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208 reputation
bio website thelimberlambda.com
location South Africa
age 44
visits member for 2 years, 10 months
seen Jun 18 at 12:23
Nominally, a solutions architect who's been writing software professionally since 1995 (non-professionally, a lot longer than that). In practice, Jack-of-all-trades and master of none. My interest de jour is .NET, but who knows what the future brings.
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Sunday, February 22, 2009
Project Flying Robot: Getting All XBee With It
We have been making some amazing progress on our flying_robot project. This post is actually from almost a week ago, but I have not had time to catch up blogging with what we have been getting accomplished.
As I had mentioned in my first posting, one of the reasons that we did not simply copy the Blimpduino, is that we do not want to use a standard R/C controller for manual control. No, that would be too easy. Actually, it is because we have other kinds of ground control in mind... but I will get into that in future posts, once we have a working vehicle.
One focus of our project is to create a fully digital protocol to communicate wirelessly with UAV's. Something like MIDI is to music, the flying_robot command set is to flying. In other words, flying_robot is intended to provide a device-independent way to communicate with various kinds of unmanned aerial vehicles. So we started looking at digital wireless solutions. WiFi is common, but does not have the range, plus it uses too much power. Bluetooth just lacks range, period. Sounds like a job for XBee to me.
If you have not heard of it, XBee is a wireless data standard that has several priorities: it must have good range, use very low power, and be very cheap. The internet of things will likely be connected via XBee, since it it ideal for low-cost devices that wish to communicate with each other.
XBee modems come in several different flavors, depending on the needed range and desired type of network topology. The simplest version supports the 802.15.4 protocol, which is probably best for most point to point type applications, like a ground control to a base station. This is what they sometimes refer to as the "Series 1" modems.
The ZigBee modems, also sometimes called Series 2, add a protocol for mesh networking that looks to be very interesting. It could be used for a swarm of robots that communicate with each other, not just with a base station. This appealed to my inner geek, and so I ordered two of these modems, with the intention of experimenting with mesh networking in the near future.
On that note, there is an amazing deal right now for experimenters directly from Digi. You can get a development kit for the super-powerful next-generation XBee 868, that includes a pair of the modems, for only $99. I could not resist, and just ordered a pair of these to play around with, as well as the XBee-Pro 2.5's I already had acquired from SparkFun.
One thing I discovered quickly, was that the XBee modems I had purchased are really small. The next, was that I had to do some additional programming on them, before they would talk to each other. I found a useful Ruby script for configuring XBee modems from madrona, but it turned out to be a little more complicated, due to my choice of ZigBee over the simpler 802.15.4 protocol.
Fortunately, others have already been blazing this wireless trail, so I found these recent instructions on the Liquidware blog. It turns out that when dealing with ZigBee, one of the modems needs to be designated the "coordinator" for all the others in that mesh network, to hand out the all-important MY addresses. The coordinator needs different firmware than the individual nodes, which requires a utility provided by Digi, which is Windows only. Without this firmware on one of the modems in your mesh, you can send as many AT command as you like, the modems will never talk to each other. I dusted off a VM, and installed the Digi utility. Once I had updated the firmware, and updated the configurations of each modem using madrona's script, I was ready to go.
With one XBee modem plugged into my Mac via the USB port thanks to the XBee Explorer adapter, and the other plugged into the Arduino via the XBee Shield from Sparkfun, serial communication "just worked". Now I was ready to start coding on the Arduino itself... but that is another story.
1 comment:
saurabh said...
can u jus give a stepwise set of instructions of how to use a X-BEE module to control simply 2 motors via ATmega16(AVR)
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Return Of The "Rock N' Roll" Tongue Bath
After last night's base stealing extravaganza, Johnny Damon is feeling pretty good about himself. Good enough to revive his devilish tongue salute with Nick Swisher. Although I suppose it never really went away, did it?
Can they finally lick it up tonight? And by "it", I of course mean a big bowl of chocolate ice cream that they are eating in celebration of another Yankee championship. I know you're giddy from anticipation, but try to contain yourselves.
[Photo: AP]
* * * * *
More on the game in a bit. It's Monday morning. We've got a lot to cover today so do what you can to cancel your meetings. Priorities, people.
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If Tom Coughlin Really Said This To A Teary-Eyed Matt Dodge, He's Quite The Monstrous Dick
This from Philly radio loudmouth Howard Eskin's Twitter: "After Eagles game learned that NY coach T. Coughlin saw his punter in tears. Told him get out of locker room. No longer on this team." And this. But Dodge remains.
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Dual Driver
with a 100-percent attention to detail. On our Dual Driver earphones nothing has been compromised.
These are simply
the best earphones from us, ever. There’s a reason most cheap in-ear headphones sound the way they do: They only use one driver in each ear, which limits the audio range. If you want more life, more spaciousness, and more oomph out of your favorite tracks, upgrade your headphones to Dual Driver. On the Dual Driver each earpiece contains two separate speakers — one to handle the high and mid frequencies, and one to handle the bass. This separation creates a more rich and filled-out sound that makes any kind of music sound better. The Dual Driver is packed with useful accessories like an airplane adaptor, Dual listening adaptor, tangle-free cables, and extra buds to help your life get easier.
With the 3-button microphone
it is possible to use all the functionality of your Apple iPhone®, BlackBerry® HTC® LG® Samsung® Sony® and Nokia®.
The Dual Driver earphones comes with twice as much speakers tech crammed into the same tiny space, for a greater sound.
Available colors
Dual Driver Youtube Video
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106539
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REST APIs to provide access to the HERE Platform in a fast, pragmatic, easy to use form.
HERE REST APIs provide a flexible and fast access to variety of map data and functionalities. Developers can use HERE Rest APIs to perform tasks ranging from batch geocode requests, advanced traffic incident reports to creating an isoline route.
See below for a list of our REST APIs or click on API explorer to experience the power of HERE REST APIs
Map Tile API See documentation
The Map Tile API returns single map image tiles for all regions of the world and provides you with the world's highest quality and most up-to-date maps; map tiles can be delivered in different sizes, modes and zoom levels to create beautiful maps for your location applications. In addition, the Map Tile API gives you the flexibility to choose from different map display options such as base, hybrid with satellite imagery and terrain, which can be optimized, through different map schemes, for daylight or night mode, desktop or mobile screens, to make certain data more prominent and easier to use in your applications.
Map Image API See documentation
The Map Image API is a REST API that provides fast and easy access to pre-rendered map images for all regions of the world.
You can use this service to display a given geographical position, points of interest, routes, turning points and junction views. Important data such as position, radius, zoom level, map type, etc. are specified by parameters in simple URL requests. You can embed the resulting map images in your applications.
Venue Maps API See documentation
The Venue Maps API allows you to download venues and venue related content in various formats to facilitate integration into various applications. It contains three main service: the Venue Discovery Service, the Tile Content service and the JSON Content service.
The Venue Discovery service enables venues search from anywhere within an area covered by a bounding box.
The Tile Content service permits download of png/js tiles for over 9000 venues. The tiles are pre-rendered images with transparent background intended to be placed as an additional layer on top of the map tiles.
The JSON Content service permits download of JSON models for a more detailed representation of venues including polygons, connectors, access points (entry/exit doorways) and store/POI information. It can be used as a standalone product, if you want to do render it yourself, or in combination with the Tile Content service to create interaction with png-tiles. Content can be rendered to better fit particular application requirements such as background colors, category colors, fonts and more.
Routing API See documentation
The Routing API delivers best routes based on intelligent routing algorithms while taking into account rich sets of attributes embedded in the map. You can get precise instructions on how to get to a destination, estimated time of arrival or optimized routes tailored for different environments. The Routing API includes pedestrian and public transit routing to cater especially to consumer use cases.
Enterprise Routing API See documentation
The Enterprise Routing API delivers best routes based on intelligent routing algorithms while taking into account rich sets of attributes embedded in the map. You can get precise instructions on how to get to a destination, estimated time of arrival or optimized route tailored for different environments. This API leverages some of the highest quality navigable content available in the HERE Maps, such as real-time traffic, historical traffic and truck data to enable enterprise-oriented use cases like truck and isoline routing.
Matrix Routing API See documentation
Matrix Routing API calculates routes between M x N locations and provides additional route related information such as real-time traffic updates. Route information consists of a graphical representation of the route and a detailed turn by turn route description. It enables mapping applications to render the geographical representation of the route together with the map data so that the route is displayed on the map.
Geocoder API See documentation
Geocoder API offers three core functions: geocoding, reverse geocoding, and landmark geocoding. All are available through the same service interface.
• Geocoding finds an address based on text input. In addition to the addresses' geographic coordinates, the response contains complete and correctly spelled addresses. Address input can be a qualified, structured address or a free-form single search text string with full or partial address information.
• Reverse geocoding takes geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude) as input. The reverse geocoding results include the closest street addresses or area information. Results are ranked by proximity to the input location or a single area.
• Landmark geocoding combines geocoding, landmark search and reverse geocoding. It supports search for addresses, areas, regions, landmarks, and locations of national importance. Landmark geocoding supports basic reverse geocoding, accepting a variety of geographic coordinate formats.
Geocoder has global coverage for all 196 countries plus additional territories. Premium coverage including house number level is available for over 90 countries. In these countries you get accurate results with continuously updated automotive grade maps, precision to the door-step with Point Addressing for 222 million addresses in over 50 countries and address range based interpolation and extrapolation anywhere else. Geocoder also includes selected street level coverage for over 40 countries, and selected city level coverage for the remaining countries & territories.
Batch Geocoder API See documentation
The Batch Geocoder API allows users to submit up to a million lines of addresses for geocoding in one upload. Geocoding results are written to a text file, available for download.
For each address input, the result can be either a single record exactly matching the input, or a sequence of records ranked by relevance. Users can either wait for an email notification or poll the status of the job, and download the results when the job is completed.
Custom Location API See documentation
The Custom Location Service permits upload of CSV or XML files containing specific locations or points of interest for further display in your mapping applications. The Custom Location Service gives you the option to choose between automatic and manual geocoding of locations, depending on your application and business environment, and allows you to administer these locations in a database, via an easy-to-use user management module.
The Custom Location Service API provides support for complex geospatial and logical search queries, which allow you to display returned results on the map, within a certain distance or area, or which are subscribed to certain attributes.
Places API See documentation
Places API is a web service that allows you to build interactive applications for places search, discovery, information retrieval and interaction. Applying your own look and feel you can create a service with places features like those available in HERE Maps.
The principle feature of the Places API is to help your users find places and points of interest relevant to them. The API supports text search, with suggestions for place name, type and address. Calling on HERE's global collection of data a discovered place will provide rich information such as address, opening hours, contact number, web site and the geographic position. As an interactive service you can use the Places API to provide your users with the experience of sharing and reviewing places as well as uploading pictures.
Traffic API See documentation
Millions of sensors in major metropolitan areas around the world monitor traffic flows, providing smart flow data and graphs that are accessible via the Traffic API. The Traffic API supports the display of real-time traffic data as flow data or incident data, as well as historical speed patterns.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106551
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and so forth
[and; unstressed uhnd, uhn, or, esp. after a homorganic consonant, n]
added to; plus: 2 and 2 are 4.
then: He read for an hour and went to bed.
also, at the same time: to sleep and dream.
then again; repeatedly: He coughed and coughed.
Archaic. if: and you please. Compare an2.
conjunction ( def 5b ).
before 900; Middle English; Old English and, ond; cognate with Old Saxon, Old High German ant, Old Frisian, Gothic and, Icelandic and-; akin to German und, Dutch en, Sanskrit anti
and, and/or, nor, or (see usage note at the current entry)(see usage note at and/or).
Both and and but, and to a lesser extent or and so, are common as transitional words at the beginnings of sentences in all types of speech and writing: General Jackson thought the attack would come after darkness. And he was right. Any objection to this practice probably stems from the overuse of such sentences by inexperienced writers. When one of these words begins a sentence or an independent clause within a sentence, it is not followed by a comma unless the comma is one of a pair setting off a parenthetical element that follows: John is popular, and he seems to be well adjusted. But, appearances to the contrary, he is often depressed. See also and/or, et cetera, try. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To and so forth
World English Dictionary
and (ænd, (unstressed) ənd, ən)
conj (preceded by good or nice)
1. along with; in addition to: boys and girls
4. (intensifier): the sauce is good and thick
5. plus: two and two equals four
9. an obsolete word for if an, an', Informal spellings: 'n : and it please you
10. (usually plural) an additional matter or problem: ifs, ands, or buts
abbreviation for
Andorra (international car registration)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
O.E. and, ond, orig. meaning "thereupon, next," from P.Gmc. *unda (cf. O.S. endi, O.Fris. anda, M.Du. ende, O.H.G. enti, Ger. und, O.N. enn), cognate with L. ante, Gk. anti (see ante). Phrase and how as an exclamation of emphatic agreement dates from early 1900s.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Abbreviations & Acronyms
1. Andorra (international vehicle ID)
2. Andromeda
The American Heritage® Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Idioms & Phrases
and so forth
Also, and so on. And more of the same, also, and others. For example, At the mall, we shopped, had lunch, shopped some more, and so forth, or She planned to buy an entire outfit in bluedress, shoes, hat, and so on. The first term dates from the late 1500s, the variant from the early 1700s. Also see and the like.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer.
Copyright © 1997. Published by Houghton Mifflin.
Cite This Source
Idioms & Phrases
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106553
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foundation garment
an undergarment, as a girdle or corset, worn by women to support or give shape to the contours of the body.
Also called foundation.
1925–30 Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To foundation garment
World English Dictionary
foundation garment
a woman's undergarment worn to shape and support the figure; brassiere or corset
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Example sentences
My slinky sorceress' robe will have a chain mail foundation garment, at minimum.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106554
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a combining form meaning “air,” “breath,” “spirit,” used in the formation of compound words: pneumatology; pneumatophore.
Also, pneumo-; especially before a vowel, pneumat-.
< Greek, combining form of pneûma; see pneuma Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To pneumato-
World English Dictionary
combining form
air; breath or breathing; spirit: pneumatophore; pneumatology
[from Greek pneuma, pneumat-, breath; see pneuma]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Medical Dictionary
pneumato- or pneumat-
1. Air; gas: pneumatocardia.
2. Breath; respiration: pneumatograph.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106555
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principle equivalence
principle of equivalence
noun Physics. Unabridged
equivalence principle
noun Physics.
(in relativity) the principle that, in any small region of space-time, the effects of a gravitational field are indistinguishable from those of an appropriate acceleration of the frame of reference.
Also called Einstein's equivalency principle, principle of equivalence.
1915–20 Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To principle equivalence
American Heritage
Science Dictionary
equivalence principle (ĭ-kwĭv'ə-ləns) Pronunciation Key
A principle central to General Relativity stating that a gravitational field is locally indistinguishable from the effects of inertial forces. For example, according to the equivalence principle, it is impossible for someone in a box who experiences a force pushing him to the bottom of the box to know, from the force alone, whether that force is the result of a gravitational field (the box is standing on the surface of a planet) or an acceleration (the box is being pushed by a rocket).
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106556
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1 [soo-er]
verb (used with object)
to provide or equip with sewers: a tax increase necessary to sewer the neighborhood.
1375–1425; late Middle English suer(e) < dialectal Old French se(u)wiere overflow channel (compare Old French ess(e)ouer(e) ditch) < Latin *exaquāria drain for carrying water off, equivalent to Latin ex- ex- + aqu(a) water + -āria, feminine of -ārius -ary; see sew2, -er2
sewerless, adjective
sewerlike, adjective Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To sewerlike
World English Dictionary
sewer1 (ˈsuːə)
1. a drain or pipe, esp one that is underground, used to carry away surface water or sewage
2. (tr) to provide with sewers
[C15: from Old French esseveur, from essever to drain, from Vulgar Latin exaquāre (unattested), from Latin ex-1 + aqua water]
sewer2 (ˈsəʊə)
a person or thing that sews
sewer3 (ˈsuːə)
(in medieval England) a servant of high rank in charge of the serving of meals and the seating of guests
[C14: shortened from Anglo-French asseour, from Old French asseoir to cause to sit, from Latin assidēre, from sedēre to sit]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
"conduit," 1402, from Anglo-Fr. sewere, O.N.Fr. sewiere "sluice from a pond" (13c.), lit. "something that makes water flow," from aphetic form of Gallo-Romance *exaquaria (cf. M.Fr. esseveur), from L. ex- "out" + aquaria, fem. of aquarius "pertaining to water," from aqua "water."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Related Words
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106559
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March 22, 2013
Y chromosomes and mtDNA from the Maldives
Of interest from the paper:
AJPA DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22256
Jeroen Pijpe et al.
hairysteve20 said...
If I recall correctly the Arab traveler and historian Ibn Battuta wrote about the Maldives and said that he entered into a temporary marriage with a local woman whilst there. This was apparently a custom in the islands at the time (14th Century).
That could explain the presence of west asian paternal admixture, that is Arab traders being given local wives for the duration of their stay on the islands.
terryt said...
Indicating these haplogroups are recent additions to the South Asian set.
Nathan Paul said...
Yes they came with Muslim settlers and , Spice Trades. Before Oil discovery Muslims are the vikings of those seas and also Arabs are the hired mercenaries for lot of Indian Kings. Their localities still today named Arab Colony etc. . May be they will find more wherever the ports are there.
SB said...
J and G are very much present in south asian non Muslims, and have been there for a long time. Extrapolating Maldives to all of South Asia (even south India) makes no sense. Look at table1 by arunkumar, wells To see what I mean.
Navaf Jd said...
Absence of J1 clades suggests that J2 would have overwhelmingly come from south Asian mainland. Compare the results to Singalese Buddhists who have J2.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106577
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a concrete counter that is a bit unusual in that the surface layer is just concrete dye. It looks awesome, very earthy mix of colors, but unfortunantly it cracks, pulls up a bit. I tried patching with SpectraLOCK grout, and while it seems to work, and be stronger, it is sanded, and I need an unsanded grout.
Looking around I didn't find any epoxy type grouts that are unsanded. Any recommendations?
share|improve this question
closed as too localized by Tester101 Aug 24 '12 at 19:33
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106585
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Tweaking the compiler configuration
Whether you are using groovyc to compile classes or a GroovyShell, for example, to execute scripts, under the hood, a compiler configuration is used. This configuration holds information like the source encoding or the classpath but it can also be used to perform more operations like adding imports by default, applying AST transformations transparently or disabling global AST transformations.
Compilation customizers
Before Groovy 1.8.0, doing tasks like adding imports transparently (for DSLs) was a bit complicated. It involved writing a custom GroovyClassLoader and lots of trickery. The goal of compilation customizers is to make those common tasks easy to implement. For that, the CompilerConfiguration class is the entry point. The general schema will always be based on the following code:
Compilation customizers must extend the org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.CompilationCustomizer class. A customizer works:
• on a specific compilation phase
• on every class node being compiled
You can implement your own compilation customizer but Groovy includes some of the most common operations.
The import customizer
Using this compilation customizer, your code will have imports added transparently. This is in particular useful for scripts implementing a DSL where you want to avoid users from having to write imports. The import customizer will let you add all the variants of imports the Groovy language allows, that is:
• class imports, optionally aliased
• star imports
• static imports, optionally aliased
• static star imports
The AST transformation customizer
The AST transformation customizer is meant to apply AST transformations transparently. Unlike global AST transformations that apply on every class beeing compiled as long as the transform is found on classpath (which has drawbacks like increasing the compilation time or side effects due to transformations applied where they should not), the customizer will allow you to selectively apply a transform only for specific scripts or classes.
As an example, let's say you want to be able to use @Log in a script. The problem is that @Log is normally applied on a class node and a script, by definition, doesn't require one. But implementation wise, scripts are classes, it's just that you cannot annotate this implicit class node with @Log. Using the AST customizer, you have a workaround to do it:
That's all! Internally, the @Log AST transformation is applied to every class node in the compilation unit. This means that it will be applied to the script, but also to classes defined within the script.
If the AST transformation that you are using accepts parameters, you can use parameters in the constructor too:
As the AST transformation customizers works with objects instead of AST nodes, not all values can be converted to AST transformation parameters. For example, primitive types are converted to ConstantExpression (that is 'LOGGER' is converted to new ConstantExpression('LOGGER'), but if your AST transformation takes a closure as an argument, then you have to give it a ClosureExpression, like in the following example:
The SecureASTCustomizer
This customizer will allow the developer of a DSL to restrict the grammar of the language, to prevent users from using some constructs, for example. It is only "secure" in that sense only and it is very important to understand that it does not replace a security manager. The only reason for it to exist is to limit the expressiveness of the language. This customizer only works at the AST (abstract syntax tree) level, not at runtime! It can be strange at first glance, but it makes much more sense if you think of Groovy as a platform to build DSLs. You may not want a user to have a complete language at hand. In the example below, we will demonstrate it using an example of language that only allows arithmetic operations, but this customizer allows you to:
• allow/disallow creation of closures
• allow/disallow imports
• allow/disallow package definition
• allow/disallow definition of methods
• restrict the receivers of method calls
• restrict the kind of AST expressions a user can use
• restrict the tokens (grammar-wise) a user can use
• restrict the types of the constants that can be used in code
For all those features, the secure AST customizer works using either a whitelist (list of elements that are allowed) or a blacklist (list of elements that are disallowed). For each type of feature (imports, tokens, ...) you have the choice to use either a whitelist or a blacklist, but you can mix whitelists and blacklists for distinct features. In general, you will choose whitelists (disallow all, allow selected).
If what the secure AST customizer provides out of the box isn't enough for your needs, before creating your own compilation customizer, you might be interested in the expression and statement checkers that the AST customizer supports. Basically, it allows you to add custom checks on the AST tree, on expressions (expression checkers) or statements (statement checkers). For this, you must implement org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer.StatementChecker or org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer.ExpressionChecker.
Those interfaces define a single method called isAuthorized, returning a boolean, and taking a Statement (or Expression) as a parameter. It allows you to perform complex logic over expressions or statements to tell if a user is allowed to do it or not. As an example, let's think of a DSL for which you want to make sure that users only call methods for which the name is in lowercase:
Here, we say that if the expression is a method call expression, then we can check the name and return true only if it's all lowercase. Otherwise, the expression is allowed.
The SourceAwareCustomizer
This customizer, available since Groovy 2.1.0 only, is a bit special in the sense that it may be used as a filter for other customizers. The filter, in that case, is the org.codehaus.groovy.control.SourceUnit. For this, the source aware customizer takes another customizer as a delegate, and it will apply customization of that delegate only and only if predicates on the source unit match.
SourceUnit gives you access to interesting things, in particular the file being compiled (if compiling from a file, of course), which gives you the potential to perform operation based on the file name, for example. Here is how you would create a source aware customizer:
Then you can use predicates on the source aware customizer:
The customization builder
If you are using compilation customizers in Groovy code (like the examples above) and you are using Groovy 2.1+, then you can use an alternative syntax to customize the compilation. A builder org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.builder.CompilerCustomizationBuilder is available. Creating a customizer has never been so easy!
The code sample above shows how to use the builder. A static method, withConfig, takes a closure corresponding to the builder code, and automatically registers compilation customizers to the configuration. You can use:
For the AST customizer
Secure ast
Source based
Inlining a customizer
Inlined customizer allows you to write a compilation customizer directly, without having to create a dedicated class for it.
Multiple customizers
Of course, the builder allows you to define multiple customizers at once:
Configuring compilation using groovyc or the ant task
For now, we've shown you how to customize compilation using a CompilationConfiguration access, but this is only possible if you embed Groovy and that you create your own instances of CompilerConfiguration (be it with GroovyShellGroovyScriptEngine, ...). But if you want it to be applied on the classes you compile (with groovycant or gradle, for example), until Groovy 2.1.0, there was no way to do that.
Since Groovy 2.1.0 (and Groovy 2.1.1 for the groovy Ant task), it is possible to use a compilation flag named configscript that takes a groovy configration script as a parameter. This script gives you access to the CompilerConfiguration instance before the files are compiled (exposed as a variable named configuration), so that you can tweak it. It also transparently integrates the compiler configuration builder above.
Static compilation by default
Since static compilation has been released, many people asked for it to be enabled by default. For various reasons, including the fact that we think you should only limit static compilation to pieces of code where you have performance problems, we never included such a feature. Other people asked for default imports too. Since we didn't want to add lots of flags for each and every magic that Groovy can do, we decided to go for a configuration script. This means that having static compilation by default is just a matter of compiling classes using this configuration file. And the content is very easy:
You don't need to add an import for the builder, it's automatically added. Then, compile your files using the following command line:
We strongly recommand you to separate configuration files from classes, hence the src/main and src/conf directories above.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106601
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What the Zuk: KeePass is an essential tool for your online security
What the Zuk is a (very) occasional feature, in which I review software that I have been using for many years, and which is instrumental for my work. These are the first tools I install on every new system, the reliable work-horse applications I turn to for every need. In each installment I will explain what makes this particular program special, and why I find it so vital for my computing experience.
You need a password manager!
If you already use a password manager (such as LastPass), feel free to skip this part. But if you don't currently use one, let me reiterate: you need a password manager.
Saying "safeguarding your identity online is important" is almost like saying "wearing a seat belt is important"; that's quite an understatement to make. There's no lack of incentive: 2010 had some very high-profile security breaches, and it may very well be that your account (or a loved one's account) was impacted.
But theory is one thing, and practice is something different entirely. Using a password manager may feel counter-intuitive: if I know my password by heart, I feel like it's "mine"; it feels private, personal, and "secret". Writing it down somewhere might make it feel like it's not as private.
KeePassAlso, you can only memorize so many passwords. True, some people use complex algorithms to create a different password for every site, but sadly, most people simply resort to using the same password everywhere. And that's where things become dangerous: since most people also use the same username everywhere, one random security breach on a website you've only used a couple of times may bring down the entire stack of cards. A diligent hacker could go around with your newly-acquired username and password, and log onto all sorts of interesting accounts under your name.
When you use a password manager and generate a unique, random password for every site, a security breach will usually have a minimal impact on your life. But using such a system also means you won't actually know the passwords to many of your accounts: they'll all be filed in your password manager, and not in your head. So you need a really reliable password manager. Which brings me to the next part:
Why KeePass
First and foremost, KeePass is reliable. I've been using it for about three years now, and have yet to experience a single data loss. It just works. I cannot stress how critical this one factor is: losing your KeePass database is akin to losing your entire online presence.
While reliability is key, it's not the only thing KeePass has going for it. Here are several other things I like about it:
KeePass is very, very fast to use. Searches are instant even with a database containing hundreds of entries (mine contains around 300 individual entries). It opens the database very quickly, even when it's encrypted using a long passphrase, a 256-bit key and 6,000 transformation rounds.
Offline functionality
Ultimately, KeePass is just a small utility with a tiny database. It doesn't require you to be online to use; it still works when your Web connection breaks down, or even on a system that never had such a connection. It's fully portable, requires no installation, and takes up only 3MB. It does not depend on any particular browser.
File synchronization (for Dropbox)
I use KeePass both on my desktop computer and on my laptop. It sometimes happens I make a change to the database (modify a password, add a new account) using the laptop, while KeePass is still running with the database open on the desktop.
Rather than freak out or overwrite the change, the desktop instance of KeePass detects that the database has been modified while it was open, and offers to synchronize it for me. A single click syncs the database, and any changes I made using the laptop now appear on the desktop database.
Of course, sync isn't required if you always make sure to close the desktop copy before modifying it using the laptop, but still – it's a very nice touch, and makes KeePass feel that much more solid.
KeePassDroidAndroid client (and more)
Using KeePassDroid and Dropbox for Android, I can access my KeePass database while I'm on the go. Typing my master passphrase on an Android device is a tedious affair, but still, it's nice to be able to open the database from anywhere.
There are also versions for PocketPC, Windows Phone 7, iPhone, J2ME phones, BlackBerry, PalmOS (!), Linux and OS X. In short, you can get KeePass to run just about anywhere you need it to.
Password generator
When creating a new user account, it's not always easy to come up with a random, secure password. KeePass has a built-in password generator, accessible right from the Add Entry dialog (and also from the menu, as a stand-alone dialog). By default, the generator simply creates very long, totally random passwords. But with a bit of tweaking, it can produce pronounceable passwords, or passwords according to any sort of pattern you wish to use. You can specify "a vowel first, then two consonants, then a digit, then a capital letter" and KeePass would generate a large list of passwords conforming to the pattern.
Better yet, you define a pattern and set it as the default for newly generated passwords, so that every new account you add has a pre-filled password with your favorite pattern.
The history feature
Back in July, I published a rant lamenting the lack of a read-only mode for KeePass 2.x. Reader Ariel Horwitz then taught me something new in the comments: KeePass has a history feature. Every time I modify an existing password, the old password is automatically saved, along with the date and time of the change, under the History tab for that entry. That's an incredible feature, because it means even if you modify the database mistakenly, save it and close it, you would still have access to your previous password. A beautiful feature, really.
KeePass has several auto-type interfaces; personally, I use the following sequence:
• Access the website I need, and make sure the Username textbox has keyboard focus (i.e, is waiting for text).
• Bring up the KeePass window using the global hotkey (Ctrl+Alt+K by default).
• The Search box is now active. I just type any part of the title or username for the site I need, and hit ENTER. The list is then populated with only the relevant entries (usually just one).
• I hit Ctrl+V
• KeePass now reactivates the most recently active window (which is the browser), types my username, hits TAB, types the password and hits ENTER. This simple sequence is enough to log me in to just about any website or online service.
That's a fairly rudimentary way of letting KeePass type for you; I know it may seem like I perform a lot of steps, but it's actually very fast.
KeePass also has a more advanced auto-type feature which matches the window title to a database entry, so that you don't even have to bring up the KeePass window: you just hit a global hotkey, and your username/password pair for this particular website is automatically typed. That's a tad too automated for me, but the option is there if you like that level of sophistication.
Customizable columns
By default, KeePass shows the entry title, and a bunch of asterisks for the password (and maybe the username too, I can't recall). Luckily, this can be easily changed. My KeePass shows the title, the username (not as asterisks) and the last modification date for each entry.
This way, I can see at a glance what new user accounts I opened in the past few days, or find the oldest passwords in my database (dating back to 2007, but mostly for services I no longer use).
There are a ton of other columns you can toggle, including the URL, notes, creation time, expiry time (you can have passwords expire) – it's infinitely customizable.
KeePass on Sourceforge
KeePass is an open-source project. As such, I can be assured that smart and supremely paranoid geeks reviewed the code for possible flaws and vulnerabilities. That doesn't mean they found every possible bug, but it's a heck of a lot better than a closed-source product requiring me to trust a company with vested commercial interests and PR managers who may be afraid to expose security holes.
While we're on the subject, this would be a good time to mention KeePass 2.14 was just released, with a whole bunch of new features. The KeePass developer base is certainly active.
Bottom line
This was not a comprehensive overview of KeePass; these are just a few of my favorite features. Use the comments to let me know what are your favorite KeePass features.
Also, KeePass is not the only good password manager in existence. It's just a very, very good one. As I said at the outset – if you're already using a password manager, carry on. But if you or your loved ones are not yet sold on the concept of letting your computer remember your passwords for you – this is one New Year's resolution you won't regret.
Tags: apps, encryption, features, keepass, passwords, privacy, review, security, utilities, zukerlist
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Tuesday, August 07, 2007
Presenting yet another option for desktop wallpaper. Its called "sliding" because it reminds me of sliding doors being opened (or shut).
Today's Gratitude Item: Getting to bed around an hour early. This is mainly because I need to get up an hour early, but actually getting everything done "on schedule" is certainly a reason for gratitude.
1 comment:
Wontar said...
Your work is absolutely amazing! No two ways about it. This is so very very good!
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General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, by Keynes
Table of Contents
Preface to the German Edition
Preface to the Japanese Edition
Preface to the French Edition
1. The General Theory
2. The Postulates of the Classical Economics
3. The Principle of Effective Demand
4. The Choice of Units
5. Expectation as Determining Output and Employment
6. The Definition of Income, Saving and Investment
7. The Meaning of Saving and Investment Further Considered
8. The Propensity to Consume: I. The Objective Factors
9. The Propensity to Consume: II. The Subjective Factors
10. The Marginal Propensity to Consume and the Multiplier
11. The Marginal Efficiency of Capital
12. The State of Long-Term Expectation
13. The General Theory of the Rate of Interest
14. The Classical Theory of the Rate of Interest
15. The Psychological and Business Incentives to Liquidity
16. Sundry Observations on the Nature of Capital
17. The Essential Properties of Interest and Money
18. The General Theory of Employment Re-Stated
19. Changes in Money-Wages
20. The Employment Function
21. The Theory of Prices
22. Notes on the Trade Cycle
23. Notes on Mercantilism, the Usury Laws, Stamped Money and Theories of Under-Consumption
24. Concluding Notes on the Social Philosophy Towards which the General Theory Might Lead
1. Printing Errors in the First Edition Corrected in the Present Edition
2. Fluctuations in Net Investment in the United States
3. Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output
Last updated Saturday, March 1, 2014 at 20:38
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Primary Distribution Voltage Levels
Primary Distribution Voltage Levels
Most distribution voltages are between 4 and 35 kV. In this article, unless otherwise specified, voltages are given as line-to-line voltages; this follows normal industry practice, but it is sometimes a source of confusion.
The four major voltage classes are 5, 15, 25, and 35 kV. A voltage class is a term applied to a set of distribution voltages and the equipment common to them; it is not the actual system voltage.
For example, a 15-kV insulator is suitable for application on any 15-kV class voltage, including 12.47 kV, 13.2 kV, and 13.8 kV. Cables, terminations, insulators, bushings, reclosers, and cutouts all have a voltage class rating. Only voltage-sensitive equipment like surge arresters, capacitors, and transformers have voltage ratings dependent on the actual system voltage.
Utilities most widely use the 15-kV voltages as shown by the survey results of North American utilities in Figure 1. The most common 15-kV voltage is 12.47 kV, which has a line-to-ground voltage of 7.2 kV.
The dividing line between distribution and subtransmission is often gray. Some lines act as both subtransmission and distribution circuits. A 34.5-kV circuit may feed a few 12.5-kV distribution substations, but it may also serve some load directly.
Some utilities would refer to this as subtransmission, others as distribution.
Usage of different distribution voltage classes (n = 107)
Figure 1 - Usage of different distribution voltage classes (n = 107). (Data from IEEE Working Group on Distribution Protection, 1995)
The last half of the 20th century saw a move to higher voltage primary distribution systems. Higher-voltage distribution systems have advantages and disadvantages (see Advantages and disadvantages of higher voltage distribution below).
The great advantage of higher voltage systems is that they carry more power for a given current.
Higher Voltage Distribution
Voltage drop - A higher-voltage circuit has less voltage drop for a given power flow.
Capacity - A higher-voltage system can carry more power for a given ampacity.
Losses - For a given level of power flow, a higher-voltage system has fewer line losses.
Reach - With less voltage drop and more capacity, higher voltage circuits can cover a much wider area.
Fewer substations - Because of longer reach, higher-voltage distribution systems need fewer substations.
Reliability - An important disadvantage of higher voltages: longer circuits mean more customer interruptions.
Crew safety and acceptance - Crews do not like working on higher-voltage distribution systems.
Equipment cost - From transformers to cable to insulators, higher-voltage equipment costs more.
Information above shows maximum power levels typically supplied by various distribution voltages.
Less current means lower voltage drop, fewer losses, and more power-carrying capability. Higher voltage systems need fewer voltage regulators and capacitors for voltage support. Utilities can use smaller con-ductors on a higher voltage system or carry more power on the same size conductor.
Table 1 - Power Supplied by Each Distribution Voltage for a Current of 400 A
System Voltage (kV)Total Power (MVA)
Utilities can run much longer distribution circuits at a higher primary voltage, which means fewer distribution substations. Some fundamental relationships are:
Power – For the same current, power changes linearly with voltage.
Power formula
when I2 = I1
Current – For the same power, increasing the voltage decreases current linearly.
Current formula
when P2 = P1
Voltage drop – For the same power delivered, the percentage voltage drop changes as the ratio of voltages squared. A 12.47-kV circuit has four times the percentage voltage drop as a 24.94-kV circuit carrying the same load.
Voltage drop formula
when P2 = P1
Area coverage – For the same load density, the area covered increases linearly with voltage: A 24.94-kV system can cover twice the area of a 12.47-kV system; a 34.5-kV system can cover 2.8 times the area of a 12.47-kV system.
Area coverage formula
V1, V= voltage on circuits 1 and 2
P1, P= power on circuits 1 and 2
I1, I= current on circuits 1 and 2
V%1, V%2 = voltage drop per unit length in percent on circuits 1 and 2
A1, A2 = area covered by circuits 1 and 2
The squaring effect on voltage drop is significant. It means that doubling the system voltage quadruples the load that can be supplied over the same distance (with equal percentage voltage drop); or, twice the load can be supplied over twice the distance; or, the same load can be supplied over four times the distance.
Resistive line losses are also lower on higher-voltage systems, especially in a voltage-limited circuit. Thermally limited systems have more equal losses, but even in this case higher voltage systems have fewer losses.
Line crews do not like higher voltage distribution systems as much. In addition to the widespread perception that they are not as safe, gloves are thicker, and procedures are generally more stringent. Some utilities will not glove 25- or 35-kV voltages and only use hotsticks.
The main disadvantage of higher-voltage systems is reduced reliability. Higher voltages mean longer lines and more exposure to lightning, wind, dig-ins, car crashes, and other fault causes. A 34.5-kV, 30-mi mainline is going to have many more interruptions than a 12.5-kV system with an 8-mi main-line. To maintain the same reliability as a lower voltage distribution system, a higher-voltage primary must have more switches, more automation, more tree trimming, or other reliability improvements.
Higher voltage systems also have more voltage sags and momentary interruptions. More exposure causes more momentary interruptions. Higher voltage systems have more voltage sags because faults further from the substation can pull down the station’s voltage (on a higher voltage system the line impedance is lower relative to the source impedance).
Cost comparison between circuits is difficult (see Table 2 for one utility’s cost comparison). Higher voltage equipment costs more – cables, insulators, transformers, arresters, cutouts, and so on. But higher voltage circuits can use smaller conductors. The main savings of higher-voltage distribution is fewer substations.
Higher voltage systems also have lower annual costs from losses.
Table 2 – Costs of 34.5 kV Relative to 12.5 kV
Subdivision without bulk feeders1.251.13
Subdivision with bulk feeders1.000.85
Bulk feeders0.550.55
Commercial areas1.05–1.251.05–1.25
Source: Jones, A.I., Smith, B.E., and Ward, D.J., “Considerations for Higher Voltage Distribution,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 782–8, April 1992.
As far as ongoing maintenance, higher voltage systems require less substation maintenance, but higher voltage systems should have more tree trimming and inspections to maintain reliability. Conversion to a higher voltage is an option for providing additional capacity in an area. Conversion to higher voltages is most beneficial when substation space is hard to find and load growth is high.
If the existing subtransmission voltage is 34.5 kV, then using that voltage for distribution is attractive; addi-tional capacity can be met by adding customers to existing 34.5-kV lines (a neutral may need to be added to the 34.5-kV subtransmission line).
Higher voltage systems are also more prone to ferroresonance. Radio inter-ference is also more common at higher voltages.
Overall, the 15-kV class voltages provide a good balance between cost, reliability, safety, and reach. Although a 15-kV circuit does not naturally provide long reach, with voltage regulators and feeder capacitors it can be stretched to reach 20 mi or more. That said, higher voltages have advantages, especially for rural lines and for high-load areas, particularly where substa-tion space is expensive.
Many utilities have multiple voltages (as shown by the survey data in Figure 1). Even one circuit may have multiple voltages. For example, a utility may install a 12.47-kV circuit in an area presently served by 4.16 kV. Some of the circuit may be converted to 12.47 kV, but much of it can be left as is and coupled through 12.47/4.16-kV step-down transformer banks.
Resource: Electric distribution equipment and systems by T. A. Short (Buy the book at Amazon)
1. Dorin Pestereanu
Jun 30, 2014
Very useful for lines electricians and electrical engineers ; Many thanks !
2. [...] are competitive in urban and suburban residential installations, which constitute the bulk of the distribution systems.The conductors used underground (see Figure 1) are insulated for their full length and several of [...]
3. [...] that the voltage transformer can supply to the secondary when it is connected under its rated primary voltage and connected to its accuracyload. It must not introduce an error in excess of the values [...]
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The term instrumentation amplifier (INA) often is misused, referring to the application rather than the architecture of the device. Historically, any amplifier that was considered precision (i.e., implementing some sort of input offset correction) was considered an INA, since it was designed for use in measurement systems. INAs are related to operational amplifiers (op amps), since they are based on the same basic building blocks. But an INA is a specialized device, designed for a specific function, as opposed to a fundamental building block. In this regard, INAs aren’t op amps, since they are designed to function differently.
Table Of Contents
• Primary Differences
• Difference Amp
• Two-Op-Amp INA
• Three-Op-Amp INA
• INA And Op-Amp Specifications
• Wheatstone Bridge
• Review
Primary Differences
Perhaps the most notable difference between an INA and an op amp in terms of usage is the lack of a feedback loop. Op amps can be configured to perform a wide variety of functions, including inverting gain, non-inverting gain, voltage follower, integrator, low-pass filter, high-pass filter, and many more. In all cases, the user is providing a feedback loop from the output of the op amp to the input, and that feedback loop determines the function of the amplifier circuit. This flexibility is why op amps are ubiquitous in a wide variety of applications. An INA, on the other hand, has this feedback internally, so there isn’t an external feedback to the input pins. For an INA, the configuration is limited to one or two external resistors, or perhaps a programmable register, to set the gain of the amplifier.
INAs are specifically designed and used for their differential-gain and common-mode-rejection (CMR) capabilities. The INA will amplify the difference between the inverting and non-inverting inputs while rejecting any signal that is common to both inputs, resulting in no common-mode component being present at the output of the INA. An op amp configured for gain (either inverting or non-inverting) will amplify the input signal by the set closed-loop gain, but the common-mode signal will remain at the output. The difference in gain between the signal of interest and the common-mode signal reduces common mode (as a percentage of the differential signal), but the common mode is still present at the output of the op amp, which limits the dynamic range of the output.
As mentioned, INAs are used to extract a small signal in the presence of a large common mode, but this common-mode component can take many forms. When using a sensor in a Wheatstone bridge configuration (which we will explore later), there is a large dc voltage that is common to both inputs. However, interference signals can take many forms. One common source is 50- or 60-Hz interference from the power lines, not to mention the harmonics. This time-varying error source often fluctuates greatly across frequency as well, making it extremely difficult to compensate for at the output of the INA. These variances make specifying CMR important, not only at dc but also across a range of frequencies.
Difference Amp
Designers may ask if they can build an INA out of simple op amps. The short answer is that they can. But there are always tradeoffs! One may first think of a simple difference amplifier circuit, sometimes called a subtractor, that provides for differential gain and has some CMR, which is exactly what an INA is intended to do (Fig. 1). This circuit presents several tradeoffs.
1. Analyzing the limitations of difference amplifiers helps in understanding why it isn’t easy to make an INA out of a handful of op amps.
First, consider input impedance. It is relatively low, as determined by the values of the resistors, which may be on the order of 100 kΩ. Second, the input impedances aren’t matched, meaning a different current will flow through each leg, causing the CMR to suffer. The other shortcoming of this simple circuit is the need for resistor matching. The level of matching within the resistor pairs, not the op amp itself, predominately determines its CMR. Any mismatch in these resistor pairs will reduce the CMR, which can be calculated as:
CMR = 20 log [(1 + R2/R1)/Rt]
Where Rt = total mismatch of the resistor pairs in fractional form. For example, assume R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 (providing unity gain), and the resistor mismatch is 1%. Using the above equation:
CMR = 20 log (1 + 10.01)
CMR = 46 dB
As this example shows, the performance one can achieve with this simple circuit is extremely limited. Even when matching resistors by hand, a CMR any greater than 66 dB will be difficult to achieve. In addition, this does not address fluctuations due to temperature, as any difference in temperature coefficients among the resistors will further increase the mismatch and result in worse CMR. Accounting for all of these factors and limitations, a monolithic difference amplifier is usually the best solution for relatively high-performance applications.
The difference-amplifier circuit discussed previously technically isn’t an INA, but it is useful for certain applications requiring high speed and/or high common-mode voltage levels. For precision applications, an actual INA is often the best choice. Two common circuits are utilized to create an INA, one based on two amplifiers and one based on three amplifiers. Both will be discussed in detail. Note that these basic circuits can be constructed using standard op amps, but they are also the underlying circuit concepts used in many of the monolithic INAs offered today.
