smith Feature in Energy Times Issue July/August 2009",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jaclyn_Smith#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Jaclyn Smith between Mar 1980 and Aug 1980?
|
Jaclyn Smith Jacquelyn Ellen Jaclyn Smith ( born October 26 , 1945 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlies Angels ( 1976–1981 ) , and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run . She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films ( 2003 ) and Charlies Angels ( 2019 ) . Her other films include Nightkill ( 1980 ) and Déjà Vu ( 1985 ) . Beginning in the 1980s , she began developing and marketing her own brands of clothing and perfume . Smith began her career in 1969 in television commercials . In 1976 , she was cast in Charlies Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . The show propelled all three to stardom , including an appearance on the front cover of Time magazine . She was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film for the title role in the TV film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ( 1981 ) , and went on to star in numerous TV films and miniseries over the next 20 years , including Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) , George Washington ( 1984 ) , The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) , Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Nightmare in the Daylight ( 1992 ) . She had a recurring role from 2002 to 2004 in the drama series The District and appeared as Olivia Hodges in two episodes of in 2012 . Early life . Jacquelyn Ellen Smith was born in Houston , Texas , the daughter of Margaret Ellen ( née Hartsfield ) and Jack Smith ( born Jacob Kupferschmidt ) , a dentist . Her father was of Russian Jewish descent , and her mother had English , Scottish , Irish , and Welsh heritage . She graduated from Mirabeau B . Lamar High School in 1964 . She majored in psychology and drama at Trinity University ( Texas ) in San Antonio but completed only a year . Instead , she moved to New York and joined the Balanchine School of American Ballet . Smiths career aspirations shifted to modeling and acting as she found work in television commercials and print ads , including one for Listerine mouthwash . She was reportedly offered the role of Victoria Winters on the ABC daytime series Dark Shadows in 1968 but turned it down . She landed a job as a Breck girl for Breck Shampoo in 1971 , and a few years later joined the model/actress Farrah Fawcett as a spokesmodel for Wella Balsam shampoo . Career . Early career . Smiths first acting venture outside the Angels mold was the CBS-TV movie of the week Escape from Bogen County in 1977 . Then came a leading role in Joyce Habers The Users with Tony Curtis and John Forsythe in 1978 . In 1980 , Smith starred with Robert Mitchum in the suspense thriller Nightkill . Following the cancellation of Charlies Angels in 1981 , Smith starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed television movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , earning her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . In 1983 , Smith starred as Jennifer Parker in the TV movie Rage of Angels , based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon . The film was the highest rated in the Nielsen ratings the week it aired . Smith reprised the role in the 1986 sequel , Rage of Angels : The Story Continues . Charlies Angels . On March 21 , 1976 , Smith first played Kelly Garrett in Charlies Angels ; the show was aired as a movie of the week , starring Smith , Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) as private investigators for Townsend Associates , a detective agency run by a reclusive multi-millionaire whom the women had never met . Voiced by John Forsythe , the Charles Townsend character presented cases and dispensed advice via a speakerphone to his core team of three female employees , to whom he referred as Angels . They were aided in the office and occasionally in the field by two male associates , played by character actors David Doyle and David Ogden Stiers . The program earned a huge Nielsen rating , causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series , with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers . The series formally debuted on September 22 , 1976 , and ran for five seasons . The show would become a big success not only in the U.S . but , in successive years , in syndication around the world , spawning a cottage industry of peripheral products , particularly in the shows first three seasons , including several series of bubble gum cards , two sets of fashion dolls , numerous posters , puzzles , and school supplies , novelizations of episodes , toy vans , and a board game , all featuring Smiths likeness . The Angels also appeared on the covers of magazines around the world , from countless fan magazines to TV Guide ( four times ) to Time magazine . Fawcett departed at the end of the first season , and Cheryl Ladd was a successful addition to the cast , remaining until the end of the series . Jackson departed at the end of the third season , and proved harder to replace , as first Shelley Hack and then Tanya Roberts were brought in to try re-igniting the chemistry , media attention and ratings success enjoyed by the earlier teams . Smith played her role for all five seasons of Charlies Angels until 1981 , also portraying the Garrett character in a cameo in the 2003 feature film and later in the 2019 film Charlies Angels . Christina Chambers portrayed Smith in the 2004 television film . In 1977 on the first episode of the Aaron Spelling produced comedy , The San Pedro Beach Bums , the Bums try to recruit the women of Charlies Angels to judge the Miss Harbor Beauty Contest . The Angels – Smith , Jackson and Ladd – guest-star as themselves . After Charlies Angels . Smith continued to appear in a number of television movies and miniseries during the 1980s and 1990s including George Washington , The Night They Saved Christmas ( both 1984 ) , Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) , Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) – another TV film based on a Sidney Sheldon novel – The Bourne Identity ( also 1988 ) ; adapted from author Robert Ludlums novel of the same name ; Settle the Score ( 1989 ) , Lies Before Kisses , The Rape of Dr . Willis ( both 1991 ) , In the Arms of a Killer ( 1992 ) , and several TV versions of Danielle Steel novels , including Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Family Album ( 1994 ) . In 1985 , Smith starred in the feature film Deja Vu , directed by her then-husband Tony Richmond . In 1989 , she played the title role in Christine Cromwell , a mystery television series based in San Francisco , but which only lasted one season . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . From 2002 to 2004 , Smith had a recurring role as Vanessa Cavanaugh in the TV series The District . She reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for a cameo in the 2003 feature film , the only angel from the original series to appear in a film adaptation . In August 2006 , Smith reunited with her angels co-stars Farrah Fawcett and Kate Jackson at the 58th Primetime Emmy awards in tribute to producer Aaron Spelling who died earlier that year . Her appearance there subsequently led Bravo TVs producers to cast Smith as the celebrity host of Bravos weekly competitive reality series Shear Genius , which began airing in March 2007 . Smith hosted the show for its first two seasons . In March 2010 , Smith returned to acting after a five-year absence with a guest role on the NBC television drama . In March 2012 , Smith guest-starred on as Olivia Hodges , the mother of David Hodges ( played by Wallace Langham ) . In January 2019 , Smith was seen promoting the Charlies Angels television series on the MeTV network . She reprised her role as Kelly for a cameo appearance in the 2019 feature film Charlies Angels , Smiths second cameo in the film franchise . Designing . In 1985 , Smith entered the business world with the introduction of her collection of womens apparel for Kmart . She pioneered the concept of celebrities developing their own brands rather than merely endorsing others . A season 15 episode of The Simpsons ( The Fat and the Furriest ) lampooned Smiths many business successes , portraying her as having her own line of axe heads . In May 2009 , Smith allowed a documentary crew to profile her home life , design philosophy and relationship with Kmart in an online video series sponsored by Kmart . Her foray into home furnishings was extended to Kmart stores in the fall of 2008 , with the chains introduction of its Jaclyn Smith Today product line of bedding and bath accessories . In September 2008 , Smith launched the STYLE by Jaclyn Smith wig collection for Paula Young Wigs . The wigs are designed by hair stylist José Eber . Personal life . Smith has been married four times . Her first marriage was to actor Roger Davis ( 1968–1975 ) . She married Dennis Cole , an actor who appeared on Charlies Angels in 1977 and 1978 . Cole appeared on the show two more times before the couple divorced in 1981 . Coles son from a previous marriage , Joe Cole , with whom Smith had maintained a relationship after her divorce from his father , was murdered in 1991 during a robbery ; the case remains unsolved . In 1981 , Smith married filmmaker Tony Richmond , with whom she had two children , Gaston ( born 1982 ) and Spencer Margaret ( born 1985 ) , before divorcing Richmond in 1989 . Smith has been married to Houston cardiothoracic surgeon Brad Allen since 1997 . Smith was treated for breast cancer in 2003 . In 2010 , Smith was featured in 1 a Minute , a documentary about breast cancer . Tributes . - A number of style editorialists and magazine polls have attested to Smiths popularity and declared her one of the most beautiful women in the world . The difficult-to-please Mr . Blackwell once named her The Worlds Best Dressed Woman . In 1979 , McCalls ran a poll of Whose Face Most Women Would Like To Have ; Smith topped the list . - In the April 1984 issue of People , Smith was voted as having one of the Ten Great Faces of Our Time . - In 1985 , McCalls named Smith as having one of Americas 10 Best Bodies . People named Smith twice in its annual list of the Most Beautiful People in the World . Also in 1985 , Ladies Home Journal sampled 2,000 men and women in 100 different locations in the United States to determine Americas Favorite Women ; Smith came top of the list as the Most Beautiful Woman in America , with actress Linda Evans coming in second . - In 1991 , TV Guide readers voted Smith as the Most Beautiful Woman Not on Television . - The French band Air was inspired by Smiths Charlies Angels character Kelly Garrett to record the song Kelly Watch the Stars for their critically acclaimed 1998 album Moon Safari , and the track was released as a single . External links . - Jaclyn Smith Feature in Energy Times Issue July/August 2009
|
[
"Dennis Cole"
] |
[
{
"text": "Jacquelyn Ellen Jaclyn Smith ( born October 26 , 1945 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlies Angels ( 1976–1981 ) , and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run . She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films ( 2003 ) and Charlies Angels ( 2019 ) . Her other films include Nightkill ( 1980 ) and Déjà Vu ( 1985 ) . Beginning in the 1980s , she began developing and marketing",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "her own brands of clothing and perfume .",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "Smith began her career in 1969 in television commercials . In 1976 , she was cast in Charlies Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . The show propelled all three to stardom , including an appearance on the front cover of Time magazine . She was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film for the title role in the TV film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ( 1981 ) , and went on to star in numerous TV films and miniseries over the next 20 years",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": ", including Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) , George Washington ( 1984 ) , The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) , Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Nightmare in the Daylight ( 1992 ) . She had a recurring role from 2002 to 2004 in the drama series The District and appeared as Olivia Hodges in two episodes of in 2012 .",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "Jacquelyn Ellen Smith was born in Houston , Texas , the daughter of Margaret Ellen ( née Hartsfield ) and Jack Smith ( born Jacob Kupferschmidt ) , a dentist . Her father was of Russian Jewish descent , and her mother had English , Scottish , Irish , and Welsh heritage . She graduated from Mirabeau B . Lamar High School in 1964 . She majored in psychology and drama at Trinity University ( Texas ) in San Antonio but completed only a year . Instead , she moved to New York and joined the Balanchine School of American",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Ballet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Smiths career aspirations shifted to modeling and acting as she found work in television commercials and print ads , including one for Listerine mouthwash . She was reportedly offered the role of Victoria Winters on the ABC daytime series Dark Shadows in 1968 but turned it down . She landed a job as a Breck girl for Breck Shampoo in 1971 , and a few years later joined the model/actress Farrah Fawcett as a spokesmodel for Wella Balsam shampoo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Smiths first acting venture outside the Angels mold was the CBS-TV movie of the week Escape from Bogen County in 1977 . Then came a leading role in Joyce Habers The Users with Tony Curtis and John Forsythe in 1978 . In 1980 , Smith starred with Robert Mitchum in the suspense thriller Nightkill . Following the cancellation of Charlies Angels in 1981 , Smith starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed television movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , earning her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . In 1983 , Smith starred as Jennifer Parker in the",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "TV movie Rage of Angels , based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon . The film was the highest rated in the Nielsen ratings the week it aired . Smith reprised the role in the 1986 sequel , Rage of Angels : The Story Continues .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On March 21 , 1976 , Smith first played Kelly Garrett in Charlies Angels ; the show was aired as a movie of the week , starring Smith , Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) as private investigators for Townsend Associates , a detective agency run by a reclusive multi-millionaire whom the women had never met . Voiced by John Forsythe , the Charles Townsend character presented cases and dispensed advice via a speakerphone to his core team of three female employees , to whom he referred as Angels . They were aided in the",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "office and occasionally in the field by two male associates , played by character actors David Doyle and David Ogden Stiers . The program earned a huge Nielsen rating , causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series , with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers . The series formally debuted on September 22 , 1976 , and ran for five seasons . The show would become a big success not only in the U.S . but , in successive years , in syndication around the world , spawning",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "a cottage industry of peripheral products , particularly in the shows first three seasons , including several series of bubble gum cards , two sets of fashion dolls , numerous posters , puzzles , and school supplies , novelizations of episodes , toy vans , and a board game , all featuring Smiths likeness . The Angels also appeared on the covers of magazines around the world , from countless fan magazines to TV Guide ( four times ) to Time magazine .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "Fawcett departed at the end of the first season , and Cheryl Ladd was a successful addition to the cast , remaining until the end of the series . Jackson departed at the end of the third season , and proved harder to replace , as first Shelley Hack and then Tanya Roberts were brought in to try re-igniting the chemistry , media attention and ratings success enjoyed by the earlier teams . Smith played her role for all five seasons of Charlies Angels until 1981 , also portraying the Garrett character in a cameo in the 2003 feature film",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "and later in the 2019 film Charlies Angels . Christina Chambers portrayed Smith in the 2004 television film .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In 1977 on the first episode of the Aaron Spelling produced comedy , The San Pedro Beach Bums , the Bums try to recruit the women of Charlies Angels to judge the Miss Harbor Beauty Contest . The Angels – Smith , Jackson and Ladd – guest-star as themselves .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "Smith continued to appear in a number of television movies and miniseries during the 1980s and 1990s including George Washington , The Night They Saved Christmas ( both 1984 ) , Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) , Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) – another TV film based on a Sidney Sheldon novel – The Bourne Identity ( also 1988 ) ; adapted from author Robert Ludlums novel of the same name ; Settle the Score ( 1989 ) , Lies Before Kisses , The Rape of Dr . Willis ( both 1991 ) , In the Arms of",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "a Killer ( 1992 ) , and several TV versions of Danielle Steel novels , including Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Family Album ( 1994 ) .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In 1985 , Smith starred in the feature film Deja Vu , directed by her then-husband Tony Richmond . In 1989 , she played the title role in Christine Cromwell , a mystery television series based in San Francisco , but which only lasted one season . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "From 2002 to 2004 , Smith had a recurring role as Vanessa Cavanaugh in the TV series The District . She reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for a cameo in the 2003 feature film , the only angel from the original series to appear in a film adaptation . In August 2006 , Smith reunited with her angels co-stars Farrah Fawcett and Kate Jackson at the 58th Primetime Emmy awards in tribute to producer Aaron Spelling who died earlier that year . Her appearance there subsequently led Bravo TVs producers to cast Smith as the celebrity host of Bravos",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "weekly competitive reality series Shear Genius , which began airing in March 2007 . Smith hosted the show for its first two seasons .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In March 2010 , Smith returned to acting after a five-year absence with a guest role on the NBC television drama . In March 2012 , Smith guest-starred on as Olivia Hodges , the mother of David Hodges ( played by Wallace Langham ) . In January 2019 , Smith was seen promoting the Charlies Angels television series on the MeTV network . She reprised her role as Kelly for a cameo appearance in the 2019 feature film Charlies Angels , Smiths second cameo in the film franchise .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , Smith entered the business world with the introduction of her collection of womens apparel for Kmart . She pioneered the concept of celebrities developing their own brands rather than merely endorsing others . A season 15 episode of The Simpsons ( The Fat and the Furriest ) lampooned Smiths many business successes , portraying her as having her own line of axe heads . In May 2009 , Smith allowed a documentary crew to profile her home life , design philosophy and relationship with Kmart in an online video series sponsored by Kmart . Her foray into",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": "home furnishings was extended to Kmart stores in the fall of 2008 , with the chains introduction of its Jaclyn Smith Today product line of bedding and bath accessories .",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": " In September 2008 , Smith launched the STYLE by Jaclyn Smith wig collection for Paula Young Wigs . The wigs are designed by hair stylist José Eber .",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": "Smith has been married four times . Her first marriage was to actor Roger Davis ( 1968–1975 ) . She married Dennis Cole , an actor who appeared on Charlies Angels in 1977 and 1978 . Cole appeared on the show two more times before the couple divorced in 1981 . Coles son from a previous marriage , Joe Cole , with whom Smith had maintained a relationship after her divorce from his father , was murdered in 1991 during a robbery ; the case remains unsolved . In 1981 , Smith married filmmaker Tony Richmond , with whom she",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "had two children , Gaston ( born 1982 ) and Spencer Margaret ( born 1985 ) , before divorcing Richmond in 1989 . Smith has been married to Houston cardiothoracic surgeon Brad Allen since 1997 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Smith was treated for breast cancer in 2003 . In 2010 , Smith was featured in 1 a Minute , a documentary about breast cancer .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - A number of style editorialists and magazine polls have attested to Smiths popularity and declared her one of the most beautiful women in the world . The difficult-to-please Mr . Blackwell once named her The Worlds Best Dressed Woman . In 1979 , McCalls ran a poll of Whose Face Most Women Would Like To Have ; Smith topped the list . - In the April 1984 issue of People , Smith was voted as having one of the Ten Great Faces of Our Time .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": "- In 1985 , McCalls named Smith as having one of Americas 10 Best Bodies . People named Smith twice in its annual list of the Most Beautiful People in the World . Also in 1985 , Ladies Home Journal sampled 2,000 men and women in 100 different locations in the United States to determine Americas Favorite Women ; Smith came top of the list as the Most Beautiful Woman in America , with actress Linda Evans coming in second .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": " - In 1991 , TV Guide readers voted Smith as the Most Beautiful Woman Not on Television . - The French band Air was inspired by Smiths Charlies Angels character Kelly Garrett to record the song Kelly Watch the Stars for their critically acclaimed 1998 album Moon Safari , and the track was released as a single .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": " - Jaclyn Smith Feature in Energy Times Issue July/August 2009",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jaclyn_Smith#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Jaclyn Smith after Dec 1982?
|
Jaclyn Smith Jacquelyn Ellen Jaclyn Smith ( born October 26 , 1945 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlies Angels ( 1976–1981 ) , and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run . She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films ( 2003 ) and Charlies Angels ( 2019 ) . Her other films include Nightkill ( 1980 ) and Déjà Vu ( 1985 ) . Beginning in the 1980s , she began developing and marketing her own brands of clothing and perfume . Smith began her career in 1969 in television commercials . In 1976 , she was cast in Charlies Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . The show propelled all three to stardom , including an appearance on the front cover of Time magazine . She was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film for the title role in the TV film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ( 1981 ) , and went on to star in numerous TV films and miniseries over the next 20 years , including Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) , George Washington ( 1984 ) , The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) , Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Nightmare in the Daylight ( 1992 ) . She had a recurring role from 2002 to 2004 in the drama series The District and appeared as Olivia Hodges in two episodes of in 2012 . Early life . Jacquelyn Ellen Smith was born in Houston , Texas , the daughter of Margaret Ellen ( née Hartsfield ) and Jack Smith ( born Jacob Kupferschmidt ) , a dentist . Her father was of Russian Jewish descent , and her mother had English , Scottish , Irish , and Welsh heritage . She graduated from Mirabeau B . Lamar High School in 1964 . She majored in psychology and drama at Trinity University ( Texas ) in San Antonio but completed only a year . Instead , she moved to New York and joined the Balanchine School of American Ballet . Smiths career aspirations shifted to modeling and acting as she found work in television commercials and print ads , including one for Listerine mouthwash . She was reportedly offered the role of Victoria Winters on the ABC daytime series Dark Shadows in 1968 but turned it down . She landed a job as a Breck girl for Breck Shampoo in 1971 , and a few years later joined the model/actress Farrah Fawcett as a spokesmodel for Wella Balsam shampoo . Career . Early career . Smiths first acting venture outside the Angels mold was the CBS-TV movie of the week Escape from Bogen County in 1977 . Then came a leading role in Joyce Habers The Users with Tony Curtis and John Forsythe in 1978 . In 1980 , Smith starred with Robert Mitchum in the suspense thriller Nightkill . Following the cancellation of Charlies Angels in 1981 , Smith starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed television movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , earning her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . In 1983 , Smith starred as Jennifer Parker in the TV movie Rage of Angels , based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon . The film was the highest rated in the Nielsen ratings the week it aired . Smith reprised the role in the 1986 sequel , Rage of Angels : The Story Continues . Charlies Angels . On March 21 , 1976 , Smith first played Kelly Garrett in Charlies Angels ; the show was aired as a movie of the week , starring Smith , Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) as private investigators for Townsend Associates , a detective agency run by a reclusive multi-millionaire whom the women had never met . Voiced by John Forsythe , the Charles Townsend character presented cases and dispensed advice via a speakerphone to his core team of three female employees , to whom he referred as Angels . They were aided in the office and occasionally in the field by two male associates , played by character actors David Doyle and David Ogden Stiers . The program earned a huge Nielsen rating , causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series , with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers . The series formally debuted on September 22 , 1976 , and ran for five seasons . The show would become a big success not only in the U.S . but , in successive years , in syndication around the world , spawning a cottage industry of peripheral products , particularly in the shows first three seasons , including several series of bubble gum cards , two sets of fashion dolls , numerous posters , puzzles , and school supplies , novelizations of episodes , toy vans , and a board game , all featuring Smiths likeness . The Angels also appeared on the covers of magazines around the world , from countless fan magazines to TV Guide ( four times ) to Time magazine . Fawcett departed at the end of the first season , and Cheryl Ladd was a successful addition to the cast , remaining until the end of the series . Jackson departed at the end of the third season , and proved harder to replace , as first Shelley Hack and then Tanya Roberts were brought in to try re-igniting the chemistry , media attention and ratings success enjoyed by the earlier teams . Smith played her role for all five seasons of Charlies Angels until 1981 , also portraying the Garrett character in a cameo in the 2003 feature film and later in the 2019 film Charlies Angels . Christina Chambers portrayed Smith in the 2004 television film . In 1977 on the first episode of the Aaron Spelling produced comedy , The San Pedro Beach Bums , the Bums try to recruit the women of Charlies Angels to judge the Miss Harbor Beauty Contest . The Angels – Smith , Jackson and Ladd – guest-star as themselves . After Charlies Angels . Smith continued to appear in a number of television movies and miniseries during the 1980s and 1990s including George Washington , The Night They Saved Christmas ( both 1984 ) , Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) , Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) – another TV film based on a Sidney Sheldon novel – The Bourne Identity ( also 1988 ) ; adapted from author Robert Ludlums novel of the same name ; Settle the Score ( 1989 ) , Lies Before Kisses , The Rape of Dr . Willis ( both 1991 ) , In the Arms of a Killer ( 1992 ) , and several TV versions of Danielle Steel novels , including Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Family Album ( 1994 ) . In 1985 , Smith starred in the feature film Deja Vu , directed by her then-husband Tony Richmond . In 1989 , she played the title role in Christine Cromwell , a mystery television series based in San Francisco , but which only lasted one season . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . From 2002 to 2004 , Smith had a recurring role as Vanessa Cavanaugh in the TV series The District . She reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for a cameo in the 2003 feature film , the only angel from the original series to appear in a film adaptation . In August 2006 , Smith reunited with her angels co-stars Farrah Fawcett and Kate Jackson at the 58th Primetime Emmy awards in tribute to producer Aaron Spelling who died earlier that year . Her appearance there subsequently led Bravo TVs producers to cast Smith as the celebrity host of Bravos weekly competitive reality series Shear Genius , which began airing in March 2007 . Smith hosted the show for its first two seasons . In March 2010 , Smith returned to acting after a five-year absence with a guest role on the NBC television drama . In March 2012 , Smith guest-starred on as Olivia Hodges , the mother of David Hodges ( played by Wallace Langham ) . In January 2019 , Smith was seen promoting the Charlies Angels television series on the MeTV network . She reprised her role as Kelly for a cameo appearance in the 2019 feature film Charlies Angels , Smiths second cameo in the film franchise . Designing . In 1985 , Smith entered the business world with the introduction of her collection of womens apparel for Kmart . She pioneered the concept of celebrities developing their own brands rather than merely endorsing others . A season 15 episode of The Simpsons ( The Fat and the Furriest ) lampooned Smiths many business successes , portraying her as having her own line of axe heads . In May 2009 , Smith allowed a documentary crew to profile her home life , design philosophy and relationship with Kmart in an online video series sponsored by Kmart . Her foray into home furnishings was extended to Kmart stores in the fall of 2008 , with the chains introduction of its Jaclyn Smith Today product line of bedding and bath accessories . In September 2008 , Smith launched the STYLE by Jaclyn Smith wig collection for Paula Young Wigs . The wigs are designed by hair stylist José Eber . Personal life . Smith has been married four times . Her first marriage was to actor Roger Davis ( 1968–1975 ) . She married Dennis Cole , an actor who appeared on Charlies Angels in 1977 and 1978 . Cole appeared on the show two more times before the couple divorced in 1981 . Coles son from a previous marriage , Joe Cole , with whom Smith had maintained a relationship after her divorce from his father , was murdered in 1991 during a robbery ; the case remains unsolved . In 1981 , Smith married filmmaker Tony Richmond , with whom she had two children , Gaston ( born 1982 ) and Spencer Margaret ( born 1985 ) , before divorcing Richmond in 1989 . Smith has been married to Houston cardiothoracic surgeon Brad Allen since 1997 . Smith was treated for breast cancer in 2003 . In 2010 , Smith was featured in 1 a Minute , a documentary about breast cancer . Tributes . - A number of style editorialists and magazine polls have attested to Smiths popularity and declared her one of the most beautiful women in the world . The difficult-to-please Mr . Blackwell once named her The Worlds Best Dressed Woman . In 1979 , McCalls ran a poll of Whose Face Most Women Would Like To Have ; Smith topped the list . - In the April 1984 issue of People , Smith was voted as having one of the Ten Great Faces of Our Time . - In 1985 , McCalls named Smith as having one of Americas 10 Best Bodies . People named Smith twice in its annual list of the Most Beautiful People in the World . Also in 1985 , Ladies Home Journal sampled 2,000 men and women in 100 different locations in the United States to determine Americas Favorite Women ; Smith came top of the list as the Most Beautiful Woman in America , with actress Linda Evans coming in second . - In 1991 , TV Guide readers voted Smith as the Most Beautiful Woman Not on Television . - The French band Air was inspired by Smiths Charlies Angels character Kelly Garrett to record the song Kelly Watch the Stars for their critically acclaimed 1998 album Moon Safari , and the track was released as a single . External links . - Jaclyn Smith Feature in Energy Times Issue July/August 2009
|
[
"Tony Richmond"
] |
[
{
"text": "Jacquelyn Ellen Jaclyn Smith ( born October 26 , 1945 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlies Angels ( 1976–1981 ) , and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run . She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films ( 2003 ) and Charlies Angels ( 2019 ) . Her other films include Nightkill ( 1980 ) and Déjà Vu ( 1985 ) . Beginning in the 1980s , she began developing and marketing",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "her own brands of clothing and perfume .",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "Smith began her career in 1969 in television commercials . In 1976 , she was cast in Charlies Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . The show propelled all three to stardom , including an appearance on the front cover of Time magazine . She was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film for the title role in the TV film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ( 1981 ) , and went on to star in numerous TV films and miniseries over the next 20 years",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": ", including Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) , George Washington ( 1984 ) , The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) , Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Nightmare in the Daylight ( 1992 ) . She had a recurring role from 2002 to 2004 in the drama series The District and appeared as Olivia Hodges in two episodes of in 2012 .",
"title": "Jaclyn Smith"
},
{
"text": "Jacquelyn Ellen Smith was born in Houston , Texas , the daughter of Margaret Ellen ( née Hartsfield ) and Jack Smith ( born Jacob Kupferschmidt ) , a dentist . Her father was of Russian Jewish descent , and her mother had English , Scottish , Irish , and Welsh heritage . She graduated from Mirabeau B . Lamar High School in 1964 . She majored in psychology and drama at Trinity University ( Texas ) in San Antonio but completed only a year . Instead , she moved to New York and joined the Balanchine School of American",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Ballet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Smiths career aspirations shifted to modeling and acting as she found work in television commercials and print ads , including one for Listerine mouthwash . She was reportedly offered the role of Victoria Winters on the ABC daytime series Dark Shadows in 1968 but turned it down . She landed a job as a Breck girl for Breck Shampoo in 1971 , and a few years later joined the model/actress Farrah Fawcett as a spokesmodel for Wella Balsam shampoo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Smiths first acting venture outside the Angels mold was the CBS-TV movie of the week Escape from Bogen County in 1977 . Then came a leading role in Joyce Habers The Users with Tony Curtis and John Forsythe in 1978 . In 1980 , Smith starred with Robert Mitchum in the suspense thriller Nightkill . Following the cancellation of Charlies Angels in 1981 , Smith starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed television movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy , earning her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . In 1983 , Smith starred as Jennifer Parker in the",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "TV movie Rage of Angels , based on the novel by Sidney Sheldon . The film was the highest rated in the Nielsen ratings the week it aired . Smith reprised the role in the 1986 sequel , Rage of Angels : The Story Continues .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "On March 21 , 1976 , Smith first played Kelly Garrett in Charlies Angels ; the show was aired as a movie of the week , starring Smith , Kate Jackson and Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) as private investigators for Townsend Associates , a detective agency run by a reclusive multi-millionaire whom the women had never met . Voiced by John Forsythe , the Charles Townsend character presented cases and dispensed advice via a speakerphone to his core team of three female employees , to whom he referred as Angels . They were aided in the",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "office and occasionally in the field by two male associates , played by character actors David Doyle and David Ogden Stiers . The program earned a huge Nielsen rating , causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series , with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers . The series formally debuted on September 22 , 1976 , and ran for five seasons . The show would become a big success not only in the U.S . but , in successive years , in syndication around the world , spawning",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "a cottage industry of peripheral products , particularly in the shows first three seasons , including several series of bubble gum cards , two sets of fashion dolls , numerous posters , puzzles , and school supplies , novelizations of episodes , toy vans , and a board game , all featuring Smiths likeness . The Angels also appeared on the covers of magazines around the world , from countless fan magazines to TV Guide ( four times ) to Time magazine .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "Fawcett departed at the end of the first season , and Cheryl Ladd was a successful addition to the cast , remaining until the end of the series . Jackson departed at the end of the third season , and proved harder to replace , as first Shelley Hack and then Tanya Roberts were brought in to try re-igniting the chemistry , media attention and ratings success enjoyed by the earlier teams . Smith played her role for all five seasons of Charlies Angels until 1981 , also portraying the Garrett character in a cameo in the 2003 feature film",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "and later in the 2019 film Charlies Angels . Christina Chambers portrayed Smith in the 2004 television film .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In 1977 on the first episode of the Aaron Spelling produced comedy , The San Pedro Beach Bums , the Bums try to recruit the women of Charlies Angels to judge the Miss Harbor Beauty Contest . The Angels – Smith , Jackson and Ladd – guest-star as themselves .",
"title": "Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "Smith continued to appear in a number of television movies and miniseries during the 1980s and 1990s including George Washington , The Night They Saved Christmas ( both 1984 ) , Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) , Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) – another TV film based on a Sidney Sheldon novel – The Bourne Identity ( also 1988 ) ; adapted from author Robert Ludlums novel of the same name ; Settle the Score ( 1989 ) , Lies Before Kisses , The Rape of Dr . Willis ( both 1991 ) , In the Arms of",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "a Killer ( 1992 ) , and several TV versions of Danielle Steel novels , including Kaleidoscope ( 1990 ) and Family Album ( 1994 ) .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In 1985 , Smith starred in the feature film Deja Vu , directed by her then-husband Tony Richmond . In 1989 , she played the title role in Christine Cromwell , a mystery television series based in San Francisco , but which only lasted one season . That same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "From 2002 to 2004 , Smith had a recurring role as Vanessa Cavanaugh in the TV series The District . She reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for a cameo in the 2003 feature film , the only angel from the original series to appear in a film adaptation . In August 2006 , Smith reunited with her angels co-stars Farrah Fawcett and Kate Jackson at the 58th Primetime Emmy awards in tribute to producer Aaron Spelling who died earlier that year . Her appearance there subsequently led Bravo TVs producers to cast Smith as the celebrity host of Bravos",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "weekly competitive reality series Shear Genius , which began airing in March 2007 . Smith hosted the show for its first two seasons .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": " In March 2010 , Smith returned to acting after a five-year absence with a guest role on the NBC television drama . In March 2012 , Smith guest-starred on as Olivia Hodges , the mother of David Hodges ( played by Wallace Langham ) . In January 2019 , Smith was seen promoting the Charlies Angels television series on the MeTV network . She reprised her role as Kelly for a cameo appearance in the 2019 feature film Charlies Angels , Smiths second cameo in the film franchise .",
"title": "After Charlies Angels"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , Smith entered the business world with the introduction of her collection of womens apparel for Kmart . She pioneered the concept of celebrities developing their own brands rather than merely endorsing others . A season 15 episode of The Simpsons ( The Fat and the Furriest ) lampooned Smiths many business successes , portraying her as having her own line of axe heads . In May 2009 , Smith allowed a documentary crew to profile her home life , design philosophy and relationship with Kmart in an online video series sponsored by Kmart . Her foray into",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": "home furnishings was extended to Kmart stores in the fall of 2008 , with the chains introduction of its Jaclyn Smith Today product line of bedding and bath accessories .",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": " In September 2008 , Smith launched the STYLE by Jaclyn Smith wig collection for Paula Young Wigs . The wigs are designed by hair stylist José Eber .",
"title": "Designing"
},
{
"text": "Smith has been married four times . Her first marriage was to actor Roger Davis ( 1968–1975 ) . She married Dennis Cole , an actor who appeared on Charlies Angels in 1977 and 1978 . Cole appeared on the show two more times before the couple divorced in 1981 . Coles son from a previous marriage , Joe Cole , with whom Smith had maintained a relationship after her divorce from his father , was murdered in 1991 during a robbery ; the case remains unsolved . In 1981 , Smith married filmmaker Tony Richmond , with whom she",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "had two children , Gaston ( born 1982 ) and Spencer Margaret ( born 1985 ) , before divorcing Richmond in 1989 . Smith has been married to Houston cardiothoracic surgeon Brad Allen since 1997 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Smith was treated for breast cancer in 2003 . In 2010 , Smith was featured in 1 a Minute , a documentary about breast cancer .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - A number of style editorialists and magazine polls have attested to Smiths popularity and declared her one of the most beautiful women in the world . The difficult-to-please Mr . Blackwell once named her The Worlds Best Dressed Woman . In 1979 , McCalls ran a poll of Whose Face Most Women Would Like To Have ; Smith topped the list . - In the April 1984 issue of People , Smith was voted as having one of the Ten Great Faces of Our Time .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": "- In 1985 , McCalls named Smith as having one of Americas 10 Best Bodies . People named Smith twice in its annual list of the Most Beautiful People in the World . Also in 1985 , Ladies Home Journal sampled 2,000 men and women in 100 different locations in the United States to determine Americas Favorite Women ; Smith came top of the list as the Most Beautiful Woman in America , with actress Linda Evans coming in second .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": " - In 1991 , TV Guide readers voted Smith as the Most Beautiful Woman Not on Television . - The French band Air was inspired by Smiths Charlies Angels character Kelly Garrett to record the song Kelly Watch the Stars for their critically acclaimed 1998 album Moon Safari , and the track was released as a single .",
"title": "Tributes"
},
{
"text": " - Jaclyn Smith Feature in Energy Times Issue July/August 2009",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stevan_Jovetić#P54#0
|
Which team did Stevan Jovetić play for between Jan 2006 and Oct 2006?
|
Stevan Jovetić Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio . Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year . Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer . Club career . Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan . Partizan . On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac . He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola Ninković . Fiorentina . On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 . He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March . During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season . Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A . On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . Manchester City . On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup . On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa . On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club . Internazionale . In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese . The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 . For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances . Loan to Sevilla . On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions . AS Monaco . On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO . International career . Serbia and Montenegro . Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage . Montenegro . Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland . On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova . Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Style of play . A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club . Personal life . Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City . His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child . He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian . Honours . Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2007–08 - Serbian Cup : 2007–08 Manchester City - Premier League : 2013–14 - Football League Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Montenegrin Footballer of the Year : 2009 , 2015 External links . - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv
|
[
"FK Partizan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "Ninković .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": " On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Athletic in the League Cup .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": " For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage .",
"title": "Serbia and Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stevan_Jovetić#P54#1
|
Which team did Stevan Jovetić play for between May 2007 and Aug 2007?
|
Stevan Jovetić Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio . Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year . Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer . Club career . Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan . Partizan . On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac . He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola Ninković . Fiorentina . On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 . He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March . During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season . Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A . On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . Manchester City . On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup . On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa . On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club . Internazionale . In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese . The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 . For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances . Loan to Sevilla . On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions . AS Monaco . On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO . International career . Serbia and Montenegro . Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage . Montenegro . Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland . On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova . Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Style of play . A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club . Personal life . Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City . His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child . He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian . Honours . Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2007–08 - Serbian Cup : 2007–08 Manchester City - Premier League : 2013–14 - Football League Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Montenegrin Footballer of the Year : 2009 , 2015 External links . - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv
|
[
"Montenegro U-21 team",
"Montenegrin international"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "Ninković .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": " On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Athletic in the League Cup .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": " For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage .",
"title": "Serbia and Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stevan_Jovetić#P54#2
|
Which team did Stevan Jovetić play for in Apr 2008?
|
Stevan Jovetić Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio . Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year . Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer . Club career . Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan . Partizan . On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac . He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola Ninković . Fiorentina . On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 . He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March . During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season . Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A . On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . Manchester City . On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup . On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa . On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club . Internazionale . In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese . The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 . For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances . Loan to Sevilla . On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions . AS Monaco . On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO . International career . Serbia and Montenegro . Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage . Montenegro . Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland . On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova . Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Style of play . A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club . Personal life . Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City . His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child . He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian . Honours . Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2007–08 - Serbian Cup : 2007–08 Manchester City - Premier League : 2013–14 - Football League Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Montenegrin Footballer of the Year : 2009 , 2015 External links . - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv
|
[
"Montenegrin international"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "Ninković .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": " On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Athletic in the League Cup .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": " For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage .",
"title": "Serbia and Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stevan_Jovetić#P54#3
|
Which team did Stevan Jovetić play for in 2010?
|
Stevan Jovetić Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio . Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year . Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer . Club career . Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan . Partizan . On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac . He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola Ninković . Fiorentina . On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 . He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March . During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season . Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A . On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . Manchester City . On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup . On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa . On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club . Internazionale . In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese . The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 . For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances . Loan to Sevilla . On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions . AS Monaco . On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO . International career . Serbia and Montenegro . Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage . Montenegro . Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland . On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova . Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Style of play . A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club . Personal life . Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City . His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child . He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian . Honours . Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2007–08 - Serbian Cup : 2007–08 Manchester City - Premier League : 2013–14 - Football League Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Montenegrin Footballer of the Year : 2009 , 2015 External links . - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv
|
[
"Fiorentina"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "Ninković .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": " On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Athletic in the League Cup .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": " For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage .",
"title": "Serbia and Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stevan_Jovetić#P54#4
|
Which team did Stevan Jovetić play for in Nov 2011?
|
Stevan Jovetić Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio . Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year . Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer . Club career . Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan . Partizan . On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac . He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola Ninković . Fiorentina . On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 . He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March . During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season . Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A . On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . Manchester City . On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup . On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa . On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club . Internazionale . In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese . The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 . For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances . Loan to Sevilla . On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions . AS Monaco . On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO . International career . Serbia and Montenegro . Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage . Montenegro . Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland . On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova . Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Style of play . A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club . Personal life . Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City . His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child . He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian . Honours . Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2007–08 - Serbian Cup : 2007–08 Manchester City - Premier League : 2013–14 - Football League Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Montenegrin Footballer of the Year : 2009 , 2015 External links . - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv
|
[
"Montenegrin international"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "Ninković .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": " On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Athletic in the League Cup .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": " For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage .",
"title": "Serbia and Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stevan_Jovetić#P54#5
|
Which team did Stevan Jovetić play for between Jan 2014 and Sep 2014?
|
Stevan Jovetić Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio . Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year . Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer . Club career . Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan . Partizan . On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac . He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola Ninković . Fiorentina . On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 . He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March . During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season . Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A . On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi . Manchester City . On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup . On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa . On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club . Internazionale . In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese . The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 . For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances . Loan to Sevilla . On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions . AS Monaco . On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO . International career . Serbia and Montenegro . Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage . Montenegro . Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland . On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova . Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Style of play . A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club . Personal life . Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City . His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child . He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian . Honours . Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga : 2007–08 - Serbian Cup : 2007–08 Manchester City - Premier League : 2013–14 - Football League Cup : 2013–14 Individual - Montenegrin Footballer of the Year : 2009 , 2015 External links . - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv
|
[
"AS Monaco"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stevan Jovetić ( , ; born 2 November 1989 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Monaco and the Montenegro national team . Jovetićs primary position is a second striker , although he can also operate as an attacking midfielder or a winger . He is known for his dribbling , technical ability , and creativity , and his playing style has led to comparisons with Roberto Baggio .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić began his career with FK Partizan , winning the double of Serbian Superliga and Serbian Cup in 2008 , then joined ACF Fiorentina for an approximate €10.8 million . In five seasons at the Italian club , he scored 40 times in 134 matches , prompting an approximate €26.7 million transfer to Manchester City . In his first season in England , he won the League Cup and the Premier League . He subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan in 2015 , and also had a loan spell in Spain with Sevilla in 2017 , before",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": "joining Ligue 1 club Monaco later that year .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić is a Montenegro international , having previously represented his team at under-21 level . He made his senior international debut in 2007 , in Montenegros first international football match as an independent country . With 31 goals , he is the countrys all-time top goalscorer .",
"title": "Stevan Jovetić"
},
{
"text": " Jovetic made his first football steps at Mladost Podgorica . He played for them until 2004 when he joined FK Partizan .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 2006 , at the age of 16 , Jovetić made his senior debut for FK Partizan under head coach Jürgen Röber during a league match against FK Voždovac .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "He scored three goals during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Zrinjski on 2 August 2007 , in a 5–0 victory for Partizan , recording his first career hat-trick at only 17 years old . He became Partizans club captain aged 17 years , 10 months and 21 days in January 2008 , after former captain Antonio Rukavina was sold to German Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund . This made him Partizans youngest captain ever , surpassing Albert Nađ , who became captain at age 19 . Jovetić held the record until 31 October 2012 when he was surpassed by Nikola",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": "Ninković .",
"title": "Partizan"
},
{
"text": " On 10 May 2008 , Serie A club Fiorentina signed him for a fee of approx . €10.8 million . He scored his first goal for La Viola in the league match against Atalanta from the penalty spot on 5 April 2009 .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "He started the 2009–10 season with a goal against Sporting Clube de Portugal in a 1–1 return leg draw at Stadio Artemio Franchi , which gave Fiorentina their entrance into the Champions League group stages . Other decisive goals included goals against Palermo , Sampdoria , and Livorno . On 29 September 2009 , he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League group stage . On 9 March 2010 , Jovetić scored two goals in Fiorentinas 3–2 win over Bayern Munich . The club lost , however , on away goals , and he",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "also scored again against Napoli on 13 March . He scored in a 4–1 win against Udinese on 28 March .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " During pre-season training for the 2010–11 season , he suffered an injury to his cruciate ligament in his right knee which eventually saw him out for the whole season .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Jovetić returned from injury in fine form in the 2011–12 season , scoring a double in a 3–0 win against Parma , his first goals in over a year . On 15 October 2011 , Jovetić signed a contract that would keep him in Florence through 2016 . Following the winter break in the Serie A , Jovetić netted twice as Fiorentina eased to a comfortable 3–0 victory over Novara on 8 January 2012 . A month later , on 5 February , Jovetić earned his side a 3–2 victory against Udinese by converting two penalties ; the win gave",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "Fiorentina back-to-back victories in the Serie A for the first time all season . He failed to find the back of the net after this game for over two months before netting his sides opener and then assisting the winning goal for Amauri as Fiorentina shocked title contenders Milan 2–1 on 7 April . Jovetić netted 14 times in 27 league games for Fiorentina , as the Tuscan side limped to 13th place in Serie A .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": " On 17 February 2013 , both Jovetić and teammate Adem Ljajić netted braces as Fiorentina thrashed Inter 4–1 at the Stadio Artemio Franchi .",
"title": "Fiorentina"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2013 , he signed for Premier League club Manchester City in a deal worth approx . €26.7 million . Upon signing for the club , Jovetić chose to wear number 35 on his shirt , which he also wore while playing for Partizan . He joined former Fiorentina teammate and close friend , Matija Nastasić at the club . He made his debut for Manchester City on 14 September , in a 0–0 draw away against Stoke City . He scored his first goals for the club on 24 September , in a 5–0 win against Wigan",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Athletic in the League Cup .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 29 January 2014 , Jovetić scored his first Premier League goal in a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . On 15 February , he scored his first FA Cup goal in a 2–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round . On 5 April , he scored his second goal in the Premier League in a 4–1 win over Southampton . On 7 May 2014 , he scored his first league goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester Citys 4–0 win over Aston Villa .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2014 , he scored two goals in Manchester Citys 3–1 home win over Liverpool . Upon missing time with injury , in February 2015 , sanctions imposed by UEFA on City resulted in him being dropped from their UEFA Champions League squad and replaced by new signing Wilfried Bony . Jovetić reacted by saying The manager has killed me with this decision and questioned his future at the club .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 summer he returned to Italy , signing for Inter Milan on an 18-month loan , for €2.5 million fee , with a conditional obligation of redemption for €14.5 million , if Inter was ranked 17th or better in December 2016 or making an appearance for Inter in 2016–17 season . In his first 2 appearances , he scored 3 goals , with Inter winning both games . He went through a goal drought , which was broken against Udinese . Jovetić scored a brace against Udinese .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "The conditional obligation to buy Jovetić was activated in July 2016 .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": " For 2016–17 season , he was cut from the squad available for Europa League . De Boer and Pioli gave him 5 appearances .",
"title": "Internazionale"
},
{
"text": "On 10 January 2017 , he signed a loan deal with Spanish team Sevilla until the end of season . He made his debut with the club on 12 January , scoring a goal in a 3–3 draw against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey . He scored once again against Real Madrid three days later , this time in the league , coming on as a late substitute for Franco Vázquez , and securing the three points in stoppage time with the match-winning goal that put Sevilla back in second place in La Liga , and ended Real",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Madrids 40-game-long unbeaten run in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "On 29 August 2017 , Monaco announced the signing of Jovetić on a four-year contract . After the departure of Kylian Mbappé on 31 August , Jovetić was assigned number 10 shirt . In his first season with Monaco he scored 10 goals in 21 matches in all competitions , averaging just above 50 minutes per game . During that season between February 10 and March 16 , 2018 he had a streak of 5 consecutive matches with goals scored , among them the only brace ( two goals in a single game ) of the season against Angers SCO",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "AS Monaco"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was part of the Serbia and Montenegro squad at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . The team was eliminated in the group stage .",
"title": "Serbia and Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić was a founding member of the Montenegro national team which played their first game against Hungary in March 2007 , and was also a regular for the Montenegro U-21 team . Jovetić scored his first international goal against the same team , netting twice in a 3–3 friendly draw with Hungary on 20 August 2008 at the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in Budapest . He scored another brace on 29 February 2012 in his first match as captain when regular skipper Mirko Vučinić began on the bench , a 2–1 friendly home victory over Iceland .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "On 15 October 2013 in a qualifier for the next years World Cup , Jovetić scored his first competitive international brace , with an equalising penalty and an added-time goal at the Podgorica City Stadium , albeit in a 2–5 defeat to Moldova .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": " Jovetić equalised from a penalty on 14 November 2014 to earn Montenegro a 1–1 draw against Sweden in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Montenegro"
},
{
"text": "A quick , strong and versatile player , Jovetić is a well-rounded forward , who is capable of playing anywhere along the front-line , and has been deployed as a main striker , as a winger , in a supporting role , or as an attacking midfielder , due to his ability to link-up with midfielders , and either score or create goals . A creative and technically gifted striker , he is also known for his dribbling skills , mobility , and pace on the ball , as well as his ability to make attacking runs towards goal from",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "deeper positions and strike well with both feet . Despite his talent , his playing time has often been limited by several injuries . His playing style , appearance , and hairstyle led him to be compared to Roberto Baggio during his time at Fiorentina , who had also played for the club .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Age 13 , he moved from his hometown of Podgorica to Belgrade to play for FK Partizans youth team . He stayed in Belgrade for four and a half years , and was then signed by Fiorentina ( May 2008 ) , living in Florence for 5 years until 2013 , when he was signed by Manchester City .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "His nickname in Montenegro is Joveta . Fiorentina supporters gave Jovetić the nickname Jo-Jo . His idols are former Roma forward and fellow Montenegrin international Mirko Vučinić , from whom he took the Montenegro U-21 captains armband at the age of 17 ; and Andriy Shevchenko , who Jovetić emulated as a child .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He is a gamer , playing PlayStation , often with friend and former teammate Matija Nastasić . He has his left arm covered in tattoos ( a full-sleeve ) . He has never consumed alcohol . His favourite team is FK Partizan . Jovetić is an Eastern Orthodox Christian .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Stevan Jovetić profile on violachannel.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Duffey#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Joseph Duffey work for between Nov 1975 and Dec 1975?
|
Joseph Duffey Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system and American University . Early life and education . Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963 and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 . Career . From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time . The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed . Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses . Academics . Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in 1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities . Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years . Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide . Honors . Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death . Personal life . Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 . Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death . Selected works . - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 ) External links . - Profile at SourceWatch
|
[
"American Association of University Professors"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and American University .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": " From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at SourceWatch",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Duffey#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Joseph Duffey work for between Aug 1979 and Apr 1980?
|
Joseph Duffey Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system and American University . Early life and education . Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963 and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 . Career . From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time . The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed . Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses . Academics . Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in 1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities . Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years . Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide . Honors . Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death . Personal life . Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 . Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death . Selected works . - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 ) External links . - Profile at SourceWatch
|
[
"NEH"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and American University .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": " From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at SourceWatch",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Duffey#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Joseph Duffey work for between Jul 1986 and Jun 1987?
|
Joseph Duffey Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system and American University . Early life and education . Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963 and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 . Career . From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time . The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed . Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses . Academics . Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in 1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities . Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years . Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide . Honors . Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death . Personal life . Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 . Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death . Selected works . - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 ) External links . - Profile at SourceWatch
|
[
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and American University .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": " From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at SourceWatch",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Duffey#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Joseph Duffey work for between Jun 1991 and Jun 1992?
|
Joseph Duffey Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system and American University . Early life and education . Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963 and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 . Career . From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time . The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed . Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses . Academics . Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in 1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities . Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years . Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide . Honors . Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death . Personal life . Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 . Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death . Selected works . - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 ) External links . - Profile at SourceWatch
|
[
"American University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and American University .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": " From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at SourceWatch",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joseph_Duffey#P108#4
|
What was the name of the employer Joseph Duffey work for in Apr 1994?
|
Joseph Duffey Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system and American University . Early life and education . Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963 and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 . Career . From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time . The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed . Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses . Academics . Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in 1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities . Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years . Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide . Honors . Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death . Personal life . Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 . Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death . Selected works . - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 ) External links . - Profile at SourceWatch
|
[
"United States Information Agency"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joseph Daniel Duffey ( July 1 , 1932 – February 25 , 2021 ) was an American academic , educator , anti-war activist and political appointee . He was the Democratic Partys candidate in the 1970 U.S . Senate election in Connecticut , losing to Republican Lowell Weicker . He later served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities ; the director of the U.S . Information Agency ; and the president or chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , the University of Massachusetts system",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and American University .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was born in Huntington , West Virginia , on July 1 , 1932 . His father initially worked as a coal miner , but became a barber after losing a leg in an accident . His mother died when he was thirteen . Duffey was the first person in his family to study past grade four . He obtained a bachelors degree from Marshall University in 1954 . He went on to earn a B.D . from Andover Theological School ( now part of Yale Divinity School ) in 1957 , an S.T.M . from Yale University in 1963",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": "and a Ph.D . from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969 .",
"title": "Joseph Duffey"
},
{
"text": " From 1960 to 1970 , Duffey was an assistant professor and then acting dean and associate professor at Hartford Seminary . He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there . 1970 election . Duffey ran for the U.S . Senate in 1970 as a prominent anti-Vietnam War candidate ; he had just turned 35 years old . The campaign became notable because several of Duffeys young supporters went on to prominent careers in Democratic politics , including future president Bill Clinton , a Yale Law School student at the time .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The incumbent in that race , Thomas J . Dodd , was the father of future Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd . Dodd , who had been censured by the Senate for corruption , was not re-nominated by the Democratic Party . Instead , Duffey joined Stamford businessman Alphonsus J . ( Al ) Donahue , State Senate President Edward Marcus , and former congressman Donald J . Irwin in a race to win the party endorsement . Donahue won the Democratic convention , but Duffey went on to win the primary . He finished second in a three-way general election",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "race to Lowell Weicker , with Senator Dodd running as an independent . Some of these events were captured in a documentary , Dissent of the Governed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Anne Wexler ran Duffeys 1970 campaign . They subsequently married in September 1974 , after they had both divorced their respective spouses .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Duffey was a fellow at Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1971 . He went on to serve as an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoun College from 1971 to 1973 . During this time , he worked for the George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign . From 1974 to 1976 , he acted as the chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors . He worked on the Carter–Mondale transition team between 1976 and 1977 , and was Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs in",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "1977 and 1978 . Duffey was unsatisfied in the latter role , and was reportedly unenthusiastic about being nominated to the National Endowment for the Humanities .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was appointed chairman of the NEH in August 1977 , after an impasse that lasted for half a year . He served in that capacity until 1982 , when he became chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The position of president of the entire University of Massachusetts system was added to his responsibilities in 1990 . One year later , he acted as joint head of the American delegation of election observers in Ethiopia . He was named as president of American University in 1991 and served for two years .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": "Duffey became the final director of the United States Information Agency in 1993 . He held the position until June 30 , 1999 , shortly before USIA was incorporated into the State Department on October 1 of that year . He subsequently joined Laureate Education as senior vice president in 1999 . There , he was responsible for education and academic quality and coordinated the development of Laureate International Universities network programs and partnerships worldwide .",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"text": " Duffey was conferred 14 honorary degrees from American colleges and universities . He was named Commander of the Order of the Crown by the King of Belgium in 1980 . Thirteen years later , he was granted an honorary Doctor of Letters by Ritsumeikan University in Japan . He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1979 until his death .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Duffey married his first wife , Patricia Fortney , in 1952 , when he was 19 years old . They had met at a Baptist church youth convention . Together , they had two children : David ( who predeceased him in 2019 ) and Michael . They divorced after the Senate election in 1970 . His second wife , Anne Wexler ( 1930–2009 ) , was a political advisor and lobbyist . She also had two sons from her previous marriage . She died of cancer on August 7 , 2009 at age 79 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Duffey died on February 25 , 2021 , at a retirement community in Washington , D.C . He was 88 , and was ill in the time leading up to his death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Remarks on the Humanities ( 1977 ) - The American Century and Its Discontents , Chapter Four of At the End of the American Century ( 1998 ) - Foreword , The Pakistan Cauldron by James P . Farwell ( 2011 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at SourceWatch",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_–_Air_Forces_Africa#P1448#0
|
What was the official name of United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa before Sep 1942?
|
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders . USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated . The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned . Origins . The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London . Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force . On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel . USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) . A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling . In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 . By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group . In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 . European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy . Known EATS facilities were : - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War . An uneasy peace . Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized . In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land . Rotation of strategic bombers through Europe . Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946 , six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath . The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed . The Berlin Airlift . The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II . In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city . USAF mobilization . After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 . On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over 900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe . To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value . In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel . Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham . Soviet reaction . After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result . The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade . The 1950s . Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from 16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States . The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel . Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 . On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 . From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On 1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings . In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s . By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain . On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa . The 1960s . 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 . When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany . Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 . The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany . The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory . The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain . The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty . However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin . Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years . French withdrawal from NATOs military structure . On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France went virtually unreported in the US . During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary . During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft . Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War . USAFE in Spain . Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid . The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base . After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands . As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters . In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany , where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina . During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean . USAFE in Turkey . The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East . In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various locations . In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 . The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s . Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe . In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots . This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours . These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year . However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft . SS-20s pointing at Europe . By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s . NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia . The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles stationed in Europe was 128 . Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all . The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy . Post–Cold War era . USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe . All U.S . and NATO allies military forces experienced a series of changes over the next five years . USAFE shrunk from over 850 aircraft and 72,000 personnel scattered among 27 bases in 1990 to approximately 240 aircraft , 33,000 personnel , and six flying bases by the end of 1996 . In July 1994 , with President Clinton in attendance , the British , French , and American air and land forces in Berlin were inactivated in a ceremony on the Four Ring Parade field at Tempelhof Central Airport . Iraq and Kuwait in the 1990s . With the onset of Operations Desert Shield in August 1990 and Desert Storm in January 1991 , more than 180 aircraft and 5,400 personnel assigned to USAFE units deployed to the Persian Gulf area . In conjunction , more than 100 additional aircraft and 2,600 personnel deployed to Turkey for Joint Task Force Proven Force , forming the 7440th Composite Wing ( Provisional ) . A total of 60,000 USAFE personnel were committed to the war effort ; however , fewer than 10,000 actually deployed . More than half of the commands aircraft deployed to support Desert Storm . The commands air support was lethal . For example , USAFE accounted for only 20 percent of the air-to-air assets in Desert Storm , but claimed half of the air-to-air kills . More than 85,000 tons of munitions , including more than 35,000 bombs and 7,800 missiles , were built up in theatre . These were used in countless strike , interdiction and close air support missions . USAFE activated aeromedical staging facilities and contingency hospitals , increasing available bed space 1,500 percent above normal peacetime operations . More than 9,000 patients , mostly suffering from noncombat-related illnesses and injuries , were evacuated to Europe . More than 3,000 were treated at USAFE medical facilities . Almost 7,600 patients were later air evacuated to the Continental United States for follow-on treatment . After Desert Storm ended , Kurdish rebels and Iraqi forces continued fighting in northern Iraq . The Kurds began a mass exodus toward Turkey and later Iran . A multi-national effort , including U.S . forces , was slowly established to save lives during Operation Provide Comfort ( OPC ) and this was mainly done by establishing the Iraqi no-fly zones starting above the 36th parallel in Iraq . The operation immediately began air dropping food and supplies to the refugees . More than 2,400 USAFE personnel were deployed , along with 36 fighter aircraft to provide protection for the transports . In a relatively new role , USAFE used A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft to spot and mark the pockets of Kurds needing humanitarian relief . As Operation Provide Comfort drew to a close , Kurdish leaders asked for continued protection from the Iraqi Army . Operation Provide Comfort II ( OPC II ) picked up where the first operation left off , building a multinational rapidly deployable air and ground forces in Turkey ready to defend the Kurds . Operation Northern Watch ( ONW ) commenced on 1 January 1997 as the successor to Operation Provide Comfort . It was run by a Combined Task Force ( CTF ) charged with enforcing a no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq , with the United States , United Kingdom , and Turkey providing approximately 45 aircraft and more than 1,400 personnel . In addition to USAF airmen , the joint U.S . forces of some 1,100 U.S . personnel , included sailors , soldiers , and Marines , as well as sorties from every air arm of the U.S . armed forces . The USAF portion of ONW was primarily a USAFE operation , since all USAF assets participating operated out of Europe . The USAF portion of the mission was partially flown by rotational aircraft and units from Air Combat Command , Air Mobility Command , Pacific Air Forces , Air Force Special Operations Command , and Air Force Reserve Command , and Air National Guard units operationally-gained by them . The original mandate from the Turkish government allowed the operation to continue for six months . Turkey subsequently approved two 6-month extensions , but indicated that it would not become a permanent mission . For the first year of the mission , northern Iraq was quiet , with no combat between Coalition aircraft and Iraqi forces . From December 1998 to March 1999 , U.S . and coalition aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns . These aircraft responded by bombing Iraqi air-defense sites which fired on them , utilizing laser-guided bombs as well as AGM-88 HARM missiles and AGM-130 long range air-to-surface missiles . Coalition aircraft flew patrols on an average of 18 days per month , and were usually fired upon . The most common threat was from anti-aircraft guns . Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft , no warplanes were ever shot down . During the first months of 1999 , Coalition activity over northern Iraq was temporarily halted as aircraft were moved to Italy to take part in Operation Allied Force . Low level conflict over Northern Iraq continued up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq , although the number of incidents declined dramatically after 1999 . The final ONW combat air patrol occurred on 17 March 2003 from Incirlik Air Base . Six weeks later , the operation concluded with an official stand down on 1 May 2003 . A grand total of 36,000 sorties were flown during Operation Northern Watch , and 40,000 personnel had been deployed at some point during the operation . USAFE also sent aircraft and personnel to help man Operation Southern Watch , operating from Saudi Arabia under Central Command Air Forces . Balkans operations . USAFE also provided air protection over the skies of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Operation Deny Flight . Along with allies from NATO countries , U.S . aircrews bombed targets in Bosnia-Herzegovina during Operation Deliberate Force , which paved the way for the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement . USAFE then helped deploy the Implementation Force ( I-FOR ) and its equipment to Bosnia for Operation Joint Endeavor and sustained them by airlift . USAFE forces again mobilized in March 1999 , when NATO intervened in Kosovo to halt a Yugoslav counter-insurgency targeting the Kosovo Liberation Army . USAFE forces provided air-support for Albanian fighters on the ground . Albanian refugees appeared after the beginning of hostilities . Efforts to find a diplomatic solution collapsed , resulting in Operation Allied Force–the NATO-led air war over Kosovo . The 78-day operation ended 20 June culminating in the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the eventual return of refugees . USAFEs 3rd Air Force led Joint Task Force Shining Hope , established to assist the hundreds of thousands of refugees who left Kosovo because of war . USAFE continues to contribute to NATO-led forces promoting peace and stability in Kosovo . Afghanistan and Iraq . During the War in Afghanistan , USAFE has supported an air bridge from Europe to Asia that delivered 3,300 tons of humanitarian daily rations to northern Afghanistan , opened the Manus base in Kyrgyzstan , and established a medical evacuation network that moved nearly 4,000 patients . USAFE deployed 24 fighter aircraft , eight KC-135 Stratotankers and nearly 2,400 people in Operation Iraqi Freedom . It opened an important airfield in northern Iraq and provided critical en route support to deploying forces , not to mention vital logistical and medical support to forward-deployed forces . USAFE subsequently supported and Operation Inherent Resolve . Today , USAFE airmen are engaged in a wide range of active U.S . military efforts in Europe and Africa , including realistic U.S . and NATO exercises and operations in Afghanistan , Iraq , and Somalia . On 20 April 2012 , USAFAF was merged with USAFE to become United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . The merger was a result of Seventeenth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base inactivating in April 2012 as part of an Air Force cost savings effort . USAFE assumed the former staff functions of 17th Air Force , while the 3d Air Force and its 603rd Air and Space Operations Center assumed responsibility for U.S . military air operations in Africa ( except for Egypt ) , with the 603 AOC absorbing the former 617th Air Operations Center . Operating units in 2015 . Third Air Force ( 3 AF ) , headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , is USAFEs sole numbered air force , operating alongside Headquarters USAFE . Its mission is ensuring the combat readiness of assigned USAFE units , formulation of plans for combat operations and non-combat humanitarian operations in the USAFE and AFAFRICA areas of responsibility , and conducting day-to-day operations for both European and Africa Commands . As of January 2015 , the command has seven main operating bases along with 114 geographically separated locations . These are : United Kingdom Italy Portugal Germany Turkey Djibouti Tenant Flying Squadrons : The United States Air Forces in Europe Band with its approximately 48 members is located on Ramstein Air Base , Germany . In addition to its own units , the command is routinely augmented by rotational aircraft and personnel from Air Combat Command ( ACC ) , Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) , Air Force Special Operations Command ( AFSOC ) and Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) units in the United States , as well as Air Force Reserve Command ( AFRC ) and Air National Guard ( ANG ) units . Air Forces Africa comprises at least three air expeditionary groups . The 449th Air Expeditionary Group at Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti flies a multitude of missions for Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa ( CJTF-HOA ) . It consists of the 75th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron ( C-130 ) , HC-130Ps from the 81st Expeditionary Rescue Squadron , and pararescuemen from the 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron . Aircraft and personnel for the 81 ERQS and 82 ERQS are rotated from rescue wings in the United States . The 60th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron flew UAVs from Djibouti from after 2010 until it was inactivated in 2015 . 404 AEG is located at Ramstein AB , Germany . It was most recently reactivated in October 2008 . Since that activation , the 404 AEG has been heavily involved in contingency operations on the African continent . The 404 AEG sent aircraft to Rwanda in January 2009 to move Rwandan Army equipment destined for the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur , and in July 2009 deployed to Ghana to provide aerial port and aircraft maintenance teams , along with forward communications , early warning and air domain safety and security elements ahead of a visit by President Barack Obama . The 409th Air Expeditionary Group ( 409 AEG ) carries out surveillance and reconnaissance missions across the entire Africa Command area of responsibility , from multiple locations . It is equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles . Previously , probably during the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom , it operated from Bourgas , Bulgaria . Lineage , Assignments , Components . - Redesignated : from United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe to United States Air Forces in Europe on 7 August 1945 Assignments . - European Theater of Operations United States Army , c . 18 June 1942 - European Command , 15 March 1947 - United States Air Force , 26 September 1947–present Stations . - Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France , 26 September 1944 - Wiesbaden AB , Germany ( Later West Germany ) , 28 September 1945 - 15 August 1953 - Lindsey AB ( later , Lindsey AS ) , West Germany , 15 August 1953 - 14 March 1973 - Ramstein AB , West Germany ( now Germany ) , 14 March 1973 – present Components . Commands - IX Air Service Command ( later European Air Materiel Command ) : c . 15 August 1945 – 10 November 1947 - IX Air Defense Command ( 1945–46 ) - European Aviation Engineer ( Provisional ) : 22 December 1945 – 20 November 1946 - Headquarters , Command , USAFE ( Provisional ) : 12 October 1946 – 1 July 1948 - 8th Interceptor ( later , 8th Fighter ; VIII Fighter ) : 1 February 1942 – 22 February 1944 ; 16 July 1945 – 20 March 1946 - 8th Air Force Base Command ( later , 8th Air Force Service Command ; VIII Air Force Service Command ; Air Service Command , USSTAF : Air Technical Service Command in Europe ) : c . 9 June 1942 – 30 September 1945 - XII Tactical Air : 15 November 1945 – 10 November 1947 Task Forces - Airlift ( Provisional ) : 29 July-4 November 1948 - 1st Airlift : 14 October 1948 – 1 October 1949 - VIII Air Force Base ( later , Base ) : 18 October 1943 – 1 March 1944 ; 30 September 1945 – 25 May 1946 Air Forces - Third Air Force ( later redesignated Third Air Force ( Air Forces Europe ) ) : 1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005 ; 1 December 2006–present - Ninth Air Force : June 1944 – 2 December 1945 - Twelfth Air Force - Fifteenth Air Force : 22 February 1944 – 15 September 1945 - Sixteenth Air Force : 15 April 1966 – 30 April 2008 - Seventeenth Air Force : 23 April 1953 – 30 September 1996 ; 1 October 2008 – 20 April 2012 Air Divisions - 2d Air Division : 1 June 1949 – 20 January 1951 ; 15 April 1955 – 1 April 1962 - 3d Air Division : 23 August 1948 – 2 January 1949 ; 21 January-1 May 1951 ; 25 October 1953 – 1 March 1954 . 40 : c . 31 October 1945 – 20 December 1946 - 42d Air Division : 26 July-13 October 1945 - 65th Air Division : 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965 - 86th Air Division : 1 July 1948 – 10 October 1949 ; 1 January 1958 – 15 November 1959 ; 1 July-1 September 1963 ; 20 May 1965 – 5 October 1968 . - 302d Air Division : 18 July-c . 8 December 1945 - 306th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 1 April 1960 - 322d Air Division : 1 March-1 April 1954 - 7217th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 9 September 1970 - 7499th Air Division : 29 July-5 September 1948 ( Berlin Airlift Force ) Services - European Air Transport Service : 4 September 1945 – 20 December 1947 Groups - 366th Fighter Group ( only component of 71st Fighter Wing , IX Air Defense Command , which was active after redesignation to USAFE . IX ADC was assigned to USAFE 2 December 1945 – 1 February 1946 ) . Assigned to XII TAC 4 July 1945 – 20 August 1946 , whereupon inactivated at AAF Station Fritzlar , Germany , and aircraft , personnel and equipment formed 27th Fighter Group . - others
|
[
"8th Air Force"
] |
[
{
"text": "The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": " USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": ". USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "Known EATS facilities were :",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": ", six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": " The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "went virtually unreported in the US .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": ", where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "locations .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "stationed in Europe was 128 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe .",
"title": "Post–Cold War era"
}
] |
/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_–_Air_Forces_Africa#P1448#1
|
What was the official name of United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa between Aug 1943 and Jan 1944?
|
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders . USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated . The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned . Origins . The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London . Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force . On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel . USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) . A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling . In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 . By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group . In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 . European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy . Known EATS facilities were : - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War . An uneasy peace . Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized . In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land . Rotation of strategic bombers through Europe . Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946 , six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath . The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed . The Berlin Airlift . The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II . In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city . USAF mobilization . After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 . On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over 900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe . To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value . In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel . Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham . Soviet reaction . After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result . The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade . The 1950s . Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from 16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States . The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel . Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 . On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 . From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On 1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings . In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s . By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain . On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa . The 1960s . 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 . When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany . Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 . The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany . The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory . The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain . The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty . However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin . Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years . French withdrawal from NATOs military structure . On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France went virtually unreported in the US . During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary . During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft . Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War . USAFE in Spain . Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid . The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base . After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands . As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters . In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany , where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina . During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean . USAFE in Turkey . The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East . In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various locations . In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 . The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s . Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe . In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots . This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours . These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year . However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft . SS-20s pointing at Europe . By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s . NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia . The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles stationed in Europe was 128 . Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all . The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy . Post–Cold War era . USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe . All U.S . and NATO allies military forces experienced a series of changes over the next five years . USAFE shrunk from over 850 aircraft and 72,000 personnel scattered among 27 bases in 1990 to approximately 240 aircraft , 33,000 personnel , and six flying bases by the end of 1996 . In July 1994 , with President Clinton in attendance , the British , French , and American air and land forces in Berlin were inactivated in a ceremony on the Four Ring Parade field at Tempelhof Central Airport . Iraq and Kuwait in the 1990s . With the onset of Operations Desert Shield in August 1990 and Desert Storm in January 1991 , more than 180 aircraft and 5,400 personnel assigned to USAFE units deployed to the Persian Gulf area . In conjunction , more than 100 additional aircraft and 2,600 personnel deployed to Turkey for Joint Task Force Proven Force , forming the 7440th Composite Wing ( Provisional ) . A total of 60,000 USAFE personnel were committed to the war effort ; however , fewer than 10,000 actually deployed . More than half of the commands aircraft deployed to support Desert Storm . The commands air support was lethal . For example , USAFE accounted for only 20 percent of the air-to-air assets in Desert Storm , but claimed half of the air-to-air kills . More than 85,000 tons of munitions , including more than 35,000 bombs and 7,800 missiles , were built up in theatre . These were used in countless strike , interdiction and close air support missions . USAFE activated aeromedical staging facilities and contingency hospitals , increasing available bed space 1,500 percent above normal peacetime operations . More than 9,000 patients , mostly suffering from noncombat-related illnesses and injuries , were evacuated to Europe . More than 3,000 were treated at USAFE medical facilities . Almost 7,600 patients were later air evacuated to the Continental United States for follow-on treatment . After Desert Storm ended , Kurdish rebels and Iraqi forces continued fighting in northern Iraq . The Kurds began a mass exodus toward Turkey and later Iran . A multi-national effort , including U.S . forces , was slowly established to save lives during Operation Provide Comfort ( OPC ) and this was mainly done by establishing the Iraqi no-fly zones starting above the 36th parallel in Iraq . The operation immediately began air dropping food and supplies to the refugees . More than 2,400 USAFE personnel were deployed , along with 36 fighter aircraft to provide protection for the transports . In a relatively new role , USAFE used A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft to spot and mark the pockets of Kurds needing humanitarian relief . As Operation Provide Comfort drew to a close , Kurdish leaders asked for continued protection from the Iraqi Army . Operation Provide Comfort II ( OPC II ) picked up where the first operation left off , building a multinational rapidly deployable air and ground forces in Turkey ready to defend the Kurds . Operation Northern Watch ( ONW ) commenced on 1 January 1997 as the successor to Operation Provide Comfort . It was run by a Combined Task Force ( CTF ) charged with enforcing a no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq , with the United States , United Kingdom , and Turkey providing approximately 45 aircraft and more than 1,400 personnel . In addition to USAF airmen , the joint U.S . forces of some 1,100 U.S . personnel , included sailors , soldiers , and Marines , as well as sorties from every air arm of the U.S . armed forces . The USAF portion of ONW was primarily a USAFE operation , since all USAF assets participating operated out of Europe . The USAF portion of the mission was partially flown by rotational aircraft and units from Air Combat Command , Air Mobility Command , Pacific Air Forces , Air Force Special Operations Command , and Air Force Reserve Command , and Air National Guard units operationally-gained by them . The original mandate from the Turkish government allowed the operation to continue for six months . Turkey subsequently approved two 6-month extensions , but indicated that it would not become a permanent mission . For the first year of the mission , northern Iraq was quiet , with no combat between Coalition aircraft and Iraqi forces . From December 1998 to March 1999 , U.S . and coalition aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns . These aircraft responded by bombing Iraqi air-defense sites which fired on them , utilizing laser-guided bombs as well as AGM-88 HARM missiles and AGM-130 long range air-to-surface missiles . Coalition aircraft flew patrols on an average of 18 days per month , and were usually fired upon . The most common threat was from anti-aircraft guns . Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft , no warplanes were ever shot down . During the first months of 1999 , Coalition activity over northern Iraq was temporarily halted as aircraft were moved to Italy to take part in Operation Allied Force . Low level conflict over Northern Iraq continued up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq , although the number of incidents declined dramatically after 1999 . The final ONW combat air patrol occurred on 17 March 2003 from Incirlik Air Base . Six weeks later , the operation concluded with an official stand down on 1 May 2003 . A grand total of 36,000 sorties were flown during Operation Northern Watch , and 40,000 personnel had been deployed at some point during the operation . USAFE also sent aircraft and personnel to help man Operation Southern Watch , operating from Saudi Arabia under Central Command Air Forces . Balkans operations . USAFE also provided air protection over the skies of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Operation Deny Flight . Along with allies from NATO countries , U.S . aircrews bombed targets in Bosnia-Herzegovina during Operation Deliberate Force , which paved the way for the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement . USAFE then helped deploy the Implementation Force ( I-FOR ) and its equipment to Bosnia for Operation Joint Endeavor and sustained them by airlift . USAFE forces again mobilized in March 1999 , when NATO intervened in Kosovo to halt a Yugoslav counter-insurgency targeting the Kosovo Liberation Army . USAFE forces provided air-support for Albanian fighters on the ground . Albanian refugees appeared after the beginning of hostilities . Efforts to find a diplomatic solution collapsed , resulting in Operation Allied Force–the NATO-led air war over Kosovo . The 78-day operation ended 20 June culminating in the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the eventual return of refugees . USAFEs 3rd Air Force led Joint Task Force Shining Hope , established to assist the hundreds of thousands of refugees who left Kosovo because of war . USAFE continues to contribute to NATO-led forces promoting peace and stability in Kosovo . Afghanistan and Iraq . During the War in Afghanistan , USAFE has supported an air bridge from Europe to Asia that delivered 3,300 tons of humanitarian daily rations to northern Afghanistan , opened the Manus base in Kyrgyzstan , and established a medical evacuation network that moved nearly 4,000 patients . USAFE deployed 24 fighter aircraft , eight KC-135 Stratotankers and nearly 2,400 people in Operation Iraqi Freedom . It opened an important airfield in northern Iraq and provided critical en route support to deploying forces , not to mention vital logistical and medical support to forward-deployed forces . USAFE subsequently supported and Operation Inherent Resolve . Today , USAFE airmen are engaged in a wide range of active U.S . military efforts in Europe and Africa , including realistic U.S . and NATO exercises and operations in Afghanistan , Iraq , and Somalia . On 20 April 2012 , USAFAF was merged with USAFE to become United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . The merger was a result of Seventeenth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base inactivating in April 2012 as part of an Air Force cost savings effort . USAFE assumed the former staff functions of 17th Air Force , while the 3d Air Force and its 603rd Air and Space Operations Center assumed responsibility for U.S . military air operations in Africa ( except for Egypt ) , with the 603 AOC absorbing the former 617th Air Operations Center . Operating units in 2015 . Third Air Force ( 3 AF ) , headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , is USAFEs sole numbered air force , operating alongside Headquarters USAFE . Its mission is ensuring the combat readiness of assigned USAFE units , formulation of plans for combat operations and non-combat humanitarian operations in the USAFE and AFAFRICA areas of responsibility , and conducting day-to-day operations for both European and Africa Commands . As of January 2015 , the command has seven main operating bases along with 114 geographically separated locations . These are : United Kingdom Italy Portugal Germany Turkey Djibouti Tenant Flying Squadrons : The United States Air Forces in Europe Band with its approximately 48 members is located on Ramstein Air Base , Germany . In addition to its own units , the command is routinely augmented by rotational aircraft and personnel from Air Combat Command ( ACC ) , Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) , Air Force Special Operations Command ( AFSOC ) and Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) units in the United States , as well as Air Force Reserve Command ( AFRC ) and Air National Guard ( ANG ) units . Air Forces Africa comprises at least three air expeditionary groups . The 449th Air Expeditionary Group at Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti flies a multitude of missions for Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa ( CJTF-HOA ) . It consists of the 75th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron ( C-130 ) , HC-130Ps from the 81st Expeditionary Rescue Squadron , and pararescuemen from the 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron . Aircraft and personnel for the 81 ERQS and 82 ERQS are rotated from rescue wings in the United States . The 60th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron flew UAVs from Djibouti from after 2010 until it was inactivated in 2015 . 404 AEG is located at Ramstein AB , Germany . It was most recently reactivated in October 2008 . Since that activation , the 404 AEG has been heavily involved in contingency operations on the African continent . The 404 AEG sent aircraft to Rwanda in January 2009 to move Rwandan Army equipment destined for the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur , and in July 2009 deployed to Ghana to provide aerial port and aircraft maintenance teams , along with forward communications , early warning and air domain safety and security elements ahead of a visit by President Barack Obama . The 409th Air Expeditionary Group ( 409 AEG ) carries out surveillance and reconnaissance missions across the entire Africa Command area of responsibility , from multiple locations . It is equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles . Previously , probably during the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom , it operated from Bourgas , Bulgaria . Lineage , Assignments , Components . - Redesignated : from United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe to United States Air Forces in Europe on 7 August 1945 Assignments . - European Theater of Operations United States Army , c . 18 June 1942 - European Command , 15 March 1947 - United States Air Force , 26 September 1947–present Stations . - Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France , 26 September 1944 - Wiesbaden AB , Germany ( Later West Germany ) , 28 September 1945 - 15 August 1953 - Lindsey AB ( later , Lindsey AS ) , West Germany , 15 August 1953 - 14 March 1973 - Ramstein AB , West Germany ( now Germany ) , 14 March 1973 – present Components . Commands - IX Air Service Command ( later European Air Materiel Command ) : c . 15 August 1945 – 10 November 1947 - IX Air Defense Command ( 1945–46 ) - European Aviation Engineer ( Provisional ) : 22 December 1945 – 20 November 1946 - Headquarters , Command , USAFE ( Provisional ) : 12 October 1946 – 1 July 1948 - 8th Interceptor ( later , 8th Fighter ; VIII Fighter ) : 1 February 1942 – 22 February 1944 ; 16 July 1945 – 20 March 1946 - 8th Air Force Base Command ( later , 8th Air Force Service Command ; VIII Air Force Service Command ; Air Service Command , USSTAF : Air Technical Service Command in Europe ) : c . 9 June 1942 – 30 September 1945 - XII Tactical Air : 15 November 1945 – 10 November 1947 Task Forces - Airlift ( Provisional ) : 29 July-4 November 1948 - 1st Airlift : 14 October 1948 – 1 October 1949 - VIII Air Force Base ( later , Base ) : 18 October 1943 – 1 March 1944 ; 30 September 1945 – 25 May 1946 Air Forces - Third Air Force ( later redesignated Third Air Force ( Air Forces Europe ) ) : 1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005 ; 1 December 2006–present - Ninth Air Force : June 1944 – 2 December 1945 - Twelfth Air Force - Fifteenth Air Force : 22 February 1944 – 15 September 1945 - Sixteenth Air Force : 15 April 1966 – 30 April 2008 - Seventeenth Air Force : 23 April 1953 – 30 September 1996 ; 1 October 2008 – 20 April 2012 Air Divisions - 2d Air Division : 1 June 1949 – 20 January 1951 ; 15 April 1955 – 1 April 1962 - 3d Air Division : 23 August 1948 – 2 January 1949 ; 21 January-1 May 1951 ; 25 October 1953 – 1 March 1954 . 40 : c . 31 October 1945 – 20 December 1946 - 42d Air Division : 26 July-13 October 1945 - 65th Air Division : 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965 - 86th Air Division : 1 July 1948 – 10 October 1949 ; 1 January 1958 – 15 November 1959 ; 1 July-1 September 1963 ; 20 May 1965 – 5 October 1968 . - 302d Air Division : 18 July-c . 8 December 1945 - 306th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 1 April 1960 - 322d Air Division : 1 March-1 April 1954 - 7217th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 9 September 1970 - 7499th Air Division : 29 July-5 September 1948 ( Berlin Airlift Force ) Services - European Air Transport Service : 4 September 1945 – 20 December 1947 Groups - 366th Fighter Group ( only component of 71st Fighter Wing , IX Air Defense Command , which was active after redesignation to USAFE . IX ADC was assigned to USAFE 2 December 1945 – 1 February 1946 ) . Assigned to XII TAC 4 July 1945 – 20 August 1946 , whereupon inactivated at AAF Station Fritzlar , Germany , and aircraft , personnel and equipment formed 27th Fighter Group . - others
|
[
"Eighth Air Force"
] |
[
{
"text": "The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": " USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": ". USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "Known EATS facilities were :",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": ", six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": " The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "went virtually unreported in the US .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": ", where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "locations .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "stationed in Europe was 128 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe .",
"title": "Post–Cold War era"
}
] |
/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_–_Air_Forces_Africa#P1448#2
|
What was the official name of United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa between Dec 1944 and May 1945?
|
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders . USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated . The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned . Origins . The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London . Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force . On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel . USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) . A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling . In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 . By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group . In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 . European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy . Known EATS facilities were : - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War . An uneasy peace . Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized . In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land . Rotation of strategic bombers through Europe . Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946 , six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath . The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed . The Berlin Airlift . The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II . In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city . USAF mobilization . After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 . On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over 900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe . To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value . In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel . Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham . Soviet reaction . After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result . The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade . The 1950s . Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from 16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States . The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel . Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 . On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 . From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On 1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings . In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s . By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain . On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa . The 1960s . 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 . When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany . Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 . The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany . The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory . The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain . The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty . However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin . Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years . French withdrawal from NATOs military structure . On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France went virtually unreported in the US . During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary . During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft . Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War . USAFE in Spain . Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid . The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base . After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands . As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters . In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany , where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina . During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean . USAFE in Turkey . The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East . In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various locations . In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 . The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s . Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe . In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots . This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours . These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year . However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft . SS-20s pointing at Europe . By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s . NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia . The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles stationed in Europe was 128 . Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all . The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy . Post–Cold War era . USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe . All U.S . and NATO allies military forces experienced a series of changes over the next five years . USAFE shrunk from over 850 aircraft and 72,000 personnel scattered among 27 bases in 1990 to approximately 240 aircraft , 33,000 personnel , and six flying bases by the end of 1996 . In July 1994 , with President Clinton in attendance , the British , French , and American air and land forces in Berlin were inactivated in a ceremony on the Four Ring Parade field at Tempelhof Central Airport . Iraq and Kuwait in the 1990s . With the onset of Operations Desert Shield in August 1990 and Desert Storm in January 1991 , more than 180 aircraft and 5,400 personnel assigned to USAFE units deployed to the Persian Gulf area . In conjunction , more than 100 additional aircraft and 2,600 personnel deployed to Turkey for Joint Task Force Proven Force , forming the 7440th Composite Wing ( Provisional ) . A total of 60,000 USAFE personnel were committed to the war effort ; however , fewer than 10,000 actually deployed . More than half of the commands aircraft deployed to support Desert Storm . The commands air support was lethal . For example , USAFE accounted for only 20 percent of the air-to-air assets in Desert Storm , but claimed half of the air-to-air kills . More than 85,000 tons of munitions , including more than 35,000 bombs and 7,800 missiles , were built up in theatre . These were used in countless strike , interdiction and close air support missions . USAFE activated aeromedical staging facilities and contingency hospitals , increasing available bed space 1,500 percent above normal peacetime operations . More than 9,000 patients , mostly suffering from noncombat-related illnesses and injuries , were evacuated to Europe . More than 3,000 were treated at USAFE medical facilities . Almost 7,600 patients were later air evacuated to the Continental United States for follow-on treatment . After Desert Storm ended , Kurdish rebels and Iraqi forces continued fighting in northern Iraq . The Kurds began a mass exodus toward Turkey and later Iran . A multi-national effort , including U.S . forces , was slowly established to save lives during Operation Provide Comfort ( OPC ) and this was mainly done by establishing the Iraqi no-fly zones starting above the 36th parallel in Iraq . The operation immediately began air dropping food and supplies to the refugees . More than 2,400 USAFE personnel were deployed , along with 36 fighter aircraft to provide protection for the transports . In a relatively new role , USAFE used A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft to spot and mark the pockets of Kurds needing humanitarian relief . As Operation Provide Comfort drew to a close , Kurdish leaders asked for continued protection from the Iraqi Army . Operation Provide Comfort II ( OPC II ) picked up where the first operation left off , building a multinational rapidly deployable air and ground forces in Turkey ready to defend the Kurds . Operation Northern Watch ( ONW ) commenced on 1 January 1997 as the successor to Operation Provide Comfort . It was run by a Combined Task Force ( CTF ) charged with enforcing a no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq , with the United States , United Kingdom , and Turkey providing approximately 45 aircraft and more than 1,400 personnel . In addition to USAF airmen , the joint U.S . forces of some 1,100 U.S . personnel , included sailors , soldiers , and Marines , as well as sorties from every air arm of the U.S . armed forces . The USAF portion of ONW was primarily a USAFE operation , since all USAF assets participating operated out of Europe . The USAF portion of the mission was partially flown by rotational aircraft and units from Air Combat Command , Air Mobility Command , Pacific Air Forces , Air Force Special Operations Command , and Air Force Reserve Command , and Air National Guard units operationally-gained by them . The original mandate from the Turkish government allowed the operation to continue for six months . Turkey subsequently approved two 6-month extensions , but indicated that it would not become a permanent mission . For the first year of the mission , northern Iraq was quiet , with no combat between Coalition aircraft and Iraqi forces . From December 1998 to March 1999 , U.S . and coalition aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns . These aircraft responded by bombing Iraqi air-defense sites which fired on them , utilizing laser-guided bombs as well as AGM-88 HARM missiles and AGM-130 long range air-to-surface missiles . Coalition aircraft flew patrols on an average of 18 days per month , and were usually fired upon . The most common threat was from anti-aircraft guns . Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft , no warplanes were ever shot down . During the first months of 1999 , Coalition activity over northern Iraq was temporarily halted as aircraft were moved to Italy to take part in Operation Allied Force . Low level conflict over Northern Iraq continued up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq , although the number of incidents declined dramatically after 1999 . The final ONW combat air patrol occurred on 17 March 2003 from Incirlik Air Base . Six weeks later , the operation concluded with an official stand down on 1 May 2003 . A grand total of 36,000 sorties were flown during Operation Northern Watch , and 40,000 personnel had been deployed at some point during the operation . USAFE also sent aircraft and personnel to help man Operation Southern Watch , operating from Saudi Arabia under Central Command Air Forces . Balkans operations . USAFE also provided air protection over the skies of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Operation Deny Flight . Along with allies from NATO countries , U.S . aircrews bombed targets in Bosnia-Herzegovina during Operation Deliberate Force , which paved the way for the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement . USAFE then helped deploy the Implementation Force ( I-FOR ) and its equipment to Bosnia for Operation Joint Endeavor and sustained them by airlift . USAFE forces again mobilized in March 1999 , when NATO intervened in Kosovo to halt a Yugoslav counter-insurgency targeting the Kosovo Liberation Army . USAFE forces provided air-support for Albanian fighters on the ground . Albanian refugees appeared after the beginning of hostilities . Efforts to find a diplomatic solution collapsed , resulting in Operation Allied Force–the NATO-led air war over Kosovo . The 78-day operation ended 20 June culminating in the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the eventual return of refugees . USAFEs 3rd Air Force led Joint Task Force Shining Hope , established to assist the hundreds of thousands of refugees who left Kosovo because of war . USAFE continues to contribute to NATO-led forces promoting peace and stability in Kosovo . Afghanistan and Iraq . During the War in Afghanistan , USAFE has supported an air bridge from Europe to Asia that delivered 3,300 tons of humanitarian daily rations to northern Afghanistan , opened the Manus base in Kyrgyzstan , and established a medical evacuation network that moved nearly 4,000 patients . USAFE deployed 24 fighter aircraft , eight KC-135 Stratotankers and nearly 2,400 people in Operation Iraqi Freedom . It opened an important airfield in northern Iraq and provided critical en route support to deploying forces , not to mention vital logistical and medical support to forward-deployed forces . USAFE subsequently supported and Operation Inherent Resolve . Today , USAFE airmen are engaged in a wide range of active U.S . military efforts in Europe and Africa , including realistic U.S . and NATO exercises and operations in Afghanistan , Iraq , and Somalia . On 20 April 2012 , USAFAF was merged with USAFE to become United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . The merger was a result of Seventeenth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base inactivating in April 2012 as part of an Air Force cost savings effort . USAFE assumed the former staff functions of 17th Air Force , while the 3d Air Force and its 603rd Air and Space Operations Center assumed responsibility for U.S . military air operations in Africa ( except for Egypt ) , with the 603 AOC absorbing the former 617th Air Operations Center . Operating units in 2015 . Third Air Force ( 3 AF ) , headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , is USAFEs sole numbered air force , operating alongside Headquarters USAFE . Its mission is ensuring the combat readiness of assigned USAFE units , formulation of plans for combat operations and non-combat humanitarian operations in the USAFE and AFAFRICA areas of responsibility , and conducting day-to-day operations for both European and Africa Commands . As of January 2015 , the command has seven main operating bases along with 114 geographically separated locations . These are : United Kingdom Italy Portugal Germany Turkey Djibouti Tenant Flying Squadrons : The United States Air Forces in Europe Band with its approximately 48 members is located on Ramstein Air Base , Germany . In addition to its own units , the command is routinely augmented by rotational aircraft and personnel from Air Combat Command ( ACC ) , Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) , Air Force Special Operations Command ( AFSOC ) and Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) units in the United States , as well as Air Force Reserve Command ( AFRC ) and Air National Guard ( ANG ) units . Air Forces Africa comprises at least three air expeditionary groups . The 449th Air Expeditionary Group at Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti flies a multitude of missions for Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa ( CJTF-HOA ) . It consists of the 75th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron ( C-130 ) , HC-130Ps from the 81st Expeditionary Rescue Squadron , and pararescuemen from the 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron . Aircraft and personnel for the 81 ERQS and 82 ERQS are rotated from rescue wings in the United States . The 60th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron flew UAVs from Djibouti from after 2010 until it was inactivated in 2015 . 404 AEG is located at Ramstein AB , Germany . It was most recently reactivated in October 2008 . Since that activation , the 404 AEG has been heavily involved in contingency operations on the African continent . The 404 AEG sent aircraft to Rwanda in January 2009 to move Rwandan Army equipment destined for the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur , and in July 2009 deployed to Ghana to provide aerial port and aircraft maintenance teams , along with forward communications , early warning and air domain safety and security elements ahead of a visit by President Barack Obama . The 409th Air Expeditionary Group ( 409 AEG ) carries out surveillance and reconnaissance missions across the entire Africa Command area of responsibility , from multiple locations . It is equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles . Previously , probably during the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom , it operated from Bourgas , Bulgaria . Lineage , Assignments , Components . - Redesignated : from United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe to United States Air Forces in Europe on 7 August 1945 Assignments . - European Theater of Operations United States Army , c . 18 June 1942 - European Command , 15 March 1947 - United States Air Force , 26 September 1947–present Stations . - Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France , 26 September 1944 - Wiesbaden AB , Germany ( Later West Germany ) , 28 September 1945 - 15 August 1953 - Lindsey AB ( later , Lindsey AS ) , West Germany , 15 August 1953 - 14 March 1973 - Ramstein AB , West Germany ( now Germany ) , 14 March 1973 – present Components . Commands - IX Air Service Command ( later European Air Materiel Command ) : c . 15 August 1945 – 10 November 1947 - IX Air Defense Command ( 1945–46 ) - European Aviation Engineer ( Provisional ) : 22 December 1945 – 20 November 1946 - Headquarters , Command , USAFE ( Provisional ) : 12 October 1946 – 1 July 1948 - 8th Interceptor ( later , 8th Fighter ; VIII Fighter ) : 1 February 1942 – 22 February 1944 ; 16 July 1945 – 20 March 1946 - 8th Air Force Base Command ( later , 8th Air Force Service Command ; VIII Air Force Service Command ; Air Service Command , USSTAF : Air Technical Service Command in Europe ) : c . 9 June 1942 – 30 September 1945 - XII Tactical Air : 15 November 1945 – 10 November 1947 Task Forces - Airlift ( Provisional ) : 29 July-4 November 1948 - 1st Airlift : 14 October 1948 – 1 October 1949 - VIII Air Force Base ( later , Base ) : 18 October 1943 – 1 March 1944 ; 30 September 1945 – 25 May 1946 Air Forces - Third Air Force ( later redesignated Third Air Force ( Air Forces Europe ) ) : 1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005 ; 1 December 2006–present - Ninth Air Force : June 1944 – 2 December 1945 - Twelfth Air Force - Fifteenth Air Force : 22 February 1944 – 15 September 1945 - Sixteenth Air Force : 15 April 1966 – 30 April 2008 - Seventeenth Air Force : 23 April 1953 – 30 September 1996 ; 1 October 2008 – 20 April 2012 Air Divisions - 2d Air Division : 1 June 1949 – 20 January 1951 ; 15 April 1955 – 1 April 1962 - 3d Air Division : 23 August 1948 – 2 January 1949 ; 21 January-1 May 1951 ; 25 October 1953 – 1 March 1954 . 40 : c . 31 October 1945 – 20 December 1946 - 42d Air Division : 26 July-13 October 1945 - 65th Air Division : 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965 - 86th Air Division : 1 July 1948 – 10 October 1949 ; 1 January 1958 – 15 November 1959 ; 1 July-1 September 1963 ; 20 May 1965 – 5 October 1968 . - 302d Air Division : 18 July-c . 8 December 1945 - 306th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 1 April 1960 - 322d Air Division : 1 March-1 April 1954 - 7217th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 9 September 1970 - 7499th Air Division : 29 July-5 September 1948 ( Berlin Airlift Force ) Services - European Air Transport Service : 4 September 1945 – 20 December 1947 Groups - 366th Fighter Group ( only component of 71st Fighter Wing , IX Air Defense Command , which was active after redesignation to USAFE . IX ADC was assigned to USAFE 2 December 1945 – 1 February 1946 ) . Assigned to XII TAC 4 July 1945 – 20 August 1946 , whereupon inactivated at AAF Station Fritzlar , Germany , and aircraft , personnel and equipment formed 27th Fighter Group . - others
|
[
"United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe"
] |
[
{
"text": "The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": " USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": ". USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "Known EATS facilities were :",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": ", six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": " The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "went virtually unreported in the US .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": ", where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "locations .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "stationed in Europe was 128 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe .",
"title": "Post–Cold War era"
}
] |
/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_–_Air_Forces_Africa#P1448#3
|
What was the official name of United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa after Sep 1945?