Two-Op-Amp INA
This popular INA circuit is based on two amplifiers (Fig. 2). In this circuit, the overall gain is set via one resistor, noted below as RG, such that:
G = 1 + R2/R1 + (2*R2)/RG
2. In a two-op-amp INA, a single resistor sets gain. Unity gain is impossible, and common-mode range is limited.
One of the limitations of this circuit architecture is that it does not support unity gain. Although most INAs are used to provide gain (and hence unity gain is not critical), some applications specifically use an INA strictly for CMR. So, it is reasonable to assume that an INA may be used in a unity-gain configuration for some applications.
Another drawback of the two-op-amp INA is the input’s limited common-mode range, especially at lower gains and when it’s used with single-supply op amps. Keep in mind that the amplifier on the left-hand side of Figure 2 must amplify the input signal at the non-inverting node by 1 + R1/R2. Thus, if the common mode of the input signal is too high, the amplifier will saturate (run out of headroom on the output). At higher gains, there is more amplifier headroom and the circuit can support a wider input signal CMR, all else being equal.
One of the limitations of the difference-amplifier circuit discussed previously is its low input impedance. The two-op-amp INA circuit does not have this issue, since the two differential input signals feed directly into the input pins of the amplifiers, which generally have impedances in the millions of ohms. But, due to the difference in the input signal paths, there is a delay difference between the differential input signals, which results in poor CMR across frequency—a critical specification for INAs. Similar to the difference-amplifier circuit, the matching of the resistor ratios once again limits the CMR at dc.
A monolithic INA based on this two-op-amp architecture will inherently have better resistor matching and temperature tracking, relative to a discrete solution, as silicon-based resistors can be trimmed to provide matching on the order of 0.01%. Still, the two-op-amp INA architecture has some definite limitations that cannot be overcome without changing the architecture of the circuit.
Three-Op-Amp INA
The second common INA circuit is based on three op amps (Fig. 3). The back half of this circuitry is identical to the difference amplifier that was previously discussed. The addition of two op-amp buffers on the front end of the circuit provides a high, well-matched impedance source, alleviating one of the main concerns with the simple differential circuit. The differential amplifier at the end provides the rejection of the common-mode component.
3. In the traditional three-op-amp INA, RG sets actual signal gain, but common-mode signals are only passed through the first two amplifiers at unity gain.
In this configuration, the circuit gain is set via the value of the resistor labeled RG. Looking at the input stage, consisting of the two op amps, any common-mode signal is only amplified by unity gain, regardless of the differential gain (set by RG) in the first two amplifiers. Hence, this circuitry can accommodate a wide common-mode range (limited by the headroom of the first two amplifiers), regardless of the gain. This is an advantage over the two-op-amp INA. The difference amplifier will then remove any common-mode components. Similar to the previous architectures that have been discussed, the CMR performance depends on the resistor ratio matching:
CMR = 20 log (gain * 100Rt)
where Rt = total mismatch of the resistor pairs. Because the common-mode component always sees unity gain, the CMR of the three-op-amp INA will increase proportionally with the amount of differential gain.
Several monolithic INAs are based on this circuit concept. A monolithic solution offers very well matched amplifiers, and the ability to use trimmed resistors results in good CMR and gain accuracy. More recently, monolithic INAs have improved this basic architecture. Current-mode topologies, for example, eliminate the need for precision resistor matching to achieve high CMR. In any case, a discrete solution using op amps and discrete components typically will be more costly and result in degraded performance.
INA And Op-Amp Specifications
Because op amps and INAs are related, and op amps can be used to construct INAs, there are some specifications that are common to both amps and INAs. But there are also specifications that are unique to INAs, due to the specific functionality of such a device. Two important specifications for measurement applications that are common between op amps and INAs are input bias current and input offset voltage/offset voltage drift.
Input bias current is the amount of current flow into the inputs of the amplifier that is required to bias the input transistors. The magnitude of this current can vary from microamps down to picoamps, and it greatly depends on the architecture of the amplifier-input circuitry. This parameter becomes extremely important when connecting a high-impedance sensor to an amplifier’s input. As the bias current flows through this high impedance, a voltage drop occurs across the impedance, resulting in a voltage error. Whether the circuit contains an op amp or an INA, bias current can play a critical role in the overall error budget of the circuitry.
Another important amplifier specification common to both op amps and INAs is input offset voltage. As the name implies, this specification is the amplifier’s voltage difference between the inverting and non-inverting inputs. This voltage offset depends on the topology of the amplifier, and it can range from microvolts to millivolts in magnitude. Like all electrical components, amplifiers will change behavior over temperature. This is certainly true of the amplifier’s voltage offset. The voltage offset is a source of error. As the offset drifts over temperature, this error becomes correlated to the temperature. Even a high-precision amplifier will be susceptible to temperature drift. Selecting a low-drift amplifier, such as an amplifier with a zero-drift topology, or implementing periodic system calibrations to calibrate out the offset and drift, can minimize this error source.
Due to the specialized nature of INAs, there are additional specifications that aren’t typically found in standard op-amp datasheets, including gain error and a non-linearity specification. Gain error is typically specified as a maximum percentage, and it represents the maximum deviation from the ideal gain equation for that particular amplifier. Variations in resistor values and temperature gradients among the resistor networks can all contribute to gain error.
The non-linearity specification also describes the amplifier’s gain characteristic. This specification defines the maximum variation from an ideal straight-line transfer function when comparing output versus input. For example, if an INA is configured for a gain of 10, then a dc input of 100 mV should produce 1 V at the output. If the input is taken up to 500 mV, then the output should be 5 V. These two points represent the straight-line input-to-output transfer function for the amplifier. The non-linearity specification highlights any deviation from this straight line.
Wheatstone Bridge
Since INAs are designed to provide differential gain and good rejection of common-mode signals, they are very popular for sensors (such as strain gauges) arranged in the classic Wheatstone-bridge configuration. A Wheatstone bridge for a strain-gauge application consists of four elements arranged in a diamond pattern, with each side consisting of a resistive element (either a strain gauge or a fixed resistor). An excitation voltage is then applied to the bridge, and the output voltage across the middle of the bridge is measured.
A quarter bridge consists of only one variable-resistor element—the strain gauge. A half bridge has two variable-resistor elements. A full bridge has all four elements as variable-resistor elements—in this case, strain gauges. The advantage of more strain gauges is an increase in sensitivity. All else being equal, a half-bridge configuration will have twice the sensitivity as a quarter bridge, while the full bridge will have four times the sensitivity as the quarter bridge (Fig. 4). In this example, the Wheatstone bridge is excited by a dc source. Assuming VDD is set to 5 V, this creates a dc common mode of approximately 2.5 V at the center taps of the bridge.
4. INAs are popular for resistive sensors in Wheatstone-bridge configurations. A quarter bridge consists of only a strain gauge, a half bridge has two variable resistors, and a full bridge has four. The more elements there are, the greater the sensitivity.
A force applied to the strain gauges will change their respective resistances, creating a small voltage differential across the center taps. This voltage change is very small relative to the common-mode voltage, typically on the order of 10 mV—hence the need to amplify this small differential voltage. An INA is ideal for this task, not only providing the needed amplification, but also rejecting the relatively high common-mode signal (and any additional noise that is common to both input signals). Keep in mind that an op amp configured as a simple gain stage will still pass the common-mode signal (at unity gain) to the output, reducing the dynamic range of the output signal.
In the world of system design, the term “instrumentation” can take several meanings. Historically, the term has been used to describe the application, usually a physical phenomenon that is being measured or recorded. Hence, any op amps designed for use in such applications became known as INAs. Adding to the confusion is the fact that actual INAs can be constructed using op amps.
In reality, op amps and INAs are very different devices, designed to perform different functions. INAs can be seen as specialized amplifiers, used specifically for their differential-gain and CMR capabilities. Circuits implementing traditional op amps can be created to perform these same functions. But in most cases, a monolithic INA will provide a substantially higher level of performance and reliability.
Kevin Tretter is a principal product marketing engineer with Microchip’s Analog and Interface Products Division in Chandler, Ariz. He is responsible for tactical marketing support for Microchip’s analog and interface products in the Eastern and South Central United States, as well as strategic marketing of operational amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, comparators, and programmable gain amplifiers. Prior to joining Microchip in 2004, he spent five years as an audio/industrial converter applications engineer with Cirrus Logic in Austin, Texas. He earned his bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Ind., in 1999 and his master of business administration degree from Saint Edwards University, Austin, Texas, in 2006.
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Brainwave en Big Dreams Little Tokyo: A Half Japanese Comedy <div class="node"> <div class="review-image"> <div class="field field-type-filefield field-field-review-image"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <img src="" alt="" title="" class="imagecache imagecache-review_image_full imagecache-default imagecache-review_image_full_default" width="300" height="199" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="meta-terms"> <div class="author">Directed by <a href="/author/david-boyle">David Boyle</a></div><div class="publisher"><a href="/publisher/brainwave">Brainwave</a></div> </div> <p><em>Big Dreams Little Tokyo</em> is written by, directed by and stars David Boyle, who plays the character of Boyd, an awkward American who speaks perfect Japanese. Boyd is a well-dressed young man who claims to be a businessman, yet his most successful business only has one client. The relationship that subtly develops between Boyd and Mai, a nurse and his only English student, is the most enjoyable aspect of the movie. Here is where the movie’s delicate pacing shines: the shy glances between the two characters, the dates disguised as English lessons and the quiet slide towards one another as they sit on a rock, and later on a bench at a business meeting. Boyd is an individual who overcompensates for everything, and finally Mai allows him to ease into real conversation as she listens to his stories and gives him time to come into his real identity.</p> <p>The only negative aspect of the film is that the humor is often too blatant, which doesn’t fit with the understated tone of the movie and takes away from some of the more subtle, comedic moments. <em>Big Dreams Little Tokyo</em> has a strong mix of quick, MTV-esque cuts and edits paired with long, contemplative shots, which show Boyle's knowledge and understanding of contemporary independent filmmaking. This cohesive dichotomy of editing commented on the film’s narrative of displaced cultural identity.</p> <p>Boyd isn’t who he appears to be, and many of the Japanese people that he meets don’t want him to speak Japanese or bow to them, they want to shake hands and speak English. We discover that Boyd often enters the store Murakami Books to sell his own book, and later the owner chases him out of the store shouting, “No matter how many times you bow when you speak, you will never be Japanese.”</p> <p>The issues of cultural and personal identity come to a head in the character of Jerome. Jerome is the archetypal, lazy roommate who - to reference the original <em>Odd Couple</em> - is the upbeat Oscar to Boyd’s Felix, and he poetically explains the complications of cultural identity while he deconstructs a piece of sushi that turns out to be a California roll, which was made by a Mexican chef.</p> <p>This movie centers around cultural identity and the nuances of language, thus the subtitles take on a larger role in this film than they usually do. The filmmaker uses the subtitles not only as a tool to help us understand the language, but also as a comedic device, giving us an insight to the inside jokes that we as viewers share with Boyd. This film makes us aware of language in its many forms: its musicality, its written form, the intonations that exist from one speaker to another and how our self-confidence is often dependent on our grasp of language.</p> <div> <span class="reviewer-names"><strong>Written by:</strong> <a href="/reviewer/kirsha-frye-matte">Kirsha Frye-Matte</a></span>, July 10th 2007 </div> <div class="tag-list">Tags: <a href="/tag/comedy">comedy</a>, <a href="/tag/existentialism">existentialism</a>, <a href="/tag/humor">humor</a>, <a href="/tag/independent-film">independent film</a>, <a href="/tag/japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/tag/japanese-culture">Japanese culture</a>, <a href="/tag/language">language</a>, <a href="/tag/relationships">relationships</a>, <a href="/tag/romance">romance</a></div> </div> Films David Boyle Brainwave Kirsha Frye-Matte comedy existentialism humor independent film Japan Japanese culture language relationships romance Tue, 10 Jul 2007 18:30:00 +0000 admin 2843 at
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Deferred Initcalls
Revision as of 16:12, 17 November 2011 by Sledge (Talk | contribs) (2.6.28 patch)
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An "initcall" is the initialization function for a module which is statically linked into the Linux kernel. Running of initcalls can consume a large amount of time during bootup. However, some modules do not need to be initialized so early, in order for the embedded device to become usable for its primary purpose. These initcalls can be run later, after first boot (and possibly first use) has completed.
For example, many digital cameras have USB buses, which need to be initialized in order for the camera to be used as a mass storage device (to download pictures to a desktop computer). However, the USB buses do not need to be initialized for the primary use of the camera, which is to take pictures. In order to be able to take a picture as soon as possible after booting, initialization of the USB system in the kernel can be deferred until after the primary boot sequence for the camera.
Using a short patch (available for kernel version 2.6.27) it is possible to avoid running certain initcalls at bootup time. The way this patch works is that the developer selects some initcalls that they want to defer and modifies the declaration of those initcalls.
When the system is booted, those initcalls are not called in their normal sequence. When the system is done with primary boot, an application from user space triggers the calling of the deferred initcalls, using a flag in the /proc filesystem.
When the flag is set, the deferred initcalls are run, and the kernel memory for the "init" segment is finally freed.
How to use
To use deferred initcalls, first you need to identify the modules that are not required for the primary functionality of the product, and which are taking too long to initialize. (See Initcall Debug for this.)
Using the example above of the digital camera and USB, you could identify uhci_hcd_usb and ehci_hcd_init as two initcalls that could be deferred.
Change the module init routine declaration for the initcalls you wish to defer. This is done in the Linux kernel source code. For example, change:
Modules marked like this are not initialized during kernel boot
After main init, do:
cat /proc/deferred_initcalls
This will cause the kernel to run all deferred initcalls. Also the .init section memory is freed by kernel. The contents of /proc/deferred_initcalls will return 0 if deferred initcalls were not yet run, and 1 otherwise on subsequent reads.
deferred USB initcall example
As a test, on an X86 desktop system, I deferred the initialization of the USB subsystem on a 2.6.27 kernel, by using deferred_module_init on the functions: ehci_hcd_init and uhci_hcd_init
This resulted in a total times savings of 530 milliseconds, during the kernel boot phase. (Of course, this time was used subsequently when the deferred initcalls were triggered later on.)
Specifially, I changed:
Here is the main deferred initcalls patch for 2.6.26, 2.6.27: Media:Deferred_initcalls.patch
For 2.6.28 the forward-ported patch is here: Media:Deferred_initcalls-2.6.28.patch
Here (inline) is a patch showing modification of USB and IDE initcalls to be be deferred initcalls:
(This patch is also available downloadable as: Media:Defer-usb-and-ide-initcalls.patch)
commit e7a5b8bb6a5d04054dec1e85d53bbe115059d0d0
Author: Tim Bird <>
Date: Fri Sep 12 11:35:58 2008 -0700
Use deferred_module_init on long-probing IDE and USB modules.
These modules were taking about 700 ms and 400 ms, respectively
to initialize. On many embedded systems, these initializations
can be done after major boot activity is completed, with no
loss of functionality.
diff --git a/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c b/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c
index e9e32ed..cb2ebf3 100644
--- a/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c
+++ b/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c
@@ -1494,5 +1494,5 @@ static void __exit piix_exit(void)
diff --git a/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c b/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c
index 8409e07..44a8340 100644
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ clean0:
return retval;
static void __exit ehci_hcd_cleanup(void)
diff --git a/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c b/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c
index 3a7bfe7..9c27ef0 100644
--- a/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c
+++ b/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ static void __exit uhci_hcd_cleanup(void)
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Memory Alpha
Memory Alpha:Pages for deletion/Portal:Star Trek/Categories
37,230pages on
this wiki
< Memory Alpha:Pages for deletion
This is a page to discuss the suggestion to delete "Portal:Star Trek/Categories" and "Portal:Star Trek/Related portals".
Deletion rationale Edit
Portal:Star Trek/Categories and Portal:Star Trek/Related portals are not used and can be deleted. --Bp 07:40, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
Discussion Edit
Portal:Star Trek/Categories has content and could be used. I'd like to see more justification for deleting it before that is done. --OuroborosCobra talk 21:26, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
It seems as if most of the categories are available on Portal:Star Trek by using one of the "more" links. So, check if that really is the case, then delete. Definitely delete the other subpage, that one doesn't even have content. -- Cid Highwind 11:14, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
Delete. confirmed. --6/6 Neural Transceiver 23:39, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
Admin resolution Edit
Deleted. --From Andoria with Love 10:57, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106666
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Last modified on 25 July 2014, at 22:24
For other uses, see Sundial (disambiguation).
SSW facing, vertical declining sundial on Moot Hall, Aldeburgh, Suffolk, England.
A sundial is a device that tells the time of day by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. The style is the time-telling edge of the gnomon, often a thin rod or a sharp, straight edge. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow-edge aligns with different hour-lines. All sundials must be aligned with their styles parallel to the axis of the Earth's rotation to tell the correct time throughout the year. The style's angle from the horizontal will thus equal the sundial's geographical latitude. It is common for inexpensive mass-produced decorative sundials to have incorrect hour angles, which cannot be adjusted to tell correct time.[1][2]
There are different types of sundials. Some sundials use a shadow or the edge of a shadow while others use a line or spot of light to indicate the time.
The shadow-casting object, known as a gnomon, may be a long thin rod, or other object with a sharp tip or a straight edge. Sundials employ many types of gnomon. The gnomon may be fixed or moved according to the season. It may be oriented vertically, horizontally, aligned with the Earth's axis, or oriented in an altogether different direction determined by mathematics.[citation needed]
With sundials using light to indicate time, a line of light may be formed by allowing the sun's rays through a thin slit or focusing them through a cylindrical lens. A spot of light may be formed by allowing the sun's rays to pass through a small hole or by reflecting them from a small circular mirror.[citation needed]
Sundials also may use many types of surfaces to receive the light or shadow. Planes are the most common surface, but partial spheres, cylinders, cones and other shapes have been used for greater accuracy or beauty.[citation needed]
Sundials differ in their portability and their need for orientation. The installation of many dials requires knowing the local latitude, the precise vertical direction (e.g., by a level or plumb-bob), and the direction to true North. Portable dials are self-aligning: for example, it may have two dials that operate on different principles, such as a horizontal and analemmatic dial, mounted together on one plate. In these designs, their times agree only when the plate is aligned properly.[citation needed]
First, the orbit of the Earth is not perfectly circular and its rotational axis not perfectly perpendicular to its orbit. The sundial's indicated solar time thus varies from clock time by small amounts that change throughout the year. This correction — which may be as great as 15 minutes — is described by the equation of time. A sophisticated sundial, with a curved style or hour lines, may incorporate this correction. Often instead, simpler sundials are used, with a small plaque that gives the offsets at various times of the year.
Second, the solar time must be corrected for the longitude of the sundial relative to the longitude of the official time zone. For example, a sundial located west of Greenwich, England but within the same time-zone, shows an earlier time than the official time. It will show "noon" after the official noon has passed, since the sun passes overhead later. This correction is often made by rotating the hour-lines by an angle equal to the difference in longitudes.
Apparent motion of the SunEdit
Top view of an equatorial sundial. The hour lines are spaced equally about the circle, and the shadow of the gnomon (a thin cylindrical rod) rotates uniformly. The height of the gnomon is 5/12 the outer radius of the dial. This animation depicts the motion of the shadow from 3 a.m. to 9 p.m. (not accounting for Daylight Saving Time) on or around Solstice, when the sun is at its highest declination (roughly 23.5°). Sunrise and sunset occur at 3am and 9pm, respectively, on that day at geographical latitudes near 57.05°, roughly the latitude of Aberdeen, Scotland or Sitka, Alaska.
[citation needed]
The principles of sundials are understood most easily from the Sun's apparent motion. The Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. An excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the celestial sphere, which rotates every 24 hours about its celestial axis. The celestial axis is the line connecting the celestial poles. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical latitude.[citation needed]
Unlike the fixed stars, the Sun changes its position on the celestial sphere, being at a positive declination in spring and summer, and at a negative declination in autumn and winter, and having exactly zero declination (i.e., being on the celestial equator) at the equinoxes. The Sun's celestial longitude also varies, changing by one complete revolution per year. The path of the Sun on the celestial sphere is called the ecliptic. The ecliptic passes through the twelve constellations of the zodiac in the course of a year.[citation needed]
Sundial in Singapore Botanic Gardens. The fact that Singapore is located almost at the equator is reflected in its design.
This model of the Sun's motion helps to understand sundials. If the shadow-casting gnomon is aligned with the celestial poles, its shadow will revolve at a constant rate, and this rotation will not change with the seasons. This is the most common design. In such cases, the same hour lines may be used throughout the year. The hour-lines will be spaced uniformly if the surface receiving the shadow is either perpendicular (as in the equatorial sundial) or circular about the gnomon (as in the armillary sphere).[citation needed]
In other cases, the hour-lines are not spaced evenly, even though the shadow rotates uniformly. If the gnomon is not aligned with the celestial poles, even its shadow will not rotate uniformly, and the hour lines must be corrected accordingly. The rays of light that graze the tip of a gnomon, or which pass through a small hole, or reflect from a small mirror, trace out a cone aligned with the celestial poles. The corresponding light-spot or shadow-tip, if it falls onto a flat surface, will trace out a conic section, such as a hyperbola, ellipse or (at the North or South Poles) a circle.[citation needed]
This conic section is the intersection of the cone of light rays with the flat surface. This cone and its conic section change with the seasons, as the Sun's declination changes; hence, sundials that follow the motion of such light-spots or shadow-tips often have different hour-lines for different times of the year. This is seen in shepherd's dials, sundial rings, and vertical gnomons such as obelisks. Alternatively, sundials may change the angle and/or position of the gnomon relative to the hour lines, as in the analemmatic dial or the Lambert dial.[citation needed]
For more details on this topic, see History of sundials.
World's oldest sundial, from Egypt's Valley of the Kings (c. 1500 BC)
The earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are the obelisks (3500 BC) and shadow clocks (1500 BC) from ancient Egyptian astronomy and Babylonian astronomy. Presumably, humans were telling time from shadow-lengths at an even earlier date, but this is hard to verify. In roughly 700 BC, the Old Testament describes a sundial — the "dial of Ahaz" mentioned in Isaiah 38:8 and II Kings. The Roman writer Vitruvius lists dials and shadow clocks known at that time. Italian astronomer Giovanni Padovani published a treatise on the sundial in 1570, in which he included instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. Giuseppe Biancani's Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria (ca. 1620) discusses how to make a perfect sundial.[citation needed] They have been commonly used since the 16th century.
In general, sundials indicate the time by casting a shadow or throwing light onto a surface known as a dial face or dial plate. Although usually a flat plane, the dial face may also be the inner or outer surface of a sphere, cylinder, cone, helix, and various other shapes.[citation needed]
The time is indicated where a shadow or light falls on the dial face, which is usually inscribed with hour lines. Although usually straight, these hour lines may also be curved, depending on the design of the sundial (see below). In some designs, it is possible to determine the date of the year, or it may be required to know the date to find the correct time. In such cases, there may be multiple sets of hour lines for different months, or there may be mechanisms for setting/calculating the month. In addition to the hour lines, the dial face may offer other data—such as the horizon, the equator and the tropics—which are referred to collectively as the dial furniture.
The entire object that casts a shadow or light onto the dial face is known as the sundial's gnomon.[3] However, it is usually only an edge of the gnomon (or another linear feature) that casts the shadow used to determine the time; this linear feature is known as the sundial's style. The style is usually aligned parallel to the axis of the celestial sphere, and therefore is aligned with the local geographical meridian. In some sundial designs, only a point-like feature, such as the tip of the style, is used to determine the time and date; this point-like feature is known as the sundial's nodus.[3][a] Some sundials use both a style and a nodus to determine the time and date.
The gnomon is usually fixed relative to the dial face, but not always; in some designs such as the analemmatic sundial, the style is moved according to the month. If the style is fixed, the line on the dial plate perpendicularly beneath the style is called the substyle,[3] meaning "below the style". The angle the style makes with the plane of the dial plate is called the substyle height, an unusual use of the word height to mean an angle. On many wall dials, the substyle is not the same as the noon line (see below). The angle on the dial plate between the noon line and the substyle is called the substyle distance, an unusual use of the word distance to mean an angle.
By tradition, many sundials have a Motto. The motto is usually in the form of an epigram: sometimes sombre reflections on the passing of time and the brevity of life, but equally often humorous witticisms of the dial maker.[4] [5]
A dial is said to be equiangular if its hour-lines are straight and spaced equally. Most equiangular sundials have a fixed gnomon style aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, as well as a shadow-receiving surface that is symmetrical about that axis; examples include the equatorial dial, the equatorial bow, the armillary sphere, the cylindrical dial and the conical dial. However, other designs are equiangular, such as the Lambert dial, a version of the analemmatic dial with a moveable style.
Sundials in the Southern HemisphereEdit
Southern-hemisphere sundial in Perth, Australia. Magnify to see that the hour marks run anticlockwise. Note graph of Equation of Time, needed to correct sundial readings.
A sundial at a particular latitude in one hemisphere must be reversed for use at the opposite latitude in the other hemisphere.[6] A vertical direct south sundial in the Northern Hemisphere becomes a vertical direct north sundial in the Southern Hemisphere. To position a horizontal sundial correctly, one has to find true North or South. The same process can be used to do both.[7] The gnomon, set to the correct latitude, has to point to the true South in the Southern hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere it has to point to the true North.[8] Also the hour numbers go in opposite directions, so on a horizontal dial they run anti-clockwise rather than clockwise.[9]
Sundials which are designed to be used with their plates horizontal in one hemisphere can be used with their plates vertical at the complementary latitude in the other hemisphere. For example, the illustrated sundial in Perth, Australia, which is at latitude 32 degrees South, would function properly if it were mounted on a south-facing vertical wall at latitude 58 (i.e. 90-32) degrees North, which is slightly further North than Perth, Scotland. The surface of the wall in Scotland would be parallel with the horizontal ground in Australia (ignoring the difference of longitude), so the sundial would work identically on both surfaces.
Sundials are used much less in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern.[citation needed] One reason for this is the seasonal asymmetry of the Equation of Time. (See also below.) From early November to mid-February, during the Southern Hemisphere's summer, a sundial loses about half an hour relative to a clock. This adds to the difficulty of using it as a timepiece. The change during the northern summer is only about one-third as great, and is often ignored without causing much error. Since sundials are mainly used during the summer months, they are therefore better suited to the Northern Hemisphere.[original research?]
Adjustments to calculate clock time from a sundial readingEdit
The most common reason for a sundial to differ greatly from clock time is that the sundial has not been oriented correctly or its hour lines have not been drawn correctly. For example, most commercial sundials are designed as horizontal sundials as described above. To be accurate, such a sundial must have been designed for the local geographical latitude and its style must be parallel to the Earth's rotational axis; the style must be aligned with true North and its height (its angle with the horizontal) must equal the local latitude. To adjust the style height, the sundial can often be tilted slightly "up" or "down" while maintaining the style's north-south alignment.[10]
Summer (daylight saving) time correctionEdit
Some areas of the world practice daylight saving time, which shifts the official time, usually by one hour. This shift must be added to the sundial's time to make it agree with the official time.
Time-zone (longitude) correctionEdit
A standard time zone covers roughly 15° of longitude, so any point within that zone which is not on the reference longitude (generally a multiple of 15°) will experience a difference from standard time equal to 4 minutes of time per degree. For illustration, sunsets and sunrises are at a much later "official" time at the western edge of a time-zone, compared to sunrise and sunset times at the eastern edge. If a sundial is located at, say, a longitude 5° west of the reference longitude, its time will read 20 minutes slow, since the sun appears to revolve around the Earth at 15° per hour. This is a constant correction throughout the year. For equiangular dials such as equatorial, spherical or Lambert dials, this correction can be made by rotating the dial surface by an angle equalling the difference in longitude, without changing the gnomon position or orientation. However, this method does not work for other dials, such as a horizontal dial; the correction must be applied by the viewer.[citation needed]
At its most extreme, time zones can cause official noon, including daylight savings, to occur up to three hours early (the sun is actually directly overhead at official clock time of 3 pm). This occurs in the far west of Alaska, China, and Spain. For more details and examples, see Skewing of time zones.
Equation of time correctionEdit
The Equation of Time - above the axis the sundial will appear fast, and below the sundial will appear slow, relative to a clock showing local mean time.
Main article: Equation of time
The Whitehurst & Son sundial made in 1812, with a circular scale showing the equation of time correction. This is now on display in the Derby Museum.
Although the Sun appears to rotate nearly uniformly about the Earth, it is not perfectly uniform, due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit (the fact that the Earth's orbit about the Sun is not perfectly circular) and the tilt (obliquity) of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of its orbit. Therefore, sundials time varies from standard clock time. On four days of the year, the correction is effectively zero, but on others, it can be as much as a quarter-hour early or late. The amount of correction is described by the equation of time. This correction is universal; it does not depend on the local latitude of the sundial. It does, however, change over long periods of time, centuries or more,[11] because of slow variations in the Earth's orbital and rotational motions. Therefore, tables and graphs of the equation of time that were made centuries ago are now significantly incorrect. The reading of an old sundial should be corrected by applying the present-day equation of time, not one from the period when the dial was made.
In some sundials, the equation of time correction is provided as a plaque affixed to the sundial. In more sophisticated sundials, however, the equation can be incorporated automatically. For example, some equatorial bow sundials are supplied with a small wheel that sets the time of year; this wheel in turn rotates the equatorial bow, offsetting its time measurement. In other cases, the hour lines may be curved, or the equatorial bow may be shaped like a vase, which exploits the changing altitude of the sun over the year to effect the proper offset in time.[12] A heliochronometer is a precision sundial first devised in about 1763 by Philipp Hahn and improved by Abbé Guyoux in about 1827.[13] It corrects apparent solar time to mean solar time or another standard time. Heliochronometers usually indicate the minutes to within 1 minute of Universal Time.
An analemma may be added to many types of sundials to correct apparent solar time to mean solar time or another standard time. These usually have hour lines shaped like "figure eights" (analemmas) according to the equation of time. This compensates for the slight eccentricity in the Earth's orbit and the tilt of the Earth's axis that causes up to a 15 minute variation from mean solar time. This is a type of dial furniture seen on more complicated horizontal and vertical dials.
Prior to the invention of accurate clocks, in the mid-17th Century, sundials were the only timepieces in common use, and were considered to tell the "right" time. The Equation of Time was not used. After the invention of good clocks, sundials were still considered to be correct, and clocks usually incorrect. The Equation of Time was used in the opposite direction from today, to apply a correction to the time shown by a clock to make it agree with sundial time, Some elaborate "Equation clocks", such as one made by Joseph Williamson in 1720, incorporated mechanisms to do this correction automatically. (Williamson's clock may have been the first-ever device to use a differential gear.) Only after about 1800 was uncorrected clock time considered to be "right", and sundial time usually "wrong", so the Equation of Time became used as it is today.[citation needed]
Sundials with fixed axial gnomonEdit
The most commonly observed sundials are those in which the shadow-casting style is fixed in position and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, being oriented with true North and South, and making an angle with the horizontal equal to the geographical latitude. This axis is aligned with the celestial poles, which is closely, but not perfectly, aligned with the (present) pole star Polaris. For illustration, the celestial axis points vertically at the true North Pole, where it points horizontally on the equator. At Jaipur, a famous location for sundials, gnomons are raised 26°55" above horizontal, reflecting the local latitude.[citation needed]
On any given day, the Sun appears to rotate uniformly about this axis, at about 15° per hour, making a full circuit (360°) in 24 hours. A linear gnomon aligned with this axis will cast a sheet of shadow (a half-plane) that, falling opposite to the Sun, likewise rotates about the celestial axis at 15° per hour. The shadow is seen by falling on a receiving surface that is usually flat, but which may be spherical, cylindrical, conical or of other shapes. If the shadow falls on a surface that is symmetrical about the celestial axis (as in an armillary sphere, or an equatorial dial), the surface-shadow likewise moves uniformly; the hour-lines on the sundial are equally spaced. However, if the receiving surface is not symmetrical (as in most horizontal sundials), the surface shadow generally moves non-uniformly and the hour-lines are not equally spaced; one exception is the Lambert dial described below.[citation needed]
Some types of sundials are designed with a fixed gnomon that is not aligned with the celestial poles, such as a vertical obelisk. Such sundials are covered below under the section, "Nodus-based sundials".
Equatorial sundialsEdit
An equatorial sundial in the Forbidden City, Beijing. 39°54′57″N 116°23′25″E / 39.9157°N 116.3904°E / 39.9157; 116.3904 (Forbidden City equatorial sundial) The gnomon points true North and its angle with horizontal equals the local latitude. Closer inspection of the full-size image reveals the "spider-web" of date rings and hour-lines.
The distinguishing characteristic of the equatorial dial (also called the equinoctial dial) is the planar surface that receives the shadow, which is exactly perpendicular to the gnomon's style.[14] [15] [16] This plane is called equatorial, because it is parallel to the equator of the Earth and of the celestial sphere. If the gnomon is fixed and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the sun's apparent rotation about the Earth casts a uniformly rotating sheet of shadow from the gnomon; this produces a uniformly rotating line of shadow on the equatorial plane. Since the sun rotates 360° in 24 hours, the hour-lines on an equatorial dial are all spaced 15° apart (360/24).
H_E = 15^{\circ}\times t (hours)
The uniformity of their spacing makes this type of sundial easy to construct. If the dial plate material is opaque, both sides of the equatorial dial must be marked, since the shadow will be cast from below in winter and from above in summer. With translucent dial plates (e.g. glass) the hour angles need only be marked on the sun-facing side, although the hour numberings (if used) need be made on both sides of the dial, owing to the differing hour schema on the sun-facing and sun-backing sides. Another major advantage of this dial is that equation of time (EoT) and daylight saving time (DST) corrections can be made by simply rotating the dial plate by the appropriate angle each day. This is because the hour angles are equally spaced around the dial. For this reason, an equatorial dial is often a useful choice when the dial is for public display and it is desirable to have it show the true local time to reasonable accuracy. The EoT correction is made via the relation :
Correction^{\circ} = \frac{EoT (minutes) + 60 \times \Delta DST (hours)}{15}
Near the equinoxes in spring and autumn, the sun moves on a circle that is nearly the same as the equatorial plane; hence, no clear shadow is produced on the equatorial dial at those times of year, a drawback of the design.
A nodus is sometimes added to equatorial sundials, which allows the sundial to tell the time of year. On any given day, the shadow of the nodus moves on a circle on the equatorial plane, and the radius of the circle measures the declination of the sun. The ends of the gnomon bar may be used as the nodus, or some feature along its length. An ancient variant of the equatorial sundial has only a nodus (no style) and the concentric circular hour-lines are arranged to resemble a spider-web.[17]
Horizontal sundialsEdit
For a more detailed description of such a dial, see Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812).
Horizontal sundial in Minnesota. June 17, 2007 at 12:21. 44°51′39.3″N, 93°36′58.4″W
In the horizontal sundial (also called a garden sundial), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally, rather than being perpendicular to the style as in the equatorial dial.[18] [19] [20] Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face; rather, the hour lines are spaced according to the rule [21] [22]
\tan H_H = \sin L \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)
where L is the sundial's geographical latitude (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), H_H is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards true North) on the plane, and t is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle H_H of the 3pm hour-line would equal the arctangent of sin L, since tan 45° = 1. When L equals 90° (at the North Pole), the horizontal sundial becomes an equatorial sundial; the style points straight up (vertically), and the horizontal plane is aligned with the equatorial place; the hour-line formula becomes H_H = 15° × t, as for an equatorial dial. A horizontal sundial at the Earth's equator, where L equals 0°, would require a (raised) horizontal style and would be an example of a polar sundial (see below).
Detail of horizontal sundial outside Kew Palace in London, United Kingdom
The chief advantages of the horizontal sundial are that it is easy to read, and the sun lights the face throughout the year. All the hour-lines intersect at the point where the gnomon's style crosses the horizontal plane. Since the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the style points true North and its angle with the horizontal equals the sundial's geographical latitude L. A sundial designed for one latitude can be adjusted for use at another latitude by tilting its base upwards or downwards by an angle equal to the difference in latitude. For example, a sundial designed for a latitude of 40° can be used at a latitude of 45°, if the sundial plane is tilted upwards by 5°, thus aligning the style with the Earth's rotational axis.[citation needed] Many ornamental sundials are designed to be used at 45 degrees north. Some mass-produced garden sundials fail to correctly calculate the hourlines and so can never be corrected. A local standard time zone is nominally 15 degrees wide, but may be modified to follow geographic or political boundaries. A sundial can be rotated around its style (which must remain pointed at the celestial pole) to adjust to the local time zone. In most cases, a rotation in the range of 7.5 degrees east to 23 degrees west suffices. This will introduce error in sundials that do not have equal hour angles. To correct for daylight saving time, a face needs two sets of numerals or a correction table. An informal standard is to have numerals in hot colors for summer, and in cool colors for winter.[citation needed] Since the hour angles are not evenly spaced, the equation of time corrections cannot be made via rotating the dial plate about the gnomon axis. These types of dials usually have an equation of time correction tabulation engraved on their pedestals or close by. Horizontal dials are commonly seen in gardens, churchyards and in public areas.
Vertical sundialsEdit
Two vertical dials at Houghton Hall Norfolk UK 52°49′39″N 0°39′27″E / 52.827469°N 0.657616°E / 52.827469; 0.657616 (Houghton Hall vertical sundials). The left and right dials face South and East, respectively. Both styles are parallel, their angle to the horizontal equaling the latitude. The East-facing dial is a polar dial with parallel hour-lines, the dial-face being parallel to the style.
In the common vertical dial, the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation.[14] [23] [24] As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not equiangular. If the face of the vertical dial points directly south, the angle of the hour-lines is instead described by the formula[25] [26]
\tan H_V = \cos L \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)
where L is the sundial's geographical latitude, H_H is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and t is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle H_H of the 3pm hour-line would equal the arctangent of cos L, since tan 45° = 1. Interestingly, the shadow moves counter-clockwise on a South-facing vertical dial, whereas it runs clockwise on horizontal and equatorial north-facing dials.
Dials with faces perpendicular to the ground and which face directly South, North, East, or West are called vertical direct dials.[27] [28] It is widely believed, and stated in respectable publications, that a vertical dial cannot receive more than twelve hours of sunlight a day, no matter how many hours of daylight there are.[29] However, there is an exception. Vertical sundials in the tropics which face the nearer pole (e.g. north facing in the zone between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer), can actually receive sunlight for more than 12 hours from sunrise to sunset for a short period around the time of the summer solstice. For example, at latitude 20 degrees North, on June 21, the sun shines on a north-facing vertical wall for 13 hours, 21 minutes.[30] Vertical sundials which do not face directly South (in the northern hemisphere), may receive significantly less than twelve hours of sunlight per day, depending on the direction they do face, and on the time of year. For example, a vertical dial that faces due East can tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are polar dials, which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are uncommon, because they tell time only during the spring and summer, and do not show the midday hours except in tropical latitudes (and even there, only around midsummer). For non-direct vertical dials — those that face in non-cardinal directions — the mathematics of arranging the style and the hour-lines becomes more complicated; it may be easier to mark the hour lines by observation, but the placement of the style, at least, must be calculated first; such dials are said to be declining dials. [31] [32] [33]
"Double" sundials in Nové Město nad Metují, Czech Republic; the observer is facing almost due north.
Vertical dials are commonly mounted on the walls of buildings, such as town-halls, cupolas and church-towers, where they are easy to see from far away. In some cases, vertical dials are placed on all four sides of a rectangular tower, providing the time throughout the day. The face may be painted on the wall, or displayed in inlaid stone; the gnomon is often a single metal bar, or a tripod of metal bars for rigidity. If the wall of the building faces toward the South, but does not face due South, the gnomon will not lie along the noon line, and the hour lines must be corrected. Since the gnomon's style must be parallel to the Earth's axis, it always "points" true North and its angle with the horizontal will equal the sundial's geographical latitude; on a direct south dial, its angle with the vertical face of the dial will equal the colatitude, or 90° minus the latitude.[34]
Pocket sundialsEdit
This portable folding German sundial has a string gnomon (pointer), adjustable for accuracy at any latitude. As shadows fall across the sundial, the smaller dials show Italian and Babylonian hours. The dial also indicates the length of the day and the position of the sun in the zodiac.[citation needed]
Polar dialsEdit
Polar sundial at Melbourne Planetarium
In polar dials, the shadow-receiving plane is aligned parallel to the gnomon-style.[35] [36][37] Thus, the shadow slides sideways over the surface, moving perpendicularly to itself as the sun rotates about the style. As with the gnomon, the hour-lines are all aligned with the Earth's rotational axis. When the sun's rays are nearly parallel to the plane, the shadow moves very quickly and the hour lines are spaced far apart. The direct East- and West-facing dials are examples of a polar dial. However, the face of a polar dial need not be vertical; it need only be parallel to the gnomon. Thus, a plane inclined at the angle of latitude (relative to horizontal) under the similarly inclined gnomon will be a polar dial. The perpendicular spacing X of the hour-lines in the plane is described by the formula
X = H \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)
where H is the height of the style above the plane, and t is the time (in hours) before or after the center-time for the polar dial. The center time is the time when the style's shadow falls directly down on the plane; for an East-facing dial, the center time will be 6am, for a West-facing dial, this will be 6pm, and for the inclined dial described above, it will be noon. When t approaches ±6 hours away from the center time, the spacing X diverges to +∞; this occurs when the sun's rays become parallel to the plane.
Vertical declining dialsEdit
Effect of declining on a sundial's hour-lines. A vertical dial, at a latitude of 51° N, designed to face due South (far left) shows all the hours from 6am to 6pm, and has converging hour-lines symmetrical about the noon hour-line. By contrast, a West-facing dial (far right) is polar, with parallel hour lines, and shows only hours after noon. At the intermediate orientations of South-Southwest, Southwest, and West-Southwest, the hour lines are asymmetrical about noon, with the morning hour-lines ever more widely spaced.
A declining dial is any non-horizontal, planar dial that does not face in a cardinal direction, such as (true) North, South, East or West. [31] [38] [33] As usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, but the hour-lines are not symmetrical about the noon hour-line. For a vertical dial, the angle H_\text{VD} between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula below. Note that H_\text{VD} is defined positive in the clockwise sense w.r.t. the upper vertical hour angle; and that its conversion to the equivalent solar hour requires careful consideration of which quadrant of the sundial that it belongs in.[39]
\tan H_\text{VD} = \frac{\cos L}{\cos D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t) - s_o \sin L \sin D }
where L is the sundial's geographical latitude; t is the time before or after noon; D is the angle of declination from true south, defined as positive when east of south; and s_o is a switch integer for the dial orientation. A partly south-facing dial has an s_o value of + 1; those partly north-facing, a value of -1. When such a dial faces South ( D = 0^{\circ} ), this formula reduces to the formula given above for vertical south-facing dials, i.e.
\tan H_\text{V} = \cos L \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)
When a sundial is not aligned with a cardinal direction, the substyle of its gnomon is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The angle B between the substyle and the noon hour-line is given by the formula[39]
\tan B = \sin D \cot L
If a vertical sundial faces true South or North ( D = 0^{\circ} or D = 180^{\circ} , respectively), the angle B = 0^{\circ} and the substyle is aligned with the noon hour-line.
The height of the gnomon, that is the angle the style makes to the plate, G , is given by :
\sin G = \cos D \cos L
Reclining dialsEdit
Vertical reclining dial in the Southern Hemisphere, facing due north, with hyperbolic declination lines and hour lines. Ordinary vertical sundial at this latitude (between tropics) could not produce a declination line for the summer solstice.
The sundials described above have gnomons that are aligned with the Earth's rotational axis and cast their shadow onto a plane. If the plane is neither vertical nor horizontal nor equatorial, the sundial is said to be reclining or inclining.[41] Such a sundial might be located on a South-facing roof, for example. The hour-lines for such a sundial can be calculated by slightly correcting the horizontal formula above[42]
\tan H_{RV} = \cos(L + R) \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)
where R is the desired angle of reclining relative to the local vertical, L is the sundial's geographical latitude, H_{RV} is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and t is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle H_{RV} of the 3pm hour-line would equal the arctangent of cos(L + R), since tan 45° = 1. When R equals 0° (in other words, a South-facing vertical dial), we obtain the vertical dial formula above.
Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow-receiving plane. If the plane's face points downwards towards the ground, it is said to be proclining or inclining, whereas a dial is said to be reclining when the dial face is pointing away from the ground. Many authors also often refer to reclined, proclined and inclined sundials in general as inclined sundials. It is also common in the latter case to measure the angle of inclination relative to the horizontal plane on the sun side of the dial. In such texts, since I = 90° + R, the hour angle formula will often be seen written as :
\tan H_{RV} = \sin(L + I) \tan(15^{\circ} \times t)
The angle between the gnomon style and the dial plate, B, in this type of sundial is :
B = 90^{\circ} - (L + R)
Or :
B = 180^{\circ} - (L + I)
Reclining-declining dialsEdit
Some sundials both decline and recline, in that their shadow-receiving plane is not oriented with a cardinal direction (such as true North or true South) and is neither horizontal nor vertical nor equatorial. For example, such a sundial might be found on a roof that was not oriented in a cardinal direction. The formulae describing the spacing of the hour-lines on such dials are rather more complicated than those for simpler dials. In fact it is only in the last decade that agreement has been found on the correct hour angle formula for this type of dial using either the methods of rotation matrices; or by making a 3D model of the reclined-declined plane and its vertical declined counterpart plane, extracting the geometrical relationships between the hour angle components on both these planes and then reducing the trigonometric algebra.[43] Previous formulae given by Rohr and Mayall are not correct. [b] The angle H_\text{RD} between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula below. Note that H_\text{RD} advances anticlockwise with respect to the zero hour angle for those dials that are partly south-facing and clockwise for those that are north-facing.
\tan H_\text{RD} = \frac{\cos R \cos L - \sin R \sin L \cos D - s_o \sin R \sin D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\cos D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t) - s_o \sin D \sin L }
within the parameter ranges : D < D_c and -90^{\circ} < R < (90^{\circ} - L) .
Or, if preferring to use inclination angle, I , rather than the reclination, R , where I = (90^{\circ} + R) :
\tan H_\text{RD} = \frac{\sin I \cos L + \cos I \sin L \cos D + s_o \cos I \sin D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\cos D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t) - s_o \sin D \sin L }
within the parameter ranges : D < D_c and 0^{\circ} < I < (180^{\circ} - L) .
Here L is the sundial's geographical latitude; s_o is the orientation switch integer; t is the time in hours before or after noon; and R and D are the angles of reclination and declination, respectively. Note that R is measured with reference to the vertical. It is positive when the dial leans back towards the horizon behind the dial and negative when the dial leans forward to the horizon on the sun's side. Declination angle D is defined as positive when moving east of true south. Dials facing fully or partly south have s_o = +1, while those partly or fully north-facing have an s_o value of -1. Since the above expression gives the hour angle as an arctan function, due consideration must be given to which quadrant of the sundial each hour belongs to before assigning the correct hour angle.
Unlike the simpler vertical declining sundial, this type of dial does not always show hour angles on its sunside face for all declinations between east and west. When a northern hemisphere partly south-facing dial reclines back (i.e. away from the sun) from the vertical, the gnomon will become co-planar with the dial plate at declinations less than due east or due west. Likewise for southern hemisphere dials that are partly north-facing. Were these dials reclining forward, the range of declination would actually exceed due east and due west. In a similar way, northern hemisphere dials that are partly north-facing and southern hemisphere dials that are south-facing, and which lean forward toward their upward pointing gnomons, will have a similar restriction on the range of declination that is possible for a given reclination value. The critical declination D_c is a geometrical constraint which depends on the value of both the dial's reclination and its latitude :
\cos D_c = \tan R \tan L = - \tan L \cot I
As with the vertical declined dial, the gnomon's substyle is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The general formula for the angle B , between the substyle and the noon-line is given by :
\tan B = \frac {\sin D}{\sin R \cos D + \cos R \tan L} = \frac {\sin D}{\cos I \cos D - \sin I \tan L}
The angle G , between the style and the plate is given by :
\sin G = \cos L \cos D \cos R - \sin L \sin R = - \cos L \cos D \sin I + \sin L \cos I
Note that for G = 0^{\circ}, i.e. when the gnomon is coplanar with the dial plate, we have :
\cos D = \tan L \tan R = - \tan L \cot I
i.e. when D = D_c , the critical declination value.
Spherical sundialsEdit
Equatorial bow sundial in Hasselt, Flanders in Belgium 50°55′47″N 5°20′31″E / 50.92972°N 5.34194°E / 50.92972; 5.34194 (Hasselt equatorial bow sundial). The rays pass through the narrow slot, forming a uniformly rotating sheet of light that falls on the circular bow. The hour-lines are equally spaced; in this image, the local solar time is roughly 15:00 hours (3 pm). On September 10, a small ball, welded into the slot casts a shadow on centre of the hour band.
The surface receiving the shadow need not be a plane, but can have any shape, provided that the sundial maker is willing to mark the hour-lines. If the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, a spherical shape is convenient since the hour-lines are equally spaced, as they are on the equatorial dial above; the sundial is equiangular. This is the principle behind the armillary sphere and the equatorial bow sundial.[45] [46] [47] However, some equiangular sundials — such as the Lambert dial described below — are based on other principles.
In the equatorial bow sundial, the gnomon is a bar, slot or stretched wire parallel to the celestial axis. The face is a semicircle, corresponding to the equator of the sphere, with markings on the inner surface. This pattern, built a couple of meters wide out of temperature-invariant steel invar, was used to keep the trains running on time in France before World War I.[48]
Among the most precise sundials ever made are two equatorial bows constructed of marble found in Yantra mandir.[49] [50] This collection of sundials and other astronomical instruments was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II at his then-new capital of Jaipur, India between 1727 and 1733. The larger equatorial bow is called the Samrat Yantra (The Supreme Instrument); standing at 27 meters, its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6 cm) every minute.
Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundialsEdit
Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds) 50°25′23″N 6°12′06″E / 50.4231°N 6.2017°E / 50.4231; 6.2017 (Belgium) (Google Earth)
Other non-planar surfaces may be used to receive the shadow of the gnomon. For example, the gnomon may be aligned with the celestial poles and located also along the symmetry axis of a cone or a cylinder. Due to the symmetry, the hour lines on such surfaces will be equally spaced, as on an equatorial dial or an armillary sphere. The conical dial is very old, and was the basis for one type of chalice sundial; the style was a vertical pin within a conical goblet, within which were inscribed the hour lines.
As an elegant alternative, the gnomon may be located on the circumference of a cylinder or sphere, rather than at its center of symmetry. In that case, the hour lines are again spaced equally, but at double the usual angle, due to the geometrical inscribed angle theorem. This is the basis of some modern sundials, but it was also used in ancient times; in one type, the edges of a half-cylindrical gnomon served as the styles.[c]
Just as the armillary sphere is largely open for easy viewing of the dial, such non-planar surfaces need not be complete. For example, a cylindrical dial could be rendered as a helical ribbon-like surface, with a thin gnomon located either along its center or at its periphery.
Movable-gnomon sundialsEdit
In addition to the sundials have a gnomon that is designed to be moved over the course of the year. In other words, the position of the gnomon relative to the center of the hour lines can vary. The advantage of such dials is that the gnomon need not be aligned with the celestial poles and may even be perfectly vertical (the analemmatic dial). A second advantage is that such dials, when combined with a fixed-gnomon sundial, allow the user to determine true North with no other aid; the two sundials are correctly aligned if and only if the time on the two sundials agrees. This is a useful property for portable sundials.[citation needed]
Universal equinoctial ring dialEdit
Universal ring dial. The dial is suspended from the cord shown in the upper left; the suspension point on the vertical meridian ring can be changed to match the local latitude. The center bar is twisted until a sunray passes through the small hole and falls on the horizontal equatorial ring.
A universal equinoctial ring dial (sometimes called a ring dial for brevity, although the term is ambiguous) is a portable version of an armillary sundial,[52] or was inspired by the mariner's astrolabe.[53] It was likely invented by William Oughtred around 1600 and became common throughout Europe.[54]
In its simplest form, the style is a thin slit that allows the sun's rays to fall on the hour-lines of an equatorial ring. As usual, the style is aligned with the Earth's axis; to do this, the user may orient the dial towards true North and suspend the ring dial vertically from the appropriate point on the meridian ring. Such dials may be made self-aligning with the addition of a more complicated central bar, instead of a simple slit-style. These bars are sometimes an addition to a set of Gemma's rings. This bar could pivot about its end points and held a perforated slider that was positioned to the month and day according to a scale scribed on the bar. The time was determined by rotating the bar towards the sun so that the light shining through the hole fell on the equatorial ring. This forced the user to rotate the instrument, which had the effect of aligning the instrument's vertical ring with the meridian.
When not in use, the equatorial and meridian rings can be folded together into a small disk.
In 1610, Edward Wright created the sea ring, which mounted a universal ring dial over a magnetic compass. This permitted mariners to determine the time and magnetic variation in a single step.[55]
Analemmatic sundialsEdit
Main article: Analemmatic sundial
Analemmatic sundial on a meridian line in the garden of the abbey of Herkenrode in Hasselt (Flanders in Belgium)
Analemmatic sundials are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern. There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse. The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day. Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon. Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months. A 66 inch tall person casts a 4 inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice. [56]
Lambert dialsEdit
The Lambert dial is another movable-gnomon sundial.[57] In contrast to the elliptical analemmatic dial, the Lambert dial is circular with evenly spaced hour lines, making it an equiangular sundial, similar to the equatorial, spherical, cylindrical and conical dials described above. The gnomon of a Lambert dial is neither vertical nor aligned with the Earth's rotational axis; rather, it is tilted northwards by an angle α = 45° - (Φ/2), where Φ is the geographical latitude. Thus, a Lambert dial located at latitude 40° would have a gnomon tilted away from vertical by 25° in a northerly direction. To read the correct time, the gnomon must also be moved northwards by a distance
Y = R \tan \alpha \tan \delta \,
where R is the radius of the Lambert dial and δ again indicates the Sun's declination for that time of year.
Altitude-based sundialsEdit
Altitude dials measure the height of the sun in the sky, rather than its rotation about the celestial axis. They are not oriented towards true North, but rather towards the sun and generally held vertically. The sun's elevation is indicated by the position of a nodus, either the shadow-tip of a gnomon, or a spot of light. The time is read from where the nodus falls on a set of hour-curves that vary with the time of year. Since the sun's altitude is the same at times equally spaced about noon (e.g., 9am and 3pm), the user had to know whether it was morning or afternoon. Many of these dials are portable and simple to use, although they are not well-suited for travelers, since their hour-curves are specific for a given latitude.[citation needed]
Human shadowsEdit
The length of a human shadow (or of any vertical object) can be used to measure the sun's elevation and, thence, the time.[58] The Venerable Bede gave a table for estimating the time from the length of one's shadow in feet, on the assumption that a monk's height is six times the length of his foot. Such shadow lengths will vary with the geographical latitude and with the time of year. For example, the shadow length at noon is short in summer months, and long in winter months.
Chaucer evokes this method a few times in his Canterbury Tales, as in his Parson's Tale
An equivalent type of sundial using a vertical rod of fixed length is known as a backstaff dial.
Shepherd dials –TimesticksEdit
19th century Tibetan Shepherd's Timestick
A shepherd's dial — also known as a shepherds' column dial,[59][60] pillar dial, cylinder dial or chilindre — is a portable cylindrical sundial with a knife-like gnomon that juts out perpendicularly.[61] It is normally dangled from a rope or string so the cylinder is vertical. The gnomon can be twisted to be above a month or day indication on the face of the cylinder. This corrects the sundial for the equation of time. The entire sundial is then twisted on its string so that the gnomon aims toward the sun, while the cylinder remains vertical. The tip of the shadow indicates the time on the cylinder. The hour curves inscribed on the cylinder permit one to read the time. Shepherd's dials are sometimes hollow, so that the gnomon can fold within when not in use.
Shepherd's dials appear in several works of literature. [e]
Similarly, the shepherd's dial is evoked in Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, [f]
The cylindrical shepherd's dial can be unrolled into a flat plate. In one simple version,[62] the front and back of the plate each have three columns, corresponding to pairs of months with roughly the same solar declination (June–July, May–August, April–September, March–October, February–November, and January–December). The top of each column has a hole for inserting the shadow-casting gnomon, a peg. Often only two times are marked on the column below, one for noon and the other for mid-morning/mid-afternoon.
Timesticks, clock spear,[59] or shepherds' time stick,[59] are based on the same principles as dials.[59][60] The time stick is carved with eight vertical time scales for a different period of the year, each bearing a time scale calculated according to the relative amount of daylight during the different months of the year. Any reading depends not only on the time of day but also on the latitude and time of year.[60] A peg gnomon is inserted at the top in the appropriate hole or face for the season of the year, and turned to the Sun so that the shadow falls directly down the scale. Its end displays the time.[59]
Ring dialsEdit
In a ring dial (also known as an Aquitaine or a perforated ring dial), the ring is hung vertically and oriented sideways towards the sun.[63] A beam of light passes through a small hole in the ring and falls on hour-curves that are inscribed on the inside of the ring. To adjust for the equation of time, the hole is usually on a loose ring within the ring so that the hole can be adjusted to reflect the current month.
Card dials (Capuchin dials)Edit
Card dials are another form of altitude dial.[64] A card is aligned edge-on with the sun and tilted so that a ray of light passes through an aperture onto a specified spot, thus determining the sun's altitude. A weighted string hangs vertically downwards from a hole in the card, and carries a bead or knot. The position of the bead on the hour-lines of the card gives the time. In more sophisticated versions such as the Capuchin dial, there is only one set of hour-lines, i.e., the hour lines do not vary with the seasons. Instead, the position of the hole from which the weighted string hangs is varied according to the season.
Nodus-based sundialsEdit
Kraków. 50°03′41″N 19°56′24″E / 50.0614°N 19.9400°E / 50.0614; 19.9400 (Kraków sundial) The shadow of the cross-shaped nodus moves along a hyperbola which shows the time of the year,indicated here by the zodiac figures. It is 1:50pm on 16 July, 25 days after the summer solstice.
Another type of sundial follows the motion of a single point of light or shadow, which may be called the nodus. For example, the sundial may follow the sharp tip of a gnomon's shadow, e.g., the shadow-tip of a vertical obelisk (e.g., the Solarium Augusti) or the tip of the horizontal marker in a shepherd's dial. Alternatively, sunlight may be allowed to pass through a small hole or reflected from a small (e.g., coin-sized) circular mirror, forming a small spot of light whose position may be followed. In such cases, the rays of light trace out a cone over the course of a day; when the rays fall on a surface, the path followed is the intersection of the cone with that surface. Most commonly, the receiving surface is a geometrical plane, so that the path of the shadow-tip or light-spot (called declination line) traces out a conic section such as a hyperbola or an ellipse. The collection of hyperbolae was called a pelekonon (axe) by the Greeks, because it resembles a double-bladed ax, narrow in the center (near the noonline) and flaring out at the ends (early morning and late evening hours).
Declination lines at solstices and equinox for sundials, located at different latitudes
There is a simple verification of hyperbolic declination lines on a sundial: the distance from the origin to the equinox line should be equal to harmonic mean of distances from the origin to summer and winter solstice lines.[65]
Nodus-based sundials may use a small hole or mirror to isolate a single ray of light; the former are sometimes called aperture dials. The oldest example is perhaps the antiborean sundial (antiboreum), a spherical nodus-based sundial that faces true North; a ray of sunlight enters from the South through a small hole located at the sphere's pole and falls on the hour and date lines inscribed within the sphere, which resemble lines of longitude and latitude, respectively, on a globe.[66]
Reflection sundialsEdit
Isaac Newton developed a convenient and inexpensive sundial, in which a small mirror is placed on the sill of a south-facing window.[67] The mirror acts like a nodus, casting a single spot of light on the ceiling. Depending on the geographical latitude and time of year, the light-spot follows a conic section, such as the hyperbolae of the pelikonon. If the mirror is parallel to the Earth's equator, and the ceiling is horizontal, then the resulting angles are those of a conventional horizontal sundial. Using the ceiling as a sundial surface exploits unused space, and the dial may be large enough to be very accurate.
Multiple dialsEdit
Sundials are sometimes combined into multiple dials. If two or more dials that operate on different principles — say, such as an analemmatic dial and a horizontal or vertical dial — are combined, the resulting multiple dial becomes self-aligning. In other words, the direction of true North need not be determined; the dials are oriented correctly when they read the same time. This is a significant advantage in portable dials. However, the most common forms combine dials based on the same principle, and thus are not self-aligning.[citation needed]
Diptych (tablet) sundialEdit
Diptych sundial in the form of a lute, c. 1612. The gnomons-style is a string stretched between a horizontal and vertical face. This sundial also has a small nodus (a bead on the string) that tells time on the hyperbolic pelikinon, just above the date on the vertical face.
The diptych consisted of two small flat faces, joined by a hinge.[68] Diptychs usually folded into little flat boxes suitable for a pocket. The gnomon was a string between the two faces. When the string was tight, the two faces formed both a vertical and horizontal sundial. These were made of white ivory, inlaid with black lacquer markings. The gnomons were black braided silk, linen or hemp string. With a knot or bead on the string as a nodus, and the correct markings, a diptych (really any sundial large enough) can keep a calendar well-enough to plant crops. A common error describes the diptych dial as self-aligning. This is not correct for diptych dials consisting of a horizontal and vertical dial using a string gnomon between faces, no matter the orientation of the dial faces. Since the string gnomon is continuous, the shadows must meet at the hinge; hence, any orientation of the dial will show the same time on both dials.[69]
Multiface (facet-headed) dialsEdit
A common multiple dial is to place sundials on every face of a Platonic solid, usually a cube.[70] Extremely ornate sundials can be composed in this way, by applying a sundial to every surface of a solid object. In some cases, the sundials are formed as hollows in a solid object, e.g., a cylindrical hollow aligned with the Earth's rotational axis (in which the edges play the role of styles) or a spherical hollow in the ancient tradition of the hemisphaerium or the antiboreum. (See the History section below.) In some cases, these multiface dials are small enough to sit on a desk, whereas in others, they are large stone monuments.
Such multiface dials have the advantage of receiving light (and, thus, telling time) at every hour of the day. They can also be designed to give the time in different time-zones simultaneously. However, they are generally not self-aligning, since their various dials generally use the same principle to tell time, that of a gnomon-style aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. Self-aligning dials require that at least two independent principles are used to tell time, e.g., a horizontal dial (in which the style is aligned with the Earth's axis) and an analemmatic dial (in which the style is not). In many cases, the multiface dials are erected never to be moved and, thus, need be aligned only once.[citation needed]
Prismatic dialsEdit
Prismatic dials are a special case of polar dials, in which the sharp edges of a prism of a concave polygon serve as the styles and the sides of the prism receive the shadow.[71] Examples include a three-dimensional cross or star of David on gravestones.
Unusual sundialsEdit
Benoy dialsEdit
Benoy Sun Clock showing 6:00 p.m.
The Benoy Dial was invented by Walter Gordon Benoy of Collingham in Nottinghamshire. Light may also be used to replace the shadow-edge of a gnomon. Whereas the style usually casts a sheet of shadow, an equivalent sheet of light can be created by allowing the Sun's rays through a thin slit, reflecting them from a long, slim mirror (usually half-cylindrical), or focusing them through a cylindrical lens. For illustration, the Benoy Dial uses a cylindrical lens to create a sheet of light, which falls as a line on the dial surface. Benoy dials can be seen throughout Great Britain, such as[72]
Bifilar sundialEdit
A bifilar dial showing the two wires
Main article:
Discovered by the German mathematician Hugo Michnik, the bifilar sundial has two non-intersecting threads parallel to the dial. Usually the second thread is orthogonal to the first. [74] [75]
The intersection of the two threads' shadows gives the solar time.
Digital sundialEdit
Digital sundial: graphic showing the masking
Main article: Digital sundial
A digital sundial uses light and no-light to "write" the time in numerals rather than marking time with position. The sundial consists of two closely spaced parallel masks. The first mask, facing the sun, has a regular array of thin vertical slits, which cast a striped light pattern onto the second mask. That mask, facing the user, is composed of narrow stripes, cut from the digits to be displayed. Using the final digit as an example, in one position of the sun, the stripes cut from the "0" are lit. Five minutes later the sun has moved over 1.25° and the stripes derived from the "5" are illuminated. Five minutes later, the stripes from the "0" are again illuminated as the light falling through a given slit has advanced one stripe to the left. A translucent screen behind the second mask helps diffusing the thin light lines and enables the numerals to be read from a broad angle effect.
There is a patent for this type of sundial.[76]
Such a sundial is installed, e.g., in the Deutsches Museum in Munich and in the Sundial Park in Genk (Belgium), and a small version is available commercially.
Analog calculating sundialEdit
A horizontal sundial with a face cut on a cardioid keeps clock time, while still resembling a conventional garden sundial. The cardioid shape connects the intersections between the solar-time marks of a conventional sundial, and the equal-angles of a true clock-time face. The place where The shadow crosses the cardioid's edge, and the clock time can be read from the underlying clock-time dial. The sundial is adjusted for daylight saving time by rotating the underlying equal-angle clock-time face. The sun-time face does not move.[citation needed]
Globe dialEdit
The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.[77] Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth. This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.
Noon marksEdit
Noon mark from the Greenwich Royal Observatory. The analemma is the narrow figure-8 shape, which plots the equation of time (in degrees, not time, 1°=4minutes) versus the altitude of the sun at noon at the sundial's location. The altitude is measured vertically, the equation of time horizontally.
The simplest sundials do not give the hours, but rather note the exact moment of 12:00 noon. [78] In centuries past, such dials were used to correct mechanical clocks, which were sometimes so inaccurate as to lose or gain significant time in a single day.
In U.S. colonial-era houses, a noon-mark can often be found carved into a floor or windowsill.[79] Such marks indicate local noon, and they provide a simple and accurate time reference for households that do not possess accurate clocks. In modern times, some Asian countries, post offices have set their clocks from a precision noon-mark. These in turn provided the times for the rest of the society. The typical noon-mark sundial was a lens set above an analemmatic plate. The plate has an engraved figure-eight shape., which corresponds to plotting the equation of time (described above) versus the solar declination. When the edge of the sun's image touches the part of the shape for the current month, this indicates that it is 12:00 noon.
Noon cannonEdit
A noon cannon, sometimes called a 'meridian cannon', is a specialized sundial that is designed to create an 'audible noonmark', by automatically igniting a quantity of gunpowder at noon. These were novelties rather than precision sundials, sometimes installed in parks in Europe mainly in the late 18th or early 19th century. They typically consist of a horizontal sundial, which has in addition to a gnomon a suitably mounted lens, set up to focus the rays of the sun at exactly noon on the firing pan of a miniature cannon loaded with gunpowder (but no ball). To function properly the position and angle of the lens must be adjusted seasonally.[citation needed]
Meridian linesEdit
A horizontal line aligned on a meridian with a gnomon facing the noon-sun is termed a meridian line and does not indicate the time, but instead the day of the year. Historically they were used to accurately determine the length of the solar year. Examples are the Bianchini meridian line in Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome, and the Cassini line in San Petronio Basilica at Bologna.[citation needed]
Sundial mottoesEdit
Further information: List of sundial mottoes
The association of sundials with time has inspired their designers over the centuries to display mottoes as part of the design. Often these cast the device in the role of memento mori, inviting the observer to reflect on the transience of the world and the inevitability of death. "Do not kill time, for it will surely kill thee." Other mottoes are more whimsical: "I count only the sunny hours," and "I am a sundial and I make a botch / of what is done far better by a watch." Collections of sundial mottoes have often been published through the centuries.[citation needed]
Using a sundial as a compassEdit
If a horizontal-plate sundial is portable and is made for the latitude in which it is being used, and if the user has a watch and the necessary information to calculate the local sundial time from its reading, the sundial can be used to find the directions of True North, South, etc. The sundial should be placed on a horizontal surface, and rotated about a vertical axis until it shows the correct time. The gnomon will then be pointing to the North, in the northern hemisphere, or to the South in the southern hemisphere. This method is much more accurate than using the watch as a compass (see watch) and can be used in places where the magnetic declination is large, making a magnetic compass unreliable.[citation needed]
See alsoEdit
1. ^ In some technical writing, the word "gnomon" can also mean the perpendicular height of a nodus from the dial plate. The point where the style intersects the dial plate is called the gnomon root.
2. ^ This is most probably due to the difficulty in making a reliable three dimensional drawing of the reclined-declined situation as well as the ease of making errors in the geometrical relationships and trig algebra. They had proposed that
H_\text{RD} = H_\text{RD1} + H_\text{RD2}
H_\text{RD1} = \tan D \cos R ,
H_\text{RD2} = \frac{\cos R \cos D \sin L + \sin R \cos L - \cos R \sin D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}{\sin D \sin L + \cos D \cot(15^{\circ} \times t)}
where L is the sundial's geographical latitude, t is the time before or after noon, and R and D are the angles of inclination and declination, respectively. and that the angle B between the substyle and the noon-line is given by[44]
\tan B = \sin R \sin D \frac{\tan L \cos R + \sin R \cos D}{\cos R - \tan L \cos D \sin R}.
3. ^ An example of such a half-cylindrical dial may be found at Wellesley College in Massachusetts.[51]
4. ^ Chaucer:as in his Parson's Tale. It was four o'clock according to my guess,
Since eleven feet, a little more or less,
my shadow at the time did fall,
Considering that I myself am six feet tall.
5. ^ For example, in the Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the monk says, "Goth now your wey," quod he, "al stille and softe,
And lat us dyne as sone as that ye may;
for by my chilindre it is pryme of day."
6. ^ Henry VI, Part 3:O God! methinks it were a happy life
To be no better than a homely swain;
To sit upon a hill, as I do now,
To carve out dials, quaintly, point by point,
Thereby to see the minutes, how they run--
How many makes the hour full complete,
How many hours brings about the day,
How many days will finish up the year,
How many years a mortal man may live.
1. ^ "Sundial FAQ". Accurate Sundials. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
2. ^ Moss, Tony. "How do sundials work". British Sundial society. Retrieved 21 September 2013. "This ugly plastic ‘non-dial’ does nothing at all except display the ‘designer’s ignorance and persuade the general public that ‘real’ sundials don’t work."
3. ^ a b c British Sundial, Society. "BSS Glossary.". Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
4. ^ Rohr 1965, pp. 126–129.
5. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 124–125.
6. ^ Sabanski, Carl. "The Sundial Primer". Retrieved 2008-07-11.
7. ^ Sunshine in your pocket!. "Making a sundial for the Southern hemisphere.". Retrieved 2008-07-11.
9. ^ British Sundial, Society. "The Sundial Register.". Retrieved 2008-01-05.
10. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 48–50.
11. ^ Karney, Kevin. "Variation in the Equation of Time".
12. ^ The Claremont, CA, Bowstring Equatorial. "Photo Info". Retrieved 2008-01-19.
13. ^ Christopher St. J.H. Daniel (4 March 2008). Sundials. Osprey Publishing. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-7478-0558-8. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
14. ^ a b Rohr 1965, pp. 46–49.
15. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 55–56, 96–98, 138–141.
16. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 29–34.
17. ^ Schaldach K (2004). "The arachne of the Amphiareion and the origin of gnomonics in Greece". Journal of the History of Astronomy 35: 435–445. ISSN 0021-8286.
18. ^ Rohr 1965, pp. 49–53.
19. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 56–99, 101–143, 138–141.
20. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 35–51.
21. ^ Rohr 1965, p. 52.
22. ^ Waugh 1973, p. 45.
23. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 557–58, 102–107, 141–143.
24. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 52–99.
25. ^ Rohr 1965, p. 65.
26. ^ Waugh 1973, p. 52.
27. ^ Rohr 1965, pp. 54–55.
28. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 52–69.
29. ^ Waugh 1973, p. 83.
30. ^ Morrissey, David. "Worldwide Sunrise and Sunset map". Retrieved 28 October 2013.
31. ^ a b Rohr 1965, pp. 55–69.
32. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, p. 58.
33. ^ a b Waugh 1973, pp. 74–99.
34. ^ Waugh 1973, p. 55.
35. ^ Rohr 1965, p. 72.
36. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 58, 107–112.
37. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 70–73.
38. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 58–112, 101–117, 1458–146.
39. ^ a b Rohr 1965, p. 79.
40. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, p. 138.
41. ^ Rohr (1965), pp. 70–81; Waugh (1973), pp. 100–107; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 59–60, 117–122, 144–145.
42. ^ Rohr (1965), p. 77; Waugh (1973), pp. 101–103; Capt. Samuel Sturmy (1683). The Art of Dialling. London: Unknown publisher.
43. ^ Sundial Design Using Matrices. H. Brandmaier, NASS Compendium, Vol 12, No. 1, pp.16-23, Mar 2005..
44. ^ Rohr (1965), p. 78.
45. ^ Rohr 1965, pp. 114, 1214–125.
46. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 60, 126–129, 151–115.
47. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 174–180.
48. ^ Rohr 1965, p. 17.
49. ^ Rohr 1965, pp. 118–119.
50. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 215–216.
51. ^ Mayall Mayall, p. 94.
52. ^ Waugh 1973, p. 157.
54. ^ Turner 1980, p. 25.
56. ^ Analemmatic sundials: How to build one and why they work by C.J. Budd and C.J. Sangwin
57. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, pp. 190–192.
58. ^ Rohr (1965), p. 15; Waugh (1973), pp. 1–3.
59. ^ a b c d e National Maritime Museum; Lippincott, Kristen; Eco, Umberto; Gombrich, E. H. (1999). The Story of Time. London: Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum. pp. 42–43. ISBN 1-85894-072-9.
60. ^ a b c St. Edmundsbury, Borough Council. "Telling the story of time measurement: The Beginnings". Retrieved 2008-06-20. [dead link]
61. ^ Rohr (1965), pp. 109–111; Waugh (1973), pp. 150–154; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 162–166.
62. ^ Waugh (1973), pp. 166–167.
63. ^ Rohr (1965), p. 111; Waugh (1973), pp. 158–160; Mayall and Mayall (1994), pp. 159–162.
64. ^ Rohr (1965), p. 110; Waugh (1973), pp. 161–165; Mayall and Mayall (1994), p. 166–185.
65. ^ Belk T (September 2007). "Declination Lines Detailed". BSS Bulletin. 19(iii): 137–140.
66. ^ Rohr 1965, p. 14.
67. ^ Waugh (1973), pp. 116–121.
68. ^ Rohr (1965), p. 112; Waugh (1973), pp. 154–155; Mayall and Mayall, pp. 23–24.
69. ^ Waugh (1973), p. 155.
70. ^ Rohr (1965),, p. 118; Waugh (1973), pp. 155–156; Mayall and Mayall, p. 59.
71. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 181–190.
72. ^ List correct as of British Sundial Register 2000. British Sundial, Society. "The Sundial Register.". Retrieved 2008-01-05.
73. ^ St. Edmundsbury, Borough Council. "Telling the story of time measurement.". Retrieved 2008-01-05. [dead link]
74. ^ Michnik, H (1922). "Title: Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr". Astronomische Nachrichten (in German) 217 (5190): 81–90. Bibcode:1922AN....217...81M. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
75. ^ Cadran Bifilaire
76. ^ Digital sundial
77. ^ Rohr 1965, pp. 114–115.
78. ^ Waugh 1973, pp. 18–28.
79. ^ Mayall & Mayall 1938, p. 26.
• Daniel, Christopher St.J.H. (2004). Sundials. Shire Album 176 (2nd revised ed.). Shire Publications. ISBN 978-0747805588.
• Earle AM (1971). Sundials and Roses of Yesterday. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle. ISBN 0-8048-0968-2. LCCN 74142763. Reprint of the 1902 book published by Macmillan (New York).
• Heilbron, J. L. : The sun in the church: cathedrals as solar observatories, Harvard University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-674-00536-5.
• A.P. Herbert, Sundials Old and New, Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967.
• Mayall, RN; Mayall (1938). Sundials: Their Construction and Use (3rd (1994) ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Publishing. ISBN 0-933346-71-9.
• Hugo Michnik, Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr, Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217(5190), p. 81-90, 1923
• Rohr, RRJ (1996). Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice (translated by G. Godin ed.). New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-29139-1. Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title Les Cadrans solaires by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).
• Savoie, Denis: Sundials, Design, Construction, and Use, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-09801-2.
• Frederick W. Sawyer, Bifilar gnomonics, JBAA (Journal of the British Astronomical association), 88(4):334–351, 1978
• Turner, Gerard L'E (1980). Antique Scientific Instruments. Blandford Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7137-1068-3.
• Walker, Brown: Make A Sundial, (The Education Group British Sundial Society) Editors Jane Walker and David Brown, British Sundial Society 1991 ISBN 0-9518404-0
• Waugh, Albert E (1973). Sundials: Their Theory and Construction. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22947-5.
External linksEdit
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From WikiFur, the furry encyclopedia.
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AllFurRadio's current logo.
AllFurRadio is a furry internet radio station controlled and owned by members of the furry fandom. This organization's primary objective is to bring high-quality furry oriented programming to a wider audience within the furry fandom. While the station mainly caters to adults, it does offer family friendly content and programming also, working on the core beliefs of the station's founders, and continued management.[1]
The station's slogans are 'By Furries, For Furries' and 'All Fur you!'.
AllFurRadio was founded by Markus Damone on 23 September 2006 to provide an alternative to existing media within Second Life and the furry fandom at large.[2][3]
The other co-founders were Arcturis McCloud (aka DJ Paladin), Lorelei Xiao (aka DJ Kinky), and Wren Mikita (aka DJ War). Two of these founders and co-owners have since left these roles at the network.
AFR made its first broadcasts in the game of Second Life and received most of its initial support from the furry sim cluster known as FurNation. AFR then attempted to branch out over the next year into the game known as Furcadia and to the sim clusters of Ryder and Lost Furrest in Second Life.
AllFurRadio is known for it's regular visits to conventions, starting with Anthrocon in 2007, and continuing 2008 and 2009. AllFurRadio usually broadcasts from Fernando's cafe to the con-goers. AllFurRadio has also made appearences at Further Confusion and Rocky Mountain Fur Con, the latter of which it states is it's 'home' convention.
AllFurRadio's management announced that as of August 29th 2010 the station had stopped broadcasting for a short while. Furthermore they added that the station was looking to resume the following year, working with new and former staff, as well as their listener base to remodel its operations and programme, pending a re-opening. Fans were encouraged to participate via contacting the CEO, or joining the station's official Teamspeak Server.
On November 12, 2011, AllFurRadio went live again, with a new staff.
AllFurRadio's radio stream has been dead since March of 2012, and the site has gone down as of June 2012
1. Who are we? - Official AllFurRadio website, [1]
2. Official All Fur Radio website, [2]
3. Who are we? - Official AllFurRadio website, [3]
External links[edit]
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Anthony H. Gair
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Anthony H. "Tony" Gair (born December 24, 1948) is a New York attorney and Advocate. He is a partner of the law firm Gair, Gair, Conason, Steigman, Mackauf,Bloom & Rubinowitz, which was founded by his parents in 1945. He looks for cases that are in the public interest. Notably, he represented the family of Amadou Diallo in a case that spurred reform of the New York City Police Department. He lives in New York City.
In 1971 Gair received his Bachelor of Arts from Long Island University. In 1980 he graduated cum laude with a J.D. from Thomas M. Cooley Law School, and received his Master of Laws from New York University School of Law in 1985. He was admitted in 1980 to practice in New York and U.S. District Court, Southern and Eastern Districts of New York.[1]
Amadou Diallo case[edit]
Anthony Gair represented the mother of Amadou Diallo, who was shot 41 times by officers of the New York Police Department's Street Crimes Unit. The city of New York agreed to pay $3 million to the family of Amadou Diallo. This amount is the largest amount that has ever been paid by the city of New York in a wrongful-death action for the death of a single individual with no dependents.[2][3]
Early problems with calculating a remuneration[edit]
The financial calculation for remuneration of Diallo's death would be complicated: He had no wife nor any children; he was killed instantly (and thus ineligible for pain and suffering compensation); lastly, he was a street vendor earning $10,000 a year.[4] But the city was eager to dispense with the high-profile case, which had inspired protests led by Al Sharpton. The NYPD and the city had come under heavy criticism for their handling of the investigation and their perceived insensitivity. Along with the rape of Abner Louima, the Amadou Diallo case came to symbolize a police department in need of reform.
First legal team led by Barry Scheck[edit]
Diallo's estate first hired Barry Scheck, Johnnie Cochran and Peter Neufeld to represent their interests; however, in 1999 both of Mr. Diallo's parents ordered them replaced. In their stead Kadiadou Diallo hired Gair.
An issue arose between the new legal team, headed by Gair, and the Scheck team, which asserted $40,000 of legal fees. Gair agreed to reimburse those fees; however, in order to move forward with suit the Sheck's files needed to be transferred to Gair. The Gair team turned asked the court to order them moved, which the Scheck team felt a heavy-handed tactic. The real battle revolved around not the amount of the Scheck team's fees, but how they would be compensated. The manner of calculation would be the ultimate determiner of the amount. $40,000 was only a starting point upon which both parties agreed. A Scheck spokesperson felt, however, that they should be paid by a percentage of the judgment or settlement. But the Gair team felt the compensation should be paid on quantum meruit, meaning a percentage calculated by determining the percentage of work each firm put into winning the final sum.
Gair firm takes lead of the case[edit]
Judge Lee Holzman held that Gair's counsel would be lead, which would put him in a more lucrative position relative to the other firms. His firm received 62.5 percent of the lawyers' fees (typically equal to a third of the settlement, which remained uncertain).[5]
Resolution for all parties[edit]
The case eventually led to a federal investigation and the disbandment of the NYPD's Street Crimes Unit. On January 6, 2004, Diallo's family agreed to a $3 million settlement. Neither the NYPD nor the city admitted any wrongdoing, but they expressed with deep "regret what occurred and extend [our] sympathies to the Diallo family."[6] Mrs. Diallo originally sought $20 million in compensatory damages and $41 million in punitive damages. All parties reportedly agreed the settlement was just, including the officers, the city, the NYPD, and Diallo's estate. "What we lost cannot be replaced, but we agreed to join hands with the city and accept this closure," said Kadiadou Diallo.[7] Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "It's just not a substitute for a human life. But it was a chapter out of our history and I'm just glad that we were able to come to a financial settlement with the family and let's get on with it."[8]
Legal scion[edit]
Gair comes from a distinguished legal tradition. His father Harry A. Gair founded Gair & Gair in 1945 when Harriet Gair (d. 2006) became partner in the firm. She had worked for Harry since she was fifteen.[9] Harriet attended New York University School of Law and received her LL.B. in 1940. She became managing partner in 1945. She was President of the New York Women's Bar Association, and remained counsel to the firm past 90 years of age.
Selected writings[edit]
• Proving Medical Malpractice by a Physician Who Performs Elective Plastic Surgery, Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy, Vol. XX, No. 2, December 2002.
• Presentation of Damages in a Personal Injury Case - The Plaintiff's Perspective, New York State Bar Association, Trial Lawyers Section Digest, 2002.
• Proving Dental Malpractice in a Case of Osteoradionecrosis Following Tooth Extraction, Medical Malpractice Law & Strategy Vol. XIX, No.8, June 2002.
• Orthopedic Malpractice: Failure to Diagnose Injury to Popliteal Artery, Medical Malpractice Law & Strategy, Vol. XVIII, No. 9, 2001.
• Is It Necessarily Malpractice: Failure to Revise Shunt in Hydrocephalus Patient, Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy, Vol. XVI, No. 5, March 1999.
• New Frontier in Products Liability, New York Law Journal, September 16, 1996.
• Personal Injury Litigation-Workplace Related Injuries, New York State Bar Association,
• Culpable Conduct/Comparative Fault Issues as Applicable to a Products Liability Case, Products Liability in New York, Strategy and Practice, New York State Bar Association, 1997
• Prosecuting a Case of Failure to Diagnose Compartment Syndrome, Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy, Vol. XV, No. 12, October 1998
• Cosmetic Surgical Malpractice: Loss of Vision following Blepharoplasty, Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy, 2000
• Chemotherapy: Failure to Properly Treat Extravasation of Doxorubicin, Medical Malpractice Law and Strategy, Vol. XVIII, No.10 August 2000
External links[edit]
1. ^ Martindale-Hubbel practice profiles, Anthony H. Gair, Marhub NY 470338.
2. ^ TRAGIC DIALLO KIN GET RECORD SETTLEMENT FROM CITY, The New York Post, January 7, [2004]
3. ^ Daniel Wise, New York Law Journal, New York City to Pay $3 Million to Settle Shooting Death Claim, January 7, 2004
4. ^ Amy Waldman, Diallo's Family Present and Former Legal Teams at Odds, The New York Times, December 28, 1999, Section B, Page 3.
5. ^ Id.
6. ^ Alan Feuer, $3 Million Deal In Police Killing Of Diallo in '99, The New York Times, January 7, 2004; Section A, pg. 1.
7. ^ Id.
8. ^ See, above, Feur, New York Times, January 7, 2004.
9. ^ Paid Notice: Deaths, The New York Times, July 13, 2006, Section B, p. 7
10. ^ CNN Saturday Morning News, Verdict Reached in Diallo Shooting Trial But Case is Far From Over, February 26, 2000, via
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BMW 507
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BMW 507
BMW 507.jpg
BMW 507 at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show
Manufacturer BMW
Production 1956–1959
252 units built
Assembly Milbertshofen, Bavaria, Germany
Designer Albrecht von Goertz
Body and chassis
Class Grand tourer
Body style 2-door convertible
Layout FR layout
Related BMW 503
Engine 3168 cc BMW OHV V8
Transmission 4-speed ZF manual[1][2]
Wheelbase 2,480 mm (98 in)[3]
Length 4,380 mm (172.4 in)[3][4]
Width 1,650 mm (65.0 in)[3][4]
Height 1,257 mm (49.5 in)[3]
Kerb weight 1,330 kg (2,930 lb)[5][6]
Successor BMW Z8
The BMW 507 is a roadster produced by BMW from 1956 to 1959. Initially intended to be exported to the United States at a rate of thousands per year, it ended up being too expensive, resulting in a total production figure of 252 cars and heavy losses for BMW.