|
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders . USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated . The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned . Origins . The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London . Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force . On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel . USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) . A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling . In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 . By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group . In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 . European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy . Known EATS facilities were : - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War . An uneasy peace . Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized . In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land . Rotation of strategic bombers through Europe . Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946 , six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath . The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed . The Berlin Airlift . The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II . In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city . USAF mobilization . After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 . On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over 900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe . To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value . In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel . Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham . Soviet reaction . After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result . The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade . The 1950s . Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from 16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States . The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel . Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 . On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 . From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On 1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings . In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s . By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain . On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa . The 1960s . 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 . When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany . Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 . The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany . The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory . The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain . The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty . However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin . Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years . French withdrawal from NATOs military structure . On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France went virtually unreported in the US . During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary . During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft . Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War . USAFE in Spain . Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid . The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base . After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands . As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters . In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany , where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina . During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean . USAFE in Turkey . The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East . In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various locations . In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 . The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s . Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe . In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots . This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours . These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year . However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft . SS-20s pointing at Europe . By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s . NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia . The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles stationed in Europe was 128 . Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all . The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy . Post–Cold War era . USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe . All U.S . and NATO allies military forces experienced a series of changes over the next five years . USAFE shrunk from over 850 aircraft and 72,000 personnel scattered among 27 bases in 1990 to approximately 240 aircraft , 33,000 personnel , and six flying bases by the end of 1996 . In July 1994 , with President Clinton in attendance , the British , French , and American air and land forces in Berlin were inactivated in a ceremony on the Four Ring Parade field at Tempelhof Central Airport . Iraq and Kuwait in the 1990s . With the onset of Operations Desert Shield in August 1990 and Desert Storm in January 1991 , more than 180 aircraft and 5,400 personnel assigned to USAFE units deployed to the Persian Gulf area . In conjunction , more than 100 additional aircraft and 2,600 personnel deployed to Turkey for Joint Task Force Proven Force , forming the 7440th Composite Wing ( Provisional ) . A total of 60,000 USAFE personnel were committed to the war effort ; however , fewer than 10,000 actually deployed . More than half of the commands aircraft deployed to support Desert Storm . The commands air support was lethal . For example , USAFE accounted for only 20 percent of the air-to-air assets in Desert Storm , but claimed half of the air-to-air kills . More than 85,000 tons of munitions , including more than 35,000 bombs and 7,800 missiles , were built up in theatre . These were used in countless strike , interdiction and close air support missions . USAFE activated aeromedical staging facilities and contingency hospitals , increasing available bed space 1,500 percent above normal peacetime operations . More than 9,000 patients , mostly suffering from noncombat-related illnesses and injuries , were evacuated to Europe . More than 3,000 were treated at USAFE medical facilities . Almost 7,600 patients were later air evacuated to the Continental United States for follow-on treatment . After Desert Storm ended , Kurdish rebels and Iraqi forces continued fighting in northern Iraq . The Kurds began a mass exodus toward Turkey and later Iran . A multi-national effort , including U.S . forces , was slowly established to save lives during Operation Provide Comfort ( OPC ) and this was mainly done by establishing the Iraqi no-fly zones starting above the 36th parallel in Iraq . The operation immediately began air dropping food and supplies to the refugees . More than 2,400 USAFE personnel were deployed , along with 36 fighter aircraft to provide protection for the transports . In a relatively new role , USAFE used A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft to spot and mark the pockets of Kurds needing humanitarian relief . As Operation Provide Comfort drew to a close , Kurdish leaders asked for continued protection from the Iraqi Army . Operation Provide Comfort II ( OPC II ) picked up where the first operation left off , building a multinational rapidly deployable air and ground forces in Turkey ready to defend the Kurds . Operation Northern Watch ( ONW ) commenced on 1 January 1997 as the successor to Operation Provide Comfort . It was run by a Combined Task Force ( CTF ) charged with enforcing a no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq , with the United States , United Kingdom , and Turkey providing approximately 45 aircraft and more than 1,400 personnel . In addition to USAF airmen , the joint U.S . forces of some 1,100 U.S . personnel , included sailors , soldiers , and Marines , as well as sorties from every air arm of the U.S . armed forces . The USAF portion of ONW was primarily a USAFE operation , since all USAF assets participating operated out of Europe . The USAF portion of the mission was partially flown by rotational aircraft and units from Air Combat Command , Air Mobility Command , Pacific Air Forces , Air Force Special Operations Command , and Air Force Reserve Command , and Air National Guard units operationally-gained by them . The original mandate from the Turkish government allowed the operation to continue for six months . Turkey subsequently approved two 6-month extensions , but indicated that it would not become a permanent mission . For the first year of the mission , northern Iraq was quiet , with no combat between Coalition aircraft and Iraqi forces . From December 1998 to March 1999 , U.S . and coalition aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns . These aircraft responded by bombing Iraqi air-defense sites which fired on them , utilizing laser-guided bombs as well as AGM-88 HARM missiles and AGM-130 long range air-to-surface missiles . Coalition aircraft flew patrols on an average of 18 days per month , and were usually fired upon . The most common threat was from anti-aircraft guns . Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft , no warplanes were ever shot down . During the first months of 1999 , Coalition activity over northern Iraq was temporarily halted as aircraft were moved to Italy to take part in Operation Allied Force . Low level conflict over Northern Iraq continued up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq , although the number of incidents declined dramatically after 1999 . The final ONW combat air patrol occurred on 17 March 2003 from Incirlik Air Base . Six weeks later , the operation concluded with an official stand down on 1 May 2003 . A grand total of 36,000 sorties were flown during Operation Northern Watch , and 40,000 personnel had been deployed at some point during the operation . USAFE also sent aircraft and personnel to help man Operation Southern Watch , operating from Saudi Arabia under Central Command Air Forces . Balkans operations . USAFE also provided air protection over the skies of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Operation Deny Flight . Along with allies from NATO countries , U.S . aircrews bombed targets in Bosnia-Herzegovina during Operation Deliberate Force , which paved the way for the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement . USAFE then helped deploy the Implementation Force ( I-FOR ) and its equipment to Bosnia for Operation Joint Endeavor and sustained them by airlift . USAFE forces again mobilized in March 1999 , when NATO intervened in Kosovo to halt a Yugoslav counter-insurgency targeting the Kosovo Liberation Army . USAFE forces provided air-support for Albanian fighters on the ground . Albanian refugees appeared after the beginning of hostilities . Efforts to find a diplomatic solution collapsed , resulting in Operation Allied Force–the NATO-led air war over Kosovo . The 78-day operation ended 20 June culminating in the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the eventual return of refugees . USAFEs 3rd Air Force led Joint Task Force Shining Hope , established to assist the hundreds of thousands of refugees who left Kosovo because of war . USAFE continues to contribute to NATO-led forces promoting peace and stability in Kosovo . Afghanistan and Iraq . During the War in Afghanistan , USAFE has supported an air bridge from Europe to Asia that delivered 3,300 tons of humanitarian daily rations to northern Afghanistan , opened the Manus base in Kyrgyzstan , and established a medical evacuation network that moved nearly 4,000 patients . USAFE deployed 24 fighter aircraft , eight KC-135 Stratotankers and nearly 2,400 people in Operation Iraqi Freedom . It opened an important airfield in northern Iraq and provided critical en route support to deploying forces , not to mention vital logistical and medical support to forward-deployed forces . USAFE subsequently supported and Operation Inherent Resolve . Today , USAFE airmen are engaged in a wide range of active U.S . military efforts in Europe and Africa , including realistic U.S . and NATO exercises and operations in Afghanistan , Iraq , and Somalia . On 20 April 2012 , USAFAF was merged with USAFE to become United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . The merger was a result of Seventeenth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base inactivating in April 2012 as part of an Air Force cost savings effort . USAFE assumed the former staff functions of 17th Air Force , while the 3d Air Force and its 603rd Air and Space Operations Center assumed responsibility for U.S . military air operations in Africa ( except for Egypt ) , with the 603 AOC absorbing the former 617th Air Operations Center . Operating units in 2015 . Third Air Force ( 3 AF ) , headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , is USAFEs sole numbered air force , operating alongside Headquarters USAFE . Its mission is ensuring the combat readiness of assigned USAFE units , formulation of plans for combat operations and non-combat humanitarian operations in the USAFE and AFAFRICA areas of responsibility , and conducting day-to-day operations for both European and Africa Commands . As of January 2015 , the command has seven main operating bases along with 114 geographically separated locations . These are : United Kingdom Italy Portugal Germany Turkey Djibouti Tenant Flying Squadrons : The United States Air Forces in Europe Band with its approximately 48 members is located on Ramstein Air Base , Germany . In addition to its own units , the command is routinely augmented by rotational aircraft and personnel from Air Combat Command ( ACC ) , Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) , Air Force Special Operations Command ( AFSOC ) and Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) units in the United States , as well as Air Force Reserve Command ( AFRC ) and Air National Guard ( ANG ) units . Air Forces Africa comprises at least three air expeditionary groups . The 449th Air Expeditionary Group at Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti flies a multitude of missions for Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa ( CJTF-HOA ) . It consists of the 75th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron ( C-130 ) , HC-130Ps from the 81st Expeditionary Rescue Squadron , and pararescuemen from the 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron . Aircraft and personnel for the 81 ERQS and 82 ERQS are rotated from rescue wings in the United States . The 60th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron flew UAVs from Djibouti from after 2010 until it was inactivated in 2015 . 404 AEG is located at Ramstein AB , Germany . It was most recently reactivated in October 2008 . Since that activation , the 404 AEG has been heavily involved in contingency operations on the African continent . The 404 AEG sent aircraft to Rwanda in January 2009 to move Rwandan Army equipment destined for the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur , and in July 2009 deployed to Ghana to provide aerial port and aircraft maintenance teams , along with forward communications , early warning and air domain safety and security elements ahead of a visit by President Barack Obama . The 409th Air Expeditionary Group ( 409 AEG ) carries out surveillance and reconnaissance missions across the entire Africa Command area of responsibility , from multiple locations . It is equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles . Previously , probably during the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom , it operated from Bourgas , Bulgaria . Lineage , Assignments , Components . - Redesignated : from United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe to United States Air Forces in Europe on 7 August 1945 Assignments . - European Theater of Operations United States Army , c . 18 June 1942 - European Command , 15 March 1947 - United States Air Force , 26 September 1947–present Stations . - Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France , 26 September 1944 - Wiesbaden AB , Germany ( Later West Germany ) , 28 September 1945 - 15 August 1953 - Lindsey AB ( later , Lindsey AS ) , West Germany , 15 August 1953 - 14 March 1973 - Ramstein AB , West Germany ( now Germany ) , 14 March 1973 – present Components . Commands - IX Air Service Command ( later European Air Materiel Command ) : c . 15 August 1945 – 10 November 1947 - IX Air Defense Command ( 1945–46 ) - European Aviation Engineer ( Provisional ) : 22 December 1945 – 20 November 1946 - Headquarters , Command , USAFE ( Provisional ) : 12 October 1946 – 1 July 1948 - 8th Interceptor ( later , 8th Fighter ; VIII Fighter ) : 1 February 1942 – 22 February 1944 ; 16 July 1945 – 20 March 1946 - 8th Air Force Base Command ( later , 8th Air Force Service Command ; VIII Air Force Service Command ; Air Service Command , USSTAF : Air Technical Service Command in Europe ) : c . 9 June 1942 – 30 September 1945 - XII Tactical Air : 15 November 1945 – 10 November 1947 Task Forces - Airlift ( Provisional ) : 29 July-4 November 1948 - 1st Airlift : 14 October 1948 – 1 October 1949 - VIII Air Force Base ( later , Base ) : 18 October 1943 – 1 March 1944 ; 30 September 1945 – 25 May 1946 Air Forces - Third Air Force ( later redesignated Third Air Force ( Air Forces Europe ) ) : 1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005 ; 1 December 2006–present - Ninth Air Force : June 1944 – 2 December 1945 - Twelfth Air Force - Fifteenth Air Force : 22 February 1944 – 15 September 1945 - Sixteenth Air Force : 15 April 1966 – 30 April 2008 - Seventeenth Air Force : 23 April 1953 – 30 September 1996 ; 1 October 2008 – 20 April 2012 Air Divisions - 2d Air Division : 1 June 1949 – 20 January 1951 ; 15 April 1955 – 1 April 1962 - 3d Air Division : 23 August 1948 – 2 January 1949 ; 21 January-1 May 1951 ; 25 October 1953 – 1 March 1954 . 40 : c . 31 October 1945 – 20 December 1946 - 42d Air Division : 26 July-13 October 1945 - 65th Air Division : 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965 - 86th Air Division : 1 July 1948 – 10 October 1949 ; 1 January 1958 – 15 November 1959 ; 1 July-1 September 1963 ; 20 May 1965 – 5 October 1968 . - 302d Air Division : 18 July-c . 8 December 1945 - 306th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 1 April 1960 - 322d Air Division : 1 March-1 April 1954 - 7217th Air Division : 15 November 1959 – 9 September 1970 - 7499th Air Division : 29 July-5 September 1948 ( Berlin Airlift Force ) Services - European Air Transport Service : 4 September 1945 – 20 December 1947 Groups - 366th Fighter Group ( only component of 71st Fighter Wing , IX Air Defense Command , which was active after redesignation to USAFE . IX ADC was assigned to USAFE 2 December 1945 – 1 February 1946 ) . Assigned to XII TAC 4 July 1945 – 20 August 1946 , whereupon inactivated at AAF Station Fritzlar , Germany , and aircraft , personnel and equipment formed 27th Fighter Group . - others
|
[
"United States Air Forces in Europe"
] |
[
{
"text": "The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) is a United States Air Force major command ( MAJCOM ) and a component command of both United States European Command ( USEUCOM ) and United States Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) . As part of its mission , USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S . Air Force units pledged to NATO , maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey . USAFE-AFAFRICA plans , conducts , controls , coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe , parts of Asia and all of Africa with the",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "exception of Egypt to achieve U.S . national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": " USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base , Germany . It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command , originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field , Virginia , as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces . Two years later , it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the 17th Air Force inactivated .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel , Air Reserve Component personnel , and civilian employees assigned .",
"title": "United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa"
},
{
"text": "The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942 , with the establishment of Eighth Air Force . Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base , Georgia . On 5 May , Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force . On 8 January , the order activating the U.S . Air Forces in the British Isles ( USAFBI ) was announced . On 12 May , the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force . On 15 June , Spaatz arrived",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "in England to establish Headquarters , Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park , west-south-west of London .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Eighth Air Force controlled : - VIII Bomber Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Fighter Command ( Established 19 January 1942 ) - VIII Air Support Command ( Established 24 April 1942 ) - VIII Air Service Command ( Established 1942 , name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943 ) On 22 February 1944 , the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe . Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe ( USSTAF ) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 1945 , USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) . Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye , France , to Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany , on 28 September 1945 . Within 18 months of VE-Day , virtually all U.S . armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany , Austria , and a small number of Army troops in Trieste . USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": ". USAFEs four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945 . In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command ( MAJCOM ) .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty , in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft , such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation . At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg , large numbers of Me 262s were discovered , and valuable German air-to-air rockets . At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich — the former Dornier factory airfield , and today the home of Germanys DLR aerospace research facility — USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335 . This",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h , about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter . Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In March 1947 , General Joseph T . McNarney , Commanding General , U.S . Forces , European Theatre , told the War Department all he needed was an Air Force of about 7,500 [ men ] to provide air transport and communications . He had no need for combat units , which he described as an administrative burden , and he wanted them withdrawn . Nobody in Washington objected . Thus , the XII Tactical Air Command , the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces , was inactivated on 10 May 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "By this time , USAFEs fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit , the 86th Fighter Group , which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF ( about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen ) . On 7 October 1946 , IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command . This command administered USAFEs supply and maintenance depots . EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot . At Erding Air Depot , it had Detachment B , 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron , and the 43d Air Depot . The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot . The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "were located at Landsberg . At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A , 42d Air Repair Squadron . Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse , Wolfgang , Munich , Bruck , Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven . EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg , Roth and Zepplenheim . EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947 .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " European Air Transport Service . The European Air Transport Service ( EATS ) , built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing , controlled C-46 , Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe . Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden . It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war . EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American , British and French occupation forces , along with units in Greece ( Athens Airport ) and Italy .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "Known EATS facilities were :",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " - Bremen Airfield - Capodichino Air Base , Naples - Eschborn Airfield - Munich-Riem Airfield - Pisa Air Base , Italy - Rhein-Main Airfield - Tullin Airfield , Austria - Wiesbaden Airfield There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport , West Berlin , RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire , UK , and Paris-Orly Airfield , France . Beginning of the Cold War .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , the U.S . member of the Allied High Commission for Germany , John J . McCloy , had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone . The United States European wartime allies , Britain and France , had also rapidly demobilized .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the future , the RAF and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions . Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947 , mapped areas in west and central Europe , North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones . Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators ( the former F-7 variant ) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses ( formerly called the F-9 ) . These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "occupation zones , but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone . Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on American aircraft operating over their occupation zone . On 22 April 1946 , a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters . On 9 August , Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies . President Harry S . Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia , lest the situation evolve into a new war . In Germany , Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich , Giebelstadt near Würzburg , and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers . Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SACs B-29 fleet through Europe . In November 1946",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": ", six B-29 bombers from SACs 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood , England and from there to various bases in Germany as a training deployment . The B-29s were flown to bases in France , Turkey , Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of show the flag operations . In May 1947 , SAC began additional training deployments that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck . These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": "the United States . being replaced with new squadrons in rotation . SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham , RAF Waddington , RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the nation resist the communists . AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft , along with armored vehicles , small arms weapons , munitions and radar were provided . In Turkey , various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast , providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia . Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed .",
"title": "An uneasy peace"
},
{
"text": " The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War . The 464-day effort to supply a citys needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin . The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces , and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 the Soviets , Americans , British and French divided Germany into occupation zones . Berlin , although in the Soviet zone , also was divided among the four powers . On 18 June 1948 , the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency , coming into force on 20 June , that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark . The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit . In response to",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "the currency reform action by the West , on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin . The next day , 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road , rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin , beginning the Berlin Blockade . The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin , and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city .",
"title": "The Berlin Airlift"
},
{
"text": "After discussion of military options , the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air , as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors . The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift , as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task . In 1948 , USAFE strength was limited . The command consisted of 485 aircraft , with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt , both flying C-47s . The only",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich , with P-47s , which had been activated on 1 July 1948 .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "On the morning of 26 June , two days after the blockade began , the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin . A total of 32 flights were made on that first day . Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food , fuel , clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin . There were simply not enough C-47s available , as it was estimated that over",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day . However , if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used , about 180 could supply the cargo necessary . However , there simply werent that many aircraft available . The Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 wherever they could in the world to support the airlift , and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty . The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use , as its",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary . However , the aircrafts landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin , and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways . The C-74 , however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " To increase USAFEs tactical air strength , in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group , being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , near Munich . This move considerably increased USAFEs tactical airpower , but also was considered as having great psychological value .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "In August 1948 , 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service . In addition , civilian DC-4s were loaned to the Air Force for airlift duty . The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds , their version of the C-54 as well . The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes , and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg . The U.S . Air Force , the U.S . Navy , and the British Royal Air Force together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "of food , fuel and medical supplies . Most of the tonnage was carried by the U.S . Air Force . The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft , aircraft engines , skilled aircrews , and maintenance personnel .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": " Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose . After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland , and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany , it was decided to send them to Royal Air Force bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable . The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham .",
"title": "USAF mobilization"
},
{
"text": "After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it . Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions . Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors . Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone , they peeled",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it , against the traffic , to their airfields around Berlin . Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators . Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night . By the spring of 1949 , USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery , and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors . No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": " The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied . On one day , the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights . So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields . The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin , but on the Soviet Union .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished . On 12 May 1949 , the Soviet blockade was lifted . However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade .",
"title": "Soviet reaction"
},
{
"text": "Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s , Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954 . As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft , to 28 wings , 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone , backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Material Command , and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954 . Eight wings were regular Air Force wings , four wings were federalized Air National Guard units , and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit . Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom , three into West Germany , and six wings were deployed to France . These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters , 100 light bombers , 100 tactical",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "reconnaissance aircraft , 100 tactical airlift transports , and 18,000 personnel .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " Along with these new units from the United States , USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine . Existing bases in Bavaria ( Erding Air Depot , Fürstenfeldbruck , Landsberg , Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases ) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "On 1 March 1954 , Air Materiel Force , European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE . However , Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support , and AMF , European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956 . As part of this realignment , HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF , European Area . AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958 .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "From 1954 , USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe . Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings ( 3-4 groups ) . In June 1955 , the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized . The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing . The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base . Because building the German Air Force was a high priority , a new supervisory headquarters was required . On",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters , Provisional , was established , responsible for the three GAF training wings .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " In 1955 , the force structure was as follows : - United Kingdom : - West Germany:*** - France : ( See United States Air Force in France ) - Netherlands : Erding , Landsberg , and Neubiberg Air Bases , although nominally under USAF control , were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots . When training was complete , the bases were turned over to West German control . The last of these bases were turned over by 1960 . Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": "By 1960 , USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Greece , Turkey , Italy , and Spain .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " On 4 November 1956 , Soviet troops invaded Hungary , after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . In response , the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom . It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons . Several temporary SAC Reflex deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa .",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"text": " 1961 Berlin Crisis . The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFEs first test of what was known as a Flexible Response strategy . In the spring of 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government . In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city . This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty , Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the Wests aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city . This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961 . On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism , precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months . Berlin became a divided city . The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961 .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II . The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer . Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters . All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route . The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons . The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE . Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons , manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield . It was dispersed throughout West Germany .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961 . Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe . Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es , twenty RF-84Fs , seventy-eight F-86Hs , and seventy-two F-104As . The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route . The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961 . They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access . Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections , theater flying training , air-ground close support operations , gunnery training , photo missions , and air defense alert duty . Though equipped with conventional weapons , the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing . By March 1962 , the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe . Units were to return all personnel , equipment , and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " However , the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany . The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years . But the American , British , and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again . TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose ; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States determination to defend Berlin .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War , USAFE/NATOs total strength steadily declined , as the U.S . reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATOs integrated military structure . He gave NATO forces one year ( until 1 April 1967 ) to depart France . The United States Department of State , Department of Defense , and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France , and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower . However , the news media were focusing on Vietnam , so the removal of NATO forces from France",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "went virtually unreported in the US .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries . The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office . Both were closed in June 1967 . A C-47 variant , the C-117B Super Skytrain , was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967 . With the French departure , a major reorganization of USAFE was needed . The 49th TFWs three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base , and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "at Hahn Air Base , were recalled to the US . Although the squadrons were relocated to the US , they were still part of USAFEs permanent force . According to the Department of Defense , these squadrons were dual-based ; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "During 1967 , the 49th TFWs three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base , New Mexico . The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968 , when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho . In 1968 , the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE . The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap . Crested Cap was the Air Force",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": "part of the Armys Exercise REFORGER , during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S . mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises . Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles , artillery , etc. , were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component . Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967 , it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe . Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years . Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S . Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War .",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"text": " Before Spain joined NATO in 1982 , the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases . Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command , they were Morón Air Base , at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain , and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route . Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón , and later at Torrejon as well . These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs . Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training , which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " After June 1960 , when SACs 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE , the footprint of USAFEs activities in Spain increased significantly . Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed , the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron ( 431 FIS ) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB . As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases , the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain , Germany and the Netherlands .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s , a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training . Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for Dissimilar Air Combat Training . During these air combat training exercises , the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "In April 1966 , the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE , with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón . Under USAFE , the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS . Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB , California . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón . Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": ", where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe . Some time later , when the crisis had passed , the aircraft returned to the US via Morón . On 1 April 1963 , their place was taken by F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-1960s , the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean .",
"title": "USAFE in Spain"
},
{
"text": "The U.S . Logistics Group ( TUSLOG ) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey . TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units , but also supported all other U.S . military organizations and government agencies in Turkey . TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara . The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises ; communications for National Command Authority taskings ; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo . From",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the 1950s – 1970s , the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey , which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In Ankara , the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies , as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S . Defense Attaché Office . From Izmir Air Station , the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters , Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe ( LANDSOUTHEAST ) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force ( 6 ATAF ) . The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S . military unit in Turkey not located at a single site , but was scattered about İzmir in various",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "locations .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S . troop levels in Europe . Following this , Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe ( REDCOSTE ) in 1968 . Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year , this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad . Consequently , the U.S . began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey . Between 1969 and 1973 , sites at Samsun",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government . In addition , Cigli Air Base , which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons , was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970 . The U.S . continued , however , to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there . Altogether , between 1967 and 1970 , the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG . The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size . On 9 September , it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters , Sixteen Air Force . The 1970s and 1980s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "Changes continued through the early 1970s . Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station , Germany , to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATOs Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974 . The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe , in addition to commanding U.S . Air Force units in Europe .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service . The Soviet Unions new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S . Department of Defense anxious . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE . The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany . The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle . By 1986 , all USAFE",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters . The 36th TFWs existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base ( 313th TFS ) , Spangdahlem Air Base ( 480th TFS ) and Ramstein Air Base ( 512th TFS ) . Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed . Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name `Ready Eagle and , naturally , included transition training for the USAFE pilots .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB , Virginia , where the 1st TFW , was stationed . At Langley AFB , the USAFEs future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time . The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977 . These were two TF-15A ( later redesignated as F-15B ) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFSs first F-15As . The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing . Over the following months , the aircraft for two other squadrons ( 22nd TFS and 53rd TFS ) arrived . The 36th TFWs full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977 . Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "However , after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months , the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles . In May 1980 , the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB , Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program . While at Eglin AFB , the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models . These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June , making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15 . The 32nd completed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "the upgrade on 25 November 1980 . At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "By 1975 , NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer ( NATO designation SS-20 Saber ) had even fallen behind . NATOs answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe : 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S . Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles , also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S . Navys nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( TLAM-N ) , to",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "be operated by the USAF . Of the cruise missiles , 160 were stationed in England , 96 in West Germany , 112 in Italy , 48 in the Netherlands , and 48 in Belgium . All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany . The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to `horse trade with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament . NATOs condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Unions willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed . In 1979 , when the NATO decision was taken , the Soviet Union had 14 ( 1 operational ) SS-20 launch sites . The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) and Czechoslovakia were aimed",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "at targets in Western Europe . According to Western estimates , at the beginning of 1986 , the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing ( TMW ) at RAF Greenham Common , England . The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983 . By 1986 , there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England ( RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth ) , Belgium ( Florennes Air Base ) , and on Sicily ( Comiso Air Base ) . Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons , the total number of cruise missiles",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "stationed in Europe was 128 .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " Luckily , disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachevs visit to the United States . The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and with that the deployment of American cruise missiles in Europe was over once and for all .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": "The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , ratified in 1988 , mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S . and Soviet inventories . USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991 , when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base , Italy .",
"title": "USAFE in Turkey"
},
{
"text": " USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91 . The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a peace dividend , and questions from many U.S . and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe .",
"title": "Post–Cold War era"
}
] |
/wiki/Mariyan_Ognyanov#P54#0
|
Which team did Mariyan Ognyanov play for in May 2007?
|
Mariyan Ognyanov Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom . Career . Levski Sofia . Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often . Belasitsa Petrich . He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia . Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute . Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games . 2012–13 . Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 . Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar . On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 . Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 . Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments . On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments . Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad . On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora . The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 . Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters . Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev . On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech . On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official games for Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League . Cherno More . On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award . International career . Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match . Honours . Levski Sofia . - Champion of Bulgaria 2006 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2009 Botev Plovdiv . - Bulgarian Cup Runner-up : 2014 - Bulgarian Supercup Runner-up : 2014 External links . - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa
|
[
"Levski Sofia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom .",
"title": "Mariyan Ognyanov"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "2012–13 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "games for Botev Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award .",
"title": "Cherno More"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mariyan_Ognyanov#P54#1
|
Which team did Mariyan Ognyanov play for between May 2008 and Jul 2008?
|
Mariyan Ognyanov Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom . Career . Levski Sofia . Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often . Belasitsa Petrich . He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia . Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute . Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games . 2012–13 . Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 . Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar . On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 . Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 . Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments . On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments . Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad . On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora . The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 . Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters . Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev . On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech . On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official games for Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League . Cherno More . On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award . International career . Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match . Honours . Levski Sofia . - Champion of Bulgaria 2006 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2009 Botev Plovdiv . - Bulgarian Cup Runner-up : 2014 - Bulgarian Supercup Runner-up : 2014 External links . - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom .",
"title": "Mariyan Ognyanov"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "2012–13 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "games for Botev Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award .",
"title": "Cherno More"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mariyan_Ognyanov#P54#2
|
Which team did Mariyan Ognyanov play for in Dec 2012?
|
Mariyan Ognyanov Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom . Career . Levski Sofia . Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often . Belasitsa Petrich . He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia . Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute . Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games . 2012–13 . Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 . Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar . On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 . Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 . Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments . On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments . Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad . On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora . The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 . Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters . Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev . On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech . On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official games for Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League . Cherno More . On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award . International career . Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match . Honours . Levski Sofia . - Champion of Bulgaria 2006 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2009 Botev Plovdiv . - Bulgarian Cup Runner-up : 2014 - Bulgarian Supercup Runner-up : 2014 External links . - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa
|
[
"Botev Plovdiv"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom .",
"title": "Mariyan Ognyanov"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "2012–13 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "games for Botev Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award .",
"title": "Cherno More"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mariyan_Ognyanov#P54#3
|
Which team did Mariyan Ognyanov play for after Oct 2013?
|
Mariyan Ognyanov Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom . Career . Levski Sofia . Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often . Belasitsa Petrich . He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia . Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute . Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games . 2012–13 . Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 . Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar . On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 . Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 . Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments . On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments . Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad . On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora . The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 . Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters . Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev . On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech . On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official games for Botev Plovdiv . Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League . Cherno More . On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award . International career . Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match . Honours . Levski Sofia . - Champion of Bulgaria 2006 , 2007 - Bulgarian Supercup : 2009 Botev Plovdiv . - Bulgarian Cup Runner-up : 2014 - Bulgarian Supercup Runner-up : 2014 External links . - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov ( ; born 30 July 1988 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Levski Lom .",
"title": "Mariyan Ognyanov"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov played for Levski Sofia from 2004 . On 27 September 2006 , Ognyanov scored the first goal by a Bulgarian team in the UEFA Champions League group stage during Levski Sofias 1–3 defeat by Chelsea at home , and became the sixth youngest goalscorer in the Champions League at that point on 18 years and 58 days . Until 2007–08 , he played mainly as a substitute . After a large number of departures in the winter transfer window of the 2007–08 season , Ognyanov started to play often .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " He was loaned on 27 January 2009 to PFC Belasitsa Petrich . He played for Belasitsa until the end of 2008–09 season , scoring on 10 May 2009 against Lokomotiv Sf in a 4–2 home loss . At Belasitsa he played 14 times and scored 3 goals . After the end of 2008–09 season , Ognyanov returned to Levski Sofia . Return to Levski Sofia .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov re-debuted for Levski on 21 July 2009 in the second match of the 2nd Qualifying round of UEFA Champions League , where Levski beat the team of UE Sant Julià . The result of the match was 0–5 with an away win for Levski . Ognyanov scored two of the goals in the 23rd and the 39th minute .",
"title": "Belasitsa Petrich"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv in the beginning of 2012 . In his first three and a half seasons he played in 118 official games ( 86 - A Grupa , 10 - B Grupa , 11 - Bulgarian Cup , 10 - UEFA Europa League , 1 - Bulgarian Super Cup ) , scored 16 goals and made numerous assists . 2011–12 . In January 2012 , Ognyanov joined Botev Plovdiv and helped the team to get a promotion to A Grupa . He quickly established himself as a key player and took part in 10 games .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "2012–13 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Although Botev Plovdiv signed with a lot of new players Ognyanov remained a key player during season 2012–13 . He participated in 28 matches in A Grupa and scored 6 goals . Botev Plovdiv finished the season on the 4th place . 2013–14 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the UEFA Europa League despite finishing on 4th place of A Grupa during the previous season because of the financial troubles at CSKA Sofia . Marian participated in all six games of the team in the tournament and demonstrated an excellent partnership on the field with Todor Nedelev . During the European campaign Ognyanov scored two goals in the home wins against FC Astana and HŠK Zrinjski Mostar .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 5 December 2013 , Ognyanov came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over CSKA Sofia . Botev Plovdiv finished again on the 4th place of A Grupa and lost the final for the Bulgarian Cup . Despite the loss Botev Plovdiv qualified for UEFA Europa League . Ognyanov played in 5 games for the Bulgarian Cup and 27 games in A Grupa , primary as a defensive midfielder . He scored one goal in each home victories over Pirin Gotse Delchev and CSKA Sofia . 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Despite the financial crisis Ognyanov was among the few first team players who did not leave the club in the summer of 2014 . He accepted a reduction of his salary and remained for season 2014–15 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov scored twice against A.C . Libertas in the 4–0 home win in the first qualifying round of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League . He participated again in all four games of Botev Plovdiv in the UEFA Europa League and made three assists . With four goals Marian shares the third place in the list of top goalscorers for Botev Plovdiv in the European football tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September , Marian Ognyanov scored the second goal for the 0–4 away win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in the first round of the Bulgarian Cup tournament . In the next round of the Bulgarian Cup Marian assisted for the late equalizer of Aleksandar Kolev against Lokomotiv Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Marian Ognyanov scored his first goal of the season in A Grupa from a free kick on 2 November . Unfortunately his goal was not enough and the team of Botev Plovdiv was defeated with 2–1 . As of 26 November 2014 , Mariyan Ognyanov was the player with most assists during the season so far in Bulgaria . He assisted for 6 goals in A Grupa as well as for 4 goals in other official tournaments .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started 2015 with a fabulous goal and an assist for the 3–0 home win over PFC Marek Dupnitsa . On 10 March Mariyan was again among the best players on the pitch in the next round of A Grupa . Ognyanov prove his creativity and passing abilities and was involved in both goals for the 0–2 away win in the derby match against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . Ognyanov missed the game with CSKA Sofia due to a ban , and on 22 March he was again in the starting lineup for 0–0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 18 April , Ognyanov scored a goal for the 1–1 draw with Beroe Stara Zagora .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " The contract of Mariyan Ognyanov with Botev Plovdiv expired at the end of the season and he left the team . In an interview Ognyanov stated that he is grateful for everything and he hopes one day to play again for Botev Plovdiv . On 17 June , Mariyan joined the Romanian professional football club Târgu Mureș on a free transfer , but he left a week later due to personal reasons and returned to Botev Plovdiv . 2015–16 .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "Ognyanov started his 5th season at Botev Plovdiv with a game against his ex-team Levski Sofia in the first round of A Grupa . He missed a penalty and the game ended in a 1–1 tie . After the game Mariyan Ognyanov apologized to Botev Plovdiv supporters .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov missed the second round in A Grupa and returned in the starting lineup for the 1–1 draw against the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv . He was the captain of the team due to the absence of Yordan Hristov who received a red card in the previous match . Ognyanov made a brilliant assist for the goal scored by Aleksandar Kolev .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 22 November , Ognyanov made the assist for the winning goal scored by Nico Varela during the away game against Cherno More Varna . A week later , on 29 November , Ognyanov provided the assist for the second goal of Gregory Nelson during the 4–2 away defeat from Litex Lovech .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "On 7 April 2016 , Botev Plovdiv announced that the expiring contracts of Ognyanov and the goalkeeper Valentin Galev will not be renewed for the next season . A week later Nikolay Kostov , the head coach and manager of Botev Plovdiv at that time , explained that he expected better performance and more engagement to the development of the younger players from Mariyan . On 18 April , the contacts of Ognyanov and Galev were terminated on mutual agreements . On 19 April Ognyanov received a medal of honor and special t-shirt to celebrate his 133 appearances in official",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": "games for Botev Plovdiv .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " Mariyan Ognyanov spent almost 5 seasons in Botev Plovdiv . He played in 100 games in A Grupa , 10 in B Grupa , 12 for the Bulgarian Cup , 1 for the Bulgarian Supercup and 10 games in UEFA Europa League .",
"title": "Botev Plovdiv"
},
{
"text": " On 14 June 2017 , Ognyanov joined Cherno More . On 15 July , he made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Vitosha Bistritsa . On 21 July , he scored a brace in a 4–0 away win over Vereya which earned him the Man of the match award .",
"title": "Cherno More"
},
{
"text": " Ognyanov made his debut for Bulgaria on 15 August 2013 , after coming on as a substitute during the 0–2 defeat from Macedonia in a friendly match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Ognyanov career statistics at levskisofia.info - Mariyan Ognyanov at FuPa",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey#P39#0
|
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey took which position in Dec 1806?
|
Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , ( 13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845 ) , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1830 to July 1834 . He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party . Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements , and as Prime Minister , his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms . The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform , bringing changes to the House of Commons . His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire . Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s . In 1807 , he resigned as Foreign Secretary to protest against King George IIIs uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation . Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland , and retired from politics . Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers , believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress . Earl Grey tea is named after him . Early life . Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall , Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB ( 1729–1807 ) and his wife , Elizabeth ( 1743/4–1822 ) , daughter of George Grey of Southwick , co . Durham . He had four brothers and two sisters . He was educated at Richmond School , followed by Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation . Titles . He became the second Earl Grey , Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father . Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick . Government career . Elected to Parliament , 1786 . Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786 , aged just 22 . He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and the Prince of Wales , and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party . He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings . The Whig historian T . B . Macaulay wrote in 1841 : Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation . His affair with Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , herself an active political campaigner , did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband . Foreign Secretary , 1806–1807 . In 1806 , Grey , by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey , became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents ( a coalition of Foxite Whigs , Grenvillites , and Addingtonites ) as First Lord of the Admiralty . Following Foxs death later that year , Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs . The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge , which Howick refused to do , that they would not propose any further concessions to the Catholics . Years in opposition , 1807–1830 . The government fell from power the next year , and , after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807 , Howick went to the Lords , succeeding his father as Earl Grey . He continued in opposition for the next 23 years . There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government . In 1811 , the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley . Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation . Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress , Princess Charlotte , turned to him for advice on how to avoid her fathers choice of husband for her . On the Napoleonic Wars , Grey took the standard Whig party line . After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon , Grey became convinced of the French emperors invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore , the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War . Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor , the Duke of Wellington . When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814 , Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons authoritarian monarchy ; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year , he said that the change was an internal French matter . In 1826 , believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions , Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne . The following year , when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister , it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government , which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington . When Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828 , George IV ( as the Prince Regent had become ) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government . Prime Minister ( 1830–1834 ) . In 1830 , following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform , the Whigs finally returned to power , with Grey as Prime Minister . In 1831 , he was made a member of the Order of the Garter . His term was a notable one , seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832 , which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons , and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act . As the years had passed , however , Grey had become more conservative , and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms , particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform . Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia : in 1831 a Proposal to His Majestys Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger , Anthony Bacon , Jeremy Bentham and Grey , but its ideas were considered too radical , and it was unable to attract the required investment . In the same year , Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration ( which was wound up in 1832 ) . It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834 . Lord Anglesey , the Viceroy of Ireland , preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one , a policy known as appropriation . The Chief Secretary for Ireland , Lord Stanley , however , preferred coercive measures . The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation , Stanley and others resigned . This triggered Grey to retire from public life , leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor . Unlike most politicians , he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life ; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback . Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne , whom he , and especially his family , regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved . Grey became more critical as the decade went on , being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel OConnell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot . He made no allowances for Melbournes need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his shrinking majority in the Commons , and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement , the Reform Act , which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future . He continually stressed its conservative nature . As he declared in his last great public speech , at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834 , its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution , to make it more acceptable to the people at large , and especially the middle classes , who had been the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act , and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual , according to the increased intelligence of the people , and the necessities of the times . It was the speech of a conservative statesman . Lord Greys ministry , November 1830 – July 1834 . - Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords - Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor - Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council - Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal - Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department - Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs - Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty - Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons - Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control - Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General - Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio Changes - June 1831 — Lord John Russell , the Paymaster of the Forces , and Edward Smith-Stanley , the Chief Secretary for Ireland , join the Cabinet . - April 1833 — Lord Goderich , now Lord Ripon , succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal . Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet . Edward Ellice , the Secretary at War , joins the Cabinet . - June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary . Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal . Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty . The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet . His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet . Charles Poulett Thomson , the President of the Board of Trade , and James Abercrombie , the Master of the Mint , join the Cabinet . Personal life . Before his marriage , Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House , and they became lovers . In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France , where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter , who was raised by Greys parents : - Eliza Courtney ( 20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859 ) . She married Robert Ellice . Marriage and legitimate children . On 18 November 1794 , Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby ( 1776–1861 ) , only daughter of William Ponsonby , 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Hon . Louisa Molesworth . The marriage was a fruitful one ; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters : - unnamed daughter Grey ( stillborn , 1796 ) - Lady Louisa Elizabeth Grey ( 7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841 ) . She married John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham , on 9 December 1816 . They had five children , including Charles William , Greys favourite grandson , who died young . - Lady Elizabeth Grey ( 10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880 ) . She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826 . They had five children . - Lady Caroline Grey ( 30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875 ) . She married Captain Hon . George Barrington on 15 January 1827 . They had two children - Lady Georgiana Grey ( 17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900 ) , who never married . - Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey ( 28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894 ) . He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832 . - General Charles Grey ( 15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870 ) . He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836 . They had seven children , including Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey . - Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey ( 23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878 ) . He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846 . - Lady Mary Grey ( 2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884 ) . She married Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , on 29 July 1829 . They had seven children . - The Honourable William Grey ( 13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815 ) , who died at the age of six . - Admiral The Honourable George Grey ( 16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891 ) . He married Jane Stuart ( daughter of General Hon . Sir Patrick Stuart ) on 20 January 1845 . They had eleven children . - Thomas Grey ( 29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826 ) , who died at the age of fifteen . - Rev . John Grey MA , DD , Canon and Rector of Durham ( 2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895 ) . He married Lady Georgiana Hervey ( daughter of Frederick William Hervey , 1st Marquess of Bristol ) in July 1836 . They had three children . He remarried Helen Spalding ( maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton , 1st Viscount Templetown ) on 11 April 1874 . - Reverend Francis Richard Grey ( 31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890 ) . He married Lady Elizabeth Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840 . - Captain the Hon . Henry Cavendish Grey ( 16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880 ) - William George Grey ( 15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865 ) . He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858 . Later years and death . Grey spent his last years in contented , if sometimes fretful , retirement at Howick with his books , his family , and his dogs . The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson , Charles , at the age of 13 . Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845 , forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick . He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family , close friends , and the labourers on his estate . His biographer G . M . Trevelyan argues : Legacy . Grey is commemorated by Greys Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne , which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column . The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statues head was knocked off . The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro , located directly underneath . Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , which runs south-east from the monument , is also named after Grey . Durham Universitys Grey College is named after Grey , who as Prime Minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university . Earl Grey tea , a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew , is named after Grey . In film . Grey is portrayed by Dominic Cooper in the 2008 film The Duchess , directed by Saul Dibb and starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes . The film is based on Amanda Foremans biography of Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Further reading . - Brett , Peter . Grey , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey in - Pennington , D.H.British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey . History Today ( May 1951 ) 1#5 pp 21-27 online ] . - Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell . The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411–436 . in JSTOR - online free Other sources . - Temperley , Harold and L.M . Penson , eds . Foundations of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt ( 1792 ) to Salisbury ( 1902 ) ( 1938 ) , primary sources online
|
[
"Foreign Secretary",
"leader of the Whigs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , ( 13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845 ) , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1830 to July 1834 . He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": "Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements , and as Prime Minister , his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms . The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform , bringing changes to the House of Commons . His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": " Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s . In 1807 , he resigned as Foreign Secretary to protest against King George IIIs uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation . Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland , and retired from politics . Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers , believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress . Earl Grey tea is named after him .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": " Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall , Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB ( 1729–1807 ) and his wife , Elizabeth ( 1743/4–1822 ) , daughter of George Grey of Southwick , co . Durham . He had four brothers and two sisters . He was educated at Richmond School , followed by Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " He became the second Earl Grey , Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father . Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick .",
"title": "Titles"
},
{
"text": " Elected to Parliament , 1786 . Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786 , aged just 22 . He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and the Prince of Wales , and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party . He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings . The Whig historian T . B . Macaulay wrote in 1841 :",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation . His affair with Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , herself an active political campaigner , did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Foreign Secretary , 1806–1807 . In 1806 , Grey , by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey , became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents ( a coalition of Foxite Whigs , Grenvillites , and Addingtonites ) as First Lord of the Admiralty .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Following Foxs death later that year , Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs . The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge , which Howick refused to do , that they would not propose any further concessions to the Catholics .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "The government fell from power the next year , and , after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807 , Howick went to the Lords , succeeding his father as Earl Grey . He continued in opposition for the next 23 years . There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government . In 1811 , the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley . Grey and Grenville declined because the",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation . Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress , Princess Charlotte , turned to him for advice on how to avoid her fathers choice of husband for her .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "On the Napoleonic Wars , Grey took the standard Whig party line . After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon , Grey became convinced of the French emperors invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore , the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War . Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor , the Duke of Wellington . When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814 , Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons authoritarian monarchy ; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year , he said",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "that the change was an internal French matter .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "In 1826 , believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions , Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne . The following year , when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister , it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government , which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington . When Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828 , George IV ( as the Prince Regent had become ) singled out Grey as the one person he could not",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "appoint to the Government .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "In 1830 , following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform , the Whigs finally returned to power , with Grey as Prime Minister . In 1831 , he was made a member of the Order of the Garter . His term was a notable one , seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832 , which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons , and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act . As the years",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "had passed , however , Grey had become more conservative , and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms , particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia : in 1831 a Proposal to His Majestys Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger , Anthony Bacon , Jeremy Bentham and Grey , but its ideas were considered too radical , and it was unable to attract the required investment . In the same year , Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration ( which was wound up in 1832 ) .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834 . Lord Anglesey , the Viceroy of Ireland , preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one , a policy known as appropriation . The Chief Secretary for Ireland , Lord Stanley , however , preferred coercive measures . The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation , Stanley and others resigned . This triggered",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey to retire from public life , leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor . Unlike most politicians , he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life ; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne , whom he , and especially his family , regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved . Grey became more critical as the decade went on , being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel OConnell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot . He made no allowances for Melbournes need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "shrinking majority in the Commons , and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement , the Reform Act , which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future . He continually stressed its conservative nature . As he declared in his last great public speech , at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834 , its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution , to make it more acceptable to the people at large , and especially the middle classes , who had been",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act , and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual , according to the increased intelligence of the people , and the necessities of the times . It was the speech of a conservative statesman .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Greys ministry , November 1830 – July 1834 . - Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords - Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor - Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council - Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal - Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department - Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs - Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "- Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " - Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control - Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General - Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " - June 1831 — Lord John Russell , the Paymaster of the Forces , and Edward Smith-Stanley , the Chief Secretary for Ireland , join the Cabinet . - April 1833 — Lord Goderich , now Lord Ripon , succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal . Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet . Edward Ellice , the Secretary at War , joins the Cabinet .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary . Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal . Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty . The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet . His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet . Charles Poulett Thomson , the President of the Board of Trade , and James Abercrombie , the Master of the Mint , join the Cabinet .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " Before his marriage , Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House , and they became lovers . In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France , where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter , who was raised by Greys parents : - Eliza Courtney ( 20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859 ) . She married Robert Ellice . Marriage and legitimate children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1794 , Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby ( 1776–1861 ) , only daughter of William Ponsonby , 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Hon . Louisa Molesworth . The marriage was a fruitful one ; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - unnamed daughter Grey ( stillborn , 1796 ) - Lady Louisa Elizabeth Grey ( 7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841 ) . She married John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham , on 9 December 1816 . They had five children , including Charles William , Greys favourite grandson , who died young . - Lady Elizabeth Grey ( 10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880 ) . She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826 . They had five children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Caroline Grey ( 30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875 ) . She married Captain Hon . George Barrington on 15 January 1827 . They had two children",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Georgiana Grey ( 17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900 ) , who never married . - Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey ( 28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894 ) . He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832 . - General Charles Grey ( 15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870 ) . He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836 . They had seven children , including Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey ( 23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878 ) . He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Mary Grey ( 2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884 ) . She married Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , on 29 July 1829 . They had seven children . - The Honourable William Grey ( 13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815 ) , who died at the age of six . - Admiral The Honourable George Grey ( 16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891 ) . He married Jane Stuart ( daughter of General Hon . Sir Patrick Stuart ) on 20 January 1845 . They had eleven children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Thomas Grey ( 29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826 ) , who died at the age of fifteen .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Rev . John Grey MA , DD , Canon and Rector of Durham ( 2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895 ) . He married Lady Georgiana Hervey ( daughter of Frederick William Hervey , 1st Marquess of Bristol ) in July 1836 . They had three children . He remarried Helen Spalding ( maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton , 1st Viscount Templetown ) on 11 April 1874 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Reverend Francis Richard Grey ( 31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890 ) . He married Lady Elizabeth Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Captain the Hon . Henry Cavendish Grey ( 16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880 ) - William George Grey ( 15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865 ) . He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858 . Later years and death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Grey spent his last years in contented , if sometimes fretful , retirement at Howick with his books , his family , and his dogs . The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson , Charles , at the age of 13 . Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845 , forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick . He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "the presence of his family , close friends , and the labourers on his estate .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Grey is commemorated by Greys Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne , which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column . The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statues head was knocked off . The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro , located directly underneath . Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , which runs south-east from the monument , is also named after Grey .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Durham Universitys Grey College is named after Grey , who as Prime Minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Earl Grey tea , a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew , is named after Grey .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Grey is portrayed by Dominic Cooper in the 2008 film The Duchess , directed by Saul Dibb and starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes . The film is based on Amanda Foremans biography of Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire .",
"title": "In film"
},
{
"text": " - Brett , Peter . Grey , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey in - Pennington , D.H.British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey . History Today ( May 1951 ) 1#5 pp 21-27 online ] . - Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell . The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411–436 . in JSTOR - online free",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Temperley , Harold and L.M . Penson , eds . Foundations of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt ( 1792 ) to Salisbury ( 1902 ) ( 1938 ) , primary sources online",
"title": "Other sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey#P39#1
|
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey took which position in Mar 1807?
|
Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , ( 13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845 ) , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1830 to July 1834 . He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party . Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements , and as Prime Minister , his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms . The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform , bringing changes to the House of Commons . His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire . Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s . In 1807 , he resigned as Foreign Secretary to protest against King George IIIs uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation . Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland , and retired from politics . Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers , believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress . Earl Grey tea is named after him . Early life . Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall , Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB ( 1729–1807 ) and his wife , Elizabeth ( 1743/4–1822 ) , daughter of George Grey of Southwick , co . Durham . He had four brothers and two sisters . He was educated at Richmond School , followed by Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation . Titles . He became the second Earl Grey , Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father . Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick . Government career . Elected to Parliament , 1786 . Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786 , aged just 22 . He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and the Prince of Wales , and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party . He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings . The Whig historian T . B . Macaulay wrote in 1841 : Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation . His affair with Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , herself an active political campaigner , did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband . Foreign Secretary , 1806–1807 . In 1806 , Grey , by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey , became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents ( a coalition of Foxite Whigs , Grenvillites , and Addingtonites ) as First Lord of the Admiralty . Following Foxs death later that year , Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs . The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge , which Howick refused to do , that they would not propose any further concessions to the Catholics . Years in opposition , 1807–1830 . The government fell from power the next year , and , after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807 , Howick went to the Lords , succeeding his father as Earl Grey . He continued in opposition for the next 23 years . There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government . In 1811 , the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley . Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation . Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress , Princess Charlotte , turned to him for advice on how to avoid her fathers choice of husband for her . On the Napoleonic Wars , Grey took the standard Whig party line . After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon , Grey became convinced of the French emperors invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore , the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War . Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor , the Duke of Wellington . When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814 , Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons authoritarian monarchy ; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year , he said that the change was an internal French matter . In 1826 , believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions , Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne . The following year , when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister , it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government , which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington . When Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828 , George IV ( as the Prince Regent had become ) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government . Prime Minister ( 1830–1834 ) . In 1830 , following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform , the Whigs finally returned to power , with Grey as Prime Minister . In 1831 , he was made a member of the Order of the Garter . His term was a notable one , seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832 , which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons , and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act . As the years had passed , however , Grey had become more conservative , and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms , particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform . Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia : in 1831 a Proposal to His Majestys Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger , Anthony Bacon , Jeremy Bentham and Grey , but its ideas were considered too radical , and it was unable to attract the required investment . In the same year , Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration ( which was wound up in 1832 ) . It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834 . Lord Anglesey , the Viceroy of Ireland , preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one , a policy known as appropriation . The Chief Secretary for Ireland , Lord Stanley , however , preferred coercive measures . The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation , Stanley and others resigned . This triggered Grey to retire from public life , leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor . Unlike most politicians , he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life ; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback . Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne , whom he , and especially his family , regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved . Grey became more critical as the decade went on , being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel OConnell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot . He made no allowances for Melbournes need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his shrinking majority in the Commons , and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement , the Reform Act , which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future . He continually stressed its conservative nature . As he declared in his last great public speech , at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834 , its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution , to make it more acceptable to the people at large , and especially the middle classes , who had been the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act , and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual , according to the increased intelligence of the people , and the necessities of the times . It was the speech of a conservative statesman . Lord Greys ministry , November 1830 – July 1834 . - Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords - Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor - Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council - Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal - Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department - Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs - Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty - Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons - Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control - Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General - Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio Changes - June 1831 — Lord John Russell , the Paymaster of the Forces , and Edward Smith-Stanley , the Chief Secretary for Ireland , join the Cabinet . - April 1833 — Lord Goderich , now Lord Ripon , succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal . Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet . Edward Ellice , the Secretary at War , joins the Cabinet . - June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary . Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal . Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty . The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet . His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet . Charles Poulett Thomson , the President of the Board of Trade , and James Abercrombie , the Master of the Mint , join the Cabinet . Personal life . Before his marriage , Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House , and they became lovers . In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France , where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter , who was raised by Greys parents : - Eliza Courtney ( 20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859 ) . She married Robert Ellice . Marriage and legitimate children . On 18 November 1794 , Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby ( 1776–1861 ) , only daughter of William Ponsonby , 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Hon . Louisa Molesworth . The marriage was a fruitful one ; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters : - unnamed daughter Grey ( stillborn , 1796 ) - Lady Louisa Elizabeth Grey ( 7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841 ) . She married John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham , on 9 December 1816 . They had five children , including Charles William , Greys favourite grandson , who died young . - Lady Elizabeth Grey ( 10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880 ) . She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826 . They had five children . - Lady Caroline Grey ( 30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875 ) . She married Captain Hon . George Barrington on 15 January 1827 . They had two children - Lady Georgiana Grey ( 17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900 ) , who never married . - Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey ( 28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894 ) . He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832 . - General Charles Grey ( 15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870 ) . He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836 . They had seven children , including Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey . - Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey ( 23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878 ) . He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846 . - Lady Mary Grey ( 2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884 ) . She married Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , on 29 July 1829 . They had seven children . - The Honourable William Grey ( 13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815 ) , who died at the age of six . - Admiral The Honourable George Grey ( 16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891 ) . He married Jane Stuart ( daughter of General Hon . Sir Patrick Stuart ) on 20 January 1845 . They had eleven children . - Thomas Grey ( 29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826 ) , who died at the age of fifteen . - Rev . John Grey MA , DD , Canon and Rector of Durham ( 2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895 ) . He married Lady Georgiana Hervey ( daughter of Frederick William Hervey , 1st Marquess of Bristol ) in July 1836 . They had three children . He remarried Helen Spalding ( maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton , 1st Viscount Templetown ) on 11 April 1874 . - Reverend Francis Richard Grey ( 31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890 ) . He married Lady Elizabeth Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840 . - Captain the Hon . Henry Cavendish Grey ( 16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880 ) - William George Grey ( 15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865 ) . He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858 . Later years and death . Grey spent his last years in contented , if sometimes fretful , retirement at Howick with his books , his family , and his dogs . The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson , Charles , at the age of 13 . Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845 , forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick . He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family , close friends , and the labourers on his estate . His biographer G . M . Trevelyan argues : Legacy . Grey is commemorated by Greys Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne , which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column . The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statues head was knocked off . The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro , located directly underneath . Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , which runs south-east from the monument , is also named after Grey . Durham Universitys Grey College is named after Grey , who as Prime Minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university . Earl Grey tea , a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew , is named after Grey . In film . Grey is portrayed by Dominic Cooper in the 2008 film The Duchess , directed by Saul Dibb and starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes . The film is based on Amanda Foremans biography of Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Further reading . - Brett , Peter . Grey , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey in - Pennington , D.H.British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey . History Today ( May 1951 ) 1#5 pp 21-27 online ] . - Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell . The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411–436 . in JSTOR - online free Other sources . - Temperley , Harold and L.M . Penson , eds . Foundations of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt ( 1792 ) to Salisbury ( 1902 ) ( 1938 ) , primary sources online
|
[
"member of parliament for Appleby"
] |
[
{
"text": " Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , ( 13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845 ) , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1830 to July 1834 . He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": "Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements , and as Prime Minister , his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms . The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform , bringing changes to the House of Commons . His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": " Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s . In 1807 , he resigned as Foreign Secretary to protest against King George IIIs uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation . Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland , and retired from politics . Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers , believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress . Earl Grey tea is named after him .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": " Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall , Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB ( 1729–1807 ) and his wife , Elizabeth ( 1743/4–1822 ) , daughter of George Grey of Southwick , co . Durham . He had four brothers and two sisters . He was educated at Richmond School , followed by Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " He became the second Earl Grey , Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father . Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick .",
"title": "Titles"
},
{
"text": " Elected to Parliament , 1786 . Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786 , aged just 22 . He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and the Prince of Wales , and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party . He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings . The Whig historian T . B . Macaulay wrote in 1841 :",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation . His affair with Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , herself an active political campaigner , did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Foreign Secretary , 1806–1807 . In 1806 , Grey , by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey , became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents ( a coalition of Foxite Whigs , Grenvillites , and Addingtonites ) as First Lord of the Admiralty .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Following Foxs death later that year , Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs . The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge , which Howick refused to do , that they would not propose any further concessions to the Catholics .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "The government fell from power the next year , and , after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807 , Howick went to the Lords , succeeding his father as Earl Grey . He continued in opposition for the next 23 years . There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government . In 1811 , the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley . Grey and Grenville declined because the",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation . Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress , Princess Charlotte , turned to him for advice on how to avoid her fathers choice of husband for her .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "On the Napoleonic Wars , Grey took the standard Whig party line . After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon , Grey became convinced of the French emperors invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore , the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War . Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor , the Duke of Wellington . When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814 , Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons authoritarian monarchy ; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year , he said",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "that the change was an internal French matter .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "In 1826 , believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions , Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne . The following year , when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister , it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government , which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington . When Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828 , George IV ( as the Prince Regent had become ) singled out Grey as the one person he could not",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "appoint to the Government .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "In 1830 , following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform , the Whigs finally returned to power , with Grey as Prime Minister . In 1831 , he was made a member of the Order of the Garter . His term was a notable one , seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832 , which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons , and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act . As the years",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "had passed , however , Grey had become more conservative , and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms , particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia : in 1831 a Proposal to His Majestys Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger , Anthony Bacon , Jeremy Bentham and Grey , but its ideas were considered too radical , and it was unable to attract the required investment . In the same year , Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration ( which was wound up in 1832 ) .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834 . Lord Anglesey , the Viceroy of Ireland , preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one , a policy known as appropriation . The Chief Secretary for Ireland , Lord Stanley , however , preferred coercive measures . The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation , Stanley and others resigned . This triggered",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey to retire from public life , leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor . Unlike most politicians , he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life ; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne , whom he , and especially his family , regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved . Grey became more critical as the decade went on , being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel OConnell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot . He made no allowances for Melbournes need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "shrinking majority in the Commons , and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement , the Reform Act , which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future . He continually stressed its conservative nature . As he declared in his last great public speech , at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834 , its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution , to make it more acceptable to the people at large , and especially the middle classes , who had been",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act , and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual , according to the increased intelligence of the people , and the necessities of the times . It was the speech of a conservative statesman .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Greys ministry , November 1830 – July 1834 . - Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords - Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor - Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council - Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal - Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department - Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs - Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "- Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " - Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control - Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General - Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " - June 1831 — Lord John Russell , the Paymaster of the Forces , and Edward Smith-Stanley , the Chief Secretary for Ireland , join the Cabinet . - April 1833 — Lord Goderich , now Lord Ripon , succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal . Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet . Edward Ellice , the Secretary at War , joins the Cabinet .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary . Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal . Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty . The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet . His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet . Charles Poulett Thomson , the President of the Board of Trade , and James Abercrombie , the Master of the Mint , join the Cabinet .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " Before his marriage , Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House , and they became lovers . In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France , where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter , who was raised by Greys parents : - Eliza Courtney ( 20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859 ) . She married Robert Ellice . Marriage and legitimate children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1794 , Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby ( 1776–1861 ) , only daughter of William Ponsonby , 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Hon . Louisa Molesworth . The marriage was a fruitful one ; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - unnamed daughter Grey ( stillborn , 1796 ) - Lady Louisa Elizabeth Grey ( 7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841 ) . She married John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham , on 9 December 1816 . They had five children , including Charles William , Greys favourite grandson , who died young . - Lady Elizabeth Grey ( 10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880 ) . She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826 . They had five children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Caroline Grey ( 30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875 ) . She married Captain Hon . George Barrington on 15 January 1827 . They had two children",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Georgiana Grey ( 17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900 ) , who never married . - Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey ( 28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894 ) . He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832 . - General Charles Grey ( 15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870 ) . He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836 . They had seven children , including Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey ( 23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878 ) . He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Mary Grey ( 2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884 ) . She married Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , on 29 July 1829 . They had seven children . - The Honourable William Grey ( 13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815 ) , who died at the age of six . - Admiral The Honourable George Grey ( 16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891 ) . He married Jane Stuart ( daughter of General Hon . Sir Patrick Stuart ) on 20 January 1845 . They had eleven children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Thomas Grey ( 29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826 ) , who died at the age of fifteen .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Rev . John Grey MA , DD , Canon and Rector of Durham ( 2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895 ) . He married Lady Georgiana Hervey ( daughter of Frederick William Hervey , 1st Marquess of Bristol ) in July 1836 . They had three children . He remarried Helen Spalding ( maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton , 1st Viscount Templetown ) on 11 April 1874 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Reverend Francis Richard Grey ( 31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890 ) . He married Lady Elizabeth Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Captain the Hon . Henry Cavendish Grey ( 16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880 ) - William George Grey ( 15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865 ) . He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858 . Later years and death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Grey spent his last years in contented , if sometimes fretful , retirement at Howick with his books , his family , and his dogs . The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson , Charles , at the age of 13 . Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845 , forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick . He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "the presence of his family , close friends , and the labourers on his estate .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Grey is commemorated by Greys Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne , which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column . The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statues head was knocked off . The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro , located directly underneath . Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , which runs south-east from the monument , is also named after Grey .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Durham Universitys Grey College is named after Grey , who as Prime Minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Earl Grey tea , a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew , is named after Grey .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Grey is portrayed by Dominic Cooper in the 2008 film The Duchess , directed by Saul Dibb and starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes . The film is based on Amanda Foremans biography of Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire .",
"title": "In film"
},
{
"text": " - Brett , Peter . Grey , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey in - Pennington , D.H.British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey . History Today ( May 1951 ) 1#5 pp 21-27 online ] . - Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell . The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411–436 . in JSTOR - online free",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Temperley , Harold and L.M . Penson , eds . Foundations of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt ( 1792 ) to Salisbury ( 1902 ) ( 1938 ) , primary sources online",
"title": "Other sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey#P39#2
|
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey took which position in Jul 1834?
|
Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , ( 13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845 ) , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1830 to July 1834 . He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party . Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements , and as Prime Minister , his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms . The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform , bringing changes to the House of Commons . His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire . Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s . In 1807 , he resigned as Foreign Secretary to protest against King George IIIs uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation . Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland , and retired from politics . Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers , believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress . Earl Grey tea is named after him . Early life . Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall , Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB ( 1729–1807 ) and his wife , Elizabeth ( 1743/4–1822 ) , daughter of George Grey of Southwick , co . Durham . He had four brothers and two sisters . He was educated at Richmond School , followed by Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation . Titles . He became the second Earl Grey , Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father . Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick . Government career . Elected to Parliament , 1786 . Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786 , aged just 22 . He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and the Prince of Wales , and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party . He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings . The Whig historian T . B . Macaulay wrote in 1841 : Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation . His affair with Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , herself an active political campaigner , did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband . Foreign Secretary , 1806–1807 . In 1806 , Grey , by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey , became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents ( a coalition of Foxite Whigs , Grenvillites , and Addingtonites ) as First Lord of the Admiralty . Following Foxs death later that year , Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs . The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge , which Howick refused to do , that they would not propose any further concessions to the Catholics . Years in opposition , 1807–1830 . The government fell from power the next year , and , after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807 , Howick went to the Lords , succeeding his father as Earl Grey . He continued in opposition for the next 23 years . There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government . In 1811 , the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley . Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation . Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress , Princess Charlotte , turned to him for advice on how to avoid her fathers choice of husband for her . On the Napoleonic Wars , Grey took the standard Whig party line . After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon , Grey became convinced of the French emperors invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore , the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War . Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor , the Duke of Wellington . When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814 , Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons authoritarian monarchy ; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year , he said that the change was an internal French matter . In 1826 , believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions , Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne . The following year , when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister , it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government , which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington . When Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828 , George IV ( as the Prince Regent had become ) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government . Prime Minister ( 1830–1834 ) . In 1830 , following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform , the Whigs finally returned to power , with Grey as Prime Minister . In 1831 , he was made a member of the Order of the Garter . His term was a notable one , seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832 , which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons , and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act . As the years had passed , however , Grey had become more conservative , and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms , particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform . Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia : in 1831 a Proposal to His Majestys Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger , Anthony Bacon , Jeremy Bentham and Grey , but its ideas were considered too radical , and it was unable to attract the required investment . In the same year , Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration ( which was wound up in 1832 ) . It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834 . Lord Anglesey , the Viceroy of Ireland , preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one , a policy known as appropriation . The Chief Secretary for Ireland , Lord Stanley , however , preferred coercive measures . The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation , Stanley and others resigned . This triggered Grey to retire from public life , leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor . Unlike most politicians , he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life ; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback . Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne , whom he , and especially his family , regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved . Grey became more critical as the decade went on , being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel OConnell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot . He made no allowances for Melbournes need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his shrinking majority in the Commons , and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement , the Reform Act , which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future . He continually stressed its conservative nature . As he declared in his last great public speech , at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834 , its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution , to make it more acceptable to the people at large , and especially the middle classes , who had been the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act , and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual , according to the increased intelligence of the people , and the necessities of the times . It was the speech of a conservative statesman . Lord Greys ministry , November 1830 – July 1834 . - Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords - Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor - Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council - Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal - Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department - Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs - Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty - Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons - Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control - Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General - Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio Changes - June 1831 — Lord John Russell , the Paymaster of the Forces , and Edward Smith-Stanley , the Chief Secretary for Ireland , join the Cabinet . - April 1833 — Lord Goderich , now Lord Ripon , succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal . Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet . Edward Ellice , the Secretary at War , joins the Cabinet . - June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary . Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal . Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty . The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet . His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet . Charles Poulett Thomson , the President of the Board of Trade , and James Abercrombie , the Master of the Mint , join the Cabinet . Personal life . Before his marriage , Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House , and they became lovers . In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France , where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter , who was raised by Greys parents : - Eliza Courtney ( 20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859 ) . She married Robert Ellice . Marriage and legitimate children . On 18 November 1794 , Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby ( 1776–1861 ) , only daughter of William Ponsonby , 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Hon . Louisa Molesworth . The marriage was a fruitful one ; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters : - unnamed daughter Grey ( stillborn , 1796 ) - Lady Louisa Elizabeth Grey ( 7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841 ) . She married John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham , on 9 December 1816 . They had five children , including Charles William , Greys favourite grandson , who died young . - Lady Elizabeth Grey ( 10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880 ) . She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826 . They had five children . - Lady Caroline Grey ( 30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875 ) . She married Captain Hon . George Barrington on 15 January 1827 . They had two children - Lady Georgiana Grey ( 17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900 ) , who never married . - Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey ( 28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894 ) . He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832 . - General Charles Grey ( 15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870 ) . He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836 . They had seven children , including Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey . - Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey ( 23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878 ) . He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846 . - Lady Mary Grey ( 2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884 ) . She married Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , on 29 July 1829 . They had seven children . - The Honourable William Grey ( 13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815 ) , who died at the age of six . - Admiral The Honourable George Grey ( 16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891 ) . He married Jane Stuart ( daughter of General Hon . Sir Patrick Stuart ) on 20 January 1845 . They had eleven children . - Thomas Grey ( 29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826 ) , who died at the age of fifteen . - Rev . John Grey MA , DD , Canon and Rector of Durham ( 2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895 ) . He married Lady Georgiana Hervey ( daughter of Frederick William Hervey , 1st Marquess of Bristol ) in July 1836 . They had three children . He remarried Helen Spalding ( maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton , 1st Viscount Templetown ) on 11 April 1874 . - Reverend Francis Richard Grey ( 31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890 ) . He married Lady Elizabeth Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840 . - Captain the Hon . Henry Cavendish Grey ( 16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880 ) - William George Grey ( 15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865 ) . He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858 . Later years and death . Grey spent his last years in contented , if sometimes fretful , retirement at Howick with his books , his family , and his dogs . The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson , Charles , at the age of 13 . Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845 , forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick . He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family , close friends , and the labourers on his estate . His biographer G . M . Trevelyan argues : Legacy . Grey is commemorated by Greys Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne , which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column . The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statues head was knocked off . The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro , located directly underneath . Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , which runs south-east from the monument , is also named after Grey . Durham Universitys Grey College is named after Grey , who as Prime Minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university . Earl Grey tea , a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew , is named after Grey . In film . Grey is portrayed by Dominic Cooper in the 2008 film The Duchess , directed by Saul Dibb and starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes . The film is based on Amanda Foremans biography of Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Further reading . - Brett , Peter . Grey , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey in - Pennington , D.H.British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey . History Today ( May 1951 ) 1#5 pp 21-27 online ] . - Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell . The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411–436 . in JSTOR - online free Other sources . - Temperley , Harold and L.M . Penson , eds . Foundations of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt ( 1792 ) to Salisbury ( 1902 ) ( 1938 ) , primary sources online
|
[
"Prime Minister"
] |
[
{
"text": " Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , ( 13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845 ) , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1830 to July 1834 . He was a descendant of the noble House of Grey and a member of the Whig Party .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": "Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements , and as Prime Minister , his government was known for bringing about two notable reforms . The Reform Act 1832 brought about parliamentary reform , bringing changes to the House of Commons . His government also enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , bringing about the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": " Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s . In 1807 , he resigned as Foreign Secretary to protest against King George IIIs uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation . Grey finally resigned in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland , and retired from politics . Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers , believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress . Earl Grey tea is named after him .",
"title": "Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey"
},
{
"text": " Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall , Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey KB ( 1729–1807 ) and his wife , Elizabeth ( 1743/4–1822 ) , daughter of George Grey of Southwick , co . Durham . He had four brothers and two sisters . He was educated at Richmond School , followed by Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " He became the second Earl Grey , Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick on 14 November 1807 upon the death of his father . Upon the death of his uncle on 30 March 1808 he became the third Baronet Grey of Howick .",
"title": "Titles"
},
{
"text": " Elected to Parliament , 1786 . Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786 , aged just 22 . He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and the Prince of Wales , and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party . He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings . The Whig historian T . B . Macaulay wrote in 1841 :",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation . His affair with Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , herself an active political campaigner , did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Foreign Secretary , 1806–1807 . In 1806 , Grey , by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey , became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents ( a coalition of Foxite Whigs , Grenvillites , and Addingtonites ) as First Lord of the Admiralty .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Following Foxs death later that year , Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs . The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge , which Howick refused to do , that they would not propose any further concessions to the Catholics .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "The government fell from power the next year , and , after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807 , Howick went to the Lords , succeeding his father as Earl Grey . He continued in opposition for the next 23 years . There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government . In 1811 , the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley . Grey and Grenville declined because the",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation . Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress , Princess Charlotte , turned to him for advice on how to avoid her fathers choice of husband for her .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "On the Napoleonic Wars , Grey took the standard Whig party line . After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon , Grey became convinced of the French emperors invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore , the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War . Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor , the Duke of Wellington . When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814 , Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons authoritarian monarchy ; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year , he said",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "that the change was an internal French matter .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "In 1826 , believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions , Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne . The following year , when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister , it was therefore Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government , which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington . When Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828 , George IV ( as the Prince Regent had become ) singled out Grey as the one person he could not",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "appoint to the Government .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "In 1830 , following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform , the Whigs finally returned to power , with Grey as Prime Minister . In 1831 , he was made a member of the Order of the Garter . His term was a notable one , seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832 , which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons , and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act . As the years",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "had passed , however , Grey had become more conservative , and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms , particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia : in 1831 a Proposal to His Majestys Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger , Anthony Bacon , Jeremy Bentham and Grey , but its ideas were considered too radical , and it was unable to attract the required investment . In the same year , Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration ( which was wound up in 1832 ) .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834 . Lord Anglesey , the Viceroy of Ireland , preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the church tithe to the Catholic church and away from the established Protestant one , a policy known as appropriation . The Chief Secretary for Ireland , Lord Stanley , however , preferred coercive measures . The cabinet was divided and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation , Stanley and others resigned . This triggered",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey to retire from public life , leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor . Unlike most politicians , he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life ; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne , whom he , and especially his family , regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved . Grey became more critical as the decade went on , being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel OConnell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot . He made no allowances for Melbournes need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "shrinking majority in the Commons , and in particular he resented any slight on his own great achievement , the Reform Act , which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future . He continually stressed its conservative nature . As he declared in his last great public speech , at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834 , its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution , to make it more acceptable to the people at large , and especially the middle classes , who had been",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act , and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual , according to the increased intelligence of the people , and the necessities of the times . It was the speech of a conservative statesman .",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Greys ministry , November 1830 – July 1834 . - Lord Grey — First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords - Lord Brougham — Lord Chancellor - Lord Lansdowne — Lord President of the Council - Lord Durham — Lord Privy Seal - Lord Melbourne — Secretary of State for the Home Department - Lord Palmerston — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs - Lord Goderich — Secretary of State for War and the Colonies - Sir James Graham — First Lord of the Admiralty",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": "- Lord Althorp — Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " - Charles Grant — President of the Board of Control - Lord Holland — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster - The Duke of Richmond — Postmaster General - Lord Carlisle — Minister without Portfolio",
"title": "Government career"
},
{
"text": " - June 1831 — Lord John Russell , the Paymaster of the Forces , and Edward Smith-Stanley , the Chief Secretary for Ireland , join the Cabinet . - April 1833 — Lord Goderich , now Lord Ripon , succeeds Lord Durham as Lord Privy Seal . Edward Smith-Stanley succeeds Ripon as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . His successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet . Edward Ellice , the Secretary at War , joins the Cabinet .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": "- June 1834 — Thomas Spring Rice succeeds Stanley as Colonial Secretary . Lord Carlisle succeeds Ripon as Lord Privy Seal . Lord Auckland succeeds Graham as First Lord of the Admiralty . The Duke of Richmond leaves the Cabinet . His successor as Postmaster General is not in the Cabinet . Charles Poulett Thomson , the President of the Board of Trade , and James Abercrombie , the Master of the Mint , join the Cabinet .",
"title": "Changes"
},
{
"text": " Before his marriage , Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire . Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House , and they became lovers . In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France , where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter , who was raised by Greys parents : - Eliza Courtney ( 20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859 ) . She married Robert Ellice . Marriage and legitimate children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1794 , Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby ( 1776–1861 ) , only daughter of William Ponsonby , 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Hon . Louisa Molesworth . The marriage was a fruitful one ; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - unnamed daughter Grey ( stillborn , 1796 ) - Lady Louisa Elizabeth Grey ( 7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841 ) . She married John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham , on 9 December 1816 . They had five children , including Charles William , Greys favourite grandson , who died young . - Lady Elizabeth Grey ( 10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880 ) . She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826 . They had five children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Caroline Grey ( 30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875 ) . She married Captain Hon . George Barrington on 15 January 1827 . They had two children",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Georgiana Grey ( 17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900 ) , who never married . - Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey ( 28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894 ) . He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832 . - General Charles Grey ( 15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870 ) . He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836 . They had seven children , including Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey ( 23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878 ) . He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Mary Grey ( 2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884 ) . She married Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , on 29 July 1829 . They had seven children . - The Honourable William Grey ( 13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815 ) , who died at the age of six . - Admiral The Honourable George Grey ( 16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891 ) . He married Jane Stuart ( daughter of General Hon . Sir Patrick Stuart ) on 20 January 1845 . They had eleven children .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Thomas Grey ( 29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826 ) , who died at the age of fifteen .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Rev . John Grey MA , DD , Canon and Rector of Durham ( 2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895 ) . He married Lady Georgiana Hervey ( daughter of Frederick William Hervey , 1st Marquess of Bristol ) in July 1836 . They had three children . He remarried Helen Spalding ( maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton , 1st Viscount Templetown ) on 11 April 1874 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Reverend Francis Richard Grey ( 31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890 ) . He married Lady Elizabeth Howard , daughter of George Howard , 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Captain the Hon . Henry Cavendish Grey ( 16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880 ) - William George Grey ( 15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865 ) . He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858 . Later years and death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Grey spent his last years in contented , if sometimes fretful , retirement at Howick with his books , his family , and his dogs . The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson , Charles , at the age of 13 . Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845 , forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick . He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "the presence of his family , close friends , and the labourers on his estate .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Grey is commemorated by Greys Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne , which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column . The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statues head was knocked off . The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro , located directly underneath . Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , which runs south-east from the monument , is also named after Grey .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Durham Universitys Grey College is named after Grey , who as Prime Minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Earl Grey tea , a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew , is named after Grey .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Grey is portrayed by Dominic Cooper in the 2008 film The Duchess , directed by Saul Dibb and starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes . The film is based on Amanda Foremans biography of Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire .",
"title": "In film"
},
{
"text": " - Brett , Peter . Grey , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey in - Pennington , D.H.British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey . History Today ( May 1951 ) 1#5 pp 21-27 online ] . - Phillips , John A. , and Charles Wetherell . The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England . American historical review 100.2 ( 1995 ) : 411–436 . in JSTOR - online free",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Temperley , Harold and L.M . Penson , eds . Foundations of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt ( 1792 ) to Salisbury ( 1902 ) ( 1938 ) , primary sources online",
"title": "Other sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr.#P69#0
|
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. went to which school in Feb 1929?
|
Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Adam Clayton Powell Jr . ( November 29 , 1908 – April 4 , 1972 ) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971 . He was the first African-American to be elected to Congress from New York , as well as the first from any state in the Northeast . Re-elected for nearly three decades , Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party , and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues . He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism . In 1961 , after 16 years in the House , Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee , the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress . As chairman , he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F . Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson . Following allegations of corruption , in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress , but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in Powell v . McCormack . He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics . Early life and education . Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven , Connecticut , the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr . and Mattie Buster Shaffer , both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia , respectively . His sister Blanche was 10 years older . His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry ( and , according to his father , American Indian on his mothers side ) . ( In his autobiography Adam By Adam , Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. ) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto in 19th-century censuses . Powells paternal grandmothers ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War . By 1908 , Powell Sr . had become a prominent Baptist minister , serving as a pastor in Philadelphia , and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven . Powell Sr . had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary , a historically black college , and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary . In the year of his sons birth in New Haven , Powell Sr . was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City . He led the church for decades through major expansion , including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration , as many African Americans moved north from the South . That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons . Due to his fathers achievements , Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City . Because of some of his European ancestry , Adam was born with hazel eyes , light skin and blond hair , such that he could pass for white . However , he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college . He attended Townsend Harris High School , then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University as a freshman . The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes . For a time , Powell briefly passed as white , using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college . The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done . Encouraged by his father to become a minister , Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1930 . After returning to New York , Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A . in religious education from Columbia University . He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity . Later , apparently trying to bolster his black identity , Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery . However , his paternal grandmother , Sally Dunning , was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family . In the 1860 census , she is listed as a free mulatto , as were her mother , grandmother , and siblings . Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. , born in 1865 . She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning , listed on the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household . In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush , a mulatto freedman . All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census . The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County , West Virginia , as part of their new life there . According to Charles V . Hamilton , a 1991 biographer of Powell , Anthony Bush decided to take the name Powell as a new identity , and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census . Adam Jr.s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race , with African-American and German ancestry . Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War . Powells parents married in West Virginia , where they met . Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work . Career . After ordination , Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher . He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy , and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem . During the Great Depression in the 1930s , Powell , a handsome and charismatic figure , became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem . He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? . He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing . As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment , Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels . He organized mass meetings , rent strikes , and public campaigns to force companies , utilities , and Harlem Hospital , which operated in the community , to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions , to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination . For instance , during the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , Powell organized a picket line at the Fairs offices in the Empire State Building . As a result , the Fair hired more black employees , increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732 . In 1941 , Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem , where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs ; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more . Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists . He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work . Mass action is the most powerful force on earth , Powell once said , adding , As long as it is within the law , its not wrong ; if the law is wrong , change the law . In 1938 , Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church . In 1942 he founded Peoples Voice , a newspaper designed for a progressive African American audience , and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S . civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa . Reporters and writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself , Powells sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington , and journalist Marvel Cooke . It also served as a mouthpiece for his views . After he was elected to Congress in 1944 , other people led the paper , but it finally closed in 1948 , after being accused of communist connections . Political career . New York City Council . In 1941 , with the aid of New York Citys use of the single transferable vote , Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the citys first black Council member . He received 65,736 votes , the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates . Congress . In 1944 , Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans : support for fair employment practices , and a ban on poll taxes and lynching . Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites , in order to exclude them from politics . Poll taxes in the United States , together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws , were maintained in the South into the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless . Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin . Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem . He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State . As the historian Charles V . Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell , Here was a person who [ in the 1940s ] would at least speak out . .. . That would be different .. . Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists . .. . Powell certainly promised to do that .. . [ In ] the 1940s and 1950s , he was , indeed , virtually alone .. . And precisely because of that , he was exceptionally crucial . In many instances during those earlier times , if he did not speak out , the issue would not have been raised . .. . For example , only he could ( or would dare to ) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word nigger . He certainly did not change Rankins mind or behavior , but he gave solace to millions who longed for a little retaliatory defiance . As one of only two black Congressmen ( the other being William Levi Dawson ) until 1955 , Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members . He took black constituents to dine with him in the Whites Only House restaurant . He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party . Since the turn of the 20th century , Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system , as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting . The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states , had established seniority , and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate . Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr. , the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in Washington , D.C. , to try to gain justice in federal programs . Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell , who , to his credit , was more than happy to catch and run with it . He developed a strategy known as the Powell Amendments . On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures , Powell would offer our customary amendment , requiring that federal funds be denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed , Southern politicians angered . This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Powell was also willing to act independently ; in 1956 , he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D . Eisenhower for re-election , saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak . In 1958 , he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election . In 1960 , Powell , hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention , which could embarrass the party or candidate , threatened to accuse Rev . Martin Luther King Jr . of having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled . Rustin , one of Kings political advisers , was an openly gay man . King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . Global work . Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia , making trips overseas . He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them . During the Cold War , many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union . He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana , Indonesia , and Sierra Leone . In 1955 , against the State Departments advice , Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung , Indonesia , as an observer . He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nations race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms . Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance , and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D . Eisenhower . With this influence , Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective . Instead , he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts , such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians , which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands . The State Department approved the idea . The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years . Committee chairmanship and legislation . In 1961 , after 15 years in Congress , Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor . In this position , he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid ( established later under Johnson ) ; he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers ; and worked for equal pay for women ; he supported education and training for the deaf , nursing education , and vocational training ; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours ; as well as for aid for elementary and secondary education , and school libraries . Powells committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedys New Frontier and President Johnsons Great Society social programs and the War on Poverty . It successfully reported to Congress 49 pieces of bedrock legislation , as President Johnson put it in an May 18 , 1966 , letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship . Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime , as well as bills that desegregated public schools . He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote . Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment , passed in 1964 . Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections , and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote . In some areas where discrimination was severe , such as Mississippi , it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population , but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting . Political controversy . By the mid-1960s , Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committees budget , taking trips abroad at public expense , and missing meetings of his committee . When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically.. . that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do . Opponents led criticism in his District , where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander judgment made him subject to arrest ; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida . Select House Committee to investigate Representative Adam Clayton Powell . In January 1967 , the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship . A series of hearings on Powells misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action . A Select House Committee was established upon the Houses reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powells misconduct so as to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat . This committee was appointed by the Speaker of the House . Its chairman was Emanuel Celler of New York and its members were James C . Corman , Claude Pepper , John Conyers , Jr. , Andrew Jacobs , Jr. , Arch A . Moore , Jr. , Charles M . Teague , Clark MacGregor , and Vernon W . Thompson . This committees inquiry centered on the following issues : 1 . Mr . Powells age , citizenship , and inhabitancy [ sic ] ; 2 . The status of legal proceedings to which Mr . Powell was a party in the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with particular reference to the instances in which he has been held in contempt of court ; and 3 . Matters of Mr . Powells alleged official misconduct since January 3 , 1961 . Hearings of the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell were held over three days in February 1967 . Powell was in attendance only on the first day of these hearings , February 8 . Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses . According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings , Powell and his counsels official position was that the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges . The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution , but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court . The committee also found that Powell had committed numerous acts of financial misconduct . These included appropriation of Congressional funds for his own personal use , the use of funds meant for the House Education and Labor Committee to pay the salary of a housekeeper at his property on Bimini in The Bahamas , purchasing airline tickets for himself , family , and friends from the funds of the House Education and Labor Committee , as well as making false reports on expenditures of foreign currency while head of the House Education and Labor Committee . The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powells seat . Most notably , Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all , while John Conyers , Jr. , the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate . In fact , in the committees official report , Conyers asserted that Powells conduct during the two investigations of his conduct were not contrary to the dignity of the House of Representatives , as had been suggested by the investigation . Conyers also suggested that cases of misconduct brought before the House of Representatives never exceed censure . In the end , the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell recommended that Powell be seated but stripped of his seniority and forced to pay a fine of $40,000 , citing article I , section 5 , clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each house of Congress the ability to punish members for improper conduct . The full House refused to seat him until completion of the investigation . Powell urged his supporters to keep the faith , baby , while the investigation was under way . On March 1 , the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him , despite the recommendation of the Select Committee . Powell said , On this day , the day of March in my opinion , is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave . Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion , receiving 86% of the vote . But he did not take his seat , as he was filing a separate suit . He sued in Powell v . McCormack to retain his seat . In November 1968 , Powell was re-elected . On January 3 , 1969 , he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress , but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority . In June 1969 , in Powell v . McCormack , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell , as he had been duly elected by his constituents . Powells increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents , which contributed , in June 1970 , to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B . Rangel . Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent , and Rangel won that ( and following ) general elections . In the fall of 1970 , Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas , also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church . Marriage and family . In 1933 , Powell married Isabel Washington ( 1908–2007 ) , an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer . Like Powell , she was of mixed race . She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington . Powell adopted Washingtons son , Preston , from her first marriage . After their divorce , in 1945 , Powell married the singer Hazel Scott . They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III . In the early 21st century , Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California . Powell divorced again , and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico . They had a son , whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago , using the mothers surname as a second surname , according to Hispanic tradition . In 1980 , this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV ( dropping Diago from his name ) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University . Adam Clayton Powell IV , also known as A.C . Powell IV , was elected to the New York City Council in 1991 in a special election ; he served for two terms . He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman ( D-East Harlem ) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V . In 1994 , and again in 2010 , Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Rep . Charles B . Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his fathers former congressional district . Family scandal . In 1967 , a U.S . Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago , the former third wife of Powell Jr . and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV . They were investigating potential theft of state funds related to her having been on Powell Jr.s payroll but doing no work . Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. , from 1961 until 1967 , although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961 . As reported by Time magazine , Yvette Diago had continued living in Puerto Rico and performed no work at all , yet was kept on the payroll . Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967 , when she was exposed and fired . Death . In April 1972 , Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini . He died there on April 4 , 1972 , at the age of 63 , from acute prostatitis , according to contemporary newspaper accounts . After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem , his son , Adam III , poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini . Legacy . Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard . One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr . State Office Building , named for Powell in 1983 . In addition , two New York schools were named after him , , at 1750 Amsterdam Ave. , and a middle school , IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr . School of Social Justice , at 509 W . 129th St . It closed in 2009 . In 2011 , the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Paideia Academy opened in Chicagos South Shore neighborhood . Investigations into Powells misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff . Representation in other media . Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith , Baby , starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife , jazz pianist Hazel Scott . The film debuted on February 17 , 2002 , on premium cable network Showtime . It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie ( Lennix ) , and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie ( Williams ) . It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable ( NAMIC ) Vision Awards for Best Drama and Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) , the International Press Associations Best Actress in a Television Film Award ( Williams ) , and Reel.coms Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) . The films producers were Geoffrey L . Garfield , Powell IVs long-time campaign manager ; Monty Ross , a confidant of Spike Lee ; son Adam Clayton Powell III ; and Hollywood veteran Harry J . Ufland . The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry . Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem . Works . - ( 1945 ) Marching Blacks , An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man - ( 1962 ) The New Image in Education : A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor - ( 1967 ) Keep the Faith , Baby ! - ( 1971 ) Adam by Adam : The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr .
|
[
"Colgate"
] |
[
{
"text": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr . ( November 29 , 1908 – April 4 , 1972 ) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971 . He was the first African-American to be elected to Congress from New York , as well as the first from any state in the Northeast . Re-elected for nearly three decades , Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party , and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "In 1961 , after 16 years in the House , Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee , the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress . As chairman , he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F . Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson . Following allegations of corruption , in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress , but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "States in Powell v . McCormack . He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven , Connecticut , the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr . and Mattie Buster Shaffer , both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia , respectively . His sister Blanche was 10 years older . His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry ( and , according to his father , American Indian on his mothers side ) . ( In his autobiography Adam By Adam , Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. ) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "in 19th-century censuses . Powells paternal grandmothers ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War . By 1908 , Powell Sr . had become a prominent Baptist minister , serving as a pastor in Philadelphia , and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Powell Sr . had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary , a historically black college , and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary . In the year of his sons birth in New Haven , Powell Sr . was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City . He led the church for decades through major expansion , including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration ,",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "as many African Americans moved north from the South . That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Due to his fathers achievements , Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City . Because of some of his European ancestry , Adam was born with hazel eyes , light skin and blond hair , such that he could pass for white . However , he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college . He attended Townsend Harris High School , then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University as a freshman . The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes . For a",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "time , Powell briefly passed as white , using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college . The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " Encouraged by his father to become a minister , Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1930 . After returning to New York , Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A . in religious education from Columbia University . He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Later , apparently trying to bolster his black identity , Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery . However , his paternal grandmother , Sally Dunning , was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family . In the 1860 census , she is listed as a free mulatto , as were her mother , grandmother , and siblings . Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. , born in 1865 . She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning , listed on",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household . In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush , a mulatto freedman . All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County , West Virginia , as part of their new life there . According to Charles V . Hamilton , a 1991 biographer of Powell , Anthony Bush decided to take the name Powell as a new identity , and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Adam Jr.s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race , with African-American and German ancestry . Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War . Powells parents married in West Virginia , where they met . Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " After ordination , Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher . He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy , and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the Great Depression in the 1930s , Powell , a handsome and charismatic figure , became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem . He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? . He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing . As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment , Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels . He organized",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mass meetings , rent strikes , and public campaigns to force companies , utilities , and Harlem Hospital , which operated in the community , to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions , to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "For instance , during the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , Powell organized a picket line at the Fairs offices in the Empire State Building . As a result , the Fair hired more black employees , increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732 . In 1941 , Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem , where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs ; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more . Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work . Mass action is the most powerful force on earth , Powell once said , adding , As long as it is within the law , its not wrong ; if the law is wrong , change the law .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church . In 1942 he founded Peoples Voice , a newspaper designed for a progressive African American audience , and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S . civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa . Reporters and writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself , Powells sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington , and journalist Marvel Cooke . It also served as a mouthpiece for his views .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After he was elected to Congress in 1944 , other people led the paper , but it finally closed in 1948 , after being accused of communist connections .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " New York City Council . In 1941 , with the aid of New York Citys use of the single transferable vote , Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the citys first black Council member . He received 65,736 votes , the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans : support for fair employment practices , and a ban on poll taxes and lynching . Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites , in order to exclude them from politics . Poll taxes in the United States , together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws , were maintained in the South into",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless . Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem . He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State . As the historian Charles V . Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell , Here was a person who [ in the 1940s ] would at least speak out . .. . That would be different .. . Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists . .. . Powell certainly promised to do that .. .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "[ In ] the 1940s and 1950s , he was , indeed , virtually alone .. . And precisely because of that , he was exceptionally crucial . In many instances during those earlier times , if he did not speak out , the issue would not have been raised . .. . For example , only he could ( or would dare to ) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word nigger . He certainly did not change Rankins mind or behavior , but he gave solace to millions who",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "longed for a little retaliatory defiance .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " As one of only two black Congressmen ( the other being William Levi Dawson ) until 1955 , Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members . He took black constituents to dine with him in the Whites Only House restaurant . He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Since the turn of the 20th century , Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system , as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting . The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states , had established seniority , and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr. , the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in Washington , D.C. , to try to gain justice in federal programs . Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell , who , to his credit , was more than happy to catch and run with it . He developed a strategy known as the Powell Amendments . On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures , Powell would offer our customary amendment , requiring that federal funds be",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed , Southern politicians angered . This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Powell was also willing to act independently ; in 1956 , he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D . Eisenhower for re-election , saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak . In 1958 , he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election . In 1960 , Powell , hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention , which could embarrass the party or candidate , threatened to accuse Rev . Martin Luther King Jr . of",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled . Rustin , one of Kings political advisers , was an openly gay man . King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia , making trips overseas . He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them . During the Cold War , many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union . He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana , Indonesia , and Sierra Leone .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , against the State Departments advice , Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung , Indonesia , as an observer . He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nations race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms . Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance , and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D . Eisenhower .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "With this influence , Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective . Instead , he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts , such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians , which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands . The State Department approved the idea . The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "In 1961 , after 15 years in Congress , Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor . In this position , he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid ( established later under Johnson ) ; he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers ; and worked for equal pay for women ; he supported education and training for the deaf , nursing education , and vocational training ; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours ; as well as for aid for elementary and",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "secondary education , and school libraries . Powells committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedys New Frontier and President Johnsons Great Society social programs and the War on Poverty . It successfully reported to Congress 49 pieces of bedrock legislation , as President Johnson put it in an May 18 , 1966 , letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime , as well as bills that desegregated public schools . He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote . Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment , passed in 1964 . Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections , and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote . In some areas where",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "discrimination was severe , such as Mississippi , it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population , but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1960s , Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committees budget , taking trips abroad at public expense , and missing meetings of his committee . When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically.. . that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do . Opponents led criticism in his District , where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "judgment made him subject to arrest ; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "In January 1967 , the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship . A series of hearings on Powells misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action . A Select House Committee was established upon the Houses reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powells misconduct so as to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat . This committee was appointed by the Speaker of the House . Its chairman was Emanuel Celler of New York and",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "its members were James C . Corman , Claude Pepper , John Conyers , Jr. , Andrew Jacobs , Jr. , Arch A . Moore , Jr. , Charles M . Teague , Clark MacGregor , and Vernon W . Thompson . This committees inquiry centered on the following issues : 1 . Mr . Powells age , citizenship , and inhabitancy [ sic ] ; 2 . The status of legal proceedings to which Mr . Powell was a party in the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with particular reference to the instances in",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "which he has been held in contempt of court ; and 3 . Matters of Mr . Powells alleged official misconduct since January 3 , 1961 .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " Hearings of the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell were held over three days in February 1967 . Powell was in attendance only on the first day of these hearings , February 8 . Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses . According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings , Powell and his counsels official position was that the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution , but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court . The committee also found that Powell had committed numerous acts of financial misconduct . These included appropriation of Congressional funds for his own personal use , the use of funds meant for the House Education and Labor Committee to pay the salary of a housekeeper at his property on Bimini in The Bahamas , purchasing airline tickets for himself",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": ", family , and friends from the funds of the House Education and Labor Committee , as well as making false reports on expenditures of foreign currency while head of the House Education and Labor Committee .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powells seat . Most notably , Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all , while John Conyers , Jr. , the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate . In fact , in the committees official report , Conyers asserted that Powells conduct during the two investigations of his conduct were not contrary to the dignity of the House of Representatives , as had been suggested by the investigation",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": ". Conyers also suggested that cases of misconduct brought before the House of Representatives never exceed censure . In the end , the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell recommended that Powell be seated but stripped of his seniority and forced to pay a fine of $40,000 , citing article I , section 5 , clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each house of Congress the ability to punish members for improper conduct .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " The full House refused to seat him until completion of the investigation . Powell urged his supporters to keep the faith , baby , while the investigation was under way . On March 1 , the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him , despite the recommendation of the Select Committee . Powell said , On this day , the day of March in my opinion , is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion , receiving 86% of the vote . But he did not take his seat , as he was filing a separate suit . He sued in Powell v . McCormack to retain his seat . In November 1968 , Powell was re-elected . On January 3 , 1969 , he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress , but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority . In June 1969 , in Powell v . McCormack , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell , as he had been duly elected by his constituents .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " Powells increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents , which contributed , in June 1970 , to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B . Rangel . Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent , and Rangel won that ( and following ) general elections . In the fall of 1970 , Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas , also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " In 1933 , Powell married Isabel Washington ( 1908–2007 ) , an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer . Like Powell , she was of mixed race . She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington . Powell adopted Washingtons son , Preston , from her first marriage . After their divorce , in 1945 , Powell married the singer Hazel Scott . They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III . In the early 21st century , Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Powell divorced again , and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico . They had a son , whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago , using the mothers surname as a second surname , according to Hispanic tradition . In 1980 , this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV ( dropping Diago from his name ) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University . Adam Clayton Powell IV , also known as A.C . Powell IV , was elected to the New York City",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Council in 1991 in a special election ; he served for two terms . He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman ( D-East Harlem ) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V . In 1994 , and again in 2010 , Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Rep . Charles B . Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his fathers former congressional district .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , a U.S . Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago , the former third wife of Powell Jr . and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV . They were investigating potential theft of state funds related to her having been on Powell Jr.s payroll but doing no work . Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. , from 1961 until 1967 , although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961 . As reported by Time magazine , Yvette Diago had",
"title": "Family scandal"
},
{
"text": "continued living in Puerto Rico and performed no work at all , yet was kept on the payroll . Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967 , when she was exposed and fired .",
"title": "Family scandal"
},
{
"text": " In April 1972 , Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini . He died there on April 4 , 1972 , at the age of 63 , from acute prostatitis , according to contemporary newspaper accounts . After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem , his son , Adam III , poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard . One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr . State Office Building , named for Powell in 1983 .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In addition , two New York schools were named after him , , at 1750 Amsterdam Ave. , and a middle school , IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr . School of Social Justice , at 509 W . 129th St . It closed in 2009 . In 2011 , the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Paideia Academy opened in Chicagos South Shore neighborhood .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Investigations into Powells misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff . Representation in other media .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith , Baby , starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife , jazz pianist Hazel Scott . The film debuted on February 17 , 2002 , on premium cable network Showtime . It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie ( Lennix ) , and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie ( Williams ) . It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable ( NAMIC ) Vision Awards for Best Drama and",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) , the International Press Associations Best Actress in a Television Film Award ( Williams ) , and Reel.coms Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) . The films producers were Geoffrey L . Garfield , Powell IVs long-time campaign manager ; Monty Ross , a confidant of Spike Lee ; son Adam Clayton Powell III ; and Hollywood veteran Harry J . Ufland . The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - ( 1945 ) Marching Blacks , An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man - ( 1962 ) The New Image in Education : A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor - ( 1967 ) Keep the Faith , Baby ! - ( 1971 ) Adam by Adam : The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr .",
"title": "Works"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr.#P69#1
|
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. went to which school in May 1931?
|
Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Adam Clayton Powell Jr . ( November 29 , 1908 – April 4 , 1972 ) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971 . He was the first African-American to be elected to Congress from New York , as well as the first from any state in the Northeast . Re-elected for nearly three decades , Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party , and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues . He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism . In 1961 , after 16 years in the House , Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee , the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress . As chairman , he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F . Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson . Following allegations of corruption , in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress , but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in Powell v . McCormack . He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics . Early life and education . Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven , Connecticut , the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr . and Mattie Buster Shaffer , both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia , respectively . His sister Blanche was 10 years older . His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry ( and , according to his father , American Indian on his mothers side ) . ( In his autobiography Adam By Adam , Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. ) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto in 19th-century censuses . Powells paternal grandmothers ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War . By 1908 , Powell Sr . had become a prominent Baptist minister , serving as a pastor in Philadelphia , and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven . Powell Sr . had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary , a historically black college , and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary . In the year of his sons birth in New Haven , Powell Sr . was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City . He led the church for decades through major expansion , including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration , as many African Americans moved north from the South . That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons . Due to his fathers achievements , Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City . Because of some of his European ancestry , Adam was born with hazel eyes , light skin and blond hair , such that he could pass for white . However , he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college . He attended Townsend Harris High School , then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University as a freshman . The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes . For a time , Powell briefly passed as white , using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college . The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done . Encouraged by his father to become a minister , Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1930 . After returning to New York , Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A . in religious education from Columbia University . He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity . Later , apparently trying to bolster his black identity , Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery . However , his paternal grandmother , Sally Dunning , was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family . In the 1860 census , she is listed as a free mulatto , as were her mother , grandmother , and siblings . Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. , born in 1865 . She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning , listed on the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household . In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush , a mulatto freedman . All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census . The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County , West Virginia , as part of their new life there . According to Charles V . Hamilton , a 1991 biographer of Powell , Anthony Bush decided to take the name Powell as a new identity , and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census . Adam Jr.s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race , with African-American and German ancestry . Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War . Powells parents married in West Virginia , where they met . Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work . Career . After ordination , Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher . He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy , and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem . During the Great Depression in the 1930s , Powell , a handsome and charismatic figure , became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem . He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? . He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing . As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment , Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels . He organized mass meetings , rent strikes , and public campaigns to force companies , utilities , and Harlem Hospital , which operated in the community , to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions , to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination . For instance , during the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , Powell organized a picket line at the Fairs offices in the Empire State Building . As a result , the Fair hired more black employees , increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732 . In 1941 , Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem , where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs ; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more . Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists . He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work . Mass action is the most powerful force on earth , Powell once said , adding , As long as it is within the law , its not wrong ; if the law is wrong , change the law . In 1938 , Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church . In 1942 he founded Peoples Voice , a newspaper designed for a progressive African American audience , and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S . civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa . Reporters and writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself , Powells sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington , and journalist Marvel Cooke . It also served as a mouthpiece for his views . After he was elected to Congress in 1944 , other people led the paper , but it finally closed in 1948 , after being accused of communist connections . Political career . New York City Council . In 1941 , with the aid of New York Citys use of the single transferable vote , Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the citys first black Council member . He received 65,736 votes , the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates . Congress . In 1944 , Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans : support for fair employment practices , and a ban on poll taxes and lynching . Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites , in order to exclude them from politics . Poll taxes in the United States , together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws , were maintained in the South into the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless . Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin . Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem . He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State . As the historian Charles V . Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell , Here was a person who [ in the 1940s ] would at least speak out . .. . That would be different .. . Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists . .. . Powell certainly promised to do that .. . [ In ] the 1940s and 1950s , he was , indeed , virtually alone .. . And precisely because of that , he was exceptionally crucial . In many instances during those earlier times , if he did not speak out , the issue would not have been raised . .. . For example , only he could ( or would dare to ) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word nigger . He certainly did not change Rankins mind or behavior , but he gave solace to millions who longed for a little retaliatory defiance . As one of only two black Congressmen ( the other being William Levi Dawson ) until 1955 , Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members . He took black constituents to dine with him in the Whites Only House restaurant . He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party . Since the turn of the 20th century , Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system , as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting . The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states , had established seniority , and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate . Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr. , the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in Washington , D.C. , to try to gain justice in federal programs . Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell , who , to his credit , was more than happy to catch and run with it . He developed a strategy known as the Powell Amendments . On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures , Powell would offer our customary amendment , requiring that federal funds be denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed , Southern politicians angered . This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Powell was also willing to act independently ; in 1956 , he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D . Eisenhower for re-election , saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak . In 1958 , he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election . In 1960 , Powell , hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention , which could embarrass the party or candidate , threatened to accuse Rev . Martin Luther King Jr . of having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled . Rustin , one of Kings political advisers , was an openly gay man . King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . Global work . Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia , making trips overseas . He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them . During the Cold War , many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union . He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana , Indonesia , and Sierra Leone . In 1955 , against the State Departments advice , Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung , Indonesia , as an observer . He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nations race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms . Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance , and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D . Eisenhower . With this influence , Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective . Instead , he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts , such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians , which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands . The State Department approved the idea . The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years . Committee chairmanship and legislation . In 1961 , after 15 years in Congress , Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor . In this position , he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid ( established later under Johnson ) ; he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers ; and worked for equal pay for women ; he supported education and training for the deaf , nursing education , and vocational training ; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours ; as well as for aid for elementary and secondary education , and school libraries . Powells committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedys New Frontier and President Johnsons Great Society social programs and the War on Poverty . It successfully reported to Congress 49 pieces of bedrock legislation , as President Johnson put it in an May 18 , 1966 , letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship . Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime , as well as bills that desegregated public schools . He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote . Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment , passed in 1964 . Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections , and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote . In some areas where discrimination was severe , such as Mississippi , it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population , but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting . Political controversy . By the mid-1960s , Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committees budget , taking trips abroad at public expense , and missing meetings of his committee . When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically.. . that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do . Opponents led criticism in his District , where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander judgment made him subject to arrest ; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida . Select House Committee to investigate Representative Adam Clayton Powell . In January 1967 , the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship . A series of hearings on Powells misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action . A Select House Committee was established upon the Houses reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powells misconduct so as to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat . This committee was appointed by the Speaker of the House . Its chairman was Emanuel Celler of New York and its members were James C . Corman , Claude Pepper , John Conyers , Jr. , Andrew Jacobs , Jr. , Arch A . Moore , Jr. , Charles M . Teague , Clark MacGregor , and Vernon W . Thompson . This committees inquiry centered on the following issues : 1 . Mr . Powells age , citizenship , and inhabitancy [ sic ] ; 2 . The status of legal proceedings to which Mr . Powell was a party in the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with particular reference to the instances in which he has been held in contempt of court ; and 3 . Matters of Mr . Powells alleged official misconduct since January 3 , 1961 . Hearings of the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell were held over three days in February 1967 . Powell was in attendance only on the first day of these hearings , February 8 . Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses . According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings , Powell and his counsels official position was that the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges . The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution , but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court . The committee also found that Powell had committed numerous acts of financial misconduct . These included appropriation of Congressional funds for his own personal use , the use of funds meant for the House Education and Labor Committee to pay the salary of a housekeeper at his property on Bimini in The Bahamas , purchasing airline tickets for himself , family , and friends from the funds of the House Education and Labor Committee , as well as making false reports on expenditures of foreign currency while head of the House Education and Labor Committee . The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powells seat . Most notably , Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all , while John Conyers , Jr. , the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate . In fact , in the committees official report , Conyers asserted that Powells conduct during the two investigations of his conduct were not contrary to the dignity of the House of Representatives , as had been suggested by the investigation . Conyers also suggested that cases of misconduct brought before the House of Representatives never exceed censure . In the end , the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell recommended that Powell be seated but stripped of his seniority and forced to pay a fine of $40,000 , citing article I , section 5 , clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each house of Congress the ability to punish members for improper conduct . The full House refused to seat him until completion of the investigation . Powell urged his supporters to keep the faith , baby , while the investigation was under way . On March 1 , the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him , despite the recommendation of the Select Committee . Powell said , On this day , the day of March in my opinion , is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave . Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion , receiving 86% of the vote . But he did not take his seat , as he was filing a separate suit . He sued in Powell v . McCormack to retain his seat . In November 1968 , Powell was re-elected . On January 3 , 1969 , he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress , but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority . In June 1969 , in Powell v . McCormack , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell , as he had been duly elected by his constituents . Powells increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents , which contributed , in June 1970 , to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B . Rangel . Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent , and Rangel won that ( and following ) general elections . In the fall of 1970 , Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas , also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church . Marriage and family . In 1933 , Powell married Isabel Washington ( 1908–2007 ) , an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer . Like Powell , she was of mixed race . She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington . Powell adopted Washingtons son , Preston , from her first marriage . After their divorce , in 1945 , Powell married the singer Hazel Scott . They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III . In the early 21st century , Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California . Powell divorced again , and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico . They had a son , whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago , using the mothers surname as a second surname , according to Hispanic tradition . In 1980 , this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV ( dropping Diago from his name ) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University . Adam Clayton Powell IV , also known as A.C . Powell IV , was elected to the New York City Council in 1991 in a special election ; he served for two terms . He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman ( D-East Harlem ) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V . In 1994 , and again in 2010 , Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Rep . Charles B . Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his fathers former congressional district . Family scandal . In 1967 , a U.S . Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago , the former third wife of Powell Jr . and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV . They were investigating potential theft of state funds related to her having been on Powell Jr.s payroll but doing no work . Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. , from 1961 until 1967 , although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961 . As reported by Time magazine , Yvette Diago had continued living in Puerto Rico and performed no work at all , yet was kept on the payroll . Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967 , when she was exposed and fired . Death . In April 1972 , Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini . He died there on April 4 , 1972 , at the age of 63 , from acute prostatitis , according to contemporary newspaper accounts . After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem , his son , Adam III , poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini . Legacy . Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard . One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr . State Office Building , named for Powell in 1983 . In addition , two New York schools were named after him , , at 1750 Amsterdam Ave. , and a middle school , IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr . School of Social Justice , at 509 W . 129th St . It closed in 2009 . In 2011 , the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Paideia Academy opened in Chicagos South Shore neighborhood . Investigations into Powells misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff . Representation in other media . Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith , Baby , starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife , jazz pianist Hazel Scott . The film debuted on February 17 , 2002 , on premium cable network Showtime . It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie ( Lennix ) , and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie ( Williams ) . It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable ( NAMIC ) Vision Awards for Best Drama and Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) , the International Press Associations Best Actress in a Television Film Award ( Williams ) , and Reel.coms Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) . The films producers were Geoffrey L . Garfield , Powell IVs long-time campaign manager ; Monty Ross , a confidant of Spike Lee ; son Adam Clayton Powell III ; and Hollywood veteran Harry J . Ufland . The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry . Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem . Works . - ( 1945 ) Marching Blacks , An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man - ( 1962 ) The New Image in Education : A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor - ( 1967 ) Keep the Faith , Baby ! - ( 1971 ) Adam by Adam : The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr .
|
[
"Columbia University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr . ( November 29 , 1908 – April 4 , 1972 ) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971 . He was the first African-American to be elected to Congress from New York , as well as the first from any state in the Northeast . Re-elected for nearly three decades , Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party , and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "In 1961 , after 16 years in the House , Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee , the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress . As chairman , he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F . Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson . Following allegations of corruption , in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress , but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "States in Powell v . McCormack . He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven , Connecticut , the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr . and Mattie Buster Shaffer , both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia , respectively . His sister Blanche was 10 years older . His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry ( and , according to his father , American Indian on his mothers side ) . ( In his autobiography Adam By Adam , Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. ) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "in 19th-century censuses . Powells paternal grandmothers ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War . By 1908 , Powell Sr . had become a prominent Baptist minister , serving as a pastor in Philadelphia , and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Powell Sr . had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary , a historically black college , and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary . In the year of his sons birth in New Haven , Powell Sr . was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City . He led the church for decades through major expansion , including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration ,",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "as many African Americans moved north from the South . That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Due to his fathers achievements , Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City . Because of some of his European ancestry , Adam was born with hazel eyes , light skin and blond hair , such that he could pass for white . However , he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college . He attended Townsend Harris High School , then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University as a freshman . The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes . For a",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "time , Powell briefly passed as white , using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college . The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " Encouraged by his father to become a minister , Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1930 . After returning to New York , Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A . in religious education from Columbia University . He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Later , apparently trying to bolster his black identity , Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery . However , his paternal grandmother , Sally Dunning , was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family . In the 1860 census , she is listed as a free mulatto , as were her mother , grandmother , and siblings . Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. , born in 1865 . She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning , listed on",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household . In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush , a mulatto freedman . All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County , West Virginia , as part of their new life there . According to Charles V . Hamilton , a 1991 biographer of Powell , Anthony Bush decided to take the name Powell as a new identity , and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Adam Jr.s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race , with African-American and German ancestry . Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War . Powells parents married in West Virginia , where they met . Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " After ordination , Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher . He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy , and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the Great Depression in the 1930s , Powell , a handsome and charismatic figure , became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem . He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? . He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing . As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment , Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels . He organized",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mass meetings , rent strikes , and public campaigns to force companies , utilities , and Harlem Hospital , which operated in the community , to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions , to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "For instance , during the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , Powell organized a picket line at the Fairs offices in the Empire State Building . As a result , the Fair hired more black employees , increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732 . In 1941 , Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem , where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs ; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more . Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work . Mass action is the most powerful force on earth , Powell once said , adding , As long as it is within the law , its not wrong ; if the law is wrong , change the law .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church . In 1942 he founded Peoples Voice , a newspaper designed for a progressive African American audience , and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S . civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa . Reporters and writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself , Powells sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington , and journalist Marvel Cooke . It also served as a mouthpiece for his views .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After he was elected to Congress in 1944 , other people led the paper , but it finally closed in 1948 , after being accused of communist connections .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " New York City Council . In 1941 , with the aid of New York Citys use of the single transferable vote , Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the citys first black Council member . He received 65,736 votes , the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans : support for fair employment practices , and a ban on poll taxes and lynching . Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites , in order to exclude them from politics . Poll taxes in the United States , together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws , were maintained in the South into",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless . Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem . He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State . As the historian Charles V . Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell , Here was a person who [ in the 1940s ] would at least speak out . .. . That would be different .. . Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists . .. . Powell certainly promised to do that .. .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "[ In ] the 1940s and 1950s , he was , indeed , virtually alone .. . And precisely because of that , he was exceptionally crucial . In many instances during those earlier times , if he did not speak out , the issue would not have been raised . .. . For example , only he could ( or would dare to ) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word nigger . He certainly did not change Rankins mind or behavior , but he gave solace to millions who",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "longed for a little retaliatory defiance .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " As one of only two black Congressmen ( the other being William Levi Dawson ) until 1955 , Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members . He took black constituents to dine with him in the Whites Only House restaurant . He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Since the turn of the 20th century , Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system , as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting . The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states , had established seniority , and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr. , the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in Washington , D.C. , to try to gain justice in federal programs . Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell , who , to his credit , was more than happy to catch and run with it . He developed a strategy known as the Powell Amendments . On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures , Powell would offer our customary amendment , requiring that federal funds be",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed , Southern politicians angered . This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Powell was also willing to act independently ; in 1956 , he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D . Eisenhower for re-election , saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak . In 1958 , he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election . In 1960 , Powell , hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention , which could embarrass the party or candidate , threatened to accuse Rev . Martin Luther King Jr . of",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled . Rustin , one of Kings political advisers , was an openly gay man . King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia , making trips overseas . He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them . During the Cold War , many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union . He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana , Indonesia , and Sierra Leone .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , against the State Departments advice , Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung , Indonesia , as an observer . He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nations race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms . Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance , and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D . Eisenhower .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "With this influence , Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective . Instead , he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts , such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians , which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands . The State Department approved the idea . The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "In 1961 , after 15 years in Congress , Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor . In this position , he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid ( established later under Johnson ) ; he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers ; and worked for equal pay for women ; he supported education and training for the deaf , nursing education , and vocational training ; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours ; as well as for aid for elementary and",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "secondary education , and school libraries . Powells committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedys New Frontier and President Johnsons Great Society social programs and the War on Poverty . It successfully reported to Congress 49 pieces of bedrock legislation , as President Johnson put it in an May 18 , 1966 , letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime , as well as bills that desegregated public schools . He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote . Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment , passed in 1964 . Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections , and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote . In some areas where",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "discrimination was severe , such as Mississippi , it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population , but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1960s , Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committees budget , taking trips abroad at public expense , and missing meetings of his committee . When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically.. . that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do . Opponents led criticism in his District , where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "judgment made him subject to arrest ; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "In January 1967 , the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship . A series of hearings on Powells misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action . A Select House Committee was established upon the Houses reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powells misconduct so as to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat . This committee was appointed by the Speaker of the House . Its chairman was Emanuel Celler of New York and",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "its members were James C . Corman , Claude Pepper , John Conyers , Jr. , Andrew Jacobs , Jr. , Arch A . Moore , Jr. , Charles M . Teague , Clark MacGregor , and Vernon W . Thompson . This committees inquiry centered on the following issues : 1 . Mr . Powells age , citizenship , and inhabitancy [ sic ] ; 2 . The status of legal proceedings to which Mr . Powell was a party in the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with particular reference to the instances in",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "which he has been held in contempt of court ; and 3 . Matters of Mr . Powells alleged official misconduct since January 3 , 1961 .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " Hearings of the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell were held over three days in February 1967 . Powell was in attendance only on the first day of these hearings , February 8 . Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses . According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings , Powell and his counsels official position was that the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution , but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court . The committee also found that Powell had committed numerous acts of financial misconduct . These included appropriation of Congressional funds for his own personal use , the use of funds meant for the House Education and Labor Committee to pay the salary of a housekeeper at his property on Bimini in The Bahamas , purchasing airline tickets for himself",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": ", family , and friends from the funds of the House Education and Labor Committee , as well as making false reports on expenditures of foreign currency while head of the House Education and Labor Committee .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powells seat . Most notably , Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all , while John Conyers , Jr. , the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate . In fact , in the committees official report , Conyers asserted that Powells conduct during the two investigations of his conduct were not contrary to the dignity of the House of Representatives , as had been suggested by the investigation",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": ". Conyers also suggested that cases of misconduct brought before the House of Representatives never exceed censure . In the end , the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell recommended that Powell be seated but stripped of his seniority and forced to pay a fine of $40,000 , citing article I , section 5 , clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each house of Congress the ability to punish members for improper conduct .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " The full House refused to seat him until completion of the investigation . Powell urged his supporters to keep the faith , baby , while the investigation was under way . On March 1 , the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him , despite the recommendation of the Select Committee . Powell said , On this day , the day of March in my opinion , is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion , receiving 86% of the vote . But he did not take his seat , as he was filing a separate suit . He sued in Powell v . McCormack to retain his seat . In November 1968 , Powell was re-elected . On January 3 , 1969 , he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress , but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority . In June 1969 , in Powell v . McCormack , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell , as he had been duly elected by his constituents .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " Powells increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents , which contributed , in June 1970 , to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B . Rangel . Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent , and Rangel won that ( and following ) general elections . In the fall of 1970 , Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas , also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " In 1933 , Powell married Isabel Washington ( 1908–2007 ) , an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer . Like Powell , she was of mixed race . She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington . Powell adopted Washingtons son , Preston , from her first marriage . After their divorce , in 1945 , Powell married the singer Hazel Scott . They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III . In the early 21st century , Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Powell divorced again , and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico . They had a son , whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago , using the mothers surname as a second surname , according to Hispanic tradition . In 1980 , this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV ( dropping Diago from his name ) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University . Adam Clayton Powell IV , also known as A.C . Powell IV , was elected to the New York City",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Council in 1991 in a special election ; he served for two terms . He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman ( D-East Harlem ) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V . In 1994 , and again in 2010 , Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Rep . Charles B . Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his fathers former congressional district .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , a U.S . Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago , the former third wife of Powell Jr . and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV . They were investigating potential theft of state funds related to her having been on Powell Jr.s payroll but doing no work . Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. , from 1961 until 1967 , although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961 . As reported by Time magazine , Yvette Diago had",
"title": "Family scandal"
},
{
"text": "continued living in Puerto Rico and performed no work at all , yet was kept on the payroll . Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967 , when she was exposed and fired .",
"title": "Family scandal"
},
{
"text": " In April 1972 , Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini . He died there on April 4 , 1972 , at the age of 63 , from acute prostatitis , according to contemporary newspaper accounts . After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem , his son , Adam III , poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard . One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr . State Office Building , named for Powell in 1983 .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In addition , two New York schools were named after him , , at 1750 Amsterdam Ave. , and a middle school , IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr . School of Social Justice , at 509 W . 129th St . It closed in 2009 . In 2011 , the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Paideia Academy opened in Chicagos South Shore neighborhood .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Investigations into Powells misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff . Representation in other media .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith , Baby , starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife , jazz pianist Hazel Scott . The film debuted on February 17 , 2002 , on premium cable network Showtime . It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie ( Lennix ) , and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie ( Williams ) . It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable ( NAMIC ) Vision Awards for Best Drama and",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) , the International Press Associations Best Actress in a Television Film Award ( Williams ) , and Reel.coms Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) . The films producers were Geoffrey L . Garfield , Powell IVs long-time campaign manager ; Monty Ross , a confidant of Spike Lee ; son Adam Clayton Powell III ; and Hollywood veteran Harry J . Ufland . The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - ( 1945 ) Marching Blacks , An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man - ( 1962 ) The New Image in Education : A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor - ( 1967 ) Keep the Faith , Baby ! - ( 1971 ) Adam by Adam : The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr .",
"title": "Works"
}
] |
/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr.#P69#2
|
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. went to which school in Jul 1932?
|
Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Adam Clayton Powell Jr . ( November 29 , 1908 – April 4 , 1972 ) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971 . He was the first African-American to be elected to Congress from New York , as well as the first from any state in the Northeast . Re-elected for nearly three decades , Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party , and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues . He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism . In 1961 , after 16 years in the House , Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee , the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress . As chairman , he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F . Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson . Following allegations of corruption , in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress , but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in Powell v . McCormack . He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics . Early life and education . Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven , Connecticut , the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr . and Mattie Buster Shaffer , both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia , respectively . His sister Blanche was 10 years older . His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry ( and , according to his father , American Indian on his mothers side ) . ( In his autobiography Adam By Adam , Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. ) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto in 19th-century censuses . Powells paternal grandmothers ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War . By 1908 , Powell Sr . had become a prominent Baptist minister , serving as a pastor in Philadelphia , and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven . Powell Sr . had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary , a historically black college , and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary . In the year of his sons birth in New Haven , Powell Sr . was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City . He led the church for decades through major expansion , including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration , as many African Americans moved north from the South . That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons . Due to his fathers achievements , Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City . Because of some of his European ancestry , Adam was born with hazel eyes , light skin and blond hair , such that he could pass for white . However , he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college . He attended Townsend Harris High School , then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University as a freshman . The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes . For a time , Powell briefly passed as white , using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college . The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done . Encouraged by his father to become a minister , Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1930 . After returning to New York , Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A . in religious education from Columbia University . He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity . Later , apparently trying to bolster his black identity , Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery . However , his paternal grandmother , Sally Dunning , was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family . In the 1860 census , she is listed as a free mulatto , as were her mother , grandmother , and siblings . Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. , born in 1865 . She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning , listed on the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household . In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush , a mulatto freedman . All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census . The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County , West Virginia , as part of their new life there . According to Charles V . Hamilton , a 1991 biographer of Powell , Anthony Bush decided to take the name Powell as a new identity , and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census . Adam Jr.s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race , with African-American and German ancestry . Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War . Powells parents married in West Virginia , where they met . Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work . Career . After ordination , Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher . He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy , and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem . During the Great Depression in the 1930s , Powell , a handsome and charismatic figure , became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem . He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? . He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing . As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment , Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels . He organized mass meetings , rent strikes , and public campaigns to force companies , utilities , and Harlem Hospital , which operated in the community , to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions , to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination . For instance , during the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , Powell organized a picket line at the Fairs offices in the Empire State Building . As a result , the Fair hired more black employees , increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732 . In 1941 , Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem , where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs ; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more . Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists . He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work . Mass action is the most powerful force on earth , Powell once said , adding , As long as it is within the law , its not wrong ; if the law is wrong , change the law . In 1938 , Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church . In 1942 he founded Peoples Voice , a newspaper designed for a progressive African American audience , and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S . civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa . Reporters and writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself , Powells sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington , and journalist Marvel Cooke . It also served as a mouthpiece for his views . After he was elected to Congress in 1944 , other people led the paper , but it finally closed in 1948 , after being accused of communist connections . Political career . New York City Council . In 1941 , with the aid of New York Citys use of the single transferable vote , Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the citys first black Council member . He received 65,736 votes , the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates . Congress . In 1944 , Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans : support for fair employment practices , and a ban on poll taxes and lynching . Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites , in order to exclude them from politics . Poll taxes in the United States , together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws , were maintained in the South into the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless . Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin . Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem . He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State . As the historian Charles V . Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell , Here was a person who [ in the 1940s ] would at least speak out . .. . That would be different .. . Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists . .. . Powell certainly promised to do that .. . [ In ] the 1940s and 1950s , he was , indeed , virtually alone .. . And precisely because of that , he was exceptionally crucial . In many instances during those earlier times , if he did not speak out , the issue would not have been raised . .. . For example , only he could ( or would dare to ) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word nigger . He certainly did not change Rankins mind or behavior , but he gave solace to millions who longed for a little retaliatory defiance . As one of only two black Congressmen ( the other being William Levi Dawson ) until 1955 , Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members . He took black constituents to dine with him in the Whites Only House restaurant . He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party . Since the turn of the 20th century , Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system , as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting . The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states , had established seniority , and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate . Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr. , the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in Washington , D.C. , to try to gain justice in federal programs . Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell , who , to his credit , was more than happy to catch and run with it . He developed a strategy known as the Powell Amendments . On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures , Powell would offer our customary amendment , requiring that federal funds be denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed , Southern politicians angered . This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Powell was also willing to act independently ; in 1956 , he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D . Eisenhower for re-election , saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak . In 1958 , he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election . In 1960 , Powell , hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention , which could embarrass the party or candidate , threatened to accuse Rev . Martin Luther King Jr . of having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled . Rustin , one of Kings political advisers , was an openly gay man . King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . Global work . Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia , making trips overseas . He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them . During the Cold War , many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union . He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana , Indonesia , and Sierra Leone . In 1955 , against the State Departments advice , Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung , Indonesia , as an observer . He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nations race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms . Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance , and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D . Eisenhower . With this influence , Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective . Instead , he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts , such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians , which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands . The State Department approved the idea . The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years . Committee chairmanship and legislation . In 1961 , after 15 years in Congress , Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor . In this position , he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid ( established later under Johnson ) ; he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers ; and worked for equal pay for women ; he supported education and training for the deaf , nursing education , and vocational training ; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours ; as well as for aid for elementary and secondary education , and school libraries . Powells committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedys New Frontier and President Johnsons Great Society social programs and the War on Poverty . It successfully reported to Congress 49 pieces of bedrock legislation , as President Johnson put it in an May 18 , 1966 , letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship . Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime , as well as bills that desegregated public schools . He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote . Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment , passed in 1964 . Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections , and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote . In some areas where discrimination was severe , such as Mississippi , it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population , but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting . Political controversy . By the mid-1960s , Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committees budget , taking trips abroad at public expense , and missing meetings of his committee . When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically.. . that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do . Opponents led criticism in his District , where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander judgment made him subject to arrest ; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida . Select House Committee to investigate Representative Adam Clayton Powell . In January 1967 , the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship . A series of hearings on Powells misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action . A Select House Committee was established upon the Houses reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powells misconduct so as to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat . This committee was appointed by the Speaker of the House . Its chairman was Emanuel Celler of New York and its members were James C . Corman , Claude Pepper , John Conyers , Jr. , Andrew Jacobs , Jr. , Arch A . Moore , Jr. , Charles M . Teague , Clark MacGregor , and Vernon W . Thompson . This committees inquiry centered on the following issues : 1 . Mr . Powells age , citizenship , and inhabitancy [ sic ] ; 2 . The status of legal proceedings to which Mr . Powell was a party in the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with particular reference to the instances in which he has been held in contempt of court ; and 3 . Matters of Mr . Powells alleged official misconduct since January 3 , 1961 . Hearings of the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell were held over three days in February 1967 . Powell was in attendance only on the first day of these hearings , February 8 . Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses . According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings , Powell and his counsels official position was that the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges . The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution , but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court . The committee also found that Powell had committed numerous acts of financial misconduct . These included appropriation of Congressional funds for his own personal use , the use of funds meant for the House Education and Labor Committee to pay the salary of a housekeeper at his property on Bimini in The Bahamas , purchasing airline tickets for himself , family , and friends from the funds of the House Education and Labor Committee , as well as making false reports on expenditures of foreign currency while head of the House Education and Labor Committee . The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powells seat . Most notably , Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all , while John Conyers , Jr. , the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate . In fact , in the committees official report , Conyers asserted that Powells conduct during the two investigations of his conduct were not contrary to the dignity of the House of Representatives , as had been suggested by the investigation . Conyers also suggested that cases of misconduct brought before the House of Representatives never exceed censure . In the end , the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell recommended that Powell be seated but stripped of his seniority and forced to pay a fine of $40,000 , citing article I , section 5 , clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each house of Congress the ability to punish members for improper conduct . The full House refused to seat him until completion of the investigation . Powell urged his supporters to keep the faith , baby , while the investigation was under way . On March 1 , the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him , despite the recommendation of the Select Committee . Powell said , On this day , the day of March in my opinion , is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave . Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion , receiving 86% of the vote . But he did not take his seat , as he was filing a separate suit . He sued in Powell v . McCormack to retain his seat . In November 1968 , Powell was re-elected . On January 3 , 1969 , he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress , but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority . In June 1969 , in Powell v . McCormack , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell , as he had been duly elected by his constituents . Powells increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents , which contributed , in June 1970 , to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B . Rangel . Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent , and Rangel won that ( and following ) general elections . In the fall of 1970 , Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas , also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church . Marriage and family . In 1933 , Powell married Isabel Washington ( 1908–2007 ) , an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer . Like Powell , she was of mixed race . She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington . Powell adopted Washingtons son , Preston , from her first marriage . After their divorce , in 1945 , Powell married the singer Hazel Scott . They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III . In the early 21st century , Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California . Powell divorced again , and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico . They had a son , whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago , using the mothers surname as a second surname , according to Hispanic tradition . In 1980 , this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV ( dropping Diago from his name ) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University . Adam Clayton Powell IV , also known as A.C . Powell IV , was elected to the New York City Council in 1991 in a special election ; he served for two terms . He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman ( D-East Harlem ) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V . In 1994 , and again in 2010 , Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Rep . Charles B . Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his fathers former congressional district . Family scandal . In 1967 , a U.S . Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago , the former third wife of Powell Jr . and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV . They were investigating potential theft of state funds related to her having been on Powell Jr.s payroll but doing no work . Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. , from 1961 until 1967 , although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961 . As reported by Time magazine , Yvette Diago had continued living in Puerto Rico and performed no work at all , yet was kept on the payroll . Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967 , when she was exposed and fired . Death . In April 1972 , Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini . He died there on April 4 , 1972 , at the age of 63 , from acute prostatitis , according to contemporary newspaper accounts . After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem , his son , Adam III , poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini . Legacy . Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard . One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr . State Office Building , named for Powell in 1983 . In addition , two New York schools were named after him , , at 1750 Amsterdam Ave. , and a middle school , IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr . School of Social Justice , at 509 W . 129th St . It closed in 2009 . In 2011 , the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Paideia Academy opened in Chicagos South Shore neighborhood . Investigations into Powells misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff . Representation in other media . Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith , Baby , starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife , jazz pianist Hazel Scott . The film debuted on February 17 , 2002 , on premium cable network Showtime . It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie ( Lennix ) , and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie ( Williams ) . It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable ( NAMIC ) Vision Awards for Best Drama and Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) , the International Press Associations Best Actress in a Television Film Award ( Williams ) , and Reel.coms Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) . The films producers were Geoffrey L . Garfield , Powell IVs long-time campaign manager ; Monty Ross , a confidant of Spike Lee ; son Adam Clayton Powell III ; and Hollywood veteran Harry J . Ufland . The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry . Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem . Works . - ( 1945 ) Marching Blacks , An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man - ( 1962 ) The New Image in Education : A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor - ( 1967 ) Keep the Faith , Baby ! - ( 1971 ) Adam by Adam : The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr . ( November 29 , 1908 – April 4 , 1972 ) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971 . He was the first African-American to be elected to Congress from New York , as well as the first from any state in the Northeast . Re-elected for nearly three decades , Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party , and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "In 1961 , after 16 years in the House , Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee , the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress . As chairman , he supported the passage of important social and civil rights legislation under presidents John F . Kennedy and Lyndon B . Johnson . Following allegations of corruption , in 1967 Powell was excluded from his seat by Democratic Representatives-elect of the 90th United States Congress , but he was re-elected and regained the seat in the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "States in Powell v . McCormack . He lost his seat in 1970 to Charles Rangel and retired from electoral politics .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven , Connecticut , the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr . and Mattie Buster Shaffer , both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia , respectively . His sister Blanche was 10 years older . His parents were of mixed race with African and European ancestry ( and , according to his father , American Indian on his mothers side ) . ( In his autobiography Adam By Adam , Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. ) They and their ancestors were classified as mulatto",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "in 19th-century censuses . Powells paternal grandmothers ancestors had been free persons of color for generations before the Civil War . By 1908 , Powell Sr . had become a prominent Baptist minister , serving as a pastor in Philadelphia , and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Powell Sr . had worked his way out of poverty and through Wayland Seminary , a historically black college , and postgraduate study at Yale University and Virginia Theological Seminary . In the year of his sons birth in New Haven , Powell Sr . was called as the pastor of the prominent Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City . He led the church for decades through major expansion , including fundraising for and the construction of an addition to accommodate the increased membership of the congregation during the years of the Great Migration ,",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "as many African Americans moved north from the South . That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Due to his fathers achievements , Powell grew up in a wealthy household in New York City . Because of some of his European ancestry , Adam was born with hazel eyes , light skin and blond hair , such that he could pass for white . However , he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college . He attended Townsend Harris High School , then studied at City College of New York before starting at Colgate University as a freshman . The four other African-American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes . For a",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "time , Powell briefly passed as white , using his appearance to escape racial strictures at college . The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " Encouraged by his father to become a minister , Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1930 . After returning to New York , Powell began his graduate work and in 1931 earned an M.A . in religious education from Columbia University . He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Later , apparently trying to bolster his black identity , Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery . However , his paternal grandmother , Sally Dunning , was at least the third generation of free people of color in her family . In the 1860 census , she is listed as a free mulatto , as were her mother , grandmother , and siblings . Sally never identified the father of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. , born in 1865 . She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning , listed on",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household . In 1867 Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush , a mulatto freedman . All the family members were listed under the surname Dunning in the 1870 census .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " The family changed its surname to Powell when they moved to Kanawha County , West Virginia , as part of their new life there . According to Charles V . Hamilton , a 1991 biographer of Powell , Anthony Bush decided to take the name Powell as a new identity , and this is how they were recorded in the 1880 census .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": "Adam Jr.s mother Mattie Buster Shaffer was also of mixed race , with African-American and German ancestry . Her parents had been slaves in Virginia and were freed after the American Civil War . Powells parents married in West Virginia , where they met . Numerous freedmen had migrated there in the late 19th century for work .",
"title": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr ."
},
{
"text": " After ordination , Powell began assisting his father with charitable services at the church and as a preacher . He greatly increased the volume of meals and clothing provided to the needy , and began to learn more about the lives of the working class and poor in Harlem .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the Great Depression in the 1930s , Powell , a handsome and charismatic figure , became a prominent civil rights leader in Harlem . He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? . He developed a formidable public following in the community through his crusades for jobs and affordable housing . As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment , Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels . He organized",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "mass meetings , rent strikes , and public campaigns to force companies , utilities , and Harlem Hospital , which operated in the community , to hire black workers at skill levels higher than the lowest positions , to which they had formerly been restricted by informal discrimination .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "For instance , during the 1939 New York Worlds Fair , Powell organized a picket line at the Fairs offices in the Empire State Building . As a result , the Fair hired more black employees , increasing their numbers from about 200 to 732 . In 1941 , Powell led a bus boycott in Harlem , where blacks constituted the majority of passengers but held few of the jobs ; the Transit Authority hired 200 black workers and set the precedent for more . Powell also led a fight to have drugstores operating in Harlem hire black pharmacists .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work . Mass action is the most powerful force on earth , Powell once said , adding , As long as it is within the law , its not wrong ; if the law is wrong , change the law .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , Powell succeeded his father as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church . In 1942 he founded Peoples Voice , a newspaper designed for a progressive African American audience , and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S . civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa . Reporters and writers for the papers included influential African Americans such as Powell himself , Powells sister-in-law and actress Fredi Washington , and journalist Marvel Cooke . It also served as a mouthpiece for his views .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After he was elected to Congress in 1944 , other people led the paper , but it finally closed in 1948 , after being accused of communist connections .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " New York City Council . In 1941 , with the aid of New York Citys use of the single transferable vote , Powell was elected to the New York City Council as the citys first black Council member . He received 65,736 votes , the third-best total among the six successful Council candidates .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1944 , Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans : support for fair employment practices , and a ban on poll taxes and lynching . Requiring poll taxes for voter registration and voting was a device used by southern states in new constitutions adopted from 1890 to 1908 to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites , in order to exclude them from politics . Poll taxes in the United States , together with the social and economic intimidation of Jim Crow laws , were maintained in the South into",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "the 1960s to keep blacks excluded from politics and politically powerless . Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " Powell was elected as a Democrat to represent the Congressional District that included Harlem . He was the first black Congressman elected from New York State . As the historian Charles V . Hamilton wrote in his 1992 political biography of Powell , Here was a person who [ in the 1940s ] would at least speak out . .. . That would be different .. . Many Negroes were angry that no Northern liberals would get up on the floor of Congress and challenge the segregationists . .. . Powell certainly promised to do that .. .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "[ In ] the 1940s and 1950s , he was , indeed , virtually alone .. . And precisely because of that , he was exceptionally crucial . In many instances during those earlier times , if he did not speak out , the issue would not have been raised . .. . For example , only he could ( or would dare to ) challenge Congressman Rankin of Mississippi on the House floor in the 1940s for using the word nigger . He certainly did not change Rankins mind or behavior , but he gave solace to millions who",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "longed for a little retaliatory defiance .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " As one of only two black Congressmen ( the other being William Levi Dawson ) until 1955 , Powell challenged the informal ban on black representatives using Capitol facilities previously reserved for white members . He took black constituents to dine with him in the Whites Only House restaurant . He clashed with the many segregationists from the South in his party .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Since the turn of the 20th century , Southern Democrats had commanded a one-party system , as they had effectively disenfranchised most blacks from voting since the turn of the century and excluded them from the political system through barriers to voter registration and voting . The white Congressmen and Senators controlled all the seats allocated for the total population in the southern states , had established seniority , and commanded many important committee chairs in the House and Senate .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr. , the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in Washington , D.C. , to try to gain justice in federal programs . Biographer Hamilton described the NAACP as the quarterback that threw the ball to Powell , who , to his credit , was more than happy to catch and run with it . He developed a strategy known as the Powell Amendments . On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures , Powell would offer our customary amendment , requiring that federal funds be",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed , Southern politicians angered . This principle would later become integrated into Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "Powell was also willing to act independently ; in 1956 , he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D . Eisenhower for re-election , saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak . In 1958 , he survived a determined effort by the Tammany Hall Democratic Party machine in New York to oust him in the primary election . In 1960 , Powell , hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention , which could embarrass the party or candidate , threatened to accuse Rev . Martin Luther King Jr . of",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": "having a homosexual relationship with Bayard Rustin unless the marches were cancelled . Rustin , one of Kings political advisers , was an openly gay man . King agreed to cancel the planned events and Rustin resigned from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference .",
"title": "Congress"
},
{
"text": " Powell also paid attention to the issues of developing nations in Africa and Asia , making trips overseas . He urged presidential policymakers to pay attention to nations seeking independence from colonial powers and support aid to them . During the Cold War , many of them sought neutrality between the United States and the Soviet Union . He made speeches on the House Floor to celebrate the anniversaries of the independence of nations such as Ghana , Indonesia , and Sierra Leone .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , against the State Departments advice , Powell attended the Asian–African Conference in Bandung , Indonesia , as an observer . He made a positive international impression in public addresses that balanced his concerns of his nations race relations problems with a spirited defense of the United States as a whole against Communist criticisms . Powell returned to the United States to a warm bipartisan reception for his performance , and he was invited to meet with President Dwight D . Eisenhower .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "With this influence , Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective . Instead , he advised that the United States should focus on the popular arts , such as sponsoring international tours of famous jazz musicians , which could draw attention to an indigenous American art form and featured musicians who often performed in mixed race bands . The State Department approved the idea . The first such tour with Dizzy Gillespie proved to",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "be an outstanding success abroad and prompted similarly popular tours featuring other musicians for years .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "In 1961 , after 15 years in Congress , Powell advanced to chairman of the powerful United States House Committee on Education and Labor . In this position , he presided over federal social programs for minimum wage and Medicaid ( established later under Johnson ) ; he expanded the minimum wage to include retail workers ; and worked for equal pay for women ; he supported education and training for the deaf , nursing education , and vocational training ; he led legislation for standards for wages and work hours ; as well as for aid for elementary and",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "secondary education , and school libraries . Powells committee proved extremely effective in enacting major parts of President Kennedys New Frontier and President Johnsons Great Society social programs and the War on Poverty . It successfully reported to Congress 49 pieces of bedrock legislation , as President Johnson put it in an May 18 , 1966 , letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime , as well as bills that desegregated public schools . He challenged the Southern practice of charging Blacks a poll tax to vote . Poll taxes for federal elections were prohibited by the 24th Amendment , passed in 1964 . Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections , and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote . In some areas where",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "discrimination was severe , such as Mississippi , it took years for African Americans to register and vote in numbers related to their proportion in the population , but they have since maintained a high rate of registration and voting .",
"title": "Global work"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1960s , Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committees budget , taking trips abroad at public expense , and missing meetings of his committee . When under scrutiny by the press and other members of Congress for personal conduct—he had taken two young women at government expense with him on overseas travel—he responded:I wish to state very emphatically.. . that I will always do just what every other Congressman and committee chairman has done and is doing and will do . Opponents led criticism in his District , where his refusal to pay a 1963 slander",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "judgment made him subject to arrest ; he also spent increasing amounts of time in Florida .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "In January 1967 , the House Democratic Caucus stripped Powell of his committee chairmanship . A series of hearings on Powells misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action . A Select House Committee was established upon the Houses reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powells misconduct so as to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat . This committee was appointed by the Speaker of the House . Its chairman was Emanuel Celler of New York and",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "its members were James C . Corman , Claude Pepper , John Conyers , Jr. , Andrew Jacobs , Jr. , Arch A . Moore , Jr. , Charles M . Teague , Clark MacGregor , and Vernon W . Thompson . This committees inquiry centered on the following issues : 1 . Mr . Powells age , citizenship , and inhabitancy [ sic ] ; 2 . The status of legal proceedings to which Mr . Powell was a party in the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with particular reference to the instances in",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "which he has been held in contempt of court ; and 3 . Matters of Mr . Powells alleged official misconduct since January 3 , 1961 .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " Hearings of the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell were held over three days in February 1967 . Powell was in attendance only on the first day of these hearings , February 8 . Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses . According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings , Powell and his counsels official position was that the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution , but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court . The committee also found that Powell had committed numerous acts of financial misconduct . These included appropriation of Congressional funds for his own personal use , the use of funds meant for the House Education and Labor Committee to pay the salary of a housekeeper at his property on Bimini in The Bahamas , purchasing airline tickets for himself",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": ", family , and friends from the funds of the House Education and Labor Committee , as well as making false reports on expenditures of foreign currency while head of the House Education and Labor Committee .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powells seat . Most notably , Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all , while John Conyers , Jr. , the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate . In fact , in the committees official report , Conyers asserted that Powells conduct during the two investigations of his conduct were not contrary to the dignity of the House of Representatives , as had been suggested by the investigation",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": ". Conyers also suggested that cases of misconduct brought before the House of Representatives never exceed censure . In the end , the Select House Committee to investigate Rep . Adam Clayton Powell recommended that Powell be seated but stripped of his seniority and forced to pay a fine of $40,000 , citing article I , section 5 , clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each house of Congress the ability to punish members for improper conduct .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " The full House refused to seat him until completion of the investigation . Powell urged his supporters to keep the faith , baby , while the investigation was under way . On March 1 , the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him , despite the recommendation of the Select Committee . Powell said , On this day , the day of March in my opinion , is the end of the United States of America as the land of the free and the home of the brave .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion , receiving 86% of the vote . But he did not take his seat , as he was filing a separate suit . He sued in Powell v . McCormack to retain his seat . In November 1968 , Powell was re-elected . On January 3 , 1969 , he was seated as a member of the 91st Congress , but he was fined $25,000 and denied seniority . In June 1969 , in Powell v . McCormack , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": "that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell , as he had been duly elected by his constituents .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " Powells increasing absenteeism was noted by constituents , which contributed , in June 1970 , to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B . Rangel . Powell failed to garner enough signatures to get on the November ballot as an Independent , and Rangel won that ( and following ) general elections . In the fall of 1970 , Powell moved to his retreat on Bimini in The Bahamas , also resigning as minister at the Abyssinian Baptist Church .",
"title": "Political controversy"
},
{
"text": " In 1933 , Powell married Isabel Washington ( 1908–2007 ) , an African-American singer and nightclub entertainer . Like Powell , she was of mixed race . She was the sister of actress Fredi Washington . Powell adopted Washingtons son , Preston , from her first marriage . After their divorce , in 1945 , Powell married the singer Hazel Scott . They had a son named Adam Clayton Powell III . In the early 21st century , Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Powell divorced again , and in 1960 married Yvette Flores Diago from Puerto Rico . They had a son , whom they named Adam Clayton Powell Diago , using the mothers surname as a second surname , according to Hispanic tradition . In 1980 , this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV ( dropping Diago from his name ) when he moved to the mainland of the United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University . Adam Clayton Powell IV , also known as A.C . Powell IV , was elected to the New York City",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "Council in 1991 in a special election ; he served for two terms . He also was elected as a New York state Assemblyman ( D-East Harlem ) for three terms and had a son named Adam Clayton Powell V . In 1994 , and again in 2010 , Adam Clayton Powell IV unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Rep . Charles B . Rangel for the Democratic nomination in his fathers former congressional district .",
"title": "Marriage and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , a U.S . Congressional committee subpoenaed Yvette Diago , the former third wife of Powell Jr . and the mother of Adam Clayton Powell IV . They were investigating potential theft of state funds related to her having been on Powell Jr.s payroll but doing no work . Yvette Diago admitted to the committee that she had been on the Congressional payroll of her former husband , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. , from 1961 until 1967 , although she had moved back to Puerto Rico in 1961 . As reported by Time magazine , Yvette Diago had",
"title": "Family scandal"
},
{
"text": "continued living in Puerto Rico and performed no work at all , yet was kept on the payroll . Her salary was increased to $20,578 and she was paid until January 1967 , when she was exposed and fired .",
"title": "Family scandal"
},
{
"text": " In April 1972 , Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini . He died there on April 4 , 1972 , at the age of 63 , from acute prostatitis , according to contemporary newspaper accounts . After his funeral at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem , his son , Adam III , poured his ashes from a plane over the waters of Bimini .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Seventh Avenue north of Central Park through Harlem has been renamed as Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard . One of the landmarks along this street is the Adam Clayton Powell Jr . State Office Building , named for Powell in 1983 .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In addition , two New York schools were named after him , , at 1750 Amsterdam Ave. , and a middle school , IS 172 Adam Clayton Powell Jr . School of Social Justice , at 509 W . 129th St . It closed in 2009 . In 2011 , the new Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Paideia Academy opened in Chicagos South Shore neighborhood .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Investigations into Powells misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff . Representation in other media .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith , Baby , starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife , jazz pianist Hazel Scott . The film debuted on February 17 , 2002 , on premium cable network Showtime . It garnered three NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Television Movie , Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie ( Lennix ) , and Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie ( Williams ) . It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable ( NAMIC ) Vision Awards for Best Drama and",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) , the International Press Associations Best Actress in a Television Film Award ( Williams ) , and Reel.coms Best Actor in a Television Film ( Lennix ) . The films producers were Geoffrey L . Garfield , Powell IVs long-time campaign manager ; Monty Ross , a confidant of Spike Lee ; son Adam Clayton Powell III ; and Hollywood veteran Harry J . Ufland . The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Powell is portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito in the 2019 Epix cable series Godfather of Harlem .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - ( 1945 ) Marching Blacks , An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man - ( 1962 ) The New Image in Education : A Prospectus for the Future by the Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor - ( 1967 ) Keep the Faith , Baby ! - ( 1971 ) Adam by Adam : The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell Jr .",
"title": "Works"
}
] |
/wiki/Blue_Serpent_Clock_(Fabergé_egg)#P127#0
|
Who was the owner of Blue Serpent Clock (Fabergé egg) in late 1890s?
|
Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg ) The Blue Serpent Clock egg is an Imperial Fabergé egg , one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial Family . This egg features a clock and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough egg in 1902 . Most Fabergé scholarship published prior to 2008 assigned the eggs creation to 1887 , although with some notable reservations due to inconsistencies between the Blue Serpent Clock egg and contemporary descriptions of the 1887 egg . The 2012 rediscovery of the 1887 Third Imperial Egg , announced to the world in March 2014 , validates the theory that the Blue Serpent Clock was crafted and delivered in 1895 to the then Tsar of Russia , Nicholas II . It is currently owned by Prince Albert II and is held in Monaco . Design . The crafting of this Imperial egg is credited to Michael Perkhin of Fabergés shop . The egg stands on a base of gold that is painted in opalescent white enamel . The three panels of the base feature motifs of raised gold in four colors , representing the arts and sciences . A serpent , set with diamonds coils around the stand connecting the base to the egg and up toward its center . The serpents head and tongue point to the hour which is indicated in Roman numerals on a white band that runs around the egg near the top . This band rotates within the egg to indicate the time , rather than the serpent rotating around the egg . This is the first of the Tsar Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a working clock . The majority of the egg is enameled in translucent blue and has diamond-studded gold bands and designs ringing the top and bottom of the egg . On each side of the egg a sculpted gold handle arches up in a C shape , attached to the egg on the top near the apex and on the lower half of the egg , near the center . The Blue Serpent Clock Egg contains no sapphires , while descriptions for the 1887 egg from the Russian State Historical Archives , the 1917 inventory of confiscated imperial treasure and the 1922 transfer documents for the egg to be moved from the Anichkov Palace to the Sovnarkom all describe an egg containing sapphires ( the Third Imperial Egg recovered in 2012 contains sapphires and consistently fits the descriptions associated with the 1887 egg ) . Surprise . The working clock is considered the eggs surprise . History . It is not known when or how the Tsar ordered the Easter egg from Fabergé , but the Blue Serpent Clock Egg was presented to Maria Feodorovna by Tsar Nicholas II on Easter day , 1895 . The egg was housed in the Anichkov Palace until the 1917 revolution . Along with the other Fabergé eggs in the palace , the Serpent Clock Egg was transferred to the Armory Palace of the Kremlin in mid-September 1917 . In 1922 , the egg was likely transferred to the Sovnarkom , where it was held until it was sold abroad to Michel Norman of the Australian Pearl Company . Between 1922 and 1950 , the egg was bought by Emanuel Snowman of Wartski , sold , and bought back by Wartski . The egg was sold again by Wartski on Christmas Eve 1972 to Stavros Niarchos for £64,103 . It was then given in 1974 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco to honor his Silver Jubilee . The Prince was unaware of its imperial provenance until it was lent to an exhibition . Following the death of Rainier III in 2005 , it was inherited by his son , Prince Albert II . This Blue Serpent Clock Egg was long thought to be the 1887 Easter egg . However , recent research ( 2008-2014 ) has conclusively proved the egg to be that of 1895 . Fabergé created a very similar egg in 1902 , the Duchess of Marlborough Egg for Consuelo Vanderbilt . That clock egg is larger than the Blue Serpent Clock Egg and is enameled in a pink colour , rather than in blue .
|
[
"Tsar Nicholas II",
"Michel Norman",
"Stavros Niarchos"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Blue Serpent Clock egg is an Imperial Fabergé egg , one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial Family . This egg features a clock and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough egg in 1902 . Most Fabergé scholarship published prior to 2008 assigned the eggs creation to 1887 , although with some notable reservations due to inconsistencies between the Blue Serpent Clock egg and contemporary descriptions of the 1887 egg . The 2012 rediscovery of the 1887 Third Imperial Egg ,",
"title": "Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg )"
},
{
"text": "announced to the world in March 2014 , validates the theory that the Blue Serpent Clock was crafted and delivered in 1895 to the then Tsar of Russia , Nicholas II . It is currently owned by Prince Albert II and is held in Monaco .",
"title": "Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg )"
},
{
"text": "The crafting of this Imperial egg is credited to Michael Perkhin of Fabergés shop . The egg stands on a base of gold that is painted in opalescent white enamel . The three panels of the base feature motifs of raised gold in four colors , representing the arts and sciences . A serpent , set with diamonds coils around the stand connecting the base to the egg and up toward its center . The serpents head and tongue point to the hour which is indicated in Roman numerals on a white band that runs around the egg near the",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "top . This band rotates within the egg to indicate the time , rather than the serpent rotating around the egg . This is the first of the Tsar Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a working clock . The majority of the egg is enameled in translucent blue and has diamond-studded gold bands and designs ringing the top and bottom of the egg . On each side of the egg a sculpted gold handle arches up in a C shape , attached to the egg on the top near the apex and on the lower half of the egg ,",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "near the center . The Blue Serpent Clock Egg contains no sapphires , while descriptions for the 1887 egg from the Russian State Historical Archives , the 1917 inventory of confiscated imperial treasure and the 1922 transfer documents for the egg to be moved from the Anichkov Palace to the Sovnarkom all describe an egg containing sapphires ( the Third Imperial Egg recovered in 2012 contains sapphires and consistently fits the descriptions associated with the 1887 egg ) .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "It is not known when or how the Tsar ordered the Easter egg from Fabergé , but the Blue Serpent Clock Egg was presented to Maria Feodorovna by Tsar Nicholas II on Easter day , 1895 . The egg was housed in the Anichkov Palace until the 1917 revolution . Along with the other Fabergé eggs in the palace , the Serpent Clock Egg was transferred to the Armory Palace of the Kremlin in mid-September 1917 . In 1922 , the egg was likely transferred to the Sovnarkom , where it was held until it was sold abroad to Michel",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Norman of the Australian Pearl Company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 1922 and 1950 , the egg was bought by Emanuel Snowman of Wartski , sold , and bought back by Wartski . The egg was sold again by Wartski on Christmas Eve 1972 to Stavros Niarchos for £64,103 . It was then given in 1974 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco to honor his Silver Jubilee . The Prince was unaware of its imperial provenance until it was lent to an exhibition . Following the death of Rainier III in 2005 , it was inherited by his son , Prince Albert II .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "This Blue Serpent Clock Egg was long thought to be the 1887 Easter egg . However , recent research ( 2008-2014 ) has conclusively proved the egg to be that of 1895 . Fabergé created a very similar egg in 1902 , the Duchess of Marlborough Egg for Consuelo Vanderbilt . That clock egg is larger than the Blue Serpent Clock Egg and is enameled in a pink colour , rather than in blue .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Blue_Serpent_Clock_(Fabergé_egg)#P127#1
|
Who was the owner of Blue Serpent Clock (Fabergé egg) between Sep 1995 and Jan 2002?
|
Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg ) The Blue Serpent Clock egg is an Imperial Fabergé egg , one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial Family . This egg features a clock and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough egg in 1902 . Most Fabergé scholarship published prior to 2008 assigned the eggs creation to 1887 , although with some notable reservations due to inconsistencies between the Blue Serpent Clock egg and contemporary descriptions of the 1887 egg . The 2012 rediscovery of the 1887 Third Imperial Egg , announced to the world in March 2014 , validates the theory that the Blue Serpent Clock was crafted and delivered in 1895 to the then Tsar of Russia , Nicholas II . It is currently owned by Prince Albert II and is held in Monaco . Design . The crafting of this Imperial egg is credited to Michael Perkhin of Fabergés shop . The egg stands on a base of gold that is painted in opalescent white enamel . The three panels of the base feature motifs of raised gold in four colors , representing the arts and sciences . A serpent , set with diamonds coils around the stand connecting the base to the egg and up toward its center . The serpents head and tongue point to the hour which is indicated in Roman numerals on a white band that runs around the egg near the top . This band rotates within the egg to indicate the time , rather than the serpent rotating around the egg . This is the first of the Tsar Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a working clock . The majority of the egg is enameled in translucent blue and has diamond-studded gold bands and designs ringing the top and bottom of the egg . On each side of the egg a sculpted gold handle arches up in a C shape , attached to the egg on the top near the apex and on the lower half of the egg , near the center . The Blue Serpent Clock Egg contains no sapphires , while descriptions for the 1887 egg from the Russian State Historical Archives , the 1917 inventory of confiscated imperial treasure and the 1922 transfer documents for the egg to be moved from the Anichkov Palace to the Sovnarkom all describe an egg containing sapphires ( the Third Imperial Egg recovered in 2012 contains sapphires and consistently fits the descriptions associated with the 1887 egg ) . Surprise . The working clock is considered the eggs surprise . History . It is not known when or how the Tsar ordered the Easter egg from Fabergé , but the Blue Serpent Clock Egg was presented to Maria Feodorovna by Tsar Nicholas II on Easter day , 1895 . The egg was housed in the Anichkov Palace until the 1917 revolution . Along with the other Fabergé eggs in the palace , the Serpent Clock Egg was transferred to the Armory Palace of the Kremlin in mid-September 1917 . In 1922 , the egg was likely transferred to the Sovnarkom , where it was held until it was sold abroad to Michel Norman of the Australian Pearl Company . Between 1922 and 1950 , the egg was bought by Emanuel Snowman of Wartski , sold , and bought back by Wartski . The egg was sold again by Wartski on Christmas Eve 1972 to Stavros Niarchos for £64,103 . It was then given in 1974 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco to honor his Silver Jubilee . The Prince was unaware of its imperial provenance until it was lent to an exhibition . Following the death of Rainier III in 2005 , it was inherited by his son , Prince Albert II . This Blue Serpent Clock Egg was long thought to be the 1887 Easter egg . However , recent research ( 2008-2014 ) has conclusively proved the egg to be that of 1895 . Fabergé created a very similar egg in 1902 , the Duchess of Marlborough Egg for Consuelo Vanderbilt . That clock egg is larger than the Blue Serpent Clock Egg and is enameled in a pink colour , rather than in blue .