Front 3/4-view
The BMW 507 was conceived by U.S. automobile importer Max Hoffman who, in 1954, persuaded the BMW management to produce a roadster version of the BMW 501 and BMW 502 saloons to fill the gap between the expensive Mercedes-Benz 300SL and the cheap and underpowered Triumph and MG sports cars. BMW engineer Fritz Fiedler was assigned to design the rolling chassis, using existing components wherever possible.[2] Early body designs by Ernst Loof were rejected by Hoffman, who found them to be unappealing. In November 1954, at Hoffman's insistence, BMW contracted designer Albrecht von Goertz to design the BMW 503 and the 507.[7]
Thirty-four Series I 507s were built in 1956 and early 1957.[8] These cars had welded aluminium fuel tanks of 110 litres (29.1 US gal) capacity behind the rear seats.[7] These large tanks limited both boot space[7] and passenger space, and gave off the smell of fuel inside the car when the hood was erected or the hardtop was in place.[8] Series II and later 507s had fuel tanks of 66 litres (17.4 US gal) capacity under the boot, shaped around a space for the spare tyre to fit.[7]
Side view
The 507 frame was a shortened 503 frame, the wheelbase having been reduced from 2,835 millimetres (111.6 in) to 2,480 millimetres (98 in).[2][3] Overall length was 4,835 millimetres (190.4 in), and overall height was 1,257 millimetres (49.5 in).[3] Curb weight was about 1,330 kilograms (2,930 lb).[9] The body was almost entirely hand-formed of aluminium,[10] and no two models were exactly the same. Many cars were sold with an optional hand-fabricated removable hardtop. Because of the car-to-car differences, each hardtop fits only the car for which it was made.[citation needed]
Front suspension was parallel double wishbones, with torsion bar springs and an anti-roll bar. Rear suspension had a live axle, also sprung by torsion bars, and located by a Panhard rod and a central, transverse A-arm to control acceleration and braking forces. Brakes were Alfin drum brakes of 284.5 mm (11.2 in) diameter, and power brakes were optional. Late-model 507s had front Girling disc brakes.[citation needed]
The engine was BMW's aluminium alloy OHV V8, of 3,168 cubic centimetres (193.3 cu in) displacement, with pushrod-operated overhead valves. It had two Zenith 32NDIX two-barrel carburetors, a chain-driven oil pump, high-lift cams, a different spark advance curve, polished combustion chamber surfaces, and a compression ratio of 7.8:1,[7] yielding 150 metric horsepower (110 kW) DIN at 5,000 rpm.[4][7] It was mated to a close ratio four-speed manual transmission.[7] The standard rear-end ratio was 3.70:1, but ratios of 3.42:1 and 3.90:1 were optional.[2][7] A contemporary road test of a 507 with the standard 3.70:1 final drive was reported in Motor Revue, stating a 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) acceleration time of 11.1 seconds and a top speed of 122 mph.[11]
Introduction and impact[edit]
Detail on front fender/wing
The 507 made its debut at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York in the summer of 1955.[12] Production began in November 1956. Max Hoffman intended the 507 to sell for about US$5,000, which he believed would allow a production run of 5,000 units a year. Instead, high production costs pushed the price in Germany to DM 26,500 (later 29,950),[13][note 1] driving the U.S. price initially to $9,000 and ultimately $10,500.[14] Despite attracting celebrity buyers including Hans Stuck and Georg "Schorsch" Meier, the car never once reached more than 10% of the sales volumes achieved by its Stuttgart rival, the Mercedes-Benz 300SL.[3]
Intended to revive BMW's sporting image, the 507 instead took BMW to the edge of bankruptcy—the company's losses for 1959 were DM 15 million. The company lost money on each 507 built, and production was terminated in late 1959.[4][15] Only 252 were built,[11][16] plus two prototypes. Fortunately for the company, an infusion of capital from Herbert Quandt and the launch of new, cheaper models (the BMW 700 and later the 'New Class' 1500) helped the company recover.[citation needed]
Rear 3/4-view
The 507 remains a milestone model for its attractive styling. 202 507s are known to survive, a tribute to the car's appeal.[citation needed] Bernie Ecclestone's 507 fetched GB£430,238 (US$904,000) at an auction in London in October 2007.[17] 2009 the prices for 507s have reached €900,000.[citation needed] At the Amelia Island Concours in March, 2014 a 507 sold at auction for $2.4 million.[18]
BMW Z8, with 507-inspired front grilles and side vents
The styling of the 507 later influenced the Z3,[19] the Z4,[citation needed] and, most noticeably, the Z8,[20][21] with its chromed side vents and horizontal front grilles.[20]
Notable owners[edit]
Several notable personalities have owned 507s. In 1959, while stationed in Germany on duty with the US Army, legendary American entertainer Elvis Presley bought a white 507. Presley's car, no. 70079, had earlier been used as a press demonstrator by BMW and raced by Hans Stuck. It was imported into the United States in 1960 and was bought by Alabama disc jockey Tommy Charles, who had it extensively modified, including having the engine replaced with a Chevrolet V8.[22] In July 2014, BMW Group announced that Presley's car will be on display for a short period at the BMW Museum in Munich, before be entirely restored by its Classic department.[23]
Elvis reportedly gave another 507, no. 70192, to Ursula Andress, who starred in Fun in Acapulco with him in 1963.[note 2] Andress's husband, John Derek, had the car customized, including having the engine replaced with a Ford 289 V8. Andress sold the car to George Barris. The car was restored with a correct drivetrain by a later owner.[24][25] It was sold at auction in 1997 for US$350,000[26] and at another auction in 2011 for US$1,072,500.[25]
John Surtees was given a 507 by Count Agusta for winning the 1956 500cc World Motorcycle Championship on a MV Agusta. Surtees worked with Dunlop to develop disc brakes for the front wheels of the 507, and his 507 eventually had disc brakes on all four wheels.[21] Surtees still owns his 507.[27]
1. ^ A contemporary Mercedes-Benz 300SL was DM 32,500.
2. ^ Andress told Bimmer magazine that Elvis gave her the car, while RM Auctions says there is no known documentation of Elvis giving Andress the car.
1. ^ Norbye, Jan P., BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines, p. 88
2. ^ a b c d Norbye, p. 96
3. ^ a b c d e f g Eicker, Helmut, "Die Grossten von Gestern: Auto Motor und Sport fuhr einen BMW 507 Jahrgang 1959", Auto, Motor und Sport 12 1977, 8 June 1977, pp. 54–58
4. ^ a b c d BMW Konzernarchiv: BMW 507 Roadster
5. ^ Lewin, Tony, The Complete Book of BMW: Every Model since 1950, p. 28
6. ^ Norbye, p. 116
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Norbye, pp. 113–114
8. ^ a b Jouret, Jackie, and Werb, Helmut, "507s star at Pebble Beach", Bimmer magazine, p. 6
9. ^ Norbye, Jan P. (1984). "Brief Specifications and Production". BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines. Skokie, IL, USA: Publications International. p. 251. ISBN 0-517-42464-9. LCCN 84060309.
10. ^ Noakes, Andrew, The Ultimate History of BMW p. 52
11. ^ a b Norbye, p. 115
13. ^ Oswald, Werner, Deutsche Autos 1945-1990, vol.4, p. 172
14. ^ Covello, Mike, Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946-2002, pp. 137–138
15. ^ Seeliger, pp. 138, 206
16. ^ Westrup, Klaus, "Not und Spiele: Die 50er Jahre...", Auto, Motor und Sport 13 1996, 14 June 1996, pp. 58–65
17. ^ RM auctions' first London sale results,, 2007-11-02
18. ^ Jerry Garrett, In Florida, New Stars on Block, The New York Times
19. ^ Noakes, p. 152
20. ^ a b Noakes, pp. 164-165
21. ^ a b Birch, Stuart, From 507 to Z8, SAE International
22. ^ Jouret and Werb, "507s star at Pebble Beach", Bimmer magazine, p. 3
23. ^ Joseph, Noah (24 July 2014). "BMW begins restoring Elvis Presley's 507". AutoBlog. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
24. ^ Jouret and Werb, "507s star at Pebble Beach", Bimmer magazine, p. 4
25. ^ a b RM Auctions site for Ursula Andress's BMW 507, 19–20 August 2011
26. ^ Jouret and Werb, "507s star at Pebble Beach", Bimmer magazine, p. 5
27. ^ Surtees - Clients and Past Projects - BMW, from Surtees Official Website, John Surtees Ltd.
Books and journals
• Covello, Mike (2002). Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946-2002. Iola: Krause Publications. pp. 137–38. ISBN 0-87341-605-8.
• Eicker, Helmut (8 June 1977). "Die Grossten von Gestern: Auto Motor und Sport fuhr einen BMW 507 Jahrgang 1959 " [Yesterday's greatest: Auto Motor und Sport drove a 1959 BMW 507]. Auto, Motor und Sport. Heft (in German). 12 1977: 54–58.
• Lewin, Tony (2004). "Faded glory". The Complete Book of BMW: Every Model since 1950. St. Paul, MN USA: Motorbooks International. pp. 23–37. ISBN 0-7603-1951-0. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
• Noakes, Andrew (2005). The Ultimate History of BMW. Bath, UK: Parragon Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 1-4054-5316-8.
• Norbye, Jan P. (1984). "Postwar Panache: Baroque Angels, Timeless Sports Cars". BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines. Skokie, IL, USA: Publications International. pp. 84–116. ISBN 0-517-42464-9. LCCN 84060309.
• Oswald, Werner (2001). Deutsche Autos 1945-1990, vol.4 (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 172. ISBN 3-613-02131-5.
• Seeliger, Georg (1993). BMW 503/507: Die V8-Sportmodelle (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 83. ISBN 3-613-01563-3.
• Westrup, Klaus (14 June 1996). "Not und Spiele: Die 50er Jahre...". In Ostmann, Bernd. Auto Motor u. Sport. Heft (in German). 13 1996: 58–65.
Web sites
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Burg Gutenberg - Balzers- Liechtenstein.jpg
Flag of Balzers
Coat of arms of Balzers
Coat of arms
Balzers and its exclaves in Liechtenstein
Balzers and its exclaves in Liechtenstein
Coordinates: 47°04′N 9°30′E / 47.067°N 9.500°E / 47.067; 9.500Coordinates: 47°04′N 9°30′E / 47.067°N 9.500°E / 47.067; 9.500
Country Liechtenstein
Villages Mäls
• Total 19.6 km2 (7.6 sq mi)
Elevation 472 m (1,549 ft)
Population (31.12.2008[1])
• Total 4,513
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST) CEST (UTC)
Postal code 9496
Area code(s) 7003
ISO 3166 code LI-01
Balzers is a village and community located in southern Liechtenstein. As of the 2005 census, the community has a total population of 4,420. The main part of the village is situated along the east bank of the Rhine.
History and Culture[edit]
Historically, the present-day form of the village consists of two different villages, the actual Balzers in the east and Mäls in the west. Not visible to the unaware, the division still persists in the local village culture, where it manifests in half-serious local competition. Some customs, such as the "Funken" a springtime ritual with pre-Christian origins involving a huge bonfire, are still being practised by each separately. The two parts were first mentioned in 842 as Palazole.
Balzers is the home of the Burg Gutenberg, a 12th-century castle which is located on a rocky hill in the center of the town.
There is no airport in Liechtenstein, but Balzers has a small heliport available for charter flights (IATA: -ICAO: LSXB) (47°04′05″N 9°28′52″E / 47.06812°N 9.48118°E / 47.06812; 9.48118 (Balzers heliport))
Aircraft Origin Year implemented Type In service Role
Ecureuil AS 350 France 2005, 2008, and 2012 B3 3 Used for transporting people
Guimbal Cabri G2 France 2011 1 Purchased for a new pilot training program, started April 2011
Kaman K-Max United States 2006 1200 1 Used for transporting cargo
Oerlikon Balzers[edit]
The headquarters of the major thin film coating, solar and vacuum technology company Oerlikon Balzers is located in Balzers.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^ 2008 Statistics for Liechtenstein (German)
2. ^ "Oerlikon Balzers - Contact". Retrieved 2012-02-22. [dead link]
External links[edit]
Media related to Balzers at Wikimedia Commons
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Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball
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Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball
Developer(s) Team Ninja
Publisher(s) Tecmo
Designer(s) Tomonobu Itagaki
Series Dead or Alive
Platform(s) Xbox
Release date(s) NA 20030122January 22, 2003
JP 20030123January 23, 2003
EU 20030328March 28, 2003
Genre(s) Sports
Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer
Distribution DVD
Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball (Japanese: デッドオアアライブエクストリームビーチバレーボール Hepburn: Deddo Oa Araibu Ekusutorīmu Bīchi Barēbōru?, abbreviated as DOAX) is a beach volleyball game by Tecmo released in 2003 exclusively for the Xbox. The game is a departure from the rest of the Dead or Alive series which otherwise consists of fighting games. It also marks the first game in the series to have a Mature rating due to the very revealing swimsuits featured in the game and the suggestive poses the women present themselves in (which can be viewed and zoomed in on from almost any angle, as controlled by the player). Its sequel, Dead or Alive Xtreme 2, was released on November 13, 2006, exclusively for the Xbox 360.
In the main story mode, players select a woman to play as for the duration of their two-week period. Since the volleyball matches in the game are always two on two, the player automatically begins with a partner. Each day, players can select one activity in the morning, one in the afternoon, and one in the evening. While players do have an opportunity to simply relax during these time periods, they are generally used to either court new partners, or to challenge existing partnerships to a game of volleyball. Winning a match provides money which can be used to buy swimsuits and accessories, either for oneself, or as gifts to bestow upon the other women. Alternatively, players can also earn money through gambling at a casino located on the island.
Playing volleyball is done primarily through the use of two buttons, one designated for spiking and blocking, and the other for receiving or setting. As many of the actions happen automatically (e.g., jumping up to spike the ball), the game forces the player to focus on timing; a poorly timed press of a button results in a weak hit or a smash into the net. While it is possible to manually direct one's partner towards or away from the net, she will generally move to cover whichever area the player has left empty. The game is one of the few to make use of the analog sensitivity of the face buttons on the Xbox controller, with a softer touch allowing one to barely hit the ball over the net.
In addition to the core volleyball mechanic, the game features a relationship system between the various women on the island. Through gifts and skillful play, players can induce other characters to increase their esteem and positive feelings toward the character being played. A positive relationship with one's partner can translate into better performance during a volleyball match, while strong relationships with the other women leads to opportunities for new partners. Conversely, negative feelings from a partner can lead to missteps on the court, or can lead to gifts being thrown away unopened.
All money carries over between vacations, so that unspent Zack bucks can be used by a different character selected on the next play-through. Similarly, all swimsuits acquired by a given character remain with that character for all future play sessions. Since each character has access to a different set of swimsuits at the shop, the majority of suits for each character can only be acquired as gifts.
Zack gambles his winnings from the Dead or Alive 3 tournament at a casino. In the process, he hits the jackpot, earning a ridiculously large sum of money. The money is used to purchase a private island, which he promptly names after himself ("Zack Island"). He then invites the women from the previous tournament (along with one newcomer-his girlfriend) to his island under the pretense that the next Dead or Alive tournament will be held there. The women arrive and after discovering the truth, namely that it was merely a hoax, decide to make the best of the situation by spending two weeks vacationing on the island.
At the end of the two-week time period, the ladies depart, leaving only Zack and his girlfriend Niki on the island. Shortly thereafter, a volcano, previously thought to be inactive, spontaneously erupts, threatening to destroy Zack's island. In the chaos, Niki escapes using Zack's jetpack. Zack survives the volcanic eruption, but the island itself is completely destroyed. While not part of the game itself, Zack's later Dead or Alive 4 ending shows the pair robbing an ancient tomb and escaping with a truck filled with gold, suggesting a possible financing source for a sequel. In the sequel, it is confirmed that this is indeed the source for financing "New Zack Island".
In order to suit the lighter, more playful nature of the game, the Dead or Alive characters' previous rivalries were reduced to just a general dislike in this title. As a result, even characters who would normally try to kill each other (such as Ayane and Kasumi, or Christie and Helena) can become fast friends through a brief exchange of gifts.
The playable characters consist of seven females from the previous Dead or Alive titles, plus Lisa, who makes her first appearance in this title. Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball is the only time Dennis Rodman voices Zack in the DOA series. Although Zack is not a playable character, he does appear in both the beginning and ending movies of the game, with small appearances throughout the game. His girlfriend, Niki, appears only in cutscenes. As such, the volleyball players consist of:
• Ayane - Japanese ninja and rival (as well as half-sister) of Kasumi.
• Christie - British assassin and automobile enthusiast.
• Helena - French opera singer fond of walking her dog.
• Hitomi - German high-school student and aspiring chef.
• Kasumi - Japanese runaway ninja who enjoys fortune-telling and origami.
• Leifang - Chinese college student with an interest in aromatherapy.
• Lisa - American stock broker and amateur surfer.
• Tina - American wrestler and daughter of Bass Armstrong.
Song Title Artist
"Is This Love" Bob Marley
"How Crazy Are You" Meja
"Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You) Christina Aguilera
"Move It Like This Baha Men
"Bitchism" Raja‑Nee
"Turn It Up" Raja‑Nee
"Do It" Spice Girls
"I Want Your Girlfriend To Be My Girlfriend Too" Reel Big Fish
"The Kids Don't Like It" Reel Big Fish
"Jesse Hold On" B*Witched
"If It Don't Fit" B*Witched
"This Is It" Innosense
"Brazilian Sugar" George Duke
"Give Me A Reason" Aswad
"Lovin' You" Janet Kay
"Pegaito" Manuel Hernandez
"Sweet and Deadly" Big Mountain
"Fe Real" Big Mountain
A certain amount of controversy erupted following the announcement and subsequent release of the game. It was criticized for laying a thin veneer of respectability and legitimate gameplay over simply watching lusty, scantily-clad women with large, bouncing breasts jog, roll around in the sand, scoot across tree trunks, and other suggestive activities, pandering to the lowest common denominator.[1] Nonetheless, many reviewers were impressed at the depth of the volleyball game, as well as with the high quality of the visuals and animation.[2] As a result, review scores ranged from quite mediocre to very high, resulting in the averaged ratings of 74.24% at GameRankings[3] and 73/100 at Metacritic.[4] In its review, Edge focused on the game's unusual social, rather than adversarial, focus.[5]
In the first ever Spike Video Game Awards in 2003, Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball won in the category Best Animation.[6] In 2006, GamesRadar ranked gravure scenes in the game to be one of the 100 greatest gaming moment in history.[7] In 2011, FHM included on the list of six games "that shamelessly used sex to sell".[8]
In the April 2003 edition (issue #165) of the videogame publication Electronic Gaming Monthly, the magazine revealed a "nude code" for DOAXBV, as an April Fools' Day joke. The magazine promised readers they could play the game with the girls topless, in an unlockable nude mode. Upon discovering the nude code was a hoax, many readers sent angry letters to the magazine, despite the fact that such jokes and hoaxes were an annual tradition for EGM. Shortly after the game's launch, a community of hobbyist hackers reverse engineered Dead or Alive Extreme Volleyball texture system, allowing users to modify textures of the player character models. This quickly led to users replacing the already revealing swimsuits with high detailed nude textures include genitalia and pubic hair for all in game characters. This resulted in fully nude anatomically correct female characters that would lounge about and play volleyball with full breast and buttocks physics intact. In January 2005 was taken to court by Tecmo for breaching the Digital Millennium Copyright Act by reverse engineering aspects of the game, as well as Ninja Gaiden and Dead or Alive 2. The company was seeking between $1,000 and $10,000 for every skin swapped over the community website.[9]
1. ^ Gallaway, Brad (2003-01-29). "Dead or Alive: Xtreme Beach Volleyball". Retrieved 2006-12-07.
2. ^ Valentino, Nick (2003-02-03). "Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball Review". GameZone. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
3. ^ "Dead or Alive: Xtreme Beach Volleyball for Xbox". GameRankings. 2003-01-22. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
4. ^ "Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball for Xbox Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
5. ^ Edge Magazine, March 2003, pg. 86.
6. ^ "Spike TV honors digital women, Ray Liotta in video game awards", The Victoria Advocate, December 4, 2003.
7. ^ "101 Greatest Gaming Moments, Day One". GamesRadar. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
8. ^ FHM Philippines (2011-07-14). "6 Videogames that Shamelessly Used Sex to Sell - Games". Retrieved 2014-03-02.
9. ^ "Tecmo Sues Xbox Game Hackers". theregister. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
External links[edit]
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Edith the Fair
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Edith Swannesha)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the consort of Harold II. For his wife, also named Edith, see Edith of Mercia.
Edith the Fair
Edith discovering the body of Harold.jpg
Edith discovering the body of Harold Godwinson
Born c. 1025
Died c. 1086
Religion Chalcedonian Christianity
Spouse(s) Harold Godwinson
Children Godwin
Edith Swannesha (Old English: Ealdgȳð Swann hnesce, "Edith [the] Gentle Swan"; c. 1025 – c. 1086), also known as Edith Swanneschals or Edith the Fair,[note 1] was the first wife or mistress of King Harold II of England.[1] She is also commonly known as Edith Swanneck (or Swan-Neck) but this comes from a historical misinterpretation that her nickname represented Old English swann hnecca, "swan neck".[2] She is sometimes confused with Ældgyth, daughter of Ealdorman Ælfgar of Mercia, and Harold's Queen consort.
Consort of King Harold[edit]
She may be identical with Eadgifu the Fair, who was one of the wealthiest magnates in England on the eve of the Norman Conquest. Their children included Gunhild, who became the mistress of Alan Rufus, and Gytha, who was taken by her grandmother to Denmark in 1068.[1] Gytha addressed as "princess" and married the Grand Duke of Kiev, Vladimir Monomakh.[3]
Though King Harold II is said to have lawfully married Edith of Mercia, the widow of the Welsh ruler Gruffydd ap Llywelyn whom he had defeated in battle, that marriage in spring 1066 is seen by most modern scholars as one of political convenience.[4] Mercia and Wales were allied against England, and the marriage gave the English claim in two very troublesome regions, and also gave Harold Godwinesson a marriage deemed "legitimate" by the clergy, unlike his longtime common law marriage with Edith the Fair.
Edith the Fair was remembered in history and folklore chiefly because it was she who identified Harold's body after the Battle of Hastings.[5] The body was horrifically mutilated after the battle by the Norman army of William the Conqueror, and, despite pleas by Harold's mother for William to surrender Harold's body for burial, the Norman army refused, even though Harold's mother offered Harold's weight in gold. It was then that Edith the Fair walked through the carnage of the battle so that she might identify Harold by markings on his chest known only to her. It was because of Edith the Fair's identification of Harold's body that Harold was given a Christian burial by the monks at Waltham Abbey.[6] This legend is recounted in the well-known poem by Heinrich Heine, "The Battlefield of Hastings" (1855), which features Edith the Fair (as Edith Swan-Neck) as the main character and claims that the 'marks known only to her' were love bites.
Historical fiction[edit]
The relationship between Harold Godwinson and Edith Swanneschals is the subject of several novels
Ealdgyth was portrayed by Janet Suzman in the two-part BBC TV play Conquest (1966), part of the series Theatre 625.
The German poet Heinrich Heine wrote Das Schlachtfeld von Hastings (published 1851). In this poem, Edith and two monks search on the battlefield the body of king Harold.
1. ^ Her first name is also spelled Ealdgyth, Aldgyth, or Eddeva, and sometimes appears as Ēadgȳð and Ēadgifu.
1. ^ a b Williams, Ann (2004). "Eadgifu [Eddeua] the Fair [the Rich] (fl. 1066), magnate". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52349. Retrieved 19 March 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
2. ^ Ardagh, Philip. Philip Ardagh's Book of Kings, Queens, Emperors and Rotten Wart-Nosed Commoners.
3. ^ Poole, Russell Gilbert (1998). Old English Wisdom Poetry. D.S.Brewer. p. 238. ISBN 978-0859915304.
4. ^ Jones, Kaye (2011). 1066: History in an Hour. p. 32.
5. ^ Jones, Kaye (2011). 1066: History in an Hour. p. 33.
6. ^ Mason, Emma (2004). The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty. p. 178.
• A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World, 3500 BC - 1603 AD by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2000 ISBN 0-7868-6675-6
• The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Volume 06: Masterpieces of German Literature Translated into English in Twenty Volumes by Kuno Francke www.gutenberg.org/etext/12473
• Great Tales from English History: The Truth About King Arthur, Lady Godiva, Richard the Lionheart, and More by Robert Lacey, 2004 ISBN 0-316-10910-X
• House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty by Emma Mason, 2004 ISBN 1-85285-389-1
• Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 176-2, 176A-4, 177-1
• 'Who Was Eddeva?' by J.R. Boyle, F.S.A.; Transactions of East Riding Antiquarian Society, Volume 4 (1896); pages 11-22
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GUS reporter system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rice anthers and style showing GUS expression
The GUS reporter system (GUS: β-glucuronidase) is a reporter gene system, particularly useful in plant molecular biology[1] and microbiology.[2] Several kinds of GUS reporter gene assay are available, depending on the substrate used. The term GUS staining refers to the most common of these, a histochemical technique.
The purpose of this technique is to analyze the activity of a promoter (in terms of expression of a gene under that promoter) either in a quantitative way or through visualization of its activity in different tissues. The technique is based on β-glucuronidase, an enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli;[3] this enzyme, when incubated with some specific colorless or non-fluorescent substrates, can transform them into coloured or fluorescent products.[4]
There are different possible glucuronides that can be used as substrates for the β-glucuronidase, depending on the type of detection needed (histochemical, spectrophotometrical, fluorimetrical). The most common substrate for GUS histochemical staining is 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl glucuronide (X-Gluc): the product of the reaction is in this case a clear blue color. Other common substrates are p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide for the spectrophotometrical assay and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) for the fluorimetrical assay.[5]
The system was originally developed by Richard Anthony Jefferson during his Ph.D. at the University of Colorado at Boulder.[6] He adapted the technique for the use with plants as he worked in the Plant Breeding Institute of Cambridge, between 1985 and 1987.[1] Since then thousands of labs have used the system, making it probably the most widely used tool in plant molecular biology, as underlined by over 6000 citations in scientific literature.[6]
Target organisms[edit]
Rice embryo showing GUS expression
An organism is suitable for a GUS assay if it has no β-glucuronidase or if the activity is very low (background activity). For this reason the assay is not useful in most vertebrates and many molluscs.[5] Since there is no detectable GUS activity in higher plants, mosses, algae, ferns, fungi and most bacteria,[5] the assay is perfectly suited for these organisms.
Staining using the GUS-system in Arabidopsis Thaliana
Thus it is used widely in plant science.
Other reporter systems[edit]
The GUS system is not the only available gene reporter system for the analysis of promoter activity. Other competing systems are based on e.g. luciferase, GFP, beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase. The use of one or the other system is mainly dependent on the organism of interest.
Other uses[edit]
Rice seed aleurone layer showing GUSPlus expression
The GUS assay, as well as other reporter gene systems, can be used for other kinds of studies other than the classical promoter activity assay. Reporter systems have been used for the determination of the efficiency of gene delivery systems, the intracellular localization of a gene product, the detection of protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, the efficiency of translation initiation signals and the success of molecular cloning efforts.
1. ^ a b Jefferson, R. A.; Kavanagh, T. A.; Bevan, M. W. (1987). "GUS fusions: Beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants". The EMBO journal 6 (13): 3901–7. PMC 553867. PMID 3327686.
2. ^ Vande Broek, A; Lambrecht, M; Vanderleyden, J (1998). "Bacterial chemotactic motility is important for the initiation of wheat root colonization by Azospirillum brasilense". Microbiology (Reading, England). 144 ( Pt 9): 2599–606. PMID 9782509.
3. ^ Blanco, C; Ritzenthaler, P; Mata-Gilsinger, M (1982). "Cloning and endonuclease restriction analysis of uidA and uidR genes in Escherichia coli K-12: Determination of transcription direction for the uidA gene". Journal of bacteriology 149 (2): 587–94. PMC 216546. PMID 6276362.
4. ^ Jefferson, R. A.; Burgess, S. M.; Hirsh, D (1986). "Beta-Glucuronidase from Escherichia coli as a gene-fusion marker". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83 (22): 8447–51. PMC 386947. PMID 3534890.
5. ^ a b c U.S. Patent 5,268,463
6. ^ a b Cambia Organization Website: biography of Richard A. Jefferson
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HeroQuest (role-playing game)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see HeroQuest (disambiguation).
HeroQuest Core Rules
Heroquest logo.jpg
HeroQuest Logo
Designer(s) Robin D. Laws
Publisher(s) Moon Design Publications
Publication date 2009
Genre(s) Multi
System(s) Narrative
HeroQuest is a narrativist role-playing game written by Robin D. Laws and published by Moon Design Publications under license from Issaries, Inc. (July 2009). It has its roots in Greg Stafford's fantasy world of Glorantha, but was designed as a generic system, suitable for, but not tied to any particular genre. The game's mechanics are focused on quick resolution; Contests are resolved by comparing the results of two twenty sided dice, each tied to a character ability chosen by players and/or narrator. After the die roll, the participants work together to interpret the outcome in story terms.
The game system[edit]
The current (second) edition of HeroQuest has a firm narrativist basis and focuses on dramatic presentation and storytelling techniques:
Who Prospers?
It is an unavoidable fact that all roleplaying games favor certain player skill sets. Where some games reward memorization, an instinct for math, and the willingness to comb through multiple rulebooks for the most useful super powers, HeroQuest tips the scales for creative improvisation, verbal acuity, and a familiarity with the techniques and stereotypes of popular fiction. - Introduction, HeroQuest Core Rules[1]
The system is built around abilities and keywords. A Keyword is a broad term to sum up several abilities, such as a profession or a homeland or culture.
Character creation[edit]
There are three main methods to create a character: Prose, List, or As-You-Go.
In the Prose method, the player describes the character in a couple of sentences for a total of 100 words. The player then selects words and phrases from the description to be used as character abilities. Depending on the game setting, the description can include Keywords to indicate a character's profession, homeland, and other affiliations. Keywords can be used to imply certain abilities.
In the List method, the player starts with choosing one or more Keywords as appropriate for the setting, and then chooses up to ten additional abilities and up to three flaws.
In the As-You-Go method a player states their character concept and defines Keywords and abilities during play based on what they think their character would know.
Keywords and Abilities[edit]
Characters are defined by a list of their abilities. Keywords are an optional rule that allows abilities to be grouped together for simplicity. For example, a character might have a keyword representing their Occupation, and this is assumed to contain all abilities relating to that occupation. Other keywords might cover the character's background culture, homeland or magical tradition.
Abilities are given a level from 1 to 20, to represent how good the character is at using that ability to solve problems. Keyword ratings cover all the abilities within that keyword. For example, a character with a Warrior rating of 17 can reasonably be expected to be able to sword fight at that level. However, characters are further defined by adding points to abilities, and can raise the default levels above their starting point. If a Warrior is very good at sword fighting, then that ability would be raised. Once an ability is raised above 20, the character gains a level of Mastery (see the game mechanics section).
One of the main differences in HeroQuest's use of abilities, as compared to other roleplaying games, is that they are not limited to describing skills and capability, but may also describe areas of expertise, relationships, personality traits, magic spells, technological implents, superpowers and possessions, depending on the genre of the game being played. Each one is equal to the others. Sword Fighting at 17 is just as capable as Angry at 17. Both could be used to win a sword fight, provided the character is angry. Because of this, a character's personality and relationships are just as important as their skills. Abilities can also augment each other. In the example above, Sword Fighting 17 and Angry 17 could be used together giving a better target number. In play, this means that when players are pursuing goals in line with their character's abilities, they can be extremely capable and are more likely to see success than if they ignore some of those building blocks.
There are a few more types of abilities, such as equipment, followers, and magic. Everything is defined using the same system. The adaptability and ease of expansion of these basic concepts are what helped make the system popular for use in other settings and genres among its followers.
Game Mechanics[edit]
The resolution mechanic is built around a pair of twenty-sided dice. One die is rolled for the character's ability, the other for the resistance, a score chosen by the narrator. This can be an ability of a supporting (non-player) character or a resistance score of an impersonal obstacle or a force of nature.
In HeroQuest players do not compare the numbers thrown, but instead compare the implied results. Results rank from Fumble, through Failure and Success to Critical. A Success is scored if the die roll does not exceed the ability score, with a 1 indicating a Critical success. If the die roll exceeds the ability score, the result is a Failure, while a 20 indicates a Fumble (Critical Failure).
The two results are then compared to determine the level of victory (or defeat):
• Complete - results differ by 3 levels (e.g., Critical vs Fumble)
• Major - 2 levels (e.g. Success vs Fumble, or Critical vs Failure)
• Minor - 1 level (e.g. Success vs Failure)
• Marginal Victory or tie (When results are equal, the lower die roll wins)
In keeping with the narrativist philosophy of the game, the most recent version of the rules (Heroquest Core Rules, 2009) suggests that resistances offered by the narrator should generally not be chosen based on any objective assessment of the challenge to be faced, but should rather reflect the dramatic requirements of the story. A side-effect of this is that most published scenarios do not contain statistics for opposing non-player characters or other obstacles, requiring instead that the narrator chooses the level of difficulty that supplies the appropriate dramatic effect.
Most obstacles are dealt with via simple contest, requiring only one die roll. Important events such as the climactic end scene of the story may be run as extended contests, in which several simple contests are run with a score being kept of which side is ahead and which is behind.
Narrators may apply modifiers (bonuses or penalties) to target scores to reflect specific situational factors, such as hurt or impaired characters, characters overcoming more than one opponent, or the use of specialised or inappropriate abilities in a particular contest.
Players may apply augments (bonuses) to their target scores by using other abilities to boost their main one, or by having other characters render them some form of assistance.
Once an ability surpasses 20, it gains a level of mastery, noted by a rune (ш) and then drops down to 1. So instead of 21, the character would have a 1ш. This cycle repeats, so after 20ш you get 1ш2, signifying two masteries. The first edition book lists some godlike powers up to 12 masteries (ш12), as this system allows for limitless scaling without a huge burden of additional dice or complex math.
In a contest, masteries first cancel each other out. So a conflict between a 4ш and a 12ш is mechanically identical to a 4ш2 against a 12ш2 or a 4ш3 vs 12ш3, as they both resolve to a 4 against a 12.
When masteries differ, such as a 4ш2 against a 12ш, then the remainder gives the character with the higher mastery an advantage. For each mastery one has over the opposition, they can improve ('bump up') the result of their die roll by one step. (e.g. A failure becomes a success, or a success becomes a critical).
If the side with the higher mastery reaches critical and still has masteries to spare, they use the extra masteries to reduce (or 'bump down') the opposition's result down by one step for each additional mastery.
Hero Points[edit]
Hero Points are awarded at the end of successful adventures. Hero Points can be used to improve ability levels, or can be held in reserve and used to bump contest results, as with Masteries. Masteries are applied automatically, Hero points are a conscious decision of the player.
The use of Hero Points to bump up results represents the ability of fictional heroes to summon up reserves not available to ordinary people, to turn a difficult situation in their favour.
Early editions[edit]
Early editions of the HeroQuest system were published by Issaries Inc., designed to be the RPG system of choice for Greg Stafford's fantasy world of Glorantha, effectively replacing the 1980s RuneQuest.
Hero Wars, 2000[2][edit]
Hero Wars
Publisher(s) Issaries, Inc.
Publication date 2000
Genre(s) Fantasy
System(s) Custom
The first-edition rulebook, Hero Wars, was published in 2000. It had serious quality issues as the publisher did not have sufficient funding to complete production. [3]
HeroQuest, 2003[4][edit]
Designer(s) Robin D. Laws
Publisher(s) Issaries, Inc.
Publication date 2003
Genre(s) Fantasy
System(s) Custom
The game's extensively revised second edition was published in 2003 as HeroQuest; the Hero Wars products are highly compatible, and conversion guidelines are available online.
In 2003 Lance and Laser Miniatures developed a corresponding line of eighty miniature packs for Heroquest. Lance and Laser was sold to Armorcast LLC in 2009 and the miniatures are still available.
HeroQuest Tentacles ed., 2009[edit]
A special limited edition was distributed during the Tentacles game convention during Pentecost weekend in Bacharach, Germany.[5]
As of 2011 the full list of supplements released included:
Hero Wars, Published by Issaries:
• Hero Wars: Roleplaying in Glorantha, containing the core rules (now superseded by HeroQuest). Out of Print.
• Narrator's Book, containing advanced rules and sample adventures (now superseded by HeroQuest). Out of Print.
• Glorantha: Introduction to the Hero Wars, world background (with no game rules whatsoever). Out of Print.
• Anaxial's Roster, rules and myths for all sorts of creatures and races. Out of Print.
• Thunder Rebels and Storm Tribe, two books describing the Heortling barbarians' culture for players and narrators. Out of Print.
• Barbarian Adventures, Orlanth is Dead and Gathering Thunder, three adventure books for Heortling rebels against the Lunar Empire. Out of Print.
HeroQuest (1st Edition), Steve Jackson Games/Moon Design Publications, under licence from Issaries:
• HeroQuest: Roleplaying in Glorantha, containing the complete rules and an introduction to the Glorantha setting. Out of Print.
• Hero's Book: Playing HeroQuest, an abridged version of the rules and introduction to the setting. Out of Print.
• Men of the Sea, describing sailor characters and nautical campaigns. Out of Print.
• Dragon Pass: Land of Thunder, a gazetteer for the region (without rules material). Still in print under a new title.
• Masters of Luck and Death, 27 Herobands from the Dragon Pass area, ready to be used in your game. Out of Print.
• The Lunar Empire - Imperial Lunar Handbook volume 1, a high level overview of the Lunar Empire and characters that come from it. Out of Print.
• Under the Red Moon - Imperial Lunar Handbook volume 2 provided an in-depth treatment of the Lunar faith. Out of Print.
• Champions of the Reaching Moon, Lunar Herobands, related to each other in an association, ready to be used in your game. Out of Print.
• Blood over Gold - Trader Princes of Maniria, a sourcebook for the region of Wenelia and the western Trader Princes campaign. Out of Print.
HeroQuest (2nd Edition), Moon Design Publications, under licence from Issaries:
• Heroquest Core Rules, contains a slimmed-down version of the rules, applicable to any game setting.
• Dragon Pass: A Gazeteer of Kerofinela, describing many places of note in the Gloranthan region of Dragon Pass. The same material as Dragon Pass: Land of Thunder.
• Sartar, Kingdom of Heroes, a book of information and scenarios for games played in the Gloranthan kingdom of Sartar.
• Sartar Companion, additional scenarios and material for Sartar-based games.
• Pavis: Gateway to Adventure, a book of information and scenarios for games played in the Gloranthan city of Pavis.
Official supplements in preparation by Moon Design Publications as of June 2012 include:
• The Big Rubble, a source book for the ruined city of Old Pavis, a companion to Pavis: Gateway to Adventure.
• Guide to Glorantha, background information about the world of Glorantha.
• Gloranthan Bestiary, information on the fauna of Glorantha, written as if it was a guide by a Gloranthan traveller.
In 2006, Mythic Russia, the first licensed game using the Heroquest game engine, was released.[6]
In 2009, Nameless Streets, a licensed game using the HeroQuest game engine, and based on supernatural horror in the modern US, was released by Alephtar Games.[7]
External links[edit]
1. ^ Core Rules (2nd Edition) Preview
2. ^ Hero Wars
3. ^ Shannon Appelcline, A Brief History of Game ...2006-09-18
4. ^ HeroQuest 1st ed.
5. ^ Products Released at Tentacles
6. ^ http://rpg.geekdo.com/rpg/1612/mythic-russia
7. ^ http://www.alephtargames.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=40%3Afantasy&id=57%3Anameless-streets&Itemid=57
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La Ronde (amusement park)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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La Ronde
La Ronde logo.jpg
Location Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Coordinates 45°31′21″N 73°32′06″W / 45.52250°N 73.53500°W / 45.52250; -73.53500Coordinates: 45°31′21″N 73°32′06″W / 45.52250°N 73.53500°W / 45.52250; -73.53500
Owner Six Flags
Opened April 1967
Operating season May - October
Area 146 acres (59 ha)
Total 40
Roller coasters 10
Water rides 3
Website La Ronde
La Ronde is an amusement park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, owned and operated by Six Flags. It is the largest in the province of Quebec and the second largest in Canada after Canada's Wonderland, and receives about 1.2 million visitors per year.[1] The park is under an emphyteutic lease with the City of Montreal, which expires in 2065.
It is on 146 acres (59.1 ha) located on the eastern tip of Saint Helen's Island. The park hosts L’International des Feux Loto-Québec, a highly regarded international fireworks competition.
La Ronde logo used from 2001-2012
The park opens from mid-May to late October, with peak admissions in July. In the summer 2011, entrance cost $44.99 CAD for people measuring 1.37 m (54 in) or more and $32.50 CAD for people under 1.37 m (54 in). A toddler under the age of 2 has a free admission. Family rides require a height of 36 in (0.91 m), most intermediate rides require 44 in (1.12 m)) and high-thrill rides require 52 or 54 inches (1.32 or 1.37 m).
La Ronde closes its season the last weekend of October. To celebrate Halloween, in the last couple weeks of October, the park hosts its annual La Ronde's Halloween Fright Fest. The festival includes an extravagant haunted house and dozens of horrifically-costumed performers, who roam the park looking for new victims to thrill and scare.
The park has 40 rides, including ten roller coasters; among them is Le Monstre, a 40-metre (131 ft) high wooden double-tracked roller coaster which holds the record for highest double-tracked roller coaster in the world.
La Ronde's entrance renovated in 2002.
La Ronde was owned and administered by the City of Montreal until it was sold to Six Flags, an American theme park chain, in a deal completed on May 4, 2001. It acquired all of the assets of the park for $20 million USD and have a long-term contract to lease the land from the city. Before the announcement of the Six Flags purchase, the city had considered offers from other bidders including Paramount Parks, Cedar Fair, and Parc Astérix. Since then Six Flags has invested around $90 million in new rides and improvements,[2] such as Le Vampire, Splash, Le Goliath and Ednör - L'Attaque as well as a new main entrance.
La Ronde has a Nintendo-sponsored video game centre with the latest Nintendo video games and attractions. Since 2009, the former 3D theatre housed Nintendo DS and Wii consoles, advertisements and a Nintendo Store.
In May 2002, La Ronde announced the installation of a Bolliger & Mabillard inverted roller coaster called Le Vampire, hich was the first major investment by Six Flags.[3] It is a clone of the "Batman - The Ride" roller coasters found at many other Six Flags parks.
Taken from the top of Le Monstre at La Ronde amusement park. The Goliath is the red, yellow and blue ride to the north
In May 2006, La Ronde opened its ninth roller coaster, The Goliath, a 53-metre (174 ft) high Bolliger & Mabillard mega coaster. It reaches speeds of 110 km/h (68 mph), making it the third tallest and the third fastest roller coaster in Canada. It was surpassed by Behemoth in 2008 and Leviathan in 2012.
For the 2007 season, La Ronde painted its iconic observation tower bright orange to advertise Pizza Pizza, an Ontario pizza chain that, at the time, was just emerging into the Quebec market. All of the pizza stands inside the park were renamed from Pizza Ronde to Pizza Pizza.
Also in 2007, La Ronde celebrated its 40th anniversary. As a special event, Le Galopant, the oldest galloping merry-go-round in the world, was installed in the park. It was also featured at Expo 67.[4]
In January 2009, La Ronde announced its intention to become a Six Flags branded park, using the rights to Warner Bros. and DC Comics trademarks under the licensing agreement with Six Flags.[5] Le Vampire, a mirror image of Batman: The Ride constructed in 2002, carries no association to the Batman media franchise because the licence with Warner Bros. and DC Comics is not valid in unbranded Six Flags parks.[6] It is yet unknown if Le Vampire will be re-branded to Batman: The Ride once the branding of the park commences.
The Serial Thriller, a Vekoma Suspended Looping Coaster that used to be located at the now defunct Six Flags AstroWorld, has been shipped to La Ronde from the Great Escape, another Six Flags property where it lay in storage since 2005. The roller coaster, which opened in 1999 at Six Flags AstroWorld, has been installed over the Lac des Dauphins at the park for the 2010 season and is named Ednör - L'Attaque.[7] It features special effects and theming from an alleged sea monster that was reported to have appeared in the Lac des Dauphins.[8]
On March 9, 2010, La Ronde announced that Terminator X: A Laser Battle for Salvation, an interactive laser-tag attraction themed around the Terminator series, will also be featured in the park for the 2010 season.[9]
On January 19, 2012, Six Flags announced Vol Ultime at La Ronde; it is similar to the SkyScreamers and it will be 45-metre (148 ft) tall.[10][11]
In 2013, the park opened Aqua Twist.
On August 29, 2013, Six Flags announced the addition of Demon, a top spin ride, for the 2014 season.[12]
The site is accessible by automobile via a special exit off the Jacques-Cartier Bridge. On-site parking is available at a cost of $20 per day for regular parking, $22 on days when there are fireworks presentations, or $25 for VIP parking. A seasonal parking pass is available for $85 ($115 for a seasonal VIP parking pass).[13][14]
During the months when the park is open, the Société de transport de Montréal runs a free shuttle bus (known as route 767) between the park and Jean-Drapeau metro station on Île Sainte-Hélène. That station is on the yellow line. Rroute 769 connects La Ronde to Papineau Metro station, in eastern Montreal.[14]
La Ronde operates a private marina for access to the park by boat.[14] The daily rates are as follows: $20–$25 for a half-day and $35–$45 for a full day. The lower number represents boats 24' and under, the higher represents boats 25' and over. Overnight, weekly, monthly and seasonal rates are also available. Septic-emptying and boat launch services are offered on-site.[15]
Roller coasters[edit]
Ride Name Opened Manufacturer Model/Type Notes
Boomerang 1984 Vekoma Rides Boomerang
Cobra 1995 INTAMIN Worldwide Stand-Up Coaster
Dragon 1994 INTAMIN Worldwide Indoor/Family Roller Coaster
Ednör – L'Attaque 2010 Vekoma Rides SLC (689m Standard)
Goliath 2006 Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) Hyper Coaster
Marche du Mille-pattes 1967 Arrow Dynamics Mini Mine Train
Le Monstre 1985 William Cobb & Associates Wooden Roller Coaster
Super Manège 1981 Vekoma Rides MK-1200
Toboggan Nordique 2003 Zamperla Zig Zag Coaster
Vampire 2002 Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) Inverted Coaster
Thrill rides[edit]
Le Vampire (yellow) with the Cobra (green) in the background, as viewed from the Grande Roue
Name Installation Year Manufacturer Ride Type
Bateau pirate 1988 HUSS Maschinenfabrik
Orbite 1999 S&S Power
Vertigo 2003 Zamperla
Manitou 2003 Zamperla
Vol Ultime 2012 Funtime Swing ride
Demon 2014 Mondial Roll Over
Family and kids[edit]
Vol Ultime in operation.
Name Installation Year Manufacturer Ride Type
Le Galopant 1967 Bairolle Carousel
Pitoune 1967 Arrow Dynamics Log flume
Joyeux moussaillons 1967 Arrow Dynamics
Tchou Tchou 1967 Arrow Dynamics
La grande envolée 1990 Zamperla
Grand carrousel 2003 Chance Morgan
Air papillon 2005 Zamperla
La danse des bestioles 2005 Zamperla
Monsieur l'arbre 2005 Zamperla
Marais enchanté 2005 Zamperla
Ourson Fripon 2005 Zamperla
Pommes d'Api 2005 Zamperla
Aqua Twist 2013 Mack Rides Teacup ride
Toboggan Nordique roller coaster.