|
[
"Prince Rainier III"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Blue Serpent Clock egg is an Imperial Fabergé egg , one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial Family . This egg features a clock and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough egg in 1902 . Most Fabergé scholarship published prior to 2008 assigned the eggs creation to 1887 , although with some notable reservations due to inconsistencies between the Blue Serpent Clock egg and contemporary descriptions of the 1887 egg . The 2012 rediscovery of the 1887 Third Imperial Egg ,",
"title": "Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg )"
},
{
"text": "announced to the world in March 2014 , validates the theory that the Blue Serpent Clock was crafted and delivered in 1895 to the then Tsar of Russia , Nicholas II . It is currently owned by Prince Albert II and is held in Monaco .",
"title": "Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg )"
},
{
"text": "The crafting of this Imperial egg is credited to Michael Perkhin of Fabergés shop . The egg stands on a base of gold that is painted in opalescent white enamel . The three panels of the base feature motifs of raised gold in four colors , representing the arts and sciences . A serpent , set with diamonds coils around the stand connecting the base to the egg and up toward its center . The serpents head and tongue point to the hour which is indicated in Roman numerals on a white band that runs around the egg near the",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "top . This band rotates within the egg to indicate the time , rather than the serpent rotating around the egg . This is the first of the Tsar Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a working clock . The majority of the egg is enameled in translucent blue and has diamond-studded gold bands and designs ringing the top and bottom of the egg . On each side of the egg a sculpted gold handle arches up in a C shape , attached to the egg on the top near the apex and on the lower half of the egg ,",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "near the center . The Blue Serpent Clock Egg contains no sapphires , while descriptions for the 1887 egg from the Russian State Historical Archives , the 1917 inventory of confiscated imperial treasure and the 1922 transfer documents for the egg to be moved from the Anichkov Palace to the Sovnarkom all describe an egg containing sapphires ( the Third Imperial Egg recovered in 2012 contains sapphires and consistently fits the descriptions associated with the 1887 egg ) .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "It is not known when or how the Tsar ordered the Easter egg from Fabergé , but the Blue Serpent Clock Egg was presented to Maria Feodorovna by Tsar Nicholas II on Easter day , 1895 . The egg was housed in the Anichkov Palace until the 1917 revolution . Along with the other Fabergé eggs in the palace , the Serpent Clock Egg was transferred to the Armory Palace of the Kremlin in mid-September 1917 . In 1922 , the egg was likely transferred to the Sovnarkom , where it was held until it was sold abroad to Michel",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Norman of the Australian Pearl Company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 1922 and 1950 , the egg was bought by Emanuel Snowman of Wartski , sold , and bought back by Wartski . The egg was sold again by Wartski on Christmas Eve 1972 to Stavros Niarchos for £64,103 . It was then given in 1974 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco to honor his Silver Jubilee . The Prince was unaware of its imperial provenance until it was lent to an exhibition . Following the death of Rainier III in 2005 , it was inherited by his son , Prince Albert II .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "This Blue Serpent Clock Egg was long thought to be the 1887 Easter egg . However , recent research ( 2008-2014 ) has conclusively proved the egg to be that of 1895 . Fabergé created a very similar egg in 1902 , the Duchess of Marlborough Egg for Consuelo Vanderbilt . That clock egg is larger than the Blue Serpent Clock Egg and is enameled in a pink colour , rather than in blue .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Blue_Serpent_Clock_(Fabergé_egg)#P127#2
|
Who was the owner of Blue Serpent Clock (Fabergé egg) in Nov 2005?
|
Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg ) The Blue Serpent Clock egg is an Imperial Fabergé egg , one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial Family . This egg features a clock and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough egg in 1902 . Most Fabergé scholarship published prior to 2008 assigned the eggs creation to 1887 , although with some notable reservations due to inconsistencies between the Blue Serpent Clock egg and contemporary descriptions of the 1887 egg . The 2012 rediscovery of the 1887 Third Imperial Egg , announced to the world in March 2014 , validates the theory that the Blue Serpent Clock was crafted and delivered in 1895 to the then Tsar of Russia , Nicholas II . It is currently owned by Prince Albert II and is held in Monaco . Design . The crafting of this Imperial egg is credited to Michael Perkhin of Fabergés shop . The egg stands on a base of gold that is painted in opalescent white enamel . The three panels of the base feature motifs of raised gold in four colors , representing the arts and sciences . A serpent , set with diamonds coils around the stand connecting the base to the egg and up toward its center . The serpents head and tongue point to the hour which is indicated in Roman numerals on a white band that runs around the egg near the top . This band rotates within the egg to indicate the time , rather than the serpent rotating around the egg . This is the first of the Tsar Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a working clock . The majority of the egg is enameled in translucent blue and has diamond-studded gold bands and designs ringing the top and bottom of the egg . On each side of the egg a sculpted gold handle arches up in a C shape , attached to the egg on the top near the apex and on the lower half of the egg , near the center . The Blue Serpent Clock Egg contains no sapphires , while descriptions for the 1887 egg from the Russian State Historical Archives , the 1917 inventory of confiscated imperial treasure and the 1922 transfer documents for the egg to be moved from the Anichkov Palace to the Sovnarkom all describe an egg containing sapphires ( the Third Imperial Egg recovered in 2012 contains sapphires and consistently fits the descriptions associated with the 1887 egg ) . Surprise . The working clock is considered the eggs surprise . History . It is not known when or how the Tsar ordered the Easter egg from Fabergé , but the Blue Serpent Clock Egg was presented to Maria Feodorovna by Tsar Nicholas II on Easter day , 1895 . The egg was housed in the Anichkov Palace until the 1917 revolution . Along with the other Fabergé eggs in the palace , the Serpent Clock Egg was transferred to the Armory Palace of the Kremlin in mid-September 1917 . In 1922 , the egg was likely transferred to the Sovnarkom , where it was held until it was sold abroad to Michel Norman of the Australian Pearl Company . Between 1922 and 1950 , the egg was bought by Emanuel Snowman of Wartski , sold , and bought back by Wartski . The egg was sold again by Wartski on Christmas Eve 1972 to Stavros Niarchos for £64,103 . It was then given in 1974 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco to honor his Silver Jubilee . The Prince was unaware of its imperial provenance until it was lent to an exhibition . Following the death of Rainier III in 2005 , it was inherited by his son , Prince Albert II . This Blue Serpent Clock Egg was long thought to be the 1887 Easter egg . However , recent research ( 2008-2014 ) has conclusively proved the egg to be that of 1895 . Fabergé created a very similar egg in 1902 , the Duchess of Marlborough Egg for Consuelo Vanderbilt . That clock egg is larger than the Blue Serpent Clock Egg and is enameled in a pink colour , rather than in blue .
|
[
"Prince Albert II"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Blue Serpent Clock egg is an Imperial Fabergé egg , one of a series of fifty-two jeweled eggs made under the supervision of Peter Carl Fabergé for the Russian Imperial Family . This egg features a clock and is a design that Fabergé copied for his Duchess of Marlborough egg in 1902 . Most Fabergé scholarship published prior to 2008 assigned the eggs creation to 1887 , although with some notable reservations due to inconsistencies between the Blue Serpent Clock egg and contemporary descriptions of the 1887 egg . The 2012 rediscovery of the 1887 Third Imperial Egg ,",
"title": "Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg )"
},
{
"text": "announced to the world in March 2014 , validates the theory that the Blue Serpent Clock was crafted and delivered in 1895 to the then Tsar of Russia , Nicholas II . It is currently owned by Prince Albert II and is held in Monaco .",
"title": "Blue Serpent Clock ( Fabergé egg )"
},
{
"text": "The crafting of this Imperial egg is credited to Michael Perkhin of Fabergés shop . The egg stands on a base of gold that is painted in opalescent white enamel . The three panels of the base feature motifs of raised gold in four colors , representing the arts and sciences . A serpent , set with diamonds coils around the stand connecting the base to the egg and up toward its center . The serpents head and tongue point to the hour which is indicated in Roman numerals on a white band that runs around the egg near the",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "top . This band rotates within the egg to indicate the time , rather than the serpent rotating around the egg . This is the first of the Tsar Imperial Fabergé eggs to feature a working clock . The majority of the egg is enameled in translucent blue and has diamond-studded gold bands and designs ringing the top and bottom of the egg . On each side of the egg a sculpted gold handle arches up in a C shape , attached to the egg on the top near the apex and on the lower half of the egg ,",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "near the center . The Blue Serpent Clock Egg contains no sapphires , while descriptions for the 1887 egg from the Russian State Historical Archives , the 1917 inventory of confiscated imperial treasure and the 1922 transfer documents for the egg to be moved from the Anichkov Palace to the Sovnarkom all describe an egg containing sapphires ( the Third Imperial Egg recovered in 2012 contains sapphires and consistently fits the descriptions associated with the 1887 egg ) .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "It is not known when or how the Tsar ordered the Easter egg from Fabergé , but the Blue Serpent Clock Egg was presented to Maria Feodorovna by Tsar Nicholas II on Easter day , 1895 . The egg was housed in the Anichkov Palace until the 1917 revolution . Along with the other Fabergé eggs in the palace , the Serpent Clock Egg was transferred to the Armory Palace of the Kremlin in mid-September 1917 . In 1922 , the egg was likely transferred to the Sovnarkom , where it was held until it was sold abroad to Michel",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Norman of the Australian Pearl Company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 1922 and 1950 , the egg was bought by Emanuel Snowman of Wartski , sold , and bought back by Wartski . The egg was sold again by Wartski on Christmas Eve 1972 to Stavros Niarchos for £64,103 . It was then given in 1974 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco to honor his Silver Jubilee . The Prince was unaware of its imperial provenance until it was lent to an exhibition . Following the death of Rainier III in 2005 , it was inherited by his son , Prince Albert II .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "This Blue Serpent Clock Egg was long thought to be the 1887 Easter egg . However , recent research ( 2008-2014 ) has conclusively proved the egg to be that of 1895 . Fabergé created a very similar egg in 1902 , the Duchess of Marlborough Egg for Consuelo Vanderbilt . That clock egg is larger than the Blue Serpent Clock Egg and is enameled in a pink colour , rather than in blue .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/HMAS_Cairns_(J183)#P8047#0
|
What was the country of registry for HMAS Cairns (J183) in Aug 1945?
|
HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) , named for the city of Cairns , Queensland , was one of 60 s constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Design and construction . In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Cairns ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy . Cairns was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 31 March 1941 . She was launched on 7 October 1941 by Mrs . R . D . Walker , wife of the Works Manager of Walkers Limited , and commissioned into the RAN on 11 May 1942 . Operational history . Royal Australian Navy . From entering service until 16 October 1942 , Cairns was based in Fremantle and operated as a convoy escort , anti-submarine patroller , and minesweeper . On 16 October , the corvette was reassigned to the British Eastern Fleet and ordered to Kilindini , Kenya , arriving on 14 November . Cairns remained with the Eastern Fleet until January 1945 . Most of this time was spent on patrol or escort duties in the Indian Ocean . The corvette was reassigned to the Mediterranean from June until September 1943 . During this time , Cairns was involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily . On 11 February 1944 , a convoy Cairns was assigned to was attacked by Japanese submarine RO-110 . The corvette was involved in the successful destruction of the submarine , but one convoy ship was torpedoed . Following a refit in Adelaide from May to July 1944 , Cairns was redeployed to Colombo , which was her base of operations until January 1945 , when the corvette was sent back to Australia . On arrival in Australian waters , Cairns was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The ship received four battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942–45 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , and Okinawa 1945 . Royal Netherlands Navy . Following the end of World War II , all Admiralty-owned Bathurst class corvettes were disposed of . Cairns was paid off in Brisbane on 17 January 1946 . She was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) and renamed HNLMS Ambon . Indonesian Navy . Following four years of service with the RNLN , the ship was transferred to the Indonesian Navy on 6 April 1950 and renamed KRI Banteng . Fate . The corvette was broken up for scrap in April 1968 . References . - Books - Journal and news articles
|
[
"Australia"
] |
[
{
"text": " HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) , named for the city of Cairns , Queensland , was one of 60 s constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) .",
"title": "HMAS Cairns ( J183 )"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a 4-inch",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": "gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": "as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Cairns ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy .",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": " Cairns was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 31 March 1941 . She was launched on 7 October 1941 by Mrs . R . D . Walker , wife of the Works Manager of Walkers Limited , and commissioned into the RAN on 11 May 1942 .",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": " From entering service until 16 October 1942 , Cairns was based in Fremantle and operated as a convoy escort , anti-submarine patroller , and minesweeper . On 16 October , the corvette was reassigned to the British Eastern Fleet and ordered to Kilindini , Kenya , arriving on 14 November .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": "Cairns remained with the Eastern Fleet until January 1945 . Most of this time was spent on patrol or escort duties in the Indian Ocean . The corvette was reassigned to the Mediterranean from June until September 1943 . During this time , Cairns was involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily . On 11 February 1944 , a convoy Cairns was assigned to was attacked by Japanese submarine RO-110 . The corvette was involved in the successful destruction of the submarine , but one convoy ship was torpedoed . Following a refit in Adelaide from May to July 1944",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": ", Cairns was redeployed to Colombo , which was her base of operations until January 1945 , when the corvette was sent back to Australia .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": " On arrival in Australian waters , Cairns was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The ship received four battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942–45 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , and Okinawa 1945 .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of World War II , all Admiralty-owned Bathurst class corvettes were disposed of . Cairns was paid off in Brisbane on 17 January 1946 . She was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) and renamed HNLMS Ambon .",
"title": "Royal Netherlands Navy"
},
{
"text": " Following four years of service with the RNLN , the ship was transferred to the Indonesian Navy on 6 April 1950 and renamed KRI Banteng .",
"title": "Indonesian Navy"
},
{
"text": " - Books - Journal and news articles",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/HMAS_Cairns_(J183)#P8047#1
|
What was the country of registry for HMAS Cairns (J183) in Jul 1949?
|
HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) , named for the city of Cairns , Queensland , was one of 60 s constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Design and construction . In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Cairns ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy . Cairns was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 31 March 1941 . She was launched on 7 October 1941 by Mrs . R . D . Walker , wife of the Works Manager of Walkers Limited , and commissioned into the RAN on 11 May 1942 . Operational history . Royal Australian Navy . From entering service until 16 October 1942 , Cairns was based in Fremantle and operated as a convoy escort , anti-submarine patroller , and minesweeper . On 16 October , the corvette was reassigned to the British Eastern Fleet and ordered to Kilindini , Kenya , arriving on 14 November . Cairns remained with the Eastern Fleet until January 1945 . Most of this time was spent on patrol or escort duties in the Indian Ocean . The corvette was reassigned to the Mediterranean from June until September 1943 . During this time , Cairns was involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily . On 11 February 1944 , a convoy Cairns was assigned to was attacked by Japanese submarine RO-110 . The corvette was involved in the successful destruction of the submarine , but one convoy ship was torpedoed . Following a refit in Adelaide from May to July 1944 , Cairns was redeployed to Colombo , which was her base of operations until January 1945 , when the corvette was sent back to Australia . On arrival in Australian waters , Cairns was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The ship received four battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942–45 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , and Okinawa 1945 . Royal Netherlands Navy . Following the end of World War II , all Admiralty-owned Bathurst class corvettes were disposed of . Cairns was paid off in Brisbane on 17 January 1946 . She was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) and renamed HNLMS Ambon . Indonesian Navy . Following four years of service with the RNLN , the ship was transferred to the Indonesian Navy on 6 April 1950 and renamed KRI Banteng . Fate . The corvette was broken up for scrap in April 1968 . References . - Books - Journal and news articles
|
[
"Netherlands"
] |
[
{
"text": " HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) , named for the city of Cairns , Queensland , was one of 60 s constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) .",
"title": "HMAS Cairns ( J183 )"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a 4-inch",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": "gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": "as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Cairns ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy .",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": " Cairns was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 31 March 1941 . She was launched on 7 October 1941 by Mrs . R . D . Walker , wife of the Works Manager of Walkers Limited , and commissioned into the RAN on 11 May 1942 .",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": " From entering service until 16 October 1942 , Cairns was based in Fremantle and operated as a convoy escort , anti-submarine patroller , and minesweeper . On 16 October , the corvette was reassigned to the British Eastern Fleet and ordered to Kilindini , Kenya , arriving on 14 November .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": "Cairns remained with the Eastern Fleet until January 1945 . Most of this time was spent on patrol or escort duties in the Indian Ocean . The corvette was reassigned to the Mediterranean from June until September 1943 . During this time , Cairns was involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily . On 11 February 1944 , a convoy Cairns was assigned to was attacked by Japanese submarine RO-110 . The corvette was involved in the successful destruction of the submarine , but one convoy ship was torpedoed . Following a refit in Adelaide from May to July 1944",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": ", Cairns was redeployed to Colombo , which was her base of operations until January 1945 , when the corvette was sent back to Australia .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": " On arrival in Australian waters , Cairns was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The ship received four battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942–45 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , and Okinawa 1945 .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of World War II , all Admiralty-owned Bathurst class corvettes were disposed of . Cairns was paid off in Brisbane on 17 January 1946 . She was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) and renamed HNLMS Ambon .",
"title": "Royal Netherlands Navy"
},
{
"text": " Following four years of service with the RNLN , the ship was transferred to the Indonesian Navy on 6 April 1950 and renamed KRI Banteng .",
"title": "Indonesian Navy"
},
{
"text": " - Books - Journal and news articles",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/HMAS_Cairns_(J183)#P8047#2
|
What was the country of registry for HMAS Cairns (J183) between Jan 1951 and Apr 1951?
|
HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) , named for the city of Cairns , Queensland , was one of 60 s constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Design and construction . In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Cairns ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy . Cairns was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 31 March 1941 . She was launched on 7 October 1941 by Mrs . R . D . Walker , wife of the Works Manager of Walkers Limited , and commissioned into the RAN on 11 May 1942 . Operational history . Royal Australian Navy . From entering service until 16 October 1942 , Cairns was based in Fremantle and operated as a convoy escort , anti-submarine patroller , and minesweeper . On 16 October , the corvette was reassigned to the British Eastern Fleet and ordered to Kilindini , Kenya , arriving on 14 November . Cairns remained with the Eastern Fleet until January 1945 . Most of this time was spent on patrol or escort duties in the Indian Ocean . The corvette was reassigned to the Mediterranean from June until September 1943 . During this time , Cairns was involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily . On 11 February 1944 , a convoy Cairns was assigned to was attacked by Japanese submarine RO-110 . The corvette was involved in the successful destruction of the submarine , but one convoy ship was torpedoed . Following a refit in Adelaide from May to July 1944 , Cairns was redeployed to Colombo , which was her base of operations until January 1945 , when the corvette was sent back to Australia . On arrival in Australian waters , Cairns was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The ship received four battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942–45 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , and Okinawa 1945 . Royal Netherlands Navy . Following the end of World War II , all Admiralty-owned Bathurst class corvettes were disposed of . Cairns was paid off in Brisbane on 17 January 1946 . She was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) and renamed HNLMS Ambon . Indonesian Navy . Following four years of service with the RNLN , the ship was transferred to the Indonesian Navy on 6 April 1950 and renamed KRI Banteng . Fate . The corvette was broken up for scrap in April 1968 . References . - Books - Journal and news articles
|
[
"Indonesian"
] |
[
{
"text": " HMAS Cairns ( J183 ) , named for the city of Cairns , Queensland , was one of 60 s constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) .",
"title": "HMAS Cairns ( J183 )"
},
{
"text": "In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a 4-inch",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": "gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": "as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Cairns ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy .",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": " Cairns was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland on 31 March 1941 . She was launched on 7 October 1941 by Mrs . R . D . Walker , wife of the Works Manager of Walkers Limited , and commissioned into the RAN on 11 May 1942 .",
"title": "Design and construction"
},
{
"text": " From entering service until 16 October 1942 , Cairns was based in Fremantle and operated as a convoy escort , anti-submarine patroller , and minesweeper . On 16 October , the corvette was reassigned to the British Eastern Fleet and ordered to Kilindini , Kenya , arriving on 14 November .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": "Cairns remained with the Eastern Fleet until January 1945 . Most of this time was spent on patrol or escort duties in the Indian Ocean . The corvette was reassigned to the Mediterranean from June until September 1943 . During this time , Cairns was involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily . On 11 February 1944 , a convoy Cairns was assigned to was attacked by Japanese submarine RO-110 . The corvette was involved in the successful destruction of the submarine , but one convoy ship was torpedoed . Following a refit in Adelaide from May to July 1944",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": ", Cairns was redeployed to Colombo , which was her base of operations until January 1945 , when the corvette was sent back to Australia .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": " On arrival in Australian waters , Cairns was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . The ship received four battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942–45 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , and Okinawa 1945 .",
"title": "Royal Australian Navy"
},
{
"text": " Following the end of World War II , all Admiralty-owned Bathurst class corvettes were disposed of . Cairns was paid off in Brisbane on 17 January 1946 . She was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) and renamed HNLMS Ambon .",
"title": "Royal Netherlands Navy"
},
{
"text": " Following four years of service with the RNLN , the ship was transferred to the Indonesian Navy on 6 April 1950 and renamed KRI Banteng .",
"title": "Indonesian Navy"
},
{
"text": " - Books - Journal and news articles",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three#P1448#0
|
What was the official name of Carrier Air Wing Three between Dec 1939 and Sep 1941?
|
Carrier Air Wing Three Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on . Mission . To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations . Subordinate units . CVW-3 consists of nine squadrons : History . Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 ) World War II . The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo . Korean War . The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces . Cuban Missile Crisis . During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser . Vietnam . In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam . Lebanon . CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there . Libya . In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq . In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 . Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 . On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 . 2013–2014 OEF Cruise . On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison , U.S . Department of the Navy . CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain . Current force . Fixed-wing aircraft . - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet - EA-18G Growler - E-2 Hawkeye - C-2 Greyhound Rotary wing aircraft . - MH-60R Seahawk - MH-60S Knighthawk External links . - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three
|
[
"Saratoga Air Group"
] |
[
{
"text": " Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on .",
"title": "Carrier Air Wing Three"
},
{
"text": "To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations .",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces .",
"title": "Korean War"
},
{
"text": " During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser .",
"title": "Cuban Missile Crisis"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there .",
"title": "Lebanon"
},
{
"text": " In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison ,",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Department of the Navy .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three#P1448#1
|
What was the official name of Carrier Air Wing Three between Mar 1946 and Apr 1946?
|
Carrier Air Wing Three Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on . Mission . To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations . Subordinate units . CVW-3 consists of nine squadrons : History . Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 ) World War II . The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo . Korean War . The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces . Cuban Missile Crisis . During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser . Vietnam . In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam . Lebanon . CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there . Libya . In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq . In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 . Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 . On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 . 2013–2014 OEF Cruise . On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison , U.S . Department of the Navy . CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain . Current force . Fixed-wing aircraft . - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet - EA-18G Growler - E-2 Hawkeye - C-2 Greyhound Rotary wing aircraft . - MH-60R Seahawk - MH-60S Knighthawk External links . - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three
|
[
"Carrier Air Group THREE"
] |
[
{
"text": " Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on .",
"title": "Carrier Air Wing Three"
},
{
"text": "To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations .",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces .",
"title": "Korean War"
},
{
"text": " During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser .",
"title": "Cuban Missile Crisis"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there .",
"title": "Lebanon"
},
{
"text": " In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison ,",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Department of the Navy .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three#P1448#2
|
What was the official name of Carrier Air Wing Three in Sep 1948?
|
Carrier Air Wing Three Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on . Mission . To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations . Subordinate units . CVW-3 consists of nine squadrons : History . Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 ) World War II . The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo . Korean War . The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces . Cuban Missile Crisis . During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser . Vietnam . In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam . Lebanon . CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there . Libya . In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq . In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 . Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 . On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 . 2013–2014 OEF Cruise . On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison , U.S . Department of the Navy . CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain . Current force . Fixed-wing aircraft . - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet - EA-18G Growler - E-2 Hawkeye - C-2 Greyhound Rotary wing aircraft . - MH-60R Seahawk - MH-60S Knighthawk External links . - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three
|
[
"CVAG-3"
] |
[
{
"text": " Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on .",
"title": "Carrier Air Wing Three"
},
{
"text": "To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations .",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces .",
"title": "Korean War"
},
{
"text": " During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser .",
"title": "Cuban Missile Crisis"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there .",
"title": "Lebanon"
},
{
"text": " In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison ,",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Department of the Navy .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three#P1448#3
|
What was the official name of Carrier Air Wing Three between Aug 1959 and May 1963?
|
Carrier Air Wing Three Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on . Mission . To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations . Subordinate units . CVW-3 consists of nine squadrons : History . Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 ) World War II . The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo . Korean War . The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces . Cuban Missile Crisis . During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser . Vietnam . In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam . Lebanon . CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there . Libya . In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq . In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 . Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 . On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 . 2013–2014 OEF Cruise . On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison , U.S . Department of the Navy . CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain . Current force . Fixed-wing aircraft . - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet - EA-18G Growler - E-2 Hawkeye - C-2 Greyhound Rotary wing aircraft . - MH-60R Seahawk - MH-60S Knighthawk External links . - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three
|
[
"Carrier Air Group THREE"
] |
[
{
"text": " Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on .",
"title": "Carrier Air Wing Three"
},
{
"text": "To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations .",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces .",
"title": "Korean War"
},
{
"text": " During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser .",
"title": "Cuban Missile Crisis"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there .",
"title": "Lebanon"
},
{
"text": " In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison ,",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Department of the Navy .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three#P1448#4
|
What was the official name of Carrier Air Wing Three between Mar 1964 and Oct 1964?
|
Carrier Air Wing Three Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on . Mission . To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations . Subordinate units . CVW-3 consists of nine squadrons : History . Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 ) World War II . The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo . Korean War . The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces . Cuban Missile Crisis . During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser . Vietnam . In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam . Lebanon . CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there . Libya . In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq . In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 . Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 . On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 . 2013–2014 OEF Cruise . On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison , U.S . Department of the Navy . CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain . Current force . Fixed-wing aircraft . - F/A-18E/F Super Hornet - EA-18G Growler - E-2 Hawkeye - C-2 Greyhound Rotary wing aircraft . - MH-60R Seahawk - MH-60S Knighthawk External links . - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three
|
[
"Carrier Air Wing Three"
] |
[
{
"text": " Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) , known as the Battle Axe , is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia . The wing was created on 1 July 1938 and has seen service in World War II , Korea , the Cuban Missile Crisis , Vietnam , Lebanon , against Libya , and since September 11 , 2001 . As of 2012 , the air wing is routinely embarked aboard as part of Carrier Strike Group 10 . As of June 2016 , it is embarked on .",
"title": "Carrier Air Wing Three"
},
{
"text": "To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning , control , coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including ; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority . All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks , Detection , localization , and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control . Aerial photographic , sighting , and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations . Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets . Airborne",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "electronic countermeasures . In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations .",
"title": "Mission"
},
{
"text": "Squadrons assigned to the first carrier to bear the name ( ) in 1928 were informally called the Saratoga Air Group . On 1 July 1938 the Saratoga Air Group was formally established as a unit . With the rapid fleet buildup of World War II , the Navy ceased naming its carrier air groups with the carriers name and initially numbered them with the carriers hull number , and on 25 September 1943 Saratoga Air Group was redesignated Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) . After the war , on 15 November 1946 the air group was redesignated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in accordance with the Navys new carrier air group designation scheme in which all remaining air groups were designated in accordance with the type of carrier to which they were assigned with those assigned to s being designated attack carrier air groups and those assigned to the larger being designated battle carrier air groups and CVG-3 was redesignated CVAG-3 . On 1 September 1948 the Navy again changed the carrier air group designation scheme ; all CVAGs and CVBGs were designated CVGs and CVAG-3 once again became CVG-3 . On 20 December 1963 all carrier air groups in existence were",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "redesignated Carrier Air Wings ( CVW ) and Carrier Air Group THREE ( CVG-3 ) was redesignated Carrier Air Wing THREE ( CVW-3 )",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The wing was deployed on Saratoga until the ship was torpedoed in January 1942 . Part of the wing was then deployed aboard and helped cripple the during the Battle of Midway . The wing was also involved in the first carrier strikes against Tokyo .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The air wing was assigned to in 1950 when she transited the Panama Canal en route to Korean War operations . The Wing flew in support of the Pusan Perimeter , the invasion on Wonsanand , and strikes on Hungnam Salient and Yalu River Bridges . The wing accumulated over 11,000 operational hours flying against the North Korean and Chinese Communist Forces .",
"title": "Korean War"
},
{
"text": " During refresher training in the Caribbean Sea in December 1962 , CVW-3 was on station during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Carrier Air Group 3 was redesignated Carrier Air Wing 3 on 20 December 1963 . At end of the 1960s the air wing took on Reserve Squadrons during the USS Pueblo incident . CVW-3 squadrons embarked with the Royal Navys 892 Naval Air Squadron for two weeks , and flew in response to a number of events in the Mediterranean including ; hijackings , internal fighting in Jordan , and the death of Egyptian President Nasser .",
"title": "Cuban Missile Crisis"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s CVW-3 began the task of testing the new CV Concept , to incorporating the missions of attack squadrons and anti-submarine submarine squadrons . After completing their missions successfully the CV Concept was validated and implemented . In 1972 , CVW-3 was given 60 hours notice before deploying around South Africa en route to Vietnam . Operations there saw CVW-3 provide strike and support sorties in South Vietnam , Alpha strikes , AAW missions , and reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam . The wings first kill came on 21 June when an F-4J Phantom II shot down",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": "a MIG-21 . Dropping over 14,000 tons of ordnance , CVW-3 spent 175 days on the line engaged in combat operations against North Vietnam .",
"title": "Vietnam"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 was assigned to , in 1981 and participated in air strikes against Lebanon in support of US Marines stationed there .",
"title": "Lebanon"
},
{
"text": " In January 1989 two CVW-3 F-14 Tomcats shot down two hostile Libyan MIG-23 fighters over international waters in the Central Mediterranean . In August 1990 , CVW-3 and John F . Kennedy departed on a no-notice Mediterranean/Red Sea deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield , and air crews later flew combat sorties in association with Operation Desert Storm against Iraq .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "In 1994–95 , CVW-3 made a single deployment aboard to the Mediterranean Sea . For the next deployment in 1996–97 , the wing transferred to . The wing concluded a successful 24th Mediterranean Sea/Persian Gulf deployment aboard the in 1998–99 . During this time , the wing aircraft participated in Operation Desert Fox , a four-day strike campaign against Iraq in December 1998 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " Global War on Terror . In 2000 , CVW-3 , was assigned to on her maiden deployment . The early months of 2001 saw the air wing operating in the Persian Gulf , conducting Response Options strikes , to include the largest strike over Iraq since Operation Desert Fox , in support of Operation Southern Watch and maritime interdiction operations . This was the longest period any carrier had spent in the Gulf since Operation Desert Storm . The Air Wing completed its 25th deployment and returned home on 23 May 2001 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 5 December 2002 , CVW-3 departed for its 26th deployment to the Mediterranean , in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and on 20 March 2003 , CVW-3 began taking part in the Iraq War , flying defensive counter air missions in Western Iraq , launching aircraft off the coast of Egypt in the South Eastern Mediterranean . CVW-3 made four deployments aboard Harry S . Truman to the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2010 .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January 2013 Captain Sara A . Joyner , USN , took command of Carrier Air Wing Three , becoming the first woman to lead a U.S . Navy carrier air wing as well as the air wings 57th CAG . Before assuming command of CVW-3 , Joyner had served as its deputy commander . On 22 December 2013 , Joyner was superseded by her air wings deputy commander ( DCAG ) , Capt . George Wikoff . After a period at NAVAIRLANT , in 2016 Joyner is Director , Senate Liaison Office , Office of Legislative Liaison ,",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Department of the Navy .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " CVW-3 completed a deployment to the U.S . 5th and 6th Fleet in April 2014 , after nine months at sea . The air wing successfully supported US and coalition troops in Afghanistan , operated with the , and conducted multiple liberty-as-a-mission port calls to Bahrain , Dubai , France and Spain .",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . Navy , Official CVW-3 site - GlobalSecurity.org , Carrier Air Wing Three",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Botany_Water_Reserves#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Botany Water Reserves in Jul 2001?
|
Botany Water Reserves The Botany Water Reserves are a heritage-listed former water supply system and now parkland and golf course at 1024 Botany Road , Mascot , Bayside Council , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was designed by City Engineers , W . B . Rider , E . Bell ( 1856–1871 ) , and Francis Bell ( 1871–1878 ) . It is also known as Botany Swamps , Botany Wetlands , Mills Stream , Bridge Pond , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course and Bonnie Doon Golf Course . The property is owned by Sydney Water , an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 . History . On 29 April 1770 Captain James Cook made his first landfall in Australia at Botany Bay . The botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , and his Swedish assistant , Daniel Solander from Cooks ship , spent several days ashore collecting vast numbers of previously unknown plants . Cook was in two minds about a suitable name for the Bay – his journal first refers to it as Stingrays Harbour , then as Botanist Bay , then both were crossed out and the present Botany Bay inserted , no doubt because of Banks and Solanders work . Since its name comes from the Bay on which it stands , Botany can well claim to have the oldest English place name in Australia . Cooks recommendation and Banks enthusiasm were largely responsible for the British Governments decision to found a penal settlement at Botany Bay . When Governor Phillip arrived in mid-summer in 1788 however , he found the harbour shallow and exposed , and the shore swampy and lacking sources of fresh water . As a result , the First Fleet sailed on to Port Jackson , finding a more suitable site for settlement at Sydney Cove . Botany was first planned as an agricultural district , and the principal industry was to be market gardening . Instead it became an industrial area , boasting a fellmongers yard and a slaughter works . As early as 1809 , Mr E . Redmond came to settle in the district , but the first important developer was Simeon Lord ( 1771–1840 ) , who built a fulling mill in 1815 on the site that later became that of the old water works . In 1823 he received a grant of , followed by further grants . Part of the estate was subdivided by 1887 . Lord , the merchant prince of Botany Bay , manufactured fine wool cloth , and was also one of the merchants instrumental in the founding of Sydney Hospital . He gave land for the sites of two early churches in Botany , and Lord Street is named after him . Banksia Street , Sir Joseph Banks Park and Booralee Park all commemorate those early days . The Sydney Water Works were established in Botany in 1858 and were fed by the many springs in the area . In 1886 , the last year of full pumping , 1864 million gallons of water were supplied to Sydney from these water works . Although the scheme was Sydneys major source of water for 30 years , it did not supply water in the Botany area and local residents depended on natural sources and tanks . Following European colonisation the first substantial interventions in the area occurred in 1815 when the enterprising merchant Simeon Lord had a dam constructed to the west of the present Botany Road for the purpose of establishing the colonys first woollen mill . A second dam was constructed near the present Engine House ruins for a flour mill . This mill continued operating until about 1847 while the textile factory was closed by about 1856 . From 13 July 1855 the City Council began resuming land around , and including , the Botany wetlands for the citys main water supply scheme – the first time land resumptions were made for this purpose . ( The land was transferred to the Water Board in 1888. ) Of this land about 75 acres of Lords estate was resumed which included his house ( demolished in the 1930s though the site of which is in the vicinity of the present heliport ) , the mill sites , various cottages and the earthworks associated with Lords mill dams . The initial water supply scheme of the mid-1850s , by the City Engineer W . B . Rider , was abandoned with the appointment of Edward Bell to the position . The surviving Engine House and chimney date from the implementation , in the late 1850s , of Bells scheme while the stone retaining walls for the Engine Pond and outlet sluice probably date from the 1870s work on the Engine Pond augmentation . Between 1866 and the mid-1870s six dams were constructed , and reconstructed for various reasons , from the Mill Pond to Gardeners Road using piling of sheet timber facing filled with sand forming a core of a turfed bank . In 1859 a 30 sand-cast iron main was completed between the Engine House and the Crown Street reservoir . The pipes were made in Scotland in 1856 and machined with such remarkably fine tolerance that , of the total length of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , the outside diameter varied by only 6mm and allowed the pipes to be laid without jointing material . Part of this easement coincides with the present study area in the vicinity of the Engine House . Drawing on a 1982 thesis of Margaret Simpson , the Thorp et al . study indicates that about 80 trees – Norfolk Pines , Moreton Bay Figs , Weeping Figs , Sweet Scented Pines and Stone Pines – were planted along the access road from Botany and elsewhere on the site in 1869 . Works for the augmentation of water storage at Botany continued throughout the 1870s including the addition of water stored in the Bunnerong Dam ( 1876–1877 ) by way of a pipe to the No 4 Pond . The then Bunnerong Road was moved and ran along the top of this dam wall . By the early 1880s the Upper Nepean Scheme was well underway and in November 1886 the Nepean-supplied water effectively ended the general supply of Sydneys water from the Botany system . Even intermittent emergency use of the system ceased by 1893 so that the Engine House machinery was finally decommissioned with pumping equipment and boilers sold at auction in 1896 . In 1894 various local industrial uses – such as wool scourers and tanners – were permitted to return to the wetland vicinity through leases until 1947 . While these major improvement programs for Sydneys water supply were being put into place it also became clear – chiefly from an increasingly polluted harbour – that substantial works were needed to deal with the sewage of Sydney and its immediate suburbs . After the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was formed in 1888 the basis of what is presently Sydneys largest sewerage system was commenced . As part of its responsibilities the new Board assumed control of various recent works of the Public Works Department , one of which was the first of the new sewer mains from the City to the Botany Sewage Farm established about 1886 . Another main was added in 1898 which linked various western suburbs to the Sewage Farm . However , by the turn of the century the usefulness of the Farm was fast diminishing such that the southern and western sewerage systems were amalgamated and extended , from 1909 , to a new ocean outfall at Malabar while the much expanded Botany Sewage Farm was closed . This work – known as the Southern and Western Sewer Ocean Outfall System or , usually , SWSOOS No 1 – was completed in 1916 under the direction of Chief Engineer EM de Burgh . Further growth of Sydneys suburbs and resultant extensions to this sewerage network necessitated an augmentation of the system , by duplication known as SWSOOS No 2 , during 1936 to 1941 . Both mains were required to cross the Cooks River by inverted syphons . The current SWSOOS network represents Sydneys largest sewerage system and envelops mains that were constructed from the 1880s through the 1890s , 1900s , 1910s to 1940s . Other individually significant components of the SWSOOS network that occur in the vicinity of the present site include the twin major inverted syphons and syphonic overflows ( now under Sydney Airport ) and the 1896 sewer vent at West Botany Street , Arncliffe . Within the site the existing engine house chimney was retired for water supply use in 1888 , left unused for 28 years then , after being shortened , re-used as a vent in 1916 as part of the work for the new SWSOOS . Various buildings , associated with the new sewerage system , were added to the west . During the 1940s the chimney was further truncated to its present height along with the diversion of the mouth of the Cooks River into Botany Bay and substantial filling of the Engine and Mill Ponds as part of a major expansion and upgrade of airport facilities . From the 1970s a greater appreciation of the special historical and environmental values of the place was apparent through the commissioning of a range of studies to record and assess its significance . However further incursions continued with the 1988 construction of Southern Cross Drive through the middle of the Engine Pond , reclamation by the DMR and more recent works associated with the pre-Olympics upgrade of the airport . The Lakes Golf Club ( 1928 ) . In 1928 construction of a clubhouse near Gardeners Road was commenced for the Lakes Golf Club with the course – to the west and north of the chain of ponds – opening in 1930 . About 1960 the Eastlakes Golf Club was established with an 18-hole course on the eastern and southern side of the ponds . The neighbouring course to the northeast , The Australian Golf Club , was established in 1904 and in the same year it was host for the first Australian open golf title which was won by Michael Scott . Both the Lakes and Australian golf courses have been consistently ranked in the top five golf courses in New South Wales for many years . The Lakes Golf Club practice precinct ( east of the club house ) was excavated on a number of occasions from 1928 to 1970 . In the early 1970s the south-eastern area of this land was bulldozed and redeveloped as part of the overall golf course design as a direct result of the state government requiring some of the golf course land to construct Southern Cross Drive . This included extensive excavation of the area of the practice precinct of the golf course . In the mid-1970s some of the practice precinct area formed part of the tennis court construction which required bulldozing the area to prepare the ground for new tennis courts . This was conducted as part of construction of the golf course clubhouse . In the early 2000s the practice precinct was renovated as part of a plan to improve course facilities for practice , and to have the course fit with the natural contours and appearance of the sandy dunes and lakes that dominate its site . This included extensive disturbance of the practice precinct area . In 2005 a new club house was built and this resulted in removal of the tennis courts . The practice precinct and some of the driving range tee was bulldozed to remove the tennis courts and then construct the practice chipping area.</ref> From 2007–09 the entire Lakes Golf Course underwent a comprehensive renovation which included extensive construction works to the south-western section of the practice precinct area . This involved use of a bulldozer and other construction equipment to construct the 10th tees and the area in front of them . This included the small ridge between the driving range tee and the front of the current 10th hole tees . Description . This item consists of an extensive tract of open space/parkland , with of wetlands , including Sydney Airport , The Australian Golf Course , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course , Bonnie Doon Golf Course and Mutch Park . Other areas of wetlands in the vicinity are substantially smaller in extent – the Eve Street wetlands , Arncliffe ( south of Kogarah Golf Club ) and the chain of ponds in Sir Joseph Banks Park , Botany . Important surviving elements of non-indigenous heritage include remnants of the water supply Engine House and chimney ( late 1850s ) ( no longer owned by Sydney Water ) ; spillway/weir , remnants of the Engine and Mill Ponds ; the sequence of ponds between the Mill Pond and Gardeners Road ; 1915 Sewer Pumphouse ; twin sewer syphons and easements ; partial evidence of old Cooks River edge ( evident through comparing early and recent aerial photography ; 1869 plantings of Norfolk Island Pines ( Araucaria heterophylla ) , Moreton Bay Fig Trees ( Ficus macrophylla ) and Port Jackson Fig Trees ( Ficus rubiginosa ) . Given the period , important government institutional use and the choice of tree species there is strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Charles Moore – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1848–1896 ) in advising on these plantings . Canary Island Date Palms ( Phoenix canariensis ) also survive near the Engine Pond and may be remnants – or progeny – of 1910s plantings associated with the reuse of the site for the main southern sewer system . There is likewise strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Joseph Henry Maiden – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1896–1924 ) in recommending the choice of these plantings . A comparison of current aerial photographs and the Sydney Water Commissions 1869 topographic plan of the Lachlan Swamp from No 6 Dam to Botany Bay shows that there is a substantial degree of correlation between the layouts of many of the dams . Despite the bisection of the Engine Pond by Southern Cross Drive , it is still possible to appreciate the basic outline of the earlier pond . A similar observation holds for the former Bridge Pond as the present Mill Pond and the western half of the New Pond retain the earlier basic form . The embankment separating the Mill and New Ponds preserves part of the alignment of the old Sydney-Botany road ( shown on the 1869 SWC plan ) with its tollhouse site just south of the embankment . ( Archaeological evidence of the former tollhouse may still exist. ) The present Nos 1 and 2 Ponds closely reflect the earlier form of the 1869 No 1 Pond while most of the present Nos 3a , 3 and 4/5 Ponds almost exactly retain the earlier form of the 1869 Nos 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 Ponds respectively . The northern part of the old No 6 Pond has been filled . Generally , the present wetland layout retains a close indication of the original 1860s dam forms . Earlier pond formations existed some decades before , and were absorbed into , this system however surviving evidence is difficult to discern from both ( non-intrusive ) site inspections and an analysis of aerial photography . Archaeological investigations – if ever required – may reveal evidence of these early 19th century structures . A Plan of the Botany & Lachlan Watersheds signed by Francis Bell in June , 1875 shows that the Lachlan Water Supply ( Centennial Park ) links with the Botany Pond system as does the area of land containing the present Australian Golf Course . Several remnant areas of the famous and now rare Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub ( still featuring the trademark Grass Trees ( Xanthorrhoea resinosa ) as well as various communities of reed and sedgeland species are represented within the open space boundaries . Other important indigenous vegetation vestiges include areas of Paperbark swamp featuring Melaleuca quinquenervia , marshland and wet heath and large areas of the aquatic herb Ludwigia . As at 21 May 2004 , major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Modifications and dates . Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks . Heritage listing . Botany Water Reserve holds considerable value for Sydney and NSW because it contains the only remaining major components – substantial layout and other important physical evidence from the 1850s through to the 1870s – of the unique water supply system that supported the expansion of the Sydney metropolis for most of the latter half of the 19th century , representing Sydneys third main water supply system since colonisation ; and on account of the surviving remnants of the early 19th century industries associated with the prominent emancipist merchant Simeon Lord . The site includes land which , in 1855 , was the subject of the first resumptions for the purpose of a water supply system by a government in Australia . Part of the original 1850s sand-cast iron water supply pipe remains within the site representing a remnant of the States oldest main . This extant remnant of the water supply system also has high collective value as important evidence likewise remains of the two principal Sydney water supply systems ( The Tank Stream and Busbys Bore ) that predated the Botany system along with those superseding it ( The Upper Canal and regional dam systems ) . The open space areas encompassed by the item include two regionally rare and distinct remnant vegetation communities known as Sydney Freshwater Wetlands and Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that are both potentially of State significance and are the subject of separate listings as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . The wetlands also have recognised regional ecological value as native animal habitat and movement corridors , and may include animal species of conservation significance . The item is of regional environmental importance as a major recharge source for the Sydney basin aquifer . It likely holds special interest as a landmark cultural and recreational landscape for the regional community . It also has regional importance on account of the substantial infrastructure it consists of the 1910s Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System- since augmented during 1936–1941 by SWSOOS No 2 – representing one of the first major separate sewers in Sydney as well as incorporating new ventilation technologies . This infrastructure includes use of the former Engine House chimney as a sewer vent , the viaduct to carry the vent pipe , Sewage Pumping Station No 38 of 1916 near the Engine House ruins and part of the SWSOOS Nos 1 and 2 mains . The overall SWSOOS network remains Sydneys largest sewer system . Botany Water Reserves was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales . The item contains substantial remnants of structures and layout from Sydneys third main water supply system which supported the growth of Australias largest city for most of the latter half of the 19th century . The 1850s water supply pipeline represents the oldest main in the State . The site contains important components of Sydneys main southern sewerage system from the 1910s and 1930s to 1940s supporting the expansion and consolidation of inner Sydney from the late 19th century to the present . It also demonstrates the growth in demand for golf courses throughout the 20th century with the establishment of four separate courses including the Australian ( est . 1904 ) and the Lakes Golf Course ( est . 1928 ) – two of the States oldest and most highly regarded . The place also has strong and direct associations with prominent individuals – including Colonial entrepreneur Simeon Lord ; the naval officer , surveyor and pastoralist Thomas Woore ; City Engineers WB Rider , Edward Bell and Francis Bell ; and Board engineers including EM de Burgh . Passing , though telling , early European references to the former landscape character of the area were made by many noted travellers including Captain James Cook in 1770 and Francois Peron in 1802 . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare if not unique . As a modified/remnant wetland system it is representative of a once extensive vegetation community that included sites from Jewells Swamp , near Lake Macquarie to Coomaditchy Lagoon south of Sydney , yet as remnant sites within the Sydney Basin are now only of a small size and are threatened with extinction the wetlands should be considered rare . Similarly the areas of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub are rare – of their total estimated area at the beginning of European colonisation less than 1% remains . SWSOOS is rare as the largest of Sydneys sewerage networks . Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks . The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The site represents a substantial tract of greenspace with important landscape attributes – extensive areas of water , wetlands , plantings , archaeological features , dunes , remnant indigenous vegetation and fauna – providing notable scenery and , remarkably , within 6 km of the Sydney CBD . The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons . The large tract of open space is probably highly valued as a local or even regional asset while the uses associated with the various golf courses would likely guarantee a special interest in the wetlands landscape by patrons . The ruinous water supply structures and remnant 1869 plantings along with the 1915 sewerage Pump House are well appreciated features and function as important cultural references within the parkland associated with the remnant Engine Pond . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . The place is of importance for its archaeological research potential pertaining to the early 19th century use of the wetlands for industry , Sydneys third main water supply system and aspects of Sydneys sewerage provision . Direct evidence of the construction of the original Lord dam walls , his house and outbuildings or other structures , other industrial structures and the former Sydney- Botany Tollhouse may still remain under the later fill . The wetlands are of well recognised ecological value ( flora/fauna [ including benthos , zooplankton , macroinvertebrates and amphibians ] habitat and corridor ) and environmental value ( major Sydney basin aquifer recharge ) . The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare . The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales . As a modified wetland system it is representative .