Name Installation Year Manufacturer
Disco Ronde 1986 HUSS Maschinenfabrik
Condor 1990 HUSS Maschinenfabrik
Dragon 1994 Intamin
Autos tamponneuses (Bumper cars) 2003 RDC Bumper Cars
Tour de Ville 2003 Zamperla
Splash 2004 Intamin
Le Monstre and La Spirale from across the lake.
Name Installation Year Manufacturer
Minirail 1967 Von Roll Habegger
Spirale 1967 Von Roll
Grande Roue (Ferris wheel) 1984 Vekoma
Name Installation Year Price
Rock Wall 2001 $5
Eurobungy 2002 $7 for 3 minutes
$10 for 5 minutes
Sling shot 2002 $20 per person
Catapulte 2008 $40 for 1 person, $30 for 2 people, $20 for 3 people
Go-Kart 2008 $15 per person for 5 min
Name Installation Year Price
La Ronde Festival of Fantasy Parade 2014
Former rides and attractions[edit]
Astronef thrill ride closed in 2002
Name Manufacturer Operating Years Replaced by
Terminator X: A Laser Battle for Salvation Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company (SIEC) 2010
Tasses Magiques Zamperla 2003–2009 Ednör – L'Attaque
La Momie : La Tombe de l'empereur Dragon Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company (SIEC) 2009 Terminator X: A Laser Battle for Salvation
Le Téléférique (Chairlift) 1967–1990 Ceased operation in 1990 but ride was only removed in 2006
Salem Aleikum Grand Orient-Les Mille et une nuits ?-1984 Le Monstre
Hydroid '94 (Sub-Oceanic Shuttle) Iwerks 1994–1995 Volcanozor (Dino Island II)
Volcanozor (Dino Island II) Iwerks 1995–2004 Bob L'Éponge 3D (Sponge Bob)
Bob L'Éponge 3D (Sponge Bob) Iwerks 2004–2007 Experience Nintendo
Le Twister Heintz Fahtze 1985–2008
Maëlstrom Mack 1985–2008
OVNI HUSS Maschinenfabrik 1986–2006
Le Diablo (Troika) HUSS Maschinenfabrik 1978–2003 Le Splash
Le Tapis Volant (The Flying Carpet) Zierer 1986–2002 Les Autos Tamponneuses
Les Autos Tamponneuses Reverchon 1983–2002 Le Toboggan Nordique
Astronef (Sky Flyer) Vekoma 1985–2002 Le Manitou
La Course Zierer 1976-1976
Les Montagnes Russes Schwartzkopf 1968–1984 Le Monstre
Les Astrobolides Sartori 1984–2004 Le Marais Enchanté
La Petite Roue Sartori 1984–2004 Pommes D'api
Le Mont Blanc Reverchon 1978–2000
Gyrotron 1967–1981 Le Monstre
Le Moulin de la Sorcière Pinfari 1969–2005
Le Palais des Glaces 1985–2003 Le Splash
Mini Rallye Sartori 1993–2004 Monsieur l'Arbre
Les Bagnoles Arrow 1967–2004 Air Papillon
Le Chat et la Souris Sartori 1984–2004 La Danse des Bestioles
La Tornade Huss 1997-2010
The Flash Pass[edit]
With the introduction of the Flash Pass in 2007, visitors can “hold their place in line” electronically allowing them to go elsewhere in the park while waiting for an attraction. They will be alerted by the Flash Pass device when it is almost their turn to ride. Three types of Flash Pass are available: Regular, Gold, and Platinum. A regular pass simply holds your place in line. Gold holds your place and reduces your waiting time by 50%. Platinum reduces your waiting time by 90% and allows you to ride twice and only wait once. The Flash Pass is purchased separately from normal park admission. The flash pass prices increase as they reduce your waiting time. There is only a restricted number of Flash Passes available for purchase on a given day.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "La Ronde". Retrieved 2014-01-31.
2. ^ "Six Flags invests around 90 million dollars in new rides and improvements". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2010-03-15. [dead link]
3. ^ "Vampire - La Ronde (Montréal, Québec, Canada)". Retrieved 2013-08-03.
4. ^ "Le Galopant". La Ronde. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
5. ^ Cloutier, Laurier. "La Ronde prend le virage famille" (in French). La Presse. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
6. ^ "Montreal-based theme park". Amusement Business (BPI Communications, Inc.) 115 (9): 6. March 3, 2003. ISSN 0003-2344.
7. ^ "Ednör L'attaque". La Ronde. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
8. ^ "La Ronde unveils fast new roller-coaster". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2010-04-15. [dead link]
9. ^ "Terminator X, the ultimate laser battle at La Ronde!". La Ronde. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
10. ^ "Vol Ultime". La Ronde. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
11. ^ La Ronde (January 19, 2012). "La Ronde will set the limit in 2012 with its upcoming new extreme tower ride". Press Release. Six Flags. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
12. ^ "New for 2014". August 29, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
13. ^ La Ronde. "Tickets & Prices". La Ronde. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
14. ^ a b c La Ronde. "Directions". La Ronde. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
15. ^ Marina La Ronde. "The Rates". Marina La Ronde. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
External links[edit]
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Malt beer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Malzbier)
Jump to: navigation, search
A bottle of German non-alcoholic malt beer (Malzbier).
Malt beer is a sweet, low-alcohol beer (0%–2.5% ABV[1]) that is brewed like regular beer but with low or minimal fermentation. To keep the alcohol content low, one of two methods may be used: either the yeast is added at about 0°C (resulting in an alcohol content of under 0.5% ABV) or fermentation is halted at the desired alcohol content (usually in the range of 1 to 2% ABV). It is made from barley malt syrup, sugar, yeast, hops, and water.[2] Malt beer is considered to be nutritious and is sometimes given to nursing mothers.[3]
Malt beer is sometimes called "malta" or "wheat soda", but that term is properly reserved for the non-alcoholic but similarly tasting soft drink. Several brands popularly referred to as Malzbier in Germany, Austria and Switzerland are actually types of malta. The same is true for such Danish brands as Tuborg Supermalt and Powermalt. In the United Kingdom, Danish malt drinks have become popular amongst the South Asian community and have been sold in their dedicated supermarkets since the 1970s.
After soft drinks, malt beer is one of the most popular beverages sold in Iceland. The two main brands are Egils Maltextrakt (1.2% ABV) and Víking Maltöl (0.9% ABV).[4] Additionally, a seasonal hvítöl is available in the Christmas month (2.2% ABV).[5] The Icelandic malt beer was modelled on the Danish maltøl, which is still brewed by at least one company in Denmark.[6]
Nesher Malt, a non-alcoholic beer, is made in Israel.
Varieties of malt beer are also popular in Latin and Caribbean countries.
West African brands include Guinness Malt, Amstel Malt, Maltex, and Malteni. These are sold as energy drinks.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Malzbier". Retrieved 2013-10-09.
2. ^ "Wheat and Rye Malt Use in Brewing Beer". Retrieved 2012-03-12.
3. ^ Description of malt beer
4. ^ "Léttöl getur framkallað ölvunareinkenni" [Light beer may induce intoxication]. Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic) (Reykjavik). 3 September 1998. p. 32. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
5. ^ "Áfengismagnið í Agli sterka er 4,5%—Aðrir drykkir innihalda 1 til 2,25%" ["Egill sterki" contains 4.5% alcohol—Other beverages between 1 and 2.25%]. Tíminn (in Icelandic) (Reykjavik). 3 September 1998. p. 32. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
6. ^ "maltøl". Den Store Danske, Gyldendals åbne encyklopædi. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
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Me and You and Everyone We Know
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Me and You and Everyone We Know
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Miranda July
Produced by Gina Kwon
Screenplay by Miranda July
Starring Miranda July
John Hawkes
Miles Thompson
Brandon Ratcliff
Natasha Slayton
Najarra Townsend
Carlie Westerman
JoNell Kennedy
Music by Michael Andrews
Cinematography Chuy Chavez
Edited by Andrew Dickler
Charles Ireland
Distributed by IFC Films
Release date(s)
• 17 June 2005 (2005-06-17) (United States)
• 19 August 2005 (2005-08-19) (United Kingdom)
Running time 91 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Box office $8,012,838
Me and You and Everyone We Know is a 2005 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Miranda July (her directorial debut) and stars July, John Hawkes, Miles Thompson, Brandon Ratcliff, Natasha Slayton, Najarra Townsend, Carlie Westerman, and JoNell Kennedy.
The structure of the film consists of several subplots which all revolve around an intertwined cast of characters.
The film begins by introducing Richard (John Hawkes), a shoe salesman and recently separated father of two. After being thrown out by his wife Pam (JoNell Kennedy), he gets an apartment of his own to share with his children, Peter (Miles Thompson) and Robby (Brandon Ratcliff). He meets Christine (Miranda July), a senior-cab driver and amateur video artist, while she takes her client to shop for shoes, and the two develop a fledgling romantic relationship.
Robby, six years old, and his 14-year-old brother, Peter, have a joint online chat which he later depicts in another chat session as "))<>((", an emoticon that means "pooping back and forth, forever." This piques the interest of the woman at the other end and she suggests a real life meeting.
Two of Richard's teenaged neighbors, Heather (Natasha Slayton) and Rebecca (Najarra Townsend), develop a playful relationship with a much older neighbor Andrew (Brad William Henke) who works in the shoe store with Richard. He does not say much, but he keeps leaving signs on his window about what he would do to each of them. As a result of this relationship, Heather and Rebecca ask Peter if they can practice oral sex on him, so that he can tell them which of the two does it better; so they do. He says both were exactly the same. The daughter of a neighbor peeks in the window, sees what is happening, and quickly leaves. Heather and Rebecca later come to the neighbor's house intending to have sex with him as practice, but he appears afraid when he sees them through his window and he pretends not to be home.
Meanwhile, Christine's work is rejected by a contemporary art museum, but then later accepted by the curator, who turns out to be the woman who was instant messaging with the brothers.
The plots come together in the end, with Peter developing a friendship with the daughter of a neighbor, having been introduced to the hope chest that she has, Christine and Richard displaying a show of mutual acceptance of their attraction to each other, and, as a final plot device, Robby finding that the noise he had awoken to early every morning was that of an early-rising businessman tapping a quarter on a street sign pole. When asked why he is doing it, he stops and turns around, saying "just passing the time", and gives Robby the quarter. When his bus drives away and Robby tries it out himself, the sun heightens with each tap, time literally passing as he does it.
• Miranda July as Christine Jesperson
• John Hawkes as Richard Swersey
• Miles Thompson as Peter Swersey
• Brandon Ratcliff as Robby Swersey
• Natasha Slayton as Heather
• Najarra Townsend as Rebecca
• Carlie Westerman as Sylvie
• JoNell Kennedy as Pam
• Brad William Henke as Andrew
• Tracy Wright as Nancy Herrington
• Hector Elias as Michael
• Ellen Geer as Ellen
• Jordan Potter as Shamus
• Colette Kilroy and James Kayten as Sylvie's mom and dad
The film was shot using a Sony HDW-F900 CineAlta high definition digital video camera.[1]
The score, composed by Michael Andrews, was performed largely on a modified Casio SK-1 sampling keyboard.[citation needed]
On-line chat scenes were filmed with open-source Gaim software, now known as Pidgin.
The film received largely positive reviews; it currently holds an 81% 'fresh' rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus stating, "Miranda July's debut feature is a charmingly offbeat and observant film about people looking for love."[2] On Metacritic, Me and You holds a 76, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[3]
The film won the Caméra d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
Portions of the script were included in the anthology The Best American Nonrequired Reading 2006 edited by Dave Eggers.
Roger Ebert cited it as the fifth best film of the decade.[4]
1. ^ IMDb Technical Specs.
2. ^ Me and You and Everyone We Know at Rotten Tomatoes
3. ^ Me and You and Everyone We Know at Metacritic
4. ^ Ebert, Roger (December 30, 2009). "The Best Films of the Decade". Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
External links[edit]
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Miniature Pinscher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Miniature Pinscher
Miniature pinscher.jpg
Miniature Pinscher
Other names Zwergpinscher
Nicknames Min Pin, King of the Toys
Country of origin Germany
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Miniature Pinscher (Zwergpinscher, Min Pin) is a small breed of dog, originating from Germany. The breed's earliest ancestors may have included the German Pinscher mixed with Italian greyhounds and dachshunds.[1] [2]
Historical artifacts and paintings place the Min Pin as a very old breed, but factual documentation began less than 200 years ago, leaving his actual origins to debate. The Miniature Pinscher is reported to include the Dachshund and Italian Greyhound among its ancestors. Many historians and those who have researched the background of the breed agree that this heritage is most likely, adding the shorthaired German Pinscher to the family tree. The international kennel club, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, lists the Miniature Pinscher in Group 2, Section 1.1Pinscher, along with the Dobermann, the German Pinscher, the Austrian Pinscher, and the other Toy Pinscher, the Affenpinscher.[3] Other kennel clubs list the Miniature Pinscher in the Toy Group or Companion Group.
Miniature Pinscher with uncropped ears
Miniature Pinscher with cropped ears
The misconception that the Miniature Pinscher is a "miniature Doberman" occurred because the Doberman Pinscher (a breed developed by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann around 1890) was introduced to the US before the Miniature Pinscher. In 1919 the Miniature Pinscher was introduced to the AKC show ring. At the time, not knowing that it was referred to officially in Germany as the Zwergpinscher (little biter), the AKC referred to the breed as simply "Pinscher" and listed it in the miscellaneous category. When the Miniature Pinscher Club of America (MPCA) was created in 1929 (the year of the breed's official introduction into the AKC), they petitioned for Miniature Pinschers to be placed in the Toy group. The AKC's description, that the dog "must appear as a Doberman in miniature", led to the misconception common today that this breed is a "Miniature Doberman Pinscher".
The original name for this breed in the US was "Pinscher (Toy)" until 1972 when the name was officially changed to Miniature Pinscher.[4]
Historical artifacts and paintings indicate that the "Min Pin" is a very old breed, but factual documentation begins less than 200 years ago,[5] which leaves the breed's actual origins open to debate. There is a drawing by Jean Bungartz, published in 1888 comparing the Miniature Pinscher to the German Pinscher.[6]
The Miniature Pinscher is structurally a well balanced, sturdy, compact, short-coupled, smooth-coated dog. They are naturally well groomed, vigorous and alert. Characteristic traits are his hackney-like action, fearless animation, complete self-possession, and his spirited presence. Legs should be straight with no bending in or out.[7] The Miniature Pinscher frequently has a docked tail and cropped ears, though the AKC no longer requires ear cropping for shows.
According to the American Kennel Club, the Miniature Pinscher should be between 10 inches to 12½ inches in height, with desired height 11 inches to 11½ inches, measured at the highest point of the shoulder blades. Length is equal to height, though females may be slightly longer.[7] The ideal weight for a Miniature Pinscher is 8-10 pounds.[8]
Coat and color[edit]
Miniature Pinscher at conformation show, with cropped ears and tail
Black Miniature Pinscher, uncropped ears and tail about 4,1 kg
The coat is short and smooth, with no undercoat. Available colors include solid red, stag red, blue stag red, chocolate stag red, fawn stag red, as well as black, chocolate, blue, and fawn with tan points or rust points. For showing in the United States, AKC disqualifies all colors but the solid or stag red and the black or chocolate with rust points.[9] The Pinscher-Schnauzer Club, which maintains the standard for showing in Germany, has the same restrictions.[10] In the UK, blue with rust points is allowed in the show ring.[11] White spots larger than half an inch or black spots on the points are disqualifications for showing in most countries. Merle is not an accepted coloring of the breed.
Grooming is easy, as the smooth, short-haired coat requires little attention, needing only occasional brushing and shampooing.[12] Care must be taken in cold weather. Sweaters or baby blankets for a Miniature Pinscher keep it from getting too cold.[13] Miniature Pinschers are an active breed and need access to a fenced yard, or be given a daily walk.[14]
Miniature Pinschers are for experienced dog owners. The Miniature Pinscher is an assertive, outgoing, active and independent breed.[14] Miniature pinschers are energetic and need a fenced in yard to run in; they make great agility dogs. They are great escape artists and some recommend having a kennel with a lid on it for them to run around in.[14] They are good watch dogs, are alert and wary of strangers.[15][16] It is recommended that adults and teenagers, rather than young children, play with a Miniature Pinscher as younger children play rough.[17]
1. ^ "Miniature Pinscher History". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
2. ^ [The Miniature Pinscher is not a scaled-down, version of anything, especially the much larger Doberman Pinscher, although both are likely descended from the German Standard Pinscher. It is a distinctly German breed often referred to as the Zwerg or Dwarf Pincher in historical documents. German Kennel Club documents also refer to the Miniature Pinscher as the "reh" Pinscher, but this term is only used for a dog of stag-red color, "reh" referring to a small red deer found in German forests years ago. The one fact remains that the Miniature Pinscher originated several centuries ago as an efficient barnyard ratter, with no relation to the Doberman or the Manchester Terrier. The Miniature Pinscher is reported to include the Dachshund and Italian Greyhound among its ancestors. Many historians and those who have researched the background of the breed agree that this heritage is most likely, adding the shorthaired German Pinscher to the family tree. AKC]
3. ^ Fédération Cynologique Internationale Group 2
4. ^ "Miniature Pinscher History". Miniature Pinscher Club of America.
5. ^ American Kennel Club "Miniature Pinscher History." Retrieved 07/03/2009.
6. ^ this drawing by Jean Bungartz
7. ^ a b "Miniature Pinscher Breed Standard". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
8. ^ "Ideal Weight Ranges".
9. ^ "Miniature Pinscher - Colors and Markings". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
10. ^ "Zwergpinscher Standard". Germany: Pinscher-Schnauzer Klub. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
11. ^ "Kennel Club UK Miniature Pinscher Breed Standard". Kennel Club UK. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
12. ^
13. ^ "Miniature Pinscher". Animal-World. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
14. ^ a b c Sandhorst, Cindy. "Miniature Pinscher Breed Profile". Rescue Every Dog. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
15. ^ "Miniature Pinscher - Did you know?". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
16. ^ "Miniature Pinscher". American Kennel Club.
17. ^ "Miniature Pinscher Temperament and Behavior". Vet Info. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
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Red flag (signal)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Red flag (disambiguation).
Red flag is a term denoting various attention and awareness indicators and signals, both explicit and implicit. It can be used in various contexts usually as a warning or when things seem too good to be true[1] as well as unexpectedly good results.[2]
The earliest citation for "red flag" in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1602 and shows that at that time the flag was used by military forces to indicate that they were preparing for battle.[nb 1]
The earliest citation of "red flag" in the sense of a warning is dated 1777 and refers to a flag warning of flood.[nb 2]
The term and the expression "to raise the red flag" come from various usages of real flags in real life. The semaphore red flag (or red light) on railways means an immediate stop, while a red flag is frequently flown by armed forces to warn the public of live fire exercises in progress, and is sometimes flown by ships carrying munitions (in this context it is actually the flag for the letter B in the International maritime signal flag alphabet, a red swallow-tailed flag). In many countries a red flag is flown to signify that an outdoor shooting range is in use. The United States Air Force refers to its largest annual exercise as Operation Red Flag. Red flags are used for various signals in team sailing races (see Racing Rules of Sailing). A red flag warning is a signal of high wildfire danger and a red flag on the beach warns of dangerous water conditions (double red flags indicate beach closure). Red flags of various designs indicate dangerous wind and wave conditions for mariners. In auto racing, a red flag indicates a stop to the race due to dangerous conditions.
A signal of danger or a problem can be referred to as a red flag, a usage that originated in the 18th century. The term "red flag" is used, e.g., during screening of communications, and refers to specific words or phrases encountered that might indicate relevance to the case. For example, email spam filters make use of such "red flags".
See also[edit]
1. ^ 1602 Thomas Dekker, Satiromastix, Wks. 1873 I. 233 ″What, dost summon a parlie, my little Drumsticke? tis too late: thou seest my red flag is hung out.″
1666 Lond. Gaz. No. 91/4 ″That the Red Flag was out, both Fleets in sight of each other, expecting every hour fit weather to Engage.″
2. ^ 1777 Philip Thicknesse, Year's Journey I. iii. 23 There is a red flag hoisted gradually higher and higher, as the water flows into the harbour [at Calais].
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Representative democracy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Since World War II, democracy has gained widespread acceptance. This map shows the official claims made by world governments with regard to democracy.
Governments that claim to be democratic and allow the existence of opposition groups
Governments that claim to be democratic but do not allow the existence of opposition groups
Governments that do not claim to be democratic
Representative democracy (also indirect democracy) is a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.[1] All modern Western-style democracies are types of representative democracies; for example, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and Germany is a parliamentary republic.
It is an element of both the parliamentary system or presidential system of government and is typically used in a lower chamber such as the House of Commons (UK) or Bundestag (Germany), and may be curtailed by constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber. It has been described by some political theorists as Polyarchy.[citation needed] In it the power is in the hands of the elected representatives who are elected by the people in elections.
Powers of representatives[edit]
Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national legislature.[citation needed] Elected representatives may hold the power to select other representatives, presidents, or other officers of government or of the legislature, as the Prime Minister in the latter case. (indirect representation).
The Roman Republic was the first government in the western world to have a representative government, although it had a form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries,[3] and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader.[4] Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives as opposed to a direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly.[5] A European medieval tradition - of selecting representatives from the various estates (classes, but not as we know them today) to advise/control monarchs - led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems.
Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post-industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of subjects or (latterly) citizens evinced interest in politics, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. As noted above, Edmund Burke in his speech to the electors of Bristol classically analysed their operation in Britain and the rights and duties of an elected representative.
Globally, a majority of the world's people live in representative democracies including constitutional monarchies with strong representative branches.
Research on Representation Per Se[edit]
Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in political philosophy and social science investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one another constituency. Some of the particular lines of such research and the findings therein are described under the topic Representation (politics).
In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, Robert Michels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy or particracy. This is known as the "Iron Law of Oligarchy".[6] Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by Adolf Gasser and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book "Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas" which was published in 1943 (first edition in German) and a second edition in 1947 (in German).[7] Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the "Iron Law of Oligarchy":
• There is no hierarchical bureaucracy.
A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election.[citation needed]
The system of stochocracy has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by lottery instead of by voting. Therefore this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book La Stochocratie. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient Athenian democracy.[8][9] The rationale behind this practice was to avoid lobbying and electioneering by economic oligarchs.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report - Glossary". 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
3. ^ Livy, 2002, p. 34
4. ^ Watson, 2005, p. 271
7. ^ Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas. Grundlinien einer ethischen Geschichtsauffassung. Verlag Bücherfreunde, Basel 1947. In 1983 republished under: "Gemeindefreiheit - kommunale Selbstverwaltung" (Adolf Gasser/Franz-Ludwig Knemeyer), in de reeks "Studien zur Soziologie", Nymphenburger, München, 1983.
8. ^ "Selection by lot in the Athenian Democracy". Retrieved 1 October 2013.
9. ^ "1,5". Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece. Josiah Ober , Robert Wallace , Paul Cartledge , Cynthia Farrar (1st ed.). October 15, 2008. pp. 17,105. ISBN 978-0520258099.
External links[edit]
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Robert Kocharyan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Robert Kocharyan
Ռոբերտ Քոչարյան
Robert kocharyan.jpg
2nd President of Armenia
In office
9 April 1998 – 9 April 2008
Acting: 4 February - 9 April 1998
Prime Minister Armen Darbinyan
Vazgen Sargsyan
Aram Sargsyan
Andranik Margaryan
Serzh Sargsyan
Preceded by Levon Ter-Petrossian
Succeeded by Serzh Sargsyan
6th Prime Minister of Armenia
In office
20 March 1997 – 10 April 1998
President Levon Ter-Petrossian
Preceded by Armen Sargsyan
Succeeded by Armen Darbinyan
1st President of Nagorno-Karabakh
In office
29 December 1994 – 20 March 1997
Prime Minister Leonard Petrosyan
Preceded by Garen Baburyan (Acting)
Succeeded by Leonard Petrosyan (Acting)
2nd Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh
In office
August 1992 – 29 December 1994
President Georgy Petrosyan (Acting)
Garen Baburyan (Acting)
Preceded by Oleg Yessayan
Succeeded by Leonard Petrosyan
Personal details
Born (1954-08-31) 31 August 1954 (age 59)
Stepanakert, Soviet Union (now Nagorno-Karabakh)
Spouse(s) Bella Kocharyan
Children Sedrak
Religion Armenian Apostolic
Robert Kocharyan (Armenian: Ռոբերտ Քոչարյան pronounced [ɾɔbɛɾt kʰɔtʃʰɑɾjɑn]; born 31 August 1954) is an Armenian politician who served as the second President of Armenia between 1998 and 2008. He was previously President of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1994 to 1997 and Prime Minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998.
During most of his presidency, between 2001 and 2007, Armenia's economy grew on average by 12% annually,[1] largely due to the construction boom.[2] His presidency witnessed two of the bloodiest events in post-independence Armenian history: the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting and the killing of ten people during the 2008 presidential election protests.[2] He has been held responsible for both events by the opposition, especially by Armenia's first president Levon Ter-Petrosyan and his party.[3]
Both the 1998 and 2003 presidential elections were held in two rounds. They were disputed by the opposition candidates and criticized by international observers.
Robert Kocharyan was born in Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh. He received his secondary education there and from 1972 to 1974 served in the Soviet Army. He and his wife, Bella Kocharyan, have three children: Sedrak, Gayane, and Levon; all of whom were born in Stepanakert.
Career timeline and events during his presidency[edit]
After his predecessor Levon Ter-Petrossian was ousted as President, Kocharyan was elected Armenia's second President on 30 March 1998, defeating his main rival, Karen Demirchyan, in an early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations by both sides as reported by international electoral observers. Complaints included that Kocharyan had not been an Armenian citizen for ten years as required by the constitution.,[4] even though it would have been impossible for him to be a 10 year citizen of a republic that was less than 7 years old; however, the Armenian constitution recognized the Armenian SSR as it predecessor state.
During his presidency, several opposition leaders in the Armenian Parliament and the Prime Minister of Armenia were killed by gunmen in an episode known as the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting. And Kocharyan himself negotiated with the terrorists to release the MP hostages.
2003 election[edit]
The 2003 Armenian Presidential election on 19 February and 5 March 2003. No candidate received a majority in the first round of the election with the incumbent President Kocharyan winning slightly under 50% of the vote. Therefore a second round was held and Kocharyan defeated Stepan Demirchyan with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote.
In both rounds, electoral observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe reported significant amounts of electoral fraud by Demirchyan's supporters and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place.[5] Demirchyan described the election as having been rigged and called on his supporters to rally against the results.[6] Tens of thousands of Armenians protested in the days after the election against the results and called on President Kocharyan to step down.[5] However Kocharyn was sworn in for a second term in early April and the constitutional court upheld the election, while recommending that a referendum be held within a year to confirm the election result.[7][8] On April 14, 2004 Armenian poet Silva Kaputikyan wrote an open letter Kocharyan Must Go, where she protested Kocharyan's harsh methods towards the demonstrators on April 12–13, 2004. She also turned back Mesrop Mashtots Medal awarded by Kocharyan some years ago.[9]
2008 election[edit]
A hambal election was held in Armenia on 19 February 2008. The incumbent President Kocharyan, who was ineligible for a third consecutive term,[10] backed the candidacy of Prime Minister of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.[11]
Following the election result, protests organized by supporters of unsuccessful candidate Levon Ter-Petrossian began in Yerevan's Freedom Square and accompanied by mass disorders. On March 1, the demonstrators were lawfully dispersed by police and military forces. Ten people were killed during skirmishes between police and aggressive crowd, and President Kocharyan declared a 20-day state of emergency.[12] This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition who made disorders and damaged life and property of citizens, as well as a de facto ban on any further anti-government protests.[13][14]
Foreign policy[edit]
President Vladimir Putin with Armenian President Robert Kocharyan
As President, Kocharyan continued to negotiate a peaceful resolution with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Talks between Aliyev and Kocharyan were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh, and holding referendums (plebiscites) in Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On 10–11 February 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict, including the withdrawal of troops, formation of international peace keeping troops, and the status of Nagorno-Karabakh.[15]
During the weeks and days before the talks in France, OSCE Minsk Group co-chairmen expressed cautious optimism that some form of an agreement was possible. French President Jacques Chirac met with both leaders separately and expressed hope that the talks would be fruitful. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Nagorno-Karabakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious. The next session of the talks was held in March 2006 in Washington, D.C.[15] Russian President, Vladimir Putin applied pressure to both parties to settle the disputes.[16] Later in 2006 there was a meeting of the Armenian and Azerbaijani Presidents in Minsk on 28 November and ministerial meetings were held in Moscow. "These talks did not initiate any progress, but I hope that the time for a solution will come" said Peter Semneby, EU envoy for the South Caucasus.[17]
In September 2006, in his congratulatory message[18] on the occasion of 15th anniversary of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Kocharyan said "The Karabakhi people made their historic choice, defended their national interests in the war that was forced upon them. Today, they are building a free and independent state." The accompanying message said that the duty of the Republic of Armenia and all Armenians is to contribute to the strengthening and development of Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as to the international recognition of the republic's independence.[19]
1. ^ "Country Information". United Nations in Armenia. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
2. ^ a b Abrahamyan, Gayane (20 November 2012). "Rotating Around Presidents: Kocharyan’s "shadow" a curse or a blessing for Armenia?". ArmeniaNow. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
3. ^ Martirosian, Anush; Meloyan, Ruben (28 October 2009). "Armenia Marks Parliament Attack Anniversary". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 6 April 2013. "The opposition alliance described the parliament attack as “the darkest page in Armenian history” that laid the foundation of the country’s existing “criminal-oligarchic” system. It again blamed Kocharian and Serzh Sarkisian for the killings, claiming that most Armenians consider them the masterminds of the crime."
4. ^ Staff (4 February 1998) "Armenian president resigns" BBC World Service
5. ^ a b Stern, David (2003-03-07). "Anger at 'flawed' poll in Armenia". Financial Times. p. 4.
6. ^ "Incumbent 'wins' Armenia vote". BBC Online. 2003-03-06. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
7. ^ "Armenia: President Sworn In Amid Protests". The New York Times. 2003-04-10. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
8. ^ "Constitutional court stirs Armenian politicial controversy". 2003-04-23. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
9. ^ Kocharyan Must Go by S. Kaputikyan//Shrjadardz Armenian Magazine, #2, 2004, p. 21
10. ^ The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (27 November 2005), Chapter 3: The President of the Republic, Article 50
11. ^ Robert Kocharyan To Support Serzh Sargsyan,
12. ^ "State of emergency declared in Armenia". RTE News. 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
13. ^ "Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan", Human Rights Watch (NY), March 2, 2008.
14. ^ Ter-Petrosian ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 1, 2008.
15. ^ a b Ghazinyan, Aris (10 February 2006) "Drawing the Line: Maps meet principles in the search for a settlement over Nagorno Karabakh" Armenia Now
16. ^ Staff (23 February 2006) "Putin Going to Invite Kocharyan to Moscow to Discuss Karabakh Issue" YERKIR Armenian Online Newspaper
17. ^ Staff (21 February 2007) "Peter Semneby: EU tries to create trust between Karabakh and Azerbaijan" More than 4 bln dollars were stollen by his clan in Armenia YERKIR Armenian Online Newspaper
18. ^ (1 September 2006) "Congratulations on Independence Day" Azat Artsakh Newspaper
19. ^ Staff (1 September 2006) "Robert Kocharyan: Nagorno Karabakh People Made Their Historical Choice, Protected Its National Interests in the Forced War. Today They Built Free and Independent State" ARMINFO News Agency
External links[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by
Oleg Yesayan
Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh
Succeeded by
Leonard Petrosyan
Preceded by
Garen Baburyan
President of Nagorno-Karabakh
Succeeded by
Leonard Petrosyan
Preceded by
Armen Sargsyan
Prime Minister of Armenia
Succeeded by
Armen Darbinyan
Preceded by
Levon Ter-Petrosyan
President of Armenia
Succeeded by
Serzh Sargsyan
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dz - 05-50 Timgad - Wilaya de Batna map.svg
Timgad is located in Algeria
Coordinates: 35°29′45″N 6°28′02″E / 35.49581°N 6.467235°E / 35.49581; 6.467235
Country Algeria
Province Batna
Time zone West Africa Time (UTC+1)
Timgad Trajan.jpg
Trajan's Arch within the ruins of Timgad.
Timgad is located in Algeria
Shown within Algeria
Alternate name Thamugas
Location Batna Province, Algeria
Coordinates 35°29′03″N 6°28′07″E / 35.48417°N 6.46861°E / 35.48417; 6.46861Coordinates: 35°29′03″N 6°28′07″E / 35.48417°N 6.46861°E / 35.48417; 6.46861
Type Settlement
Founded c. 100
Abandoned 7th century
Periods Roman Empire
Official name: Timgad
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iii, iv
Designated 1982 (6th session)
Reference No. 191
State Party Algeria
Region Arab States
Timgad (called Thamugas or Thamugadi in old Berber) was a Roman colonial town in the Aurès Mountains of Algeria, founded by the Emperor Trajan around AD 100. The full name of the town was Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi. Trajan commemorated the city after his mother Marcia, father Marcus Ulpius Traianus and his eldest sister Ulpia Marciana.
Located in modern-day Algeria, about 35 km east of the town of Batna, the ruins are noteworthy for representing one of the best extant examples of the grid plan as used in Roman city planning.
The city was founded ex nihilo as a military colony by the emperor Trajan around AD 100. It was intended to serve primarily as a bastion against the Berbers in the nearby Aures Mountains. It was originally populated largely by Parthian veterans of the Roman army who were granted lands in return for years of service.
The city enjoyed a peaceful existence for the first several hundred years and became a center of Christian activity starting in the 3rd century, and a Donatist center in the 4th century.
In the 5th century, the city was sacked by the Vandals before falling into decline. In AD 535 the Byzantine general Solomon found the city empty when he came to occupy it. In the following century, the city was briefly repopulated as a primarily Christian city before being sacked by Berbers in the 5th century. During the Christian period, Timgad was a bishopric which became renowned at the end of the 4th century when Bishop Optat became the spokesman for the Donatist heresy. The city saw a revival of activity after the Byzantine reconquest in the 6th century, but the Arab invasion brought about the destruction of Thamugadi, where occupation ceased definitively after the 8th century.[1]
After the Arab sacking in the 8th century the city disappeared from history until its excavation in 1881.
Map of the Archeological site
Located at the intersection of six roads, the city was walled but not fortified. Originally designed for a population of around 15,000, the city quickly outgrew its original specifications and spilled beyond the orthogonal grid in a more loosely organized fashion.
The original Roman grid plan is magnificently visible in the orthogonal design, highlighted by the decumanus maximus (east-west-oriented street) and the cardo (north–south-oriented street) lined by a partially restored Corinthian colonnade. The cardo does not proceed completely through the town but instead terminates in a forum at the intersection with the decumanus.
At the west end of the decumanus rises a 12 m high triumphal arch, called the Arch of Trajan, which was partially restored in 1900. The arch is principally of sandstone, and is of the Corinthian order with three arches, the central one being 11' wide. The arch is also known as the Timgad Arch.
A 3,500-seat theater is in good condition and is used for contemporary productions. The other key buildings include four thermae, a library, and a basilica.
The Capitoline Temple is dedicated to Jupiter and is of approximately the same dimensions as the Pantheon in Rome. Nearby the capitol is a square church with a circular apse dating from the 7th century AD. Southeast of the city is a large Byzantine citadel built in the later days of the city.
World Heritage Site[edit]
Timgad was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For undeletion on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Undeletion.
Undeletion is a feature for restoring computer files which have been removed from a file system by file deletion. Deleted data can be recovered on many file systems, but not all file systems provide an undeletion feature. Recovering data without an undeletion facility is usually called data recovery, rather than undeletion. Although undeletion can help prevent users from accidentally losing data, it can also pose a computer security risk, since users may not be aware that deleted files remain accessible.
Not all file systems or operating systems support undeletion. Undeletion is possible on FAT16 file systems, with Microsoft providing undeletion utilities for both MS-DOS 5-6.22 and 16-bit Windows operating systems.[1][2] It is not supported by most modern UNIX file systems, though AdvFS is a notable exception. The ext2 file system has an add-on program called e2undel which allows file undeletion. The similar ext3 file system does not officially support undeletion, but ext3grep was written to automate the undeletion of ext3 volumes.[3] Undelete was proposed in ext4, but is yet to be implemented.[4] However, trash bin feature was posted as a patch on December 4, 2006.[5] The Trash bin feature uses undelete attributes in ext2/3/4 and Reiser file systems.[6]
Graphical user environments often take a different approach to undeletion, instead using a "holding area" for files to be deleted. Undesired files are moved to this holding area, and all of the files in the holding area are deleted periodically or when a user requests it. This approach is used by the Trash can in Macintosh operating systems and by the recycle bin in Microsoft Windows. This is a natural continuation of the approach taken by earlier systems, such as the limbo group used by LocoScript.[7] This approach is not subject to the risk that other files being written to the filesystem will disrupt a deleted file very quickly; permanent deletion will happen on a predictable schedule or with manual intervention only.
Another approach is offered by programs such as Norton GoBack (formerly Roxio GoBack): a portion of the hard disk space is set aside for file modification operations to be recorded in such a way that they may later be undone. This process is usually much safer in aiding recovery of deleted files than the undeletion operation as described below.
Similarly, file systems that support "snapshots" (like ZFS or btrfs), can be used to make snapshots of the whole file system at regular intervals (e.g. every hour), thus allowing recovery of files from an earlier snapshot.
Undeletion is not fail-safe. In general, the sooner undeletion is attempted, the more likely it will be successful. Fragmentation of the deleted file may also reduce the probability of recovery, depending on the type of file system (see below). A fragmented file is scattered across different parts of the disk, instead of being in a contiguous area.
The workings of undeletion depend on the file system on which the deleted file was stored. Some file systems, such as HFS, cannot provide an undeletion feature because no information about the deleted file is retained (except by additional software, which is not usually present). Some file systems, however, do not erase all traces of a deleted file, including the FAT file system:
FAT file system[edit]
When a file is "deleted" using a FAT file system, the directory entry remains unchanged, preserving most of the "deleted" file's name, along with its time stamp, file length and — most importantly — its physical location on the disk. The list of disk clusters occupied by the file will, however, be erased from the File Allocation Table, marking those sectors available for use by other files created or modified thereafter.
When undeletion operation is attempted, the following conditions must be met for a successful recovery of the file:
• The entry of the deleted file must still exist in the directory, meaning that it must not yet be overwritten by a new file (or folder) that has been created in the same directory. Whether this is the case can fairly easily be detected by checking whether the remaining name of the file to be undeleted is still present in the directory.
• The sectors formerly used by the deleted file must not be overwritten yet by other files. This can fairly well be verified by checking that the sectors are not marked as used in the File Allocation Table. However, if, in the meantime, a new file had been written to the disk, using those sectors, and then deleted again, freeing those sectors again, this cannot be detected automatically by the undeletion program. In this case an undeletion operation, even if appearing successful, might fail because the recovered file contains different data.
Chances of recovering deleted files is higher in FAT16 as compared to FAT32 drives; fragmentation of files is usually less in FAT16 due to large cluster size support (1024 Bytes, 2KB, 4KB, 8KB, 16KB, 32KB and 64KB which is supported only in Windows NT) as compared to FAT32 (4KB, 8KB, 16KB only).
If the undeletion program cannot detect clear signs of the above requirements not being met, it will restore the directory entry as being in use and mark all consecutive sectors (clusters), beginning with the one as recorded in the old directory entry, as used in the File Allocation Table. It is then up to the user to open the recovered file and to verify that it contains the complete data of the formerly deleted file.
Recovery of fragmented files (after the first fragment) is therefore not possible by automatic processes, but only by manual examination of each (unused) block of the disk. This requires detailed knowledge of the file system, as well as the binary format of the file type being recovered, and is therefore only done by recovery specialists or forensics professionals.
Norton UNERASE was an important component in Norton Utilities version 1.0 in 1982. Microsoft included a similar UNDELETE program in versions 5.0 to 6.22 of MS-DOS, but applied the Recycle Bin approach instead in later operating systems using FAT.
Further information: Data erasure
Data erasure is term that refers to software-based methods of preventing file undeletion.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "When Not to Use MS-DOS 5.0 CHKDSK and UNDELETE Commands". Support.microsoft.com. 2006-11-16. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
2. ^ "Using a Common UNDELETE.INI File with Undelete". Support.microsoft.com. 1999-11-16. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
3. ^ Carlo Wood (2008-02-07). "HOWTO recover deleted files on an ext3 file system". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
4. ^ New ext4 features[dead link]
5. ^ "Secure Deletion and Trash-Bin Support for Ext4". Article.gmane.org. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
6. ^ "Gmane Loom". Thread.gmane.org. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
7. ^ "Langford in PCW TODAY column #6". Ansible.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
External links[edit]
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Wayne Boring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wayne Boring
Wayne Boring.jpg
Wayne Boring by Michael Netzer
Born (1905-06-05)June 5, 1905
Died February 20, 1987(1987-02-20) (aged 81)
Pompano Beach, Florida
Nationality American
Area(s) Penciller, Inker
Pseudonym(s) Jack Harmon
Notable works
Action Comics
Awards Will Eisner Hall of Fame 2007
Official website
Wayne Boring (June 5, 1905[1][2]–February 20, 1987)[2][3] was an American comic book artist best known for his work on Superman from the late 1940s to 1950s. He occasionally used the pseudonym Jack Harmon.
Early life and career[edit]
Boring attended the Minnesota School of Art and the Chicago Art Institute. In 1937, he began "ghosting" (drawing for hire without credit) on such comic-book features as Slam Bradley and Doctor Occult for the Jerry Siegel-Joe Shuster studio. In 1938, Siegel and Shuster's character Superman was published in Action Comics #1, for the DC Comics predecessor National Allied Publications, and Boring became a ghost on the soon spun off Superman comic strip, eventually becoming the credited artist.[4]
Superman comic books[edit]
In 1942, the by-then-named National Comics hired Boring as a staff artist,[5] teaming him as penciler the following year with inker Stan Kaye. The two would work together for nearly 20 years. In 1948, following Siegel and Shuster's departure from the company over a Superman rights lawsuit, Mort Weisinger, new editor of the Superman line, brought in Boring as well as Al Plastino and Curt Swan. During this mid-1940s period, he often signed his work for rival Novelty Press' Blue Bolt Comics as Jack Harmon.[6]
Superboy #1 (March/April 1949). Cover art by Boring.
Boring's "Superman Covers Atom Bomb Test!" cover for Action Comics #101 (Oct. 1946) was an early example of nuclear weapons in popular culture.[7] A more detailed origin story for Superman by Boring and writer Bill Finger was presented in Superman #53 (July 1948) to mark the character's tenth anniversary.[8] Boring co-created the Fortress of Solitude in Action Comics #241 (June 1958) with writer Jerry Coleman[9] and Bizarro World in Action Comics #263 (April 1960) with Otto Binder.[10]
Boring was the primary Superman comic-book penciller through the 1950s. Swan succeeded him the following decade,[11] though Boring returned for sporadic guest appearances in the early 1960s and then again in late 1966 and early 1967.[12] As one critic wrote of Boring's 1950s Superman art, "Comics legend Wayne Boring played a major role in visually defining the most well known super-hero in the world during the peak of Superman's popularity.[13] As another writer echoed, "Boring's bravura brushwork defined many of its key elements and made Superman look more powerful and imposing, now standing a heroic nine heads tall, and brought a fresh realism, a sleek sci-fi vision and a greater seriousness of tone.[14]
Boring was let go from DC in 1967,[14] along with other artists from the 1930s and 1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books. From 1968 to 1972, Boring ghosted backgrounds for Hal Foster's Prince Valiant Sunday comic strip,[14] and took over the art on writer Sam Leff's 1961–71 United Feature Syndicate strip Davy Jones.[15] Afterward, Boring did a small amount of work on Marvel Comics' Captain Marvel, then left the field to semi-retire as a bank security guard, though he would continue to draw commissioned work.[16] He briefly returned to DC to pencil some stories in All-Star Squadron Annual #3 (1984), Superman #402 (Dec. 1984), and Action Comics #561 and 572 (Nov. 1984 and Oct. 1985).[12] In 1985, DC Comics named Boring as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[17]
Boring died of a heart attack,[16] following a brief comeback announced in one of his last published works, penciling a Golden Age Superman story written by Roy Thomas and inked by Jerry Ordway in Secret Origins #1 (April 1986).[18] His final work was All-Star Squadron #64 (Dec. 1986) a recreation of Superman #19.[19] He was posthumously inducted into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame in 2007.[20]
Comics work (interior pencil art) includes:
DC Comics[edit]
Marvel Comics[edit]
1. ^ "Wayne Boring, "United States Social Security Death Index"". FamilySearch. Retrieved February 21, 2013. Wayne Boring, February 1987; citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, ongoing).
2. ^ a b "U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-Current". Ancestry.com. While some sources give 1916 as a birth year, the Social Security Death Index gives 1905
3. ^ Fryer, Kim (July 1987). "Superman artist Wayne Boring dead". The Comics Journal (Fantagraphics Books) (116): 23. "Wayne Boring, one of the first Superman artists, died at the age of 81 on February 20 in Pompano Beach, Florida. Boring, who was born in Minnesota on June 5, 1905..."
4. ^ "Wayne Boring". Lambiek Comiclopedia. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
5. ^ Daniels, Les (1995). "The Superman Style Refining the Man of Steel". DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Bulfinch Press. p. 28. ISBN 0821220764. "The image of Superman that eventually became preeminent was Wayne Boring's. By 1942 the former assistant to Joe Shuster was working on his own for DC, turning out pencilled and inked pages for Action Comics and Superman."
6. ^ Jack Harmon at the Grand Comics Database
7. ^ Wallace, Daniel; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1940s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. "A stunning cover by Wayne Boring heralded a tale that played on the conflicted post-war zeitgeist surrounding the use of nuclear weapons."
8. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 59: "Superman's origin was retold—and slightly revamped—for this special tenth anniversary issue...Writer Bill Finger and penciller Wayne Boring related how Joe-El failed to save Krypton and sent his son to Earth."
9. ^ Irvine, Alex "1950s" in Dolan, p. 91: "Superman's Fortress of Solitude was seen for the first time. The story 'The Super-Key to Fort Superman', by writer Jerry Coleman and artist Wayne Boring, revealed the secrets of the Fortress."
10. ^ McAvennie, Michael "1960s" in Dolan, p. 100: "Writer Otto Binder and artist Wayne Boring introduced an entire world filled with the backward beings, living amid foul, dilapidated conditions."
11. ^ Daniels "The Superman Family Strength in Numbers", p. 118: "By 1961, Swan's new look would replace Wayne Boring's patriarchal version. Swan's Superman became definitive, and ultimately he would draw, as he says, 'more Superman stories than anybody else.'"
12. ^ a b Wayne Boring at the Grand Comics Database
13. ^ Vance, Michael (December 13, 2000). "Comics Legend Wayne Boring". "Suspended Animation" (column), Starland.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010.
14. ^ a b c Gravett, Paul (December 2002). Curt Swan: A Superman Walked Among Us 3 (97). Comic Book Marketplace via PaulGravett.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
15. ^ Agena, Eric. "Davy Jones, by Sam Leff and Al McWilliams". ComicStripFan.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010.
16. ^ a b Eury, Michael (2006). The Krypton Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-893905-61-0.
17. ^ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Wayne Boring Superman Remodeled" Fifty Who Made DC Great: 26 (1985), DC Comics
18. ^ Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan, p. 218: "The heroes of the DC Universe got a little more exposed thanks to the new ongoing effort Secret Origins, a title offering new interpretations to the backgrounds of some of comics' biggest icons. [Its] debut issue featur[ed] the origin of the first true super-hero – the Golden Age Superman – by writer Roy Thomas and illustrator Wayne Boring."
19. ^ All-Star Squadron #67 at the Grand Comics Database
20. ^ "Will Eisner Hall of Fame". San Diego Comic-Con International. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
External links[edit]
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Page:Occult Japan - Lovell.djvu/374
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This page needs to be proofread.
352 OCCULT JAPAN. �to by mental acts so out of every-day experi- ence as to lead hastily credulous persons to attribute them to some sort of supernatural power. For the hypnotic subject will dis- play an amount of knowledge of which in his normal state he is known not to possess even the rudiments. Sometimes his appar- ently supernatural insight can be traced to the resurrection of memories faint at the time of their experiencing and long since lapsed ; but sometimes it is due to the actual ex post facto creation of consciousness out of brain processes of which there was no con- sciousness at the time of their occurrence. �Now our present theory, whatever its merits or demerits may be, is at least able to give an explanation of this phenomenon. If consciousness be nerve-glow, a local mo- lecular change of the cells due to a forced arrest of the neural current from temporary or permanent impermeability of path, it is precisely in the generally torpid brain of the hypnotic subject that it should be most acute. That his brain generally is torpid is shown by the fact that action does not spon- taneously take place in it. When, however, a current is induced from the only starting* ��� �
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is it polite to use "how about..." in formal message or it will suit for close relations only?
What should I use instead for stranger or boss?
UPD: Example: You have just provided me with your phone number. How about e-mail address?
share|improve this question
Please provide the complete sentence in which you are considering usage of how about so that we can provide the best possible answer. – cornbread ninja 麵包忍者 Apr 23 '12 at 19:59
I concur w/ cornbread ninja. The phrase "how about," in and of itself, could be used in both formal and informal contexts. No way to tell if "how about" would be appropriate from the meager amount of information given. – J.R. Apr 23 '12 at 20:47
'formal' and 'for close relations' only doesn't cover all the range of formality. – Mitch Apr 23 '12 at 22:23
3 Answers 3
up vote 4 down vote accepted
I think "How about" is very informal; it results in a sentence fragment. A formal rephrase of "How about we go to the meeting?" is "Why don't we go to the meeting?" Since we don't yet have an example sentence from the questioner, another test would be "How about lunch?" which would be more formally phrased as "Why don't we go to lunch?" Or, if the interrogative is not necessary, the declarative "We should go to the meeting!" and "Let's go to lunch!" are also good formal alternatives.
(You'll note that I am using contractions in my "formal" examples; that's because I think my example phrases are professional, and saying "Why do not we go to the meeting?" is just awkward.)
share|improve this answer
The "formal" phrasing would be Shall we go to lunch?. "Why don't we go to lunch?" borders on imperative, and may raise issues of social seniority. "Let's go to lunch!" is normally informal and suitable among equals - again it would be problematic if said by anyone other than the acknowledged senior person, in a formal context. – FumbleFingers Apr 23 '12 at 23:38
I agree with all of that. – Jennifer Davis Apr 23 '12 at 23:39
I didn't upvote originally because I thought Shall we was the more formal phrasing, but it occurs to me now that all these "suggestions" are problematic in a formal context, since so much depends on whether the speaker has any social seniority (or even equality). If he doesn't, he'd probably be better off saying nothing and going hungry until the more important people decide they want to eat / go to the meeting / whatever. – FumbleFingers Apr 23 '12 at 23:49
"Going hungry"...so extreme! (And very funny.) – Jennifer Davis Apr 25 '12 at 3:01
Not disagreeing with others, but "How about ..." is rather a pushy phrase. Would I use it to my boss? yes, because I address him informally. A customer? Probably not.
"How about an email address?" feels like I am demanding an email address. "Do you have an email?" would be more polite - even though you know the answer is almost certainly "yes" it is a more respectful way of asking.
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I am an Indian, I learnt English as my second language. I feel that 'how about', 'what about', and even 'let's' can be used in informal conversation. "Shall we go to lunch?" is perfect. I am very happy that we need not say "Could we go to lunch?"
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Welcome to English Language & Usage. All answers should come with explanations for why they are correct, citing research sources wherever possible. Please edit the answer accordingly. Thanks. – MετάEd Mar 25 '13 at 23:41
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106704
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IUCN threat status:
Least Concern (LC)
Brief Summary
Read full entry
"Badgers look like short, shaggy, medium-sized dogs. They are powerful diggers. One, taken to a football game as a mascot, escaped and dug its way under the field. They dig after and feed on ground squirrels and pocket gophers, and also eat toads, frogs, birds, snakes, insects and insect grubs, wasps, bees, and worms. They sleep through most of the winter in a den, spending about 29 hours at a time in a state of torpor, rousing briefly, and then sleeping again. In torpor, which is not true hibernation, the Badger's heartbeat slows to about half the normal rate and its temperature drops. Humans are the Badgers' worst enemy, trapping and poisoning them, but they are now protected in some states and provinces."
Mammal Species of the World
Click here for The American Society of Mammalogists species account
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0)
© Smithsonian Institution
Source: Smithsonian's North American Mammals
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106717
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Document Type
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Staphylococcus Aureus, MRSA, Pathogenicity, Virulence
This article is available at http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/60/2/259
The prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important global concern in healthcare due to potentially life-threatening infections and difficulties in treatment. The organism can colonize the mucosa, e.g. anterior nares or result in invasive infections, e.g. bloodstream infections, through the coordinated expression of extracellular and cell-bound virulence factors (Goerke et al., 2000; Novick et al., 1993). The transcription profiles of virulence genes vary in-vivo depending on the dynamic interaction between the host environment and the pathogen. Since the dynamic environment may be differentially altered in MRSA carriage compared to infection, the expression of S. aureus virulence genes may also vary. We previously found no significant correlation between the presence of 17 virulence genes and invasiveness of MRSA isolates (O'Donnell et al., 2008) and this non-association of specific genes or combinations of genes with invasive isolates is in agreement with other larger studies (Lindsay et al., 2006). The lack of a definitive correlation between invasive S. aureus strains and the carriage of virulence genes, suggests that the expression, rather than carriage of virulence determinants in-vivo, may mediate pathogenicity.
Medicine and Health Sciences
Abu Othman A, Humphreys H, O'Neill E, Fitzgerald-Hughes D. Differences in expression of virulence genes amongst invasive and colonizing isolates of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2011;60(2):259-61.
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buscar cualquier palabra, como cleveland steamer:
Ignorant White person who doesnt like minorities, homosexuals, certain religious faiths, Loves to hate, Feels needs to hate to be accepted by those who think the same way that person does
"black people are useless"
" Cracka Pleeze"
Por Zug Zug 15 de mayo de 2005
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singleton (n.) Look up singleton at
"single card of a suit in a hand," 1876, originally in whist, from single (adj.); compare simpleton, etc. Extended early 20c. to other instances of singularity.
singly (adv.) Look up singly at
c.1300, from single (adj.) + -ly (2).
singspiel (n.) Look up singspiel at
1876, from German Singspiel, literally "a singing play," from singen "to sing" (see sing (v.)) + Spiel "a play" (see spiel). Kind of performance popular in Germany late 18c.
singular (adj.) Look up singular at
mid-14c., "alone, apart; being a unit; special, unsurpassed," from Old French singuler "personal particular; distinctive; singular in number" (12c., Modern French singulier) or directly from Latin singularis "single, solitary, one by one, one at a time; peculiar, remarkable," from singulus (see single (adj.)). Meaning "remarkably good, unusual, rare, separated from others (by excellence), uncommon" is from c.1400 in English; this also was a common meaning of Latin singularis.
singularity (n.) Look up singularity at
c.1400, "unusual behavior," also "singleness of aim or purpose," from Old French singulerte "peculiarity" (12c., Modern French singularité) or directly from Late Latin singularitatem (nominative singularitas) "a being alone," from singularis (see singular (adj.)). Meaning "fact of being different from others" is c.1500. Mathematical sense of "point at which a function takes an infinite value" is from 1893. Astronomical use is from 1965.
singularly (adv.) Look up singularly at
late 14c., "exclusively, alone, solely; uniquely; individually; in an unusual way, especially," from singular + -ly (2).
singultus (n.) Look up singultus at
Latin, "a sob; a speech broken by sobs."
Sinhalese (adj.) Look up Sinhalese at
also Singhalese, "pertaining to Sri Lanka," 1797, from Sanskrit Sinhala "Sri Lanka, Ceylon," from simhala-, literally "of lions," from simhah "lion." As the name of a language spoken there, it is attested from 1801.
Sinic (adj.) Look up Sinic at
"Chinese," 1660s, from Medieval Latin Sinicus, from Sina "China," from Late Latin Sinae (plural) "the Chinese" (see Sino-).
sinical (adj.) Look up sinical at
"of or relating to sines," 1590s, from sine + -ical.
Sinicism (n.) Look up Sinicism at
"Chinese ways, Chinese affectations," 1891; see Sino- + -ism. Related: Sinicize; Sinification.
sinister (adj.) Look up sinister at
early 15c., "prompted by malice or ill-will, intending to mislead," from Old French senestre, sinistre "contrary, false; unfavorable; to the left" (14c.), from Latin sinister "left, on the left side" (opposite of dexter), of uncertain origin. Perhaps meaning properly "the slower or weaker hand" [Tucker], but Klein and Buck suggest it's a euphemism (see left (adj.)) connected with the root of Sanskrit saniyan "more useful, more advantageous." With contrastive or comparative suffix -ter, as in dexter (see dexterity).
The Latin word was used in augury in the sense of "unlucky, unfavorable" (omens, especially bird flights, seen on the left hand were regarded as portending misfortune), and thus sinister acquired a sense of "harmful, unfavorable, adverse." This was from Greek influence, reflecting the early Greek practice of facing north when observing omens. In genuine Roman auspices, the augurs faced south and left was favorable. Thus sinister also retained a secondary sense in Latin of "favorable, auspicious, fortunate, lucky."
Meaning "evil" is from late 15c. Used in heraldry from 1560s to indicate "left, to the left." Bend (not "bar") sinister in heraldry indicates illegitimacy and preserves the literal sense of "on or from the left side" (though in heraldry this is from the view of the bearer of the shield, not the observer of it).
sinistral (adj.) Look up sinistral at
late 15c., "unlucky," from Old French senestral, sinistral or Medieval Latin *sinistralis, from sinister (see sinister). Meaning "on the left side" is from 1803. Related: Sinistrally.
sinistrorse (adj.) Look up sinistrorse at
1856, a word wanted by the botanists to describe the direction of spiral structures in nature, from Latin sinistrorsus "toward the left side," from sinister "left" (see sinister). It was paired with dextrorse but confusion over what was the proper point of view to reckon leftward or rightward spiraling prevented the word being as useful as it might have been.
sink (v.) Look up sink at
Old English sincan (intransitive) "become submerged, go under, subside" (past tense sanc, past participle suncen), from Proto-Germanic *senkwan (cognates: Old Saxon sinkan, Old Norse sökkva, Middle Dutch sinken, Dutch zinken, Old High German sinkan, German sinken, Gothic sigqan), from PIE root *sengw- "to sink."
The transitive use (mid-13c.) supplanted Middle English sench (compare drink/drench) which died out 14c. Related: Sank; sunk; sinking. Sinking fund is from 1724. Adjective phrase sink or swim is from 1660s. To sink without a trace is World War I military jargon, translating German spurlos versenkt.
sink (n.) Look up sink at
sinker (n.) Look up sinker at
1838 in the fishing-line sense, agent noun from sink (v.).
sinkhole (n.) Look up sinkhole at
sinless (adj.) Look up sinless at
Old English synleas; see sin (n.) + -less. Related: Sinlessly; sinlessness.
Sinn Fein (n.) Look up Sinn Fein at
1905, from Irish, literally "we ourselves," from Old Irish féin "self," from PIE *swei-no-, suffixed form of root *s(w)e- (see idiom). Movement founded 1905 by Irish journalist and politician Arthur Griffith (1872-1922).
sinner (n.) Look up sinner at
mid-14c., agent noun from sin (v.). Old English had synngiend in this sense.
Sino- Look up Sino- at
before vowels Sin-, word-forming element meaning "Chinese," 1879, from Late Latin Sinæ (plural) "the Chinese," from Ptolemaic Greek Sinai, from Arabic Sin "China," probably from Chinese Ch'in, name of the fourth dynasty of China (see China).
Sinologist (n.) Look up Sinologist at
1814; see Sino- + -logy + -ist. Related: Sinology (1834).
Sinon Look up Sinon at
name of the Greek who induced the Trojans to take the wooden horse into the city; hence "a deceiver by false tales."
Sinophobe (n.) Look up Sinophobe at
1919, from Sino- + phobe. Related: Sinophobic; Sinophobia (1876).
sinsemilla (n.) Look up sinsemilla at
potent strain of marijuana, 1975, from Mexican Spanish, literally "without seed," from Latin sine "without" (see sans) + semen "seed" (see semen).
sinter (n.) Look up sinter at
1780, from German Sinter, cognate with English cinder.
sinuate (adj.) Look up sinuate at
1680s, from Latin sinuatus, past participle of sinuare (see insinuate).
sinuous (adj.) Look up sinuous at
"full of turns and curves," 1570s, from Latin sinuosus "full of curves, folds, or bendings," from sinus "curve, fold, bend" (see sinus). Related: Sinuously; sinuousness.
sinus (n.) Look up sinus at
sinusitis (n.) Look up sinusitis at
"inflammation of the sinuses," 1896; see sinus + -itis.
sinusoid Look up sinusoid at
1823 in mathematics; 1900 in physiology, from sinus + -oid. Related: Sinusoidal.
Siouan (adj.) Look up Siouan at
1885, from Sioux + -an. Replacing Dakotan.
Sioux Look up Sioux at
group of North American Indian tribes, 1761, from North American French, short for Nadouessioux, sometimes said to be from Ojibway (Algonquian) Natowessiwak (plural), literally "little snakes," from nadowe "Iroquois" (literally "big snakes"). Another explanation traces it to early Ottawa (Algonquian) singular /na:towe:ssi/ (plural /na:towe:ssiwak/) "Sioux," apparently from a verb meaning "to speak a foreign language" [Bright]. In either case, a name given by their neighbors; the people's name for themselves is Dakota.
sip (v.) Look up sip at
sip (n.) Look up sip at
c.1500, from sip (v.).
siphon (n.) Look up siphon at
late 14c., from Latin sipho (genitive siphonis) "a siphon," from Greek siphon "pipe, tube for drawing wine from a cask," of unknown origin. Related: Siphonal.
siphon (v.) Look up siphon at
1859, from siphon (n.). Figurative sense of "to draw off, divert" is recorded from 1940. Related: Siphoned; siphoning.
sir Look up sir at
sire (v.) Look up sire at
"to beget, to be the sire of," 1610s, from sire (n.). Used chiefly of beasts, especially of stallions. Related: Sired; siring.
sire (n.) Look up sire at
siren (n.) Look up siren at
Sirius (n.) Look up Sirius at
sirloin (n.) Look up sirloin at
early 15c., surloine, from Middle French surlonge, literally "upper part of the loin," from sur "over, above" (see sur-) + longe "loin," from Old French loigne (see loin).
English spelling with sir- dates from 1620s, by folk-etymology supposed to be because the cut of beef was "knighted" by an English king for its superiority, a tale variously told of Henry VIII, James I, and Charles II. The story dates to 1655.
sirocco (n.) Look up sirocco at
"hot wind blowing from the Libyan deserts," 1610s, from Italian sirocco, from vulgar Arabic shoruq "the east wind," from Arabic sharqi "eastern, east wind," from sharq "east," from sharaqa "to rise" (in reference to the sun).
sirrah Look up sirrah at
sis (n.) Look up sis at
1650s, abbreviated form of sister; in American English, applied generally to girls and young women (1859). It also was the familiar short form of Cecilie, Cicely, a common name for girls in the Middle English period.
sis-boom-bah Look up sis-boom-bah at
cheerleading chant, originally (1867) an echoic phrase imitating the sound of a skyrocket flight (sis), the burst of the fireworks (boom), and the reaction of the crowd ((b)ah).
sisal (n.) Look up sisal at
1883, short for Sisal hemp or grass (1843), from Sisal, port in Yucatan, from which the rope-making fiber was exported.
sissify (v.) Look up sissify at
1897 (implied in sissified), American English, from sissy + -fy. Related: Sissifying; sissification (1915).
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sweater (n.) Look up sweater at Dictionary.com
"woolen vest or jersey, originally worn in rowing," 1882, from earlier sweaters "clothing worn to produce sweating and reduce weight" (1828), plural agent noun from sweat (v.). As a fashion garment, attested from 1925. Earlier it meant "one who works hard" (1520s). Sweater girl is attested from 1940; Lana Turner (1920-1995) was the first, from her appearance in the film "They Won't Forget" (1937).
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tick (n.1) Look up tick at Dictionary.com
parasitic blood-sucking arachnid animal, Old English ticia, from West Germanic *tik- (cognates: Middle Dutch teke, Dutch teek, Old High German zecho, German Zecke "tick"), of unknown origin, perhaps from PIE *deigh- "insect." French tique (mid-15c.), Italian zecca are Germanic loan-words.
tick (n.2) Look up tick at Dictionary.com
mid-15c., "light touch or tap," probably from tick (v.) and cognate with Dutch tik, Middle High German zic, and perhaps echoic. Meaning "sound made by a clock" is probably first recorded 1540s; tick-tock as the sound of a clock is recorded from 1845.
tick (v.) Look up tick at Dictionary.com
early 13c., "to touch or pat," perhaps from an Old English verb corresponding to tick (n.2), and perhaps ultimately echoic. Compare Old High German zeckon "to pluck," Dutch tikken "to pat," Norwegian tikke "touch lightly." Meaning "make a ticking sound" is from 1721. Related: Ticked; ticking.
To tick (someone) off is from 1915, originally "to reprimand, scold." The verbal phrase tick off was in use in several senses at the time: as what a telegraph instrument does when it types out a message (1873), as what a clock does in marking the passage of time (1777), to enumerate on one's fingers (1899), and in accountancy, etc., "make a mark beside an item on a sheet with a pencil, etc.," often indicating a sale (by 1881, from tick (n.2) in sense "small mark or dot"). This last might be the direct source of the phrase, perhaps via World War I military bureaucratic sense of being marked off from a list as "dismissed" or "ineligible." Meaning "to annoy" is recorded by 1971.
tick (n.3) Look up tick at Dictionary.com
"credit," 1640s, shortening of ticket (n.).
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Literally "dwarf bandits". Pinyin Wo1-kou4, Wade-Giles Wo-k'ou, Gwoyeu Romatzyh Uokow. Name for loose bands of pirates who attacked the east and later the southeast coasts of China in the mid-16th century (Ming dynasty). The provinces of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian were the most affected.
The earlier attacks are known to have been carried out by pirates based in Japan. There survive contemporary illustrations of a two-handed sword technique used by the Wokou that is clearly related to Japanese kendo. Their leaders, however, were often Chinese (such as the pirate kings Li Guangtou (Li3 Guang1-tou2,), executed in 1549, and Wang Zhi (Wang2 Zhi2), executed in 1559. Some scholars have speculated that the southeastern attacks may have been the work of Portuguese, pretending to be Japanese Wokou in order to mislead the Ming's attempts to deal with the problem administratively in Japan.
But it is probably wrong to assign any single ethnicity to the Wokou. Contemporary Chinese and Portuguese records show that there were many bands of smugglers active off the Chinese coast in the decades 1540-1570, and that their nationalities included Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese, at the least. However, the use of the derogatory name Wo "dwarf" by the Chinese may have been meant to represent the sound of Japanese Wa, an ancient ethnonym for the ancestors of the Japanese people. The term Wokou is still occasionally heard in pejorative reference to modern Japanese.
The Wokou were active at a time when the Ming government had severely restricted foreign trade, the glories of Zheng He's day having been long forgotten. Although the great general Qi Jiguang is credited with suppressing them in 1567, that also happens to be the same year the Ming permitted the reopening of foreign trade. Perhaps the Wokou were merely a tool used by the Japanese and Portuguese merchants to force China to relax its harsh trade restrictions.
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A bubble chamber is an early type of particle detector used in a variety of high energy physics experiments in the 1960s and 70s. Particles left visible tracks in the fluids that filled bubble chambers by causing the fluid to boil at the specific points where the particle had passed. The bubbles left in the wake of this spot-boiling 1) helped give the chambers their name, and 2) could be captured on cameras set up outside the bubble chamber, allowing scientists to view the precise trajectories of these unstable, invisible particles that happened to be moving at nearly the speed of light -- at their leisure.
The chambers were typically filled with a liquid such as liquid hydrogen, propane or freon. Heated past its boiling point and held quiescent by a high external pressure, the liquid was rapidly and adiabatically expanded just prior to the entrance of the incoming particles. While electrically neutral particles would pass by undetected, charged particles would ionize the atoms of the liquid, creating nucleation sites for the super-heated liquid to boil. These strings of bubbles became the tracks.
In general, a beam of one specific kind of particle was focused into the bubble chamber by a series of magnetic and electric fields that weeded out particles of different charge or momentum. Applied magnetic fields within the chamber itself supplied scientists with information about the charge and momentum of the particles traversing the chamber: according to the standard Lorentz force rule of
< >< >< >< >< >F = q v x B,
charged particles traced out a curved path as a result of the magnetic field, with the lowest momentum (or smallest v) particles showing the greatest degree of curvature; those with positive charge would curve in one direction, and those with negative charge in the other.
In general, one needed a complicated and expensive projector system with which to view the data from bubble chamber experiments. Initially, the films were analyzed by hand, although physicists were soon able to pass much off the burden off to computers as they became more commonly used.
It would appear that the bulk of old bubble chamber slides are currently enjoying a second life, tormenting and frustrating new generations of undergraduate physics students who are condemned to peruse them for their senior lab courses, because their home institutions can’t afford real particle accelerators. Major drag.
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Read or download New Research Demolishes Evolution
The Evolution Deceit
New Research Demolishes Evolution
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10 / total: 13
New Research Demolishes Evolution - Harun Yahya
New Research Demolishes Evolution
In previous sections of this book, we have related how the fossil record invalidates the theory of evolution. In point of fact we need not have related any of that, because the theory of evolution collapses long before one gets to any claims about the "evolution of species" and the evidence of fossils. The subject that renders the theory meaningless from the very outset is the question of how life first appeared on earth.
When it addresses this question, evolutionary theory claims that life started with a cell that formed by chance. According to the scenario, four billion years ago various inorganic chemical compounds underwent a reaction in the primordial earth atmosphere in which the effects of thunderbolts and pressure caused them to form the first living cell.
The first thing that must be said is that the claim that inorganic materials can come together to form life is an unscientific one that is not verified by any experiment or observation so far. Life only generates from life. Each living cell is formed by the replication of another cell. No one in the world has ever succeeded in forming a living cell by bringing inorganic materials together, not even in the most advanced laboratories.
The theory of evolution claims that the cell of a living being, which cannot be produced even when all the power of the human intellect, knowledge and technology are brought to bear nevertheless managed to form by chance under primordial earth conditions. In the following pages, we will examine why this claim is contrary to the most basic principles of science and reason.
Can Life Result from Coincidences as Evolution Argues?
The theory of evolution holds that life started with a cell that formed by chance under primitive earth conditions. Let us therefore examine the composition of the cell with simple comparisons in order to show how irrational it is to ascribe the existence of the cell - a structure which still maintains its mystery in many respects, even at a time when we have just set foot in the 21st century - to natural phenomena and coincidences.
The English mathematician and astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle made a similar comparison in one of his interviews published in Nature magazine dated November 12, 1981. Although an evolutionist himself, Hoyle expressed that the chance that higher life forms might have emerged in this way is comparable with the chance that a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein.53 This means that it is not possible for the cell to come into being by coincidence and therefore, it definitely should have been "created".
Proteins Challenge Coincidence
Computer simulations of two different complex protein molecules that are vital for life. On the left is the protein of "acetylcholinesterase" that functions with the acetylcholine enzyme supplying the electrical transmission between nerves. When this protein is deficient, the nerve system cannot function and the organism dies. On the right is another protein molecule called "acetylcoabinding".
The same fact is confessed by many evolutionists. For example, Harold F. Blum, a famous evolutionist scientist states that "the spontaneous formation of a polypeptide of the size of the smallest known proteins seems beyond all probability."54
Evolutionists claim that molecular evolution took place within a very long period of time and that this long period made the impossible possible. Nevertheless, no matter how long the given period may be, it is not possible for amino acids to form proteins by chance. William Stokes, an American geologist, admits this fact in his book Essentials of Earth History writing that this chance is so small "that it (protein) would not occur during billions of years on billions of planets, each covered by a blanket of concentrated watery solution of the necessary amino acids."55
So what does all this mean? Perry Reeves, a professor of chemistry, answers this question:
If the coincidental formation of even one of these proteins is impossible, it is billions of times more impossible for about one million of those proteins to come together properly by chance and make up a complete human cell. What is more, a cell is at no time composed of a mere protein heap. In addition to the proteins, a cell also includes nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and many other chemicals like electrolytes arranged in a specific proportion, harmony, and design in terms of both structure and function. Each of them functions as a building block or co-molecule in various organelles.
Robert Shapiro, a professor of chemistry at New York University and a DNA expert, calculated the probability of the coincidental formation of the 2000 types of proteins found in a single bacteria (There are 200,000 different types of proteins in a human cell). The number that was found was 1 over 1040000.57 (This is an incredible number obtained by putting 40,000 zeros next to 1)
Sir Fred Hoyle comments on these implausible numbers:
The reason Hoyle used the term "psychological" is the self-conditioning of evolutionists not to accept that life could have been created. These people have determined the rejection of Allah's existence as their main target. For this reason alone, they go on defending unreasonable scenarios which they also acknowledge to be impossible.
The Failure of Evolutionary Scenarios on the Origin of Life
The theory of evolution faces no greater crisis than on the point of explaining the emergence of life. The reason is that organic molecules are so complex that their origin cannot possibly be explained as being coincidental and it is manifestly impossible for an organic cell to have been formed by chance.
Since Oparin, evolutionists have performed countless experiments, conducted research, and made observations to prove that a cell could have been formed by chance. However, every such attempt only made clearer the complex design of the cell and thus refuted the evolutionists' hypotheses even more. Stanley Miller's experiment of 1953 was once regarded as an evidence for evolution in the molecular level, but after the 1970's, the Miller experiment and similar evolutionary studies lost all their credibility due to the findings about the early athmosphere. It was discovered that the early atmosphere was very unsupportive of the formation of organic molecules.
In a 1988 article, Professor Klaus Dose, the president of the Institute of Biochemistry at the University of Johannes Gutenberg, stated:
In a 1998 article, a statement came from the the renowned evolutionary geochemist Jeffrey Bada of the San Diego Scripps Institute, which summarized the Darwinist failure on the origin of life:
What evolutionists are trying to do is to display that life can randomly arise from non-living matter. But all experiments and research indicate that this is only a fantasy which has no reality in the real world. Evolutionist biologist Andrew Scott admits the same fact:
In fact, all studies in the subject point to the same law: Life only comes from life. This simply means that the first life on Earth has been originated by Allah.
The Miraculous Molecule: DNA
The theory of evolution has been unable to provide a coherent explanation for the origin of the molecules that are the basis of the cell. Furthermore, developments in the science of genetics and the discovery of the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) have produced brand-new problems for the theory of evolution.
The Fact of Creation: Intelligent Design
The result of these cumulative efforts to investigate the cell - to investigate life at the molecular level - is a loud, clear, piercing cry of "design!" The result is so unambiguous and so significant that it must be ranked as one of the greatest achievements in the history of science. This triumph of science should evoke cries of "Eureka" from ten thousand throats.
The signs of His being have encompassed the entire universe.
53 "Hoyle on Evolution", Nature, Vol 294, November 12, 1981, p. 105.
54 W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Co., 1991, p. 304.
55 Ibid, p. 305.
56 J. D. Thomas, Evolution and Faith. Abilene, TX, ACU Press, 1988. p. 81-82.
59 Ibid, p. 130.
60 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) NewYork, Dover Publications, 1953 (Reprint), p.196.
61 Klaus Dose, "The Origin of Life: More Questions Than Answers", Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, vol 13, no. 4, 1988, p. 348
62 Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February 1998, p. 40
63 Andrew Scott, "Update on Genesis", New Scientist, vol. 106, May 2nd, 1985, p. 30
66 Homer Jacobson, "Information, Reproduction and the Origin of Life", American Scientist, January 1955, p.121.
10 / total 13
© 1994 Harun Yahya. www.harunyahya.com - [email protected]
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Wiki News Digest Jan 2012 - Happy Nu(clear) Year Edition
Agent c January 1, 2012 User blog:Agent c
Hi Folks, and happy new year. In this edition of the Wiki News Digest
Name Change Poll
The closing results of the Name change poll, part 2 are now in.
The first question, authorising the admin team to change the Wiki's name has passed unopposed, with 31 YES votes, and no maybes.
The Results of the second in full:
• Fallout Wiki: 15 Votes (plus 1 excluded vote).
• Fallout Universe: 4 Votes
• GeckiPedia: 3 Votes
• Nukapedia: 20 Votes (plus 1 excluded vote)
So perhaps proving your can't beat the real thing, Nukapedia appears to have won the poll on unconfirmed figures. Before you Nuka Fans get excited - the vote and change need to be confirmed and actioned with the admin team, I intend posting a special message when this is done.
Full coverage of the poll here
I've suggested that for the logo stage we act in a similar pattern to the Name Change poll, but with a few changes. Firstly, I want to hold off any poll for a week - allow the confirmed name (when its confirmed) to inspire you all to create some great logos. This should also give us time to sort out how we're going to do this - my suggestion is after a week or so if we get enough entries we do a "vote for as many or as few as you like poll" again, and have the leaders move on to a single vote poll - but if you've got another idea on how to handle this, or have your logo ready, I'll be opening up a forum page (and linking it here) after the new name is confirmed.
Edit: As we're now Officially NukaPedia: The Fallout Wiki, We have a logo poll
Best Wiki 2011
The Best Wiki of 2011 has concluded. We managed 11th, managing to beat our arch rivals in the Elder Scrolls/Skyrim Wiki (which is well done as they have their big release) and the Call of Duty wiki. Unfortunately we're about 10,000 votes short of first place - which went to My Little Pony: Friendship is magic. can find more on their page
Oh, yeah, and apparently we beat Degrassi, which means I'm obligated as per the comments of that news piece to post this link. However I do not recommend clicking it: : Shoulda waited a few days and threatened to sing the My Little Pony theme instead.
Speaking of votes
After a few discussions on various talk pages, I've opened up a forum page to discuss the voting eligibility criteria for future polls. Whether you're happy with the current rules, would like to see higher requirements, or think that certain types of poll should have different requirements, have your say here
Moderator Changes
We have 2 new Moderators!
Isn't it nice when we all agree on things?
Relic of the war that wasn't
Here in the UK if the Russians were to ever launch their nukes, it was estimated that the country would have a whole Four minutes to get ready, at best. Thats Four minutes to detect the launch, and tell people to get to shelter.
Clearly, a public warning system was required, the problem is, building a national signaling network that at best (or is that worst?) you were going to use once could be seen a colossal waste, and a pain to test.
Thats where today's relic comes in: The Speaking clock. For the unsuspecting citizen the Speaking Clock was an amazing thing, you dialled a number on your phone, your call gets routed through some dedicated network links, to a machine that tell you the exact time.
Those links didn't just link the Speaking clock to the UK phone network - it also linked to a special device in all major police stations, and to a master control device at RAF High Wycombe. In the event of a launch the devices in each police station would ring, the designated operator would pick up the handset and hope the next words he heard weren't "Attack Warning: Red" - if he did, he'd be responsible for sounding the alarms - these alarms might be connected to the phone lines of unsuspecting citizens, or even hand-crank sirens.
This solved two large problems - the cost of building the alarm network was slashed through its peacetime use, and the links were always being tested - people would call their phone provider if it didn't. There were however tests of the full system every 6 months.
The alarm parts of this system, called HANDEL were removed in 1992, but the speaking clock still answers calls - there are 60 million tests... I err of course mean calls to the speaking clock every year. You can do your part to safeguard democracy by dialling 123 in the UK, or +44 871 789 3642 if you're international.
You can find out more on how the system worked here. If you have a forgotten piece of Cold War Tech, propaganda, or a cold war site you'd like to see featured, please drop a line on the old talk page - I'd really appreciate your ideas if you want this feature to stick around.
Well, that concludes the Wiki News Digest. Stay safe out there. 20:30, January 1, 2012 (UTC)
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On wartime.
So apparently, in the last couple of days, there has been a “tag war” here on Tumblr involving #fatspo and #thinspo
Read More
“A more accurate description of fatspo would be something like “fat pride.” Your photos of collarbones and ribcages don’t faze us, because we’ve been seeing thinspo all our lives. When weight loss bloggers make posts like these and tag them as fatspo, however, they make it personal. We don’t hate your ‘cause you’re thin—hell, we don’t even really care what you look like. We hate you ‘cause you’re being douchebags.
I mean, it’s not entirely their fault. They (like us) grew up in a fat-hating space. They (like us) were raised on media that taught them to equate fat with stupidity, laziness, and general unlovability. But Tumblr’s Terms of Service require you to be at least 13 to create an account. By that age, you should be old enough to consider evidence and form your own opinions about the world around you. You should be old enough to know better than to leverage hate at others for the way they look. Change starts with you.
It’s easy to fall in line with the mainstream philosophy. A philosophy that sells us diet books and exercise videos and SlimFast and liposuction and “body-shaping” clothing to fool people into thinking our naked bodies are more socially acceptable than they actually are. Body-positivity isn’t widespread because it’s not marketable. If you’re already comfortable with yourself, you don’t need Maybelline. You were born beautiful.
Imagine living in a culture where 90% of the people you met found your body disgusting to some extent. Then imagine trying to love yourself through all that noise. That is the struggle we body-positive fatties face every day.
So when you say that accepting my body is somehow easier than changing it into a shape society rewards, I have to wonder whether you speak from experience. You don’t get to tell me something is “easy” until you’ve done it yourself. And if you’re still browsing #thinspo, I highly doubt you have.”
The whole thing is worth the read, but this last part really wins the prize.
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Categories > Celebrities > My Chemical Romance > Invincible
5- Listen When You Feel Your Heart Skip A Beat
by XxPerfectTomorrowxX 1 Reviews
My life was being extinguished by the very person who made me feel alive.
Category: My Chemical Romance - Rating: NC-17 - Genres: Drama,Fantasy,Romance - Characters: Gerard Way - Warnings: [V] [?] - Published: 2012/02/28 - Updated: 2012/02/29 - 2762 words - Complete
Gerard blinked, finding himself back in the closet with Spencer and Mikey. "Why am I here?" He shouted, at no one in particular. He wanted out of this... this god damn nightmare which had forced him to be the villain.
Spencer's laugh infiltrated his ears and he turned to look at her, to really look. She looked so nervous as she moved away from Mikey. "I'm sorry but I'm with Gerard. I'm not going to do anything with you... I didn't really want to play this game. Lily talked me in to it..." She looked away, biting her lip.
"Oh shit, yeah... no." Mikey quickly said, awkwardly twisting his hands together. "I didn't mean- I wasn't making a move- I just... I'll stop now." He laughed.
Spencer smiled, "It's cool Mikey. You don't have to be nervous around me, you know? I mean... just because Gerard and I are dating now... it doesn't mean that we can't still be friends. I never wanted to lose that."
Mikey nodded, "I really don't want to either. We all saw this coming... you and Gerard have been in love for what, like almost three years now? It's about time you start dating."
Spencer laughed again. "Hey, we moved slowly but... why rush anything? Gerard and I have forever left."
"You're so perfect for him." Mikey really cared for Spencer. He couldn't imagine her with anyone that wasn't Gerard though. They were so different yet so obviously meant for each other.
Spencer shook her head. "You don't understand Mikey."
"He's the one that's perfect for me." Spencer replied.
Gerard watched in horror as each person stopped talking because of the door being violently ripped open. "Gerard..." Mikey started but Gerard had already grabbed Mikey by his shirt and pulled him out of the closet. Spencer followed, looking worried.
Gerard stared in to his own angry expression as his double spoke hateful words. "You're just a fucking whore." He threw something at Spencer.
Spencer fumbled and leaned down to grab it. "You're drinking Gerard?" She asked, worried.
"Yeah." Gerard slurred. "I was nervous. I was going to give you that ring." Gerard could now see the ring Spencer was holding as he stood back up. "I thought one drink wouldn't hurt. Well, guess what? One drink turned in to half a bottle. All I could think of was how I was letting you down but look at this... it looks like I'm not the only one getting let down tonight."
Spencer stared down at the ring, confused. "What does this mean to you?"
"Nothing now." Gerard choked out, turning away.
Mikey grabbed his shoulder to stop him, "No... wait man. This isn't what you think. Spencer and I didn't do anything."
Gerard gave him a look of disgust before fully turning around, punching Mikey in the jaw.
Spencer rushed to Mikey, to check if he was okay. "Leave Gerard. You never should have started drinking. I don't need this and Mikey certainly doesn't need this."
"So, you're screwing around on me... and still bossing me around?" Gerard asked, rolling his eyes.
Spencer stared directly in to Gerard's eyes, realizing he was beyond talking to when he was like this. "You're drunk beyond reason Gerard. I can't make you understand the truth so I'm not even going to try. Take a cab home. Sleep this shit off... then come talk to me."
Gerard threw his keys at Spencer. "Take me home."
Mikey shook his head, "I'll take you home."
Gerard shrugged, "Or I'll drive myself home."
Spencer sighed, "Come on. I'll take you home. Bye Mikey, see you tomorrow."
Together Spencer and Gerard walked out of the house, only to be watched by the ghost of Gerard. Spencer didn't know she wouldn't ever see Mikey again while alive. She didn't know how much danger she was in.
Ghost Gerard shook his head, "No! No, don't go with him- with me! Don't do it Spencer. Don't!" He pleaded, completely aware of the fact that he couldn't stop what was going to happen. "Don't let this happen!" he screamed at the sky. "don't let her die! Not again... please." All he got in return was silence.
With that weighing heavily on his heart he walked outside, following the couple. Images of Spencer returned to him and he remembered how he felt about her. He remembered the anger he felt. The alcohol never burned away his memories. The alcohol never helped a thing. He was going to give Spencer the promise ring. He wanted her to know... he needed her to know just how much she meant to him.
All he could do was close his eyes and look away as Spencer screamed. Everything he thought he knew that night was a lie. Everything he did was out of anger, anger that was severely misplaced. Spencer had meant everything to him and now he knew...
He knew it was going to be his curse to live with what he'd done to her forever, in his after-life... Spencer had been innocent. Spencer was still innocent.
Gerard decided it would be best for Spencer not to know. He didn't want her to feel the pain of betrayal all over again... he couldn't face her after she knew. He didn't want to see the look on her face, hear the words leave her lips.
It wasn't his decision though. He still didn't understand that.
"Gerard, wake up." Spencer whispered, leaning over the boy who had reappeared in front of her. She couldn't imagine him leaving her side again. She'd felt so lost. It felt right to be with him. She didn't feel alone when he was with her. She felt safe. She liked the way he made her feel.
Gerard's eyes blinked open and he immediately focused on Spencer. "Oh god, Spencer. You're here. Oh, Spencer." He sat up, wrapping his arms around her. The gesture surprised Spencer and she basically fell on top of Gerard, hugging him back.
"Hey, we can touch. Awesome." She stated, smiling at him though she realized something was wrong.
Gerard laid his chin on Spencer's head as he held her body, "Spencer?"
"Is it really that great of an idea for you to find out what happened?" Gerard murmured, stroking her hair. "I mean, do you really want to re-live possibly painful moments?"
Spencer was surprised by Gerard's change of heart. "It... feels wrong not knowing. I'm missing a part of my life Gerard and I-I don't think that I can move on without knowing."
Gerard assumed that would be her answer but the idea of losing Spencer all over again terrified him. "Is it so bad where we are right now? We have each other..."
Spencer pulled away, "What changed?" She asked, turning to look at Gerard. She felt like she was seeing a different side of him. "Before you wanted to help me..." She suspiciously watched how his face changed as he feigned confusion. "Don't do that." She shook her head. "That's not real. You know what I'm talking about."
Gerard sighed and stood, "Spencer... You're trying to go down a road you can't return from. You won't be able to forget once you know the truth."
"And you're trying to stop me. Why?"
Gerard shrugged, trying to make it seem as if he didn't care. He did care though. Spencer saw right through him. She always did. "Being dead doesn't make us immune to the pain of human suffering. To the pain of our own suffering, from when we were alive. This is going to hurt you. It's going to hurt us both."
"You know what happened." Spencer whispered. "Tell me."
Gerard shook his head as the tears came once again. "I can't." He whispered, not wanting to have to be the one who told her what he had done.
"Please Gerard." Spencer whispered. "Please tell me what happened to me." She was crying now. "I need to know and I know that you know something. I know there's a reason why we are here still. What is that reason?"