|
[
"New South Wales State Heritage Register"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Botany Water Reserves are a heritage-listed former water supply system and now parkland and golf course at 1024 Botany Road , Mascot , Bayside Council , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was designed by City Engineers , W . B . Rider , E . Bell ( 1856–1871 ) , and Francis Bell ( 1871–1878 ) . It is also known as Botany Swamps , Botany Wetlands , Mills Stream , Bridge Pond , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course and Bonnie Doon Golf Course . The property is owned by Sydney Water ,",
"title": "Botany Water Reserves"
},
{
"text": "an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 .",
"title": "Botany Water Reserves"
},
{
"text": "On 29 April 1770 Captain James Cook made his first landfall in Australia at Botany Bay . The botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , and his Swedish assistant , Daniel Solander from Cooks ship , spent several days ashore collecting vast numbers of previously unknown plants . Cook was in two minds about a suitable name for the Bay – his journal first refers to it as Stingrays Harbour , then as Botanist Bay , then both were crossed out and the present Botany Bay inserted , no doubt because of Banks and Solanders work . Since its name comes",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from the Bay on which it stands , Botany can well claim to have the oldest English place name in Australia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Cooks recommendation and Banks enthusiasm were largely responsible for the British Governments decision to found a penal settlement at Botany Bay . When Governor Phillip arrived in mid-summer in 1788 however , he found the harbour shallow and exposed , and the shore swampy and lacking sources of fresh water . As a result , the First Fleet sailed on to Port Jackson , finding a more suitable site for settlement at Sydney Cove .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Botany was first planned as an agricultural district , and the principal industry was to be market gardening . Instead it became an industrial area , boasting a fellmongers yard and a slaughter works . As early as 1809 , Mr E . Redmond came to settle in the district , but the first important developer was Simeon Lord ( 1771–1840 ) , who built a fulling mill in 1815 on the site that later became that of the old water works . In 1823 he received a grant of , followed by further grants . Part of the estate",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was subdivided by 1887 . Lord , the merchant prince of Botany Bay , manufactured fine wool cloth , and was also one of the merchants instrumental in the founding of Sydney Hospital . He gave land for the sites of two early churches in Botany , and Lord Street is named after him . Banksia Street , Sir Joseph Banks Park and Booralee Park all commemorate those early days .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Sydney Water Works were established in Botany in 1858 and were fed by the many springs in the area . In 1886 , the last year of full pumping , 1864 million gallons of water were supplied to Sydney from these water works . Although the scheme was Sydneys major source of water for 30 years , it did not supply water in the Botany area and local residents depended on natural sources and tanks .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following European colonisation the first substantial interventions in the area occurred in 1815 when the enterprising merchant Simeon Lord had a dam constructed to the west of the present Botany Road for the purpose of establishing the colonys first woollen mill . A second dam was constructed near the present Engine House ruins for a flour mill . This mill continued operating until about 1847 while the textile factory was closed by about 1856 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 13 July 1855 the City Council began resuming land around , and including , the Botany wetlands for the citys main water supply scheme – the first time land resumptions were made for this purpose . ( The land was transferred to the Water Board in 1888. ) Of this land about 75 acres of Lords estate was resumed which included his house ( demolished in the 1930s though the site of which is in the vicinity of the present heliport ) , the mill sites , various cottages and the earthworks associated with Lords mill dams .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The initial water supply scheme of the mid-1850s , by the City Engineer W . B . Rider , was abandoned with the appointment of Edward Bell to the position . The surviving Engine House and chimney date from the implementation , in the late 1850s , of Bells scheme while the stone retaining walls for the Engine Pond and outlet sluice probably date from the 1870s work on the Engine Pond augmentation . Between 1866 and the mid-1870s six dams were constructed , and reconstructed for various reasons , from the Mill Pond to Gardeners Road using piling of",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "sheet timber facing filled with sand forming a core of a turfed bank . In 1859 a 30 sand-cast iron main was completed between the Engine House and the Crown Street reservoir . The pipes were made in Scotland in 1856 and machined with such remarkably fine tolerance that , of the total length of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , the outside diameter varied by only 6mm and allowed the pipes to be laid without jointing material . Part of this easement coincides with the present study area in the vicinity of the Engine House .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Drawing on a 1982 thesis of Margaret Simpson , the Thorp et al . study indicates that about 80 trees – Norfolk Pines , Moreton Bay Figs , Weeping Figs , Sweet Scented Pines and Stone Pines – were planted along the access road from Botany and elsewhere on the site in 1869 . Works for the augmentation of water storage at Botany continued throughout the 1870s including the addition of water stored in the Bunnerong Dam ( 1876–1877 ) by way of a pipe to the No 4 Pond . The then Bunnerong Road was moved and ran along",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the top of this dam wall .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " By the early 1880s the Upper Nepean Scheme was well underway and in November 1886 the Nepean-supplied water effectively ended the general supply of Sydneys water from the Botany system . Even intermittent emergency use of the system ceased by 1893 so that the Engine House machinery was finally decommissioned with pumping equipment and boilers sold at auction in 1896 . In 1894 various local industrial uses – such as wool scourers and tanners – were permitted to return to the wetland vicinity through leases until 1947 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While these major improvement programs for Sydneys water supply were being put into place it also became clear – chiefly from an increasingly polluted harbour – that substantial works were needed to deal with the sewage of Sydney and its immediate suburbs . After the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was formed in 1888 the basis of what is presently Sydneys largest sewerage system was commenced . As part of its responsibilities the new Board assumed control of various recent works of the Public Works Department , one of which was the first of the new sewer mains from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the City to the Botany Sewage Farm established about 1886 . Another main was added in 1898 which linked various western suburbs to the Sewage Farm . However , by the turn of the century the usefulness of the Farm was fast diminishing such that the southern and western sewerage systems were amalgamated and extended , from 1909 , to a new ocean outfall at Malabar while the much expanded Botany Sewage Farm was closed . This work – known as the Southern and Western Sewer Ocean Outfall System or , usually , SWSOOS No 1 – was completed in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1916 under the direction of Chief Engineer EM de Burgh .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Further growth of Sydneys suburbs and resultant extensions to this sewerage network necessitated an augmentation of the system , by duplication known as SWSOOS No 2 , during 1936 to 1941 . Both mains were required to cross the Cooks River by inverted syphons . The current SWSOOS network represents Sydneys largest sewerage system and envelops mains that were constructed from the 1880s through the 1890s , 1900s , 1910s to 1940s . Other individually significant components of the SWSOOS network that occur in the vicinity of the present site include the twin major inverted syphons and syphonic overflows (",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "now under Sydney Airport ) and the 1896 sewer vent at West Botany Street , Arncliffe .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Within the site the existing engine house chimney was retired for water supply use in 1888 , left unused for 28 years then , after being shortened , re-used as a vent in 1916 as part of the work for the new SWSOOS . Various buildings , associated with the new sewerage system , were added to the west . During the 1940s the chimney was further truncated to its present height along with the diversion of the mouth of the Cooks River into Botany Bay and substantial filling of the Engine and Mill Ponds as part of a major",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "expansion and upgrade of airport facilities . From the 1970s a greater appreciation of the special historical and environmental values of the place was apparent through the commissioning of a range of studies to record and assess its significance . However further incursions continued with the 1988 construction of Southern Cross Drive through the middle of the Engine Pond , reclamation by the DMR and more recent works associated with the pre-Olympics upgrade of the airport .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Lakes Golf Club ( 1928 ) . In 1928 construction of a clubhouse near Gardeners Road was commenced for the Lakes Golf Club with the course – to the west and north of the chain of ponds – opening in 1930 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "About 1960 the Eastlakes Golf Club was established with an 18-hole course on the eastern and southern side of the ponds . The neighbouring course to the northeast , The Australian Golf Club , was established in 1904 and in the same year it was host for the first Australian open golf title which was won by Michael Scott . Both the Lakes and Australian golf courses have been consistently ranked in the top five golf courses in New South Wales for many years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Lakes Golf Club practice precinct ( east of the club house ) was excavated on a number of occasions from 1928 to 1970 . In the early 1970s the south-eastern area of this land was bulldozed and redeveloped as part of the overall golf course design as a direct result of the state government requiring some of the golf course land to construct Southern Cross Drive . This included extensive excavation of the area of the practice precinct of the golf course . In the mid-1970s some of the practice precinct area formed part of the tennis court construction",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which required bulldozing the area to prepare the ground for new tennis courts . This was conducted as part of construction of the golf course clubhouse .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the early 2000s the practice precinct was renovated as part of a plan to improve course facilities for practice , and to have the course fit with the natural contours and appearance of the sandy dunes and lakes that dominate its site . This included extensive disturbance of the practice precinct area . In 2005 a new club house was built and this resulted in removal of the tennis courts . The practice precinct and some of the driving range tee was bulldozed to remove the tennis courts and then construct the practice chipping area.</ref>",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 2007–09 the entire Lakes Golf Course underwent a comprehensive renovation which included extensive construction works to the south-western section of the practice precinct area . This involved use of a bulldozer and other construction equipment to construct the 10th tees and the area in front of them . This included the small ridge between the driving range tee and the front of the current 10th hole tees .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This item consists of an extensive tract of open space/parkland , with of wetlands , including Sydney Airport , The Australian Golf Course , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course , Bonnie Doon Golf Course and Mutch Park . Other areas of wetlands in the vicinity are substantially smaller in extent – the Eve Street wetlands , Arncliffe ( south of Kogarah Golf Club ) and the chain of ponds in Sir Joseph Banks Park , Botany .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Important surviving elements of non-indigenous heritage include remnants of the water supply Engine House and chimney ( late 1850s ) ( no longer owned by Sydney Water ) ; spillway/weir , remnants of the Engine and Mill Ponds ; the sequence of ponds between the Mill Pond and Gardeners Road ; 1915 Sewer Pumphouse ; twin sewer syphons and easements ; partial evidence of old Cooks River edge ( evident through comparing early and recent aerial photography ; 1869 plantings of Norfolk Island Pines ( Araucaria heterophylla ) , Moreton Bay Fig Trees ( Ficus macrophylla ) and Port Jackson",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Fig Trees ( Ficus rubiginosa ) . Given the period , important government institutional use and the choice of tree species there is strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Charles Moore – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1848–1896 ) in advising on these plantings . Canary Island Date Palms ( Phoenix canariensis ) also survive near the Engine Pond and may be remnants – or progeny – of 1910s plantings associated with the reuse of the site for the main southern sewer system . There is likewise strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Joseph Henry Maiden",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "– Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1896–1924 ) in recommending the choice of these plantings .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "A comparison of current aerial photographs and the Sydney Water Commissions 1869 topographic plan of the Lachlan Swamp from No 6 Dam to Botany Bay shows that there is a substantial degree of correlation between the layouts of many of the dams . Despite the bisection of the Engine Pond by Southern Cross Drive , it is still possible to appreciate the basic outline of the earlier pond . A similar observation holds for the former Bridge Pond as the present Mill Pond and the western half of the New Pond retain the earlier basic form . The embankment separating",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "the Mill and New Ponds preserves part of the alignment of the old Sydney-Botany road ( shown on the 1869 SWC plan ) with its tollhouse site just south of the embankment . ( Archaeological evidence of the former tollhouse may still exist. ) The present Nos 1 and 2 Ponds closely reflect the earlier form of the 1869 No 1 Pond while most of the present Nos 3a , 3 and 4/5 Ponds almost exactly retain the earlier form of the 1869 Nos 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 Ponds respectively . The northern part of the old",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "No 6 Pond has been filled . Generally , the present wetland layout retains a close indication of the original 1860s dam forms . Earlier pond formations existed some decades before , and were absorbed into , this system however surviving evidence is difficult to discern from both ( non-intrusive ) site inspections and an analysis of aerial photography . Archaeological investigations – if ever required – may reveal evidence of these early 19th century structures .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " A Plan of the Botany & Lachlan Watersheds signed by Francis Bell in June , 1875 shows that the Lachlan Water Supply ( Centennial Park ) links with the Botany Pond system as does the area of land containing the present Australian Golf Course .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Several remnant areas of the famous and now rare Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub ( still featuring the trademark Grass Trees ( Xanthorrhoea resinosa ) as well as various communities of reed and sedgeland species are represented within the open space boundaries . Other important indigenous vegetation vestiges include areas of Paperbark swamp featuring Melaleuca quinquenervia , marshland and wet heath and large areas of the aquatic herb Ludwigia .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " As at 21 May 2004 , major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks .",
"title": "Modifications and dates"
},
{
"text": "Botany Water Reserve holds considerable value for Sydney and NSW because it contains the only remaining major components – substantial layout and other important physical evidence from the 1850s through to the 1870s – of the unique water supply system that supported the expansion of the Sydney metropolis for most of the latter half of the 19th century , representing Sydneys third main water supply system since colonisation ; and on account of the surviving remnants of the early 19th century industries associated with the prominent emancipist merchant Simeon Lord . The site includes land which , in 1855 ,",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "was the subject of the first resumptions for the purpose of a water supply system by a government in Australia . Part of the original 1850s sand-cast iron water supply pipe remains within the site representing a remnant of the States oldest main .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " This extant remnant of the water supply system also has high collective value as important evidence likewise remains of the two principal Sydney water supply systems ( The Tank Stream and Busbys Bore ) that predated the Botany system along with those superseding it ( The Upper Canal and regional dam systems ) .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The open space areas encompassed by the item include two regionally rare and distinct remnant vegetation communities known as Sydney Freshwater Wetlands and Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that are both potentially of State significance and are the subject of separate listings as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . The wetlands also have recognised regional ecological value as native animal habitat and movement corridors , and may include animal species of conservation significance .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The item is of regional environmental importance as a major recharge source for the Sydney basin aquifer . It likely holds special interest as a landmark cultural and recreational landscape for the regional community .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "It also has regional importance on account of the substantial infrastructure it consists of the 1910s Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System- since augmented during 1936–1941 by SWSOOS No 2 – representing one of the first major separate sewers in Sydney as well as incorporating new ventilation technologies . This infrastructure includes use of the former Engine House chimney as a sewer vent , the viaduct to carry the vent pipe , Sewage Pumping Station No 38 of 1916 near the Engine House ruins and part of the SWSOOS Nos 1 and 2 mains . The overall SWSOOS",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "network remains Sydneys largest sewer system .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " Botany Water Reserves was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The item contains substantial remnants of structures and layout from Sydneys third main water supply system which supported the growth of Australias largest city for most of the latter half of the 19th century . The 1850s water supply pipeline represents the oldest main in the State . The site contains important components of Sydneys main southern sewerage system from the 1910s and 1930s to 1940s supporting the expansion and consolidation of inner Sydney from the late 19th century to the present .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " It also demonstrates the growth in demand for golf courses throughout the 20th century with the establishment of four separate courses including the Australian ( est . 1904 ) and the Lakes Golf Course ( est . 1928 ) – two of the States oldest and most highly regarded .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The place also has strong and direct associations with prominent individuals – including Colonial entrepreneur Simeon Lord ; the naval officer , surveyor and pastoralist Thomas Woore ; City Engineers WB Rider , Edward Bell and Francis Bell ; and Board engineers including EM de Burgh . Passing , though telling , early European references to the former landscape character of the area were made by many noted travellers including Captain James Cook in 1770 and Francois Peron in 1802 .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare if not unique .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "As a modified/remnant wetland system it is representative of a once extensive vegetation community that included sites from Jewells Swamp , near Lake Macquarie to Coomaditchy Lagoon south of Sydney , yet as remnant sites within the Sydney Basin are now only of a small size and are threatened with extinction the wetlands should be considered rare . Similarly the areas of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub are rare – of their total estimated area at the beginning of European colonisation less than 1% remains .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The site represents a substantial tract of greenspace with important landscape attributes – extensive areas of water , wetlands , plantings , archaeological features , dunes , remnant indigenous vegetation and fauna – providing notable scenery and , remarkably , within 6 km of the Sydney CBD . The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The large tract of open space is probably highly valued as a local or even regional asset while the uses associated with the various golf courses would likely guarantee a special interest in the wetlands landscape by patrons . The ruinous water supply structures and remnant 1869 plantings along with the 1915 sewerage Pump House are well appreciated features and function as important cultural references within the parkland associated with the remnant Engine Pond .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . The place is of importance for its archaeological research potential pertaining to the early 19th century use of the wetlands for industry , Sydneys third main water supply system and aspects of Sydneys sewerage provision . Direct evidence of the construction of the original Lord dam walls , his house and outbuildings or other structures , other industrial structures and the former Sydney- Botany Tollhouse may still remain under the later fill .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The wetlands are of well recognised ecological value ( flora/fauna [ including benthos , zooplankton , macroinvertebrates and amphibians ] habitat and corridor ) and environmental value ( major Sydney basin aquifer recharge ) .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare . The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales . As a modified wetland system it is representative .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
}
] |
/wiki/Botany_Water_Reserves#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Botany Water Reserves between Sep 2002 and Feb 2003?
|
Botany Water Reserves The Botany Water Reserves are a heritage-listed former water supply system and now parkland and golf course at 1024 Botany Road , Mascot , Bayside Council , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was designed by City Engineers , W . B . Rider , E . Bell ( 1856–1871 ) , and Francis Bell ( 1871–1878 ) . It is also known as Botany Swamps , Botany Wetlands , Mills Stream , Bridge Pond , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course and Bonnie Doon Golf Course . The property is owned by Sydney Water , an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 . History . On 29 April 1770 Captain James Cook made his first landfall in Australia at Botany Bay . The botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , and his Swedish assistant , Daniel Solander from Cooks ship , spent several days ashore collecting vast numbers of previously unknown plants . Cook was in two minds about a suitable name for the Bay – his journal first refers to it as Stingrays Harbour , then as Botanist Bay , then both were crossed out and the present Botany Bay inserted , no doubt because of Banks and Solanders work . Since its name comes from the Bay on which it stands , Botany can well claim to have the oldest English place name in Australia . Cooks recommendation and Banks enthusiasm were largely responsible for the British Governments decision to found a penal settlement at Botany Bay . When Governor Phillip arrived in mid-summer in 1788 however , he found the harbour shallow and exposed , and the shore swampy and lacking sources of fresh water . As a result , the First Fleet sailed on to Port Jackson , finding a more suitable site for settlement at Sydney Cove . Botany was first planned as an agricultural district , and the principal industry was to be market gardening . Instead it became an industrial area , boasting a fellmongers yard and a slaughter works . As early as 1809 , Mr E . Redmond came to settle in the district , but the first important developer was Simeon Lord ( 1771–1840 ) , who built a fulling mill in 1815 on the site that later became that of the old water works . In 1823 he received a grant of , followed by further grants . Part of the estate was subdivided by 1887 . Lord , the merchant prince of Botany Bay , manufactured fine wool cloth , and was also one of the merchants instrumental in the founding of Sydney Hospital . He gave land for the sites of two early churches in Botany , and Lord Street is named after him . Banksia Street , Sir Joseph Banks Park and Booralee Park all commemorate those early days . The Sydney Water Works were established in Botany in 1858 and were fed by the many springs in the area . In 1886 , the last year of full pumping , 1864 million gallons of water were supplied to Sydney from these water works . Although the scheme was Sydneys major source of water for 30 years , it did not supply water in the Botany area and local residents depended on natural sources and tanks . Following European colonisation the first substantial interventions in the area occurred in 1815 when the enterprising merchant Simeon Lord had a dam constructed to the west of the present Botany Road for the purpose of establishing the colonys first woollen mill . A second dam was constructed near the present Engine House ruins for a flour mill . This mill continued operating until about 1847 while the textile factory was closed by about 1856 . From 13 July 1855 the City Council began resuming land around , and including , the Botany wetlands for the citys main water supply scheme – the first time land resumptions were made for this purpose . ( The land was transferred to the Water Board in 1888. ) Of this land about 75 acres of Lords estate was resumed which included his house ( demolished in the 1930s though the site of which is in the vicinity of the present heliport ) , the mill sites , various cottages and the earthworks associated with Lords mill dams . The initial water supply scheme of the mid-1850s , by the City Engineer W . B . Rider , was abandoned with the appointment of Edward Bell to the position . The surviving Engine House and chimney date from the implementation , in the late 1850s , of Bells scheme while the stone retaining walls for the Engine Pond and outlet sluice probably date from the 1870s work on the Engine Pond augmentation . Between 1866 and the mid-1870s six dams were constructed , and reconstructed for various reasons , from the Mill Pond to Gardeners Road using piling of sheet timber facing filled with sand forming a core of a turfed bank . In 1859 a 30 sand-cast iron main was completed between the Engine House and the Crown Street reservoir . The pipes were made in Scotland in 1856 and machined with such remarkably fine tolerance that , of the total length of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , the outside diameter varied by only 6mm and allowed the pipes to be laid without jointing material . Part of this easement coincides with the present study area in the vicinity of the Engine House . Drawing on a 1982 thesis of Margaret Simpson , the Thorp et al . study indicates that about 80 trees – Norfolk Pines , Moreton Bay Figs , Weeping Figs , Sweet Scented Pines and Stone Pines – were planted along the access road from Botany and elsewhere on the site in 1869 . Works for the augmentation of water storage at Botany continued throughout the 1870s including the addition of water stored in the Bunnerong Dam ( 1876–1877 ) by way of a pipe to the No 4 Pond . The then Bunnerong Road was moved and ran along the top of this dam wall . By the early 1880s the Upper Nepean Scheme was well underway and in November 1886 the Nepean-supplied water effectively ended the general supply of Sydneys water from the Botany system . Even intermittent emergency use of the system ceased by 1893 so that the Engine House machinery was finally decommissioned with pumping equipment and boilers sold at auction in 1896 . In 1894 various local industrial uses – such as wool scourers and tanners – were permitted to return to the wetland vicinity through leases until 1947 . While these major improvement programs for Sydneys water supply were being put into place it also became clear – chiefly from an increasingly polluted harbour – that substantial works were needed to deal with the sewage of Sydney and its immediate suburbs . After the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was formed in 1888 the basis of what is presently Sydneys largest sewerage system was commenced . As part of its responsibilities the new Board assumed control of various recent works of the Public Works Department , one of which was the first of the new sewer mains from the City to the Botany Sewage Farm established about 1886 . Another main was added in 1898 which linked various western suburbs to the Sewage Farm . However , by the turn of the century the usefulness of the Farm was fast diminishing such that the southern and western sewerage systems were amalgamated and extended , from 1909 , to a new ocean outfall at Malabar while the much expanded Botany Sewage Farm was closed . This work – known as the Southern and Western Sewer Ocean Outfall System or , usually , SWSOOS No 1 – was completed in 1916 under the direction of Chief Engineer EM de Burgh . Further growth of Sydneys suburbs and resultant extensions to this sewerage network necessitated an augmentation of the system , by duplication known as SWSOOS No 2 , during 1936 to 1941 . Both mains were required to cross the Cooks River by inverted syphons . The current SWSOOS network represents Sydneys largest sewerage system and envelops mains that were constructed from the 1880s through the 1890s , 1900s , 1910s to 1940s . Other individually significant components of the SWSOOS network that occur in the vicinity of the present site include the twin major inverted syphons and syphonic overflows ( now under Sydney Airport ) and the 1896 sewer vent at West Botany Street , Arncliffe . Within the site the existing engine house chimney was retired for water supply use in 1888 , left unused for 28 years then , after being shortened , re-used as a vent in 1916 as part of the work for the new SWSOOS . Various buildings , associated with the new sewerage system , were added to the west . During the 1940s the chimney was further truncated to its present height along with the diversion of the mouth of the Cooks River into Botany Bay and substantial filling of the Engine and Mill Ponds as part of a major expansion and upgrade of airport facilities . From the 1970s a greater appreciation of the special historical and environmental values of the place was apparent through the commissioning of a range of studies to record and assess its significance . However further incursions continued with the 1988 construction of Southern Cross Drive through the middle of the Engine Pond , reclamation by the DMR and more recent works associated with the pre-Olympics upgrade of the airport . The Lakes Golf Club ( 1928 ) . In 1928 construction of a clubhouse near Gardeners Road was commenced for the Lakes Golf Club with the course – to the west and north of the chain of ponds – opening in 1930 . About 1960 the Eastlakes Golf Club was established with an 18-hole course on the eastern and southern side of the ponds . The neighbouring course to the northeast , The Australian Golf Club , was established in 1904 and in the same year it was host for the first Australian open golf title which was won by Michael Scott . Both the Lakes and Australian golf courses have been consistently ranked in the top five golf courses in New South Wales for many years . The Lakes Golf Club practice precinct ( east of the club house ) was excavated on a number of occasions from 1928 to 1970 . In the early 1970s the south-eastern area of this land was bulldozed and redeveloped as part of the overall golf course design as a direct result of the state government requiring some of the golf course land to construct Southern Cross Drive . This included extensive excavation of the area of the practice precinct of the golf course . In the mid-1970s some of the practice precinct area formed part of the tennis court construction which required bulldozing the area to prepare the ground for new tennis courts . This was conducted as part of construction of the golf course clubhouse . In the early 2000s the practice precinct was renovated as part of a plan to improve course facilities for practice , and to have the course fit with the natural contours and appearance of the sandy dunes and lakes that dominate its site . This included extensive disturbance of the practice precinct area . In 2005 a new club house was built and this resulted in removal of the tennis courts . The practice precinct and some of the driving range tee was bulldozed to remove the tennis courts and then construct the practice chipping area.</ref> From 2007–09 the entire Lakes Golf Course underwent a comprehensive renovation which included extensive construction works to the south-western section of the practice precinct area . This involved use of a bulldozer and other construction equipment to construct the 10th tees and the area in front of them . This included the small ridge between the driving range tee and the front of the current 10th hole tees . Description . This item consists of an extensive tract of open space/parkland , with of wetlands , including Sydney Airport , The Australian Golf Course , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course , Bonnie Doon Golf Course and Mutch Park . Other areas of wetlands in the vicinity are substantially smaller in extent – the Eve Street wetlands , Arncliffe ( south of Kogarah Golf Club ) and the chain of ponds in Sir Joseph Banks Park , Botany . Important surviving elements of non-indigenous heritage include remnants of the water supply Engine House and chimney ( late 1850s ) ( no longer owned by Sydney Water ) ; spillway/weir , remnants of the Engine and Mill Ponds ; the sequence of ponds between the Mill Pond and Gardeners Road ; 1915 Sewer Pumphouse ; twin sewer syphons and easements ; partial evidence of old Cooks River edge ( evident through comparing early and recent aerial photography ; 1869 plantings of Norfolk Island Pines ( Araucaria heterophylla ) , Moreton Bay Fig Trees ( Ficus macrophylla ) and Port Jackson Fig Trees ( Ficus rubiginosa ) . Given the period , important government institutional use and the choice of tree species there is strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Charles Moore – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1848–1896 ) in advising on these plantings . Canary Island Date Palms ( Phoenix canariensis ) also survive near the Engine Pond and may be remnants – or progeny – of 1910s plantings associated with the reuse of the site for the main southern sewer system . There is likewise strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Joseph Henry Maiden – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1896–1924 ) in recommending the choice of these plantings . A comparison of current aerial photographs and the Sydney Water Commissions 1869 topographic plan of the Lachlan Swamp from No 6 Dam to Botany Bay shows that there is a substantial degree of correlation between the layouts of many of the dams . Despite the bisection of the Engine Pond by Southern Cross Drive , it is still possible to appreciate the basic outline of the earlier pond . A similar observation holds for the former Bridge Pond as the present Mill Pond and the western half of the New Pond retain the earlier basic form . The embankment separating the Mill and New Ponds preserves part of the alignment of the old Sydney-Botany road ( shown on the 1869 SWC plan ) with its tollhouse site just south of the embankment . ( Archaeological evidence of the former tollhouse may still exist. ) The present Nos 1 and 2 Ponds closely reflect the earlier form of the 1869 No 1 Pond while most of the present Nos 3a , 3 and 4/5 Ponds almost exactly retain the earlier form of the 1869 Nos 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 Ponds respectively . The northern part of the old No 6 Pond has been filled . Generally , the present wetland layout retains a close indication of the original 1860s dam forms . Earlier pond formations existed some decades before , and were absorbed into , this system however surviving evidence is difficult to discern from both ( non-intrusive ) site inspections and an analysis of aerial photography . Archaeological investigations – if ever required – may reveal evidence of these early 19th century structures . A Plan of the Botany & Lachlan Watersheds signed by Francis Bell in June , 1875 shows that the Lachlan Water Supply ( Centennial Park ) links with the Botany Pond system as does the area of land containing the present Australian Golf Course . Several remnant areas of the famous and now rare Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub ( still featuring the trademark Grass Trees ( Xanthorrhoea resinosa ) as well as various communities of reed and sedgeland species are represented within the open space boundaries . Other important indigenous vegetation vestiges include areas of Paperbark swamp featuring Melaleuca quinquenervia , marshland and wet heath and large areas of the aquatic herb Ludwigia . As at 21 May 2004 , major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Modifications and dates . Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks . Heritage listing . Botany Water Reserve holds considerable value for Sydney and NSW because it contains the only remaining major components – substantial layout and other important physical evidence from the 1850s through to the 1870s – of the unique water supply system that supported the expansion of the Sydney metropolis for most of the latter half of the 19th century , representing Sydneys third main water supply system since colonisation ; and on account of the surviving remnants of the early 19th century industries associated with the prominent emancipist merchant Simeon Lord . The site includes land which , in 1855 , was the subject of the first resumptions for the purpose of a water supply system by a government in Australia . Part of the original 1850s sand-cast iron water supply pipe remains within the site representing a remnant of the States oldest main . This extant remnant of the water supply system also has high collective value as important evidence likewise remains of the two principal Sydney water supply systems ( The Tank Stream and Busbys Bore ) that predated the Botany system along with those superseding it ( The Upper Canal and regional dam systems ) . The open space areas encompassed by the item include two regionally rare and distinct remnant vegetation communities known as Sydney Freshwater Wetlands and Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that are both potentially of State significance and are the subject of separate listings as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . The wetlands also have recognised regional ecological value as native animal habitat and movement corridors , and may include animal species of conservation significance . The item is of regional environmental importance as a major recharge source for the Sydney basin aquifer . It likely holds special interest as a landmark cultural and recreational landscape for the regional community . It also has regional importance on account of the substantial infrastructure it consists of the 1910s Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System- since augmented during 1936–1941 by SWSOOS No 2 – representing one of the first major separate sewers in Sydney as well as incorporating new ventilation technologies . This infrastructure includes use of the former Engine House chimney as a sewer vent , the viaduct to carry the vent pipe , Sewage Pumping Station No 38 of 1916 near the Engine House ruins and part of the SWSOOS Nos 1 and 2 mains . The overall SWSOOS network remains Sydneys largest sewer system . Botany Water Reserves was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales . The item contains substantial remnants of structures and layout from Sydneys third main water supply system which supported the growth of Australias largest city for most of the latter half of the 19th century . The 1850s water supply pipeline represents the oldest main in the State . The site contains important components of Sydneys main southern sewerage system from the 1910s and 1930s to 1940s supporting the expansion and consolidation of inner Sydney from the late 19th century to the present . It also demonstrates the growth in demand for golf courses throughout the 20th century with the establishment of four separate courses including the Australian ( est . 1904 ) and the Lakes Golf Course ( est . 1928 ) – two of the States oldest and most highly regarded . The place also has strong and direct associations with prominent individuals – including Colonial entrepreneur Simeon Lord ; the naval officer , surveyor and pastoralist Thomas Woore ; City Engineers WB Rider , Edward Bell and Francis Bell ; and Board engineers including EM de Burgh . Passing , though telling , early European references to the former landscape character of the area were made by many noted travellers including Captain James Cook in 1770 and Francois Peron in 1802 . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare if not unique . As a modified/remnant wetland system it is representative of a once extensive vegetation community that included sites from Jewells Swamp , near Lake Macquarie to Coomaditchy Lagoon south of Sydney , yet as remnant sites within the Sydney Basin are now only of a small size and are threatened with extinction the wetlands should be considered rare . Similarly the areas of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub are rare – of their total estimated area at the beginning of European colonisation less than 1% remains . SWSOOS is rare as the largest of Sydneys sewerage networks . Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks . The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The site represents a substantial tract of greenspace with important landscape attributes – extensive areas of water , wetlands , plantings , archaeological features , dunes , remnant indigenous vegetation and fauna – providing notable scenery and , remarkably , within 6 km of the Sydney CBD . The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons . The large tract of open space is probably highly valued as a local or even regional asset while the uses associated with the various golf courses would likely guarantee a special interest in the wetlands landscape by patrons . The ruinous water supply structures and remnant 1869 plantings along with the 1915 sewerage Pump House are well appreciated features and function as important cultural references within the parkland associated with the remnant Engine Pond . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . The place is of importance for its archaeological research potential pertaining to the early 19th century use of the wetlands for industry , Sydneys third main water supply system and aspects of Sydneys sewerage provision . Direct evidence of the construction of the original Lord dam walls , his house and outbuildings or other structures , other industrial structures and the former Sydney- Botany Tollhouse may still remain under the later fill . The wetlands are of well recognised ecological value ( flora/fauna [ including benthos , zooplankton , macroinvertebrates and amphibians ] habitat and corridor ) and environmental value ( major Sydney basin aquifer recharge ) . The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare . The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales . As a modified wetland system it is representative .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Botany Water Reserves are a heritage-listed former water supply system and now parkland and golf course at 1024 Botany Road , Mascot , Bayside Council , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was designed by City Engineers , W . B . Rider , E . Bell ( 1856–1871 ) , and Francis Bell ( 1871–1878 ) . It is also known as Botany Swamps , Botany Wetlands , Mills Stream , Bridge Pond , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course and Bonnie Doon Golf Course . The property is owned by Sydney Water ,",
"title": "Botany Water Reserves"
},
{
"text": "an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 .",
"title": "Botany Water Reserves"
},
{
"text": "On 29 April 1770 Captain James Cook made his first landfall in Australia at Botany Bay . The botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , and his Swedish assistant , Daniel Solander from Cooks ship , spent several days ashore collecting vast numbers of previously unknown plants . Cook was in two minds about a suitable name for the Bay – his journal first refers to it as Stingrays Harbour , then as Botanist Bay , then both were crossed out and the present Botany Bay inserted , no doubt because of Banks and Solanders work . Since its name comes",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from the Bay on which it stands , Botany can well claim to have the oldest English place name in Australia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Cooks recommendation and Banks enthusiasm were largely responsible for the British Governments decision to found a penal settlement at Botany Bay . When Governor Phillip arrived in mid-summer in 1788 however , he found the harbour shallow and exposed , and the shore swampy and lacking sources of fresh water . As a result , the First Fleet sailed on to Port Jackson , finding a more suitable site for settlement at Sydney Cove .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Botany was first planned as an agricultural district , and the principal industry was to be market gardening . Instead it became an industrial area , boasting a fellmongers yard and a slaughter works . As early as 1809 , Mr E . Redmond came to settle in the district , but the first important developer was Simeon Lord ( 1771–1840 ) , who built a fulling mill in 1815 on the site that later became that of the old water works . In 1823 he received a grant of , followed by further grants . Part of the estate",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was subdivided by 1887 . Lord , the merchant prince of Botany Bay , manufactured fine wool cloth , and was also one of the merchants instrumental in the founding of Sydney Hospital . He gave land for the sites of two early churches in Botany , and Lord Street is named after him . Banksia Street , Sir Joseph Banks Park and Booralee Park all commemorate those early days .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Sydney Water Works were established in Botany in 1858 and were fed by the many springs in the area . In 1886 , the last year of full pumping , 1864 million gallons of water were supplied to Sydney from these water works . Although the scheme was Sydneys major source of water for 30 years , it did not supply water in the Botany area and local residents depended on natural sources and tanks .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following European colonisation the first substantial interventions in the area occurred in 1815 when the enterprising merchant Simeon Lord had a dam constructed to the west of the present Botany Road for the purpose of establishing the colonys first woollen mill . A second dam was constructed near the present Engine House ruins for a flour mill . This mill continued operating until about 1847 while the textile factory was closed by about 1856 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 13 July 1855 the City Council began resuming land around , and including , the Botany wetlands for the citys main water supply scheme – the first time land resumptions were made for this purpose . ( The land was transferred to the Water Board in 1888. ) Of this land about 75 acres of Lords estate was resumed which included his house ( demolished in the 1930s though the site of which is in the vicinity of the present heliport ) , the mill sites , various cottages and the earthworks associated with Lords mill dams .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The initial water supply scheme of the mid-1850s , by the City Engineer W . B . Rider , was abandoned with the appointment of Edward Bell to the position . The surviving Engine House and chimney date from the implementation , in the late 1850s , of Bells scheme while the stone retaining walls for the Engine Pond and outlet sluice probably date from the 1870s work on the Engine Pond augmentation . Between 1866 and the mid-1870s six dams were constructed , and reconstructed for various reasons , from the Mill Pond to Gardeners Road using piling of",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "sheet timber facing filled with sand forming a core of a turfed bank . In 1859 a 30 sand-cast iron main was completed between the Engine House and the Crown Street reservoir . The pipes were made in Scotland in 1856 and machined with such remarkably fine tolerance that , of the total length of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , the outside diameter varied by only 6mm and allowed the pipes to be laid without jointing material . Part of this easement coincides with the present study area in the vicinity of the Engine House .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Drawing on a 1982 thesis of Margaret Simpson , the Thorp et al . study indicates that about 80 trees – Norfolk Pines , Moreton Bay Figs , Weeping Figs , Sweet Scented Pines and Stone Pines – were planted along the access road from Botany and elsewhere on the site in 1869 . Works for the augmentation of water storage at Botany continued throughout the 1870s including the addition of water stored in the Bunnerong Dam ( 1876–1877 ) by way of a pipe to the No 4 Pond . The then Bunnerong Road was moved and ran along",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the top of this dam wall .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " By the early 1880s the Upper Nepean Scheme was well underway and in November 1886 the Nepean-supplied water effectively ended the general supply of Sydneys water from the Botany system . Even intermittent emergency use of the system ceased by 1893 so that the Engine House machinery was finally decommissioned with pumping equipment and boilers sold at auction in 1896 . In 1894 various local industrial uses – such as wool scourers and tanners – were permitted to return to the wetland vicinity through leases until 1947 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While these major improvement programs for Sydneys water supply were being put into place it also became clear – chiefly from an increasingly polluted harbour – that substantial works were needed to deal with the sewage of Sydney and its immediate suburbs . After the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was formed in 1888 the basis of what is presently Sydneys largest sewerage system was commenced . As part of its responsibilities the new Board assumed control of various recent works of the Public Works Department , one of which was the first of the new sewer mains from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the City to the Botany Sewage Farm established about 1886 . Another main was added in 1898 which linked various western suburbs to the Sewage Farm . However , by the turn of the century the usefulness of the Farm was fast diminishing such that the southern and western sewerage systems were amalgamated and extended , from 1909 , to a new ocean outfall at Malabar while the much expanded Botany Sewage Farm was closed . This work – known as the Southern and Western Sewer Ocean Outfall System or , usually , SWSOOS No 1 – was completed in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1916 under the direction of Chief Engineer EM de Burgh .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Further growth of Sydneys suburbs and resultant extensions to this sewerage network necessitated an augmentation of the system , by duplication known as SWSOOS No 2 , during 1936 to 1941 . Both mains were required to cross the Cooks River by inverted syphons . The current SWSOOS network represents Sydneys largest sewerage system and envelops mains that were constructed from the 1880s through the 1890s , 1900s , 1910s to 1940s . Other individually significant components of the SWSOOS network that occur in the vicinity of the present site include the twin major inverted syphons and syphonic overflows (",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "now under Sydney Airport ) and the 1896 sewer vent at West Botany Street , Arncliffe .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Within the site the existing engine house chimney was retired for water supply use in 1888 , left unused for 28 years then , after being shortened , re-used as a vent in 1916 as part of the work for the new SWSOOS . Various buildings , associated with the new sewerage system , were added to the west . During the 1940s the chimney was further truncated to its present height along with the diversion of the mouth of the Cooks River into Botany Bay and substantial filling of the Engine and Mill Ponds as part of a major",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "expansion and upgrade of airport facilities . From the 1970s a greater appreciation of the special historical and environmental values of the place was apparent through the commissioning of a range of studies to record and assess its significance . However further incursions continued with the 1988 construction of Southern Cross Drive through the middle of the Engine Pond , reclamation by the DMR and more recent works associated with the pre-Olympics upgrade of the airport .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Lakes Golf Club ( 1928 ) . In 1928 construction of a clubhouse near Gardeners Road was commenced for the Lakes Golf Club with the course – to the west and north of the chain of ponds – opening in 1930 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "About 1960 the Eastlakes Golf Club was established with an 18-hole course on the eastern and southern side of the ponds . The neighbouring course to the northeast , The Australian Golf Club , was established in 1904 and in the same year it was host for the first Australian open golf title which was won by Michael Scott . Both the Lakes and Australian golf courses have been consistently ranked in the top five golf courses in New South Wales for many years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Lakes Golf Club practice precinct ( east of the club house ) was excavated on a number of occasions from 1928 to 1970 . In the early 1970s the south-eastern area of this land was bulldozed and redeveloped as part of the overall golf course design as a direct result of the state government requiring some of the golf course land to construct Southern Cross Drive . This included extensive excavation of the area of the practice precinct of the golf course . In the mid-1970s some of the practice precinct area formed part of the tennis court construction",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which required bulldozing the area to prepare the ground for new tennis courts . This was conducted as part of construction of the golf course clubhouse .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the early 2000s the practice precinct was renovated as part of a plan to improve course facilities for practice , and to have the course fit with the natural contours and appearance of the sandy dunes and lakes that dominate its site . This included extensive disturbance of the practice precinct area . In 2005 a new club house was built and this resulted in removal of the tennis courts . The practice precinct and some of the driving range tee was bulldozed to remove the tennis courts and then construct the practice chipping area.</ref>",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 2007–09 the entire Lakes Golf Course underwent a comprehensive renovation which included extensive construction works to the south-western section of the practice precinct area . This involved use of a bulldozer and other construction equipment to construct the 10th tees and the area in front of them . This included the small ridge between the driving range tee and the front of the current 10th hole tees .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This item consists of an extensive tract of open space/parkland , with of wetlands , including Sydney Airport , The Australian Golf Course , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course , Bonnie Doon Golf Course and Mutch Park . Other areas of wetlands in the vicinity are substantially smaller in extent – the Eve Street wetlands , Arncliffe ( south of Kogarah Golf Club ) and the chain of ponds in Sir Joseph Banks Park , Botany .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Important surviving elements of non-indigenous heritage include remnants of the water supply Engine House and chimney ( late 1850s ) ( no longer owned by Sydney Water ) ; spillway/weir , remnants of the Engine and Mill Ponds ; the sequence of ponds between the Mill Pond and Gardeners Road ; 1915 Sewer Pumphouse ; twin sewer syphons and easements ; partial evidence of old Cooks River edge ( evident through comparing early and recent aerial photography ; 1869 plantings of Norfolk Island Pines ( Araucaria heterophylla ) , Moreton Bay Fig Trees ( Ficus macrophylla ) and Port Jackson",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Fig Trees ( Ficus rubiginosa ) . Given the period , important government institutional use and the choice of tree species there is strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Charles Moore – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1848–1896 ) in advising on these plantings . Canary Island Date Palms ( Phoenix canariensis ) also survive near the Engine Pond and may be remnants – or progeny – of 1910s plantings associated with the reuse of the site for the main southern sewer system . There is likewise strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Joseph Henry Maiden",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "– Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1896–1924 ) in recommending the choice of these plantings .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "A comparison of current aerial photographs and the Sydney Water Commissions 1869 topographic plan of the Lachlan Swamp from No 6 Dam to Botany Bay shows that there is a substantial degree of correlation between the layouts of many of the dams . Despite the bisection of the Engine Pond by Southern Cross Drive , it is still possible to appreciate the basic outline of the earlier pond . A similar observation holds for the former Bridge Pond as the present Mill Pond and the western half of the New Pond retain the earlier basic form . The embankment separating",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "the Mill and New Ponds preserves part of the alignment of the old Sydney-Botany road ( shown on the 1869 SWC plan ) with its tollhouse site just south of the embankment . ( Archaeological evidence of the former tollhouse may still exist. ) The present Nos 1 and 2 Ponds closely reflect the earlier form of the 1869 No 1 Pond while most of the present Nos 3a , 3 and 4/5 Ponds almost exactly retain the earlier form of the 1869 Nos 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 Ponds respectively . The northern part of the old",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "No 6 Pond has been filled . Generally , the present wetland layout retains a close indication of the original 1860s dam forms . Earlier pond formations existed some decades before , and were absorbed into , this system however surviving evidence is difficult to discern from both ( non-intrusive ) site inspections and an analysis of aerial photography . Archaeological investigations – if ever required – may reveal evidence of these early 19th century structures .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " A Plan of the Botany & Lachlan Watersheds signed by Francis Bell in June , 1875 shows that the Lachlan Water Supply ( Centennial Park ) links with the Botany Pond system as does the area of land containing the present Australian Golf Course .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Several remnant areas of the famous and now rare Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub ( still featuring the trademark Grass Trees ( Xanthorrhoea resinosa ) as well as various communities of reed and sedgeland species are represented within the open space boundaries . Other important indigenous vegetation vestiges include areas of Paperbark swamp featuring Melaleuca quinquenervia , marshland and wet heath and large areas of the aquatic herb Ludwigia .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " As at 21 May 2004 , major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks .",
"title": "Modifications and dates"
},
{
"text": "Botany Water Reserve holds considerable value for Sydney and NSW because it contains the only remaining major components – substantial layout and other important physical evidence from the 1850s through to the 1870s – of the unique water supply system that supported the expansion of the Sydney metropolis for most of the latter half of the 19th century , representing Sydneys third main water supply system since colonisation ; and on account of the surviving remnants of the early 19th century industries associated with the prominent emancipist merchant Simeon Lord . The site includes land which , in 1855 ,",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "was the subject of the first resumptions for the purpose of a water supply system by a government in Australia . Part of the original 1850s sand-cast iron water supply pipe remains within the site representing a remnant of the States oldest main .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " This extant remnant of the water supply system also has high collective value as important evidence likewise remains of the two principal Sydney water supply systems ( The Tank Stream and Busbys Bore ) that predated the Botany system along with those superseding it ( The Upper Canal and regional dam systems ) .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The open space areas encompassed by the item include two regionally rare and distinct remnant vegetation communities known as Sydney Freshwater Wetlands and Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that are both potentially of State significance and are the subject of separate listings as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . The wetlands also have recognised regional ecological value as native animal habitat and movement corridors , and may include animal species of conservation significance .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The item is of regional environmental importance as a major recharge source for the Sydney basin aquifer . It likely holds special interest as a landmark cultural and recreational landscape for the regional community .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "It also has regional importance on account of the substantial infrastructure it consists of the 1910s Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System- since augmented during 1936–1941 by SWSOOS No 2 – representing one of the first major separate sewers in Sydney as well as incorporating new ventilation technologies . This infrastructure includes use of the former Engine House chimney as a sewer vent , the viaduct to carry the vent pipe , Sewage Pumping Station No 38 of 1916 near the Engine House ruins and part of the SWSOOS Nos 1 and 2 mains . The overall SWSOOS",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "network remains Sydneys largest sewer system .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " Botany Water Reserves was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The item contains substantial remnants of structures and layout from Sydneys third main water supply system which supported the growth of Australias largest city for most of the latter half of the 19th century . The 1850s water supply pipeline represents the oldest main in the State . The site contains important components of Sydneys main southern sewerage system from the 1910s and 1930s to 1940s supporting the expansion and consolidation of inner Sydney from the late 19th century to the present .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " It also demonstrates the growth in demand for golf courses throughout the 20th century with the establishment of four separate courses including the Australian ( est . 1904 ) and the Lakes Golf Course ( est . 1928 ) – two of the States oldest and most highly regarded .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The place also has strong and direct associations with prominent individuals – including Colonial entrepreneur Simeon Lord ; the naval officer , surveyor and pastoralist Thomas Woore ; City Engineers WB Rider , Edward Bell and Francis Bell ; and Board engineers including EM de Burgh . Passing , though telling , early European references to the former landscape character of the area were made by many noted travellers including Captain James Cook in 1770 and Francois Peron in 1802 .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare if not unique .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "As a modified/remnant wetland system it is representative of a once extensive vegetation community that included sites from Jewells Swamp , near Lake Macquarie to Coomaditchy Lagoon south of Sydney , yet as remnant sites within the Sydney Basin are now only of a small size and are threatened with extinction the wetlands should be considered rare . Similarly the areas of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub are rare – of their total estimated area at the beginning of European colonisation less than 1% remains .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The site represents a substantial tract of greenspace with important landscape attributes – extensive areas of water , wetlands , plantings , archaeological features , dunes , remnant indigenous vegetation and fauna – providing notable scenery and , remarkably , within 6 km of the Sydney CBD . The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The large tract of open space is probably highly valued as a local or even regional asset while the uses associated with the various golf courses would likely guarantee a special interest in the wetlands landscape by patrons . The ruinous water supply structures and remnant 1869 plantings along with the 1915 sewerage Pump House are well appreciated features and function as important cultural references within the parkland associated with the remnant Engine Pond .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . The place is of importance for its archaeological research potential pertaining to the early 19th century use of the wetlands for industry , Sydneys third main water supply system and aspects of Sydneys sewerage provision . Direct evidence of the construction of the original Lord dam walls , his house and outbuildings or other structures , other industrial structures and the former Sydney- Botany Tollhouse may still remain under the later fill .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The wetlands are of well recognised ecological value ( flora/fauna [ including benthos , zooplankton , macroinvertebrates and amphibians ] habitat and corridor ) and environmental value ( major Sydney basin aquifer recharge ) .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare . The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales . As a modified wetland system it is representative .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
}
] |
/wiki/Botany_Water_Reserves#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Botany Water Reserves between Jan 2010 and Aug 2013?