Gerard stepped away from her, feeling as if the walls in his old home were closing in on him. "I don't deserve to get off so easily. I don't deserve to see you again. I deserve to die a million times and then maybe more. I deserve an eternity in hell. Maybe that's where I'm headed... but not you, not you Spencer. You didn't deserve any of this."
Spencer was piecing together Gerard's words slowly but she needed more, "What did you do Gerard?" She whispered, staying in place.
Gerard shook his head, looking away. "I won't tell her." he spoke loudly, knowing someone had to be watching them. They had to be the favorite drama show for dead people or some shit. "I won't be the one to tell her." He reiterated, waiting.
Spencer considered the fact that Gerard might have lost his mind but then another voice joined them. "Mr. Way this is your fate." The voice came from nowhere however. Spencer couldn't see anyone other than Gerard.
"I don't care. I won't tell her. I'm not going to hurt her anymore." Gerard said, still not looking at Spencer.
"Then she will forever be cursed to walk this world with you. Do you want that pain for her? She will see her loved ones but she will never again be able to interact with them. She will never be able to know anyone but you and she will forever wonder what happened." The voice faded, "It is her fate to know. It is your fate, your responsibility, to tell her." And then it was gone.
Gerard wanted to kick something. He wanted to tear his entire house apart but he could touch nothing. "God damn creepy voices with their fucking cryptic messages."
"I think the message was pretty clear." Spencer whispered. "Though I don't think it matters. You obviously don't want to tell me and I can't make you."
"So, you'll just drop it?" Gerard asked, after a hopeful pause.
Spencer shook her head. "I won't drop it, ever. I will follow your brother and I will eventually find out the cause of my death."
Gerard sighed, "Please don't Spencer."
"Why do you seem so afraid of me knowing the truth Gerard?" Spencer asked, staring at him. "It's my benefit to know and yet you're still hiding it from me as if the truth will poison my already dead body. Are you my friend or my enemy?"
"I'm your lover." Gerard whispered. "I was in love with you. I'm still in love with you Spencer."
"I-you, we..." Spencer trailed off, confused. "That's how your brother knew me?" She finally asked.
Gerard shook his head, "You knew Mikey before you knew me. You two were great friends. Then we fell in love and well... Mikey and you grew apart but were still very close. I guess sometimes I got jealous. How could I not? I was jealous of anyone who talked to you, anyone who saw you."
Spencer stepped closer. "Well no one can see me anymore. No one can hear me." She whispered, realizing things were going to end on a sad note. Love stories between dead people were rarely beautiful.
"I was a mess. I did drugs. I wrote dark poetry, drawing images of death... the words were beautiful but lacked meaning. I didn't care about anything. Then I started drinking. It was the alcohol that really fucked me up." Gerard admitted. "And you came along. You fixed me. You changed me. Things were good for awhile. They were great but then... then we got in to an argument."
"About?" Spencer could do nothing other than listen.
"You wanted to go out with Mikey. You wanted me to come too but I wouldn't." Gerard closed his eyes but that did nothing to stop the tears. "I didn't want you and Mikey to hang out. I had gotten increasingly jealous. I thought he would steal you. I thought you would realize you were with the wrong brother; the broken brother. You didn't like that I was being so jealous so you left with Mikey, without me."
"You followed us, didn't you?" Spencer asked, images returning to her mind as memories re-formed.
Gerard nodded, "I pulled out the promise ring I'd been meaning to give you... and I was nervous. I was so fucking nervous. I took a drink Spencer. It was just supposed to be one drink. You have to realize that I never thought it would escalate. I never planned any of this."
Spencer's eyes narrowed, "You got drunk."
Gerard nodded, "I found you-"
"In the closet with your brother?" Spencer was starting to remember. "You know I never cheated on you, right?"
Gerard nodded, "I know now but I didn't know then."
"I loved you." Spencer whispered. "I loved you more than I loved anything else in the world. You were everything. I relied on you. I trusted you... I believed in you."
"I love you so much Spencer. I still love you. I've always loved you, since the moment you walked in to my-" Gerard was cut off though.
Spencer shook her head, "No. You don't get to tell me that." And with that she walked away.
Gerard tried to follow but she disappeared.
"No!" Gerard cried out, "No! Don't take her... not like that!"
The voice returned, "We haven't taken her. She's not done yet Mr. Way. She has a long way left to go as do you."
Gerard couldn't imagine going any further.
What more pain was there for them to face?
(Spencer's POV- Flashback)
"Gerard, don't touch me." I snapped, pushing him away. I hated when he drank. "I thought we were past this. I thought you were smarter than this. You know how serious a relapse is, don't you?"
Gerard just rolled his eyes as he fell back in to the passenger's side. "You know how serious hooking up with my brother is, don't you?"
"You know that I'd never cheat on you." I informed him, wishing he had a clear enough mind to believe the truth.
Gerard looked so angry, angrier than I'd ever seen him. His hand flew back, landing against my face as a sharp slapping noise echoed through the car. I inhaled quickly, pushing the burning pain from my mind. "I'm taking you home and then I don't want to see you again until you're sober. I can't do this again Gerard. I can't help you this time. You need to learn to help yourself because I can't always be around holding your hand whenever there is alcohol near you."
Gerard's voice changed. "You're leaving me?"
"I have to." I whispered, not wanting to hurt him. He needed to be able to stay sober though. I couldn't help him. He would just relapse again. If he didn't want to help himself then I couldn't force him to get sober and stay sober.
"I'll die without you." Gerard whispered.
"Don't be so dramatic Gerard. You know I'll always be around if you really need me. I just won't be able to... be with you or around you so much until you fix this mess you re-started."
"I'm not being dramatic Spencer." Gerard spoke quietly before turning to look at me. "I'll die without you and you'll die without me. We can't live apart. I won't allow it." He was starting to scare me. "And I won't step aside so that you can be with my brother, you cheating bitch. If I can't have you... he can't either." Then he reached forward, brushing his fingers through my hair.
I was frozen in place, too terrified to move. "Please don't do anything stupid Gerard." Then I saw the knife. The light reflected off of it and my eyes were drawn to the object as I realized just what Gerard would do.
"You're mine." Gerard whispered, "Forever baby." And with that he thrust the knife in to my chest.
The pain ripped through me, the scream barely making it. God, it hurt so much. "Gerard..." I stared in to his eyes, which widened slightly.
"Spencer." He stared at me, dropping the knife. "Spencer, wait..." He pressed his hand to my bleeding wound. "It's bleeding so much." He whispered, shaking his head. "Why is it bleeding so much?" He suddenly sounded very childlike.
I couldn't breath. I couldn't speak another word. My life was being extinguished by the very person who made me feel alive.
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Help Figure of the Day!
Friday, January 28, 2011
Star Wars Figure of the Day: Day 1,468: Retail Droid LR-57
RETAIL DROID LR-57 Combat Droid
The Clone Wars Clone Troopers & Droids Battle Pack
Item No.:
Asst. 94743 No. 19677
Manufacturer: Hasbro
Number: n/a
Includes: Stand, additional figures, display stand, game card
Action Feature: Firing rocket launcher
Retail: $24.99
Availability: June 2010
Appearances: The Clone Wars
Bio: LR-57 combat droids, also called Retail droids, were battle droids used by the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars. Primarily used as sentinels, these droids stood on two bipedal legs and had two arms, each equipped with two blaster cannons, four in all. (Stolen from Wookieepedia.)
Image: Adam Pawlus' kitchen.
Commentary: If you saw The Clone Wars movie, one of the weirder designs that really stood out was the Retail Droid. Why? Because it's clearly a soda can with feet and arms. This bizarre creation feels like a leftover from the days where model makers would bash together model kits and garbage to create exciting sci-fi beings, except that it's 2010 and they do all that in computers now. WIth its bizarre appearance, the digital designers made a weapon that (in more ways than one) looks like a disposable unit in the war against the Republic. The toy, on the other hand, is not disposable, but it's the main reason to buy the "Clone Troopers & Droids" Battle Pack.
While it can stand on its own, I would suggest making use of the included display stand since the legs have more than enough articulation. There are ball joints at the hips, plus knees, and it's really easy to pose this guy in strange ways which were probably never intended by the animators. The figure's design is pretty close to the animation model, although it's simplified slightly and the deco is significantly cleaner. The little antennae are here, the gun hands are here, and most important of all, he's still got the pop-top in the middle of his face. If you like your figures weird, this is the can't-miss robot of the season. How many soda can-based toys are you likely to see made in the near future? Few to none, so get this one. (Hey, that rhymes.)
Collector's Notes: There's a variation of sorts on this Battle Pack-- the 2010 shipments look normal, but the December 2010-early 2011 releases have a big sticker on the front of the box advertising the Galactic Battle Game Mat inside. You should grab that version if you have a choice and plan on opening it. Both versions seem to be fairly abundant, so odds are you can get a deal on it or you'll see a lot of it later. It's a wonderful pack for anyone building armies of animated-style figures.
--Adam Pawlus
Day 1,468: January 28, 2011
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A Brief History of Academy Award-Winning Visual Effects: A Video Essay by Nelson Carvajal
In 1977, a specific award category for visual effects was reintroduced with the current name, "Best Visual Effects." This retrospective was conceived and edited by Nelson Carvajal to music for Inception ("Time") by Hans Zimmer.
Is this use of existing content legal? As Nelson Carvajal notes, under the fair use doctrine, it is not an infringement to use the copyrighted works of another in some circumstances, such as for commentary, criticism, news reporting, or educational use.
You can read an essay about the perils of the "video essay" form ("retooling existing media in an effort to discover new meanings or alternative interpretations, while also drawing back on nostalgia and what certain images meant to different viewers") under our current system of fair use by Nelson Caravajal here.
1 comment:
Nelson Carvajal said...
Thank you for sharing my video! Quick note, you misspelled my last name in the last sentence.
Randy Finch's Film Blog:
Thoughts from a film producer about making and distributing films.
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Jump to content
ReaperCon '12 Attendance Passes Available for PreOrder
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#1 kit
The fine line between stupid and clever
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• 10040 posts
Posted 27 March 2012 - 11:10 AM
Same rules as last time: a $30 pass gets you in for all four days and a cool swag bag. In addition to the ReaperCon '12 Sophie, paints, and faction button, we're working on a few surprises for this year's bag, too. What are they? Nice try: if I told you it wouldn't be a surprise. *cough*sponsors*cough*
Factions! Ron is cooking up some events that have to do with your faction choice here at ReaperCon. Fight for the fate of the Isle of Scynneoa.
The only way to guarantee a shirt with the gorgeous Angelica Fairweather art on it is to preorder a ticket. After that, it's first come, first served. The shirts are priced at our cost.
And the happy little secret of ReaperCon tickets. If you can't attend for some reason, we'll ship your bag to you.
So, what are you waiting for? Classes? Expect them later this week.
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or Connect
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Posts by jouster
What do you mean? How would Apple cease being "great" (if you accept they currently are) if they stopped shipping a 17" laptop?
Lol. Sad but (in my experience too) true...More seriously, as a generally pretty fit person, 6.6lbs on its own is no big deal. But added to a briefcase full of papers (alas, only so much can be digital even these days) it can get heavy. And said briefcase is just a little too small for me.But still my next MBP will be a 17" if they are available. I do some event photography and every pixel is helpful in post.
Ah, those mythical "real pros" and "power users".... What exactly are they again? Why are 15" or 17" users unable to claim such an exalted status?I ask because all the real pros and power users I know are using larger MacBook pros. Only show-offs, poseurs and snobs use Airs!Oh no! Clashing anecdotes! What now?
Well, not Palm or HP.
Yes. This is aimed at Microsoft, not at Apple.They pretty much are at this point.
I agree (unfortunately) regarding IOS 6. But I do want to say that whatever voodoo they did with 5.1 has had a *sensational* impact on my first gen iPad: not a single Safari crash since upgrading, and it's smooth as silk once more. Not sluggish at all. Basically, they saved they device for me; it had become so unstable in the last couple of months that I was about to ditch it in favor of an 11" Air. Not any more!
Today's announcement has obviously upped the stakes considerably in the resolution department. Anyone who has used an iPhone 4 or 4S will appreciate how big of a difference there is between Retina and older displays. Where does this leave the notebooks and iMacs? Of course, "Retina" seems to have a moveable definition, based around the distance between users' eyes and the device. Also, computers differ in their use of resolution, in at they are able to scale elements to...
I know! It made me think of *the* Workerbee...or was that MacRumors? Or ThinkSecret? Damn. It's been a long time.
The iMac. I know that's not what people want to hear, but I think there's an increasing chance that it's what Apple plans.
Yeah, I'm going to need a fuzzy pic, preferably taken in an elevator, before I buy into this. It would be best if the device was inside a G3 tower at the time.
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View Full Version : Computer won't sleep
May 10, 2012, 09:36 AM
Since a few days now, my computer won't sleep anymore. When I hit the power button or choose sleep from the menu, my screens go dark, but my tower won't sleep. The white light on the front won't go to its 'breathing' state.
I looked at the console logs, and there I find nfsd logs every 10 seconds (always the exact same log):
10/05/12 16:34:19,757 nfsd: Can't export /private/var/folders/g7/j8_btw2n237d4kkr976f8_qm0000gn/T/.qmsubexp: No such file or directory (2)
I suppose its because of this my mac won't sleep, but i have no idea how to resolve it.
Does anyone can help with this?
Thanks a lot!
May 10, 2012, 11:41 AM
Enter this in Terminal and post the output back here:
pmset -g assertions
May 10, 2012, 12:11 PM
Thanks for replying
This is the output of that command (only the top part, i guess the rest is irrelevant)
Assertion status system-wide:
ChargeInhibit 0
PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep 0
PreventUserIdleSystemSleep 0
NoRealPowerSources_debug 0
CPUBoundAssertion 0
EnableIdleSleep 1
PreventSystemSleep 1
DisableInflow 0
DisableLowPowerBatteryWarnings 0
ExternalMedia 0
Listed by owning process:
pid 3780: [0x0000012c00000ec4] PreventSystemSleep named: "org.cups.cupsd"
I don't have a printer connected (i have one installed), but i already killed that process with kill -9 3780, but after that, the computer still won't sleep...
May 10, 2012, 01:30 PM
After you killed it, did you run that command again and see if you got the same result? I've seen that problem mentioned several other places, but I don't recall the final solution. I'll post back if I can find it for you.
May 11, 2012, 09:24 AM
Apparently the process automatically restarts itself. The strange thing is that I didn't change anything printer-wise... :/
Ok, I think I found it... I logged in to the web interface of cups, and there where print-jobs pending (although I din't print anything in a very long time...)
I canceled the jobs, and now PreventSystemSleep is showing 0...
Just tried it, and YES, it works!!
Thanks a lot!
May 11, 2012, 09:27 AM
Great, glad to hear it!
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View Full Version : Unsolved Servos won't work
03-04-2012, 04:43 PM
This is my first attempt at Robotics. Bought the Boe-Bot kit and began learning/building my first Boe-Bot. I cannot get the servos to work as per the manual/lesson plans. I have checked all pin settings on my Board of Education/breadboard as well as moved the Vdd/Vin settings to Vin. Plugged my servos in X5 - 13 & 12. Using usb, switch on, 6V power supply, with switch in position # 2 (battery voltage correct) entered correct programing commands (which all previous program commands worked prior to starting to deal with servos.) for centering servos on P12 and then tried P13. Neither servo worked. Tried Activity #6 which is testing the servos, again neither worked. I can't believe I'd have two bad servos in the same kit. Any suggestions?
03-04-2012, 04:58 PM
A possible gotcha is that you might have the servo plugs in the wrong orientation. Make sure the black cable is on the ground pin. Another is that the batteries might not have enough power and when the BS2 commands the servos to move it bowns out. That causes the program to restart from the beginning ad infinitum.
Also make sure you have the jumper installed between the servo jack pairs. Without that the power pin won't have power.
03-04-2012, 06:55 PM
thanks for the tips, checked them all, confirmed correct settings, locations, pins etc. Still not working.
Duane Degn
03-04-2012, 07:00 PM
As Martin mentioned, your battery supply needs to have enogh power for the servos and BS2. What kind (how many etc) of batteries are you using?
Do you have a multimeter to measure voltages?
Do you have any sort of radio control equipment so you could test your servos in a different system?
03-04-2012, 11:11 PM
I have new batteries reading about 6.03 V. Don't have anything elese to test them on.
Duane Degn
03-04-2012, 11:21 PM
It would also be good to know the size and chemistry of the batteries. AAA even if new, could be a problem.
I pesonally like AA NiMH batteries for a lot of my robot projects.
How about, without the servos connected, making a loop that sets pins 12 and 13 high for a second and then low for a second and checking with the volt meter to be sure the header pins are getting the signal from the BS2?
03-05-2012, 12:53 AM
Remove servo connectors from BoE. Use 3 jumper wires directly in servo connector to P12, ground, and Vin connections and test.
03-05-2012, 04:19 AM
Try disconnecting the USB cable after uploading the program. Press the BOE reset button to re-run.
Add the piezo speaker as shown in the activities a little later on. This will help you know the program is re-running, and not started over and over again because of brownout (which sounds unlikely).
Are you saying the program for calibrating the servos also didn't work? In what way did it not work? Turning the side adjustment on the servos had to effect?
-- Gordon
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Feb 28 2012
God loves cheaters
You know that old saying, “Cheaters never prosper”? According to a report from Science, that may be just clever propaganda designed to conceal the wealth-producing secrets of the rich.
via Shame on the Rich – ScienceNOW.
If you think about it, it does make sense: if you have an environment where some people value fairness and fair play, and other people are willing to do whatever it takes to maximize their rewards, then over time the fair play folks will see more of their rewards shared with others (meaning less reward for themselves), while the whatever-it-takes folks will end up with more rewards for themselves, provided they’re reasonably wily about getting away with it.
And once they get enough to start buying their own news media, lobbyists, and political candidates… Hmmm, I wonder how long it would take this process to divide society into 99% fair-players and 1% wealthy cheaters? Part of me says this is over-simplified and too plausible to be true. On the other hand, it would explain a lot.
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1. 1
Having worked with a few C-level executives and numerous VPs and Executive VPs in several different corporations, I would agree with the findings. While they are not dumb, I do not find the top executives to be anywhere near the smartest in the room.
However, I did come to realize many years ago that the common trait of the executives (that I dealt with at least) is that they shared the attitude of winning no matter what. While they would care about their peers, the people working for them are nothing more than resources like the paper at the copier.
Heck, there are plenty of publicly known examples of the cheating. Enron comes to mind quickly at the most obvious recent example of unethical behavior (in the extreme). However, most corporations behave unethically…it really is just a matter of degree.
Why doesn’t Apple assemble their products in the US? It makes substantial margins on each product sold in the US, and could easily accommodate the work here. The reason? Greed.
Nike (originally Blue Ribbon Sports) was initially a US manufacturer. Another manufacturer that could easily still be profitable maintaining manufacturing in the US, but, once again, greed rules. The stated rationale for opening their plants in Japan and South Korea was to reduce costs that would be passed onto the consumer; however, the actual result is that the shoes went up in price. This is actually common to nearly all industries; COGS has very little to do with the market price of the product. Every corporation that uses the line of reducing costs means lower prices to the consumers is knowingly lying.
This is the world we live in.
1. 1.1
Well, it doesn’t get more current than this (note that this is just an accusation at this point):
Here’s how Apple (AAPL) allegedly got Proview International Holdings to sell them the iPad trademark 35 days before Steve Jobs unveiled the device at a San Francisco press conference.
– Asked what business IPAD Ltd. was in, Robinson was evasive: “I’m sure you can understand that we are not ready to publicize what the company’s business is,” he said, “since we have not yet made any public announcements.”
From CNN Money http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/02/27/how-apple-snookered-proview-to-get-the-ipad-trademark/
1. RW Ahrens
First of all, such actions by companies to obtain trademarks for products they anticipate will be popular is not unusual. It is often necessary to keep the selling entity from jacking the price up unreasonably. It is in no way considered in the business community to be unethical.
Second, Apple’s products have actually, over the years, been reduced in price compared to what they were sold for in the years when they were produced in the US. Their products are actually cheaper – competitors are struggling to match Apple’s prices for the iPad, for instance.
Third, see ABC News’ report on their inspection of Foxconn, and how Apple has induced Foxconn to actually increase their employees’ salaries by over 100% since 2007. This has not only bettered the lives of those employees, but increased Apple’s costs – but they do it anyway.
Not quite the image of the greedy corporation!
2. 2
As long as it’s not presented as a universally applicable stereotype….
1. 2.1
I have to agree with Mikespeir. My wife is an executive for a Fortune 500 firm. I have seen the real care and the real concerns that are involved in dealings with employees and customers.
Are there peeps that fit the model shown in the study? Aplenty. Are there also peeps who have real integrity? lots of those as well.
3. 3
In times of scarcity, obnoxiety is a selected-for trait: one fat caveman has a better chance of survival than two thin cavemen.
In times of plenty, obnoxiety is a selected-against trait: a tribe of pissed-off cavemen ganging up against you are a good deterrent.
Perhaps modern society has simply created a disconnect; whereby people in positions of power are sufficiently isolated from the people to whom their behaviour is destructive, to get away with it?
1. 3.1
I’m convinced you’re right but think it’s a combination of isolation, cluelessness (think Romney’s recent quotes on how many cars he owns and that he loves nascar so much since his friends own teams) and religious fundamentalists pushing that destructive outcomes are a positive goal.
1. Graham Shevlin
It’s called living in a bubble. One thing that is easy to conclude is that a lot of high-level performers in sports, industry and politics have two challenges (a) they have no idea how everybody else lives (and little curiosity) (b) they think that the normal rules do not apply to them, because they are exceptional.
The tendency of Mitt Romney to sound like a totally detached robber-baron every time he tries some empathetic chat-up line is a classic example of (a). For (b), try a whole cast of characters, including numerous politicians, Kenneth Lay, Rupert Murdoch etc.
2. 3.2
If by “modern” you mean “the last 5000 years of recorded human history” then I’d agree.
It’s not like a handful of elites getting undue control over resources through any means possible is some kind of “new” element of human behavior. Look at the organization of the Roman Republic – and then the Roman Empire. Look at how Athens was organized. Oligarchy was baked into their systems – and the only check it had on the rapacious greed of the oligarchs was the angry pissed off mob ready to rip them apart.
And it isn’t like it got replaced by a better system, since it was replaced by a handful of ambitious men who declared themselves kings by divine right due to their ability to cheat the system and take what they could at every opportunity.
I imagine if you look back to the rise of Pharaohs and Kings in Sumeria you’d find the same thing – a handful of people using any means necessary to acquire power, checked only by the angry mob.
(Hell I suspect you might find tribes of non-human primates where this behavior is observable. I suspect this is just baked into our societies, though in various degrees from individual to individual).
4. 4
The Lorax
Correlation does not imply causation, of course.
… but it does hint strongly by nudging your elbow, pointing toward causation, and mouthing the words, “Look over there.”
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Monday, April 13, 2009
Annoying pit fall using apache on windows
I've been using apache to develop my php scripts, and landed on the most annoying bug ever, whoever ported apache to windows, did not allow using windows based ascii file format,
the outcome is that normal windows line breaks, are not read as such by the server,
which lead to my RewriteEngine on command to be part of the earlier command line (Options +FollowSymLinks) and apache simply couldn't understand that.
In the name of all that is sacred - yuch! what a nasty time "filler".
Saturday, February 21, 2009
ZigVersion - Svn client for mac users
I just recalled i previously created a partial list of usable freewares I found while starting to use my mac book.
wanted to update on the SVN client, I've found ZigVersion which does an excellent job and has a built in diffing tool, which i couldn't find any free software in mac to diff (someone, please compile winmerge for darwine).
so FYI - ZigVersion
Wednesday, February 18, 2009
backing up mysql in rough terrains
I recently got a hold of a new domain, which is hosted on a virtualization, managed with plesk.
and so it turns out, the MySql DB of the CMS had to be backed up (practice!).
now, plesk offers only a conclusive plesk server backup, which covers the db, but a lot more, and you cannot extract the db from it.
phpMyAdmin on the other hand, could not deal with the size of the db, and export simply failed giving me blanks any way i tried to go about it.
the DB files were also not accessible via FTP, so my last resort was SSH & SCP.
the trick is that them files were sitting on a restrictive area that only super user is allowed to access, and SCP doesn't offer su services.
so i did as following:
1. login via SSH with my user.
2. su root (provided pwd)
3. mkdir /home/myUserDir/temp
3. cp /var/mysql/dbName/* /home/myUserDir/temp/.
5. chmod 777 * (making them readable to everyone)
then i went to my windows command line and run:
5. pscp* "c:\temp\."
6. rm /home/myUserDir/temp/*
7. rmdir /home/myUserDir/temp
and voila - they are here...
come to think of it, i could've added in my .bash_profile the su command and maybe pscp could've then copy directly from the /var director...maybe next time?!
content is king, and I'm quite content :-)
It comes to show you that late night work is not always preferable.
duh! how about using mysqldump instead of copying the db files?
this would've saved me the need for su, and file copying to my home directory.
the new procedure:
1. ssh to machine, with normal user.
2. mysqldump > /home/myUserDir/temp
3. pscp...
far easier...
Tuesday, February 17, 2009
be extra careful - google adsense disapproved applications...
You can find many posts over the web, same drill every time:
You apply for a google ad-sense account, you get disapproved for various legitimate reasons such as content accessibility, fresh domain, little content, you might even just got the dang domain name wrong during the application.
the reason doesn't matter, the outcome is: you're now banned from adsense program for good.
the help center says otherwise claiming that you can resubmit your application once you've fixed the problem, but its a blunt lie - there's currently no way back!
careful, one chance to get it right.
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Setting up a PHP debugger with ZendDebugger.dll, and Eclipse PDT
The nice thing about PHP, is that you can do it all for free, from the IDE to the Web Server.
but as such freebie, the setup of the dev env, is not that straight forward.
while you can definitely develop PHP without an IDE, just with a text editor, it is agruably time consuming to work on nasty bugs without a debugger...
so this is yet another tutorial of "how to set up PHP debugging on windows with Apache".
1. Installed apache web server with PHP- there are numerous all-in-one setups "a la" LAMP. to name some xampp, wamp, mamp for mac etc' (google it, you'll find more).
I'll be using xampp for this example, it is also well integrated into the PDT. you can download it at
2. Sun's Eclipse PDT - it's a setup built to debug PHP, so it has the proper php-debug prespective we're after. downloadable from here:
3. ZendDebugger dll:
choose the zip file that regards windows (currently )
make sure you're extracting the 5_2_x_comp/zenddebugger.dll, assuming that you're using php 5.2.x
and put the dll in any location (i usually put it in the eclipse root dir or xampp root dir).
Making the bastard run:
changing the php ini file to support debugging with Zend
* make sure you're changing the right php.ini file by running the phpinfo()- can be done usually through the interface like (http://localhost:82/xampp/phpinfo.php
* you cannot run both xdebug and zend, so comment out all the [xdebug] category lines
* sometimes you'll find that the zend optimizer cannot run together with zend debugger, so comment out those as well, since it is not a production env - u don't need it anyway.
like the following section:
zend_extension_ts = "C:\xampp\php\zendOptimizer\lib\ZendExtensionManager.dll"; zend_extension_manager.optimizer_ts = "C:\xampp\php\zendOptimizer\lib\Optimizer"; zend_optimizer.enable_loader = 0;
zend_optimizer.license_path = ...
so just comment it out using semicolons ";" at the begining of the line.
* now you're ready to add the Zend debugging lines:
zend_extension_ts="C:\Program Files\eclipse\ZendDebugger.dll"
I'm not sure that the /32 of the IP in the allow_hosts config does, but it works that way, just leave it...
5. now we need the dummy.php which is the test file for PDT to see that the debugger works.
I found one saint that posted the contents of the file:
you need to create a file called dummy.php and put it in the document root - eclipse will be looking for it.
6. configuring eclipse.
* open eclipse, any workbench is ok, just create a new php project.
* on window->preferences->php->debug->installed debuggers, edit the client host/IP and leave only the
* now open the debug configurations, create a new PHP web page configuration, and select Zend as the server debugger, and configure the PHP server to point to your apache root including the port number if other than 80.
* hit test debugger - if it says success - we're good, otherwise you need to start thinking about what went wrong: is apache up? is dummy.php in place? is zend debug section added to the right php.ini file? etc'.
*select the file to start from, and the "debug" button should start being enabled.\
that's it! we're good as new.
good luck folks, it's not trivial, i know...
Monday, February 9, 2009
some things about SEO
I've been researching about SEO tools and know hows lately, and learned quite a lot,
I'll share some of it here from time to time with the audience (the main/only current reader says my analytics) ,
It seems like a great knowledge base tool, this blog.
so cloaking:
what is cloaking? disguising one's site as another, there are 2 kinds, both are evil.
1. You can cloak content for the google bot, to make it believe you have a certain site content, while users will see other content.
2. redirect your site to present another site to present a different page rank than your real one.
- this is done mainly by people who try to sell their site, and want to increase the site's market value artificially. I will not get into the details of how, for obvious reasons. (see no evil, spread no evil).
how to determine clocking of the second kind? basically there are open sites out there to do the job for you such as database-search.
Tuesday, January 6, 2009
A change of heart calls for a change of blog name
I had to see it coming, no longer about flash, so fundter from now on.
also got me the domain which i intend (or not) to someday make something out of.
Why fundter?
2 reasons
1. it's catchy.
2. was available here in blogspot and as a domain (bought it earlier this year).
so... here we go...
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have 100 sneak with all perks excluding the left branch (however, I have tried it with all the left branch perks as well). I'm currently at Knifepoint Ridge, on a quest to stealthily kill all the bandits. Although it's not necessary to kill the bandits stealthily, I choose to do so because I'm a stealth character.
The problem is that whenever I sneak up behind a bandit and cut his/her throat stealthily with muffled boots, stealth rings and necklaces with 100 sneak the sleeping/awake bandits still manage to 'hear' something and say "What was that?" or something along those lines and follows up by detecting me. This has never seemed to happen before. Any advice?
share|improve this question
By any chance did you start using a weapon other than a dagger? Daggers are silent. Others melee weapons are not and this maybe alerting the other bandits. – OrioN Dec 28 '11 at 16:37
User never returned to answer important question about their weapon choice: closing as "unclear" until they drop by again, to stop people from submitting random guesses as answers. – SevenSidedDie Nov 1 '13 at 18:02
5 Answers 5
1. Non-dagger weapons are not silent. If you are using a sword, they are hearing you.
2. Do you have a follower? They are notoriously loud.
3. There's a chance that the victim dropped a large, metal item (weapon, shield, etc) that landed somewhere unfortunate and skidded along the ground noisily. I can't imagine this is the case every time, though.
share|improve this answer
Are you sure that if you do perform a one hit finishing move even swords are not 'silent' as well? – Emanuele Jan 2 '12 at 15:12
@Emanuele Almost positive. I'd be interested to see evidence to the contrary, but as far as I know, swords are not silent. – Andy_Vulhop Jan 3 '12 at 15:27
I'll try with my rogue as soon as I have some time... any suggested location to test this? – Emanuele Jan 4 '12 at 20:52
Bows (if one shot) and daggers are silent, nothing else is, and it's a good idea to have a stealth Armour set (Thieves Guild/Nightingale/Dark Brotherhood). – ewanm89 Apr 23 '12 at 3:58
Too late to the party but There's a chance that the victim dropped a large, metal item is not the case in Skyrim. This is wrong information but based only on my own gameplay. No sources to quote for this. – ヴァイシャリ Oct 26 '12 at 16:35
Are you fighting Forsworn? They have heightened senses and are harder to sneak kill than other human characters.
share|improve this answer
Silly question, but you should use Light Armor(5/5), Muffle Spell (but your boots already provide it), daggers to avoid making noise when hitting someone.
You can check if its a bug by using a invisibility potion or that spell you can get after completing the thiefs guild questline that makes you invisible while crouched.
If you are doing all these steps,i just can't figure out while you are getting caught. Probably a Bug.
share|improve this answer
What does "Light Armor(5/5)" have to do with it? – agf Dec 29 '11 at 3:13
If you have all pieces of light armor you dont make much noise. Robes dont make noise at all and heavy armor do produce much more noise. Im nor Talking about perks, but armor pieces. – Marcello Grechi Lins Dec 29 '11 at 10:40
Right, except that muffle takes care of that, and both heavy and light armor have perks that make them silent. – agf Dec 29 '11 at 21:13
Conditioning Heavy Armor 70, Cushioned Heavy Armor weighs nothing and doesn't slow you down when worn Slow you down is totally different of making no noise. – Marcello Grechi Lins Dec 30 '11 at 13:40
Sorry, you are still incorrect. No weight does not mean no noise. Refere here for the answer : gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/36801/… Do not post things that might confuse people – Marcello Grechi Lins Dec 30 '11 at 20:58
Make sure you're wearing equipment that's been enchanted by muffle. Also be cognizant of the shadows. Walking onto any surface with light reduces your chance to successfully sneak on a NPC. Sometimes even the slightest inconsistencies can easily cause detection. Walking over pressure plates, weapons, or any miscellaneous objects are all ways of making noise. As a fellow Nightingale, walk with the shadows.
share|improve this answer
Well the OP has said he already has muffle. – ヴァイシャリ Oct 26 '12 at 16:39
If his sneak perk is maxed out, he should be able successfully perform sneak attacks on a NPC. I can't think of any other solution besides having a follower that would trigger detection. – The Gray Fox Oct 26 '12 at 17:04
Well I do not know either. I just edited your answer some for spelling. Hope you do not mind. – ヴァイシャリ Oct 26 '12 at 17:08
But you forgot one thing. Wear light armor in your answer for sneaking well unless you have the perks. Maybe it is the OPs heavy armor making all the noise. – ヴァイシャリ Oct 26 '12 at 17:14
I completely forgot about that! Heavy armor could definitely be the issue. And not a problem, I really appreciate the edit @desaivv – The Gray Fox Oct 26 '12 at 17:29
Heavy armor:Makes a lot of noise on it own. If it is really heavy more noise such as Dragon Bone armor. Light armor: makes less noise and a lot lighter so (faster). Being able to kill quick is very good for someone like you. If you use a dagger UPGRADE ONE HANDED only straight up. Power attacks are good if you think a normal crouching attack will not kill this also enables a stealthy kill. UPGRADE SNEAK SKILL COMPLETELY! Dark Brother hood gloves and boots are very good as well, same with Astrids Blade of Woe. Hope this helps now go upgrade these two skills at the very being of the game with either person i became level 100 sneak and level 50 one handed in the first room in Helgan! P.S. you should try using two daggers at once also upgrade that on one handed!
share|improve this answer
Your answer does not seem to take into account the specifics of the question. The question already states that they have 100 sneak and relevant perks. Additionally your answer does not add anything that hasn't already been stated. If you agree with another answer, just upvote it. – ChargingPun Dec 3 '12 at 21:22
protected by galacticninja Nov 1 '13 at 19:19
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?
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Community Rating:
Community Rating: 3.537 / 5 (94 votes)
Click here to rate and discuss this card.
Card Name:
Mana Cost:
Converted Mana Cost:
Card Text:
Flavor Text:
"Not bad, but I can think of a better use for that."
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Magic 2011 (Rare)Magic 2012 (Rare)Magic 2013 (Rare)Premium Deck Series: Fire and Lightning (Rare)
Card Number:
8/15/2010 Reverberate can target (and copy) any instant or sorcery spell, not just one with targets. It doesn't matter who controls it.
8/15/2010 When Reverberate resolves, it creates a copy of a spell. You control the copy. That copy is created on the stack, so it's not "cast." Abilities that trigger when a player casts a spell won't trigger. The copy will then resolve like a normal spell, after players get a chance to cast spells and activate abilities.
8/15/2010 If the spell Reverberate copies is modal (that is, it says "Choose one --" or the like), the copy will have the same mode. You can't choose a different one.
8/15/2010 If the spell Reverberate copies has an X whose value was determined as it was cast (like Earthquake does), the copy has the same value of X.
8/15/2010 You can't choose to pay any additional costs for the copy. However, effects based on any additional costs that were paid for the original spell are copied as though those same costs were paid for the copy too. For example, if a player sacrifices a 3/3 creature to cast Fling, and you copy it with Reverberate, the copy of Fling will also deal 3 damage to its target.
8/15/2010 If the copy says that it affects "you," it affects the controller of the copy, not the controller of the original spell. Similarly, if the copy says that it affects an "opponent," it affects an opponent of the copy's controller, not an opponent of the original spell's controller.
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Mom-in-Law-in-Chief Partying Non-Stop
Presidential mother-in-law Marian Robinson didn't want to go to DC, but now she is a White House party animal. The Obamas brought her to watch the kids, but she's gone all Auntie Mame on them.
The Obamas rely on grandma to raise their kids, because the liberal feminist revolution means Michelle works all day, even now, when she doesn't even actually have a job. But now grandma's leading a life of luxury and privilege, attending the theater instead of performing her familial duties, so the Obamas have actually been forced to hire help to watch their little latchkey kids, on at least one occasion.
This is the life they want for your children, America! Watch out for the reeducation camps!
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Kanye West Is the 'Pioneer of This Queer Shit,' Says Homophobe Rapper
Lord Jamar of the '90s political-minded hip-hop group Brand Nubian (and who also acted on Oz) has at last weighed in on the skirt Kanye West rocked almost two months ago at the 12-12-12 benefit show at Madison Square Garden (not to mention the several times before that on his Watch the Throne tour with Jay-Z). Yes, finally we have Lord Jamar's voice in the mix, so at last we can put this issue to rest. Jamar isn't a fan, as his new track "Lift Up Your Skirt" attests. Here are some of his lines:
Somebody mad at my hashtag
Black man lookin' half a fag
With a blazer and vest
I'm just amazed at the mess
Pioneer of this queer shit is Kanye West
He introduced the skinny jeans to the rap scene
Then he wore a fucking skirt on the video screen
Then he wore it again at a memorial
I can't pretend that this shit ain't deplorable
I bet this nigga thinkin' he looking adorable
Your music's good but your ego is horrible
Jamar goes on to say:
I rebuke all this gay shit
Some are scared to say shit
You might lay and take this
But I'm not to be played with
Homophobic sentiment is hardly surprising from a member of Brand Nubian. On 1993's infamous "Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down," Jamar's groupmate Sadat X famously rapped, "I can freak, fly, flow, fuck up a faggot/I don't understand their ways; I ain't down with gays." The line was later removed from the song in subsequent pressings of the album, and doesn't appear on the version included on the compilation The Very Best of Brand Nubian.
Jamar started harping on this subject about a week ago, when he posted a picture of a different black man in a skirt on Instagram with the caption, "Y'all Cee where the Kanye shit is takin us right? #halfafag." He later clarified his stance to SOHH.com:
First of all, it's not just jabs at Kanye West. It's anybody promoting the feminization — of the Black man in hip-hop culture. Anybody that I see out there, rocking dresses and all of that type of shit, I might shoot a jab at. But Kanye is one of the ones right now that's representing that movement. He's one of the first ones that you see in a skirt. Now you got other people following suit and rocking full-out dresses or they're trying to rock kilts. We're not Irish. We're not Europeans. Rocking kilts and all that is just another excuse to introduce that skirt style. You understand what I'm saying? And I'm not with it. This has nothing to do with sexuality, who they choose to be with and all that, I'm not even talking about that. I'm talking specifically about, what is hip-hop? And that's not hip-hop. Rocking dresses with mean faces, that's not hip-hop.
So not only is he extremely late to the game, he's using the "this isn't hip-hop" argument against someone who is infinitely more relevant to the culture right now than he is. Being gay isn't a choice, but being an asshole is. Cool guy. I'm sure we'll be hearing a lot more from him. Kanye may be wearing a skirt, but Lord Jamar is showing his ass.
Incidentally, if you are wondering why the art accompanying this post is not of Kanye in that infamous kilt, it's because it is now impossible to purchase a picture of him in it from a photo agency. Getty confirmed that they were asked to scrub their site of the several shots of Kanye from the 12-12-12 show they hosted. They wouldn't say why. If this somehow came from Kanye, and the mockery he faced afterward made him ashamed of his bold move (clearly made with the knowledge that strong reactions like Jamar's, however backward, were possible), that makes him weaker than any skirt possibly could suggest.
Listen to Jamar's track below if you feel like rolling your eyes until they hurt:
[Image via Getty]
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
i have table with latitude & longitude columns in sql. how can i select all records with lat-long 60 degree north> ( Arctic Region )
Thanks Pragnesh
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2 Answers 2
One thing to consider is that if you have a large dataset then defining your data using lat / long, instead of using a real GIS geometry like PostGIS geography or geometry, prevents you from building spatial indexes on your data. You could get by with building a B+-tree index on your latitude field for the query iant provided, but the moment you need to start doing queries involving both longitude and latitude your indexes will perform sub-par (even if you have two separate indexes on both lat and lon).
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how about:
select * from table where latitude > 60.0;
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its not giving correct result. – Pragnesh Patel Jun 13 '11 at 8:55
in what way is it not correct? – iant Jun 13 '11 at 17:01
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106909
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a polyline which is divided into multiparts and these parts are not well ordered so that the vertex's ID are not following the polyline's plotting.
This polyline is a representing a bus line and I need to have the plotting following the driving way of the bus. I would like to know how to merge the multiparts of this polyline?
I have already tried to Split and Unsplit, as well as Multipart to Single Part, Union, Merge, etc. but no one is giving me the result I want.
Could anybody help me? Thanks! BM
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@bmoussea, did you use the Dissolve tool? – artwork21 Jun 15 '11 at 15:34
@artwork21 Yes I did, but it doesn't change anything: the polyline is still divided in multiparts... – bmoussea Jun 15 '11 at 15:47
Check Geometry verify that the multi-part is ordered correctly first help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//… then dissolve a artwork21 mentions – Mapperz Jun 15 '11 at 15:49
I checked the geometry and there are no problem reported. The multiparts do not appears in the checkgeometry because they are already parts of the polyline. – bmoussea Jun 15 '11 at 16:17
The multiparts of my polyline appear when editing the layer where my polyline is, and then right clic on it -> Edit Vertices and look in the Sketch Properties. Here are the differents parts (multiparts) of my polyline I would like to merge. – bmoussea Jun 15 '11 at 16:31
4 Answers 4
I see from your tags that you are running ArcGIS 10. I've used the following method for a similar task:
1) Use Multipart to Single Part
2) Use Unsplit
In order for this to work (i.e. so that you have the lines in the proper order) you may need to break the line into the constituent end points and then change the direction based on an attribute (e.g. 1 = start, 2 = end) - you can use this to conditionally connect only those points that are different (If 1 + 2 then create connecting lines).
If you're working with an IDE the code for doing this is quite lengthy, but I will do my best to help if you have specific questions.
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"Unsplit Line" requires an ArcInfo license. If you do not have this license level then use "Dissolve", it has an Unsplit Line option. – klewis May 17 '13 at 22:20
I had to do exactly the same quite a while back using AV 3.x and Avenue. I had a quick look for the code but couldn't find it. If I remember correctly the logic went something like this: (I also had the bus stops and terminals as a different point shapefile so I was able to determine the start and end parts):
1. Create an empty polyline to receive the sorted parts. Lets call it the 'sorted polyline'
2. To get the first part:
2a. Get the part that is closest to start terminal
2b. Get the distances of the start and end node of this part to the start terminal. If the start vertex is the closest one add this part to the 'sorted polyline'. If its the end- FLIP it and then add it.
3. To get the middle and end parts, start with the part (polyline) that you created in the previous step and within a while(true) loop, start comparing the distance between the end node of the first part to the other parts in the input polyline. The one that is closest is the 'next part'. Compare the distance of the start and end node of the next part to determine whether to flip it or not before adding it to the 'sorted polyline'
4. Exit the loop when the number of part in the 'sorted polyline' is the same as in the input polyline.
... or something like that! :-)
Let me know if this makes sense to you and I can have another go finding my original Avenue code.
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I worked in a project something similar of this, I used ArcObjects. My goal was connecting two adjacent polylines if one of it's end point is another one's starting point to make two short polylines into a single polyline. My process was:
1. Dictionary<PointKey, FeatureDataList> polylineDictionary;
• PointKey is a class that contains a point.
• FeatureDataList is a class that contains List of IFeatures.