|
Botany Water Reserves The Botany Water Reserves are a heritage-listed former water supply system and now parkland and golf course at 1024 Botany Road , Mascot , Bayside Council , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was designed by City Engineers , W . B . Rider , E . Bell ( 1856–1871 ) , and Francis Bell ( 1871–1878 ) . It is also known as Botany Swamps , Botany Wetlands , Mills Stream , Bridge Pond , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course and Bonnie Doon Golf Course . The property is owned by Sydney Water , an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 . History . On 29 April 1770 Captain James Cook made his first landfall in Australia at Botany Bay . The botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , and his Swedish assistant , Daniel Solander from Cooks ship , spent several days ashore collecting vast numbers of previously unknown plants . Cook was in two minds about a suitable name for the Bay – his journal first refers to it as Stingrays Harbour , then as Botanist Bay , then both were crossed out and the present Botany Bay inserted , no doubt because of Banks and Solanders work . Since its name comes from the Bay on which it stands , Botany can well claim to have the oldest English place name in Australia . Cooks recommendation and Banks enthusiasm were largely responsible for the British Governments decision to found a penal settlement at Botany Bay . When Governor Phillip arrived in mid-summer in 1788 however , he found the harbour shallow and exposed , and the shore swampy and lacking sources of fresh water . As a result , the First Fleet sailed on to Port Jackson , finding a more suitable site for settlement at Sydney Cove . Botany was first planned as an agricultural district , and the principal industry was to be market gardening . Instead it became an industrial area , boasting a fellmongers yard and a slaughter works . As early as 1809 , Mr E . Redmond came to settle in the district , but the first important developer was Simeon Lord ( 1771–1840 ) , who built a fulling mill in 1815 on the site that later became that of the old water works . In 1823 he received a grant of , followed by further grants . Part of the estate was subdivided by 1887 . Lord , the merchant prince of Botany Bay , manufactured fine wool cloth , and was also one of the merchants instrumental in the founding of Sydney Hospital . He gave land for the sites of two early churches in Botany , and Lord Street is named after him . Banksia Street , Sir Joseph Banks Park and Booralee Park all commemorate those early days . The Sydney Water Works were established in Botany in 1858 and were fed by the many springs in the area . In 1886 , the last year of full pumping , 1864 million gallons of water were supplied to Sydney from these water works . Although the scheme was Sydneys major source of water for 30 years , it did not supply water in the Botany area and local residents depended on natural sources and tanks . Following European colonisation the first substantial interventions in the area occurred in 1815 when the enterprising merchant Simeon Lord had a dam constructed to the west of the present Botany Road for the purpose of establishing the colonys first woollen mill . A second dam was constructed near the present Engine House ruins for a flour mill . This mill continued operating until about 1847 while the textile factory was closed by about 1856 . From 13 July 1855 the City Council began resuming land around , and including , the Botany wetlands for the citys main water supply scheme – the first time land resumptions were made for this purpose . ( The land was transferred to the Water Board in 1888. ) Of this land about 75 acres of Lords estate was resumed which included his house ( demolished in the 1930s though the site of which is in the vicinity of the present heliport ) , the mill sites , various cottages and the earthworks associated with Lords mill dams . The initial water supply scheme of the mid-1850s , by the City Engineer W . B . Rider , was abandoned with the appointment of Edward Bell to the position . The surviving Engine House and chimney date from the implementation , in the late 1850s , of Bells scheme while the stone retaining walls for the Engine Pond and outlet sluice probably date from the 1870s work on the Engine Pond augmentation . Between 1866 and the mid-1870s six dams were constructed , and reconstructed for various reasons , from the Mill Pond to Gardeners Road using piling of sheet timber facing filled with sand forming a core of a turfed bank . In 1859 a 30 sand-cast iron main was completed between the Engine House and the Crown Street reservoir . The pipes were made in Scotland in 1856 and machined with such remarkably fine tolerance that , of the total length of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , the outside diameter varied by only 6mm and allowed the pipes to be laid without jointing material . Part of this easement coincides with the present study area in the vicinity of the Engine House . Drawing on a 1982 thesis of Margaret Simpson , the Thorp et al . study indicates that about 80 trees – Norfolk Pines , Moreton Bay Figs , Weeping Figs , Sweet Scented Pines and Stone Pines – were planted along the access road from Botany and elsewhere on the site in 1869 . Works for the augmentation of water storage at Botany continued throughout the 1870s including the addition of water stored in the Bunnerong Dam ( 1876–1877 ) by way of a pipe to the No 4 Pond . The then Bunnerong Road was moved and ran along the top of this dam wall . By the early 1880s the Upper Nepean Scheme was well underway and in November 1886 the Nepean-supplied water effectively ended the general supply of Sydneys water from the Botany system . Even intermittent emergency use of the system ceased by 1893 so that the Engine House machinery was finally decommissioned with pumping equipment and boilers sold at auction in 1896 . In 1894 various local industrial uses – such as wool scourers and tanners – were permitted to return to the wetland vicinity through leases until 1947 . While these major improvement programs for Sydneys water supply were being put into place it also became clear – chiefly from an increasingly polluted harbour – that substantial works were needed to deal with the sewage of Sydney and its immediate suburbs . After the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was formed in 1888 the basis of what is presently Sydneys largest sewerage system was commenced . As part of its responsibilities the new Board assumed control of various recent works of the Public Works Department , one of which was the first of the new sewer mains from the City to the Botany Sewage Farm established about 1886 . Another main was added in 1898 which linked various western suburbs to the Sewage Farm . However , by the turn of the century the usefulness of the Farm was fast diminishing such that the southern and western sewerage systems were amalgamated and extended , from 1909 , to a new ocean outfall at Malabar while the much expanded Botany Sewage Farm was closed . This work – known as the Southern and Western Sewer Ocean Outfall System or , usually , SWSOOS No 1 – was completed in 1916 under the direction of Chief Engineer EM de Burgh . Further growth of Sydneys suburbs and resultant extensions to this sewerage network necessitated an augmentation of the system , by duplication known as SWSOOS No 2 , during 1936 to 1941 . Both mains were required to cross the Cooks River by inverted syphons . The current SWSOOS network represents Sydneys largest sewerage system and envelops mains that were constructed from the 1880s through the 1890s , 1900s , 1910s to 1940s . Other individually significant components of the SWSOOS network that occur in the vicinity of the present site include the twin major inverted syphons and syphonic overflows ( now under Sydney Airport ) and the 1896 sewer vent at West Botany Street , Arncliffe . Within the site the existing engine house chimney was retired for water supply use in 1888 , left unused for 28 years then , after being shortened , re-used as a vent in 1916 as part of the work for the new SWSOOS . Various buildings , associated with the new sewerage system , were added to the west . During the 1940s the chimney was further truncated to its present height along with the diversion of the mouth of the Cooks River into Botany Bay and substantial filling of the Engine and Mill Ponds as part of a major expansion and upgrade of airport facilities . From the 1970s a greater appreciation of the special historical and environmental values of the place was apparent through the commissioning of a range of studies to record and assess its significance . However further incursions continued with the 1988 construction of Southern Cross Drive through the middle of the Engine Pond , reclamation by the DMR and more recent works associated with the pre-Olympics upgrade of the airport . The Lakes Golf Club ( 1928 ) . In 1928 construction of a clubhouse near Gardeners Road was commenced for the Lakes Golf Club with the course – to the west and north of the chain of ponds – opening in 1930 . About 1960 the Eastlakes Golf Club was established with an 18-hole course on the eastern and southern side of the ponds . The neighbouring course to the northeast , The Australian Golf Club , was established in 1904 and in the same year it was host for the first Australian open golf title which was won by Michael Scott . Both the Lakes and Australian golf courses have been consistently ranked in the top five golf courses in New South Wales for many years . The Lakes Golf Club practice precinct ( east of the club house ) was excavated on a number of occasions from 1928 to 1970 . In the early 1970s the south-eastern area of this land was bulldozed and redeveloped as part of the overall golf course design as a direct result of the state government requiring some of the golf course land to construct Southern Cross Drive . This included extensive excavation of the area of the practice precinct of the golf course . In the mid-1970s some of the practice precinct area formed part of the tennis court construction which required bulldozing the area to prepare the ground for new tennis courts . This was conducted as part of construction of the golf course clubhouse . In the early 2000s the practice precinct was renovated as part of a plan to improve course facilities for practice , and to have the course fit with the natural contours and appearance of the sandy dunes and lakes that dominate its site . This included extensive disturbance of the practice precinct area . In 2005 a new club house was built and this resulted in removal of the tennis courts . The practice precinct and some of the driving range tee was bulldozed to remove the tennis courts and then construct the practice chipping area.</ref> From 2007–09 the entire Lakes Golf Course underwent a comprehensive renovation which included extensive construction works to the south-western section of the practice precinct area . This involved use of a bulldozer and other construction equipment to construct the 10th tees and the area in front of them . This included the small ridge between the driving range tee and the front of the current 10th hole tees . Description . This item consists of an extensive tract of open space/parkland , with of wetlands , including Sydney Airport , The Australian Golf Course , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course , Bonnie Doon Golf Course and Mutch Park . Other areas of wetlands in the vicinity are substantially smaller in extent – the Eve Street wetlands , Arncliffe ( south of Kogarah Golf Club ) and the chain of ponds in Sir Joseph Banks Park , Botany . Important surviving elements of non-indigenous heritage include remnants of the water supply Engine House and chimney ( late 1850s ) ( no longer owned by Sydney Water ) ; spillway/weir , remnants of the Engine and Mill Ponds ; the sequence of ponds between the Mill Pond and Gardeners Road ; 1915 Sewer Pumphouse ; twin sewer syphons and easements ; partial evidence of old Cooks River edge ( evident through comparing early and recent aerial photography ; 1869 plantings of Norfolk Island Pines ( Araucaria heterophylla ) , Moreton Bay Fig Trees ( Ficus macrophylla ) and Port Jackson Fig Trees ( Ficus rubiginosa ) . Given the period , important government institutional use and the choice of tree species there is strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Charles Moore – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1848–1896 ) in advising on these plantings . Canary Island Date Palms ( Phoenix canariensis ) also survive near the Engine Pond and may be remnants – or progeny – of 1910s plantings associated with the reuse of the site for the main southern sewer system . There is likewise strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Joseph Henry Maiden – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1896–1924 ) in recommending the choice of these plantings . A comparison of current aerial photographs and the Sydney Water Commissions 1869 topographic plan of the Lachlan Swamp from No 6 Dam to Botany Bay shows that there is a substantial degree of correlation between the layouts of many of the dams . Despite the bisection of the Engine Pond by Southern Cross Drive , it is still possible to appreciate the basic outline of the earlier pond . A similar observation holds for the former Bridge Pond as the present Mill Pond and the western half of the New Pond retain the earlier basic form . The embankment separating the Mill and New Ponds preserves part of the alignment of the old Sydney-Botany road ( shown on the 1869 SWC plan ) with its tollhouse site just south of the embankment . ( Archaeological evidence of the former tollhouse may still exist. ) The present Nos 1 and 2 Ponds closely reflect the earlier form of the 1869 No 1 Pond while most of the present Nos 3a , 3 and 4/5 Ponds almost exactly retain the earlier form of the 1869 Nos 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 Ponds respectively . The northern part of the old No 6 Pond has been filled . Generally , the present wetland layout retains a close indication of the original 1860s dam forms . Earlier pond formations existed some decades before , and were absorbed into , this system however surviving evidence is difficult to discern from both ( non-intrusive ) site inspections and an analysis of aerial photography . Archaeological investigations – if ever required – may reveal evidence of these early 19th century structures . A Plan of the Botany & Lachlan Watersheds signed by Francis Bell in June , 1875 shows that the Lachlan Water Supply ( Centennial Park ) links with the Botany Pond system as does the area of land containing the present Australian Golf Course . Several remnant areas of the famous and now rare Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub ( still featuring the trademark Grass Trees ( Xanthorrhoea resinosa ) as well as various communities of reed and sedgeland species are represented within the open space boundaries . Other important indigenous vegetation vestiges include areas of Paperbark swamp featuring Melaleuca quinquenervia , marshland and wet heath and large areas of the aquatic herb Ludwigia . As at 21 May 2004 , major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Modifications and dates . Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks . Heritage listing . Botany Water Reserve holds considerable value for Sydney and NSW because it contains the only remaining major components – substantial layout and other important physical evidence from the 1850s through to the 1870s – of the unique water supply system that supported the expansion of the Sydney metropolis for most of the latter half of the 19th century , representing Sydneys third main water supply system since colonisation ; and on account of the surviving remnants of the early 19th century industries associated with the prominent emancipist merchant Simeon Lord . The site includes land which , in 1855 , was the subject of the first resumptions for the purpose of a water supply system by a government in Australia . Part of the original 1850s sand-cast iron water supply pipe remains within the site representing a remnant of the States oldest main . This extant remnant of the water supply system also has high collective value as important evidence likewise remains of the two principal Sydney water supply systems ( The Tank Stream and Busbys Bore ) that predated the Botany system along with those superseding it ( The Upper Canal and regional dam systems ) . The open space areas encompassed by the item include two regionally rare and distinct remnant vegetation communities known as Sydney Freshwater Wetlands and Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that are both potentially of State significance and are the subject of separate listings as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . The wetlands also have recognised regional ecological value as native animal habitat and movement corridors , and may include animal species of conservation significance . The item is of regional environmental importance as a major recharge source for the Sydney basin aquifer . It likely holds special interest as a landmark cultural and recreational landscape for the regional community . It also has regional importance on account of the substantial infrastructure it consists of the 1910s Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System- since augmented during 1936–1941 by SWSOOS No 2 – representing one of the first major separate sewers in Sydney as well as incorporating new ventilation technologies . This infrastructure includes use of the former Engine House chimney as a sewer vent , the viaduct to carry the vent pipe , Sewage Pumping Station No 38 of 1916 near the Engine House ruins and part of the SWSOOS Nos 1 and 2 mains . The overall SWSOOS network remains Sydneys largest sewer system . Botany Water Reserves was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales . The item contains substantial remnants of structures and layout from Sydneys third main water supply system which supported the growth of Australias largest city for most of the latter half of the 19th century . The 1850s water supply pipeline represents the oldest main in the State . The site contains important components of Sydneys main southern sewerage system from the 1910s and 1930s to 1940s supporting the expansion and consolidation of inner Sydney from the late 19th century to the present . It also demonstrates the growth in demand for golf courses throughout the 20th century with the establishment of four separate courses including the Australian ( est . 1904 ) and the Lakes Golf Course ( est . 1928 ) – two of the States oldest and most highly regarded . The place also has strong and direct associations with prominent individuals – including Colonial entrepreneur Simeon Lord ; the naval officer , surveyor and pastoralist Thomas Woore ; City Engineers WB Rider , Edward Bell and Francis Bell ; and Board engineers including EM de Burgh . Passing , though telling , early European references to the former landscape character of the area were made by many noted travellers including Captain James Cook in 1770 and Francois Peron in 1802 . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare if not unique . As a modified/remnant wetland system it is representative of a once extensive vegetation community that included sites from Jewells Swamp , near Lake Macquarie to Coomaditchy Lagoon south of Sydney , yet as remnant sites within the Sydney Basin are now only of a small size and are threatened with extinction the wetlands should be considered rare . Similarly the areas of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub are rare – of their total estimated area at the beginning of European colonisation less than 1% remains . SWSOOS is rare as the largest of Sydneys sewerage networks . Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks . The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The site represents a substantial tract of greenspace with important landscape attributes – extensive areas of water , wetlands , plantings , archaeological features , dunes , remnant indigenous vegetation and fauna – providing notable scenery and , remarkably , within 6 km of the Sydney CBD . The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons . The large tract of open space is probably highly valued as a local or even regional asset while the uses associated with the various golf courses would likely guarantee a special interest in the wetlands landscape by patrons . The ruinous water supply structures and remnant 1869 plantings along with the 1915 sewerage Pump House are well appreciated features and function as important cultural references within the parkland associated with the remnant Engine Pond . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . The place is of importance for its archaeological research potential pertaining to the early 19th century use of the wetlands for industry , Sydneys third main water supply system and aspects of Sydneys sewerage provision . Direct evidence of the construction of the original Lord dam walls , his house and outbuildings or other structures , other industrial structures and the former Sydney- Botany Tollhouse may still remain under the later fill . The wetlands are of well recognised ecological value ( flora/fauna [ including benthos , zooplankton , macroinvertebrates and amphibians ] habitat and corridor ) and environmental value ( major Sydney basin aquifer recharge ) . The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare . The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales . As a modified wetland system it is representative .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Botany Water Reserves are a heritage-listed former water supply system and now parkland and golf course at 1024 Botany Road , Mascot , Bayside Council , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was designed by City Engineers , W . B . Rider , E . Bell ( 1856–1871 ) , and Francis Bell ( 1871–1878 ) . It is also known as Botany Swamps , Botany Wetlands , Mills Stream , Bridge Pond , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course and Bonnie Doon Golf Course . The property is owned by Sydney Water ,",
"title": "Botany Water Reserves"
},
{
"text": "an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 .",
"title": "Botany Water Reserves"
},
{
"text": "On 29 April 1770 Captain James Cook made his first landfall in Australia at Botany Bay . The botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , and his Swedish assistant , Daniel Solander from Cooks ship , spent several days ashore collecting vast numbers of previously unknown plants . Cook was in two minds about a suitable name for the Bay – his journal first refers to it as Stingrays Harbour , then as Botanist Bay , then both were crossed out and the present Botany Bay inserted , no doubt because of Banks and Solanders work . Since its name comes",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from the Bay on which it stands , Botany can well claim to have the oldest English place name in Australia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Cooks recommendation and Banks enthusiasm were largely responsible for the British Governments decision to found a penal settlement at Botany Bay . When Governor Phillip arrived in mid-summer in 1788 however , he found the harbour shallow and exposed , and the shore swampy and lacking sources of fresh water . As a result , the First Fleet sailed on to Port Jackson , finding a more suitable site for settlement at Sydney Cove .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Botany was first planned as an agricultural district , and the principal industry was to be market gardening . Instead it became an industrial area , boasting a fellmongers yard and a slaughter works . As early as 1809 , Mr E . Redmond came to settle in the district , but the first important developer was Simeon Lord ( 1771–1840 ) , who built a fulling mill in 1815 on the site that later became that of the old water works . In 1823 he received a grant of , followed by further grants . Part of the estate",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was subdivided by 1887 . Lord , the merchant prince of Botany Bay , manufactured fine wool cloth , and was also one of the merchants instrumental in the founding of Sydney Hospital . He gave land for the sites of two early churches in Botany , and Lord Street is named after him . Banksia Street , Sir Joseph Banks Park and Booralee Park all commemorate those early days .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Sydney Water Works were established in Botany in 1858 and were fed by the many springs in the area . In 1886 , the last year of full pumping , 1864 million gallons of water were supplied to Sydney from these water works . Although the scheme was Sydneys major source of water for 30 years , it did not supply water in the Botany area and local residents depended on natural sources and tanks .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Following European colonisation the first substantial interventions in the area occurred in 1815 when the enterprising merchant Simeon Lord had a dam constructed to the west of the present Botany Road for the purpose of establishing the colonys first woollen mill . A second dam was constructed near the present Engine House ruins for a flour mill . This mill continued operating until about 1847 while the textile factory was closed by about 1856 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 13 July 1855 the City Council began resuming land around , and including , the Botany wetlands for the citys main water supply scheme – the first time land resumptions were made for this purpose . ( The land was transferred to the Water Board in 1888. ) Of this land about 75 acres of Lords estate was resumed which included his house ( demolished in the 1930s though the site of which is in the vicinity of the present heliport ) , the mill sites , various cottages and the earthworks associated with Lords mill dams .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The initial water supply scheme of the mid-1850s , by the City Engineer W . B . Rider , was abandoned with the appointment of Edward Bell to the position . The surviving Engine House and chimney date from the implementation , in the late 1850s , of Bells scheme while the stone retaining walls for the Engine Pond and outlet sluice probably date from the 1870s work on the Engine Pond augmentation . Between 1866 and the mid-1870s six dams were constructed , and reconstructed for various reasons , from the Mill Pond to Gardeners Road using piling of",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "sheet timber facing filled with sand forming a core of a turfed bank . In 1859 a 30 sand-cast iron main was completed between the Engine House and the Crown Street reservoir . The pipes were made in Scotland in 1856 and machined with such remarkably fine tolerance that , of the total length of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , the outside diameter varied by only 6mm and allowed the pipes to be laid without jointing material . Part of this easement coincides with the present study area in the vicinity of the Engine House .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Drawing on a 1982 thesis of Margaret Simpson , the Thorp et al . study indicates that about 80 trees – Norfolk Pines , Moreton Bay Figs , Weeping Figs , Sweet Scented Pines and Stone Pines – were planted along the access road from Botany and elsewhere on the site in 1869 . Works for the augmentation of water storage at Botany continued throughout the 1870s including the addition of water stored in the Bunnerong Dam ( 1876–1877 ) by way of a pipe to the No 4 Pond . The then Bunnerong Road was moved and ran along",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the top of this dam wall .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " By the early 1880s the Upper Nepean Scheme was well underway and in November 1886 the Nepean-supplied water effectively ended the general supply of Sydneys water from the Botany system . Even intermittent emergency use of the system ceased by 1893 so that the Engine House machinery was finally decommissioned with pumping equipment and boilers sold at auction in 1896 . In 1894 various local industrial uses – such as wool scourers and tanners – were permitted to return to the wetland vicinity through leases until 1947 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While these major improvement programs for Sydneys water supply were being put into place it also became clear – chiefly from an increasingly polluted harbour – that substantial works were needed to deal with the sewage of Sydney and its immediate suburbs . After the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was formed in 1888 the basis of what is presently Sydneys largest sewerage system was commenced . As part of its responsibilities the new Board assumed control of various recent works of the Public Works Department , one of which was the first of the new sewer mains from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the City to the Botany Sewage Farm established about 1886 . Another main was added in 1898 which linked various western suburbs to the Sewage Farm . However , by the turn of the century the usefulness of the Farm was fast diminishing such that the southern and western sewerage systems were amalgamated and extended , from 1909 , to a new ocean outfall at Malabar while the much expanded Botany Sewage Farm was closed . This work – known as the Southern and Western Sewer Ocean Outfall System or , usually , SWSOOS No 1 – was completed in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1916 under the direction of Chief Engineer EM de Burgh .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Further growth of Sydneys suburbs and resultant extensions to this sewerage network necessitated an augmentation of the system , by duplication known as SWSOOS No 2 , during 1936 to 1941 . Both mains were required to cross the Cooks River by inverted syphons . The current SWSOOS network represents Sydneys largest sewerage system and envelops mains that were constructed from the 1880s through the 1890s , 1900s , 1910s to 1940s . Other individually significant components of the SWSOOS network that occur in the vicinity of the present site include the twin major inverted syphons and syphonic overflows (",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "now under Sydney Airport ) and the 1896 sewer vent at West Botany Street , Arncliffe .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Within the site the existing engine house chimney was retired for water supply use in 1888 , left unused for 28 years then , after being shortened , re-used as a vent in 1916 as part of the work for the new SWSOOS . Various buildings , associated with the new sewerage system , were added to the west . During the 1940s the chimney was further truncated to its present height along with the diversion of the mouth of the Cooks River into Botany Bay and substantial filling of the Engine and Mill Ponds as part of a major",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "expansion and upgrade of airport facilities . From the 1970s a greater appreciation of the special historical and environmental values of the place was apparent through the commissioning of a range of studies to record and assess its significance . However further incursions continued with the 1988 construction of Southern Cross Drive through the middle of the Engine Pond , reclamation by the DMR and more recent works associated with the pre-Olympics upgrade of the airport .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The Lakes Golf Club ( 1928 ) . In 1928 construction of a clubhouse near Gardeners Road was commenced for the Lakes Golf Club with the course – to the west and north of the chain of ponds – opening in 1930 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "About 1960 the Eastlakes Golf Club was established with an 18-hole course on the eastern and southern side of the ponds . The neighbouring course to the northeast , The Australian Golf Club , was established in 1904 and in the same year it was host for the first Australian open golf title which was won by Michael Scott . Both the Lakes and Australian golf courses have been consistently ranked in the top five golf courses in New South Wales for many years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Lakes Golf Club practice precinct ( east of the club house ) was excavated on a number of occasions from 1928 to 1970 . In the early 1970s the south-eastern area of this land was bulldozed and redeveloped as part of the overall golf course design as a direct result of the state government requiring some of the golf course land to construct Southern Cross Drive . This included extensive excavation of the area of the practice precinct of the golf course . In the mid-1970s some of the practice precinct area formed part of the tennis court construction",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which required bulldozing the area to prepare the ground for new tennis courts . This was conducted as part of construction of the golf course clubhouse .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the early 2000s the practice precinct was renovated as part of a plan to improve course facilities for practice , and to have the course fit with the natural contours and appearance of the sandy dunes and lakes that dominate its site . This included extensive disturbance of the practice precinct area . In 2005 a new club house was built and this resulted in removal of the tennis courts . The practice precinct and some of the driving range tee was bulldozed to remove the tennis courts and then construct the practice chipping area.</ref>",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 2007–09 the entire Lakes Golf Course underwent a comprehensive renovation which included extensive construction works to the south-western section of the practice precinct area . This involved use of a bulldozer and other construction equipment to construct the 10th tees and the area in front of them . This included the small ridge between the driving range tee and the front of the current 10th hole tees .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This item consists of an extensive tract of open space/parkland , with of wetlands , including Sydney Airport , The Australian Golf Course , Lakes Golf Course , Eastlakes Golf Course , Bonnie Doon Golf Course and Mutch Park . Other areas of wetlands in the vicinity are substantially smaller in extent – the Eve Street wetlands , Arncliffe ( south of Kogarah Golf Club ) and the chain of ponds in Sir Joseph Banks Park , Botany .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Important surviving elements of non-indigenous heritage include remnants of the water supply Engine House and chimney ( late 1850s ) ( no longer owned by Sydney Water ) ; spillway/weir , remnants of the Engine and Mill Ponds ; the sequence of ponds between the Mill Pond and Gardeners Road ; 1915 Sewer Pumphouse ; twin sewer syphons and easements ; partial evidence of old Cooks River edge ( evident through comparing early and recent aerial photography ; 1869 plantings of Norfolk Island Pines ( Araucaria heterophylla ) , Moreton Bay Fig Trees ( Ficus macrophylla ) and Port Jackson",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Fig Trees ( Ficus rubiginosa ) . Given the period , important government institutional use and the choice of tree species there is strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Charles Moore – Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1848–1896 ) in advising on these plantings . Canary Island Date Palms ( Phoenix canariensis ) also survive near the Engine Pond and may be remnants – or progeny – of 1910s plantings associated with the reuse of the site for the main southern sewer system . There is likewise strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of Joseph Henry Maiden",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "– Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens ( 1896–1924 ) in recommending the choice of these plantings .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "A comparison of current aerial photographs and the Sydney Water Commissions 1869 topographic plan of the Lachlan Swamp from No 6 Dam to Botany Bay shows that there is a substantial degree of correlation between the layouts of many of the dams . Despite the bisection of the Engine Pond by Southern Cross Drive , it is still possible to appreciate the basic outline of the earlier pond . A similar observation holds for the former Bridge Pond as the present Mill Pond and the western half of the New Pond retain the earlier basic form . The embankment separating",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "the Mill and New Ponds preserves part of the alignment of the old Sydney-Botany road ( shown on the 1869 SWC plan ) with its tollhouse site just south of the embankment . ( Archaeological evidence of the former tollhouse may still exist. ) The present Nos 1 and 2 Ponds closely reflect the earlier form of the 1869 No 1 Pond while most of the present Nos 3a , 3 and 4/5 Ponds almost exactly retain the earlier form of the 1869 Nos 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 Ponds respectively . The northern part of the old",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "No 6 Pond has been filled . Generally , the present wetland layout retains a close indication of the original 1860s dam forms . Earlier pond formations existed some decades before , and were absorbed into , this system however surviving evidence is difficult to discern from both ( non-intrusive ) site inspections and an analysis of aerial photography . Archaeological investigations – if ever required – may reveal evidence of these early 19th century structures .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " A Plan of the Botany & Lachlan Watersheds signed by Francis Bell in June , 1875 shows that the Lachlan Water Supply ( Centennial Park ) links with the Botany Pond system as does the area of land containing the present Australian Golf Course .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": "Several remnant areas of the famous and now rare Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub ( still featuring the trademark Grass Trees ( Xanthorrhoea resinosa ) as well as various communities of reed and sedgeland species are represented within the open space boundaries . Other important indigenous vegetation vestiges include areas of Paperbark swamp featuring Melaleuca quinquenervia , marshland and wet heath and large areas of the aquatic herb Ludwigia .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " As at 21 May 2004 , major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact .",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"text": " Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks .",
"title": "Modifications and dates"
},
{
"text": "Botany Water Reserve holds considerable value for Sydney and NSW because it contains the only remaining major components – substantial layout and other important physical evidence from the 1850s through to the 1870s – of the unique water supply system that supported the expansion of the Sydney metropolis for most of the latter half of the 19th century , representing Sydneys third main water supply system since colonisation ; and on account of the surviving remnants of the early 19th century industries associated with the prominent emancipist merchant Simeon Lord . The site includes land which , in 1855 ,",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "was the subject of the first resumptions for the purpose of a water supply system by a government in Australia . Part of the original 1850s sand-cast iron water supply pipe remains within the site representing a remnant of the States oldest main .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " This extant remnant of the water supply system also has high collective value as important evidence likewise remains of the two principal Sydney water supply systems ( The Tank Stream and Busbys Bore ) that predated the Botany system along with those superseding it ( The Upper Canal and regional dam systems ) .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The open space areas encompassed by the item include two regionally rare and distinct remnant vegetation communities known as Sydney Freshwater Wetlands and Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that are both potentially of State significance and are the subject of separate listings as an Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 . The wetlands also have recognised regional ecological value as native animal habitat and movement corridors , and may include animal species of conservation significance .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The item is of regional environmental importance as a major recharge source for the Sydney basin aquifer . It likely holds special interest as a landmark cultural and recreational landscape for the regional community .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "It also has regional importance on account of the substantial infrastructure it consists of the 1910s Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System- since augmented during 1936–1941 by SWSOOS No 2 – representing one of the first major separate sewers in Sydney as well as incorporating new ventilation technologies . This infrastructure includes use of the former Engine House chimney as a sewer vent , the viaduct to carry the vent pipe , Sewage Pumping Station No 38 of 1916 near the Engine House ruins and part of the SWSOOS Nos 1 and 2 mains . The overall SWSOOS",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "network remains Sydneys largest sewer system .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " Botany Water Reserves was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The item contains substantial remnants of structures and layout from Sydneys third main water supply system which supported the growth of Australias largest city for most of the latter half of the 19th century . The 1850s water supply pipeline represents the oldest main in the State . The site contains important components of Sydneys main southern sewerage system from the 1910s and 1930s to 1940s supporting the expansion and consolidation of inner Sydney from the late 19th century to the present .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " It also demonstrates the growth in demand for golf courses throughout the 20th century with the establishment of four separate courses including the Australian ( est . 1904 ) and the Lakes Golf Course ( est . 1928 ) – two of the States oldest and most highly regarded .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The place also has strong and direct associations with prominent individuals – including Colonial entrepreneur Simeon Lord ; the naval officer , surveyor and pastoralist Thomas Woore ; City Engineers WB Rider , Edward Bell and Francis Bell ; and Board engineers including EM de Burgh . Passing , though telling , early European references to the former landscape character of the area were made by many noted travellers including Captain James Cook in 1770 and Francois Peron in 1802 .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare if not unique .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "As a modified/remnant wetland system it is representative of a once extensive vegetation community that included sites from Jewells Swamp , near Lake Macquarie to Coomaditchy Lagoon south of Sydney , yet as remnant sites within the Sydney Basin are now only of a small size and are threatened with extinction the wetlands should be considered rare . Similarly the areas of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub are rare – of their total estimated area at the beginning of European colonisation less than 1% remains .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "Although the pre-European wetland ecosystem was modified during the 1860s and 1870s pond construction , there has been only limited major modification – mainly for the expansion of the airport and construction of new arterial roadways – since then . Major elements ( the sequence of ponds ) of Sydneys third main water supply system are substantially intact . Particular elements of the system – its architectural and planted elements – are only partially intact . Yet the little that remains of these are particularly poignant and serve as important local landmarks .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The site represents a substantial tract of greenspace with important landscape attributes – extensive areas of water , wetlands , plantings , archaeological features , dunes , remnant indigenous vegetation and fauna – providing notable scenery and , remarkably , within 6 km of the Sydney CBD . The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The large tract of open space is probably highly valued as a local or even regional asset while the uses associated with the various golf courses would likely guarantee a special interest in the wetlands landscape by patrons . The ruinous water supply structures and remnant 1869 plantings along with the 1915 sewerage Pump House are well appreciated features and function as important cultural references within the parkland associated with the remnant Engine Pond .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . The place is of importance for its archaeological research potential pertaining to the early 19th century use of the wetlands for industry , Sydneys third main water supply system and aspects of Sydneys sewerage provision . Direct evidence of the construction of the original Lord dam walls , his house and outbuildings or other structures , other industrial structures and the former Sydney- Botany Tollhouse may still remain under the later fill .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": "The wetlands are of well recognised ecological value ( flora/fauna [ including benthos , zooplankton , macroinvertebrates and amphibians ] habitat and corridor ) and environmental value ( major Sydney basin aquifer recharge ) .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
},
{
"text": " The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . As surviving elements of Sydneys third main water supply system it is rare . The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales . As a modified wetland system it is representative .",
"title": "Heritage listing"
}
] |
/wiki/Iliyan_Mitsanski#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Iliyan Mitsanski belong to in Feb 2004?
|
Iliyan Mitsanski Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria . Career . In Bulgaria . Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there . Zagłębie Lubin . In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski . Kaiserslautern . On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break . FSV Frankfurt . On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match . Karlsruher SC . In June 2013 , Mitsanski signed a contract with Karlsruher SC . Levski Sofia . On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 . Korona Kielce . On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 . Slavia Sofia . After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 . International career . On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan . On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi . Honours . - Polish Cup : Runner-up 2006–07 Individual - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )
|
[
"Pirin 1922"
] |
[
{
"text": " Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria .",
"title": "Iliyan Mitsanski"
},
{
"text": " Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there .",
"title": "In Bulgaria"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski .",
"title": "Zagłębie Lubin"
},
{
"text": "On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": "for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break .",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": " On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match .",
"title": "FSV Frankfurt"
},
{
"text": " On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 .",
"title": "Korona Kielce"
},
{
"text": " After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Iliyan_Mitsanski#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Iliyan Mitsanski belong to between Mar 2005 and Oct 2005?
|
Iliyan Mitsanski Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria . Career . In Bulgaria . Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there . Zagłębie Lubin . In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski . Kaiserslautern . On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break . FSV Frankfurt . On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match . Karlsruher SC . In June 2013 , Mitsanski signed a contract with Karlsruher SC . Levski Sofia . On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 . Korona Kielce . On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 . Slavia Sofia . After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 . International career . On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan . On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi . Honours . - Polish Cup : Runner-up 2006–07 Individual - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )
|
[
"Amica Wronki"
] |
[
{
"text": " Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria .",
"title": "Iliyan Mitsanski"
},
{
"text": " Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there .",
"title": "In Bulgaria"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski .",
"title": "Zagłębie Lubin"
},
{
"text": "On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": "for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break .",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": " On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match .",
"title": "FSV Frankfurt"
},
{
"text": " On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 .",
"title": "Korona Kielce"
},
{
"text": " After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Iliyan_Mitsanski#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Iliyan Mitsanski belong to between Sep 2006 and Dec 2006?
|
Iliyan Mitsanski Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria . Career . In Bulgaria . Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there . Zagłębie Lubin . In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski . Kaiserslautern . On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break . FSV Frankfurt . On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match . Karlsruher SC . In June 2013 , Mitsanski signed a contract with Karlsruher SC . Levski Sofia . On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 . Korona Kielce . On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 . Slavia Sofia . After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 . International career . On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan . On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi . Honours . - Polish Cup : Runner-up 2006–07 Individual - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )
|
[
"Zagłębie Lubin",
"Zagłębie Lubin"
] |
[
{
"text": " Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria .",
"title": "Iliyan Mitsanski"
},
{
"text": " Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there .",
"title": "In Bulgaria"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski .",
"title": "Zagłębie Lubin"
},
{
"text": "On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": "for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break .",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": " On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match .",
"title": "FSV Frankfurt"
},
{
"text": " On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 .",
"title": "Korona Kielce"
},
{
"text": " After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Iliyan_Mitsanski#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Iliyan Mitsanski belong to in Jul 2009?
|
Iliyan Mitsanski Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria . Career . In Bulgaria . Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there . Zagłębie Lubin . In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski . Kaiserslautern . On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break . FSV Frankfurt . On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match . Karlsruher SC . In June 2013 , Mitsanski signed a contract with Karlsruher SC . Levski Sofia . On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 . Korona Kielce . On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 . Slavia Sofia . After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 . International career . On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan . On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi . Honours . - Polish Cup : Runner-up 2006–07 Individual - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )
|
[
"Zagłębie Lubin"
] |
[
{
"text": " Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria .",
"title": "Iliyan Mitsanski"
},
{
"text": " Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there .",
"title": "In Bulgaria"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski .",
"title": "Zagłębie Lubin"
},
{
"text": "On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": "for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break .",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": " On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match .",
"title": "FSV Frankfurt"
},
{
"text": " On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 .",
"title": "Korona Kielce"
},
{
"text": " After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Iliyan_Mitsanski#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Iliyan Mitsanski belong to between Jun 2010 and Sep 2010?
|
Iliyan Mitsanski Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria . Career . In Bulgaria . Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there . Zagłębie Lubin . In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski . Kaiserslautern . On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break . FSV Frankfurt . On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match . Karlsruher SC . In June 2013 , Mitsanski signed a contract with Karlsruher SC . Levski Sofia . On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 . Korona Kielce . On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 . Slavia Sofia . After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 . International career . On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan . On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi . Honours . - Polish Cup : Runner-up 2006–07 Individual - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )
|
[
"Kaiserslautern"
] |
[
{
"text": " Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria .",
"title": "Iliyan Mitsanski"
},
{
"text": " Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there .",
"title": "In Bulgaria"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski .",
"title": "Zagłębie Lubin"
},
{
"text": "On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": "for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break .",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": " On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match .",
"title": "FSV Frankfurt"
},
{
"text": " On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 .",
"title": "Korona Kielce"
},
{
"text": " After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Iliyan_Mitsanski#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Iliyan Mitsanski belong to in Jul 2012?
|
Iliyan Mitsanski Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria . Career . In Bulgaria . Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there . Zagłębie Lubin . In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski . Kaiserslautern . On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break . FSV Frankfurt . On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match . Karlsruher SC . In June 2013 , Mitsanski signed a contract with Karlsruher SC . Levski Sofia . On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 . Korona Kielce . On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 . Slavia Sofia . After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 . International career . On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan . On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi . Honours . - Polish Cup : Runner-up 2006–07 Individual - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Iliyan Mitsanski ( ; born 20 December 1985 ) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a striker . He played 17 times for Bulgaria .",
"title": "Iliyan Mitsanski"
},
{
"text": " Mitsanski started his professional football career at Pirin 1922 . In the 2004–05 season , he earned 29 appearances playing in the B PFG and scored 21 goals . In June 2005 , he moved to Polish club Amica Wronki . In the first round of 2006–07 season he was loaned out to Korona Kielce , but was not able to reach the first squad there .",
"title": "In Bulgaria"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Mitsanski transferred to Zagłębie Lubin . In the 2008–09 season , he became the top goalscorer for the team in the Polish First League with 26 goals , helping his team win promotion . During the next season he finished second goalscorer in the Polish league with 15 goals , just 2 goals behind the Polish rising star Robert Lewandowski .",
"title": "Zagłębie Lubin"
},
{
"text": "On 18 June 2010 , Mitsanski signed a four-year contract with 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . On 24 July , he netted the only goal in the prestigious 1–0 win against Liverpool in a friendly match . On 22 September 2010 , he made his official debut for his new team in the 0–5 away loss against Borussia Dortmund after coming on as a substitute for Erwin Hoffer . On 13 November 2010 , he scored his first goal in the Bundesliga in the 3–3 home draw with VfB Stuttgart . He was unable to establish himself as a regular",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": "for the team and was loaned out to FSV Frankfurt during the winter break .",
"title": "Kaiserslautern"
},
{
"text": " On 3 February 2012 , Mitsanski made his debut for FSV Frankfurt and netted two goals in the 2–1 away win over MSV Duisburg in a 2 . Bundesliga match .",
"title": "FSV Frankfurt"
},
{
"text": " On 6 September 2016 , Mitsanski made his return to Bulgarian football after 11 years abroad as he signed with PFC Levski Sofia until the end of the season . He was released in January 2017 .",
"title": "Levski Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 1 February 2017 , Mitsanski signed with Korona Kielce . In the following three months he scored three goals in eight league games . Mitsanski was not offered a contract extension and left the club in June 2017 .",
"title": "Korona Kielce"
},
{
"text": " After a year without a club , Mitsanski signed with Slavia Sofia on 28 September 2018 . He left the club my mutual consent in December 2019 .",
"title": "Slavia Sofia"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2010 , Mitsanski made his debut for the Bulgarian national team in the 0–1 away loss against Russia in a friendly match . On 26 May 2012 , he scored his first goal for the team against the Netherlands , which was a dramatic last-minute win . He scored his second international goal against Cyprus after coming off the substitutes bench in a friendly played on 15 August 2012 . On 9 September 2014 , Mitsanski scored a goal for the 2–1 away win over Azerbaijan .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 28 March 2015 , he scored the second goal for the Bulgarian national team during the 2–2 draw with Italy . He was sent off on 6 September 2015 , in the 0–1 away loss against Italy after a tussle with Daniele De Rossi .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Bulgarian B Professional Football Group top scorer ( 21 goals ) - I Liga top scorer 2008–09 ( 26 goals ) - Ekstraklasa second top scorer ( 14 goals )",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Rudi_Garcia#P6087#0
|
Rudi Garcia was the coach of which team before Feb 1998?
|
Rudi Garcia Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon . Early life . Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre . Club career . When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad . Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 . After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 . Managerial career . Early career . In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 . In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards . In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would manage Lens and Lille respectively . Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 . In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final . Lille . On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics . Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid . On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted . Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results . In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North . The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José , even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins . Roma . On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans . Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma . Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season . Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita . Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase . On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season . Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points . On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change . Marseille . On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left the club on 22 May 2019 . Lyon . On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places . Media career . Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit . Personal life . After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever . Honours . Manager . Lille - Ligue 1 : 2010–11 - Coupe de France : 2010–11 Marseille - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2017–18 Individual - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014
|
[
"Corbeil-Essonnes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon .",
"title": "Rudi Garcia"
},
{
"text": " Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "manage Lens and Lille respectively .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José ,",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": ". Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "the club on 22 May 2019 .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit .",
"title": "Media career"
},
{
"text": " After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Rudi_Garcia#P6087#1
|
Rudi Garcia was the coach of which team between Mar 2001 and May 2001?
|
Rudi Garcia Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon . Early life . Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre . Club career . When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad . Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 . After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 . Managerial career . Early career . In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 . In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards . In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would manage Lens and Lille respectively . Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 . In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final . Lille . On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics . Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid . On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted . Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results . In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North . The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José , even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins . Roma . On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans . Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma . Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season . Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita . Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase . On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season . Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points . On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change . Marseille . On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left the club on 22 May 2019 . Lyon . On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places . Media career . Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit . Personal life . After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever . Honours . Manager . Lille - Ligue 1 : 2010–11 - Coupe de France : 2010–11 Marseille - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2017–18 Individual - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014
|
[
"Les Verts"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon .",
"title": "Rudi Garcia"
},
{
"text": " Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "manage Lens and Lille respectively .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José ,",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": ". Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "the club on 22 May 2019 .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit .",
"title": "Media career"
},
{
"text": " After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Rudi_Garcia#P6087#2
|
Rudi Garcia was the coach of which team in Aug 2002?
|
Rudi Garcia Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon . Early life . Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre . Club career . When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad . Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 . After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 . Managerial career . Early career . In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 . In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards . In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would manage Lens and Lille respectively . Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 . In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final . Lille . On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics . Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid . On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted . Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results . In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North . The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José , even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins . Roma . On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans . Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma . Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season . Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita . Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase . On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season . Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points . On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change . Marseille . On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left the club on 22 May 2019 . Lyon . On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places . Media career . Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit . Personal life . After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever . Honours . Manager . Lille - Ligue 1 : 2010–11 - Coupe de France : 2010–11 Marseille - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2017–18 Individual - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014
|
[
"Dijon"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon .",
"title": "Rudi Garcia"
},
{
"text": " Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "manage Lens and Lille respectively .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José ,",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": ". Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "the club on 22 May 2019 .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit .",
"title": "Media career"
},
{
"text": " After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Rudi_Garcia#P6087#3
|
Rudi Garcia was the coach of which team in Aug 2007?
|
Rudi Garcia Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon . Early life . Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre . Club career . When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad . Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 . After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 . Managerial career . Early career . In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 . In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards . In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would manage Lens and Lille respectively . Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 . In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final . Lille . On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics . Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid . On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted . Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results . In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North . The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José , even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins . Roma . On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans . Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma . Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season . Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita . Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase . On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season . Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points . On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change . Marseille . On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left the club on 22 May 2019 . Lyon . On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places . Media career . Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit . Personal life . After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever . Honours . Manager . Lille - Ligue 1 : 2010–11 - Coupe de France : 2010–11 Marseille - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2017–18 Individual - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014
|
[
"Le Mans"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon .",
"title": "Rudi Garcia"
},
{
"text": " Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "manage Lens and Lille respectively .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José ,",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": ". Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "the club on 22 May 2019 .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit .",
"title": "Media career"
},
{
"text": " After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Rudi_Garcia#P6087#4
|
Rudi Garcia was the coach of which team in early 2010s?
|
Rudi Garcia Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon . Early life . Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre . Club career . When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad . Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 . After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 . Managerial career . Early career . In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 . In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards . In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would manage Lens and Lille respectively . Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 . In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final . Lille . On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics . Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid . On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted . Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results . In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North . The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José , even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins . Roma . On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans . Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma . Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season . Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita . Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase . On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season . Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points . On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change . Marseille . On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left the club on 22 May 2019 . Lyon . On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places . Media career . Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit . Personal life . After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever . Honours . Manager . Lille - Ligue 1 : 2010–11 - Coupe de France : 2010–11 Marseille - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2017–18 Individual - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014
|
[
"Lille"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon .",
"title": "Rudi Garcia"
},
{
"text": " Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "manage Lens and Lille respectively .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José ,",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": ". Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "the club on 22 May 2019 .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit .",
"title": "Media career"
},
{
"text": " After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Rudi_Garcia#P6087#5
|
Rudi Garcia was the coach of which team between Jul 2014 and Feb 2015?
|
Rudi Garcia Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon . Early life . Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre . Club career . When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad . Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 . After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 . Managerial career . Early career . In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 . In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards . In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would manage Lens and Lille respectively . Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 . In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final . Lille . On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics . Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid . On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted . Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results . In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North . The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José , even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins . Roma . On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans . Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma . Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season . Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita . Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase . On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season . Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points . On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change . Marseille . On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left the club on 22 May 2019 . Lyon . On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places . Media career . Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit . Personal life . After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever . Honours . Manager . Lille - Ligue 1 : 2010–11 - Coupe de France : 2010–11 Marseille - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2017–18 Individual - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014
|
[
"Roma"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rudi José Garcia ( ; ) , born 20 February 1964 ) is a French professional football manager and former player . He was last the manager of Ligue 1 club Lyon .",
"title": "Rudi Garcia"
},
{
"text": " Rudi Garcias father , José , was a Spanish expatriate who played football at a professional level for Sedan and Dunkerque . His grandparents had left Andalusia for the Ardennes region during the Spanish Civil War . Garcia is named after German cyclist Rudi Altig . Between 1992 and 1994 , Garcia enrolled for university , and gained a DEUG and a STAPS degree at Orsay , as well as French qualifications that entitled him to manage a youth training centre .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When José became the coach of local team Corbeil-Essonnes , he drafted his son into the squad , where Rudi played until cadet level . As Corbeil-Essonnes did not have a national cadets side , Rudi joined the Viry-Châtillon team . He was 18 when he obtained his baccalauréat and signed for Lille , where he would spend two years as an intern and four as part of the professional squad .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Playing as an attacking midfielder , Garcias first goal for Lille was a notable affair . In December 1984 , Lille travelled to the Parc des Princes to face Paris Saint-Germain . With both sides tied at 2–2 , Garcia netted to earn his side a win over the Parisian club . He made about 170 appearances for the Northern club , which he left in 1988 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After Lille , Garcia joined Caen , where he was coached by Robert Nouzaret and Daniel Jeandupeux . In 1991 , he opted to join Martigues rather than signing on with the Normandy club . Serious injuries to his back and knee forced him to retire from professional football at the age of 28 , in 1992 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , Garcia returned to Corbeil to manage the Division dHonneur side with two months remaining in the season . He guided the club out of relegation . Then , in the seasons that followed , one ended with the club in mid-table and another in a second-place finish . Between 1994 and 1996 , Garcia acted as player-manager for the club before taking on managerial duties only between 1996 and 1998 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In the late 1990s , for two years he was a physio . Then , he became a scout , studying opponents and assisting in the elaboration of Saint-Étiennes tactics . Gradually , his role shifted to that of an assistant coach , a position he occupied alongside Nouzaret as from July 2000 and John Toshack afterwards .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2001 , when Toshack returned to Spain , Garcia took over first-team duties in collaboration with Jean-Guy Wallemme . Les Verts were then in the midst of a miserable season . Poor performances on the pitch were compounded by the clubs implication in various affairs involving forged passports . The Garcia/Wallemme duo failed to reverse the trend and , in May 2001 , Saint-Étienne were effectively relegated to the French second division . The following month , Wallemme left the club while Garcia was fired in August 2001 . The two men , a decade later , would",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "manage Lens and Lille respectively .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Garcia resumed his activities as a football pundit . At the same time , he was passing his Diplôme dEntraineur Professionel de Football , the French equivalent of the professional coaching badge . In the spring of 2002 , he was contacted by Dijon and signed with them on 21 May 2002 . He helped the club to climb to Ligue 2 in 2003–04 . The Bourgogne club even appeared in the semi-final of the Coupe de France , where Châteauroux defeated it 2–0 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2007 , Garcia left Dijon for Le Mans , another club he set on to transform in just one season . With players such as Romaric , Marko Baša and Yohann Pelé , the Sarthe club played some pleasant football which brought results as well . Le Mans ended in ninth position of Ligue 1 standings and reached the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 June 2008 , Garcia rescinded his contract with the club to join Lille , the club where he had spent six years as a player in the 1980s . In his first season , the North France club developed a stylish and attacking approach , contrasting with previous coach Claude Puels cautious and often boring tactics .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "Garcias approach ostensibly enabled players such as Ludovic Obraniak and Michel Bastos to develop , the latter becoming the clubs top scorer in the league with 14 goals . Garcia also gave significant playing time to promising youngster Eden Hazard , later of Chelsea and Real Madrid .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "On 2 June 2009 , the board of directors sacked Garcia , who had just led the club to their best league finish for three years and qualified it for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . It was alleged that the sacking was due to differences of opinion between the manager and a member of the board , Xavier Thuilot . The latter himself was sacked from the board later in the month and on 18 June 2009 , Michel Seydoux , the club president and major shareholder , offered the manager position again to Garcia , who accepted .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " Aimé Jacquet , at the time , expressed his belief that the Nemours-born coach was one of the brightest prospects among French football managers . In a country otherwise reputed for the defensive approach approved by most of its coaches , Garcia is seen , together with former Paris Saint-Germain manager Antoine Kombouaré , as part of a small group of managers who advocate attacking football as the best means to achieve results .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Lille continued to improve in the league , finishing one place above their fifth-place finish of 2008–09 . With 72 goals scored , the club had the divisions best attack , even bettering champions Marseille . This led French media and pundits to dub the entertaining side the Barça of the North .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "The 2010–11 season was the clubs breakthrough . In May , Garcia led les Dogues to triumph in the Coupe de France against Paris Saint-Germain , their first win in the trophy since 1955 . The same month , on 21 May , the league and cup double was complete , again after a game against PSG that ended in a 2–2 draw . In the Trophées UNFP du football , Garcia was awarded the prize for best Ligue 1 coach of the 2010–11 season . During the ceremony , he dedicated his trophy to his late father José ,",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "even saying a few words in Spanish as a tribute to his fathers origins .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 June 2013 , Roma President James Pallotta announced that Garcia had been appointed the new manager of the club , news that was initially received very cautiously by Roma fans .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Roma began the 2013–14 season by winning its first ten Serie A matches . The previous best ever start in the history of the Serie A belonged to Juventus in the 2005–06 season , when the Turin club won its first nine Serie A matches . Romas perfect start to the 2013–14 Serie A season included a 2–0 derby win over city rivals Lazio , a 3–0 away victory against Internazionale and a 2–0 home win over title rivals Napoli . During this ten-match winning run , Roma scored 24 goals while conceding just one goal , away to Parma",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": ". Its Serie A ten-match winning streak came to an end on 3 November 2013 when it was held to a 1–1 draw at Torino . During that match , Roma conceded its first goal in 743 minutes of Serie A football . Roma , however , eventually finished second in the Serie A , a massive 17 points behind champions Juventus . In finishing second , Roma qualified for the following seasons UEFA Champions League ; its last appearance in the Champions League had been during the 2010–11 season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Before the start of the 2014–15 season , Garcia asked to bring in young talents and also experienced players for squad depth ahead of the next season . Roma has had an impressive summer transfers activity , where they bought young talent Juan Iturbe , Salih Uçan and Antonio Sanabria . Roma also signed Italian defender Davide Astori and veteran players Ashley Cole and Seydou Keita .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "Garcias men began the 2014–15 Serie A campaign with 2–0 win over Fiorentina , with goals from Radja Nainggolan and Gervinho . Roma continued their winning form and won the second fixture in the league 1–0 against Empoli . Garcia then lead Roma in their first Champions League appearance since 2010–11 to an impressive 5–1 victory against CSKA Moscow in their first match of Group E of the group stage . Roma finished third in the group and was hence transferred to the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League knockout phase .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 5 October 2014 , Garcia was sent off by the referee during a Serie A match against Juventus after protesting the referees decision to award Juve a penalty with a violin gesture . The controversial match ended with Juventus winning 3–2 . After the match , Garcia said , It a pity that here [ in Turin ] the penalty area is 17 metres . But Im happy with my team , who showed great personality . There were many incidents today but it was also a little bit of our fault that we lost . Roma ultimately finished",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "the season in second place in the 2014–15 Serie A , 17 points behind Juventus , just like the previous season .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": " Roma was on top of the Serie A table after matchdays 9 and 10 , in late October , of the 2015–16 season . The club had also qualified for the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League by finishing in second place in their group with a tally of just six points .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 13 January 2016 , Garcia and his coaching assistants , Frédéric Bompard and Claude Fichaux , were sacked by Roma after a poor run during which the club managed to win only one out of their last ten matches in all competitions , and only one out of their last seven Serie A matches . Roma had been eliminated on home ground on penalties from the 2015–16 Coppa Italia at the first hurdle on 16 December 2015 by Serie B side Spezia . News of the decision to sack Garcia came via Romas official website , with club president",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "James Pallotta thanking him for his efforts : On behalf of myself and everyone at AS Roma , I would like to thank Rudi Garcia for all of his hard work since joining the club . We have all enjoyed some great moments during his time at Roma but we believe that this is the right time for a change .",
"title": "Roma"
},
{
"text": "On 20 October 2016 , on the same day that he was finally released from his Roma contract by mutual consent , Garcia was appointed manager of Marseille on a three-year deal . He succeeded the interim manager Franck Passi . Garcias appointment was made only three days after Frank McCourt completed the takeover of the club from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus by paying a reported €45 million . On 23 October , Marseille recorded a goalless draw away against Paris Saint-Germain in a Classique match in Ligue 1 , Garcias first competitive match as manager of the club . He left",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "the club on 22 May 2019 .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2019 , Garcia moved to rivals Lyon to become their new manager , taking over after Sylvinho . During the 2019–2020 Champions League campaign , Garcia guided Lyon from the group stages , where they later beat Cristiano Ronaldos Juventus in the round of 16 . He led them to the semi-finals after they defeated Manchester City , but eventually lost to the eventual champions Bayern Munich . However , he left Lyon at the end of the 2020–21 season , after finishing fourth in the league table and missed out on the UEFA Champions League places",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " Garcia has worked for CanalSatellite , first as a reporter for post-match interviews , and then as a studio pundit .",
"title": "Media career"
},
{
"text": " After the Paris Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 , Garcia gave out symbolic pencils to all journalists at his press conference , saying , What happened in Paris was an attack on freedom . But things mustnt change , this freedom should last forever .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 Manager of the Year : 2010–11 - French Manager of the Year : 2011 , 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
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