Dictionary<PointKey, FeatureDataList> ToPointDictionary;
Dictionary<PointKey, FeatureDataList> FromPointDictionary;
public void CreateDictionary(IFeatureLayer featureLayer)
var featureFunctionality = new FeatureFunctionality();
List<IFeature> features = GetAllFeatures(featureLayer.FeatureClass);
foreach (var feature in features)
IPolyline polyline = GetPolylineFromFeature(feature);
AddFeatureInDictionary(ToPointDictionary, feature, polyline.ToPoint);
AddFeatureInDictionary(FromPointDictionary, feature, polyline.FromPoint);
FeatureDataList featureDataList;
PointKey key = PointKey.GetKey(point);
if (!polylineDictionary.ContainsKey(key))
featureDataList = new FeatureDataList();
polylineDictionary.Add(key, featureDataList);
featureDataList = polylineDictionary[key];
To join two polylines into one:
private IPolyline GetJoinedPolylineFromFeatures(List<IFeature> features)
IPolyline newPolyline = null;
if (features.Count == 2)
IPolyline polyline1 = feature1.Shape as IPolyline;
IPolyline polyline2 = feature2.Shape as IPolyline;
if (PointKey.GetKey(polyline1.ToPoint).Equals(PointKey.GetKey(polyline2.FromPoint)))
var topoOperator2 = polyline1 as ITopologicalOperator2;
if (topoOperator2 != null)
newPolyline = topoOperator2.Union(polyline2) as IPolyline;
else if (PointKey.GetKey(polyline1.FromPoint).Equals(PointKey.GetKey(polyline2.ToPoint)))
var topoOperator2 = polyline2 as ITopologicalOperator2;
if (topoOperator2 != null)
newPolyline = topoOperator2.Union(polyline1) as IPolyline;
return newPolyline;
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Have you tried using the Dissolve tool? toolboxes\system toolboxes\data management tools.tbx\generalization\dissolve
I've used the tool for polygons in the past, and it just did a good job for me with a multi part line.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106910
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Xbox 360 Elite on Sale Today
Just a quick note reminding you that the Xbox 360 Elite is on sale today from EBGames and Gamestop. They have them in stores, but technically their website should have them as well (even though there's still a message telling you to check back April 29). And if you're still on the fence about whether the black, HDMI, and larger hard drive are worth upgrading to, check out our extensive test.
Product Page [EBGames]
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106923
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Old 10-10-2009, 12:58 #9
Registered User
Join Date: Sep 2009
Posts: 19
Originally Posted by fredj338 View Post
It's all liability. You'll find few manuf. that say it's fine to use handloaded ammo in their guns. The biggest issue w/ the 40 is it's a high pressure round. SOme chambers have less support than others & something simple, like a bullet setback, can jack pressures to 1.5x acceptable levels, huge potential KB. Use med.-med. slow powders, make sure you have good bullet/neck tension & stay off max. loads & you'll be fine for any handgun in any caliber. Many of the KBs reported are guys using fast-uberfast powders & heavy bullets to make major. No room for any error there.
Thanks guys very much for the quick replies! Based on your responses, three quick follow-up questions:
1) fredj338 noted that the 40S&W is a high-pressure round. But looking at load data, the .40 pressures appear to be generally in the same ballpark as many 9mm loads -- low 30,000 psi range. So why is this pressure more of a problem in the 40 than the 9? Is it because the 40 brass has more surface area on which that pressure can act (due to slightly larger case size)?
2) You also recommended using med to med/slow powders when reloading .40. Is TiteGroup acceptable? According to Hodgdon's website, TiteGroup is the 10th fastest of 117 powders listed. ([URL][/URL])
3) Would it ever be advisable to use less powder than the recommended starting load in order to further avoid possible overpressuring? Or could that also be dangerous as the under-pressure condition could result in incomplete powder burn, etc.?
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bugXmldoom (the XML Database Object-Oriented Model) - Bugs: Browse Items
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Sunday, June 12, 2011
Bible Hebrew ACCOUNTING Meter Shows How God Orchestrates Time
To get the Word doc copy of this post, , click here. Latest video on the Noahic relevance (posted late today), is here: . Prior to that, I'd done Noahic videos under the rubric, "Pass the Salt", in Youtube.
Text below this line is the blog entry which the above Word doc, repeats.
This entry is a long time in coming. It's about how God uses Bible Hebrew Meter as a rhetorical style. I've been documenting that style for almost three years, now, in Youtube and in some webpages (links follow passim, below). The documentation has been spontaneous, a kind of journaling, as I learned more and more about this rhetorical style of using numbers as mnemonics, for the orally-memorizing-Torah Jews of the OT. I'm still finding out the rules, too. So the documentation, is far from finished.
This blog entry thus aims to introduce what I've learned about Bible Hebrew Meter, in case you also wish to pursue the topic. I submit you don't need 'brainout' to find the same information; but it might speed your independent research time, if you first become acquainted with what I was caused to learn. You decide.
The concept: the Jews were operating on a TIMED PROMISE of Messiah's Arrival. That was eschatology for them, and to communicate it, God employs many verses as promises and threats, about that future. Not only are the verses explicitly about that future, but many of them are METERED to show HOW MUCH TIME would be spent toward that ultimate goal.
Psalm 90 is thus metered to show this, starting with eternity past Promise of THE (only one) Day of A Thousand Years, a Promise to Messiah, and hence to the Jews. Messiah, being a son of David, promised to David, in 2Sam7. David got that promise because Israel rejected God as King, preferring a human king, the first of which was Saul. He would have inherited the promise of sons (1Sam 16:1, in context of the prior chapter). So initially, Saul was grafted in, and Israel through him. But he rejected God, so David was grafted in, and now Israel, through David.
Moses foresaw all that, metering Psalm 90 accordingly. Psalm 90 is metered on two tracks: one, quasi-historical and prophetical, starting with the Promise just mentioned, verses 1-4. Verses 5-8, cover the Adamic period, first 1050 years. Verses 9-11 cover the Noahic period, the second 1050 years, at the end of which comes Abraham. So the third 1050 is to build Israel, and can be called the Mosaic period, since Israel was grafted in through Moses (i.e., Numbers 14, and the Levite inheritance grafting of Kohath); so Moses records his own vote, verses 12-15. Prophetic, are verses 16-17.
Thus we see the metering pattern and the Construct of Time: 490 + 70 + 490 =1050 =1000 + 50.
Verses 1-4, 84 syllables = 1050 +14 years in reserve.
Verses 5-8, 70 syllables = 1050 years, Adamic.
Verses 9-11, 70 syllables = 1050 years, Noahic.
Verses 12-15, 70 syllables = 1050 years, Mosaic.
Verses 16-17, only 56 syllables, as Israel will be in breach then (467-397BC); and the 14-year shortfall is a warning about voting.
Thus you read verse content in light of the historical-prophetical period referenced by the meter.
So let's notice the style:
A. This is an ACCOUNTING meter of one syllable equals one year.
B. The syllables convey a BLESSING PROMISE, so are patterned to be divisible by SEVEN in aggregate. So Moses is accounting sabbatically, not in 50's. (Judaism mistakes Psalm 90's 350 syllables as divisible by 50's.)
C. So the syllables are used as a CHRONOLOGY, which you measure to proof the CONTENT of what you remember. The content and the meter meaning, tie.
D. The first such divisible-by-seven 'paragraph', is a DATELINE. Sometimes the second 'paragraph' is used that way, too.
Many other Bible passages 'follow' the meter Moses uses. To demonstrate this pattern as a rhetorical style, then, I'm currently compiling a charted comparison of four such passages: Psalm 90, Isaiah 53, Daniel 9:4-26, and (surprisingly) Ephesians 1:3-14. Link to that ongoing comparison (still in draft as of this writing), is here: Psalm 90's meter can be proven as a definite rhetorical style in Bible. Once you see the pattern (i.e., A-D above), you should be able to choose any prophetic OT passage in Hebrew and see it occur.
The second time track in Psalm 90, is consecutive, 350 syllables=years from the time Moses writes, in 1400BC -- the 'gap' time between entry into the Land, and the appointment of human kings (beginning with Saul). The book of Judges thus is designed to show how Psalm 90's consecutive track, was fulfilled. Here, the writer of Judges 'tags' certain syllable counts in Psalm 90 to indicate what historical events 'belong' to the content there:
Psalm 90 tally
post-Moses, Joshua and that generation
Judges 3:8
oppression under Cushan-rishathaim and Othniel
means 40 years en toto passed after Joshua & that generation
oppression under Eglon of Moab and Ehud
Verse means 80 more years passed, en toto
Deborah and oppression by Jabin king of Canaan
Verse means 40 more years passed, en toto
tallies to Ps90:10 at end
oppression by Midian
Gideon, +peace, +Abimelech=40 more years pass en toto
might tally to Ps90:15, rounding
Oppression under the Ammonites
Jepthah: included in the 18, years 295-301
Ibzan: included in the 18
Elon (maybe overlaps with Samuel)
Abdon (overlaps with Samuel)
13:01, 15:20, 16:31
Samson (overlaps with Samuel)
End of Psalm 90
So on Time Track 2, Moses 'stops' at the point where God will be rejected, and human kings, introduced. On Time Track 1, Moses 'stops' at the THIRD 1050, for it might not complete.
o Isaiah 53's Accounting Meter picks up where Moses left off, as Isaiah's metrical theme is First David to Last David. So Isaiah shows how the FOURTH 1050 will complete, as a PROMISE. Like Moses, Isaiah follows the convention of one syllable per year, and deliberately leaves out certain famous year-counts, in ellipsis. The day I learned this, I made a 44-minute video about it, which you can watch here: . (Since 2008, I've learned more about how Isaiah crafted his meter, but the initial finding in that video, is still true.)
o Daniel 9 picks up in the same place as Isaiah 53, but at a different point in David's life, yet also ties back to Psalm 90. Daniel then tracks the kings both explicitly in his text, and metrically (one syllable per year) in their HISTORY, to prove what time God had Isaiah meter, actually came to pass.
That's the basis for Daniel's petition, which invokes God's promise in the (then yet-to-occur) TEXT of Isaiah 53. From there, Daniel crafts his meter showing the justification for completing that Promise. Then God responds, also in meter, in Daniel 9:25-26, which explictly list some of the factors Daniel used -- to 'tag' where God 'answers' Daniel. Just as, Daniel had tagged Isaiah, who tagged Moses' Psalm 90.
In English, this is our first 'hint' of the meter, but we don't recognize it as anything but an out-from-nowhere Promise of Time. And then, we argue over what that promise means. We would know what it means, if we noticed the meter.
o Then Paul in Eph1:3-14, picks up where GOD stopped, in Daniel 9:26c -- the 62nd 'seven', showing how we are still IN that Time Bubble, Paul metering his Greek words to a Hebrew meter, totalling 434 syllables=62 weeks. Paul's divisible-by-seven submeters also tie back to particular points in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 90, just as Daniel had done.
So as you can see, this is a deliberate rhetorical style, since Bible writers 'talk back' to other passages using METER. So there's a lot more to study and document. That's what I'm doing now, and it will take at least several more years, just to show the STYLE of these passages.
I've also just learned via the Camping fiasco, that Psalm 90's metrical paragraphs tie to the days' benchmarks in Genesis 7-8; and also, are based on the meter in Genesis 49, Jacob's tribal prophecy of Israel's future. So I must check those prior passages, to see if maybe I've misaccounted something, heh. Always Account Back To Source. I didn't know the source of Psalm 90's meter was in a prior Bible passage (though I suspected it related to Genesis 7-8, since Moses datelines Psalm 90 as the beginning of year 1051 from the Flood). So now I've got to re-examine everything. Heh: never stand pat on your interpretations. :)
Again, will be the central document where I do this re-examination. Pay close attention to the first three pages and especially to the 'E' footnote, which goes through Daniel's metering ties to HISTORY, Isaiah 53 and Psalm 90, in excruciating detail.
Will be making more videos to show it and Paul's usage, too. It will be a long time before I finish (smile here).
Thus far in Youtube, I've done four (yet-unfinished) video playlists to illustrate this rhetorical metering style, and explain it. is the central webpage on the TIME value of the meter; it has all the relevant video playlists at page-end. You can click on the 'Youtube' watermark in any of those playlists, to read the video description in Youtube. Those video descriptions have many important links for related documents, parsed Bible passages etc.
God's Metering style is extremely deft, so it takes time to show, heh. I apologize in advance for the lengthy videos. If you can think of a better way to explain the material, I would urge you to do it yourself. This rhetorical style is very important. It will revolutionize the way we test, understand, validate both Scripture itself (i.e., meter testing validates the original words) -- and, the way we validate Scripture interpretation.
UPSHOT: Everyone's hermeneutics prove partly right AND wrong, once you see this rhetorical style. All Replacement Theology, theonomy, preterism is proven wrong. Yet Dispensationalism is at least partly proven wrong too, for God doesn't use use lunar years; hence Jews and Christian Dispies misaccount Daniel 9. So the Jews are partly vindicated and partly upbraided too. We're all in this, together. :)
Whoa. What a lot of jobs can be created if we just re-learn what's been in the Bible, all this time. So we all need to go back to the drawing board, and revisit our ideas of what God says; we must pool our resources, and stop fighting our little, petty denominational turf wars. End Commercial Message. :)
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This week we made many small improvements to the functionality and usability of our search results. Here's an overview:
Quick, in-browser viewing of Google Docs
We've incorporated the "Gview" tool from Google Docs on search results. Instead of the old "View as HTML" view, PDFs on search results now have a "Quick View" link that shows you Gview's image-rendered version, which preserves tables and graphics from the document. This means you can view PDF documents quickly and easily right in your browser.
Example search: [1099] (note the "Quick view" links on the first two results)
An improved interface for local information in web search
We changed our interface for local business information when it occurs in search results. It's now much more readable (larger fonts) and friendlier to use (easier to click on just what you want).
Example search: [pizza palo alto]
Here are before and after shots for the search [bakeries san francisco]:
Click on either image for a larger version
Access to multiple providers in weather results
We also changed the interface for our weather results when they occur in web search. Now you'll see an array of different weather providers to choose from, including The Weather Channel, Weatherunderground and AccuWeather, if you want more detailed weather information. This way, you get the weather information you need, in the layout you prefer, from the service you choose.
Example search: [washington dc weather]
And here are before and after shots for the search [weather] (when done from the Googleplex, since the location is auto-detected):
Click on either image for a larger version
Public service information for searches related to poison control
While it's relatively infrequent, people do occasionally turn to Google during medical emergencies. Our goal in these cases is to get our users the help they need as quickly as possible. As of this week, searches related to [poison control] trigger a special result with the phone number for the poison control hotline.
Example searches: [poison control], [first aid bleach poisoning]
Search options panel for mobile
This week on mobile search, we added a Search Options panel so now you can get all of the same slice-and-dice functionality you have from your desktop when you search the web on your phone. Try doing a search from your phone and you will see an "Options" link on the righthand side above the results. Click on it and you see the same panel that you are accustomed to on search from your desktop.
Crawling AJAX
We also made an exciting announcement this week about making AJAX crawlable. Web applications are becoming increasingly popular, but much of what is contained with a web application is usually inaccessible to our crawlers and thus can't be found in our search. Our team has been busy working on techniques for how to crawl AJAX. This announcement just represents the start, as it's currently in the prototype phase, but it does demonstrate that we are constantly working on how to improve search — our features, ranking, and, in this case, our comprehensiveness. We're always very excited to include new content in our search to make our results even better.
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Technology improves, people’s needs change, some bets pay off and others don’t. So, as Larry previewed on our last earnings call, today we’re having a fall spring-clean at Google.
Here’s a quick overview of where a number of products and features are headed:
• Aardvark: Aardvark was a start-up we acquired in 2010. An experiment in a new kind of social search, it helped people answer each other’s questions. While Aardvark will be closing, we’ll continue to work on tools that enable people to connect and discover richer knowledge about the world.
• Fast Flip: Fast Flip was started to help pioneer news content browsing and reading experiences for the web and mobile devices. For the past two years, in collaboration with publishers, the Fast Flip experiment has fueled a new approach to faster, richer content display on the web. This approach will live on in our other display and delivery tools.
• Google Maps API for Flash: The Google Maps API for Flash was launched to provide ActionScript developers a way to integrate Google Maps into their applications. Although we’re deprecating the API, we’ll keep supporting existing Google Maps API Premier customers using the Google Maps API for Flash and we’ll focus our attention on the JavaScript Maps API v3 going forward.
• Google Pack: Due to the rapidly decreasing demand for downloadable software in favor of web apps, we will discontinue Google Pack today. People will still be able to access Google’s and our partners’ software quickly and easily through direct links on the Google Pack website.
• Google Web Security: Google Web Security came to Google as part of the Postini acquisition in 2007, and since then we've integrated much of the web security functionality directly into existing Google products, such as safe browsing in Chrome. Although we will discontinue new sales of Google Web Security, we’ll continue to support our existing customers.
• Image Labeler: We began Google Image Labeler as a fun game to help people explore and label the images on the web. Although it will be discontinued, a wide variety of online games from Google are still available.
• Notebook: Google Notebook enabled people to combine clipped URLs from the web and free-form notes into documents they could share and publish. We’ll be shutting down Google Notebook in the coming months, but we’ll automatically export all notebook data to Google Docs.
• Sidewiki: Over the past few years, we’ve seen extraordinary innovation in terms of making the web collaborative. So we’ve decided to discontinue Sidewiki and focus instead on our broader social initiatives. Sidewiki authors will be given more details about this closure in the weeks ahead, and they’ll have a number of months to download their content.
• Subscribed Links: Subscribed Links enabled developers to create specialized search results that were added to the normal Google search results on relevant queries for subscribed users. Although we'll be discontinuing Subscribed Links, developers will be able to access and download their data until September 15, at which point subscribed links will no longer appear in people's search results.
Update Sept 5: Clarified language around sales of Google Web Security.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've created icons many times now with tons of great information I've learned here at GraphicDesign StackkExchange. Now, I'm finally putting together my first real application that will go public on the iOS and Google Play marketplaces. I've just got a couple of things I want to make sure of when I'm creating these icons. First, I have to create them in Illustrator (so I can use them later on if I need to resize them flawlessly). Second, I need to send them to PhotoShop so I can resize them into their respective sizes.
So, when I first go into Illustrator I'm presented with this settup screen. What would be the optimal settings?
enter image description here I would think RGB instead of CMYK, but I really don't know. Also, when I'm creating stuff, I want to make sure everything is even, so align to pixel grid would be smart. I do NOT understand why you wouldn't want to use the pixel grid. Just putting it out there.
Then, I have my icon. Do I go to File -> Export, to get it to photoshop... or can I just select it and copy it and paste it.
When I paste it, I get a couple of options:
enter image description here
Again... which would be optimal to pick? I need to make sure it aligns to the pixel grid as well (I think).
I know this is a lot of questions, and it's not just one definitive question. IT IS however to get a definitive answer on a process.
There have been some updates to illustrator now, and I'm still wondering if my "Advanced Settings" below are "correct" for making icons for Android and iOS.
enter image description here
Also, I would like to cut photoshop out of my process, and simply save for web from Illustrator. I'm trying to save for web now, and there are a lot of options.
I have a single color icon. Can anyone tell me what is the best way to save my image? I want full quality. I don't know how to choose original. I don't want any compression.
share|improve this question
Use RGB if you're designing for a screen (something that illuminates light) and CMYK if you're printing on a page (something that absorbs light). – OghmaOsiris Jan 14 '13 at 6:28
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
General workflow
Just to clear up your first point, your workflow is fine but it isn't the only accepted solution. Some people use only Photoshop (hopefully with vector-based shapes); some go with purely Illustrator; and many use a hybrid of the two such as your description.
Most people using a hybrid flow would jump from Illy to Photoshop for additional features. Illustrator can handle exporting the sizes. I would use a dedicated artboard for each size, but you can actually do it from the Save for Web dialog if you like.
Illy to P'shop
Export to PSD is a good solution for moving a whole file into Photoshop. Something like a mock-up. It would also be a good fit for complicated icons. If you notice any weird flattening, try simplifying your layer structure.
I work with a developer who prefers that I export Illy art to a PSD before delivering it. I've found some oddities with this method but he prefers them to dealing with Illustrator directly ;)
For bits and pieces of a design or relatively simple icons, pasting to Photoshop is fine. There are a couple of choices to make here.
1. If you intend to manipulate the objects in Photoshop, you'll want shape layers.
2. If you're only positioning your Illy art in a PSD, you want a Smart Object. That way you can easily jump back to Illy to edit.
I'm not sure why you'd want a path or pixels. Thanks to Adobe for providing options, I just can't think of a real world use for them.
Color Mode
RGB. You have no use for CMYK here.
Pixel Grid
This is a matter of working preference. When you have your preview mode set to pixel preview, it's going to snap to the pixel grid anyway. I prefer to leave this unchecked and do the aligning myself. Just make sure any additional artboards you set up have their origin on the grid. Having an artboard with an origin of x: .5 will make you crazy until you track it down!
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"Just make sure any additional artboards you set up have their origin on the grid. " How would I do that? – EGHDK Jan 14 '13 at 6:32
You can inspect them easily with the Artboards tool or open their edit dialog from the Artboards panel. Look it up in Adobe's help files for more info. – plainclothes Jan 14 '13 at 6:53
Okay, this was a great help. Again, how do I know if my artboard x: .5? I have the artboard panel open, but I don't see anything like that. Thanks – EGHDK Jan 15 '13 at 21:25
If anyone sees this from "The Bounty" can you please make sure to answer this question about the artboard x:.5? – EGHDK Jan 19 at 6:44
So the Artboard x. :5; plainclothes was just making the point that if you have your artboard set up this way then your work will all be slightly off. You can check that this is not the case in Artboard options;
Artboard option panel
You can see the artboard is selected at the left side and at the top right is where the x and y options are that you might want to toggle. (you might want it at 0)
Other than that your settings seem fine, just like I mentioned earlier, don't forget to alter them to optimise for different screensizes, as mentioned here and here and for iOS here
If you are still unsure about your saving this answer should help you. You do not need Photoshop as that would resize as bitmap. But for icons in Android devices, if you want to support multiple screens then you need to save accordingly (as linked above -some further info below)
From the Android Developer site;
Screen density The quantity of pixels within a physical area of the screen; usually referred to as dpi (dots per inch). For example, a "low" density screen has fewer pixels within a given physical area, compared to a "normal" or "high" density screen. For simplicity, Android groups all actual screen densities into four generalized densities: low, medium, high, and extra high.
Further info from the guys over on StackOverflow;
The ldpi, mdpi and hdpi refer to screen density, which means how much pixels can fit into a single inch.
the ratio in pixels between them is:
ldpi = 1:0.75 mdpi = 1:1 hdpi = 1:1.5 xhdpi = 1:2 xxhdpi = 1:3 so lets take an image with about the size of 100X100:
for mdpi it should be 100X100 for ldpi it should be 75X75 for hdpi it should be 150X150 for xhdpi it should be 200X200 for xxhdpi it should be 300X300 this way, for screens with the same size but different DPI, all the images seem the same size on screen.
Also you have multiple screen size types small, normal, large, xlarge and each one of them can be ldpi, mdpi, hdpi, xhdpi or xxhdpi(Nexus 10).
You can try to create a splash screen image that fit to each and every screen type which gives you 4*5 = 20 different images (it seems to much for me).
Good luck with that app!
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106951
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to save an Illustrator file to a Tagged PDF file. I need to make the PDF 508 compliant and it would be faster if the conversion added the tags.
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Thanks for the answer. It verifies what I spent an hour trying to do! You would think that all the Adobe products would interact better. Oh well. Guess I'll have to tag the file the hard way! – user10203 Feb 21 '13 at 12:08
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I don't believe so. There are many aspects of internal PDF data which Illustrator can't natively create, tags are one such item.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106967
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Wednesday, June 17, 2009
GSN note
For those of you who don't know by now, GSN has introduced a new thing called Oodles. To earn them, you must answer questions that are usually based on what happens with each show. You can later redeem them for some prizes and/or enter some sweeptakes for even nicer prices. For more information, log on to
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/106977
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ARTIST: Indigo Girls
TITLE: Hammer and a Nail
Lyrics and Chords
[ C(9) = x32033; Em7 = 022033 ]
[Capo 4]
Clearing webs from a hovel
A blistered hand on the handle of a shovel
I've been digging too deep
I always do
I see my face on the surface
I look a lot like Narcissus
A dark abyss of an emptiness
Standing on the edge of a drowning blue
/ G Dsus4 Em7 C(9) / / G Dsus4 Em7 - / C(9) - - - / :
I look behind my ears for the green
And even my sweat smells clean
Glare off the white hurts my eyes
Gotta get out of bed, get a hammer and a nail
Learn how to use my hands
Not just my head, I'll think myself into jail
Now I know a refuge never grows
From a chin in a hand in a thoughtful pose
Gotta tend the earth if you want a rose
/ Em9 - C(9) - / / Am Am7 C A D - - - /
/ G D C(9) D / / G D C(9) - / Am - Em7 - / C - A - / C(9) - - - /
I had a lot of good intentions
Sit around for fifty years and then collect a pension
Started seeing the road to hell
And just where it starts
But my life is more than a vision
The sweetest part is acting after making a decision
I started seeing the whole as a sum of its parts
My life is part of the global life
I'd found myself becoming more immobile
When I'd think a little girl in the world can't do anything
A distant nation my community
A street person my responsibility
Click here to submit corrections.
How to read these chord charts
Go back to the Table of Contents
Go back to the Index
Go back to my main page
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Forgot your password?
Graphics Software Hardware Entertainment Games
Inside Nvidia's Testing Facilities 67
Posted by Zonk
from the behind-the-pixels dept.
An anonymous reader writes "FiringSquad has up a behind the scenes look at NVIDIA's Santa Clara HQ. In addition to the usual shots of the server farm, they spend several pages talking about the Silicon Failure Analysis Lab which is the secret to NVIDIA's success as a fabless semiconductor company. They also have shots of NVIDIA's thermal analysis lab where they run the GPUs at 40 deg C and 0 deg C, and the Performance analysis labs."
Inside Nvidia's Testing Facilities
Comments Filter:
• "Nothing for you to see here. Please move along." What?
• Excellent Article (Score:3, Interesting)
by Anonymous Coward on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:07PM (#20961401)
An excellent Article! Finally a change from the mundane 'IT Cable Puller Assembles Software System to blah blah blah' Great to know that people are interested in what real engineers are doing. If course I do like the props given to the NVIDIA IT folks that keep everything humming nicely.
• by heroine (1220) on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:15PM (#20961479) Homepage
All this renewed interest in corporations has us wanting our dot com parties back. They didn't mention the on-site oil changes. Interesting that the most valuable part of these companies is the lowest paying part: the QA lab. And the QA lab is still powered by 100Mbit ethernet.
Then of course many of U thought runaway housing inflation would force these companies to think about moving elsewhere like, say, Pleasanton. Wrongo. Even with 4x more expensive rents than 2000, Silicon valley is still the king of corporate headquarters.
• by graviplana (1160181) on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:16PM (#20961487)
NVIDIA Tech: Johnson, you've been playing that game for hours, how's it going? NVIDIA Tech 2: We just finished level three and need to tighten up the graphics a little bit. NVIDIA Tech: Great! http://youtube.com/watch?v=j9COTOUH4qU&mode=related&search= [youtube.com]
• Read that as Santa Clause HQ? Man, maybe I'm catching the Christmas spirit or something. They're already selling the crap in stores.
• by Joe The Dragon (967727) on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:24PM (#20961557)
why use Intel Clovertowns when they have there own real good chipsets for AMD servers / work station systems?
• by jwiegley (520444) on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:28PM (#20961601)
I'm puzzled as to what is so "extreme" about 40C? My cat's temperature runs just slightly less than that and it purrs along quite nicely (literally).
• by jjeffries (17675) on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:39PM (#20961677)
Well then rest assured that if you wanted to implant a GPU in your cat, the Nvidia would handle your pussy's heat (other problems notwithstanding.)
• Hell, my 8800GTS idles at 58C or ~140F. No problemo. That 40C testing lab must be where staff employees hang meat for the cafeteria.
In my book, if it don't melt, more fps CAN be felt.
• by mikael (484)
According to the "Gnome sensors applet" on my laptop, idle temperature for the CPU/GPU are 61C. Running any type of GPU applications can push the temperature up to the high 80's . Above 91C, the system shuts down.
• by Yetihehe (971185)
I have gf6800. Once when I was gaming fan died. When I exited from game, I only had warning that my card can be overheating. Indeed in control panel there was 120*C. And shutdown was set to 138.
• by aliquis (678370)
Mine had an epileptic seizure 2 or 3 days ago :(
Must have been a bad circuit or something, anyone know how o underclock or raise the voltage (ok, many people will have ideas or that) of a cat?
• 40 deg C? (Score:2, Informative)
by JimboFBX (1097277)
40 deg C? So what is that, 104 degrees farenheit? Thats not very taxing at all. Doesnt my laptop pull in 80 deg C?
• Re: (Score:3, Informative)
by quanticle (843097)
Doesnt my laptop pull in 80 deg C?
Given that most processors shutdown to prevent thermal damage at around that temperature, I'd think not. The shtudown threshold of a P4 (one of the hotter running chips of late) was around 78C, I'd think that 80C is a bit high.
That said, I do think that 40C is a pretty low bar to pass. Given that my P4 idles at around 48-50C, I'm surprised that they consider 40C to be an "average" test environment.
• by JimboFBX (1097277)
My Inspiron 8000 would pull over 80 deg C often, and would commonly be above 70 deg C using a fan-hack I downloaded for it. It could be the sensor is simply inaccurate and the fans and such were all adjusted to compensate when they shipped this out, or maybe it was closer to the CPU and GPU than a thermal sensor typically is.
• by gt_Peter (1173041)
They probably mean -40C, not +40C. Industrial temperature range is typically -40C to 100C. Commercial is 0C to 85C give or take a bit. I work in labs like this so it was interesting to check out their test setups. Nice to see they look as cluttered and disorganized as we do.
• by Osty (16825)
That's ambient temperature. My laptop runs around 30C when ambient temperature is around 18-22C and 40C when ambient temperature is 32-35C, average load (it pushes 50C in 18-22C ambient at full load). I can reasonably assume it would run around 50C under average load if ambient was 40C, and 70C or higher under full load. Depending on the chip and laptop, that may be acceptable or it may be w
• Re:40 deg C? (Score:5, Informative)
by mbessey (304651) on Friday October 12, 2007 @07:57PM (#20961857) Homepage Journal
40 degrees C is a sort-of standard for "elevated ambient" testing of electronics. The point of testing at higher temperatures is mostly to ensure that heat transfer out of the chips is sufficient at that temperature to keep them from overheating. The chips themselves will likely be running at much greater temperatures internally, but as long as the heat sinks are efficient enough, the chips shouldn't overheat.
For consumer electronics, I guess the assumption is that if it's 40 degrees in your room, you're going to go find somewhere cooler to be, rather than sitting there with your PC blowing hot air on you.
In other industries, the standards are different. Many products designed for use in an automobile are tested at 50-60 degrees, which is closer to the interior temperature of a car in full sun in a temperate climate.
• Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
by Jarjarthejedi (996957)
I'm sure that's a good assumption in many situations, but I've sat outside on my computer during the day a few (read: every friday since school started back up) times this year when the temp was over 110 F. I was out there when it was 117 F running along just fine for almost 20 minutes before my class opened
• by Kelz (611260)
Theres a difference between thermal analysis and environmental stress testing.
• I may have overstated things a bit when I said that verifying heat transfer was the primary purpose of testing at elevated temperatures. It's an important thing to verify though. Depending on the level of analysis performed beforehand, you'll have greater or lesser confidence that the product won't overheat, but nothing beats actually sticking a thermometer in/on the device and checking.
Of course in addition to that, you've got all sorts of other issues to look for - differential expansion causing component
• by AdamHaun (43173)
Automotive products that don't go in the cabin are tested at much higher temperatures than that. I work on microncontrollers for antilock brakes, and we test at 125C and -40C.
• That's _ambient_. The GPU itself is going to be some deltaT above that.
Since cooling solutions have an effective degC/W ratio, let's say deltaT = 20C. So testing at 27C ambient = 47C GPU, 40C ambient = 60C GPU.
• I noticed their later drivers are seriously having problems in Windows. Linux seems fine to me, but Windows drivers' quality are getting worse and worse. I remember 8x.xx versions were pretty stable and had very few issues with them. NVIDIA needs to get its act together on their drivers. Good hardware, but bad software (Windows) these days.
• Re: (Score:2, Interesting)
by cibyr (898667)
What's worse, there doesn't seem to be any mechanism to report driver bugs to nVidia. I suppose you just have to hope they notice it and fix it in the next release.
• by antdude (79039)
There are official forums [nvidia.com], but it seems like NVIDIA doesn't care. It is REALLY frustrating. I think I will be going back to ATI/AMD for my next video card.
• by aliquis (678370)
Yeah, because ATI are well known for their quality drivers! Bla bla reboot gpu fucked up error on radeon 9xxx.
• by antdude (79039)
The newer driver versions seems better than in the past to me, even on old Radeon 9x00 AIW cards.
• by makomk (752139)
The last two releases of their Linux driver (100.14.11 and 100.14.19) haven't worked reliably for me; I kept getting system crashes and display corruption. Unfortunately, previous releases are incompatible with Xorg 1.4 and it'd be a pain to downgrade. (Since I don't really need 3D under Linux and I've got a 7300, I'm using Nouveau [freedesktop.org] - it's more stable and the 2D acceleration is much better than the old nv driver.)
• Fabless? Or Fabulous?
• Who cares? (Score:1, Troll)
by HeroreV (869368)
ATI is releasing specs, and Nvidia isn't, so why should I care about Nvidia? I'm building a new computer soon, and it will definitely have an ATI graphics card (unless Nvidia also promises soon to release specs).
• "At the Enrichment Center, we believe that a highly-motivated test subject and carry out rather complex tasks while enduring the most intense pain, so in case you don't make it through the testing...goodbye!"
• All that QA and they still can't get my 6800+ to run under vista w/o immediately blue screening.
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23 Jul 2007 Research & Ideas
HBS Cases: How Wikipedia Works (or Doesn’t)
• Despite thousands of participants, Wikipedia operates under a very ornate and well-defined structure of participation that enables them to produce a highly regarded online encyclopedia.
• A group of people in the Wikipedia world characterized as "exclusionists" could dampen user enthusiasm by increasing barriers to acceptance of Wikipedia articles.
• Knowledge-sharing technologies such as wikis are coming into increasing use in the corporate world, but companies must understand that a top-down approach to administering them will lead to certain extinction.
HBS professor Andy McAfee had his doubts about Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia created and maintained by volunteers. "I just didn't think it could yield a good outcome or a good encyclopedia. But I started consulting it and reading the entries, and I said, 'This is amazing.' "
So when the concept of "Enterprise 2.0"—a term coined by McAfee on the general idea of how Web 2.0 technologies can be used in business—popped up on Wikipedia, McAfee beamed. "I was bizarrely proud when my work rose to the level of inclusion in Wikipedia." Then, however, a turn of fortune took place. A "Wikipedian" nominated the article for deletion as unworthy of the encyclopedia's standards. McAfee thought, "It's not even good enough to get on Wikipedia?"
He left the sidelines to join the online discussion about whether the article should be kept or jettisoned. It was also that moment that would eventually lead to an HBS case study, written with professor Karim R. Lakhani, on how Wikipedia governs itself and faces controversial challenges.
The elbows are sharp on Wikipedia. It's not cuddly.
—Andy McAfee
The case offers students a chance to understand issues such as how online cultures are made and maintained, the power of self-policing organizations, the question of whether the service is drifting from its core principles, and whether a Wikipedia-like concept can work in a business setting. (See related story below.)
The wisdom of crowds
Even by online phenomenon standards, Wikipedia is huge. Begun in 1999 by Jimmy Wales under the name Nupedia, the service today claims 1.8 million articles in English, 4.8 million registered users, and 1,200 volunteers who regularly edit Wikipedia articles.
Anyone can submit or edit an article, which is why Wikipedia has been lampooned for high-profile inaccuracies, such as a biography of journalist John Seigenthaler Sr., who, according to the anonymous contributor, "was thought to have been directly involved in the Kennedy assassinations of both John and his brother Bobby." Not so. A recent article in The Onion parodied, "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence."
But Wikipedia also employs a series of consensus driven vetting processes that strive to ensure the information is accurate, is verifiable, is built on solid sources, and excludes personal opinion. Just as anyone can submit an article, anyone can also start an "Article for Deletion" (AfD) review process if they believe the piece does not live up to those standards. After online debate about the worthiness of the piece, a Wikipedia administrator reviews the arguments and decides the fate of the article.
The tension that they need to deal with is how to keep it as porous as possible.
—Karim R. Lakhani
The result has been a product that even academics regularly consult. In late 2005, the scientific journal Nature conducted a study comparing 42 science articles in Wikipedia with the online version of Encyclopaedia Britannica. The survey revealed that Encyclopaedia Britannica had 123 errors while Wikipedia had 162 (for averages of 2.9 and 3.9 errors per article, respectively.) For the editors at Britannica, that may be a little too close for comfort.
It's the kind of success that attracted McAfee, whose research centers on the use of technology in business, and Lakhani, an expert on distributed innovation.
"We had these completely overlapping interests, and we were kicking around the idea of how we were going to write a case on Wikipedia, what research could we do: What's the right way in on this phenomenon?" McAfee recalls. "And we just got very lucky with timing, in that this article appeared about my Enterprise 2.0 concept."
Into the thicket
In May 2006, someone unknown to McAfee, but who had read his seminal article "Enterprise 2.0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration" in the MIT Sloan Management Review, posted a 34-word Wikipedia "stub"—essentially a brief starting point for others to build on the concept. McAfee's article detailed how so-called Web 2.0 technologies such as blogs, wikis, and group messaging, employed in a business setting, could encourage more spontaneous, knowledge-based collaboration.
Shortly after the posting, however, Wikipedia user "Artw" recommended the article for deletion, characterizing the entry as "Neologism of dubious utility." An administrator eventually deleted the work, but Enterprise 2.0 was resurrected as a lengthier piece. An AfD was again tagged on the article. The debate was on.
"So we got to watch the governance process up close and personal on a topic that I cared a lot about," recalls McAfee. "I participated in the Article for Deletion process, and got to understand how Wikipedia works as a Wikipedian. At the end of all that we said, 'Well, regardless of what else we do at Wikipedia, we've got a really, really good teaching case right here.' "
Why Wikipedia works
From the outside, Wikipedia may look like chaos barely contained. "When people look at these sorts of phenomenon at Wikipedia, they misread the anarchy," Lakhani says. "All these people, thousands of people, there must be no rules! But there is a very ornate and well-defined structure of participation. One of our big learnings was to actually dive into the structure: What is the structure that enables these guys to produce this great resource?"
One element instilled by founder Wales is an ethic of self-governance and treating others with respect. In many online communities, personal insults fly freely, often fueled by youth and anonymity. Wikipedians, however, do not cotton to personal attacks. "The elbows are sharp on Wikipedia. It's not cuddly. But at the same time, I'm not entitled to call someone a bleep," says McAfee.
Another reason the governance structure works, adds Lakhani, is that it is transparent—everyone's edits can be read and commented upon by anyone else.
But the real basis of Wikipedia governance is a collection of policies and guidelines developed over the years that defines everything from article evaluation standards to the etiquette surrounding debate.
"When I got involved in this Article-for-Deletion process, they kept citing chapter and verse the policies and guidelines to me," McAfee says. "It really showed me how much Wikipedians rely on these—they really are the foundations that Wikipedia uses.
"So you've got a very clear set of criteria for telling your fellow Wikipedians, 'Here's my contribution, here's why it's valid and needs to be included,' " McAfee continues. "Now, you can argue about the wordsmithing and the structure of the article, but as far as the core question of what goes into an article, they've got that largely nailed."
Or was it Enterprise 2.0 that was getting nailed by the rules?
The endgame
McAfee thought the Enterprise 2.0 article did, in fact, live up to those standards. So why was it being considered for deletion? As the arguments dragged on, McAfee began to feel that the debate might be about something more than just the article.
"It seemed to me that some of the people arguing against it were entrenched, and they were using Wikipedia's policies as doors, as barriers, without being willing to engage in a real debate about them. So the policies had become for them a way to keep out articles they just personally didn't like."
And although Lakhani believes part of the entrenchment was because a Harvard professor was in the middle of the fray—"I think what happened was that people took even firmer stances"—Lakhani agrees that rules seemed to be used in an exclusionary way. "Now the question is, is what we saw just a tempest in a teapot, or does it tell us something interesting? I think it does tell us something interesting."
An ongoing tension within Wikipedia is characterized as the inclusionists versus the exclusionists. The inclusionists argue that one of Wikipedia's core values is that it should be open to all ideas, that truth emerges from a variety of directions. Better to include than exclude. The exclusionists see Wikipedia's utilitarianism diminished if too much froth clouds the valuable information inside.
"There is always a tendency in communities or in any social organization to have this boundary and say in or out," Lakhani says. "This might be happening in isolated places inside Wikipedia. The tension that they need to deal with is how to keep it as porous as possible."
Porous is good, says Lakhani, because most content on Wikipedia appears to originate at the fringes of the community from anonymous or infrequent contributors. (A central core of about 1,200 volunteers refines the pieces over time and generally tends the Wikipedia garden.) If exclusionists began to make it more difficult for outside contributions to populate Wikipedia, the product's secret sauce could be spoiled.
"That kind of ossification, if that happened, could be really dangerous," says McAfee. "But my feeling is this existential debate about the inclusionist versus the deletionist is not going to cripple Wikipedia. What's lost there, though, is that some people who have a lot of energy to bring—and I'm one of them—get turned off by these deletionists trying to slam doors in our faces."
But in its 8-year life in several forms, Wikipedia has shown institutionally that it is open to evolution of the rules. "They continuously keep tweaking the rules as they encounter new situations," Lakhani says.
Win some, lose some
In the end a Wikipedia administrator, serving as judge, reviewed the 17 pages of debate about deletion and decided Enterprise 2.0 should stay in. Victory was short lived.
"After that," McAfee says, "one of the people on the other side of the debate took it upon himself to truncate the article greatly and change the title of it. And I left him a message. I wrote, "Hey, did you not see that the result was 'Keep'?" And he replied, 'Look, Wikipedia is this very freeform environment. This is what I feel like doing. If you don't like it, feel free to change it.' Which left me a little unsatisfied, I have to say."
Q&A: Wikipedia in Pinstripes
Companies interested in tapping into the shared expertise of their workers—the wisdom of crowds writ for business—are looking towards models such as Wikipedia that encourage collaboration.
Can Wikipedia work in pinstripes? Harvard Business School professor Andy McAfee has his doubts that a corporate encyclopedia would have much value. But the underlying wiki technology—basically an electronic document and repository where participants can throw out ideas, comment on the work of others, and share documents—has more promise.
McAfee and collaborator professor Karim R. Lakhani discuss their research into wikis and other collaboration tools for the enterprise.
Karim Lakhani: Wiki is another experiment in how to generate more collaboration inside companies, but I've seen mixed results. It can be as simple as "We're having an office party, please sign up on a wiki page, and tell us what you're going to bring," to "We're going to run this project, bring in all your knowledge assets together, and then we can self-organize."
What Wikipedia has shown is that self-selection is critical. Peer review is critical. So there is a challenge for firms that are used to managing employees and allocating the resources in a very top-down kind of way. Now we have a technology that enables self-selection, transparency, openness—how does a manager or management deal with the technology? Do they implement it in a way that's true to the spirit, or is it top-down? And, again, there are some very successful examples and some not so successful examples.
McAfee: There are a couple of things that explain a lot of the not so successful ones. There is the fact that this is a different technology, and you have to be, at this point, kind of a technology enthusiast or an early adopter. There's another problem, though, which is when you think about the percentage of Wikipedia users who have contributed anything to Wikipedia, it's got to be way less than 1 percent. Only a tiny, tiny fraction have done anything, but they have huge reach and huge impact. So the participation percentage is not big enough for this to spontaneously happen inside an organization. You've got to give it a push somehow. And management is my shorthand for where that push comes from. If you just say, "Employee base, here's a cool new technology, use it for your collaboration and coordination activities," you get back a big corporate blank stare.
Silverthorne: Wikis rely on the foundation of free expression. But can employees feel free to express their opinions to everyone in the company as Wikipedians do in their world? The CEO might be reading it, after all.
McAfee: You have to create an organization where you feel free to share your thoughts, and you don't care that your boss and the CEO can see it. And that's a much bigger challenge, I think. But then the benefits go up dramatically.
Silverthorne: Have you used wikis yourself?
Lakhani: I think the other thing is that many companies are realizing that there's lots of knowledge in the outside world and are asking, "How do we enable the outside world to interact with us?" Many are thinking through wiki-like technologies that enable them to collaborate with outsiders and enable customers to give input.
Silverthorne: Will your students be using these tools and concepts when they leave HBS?
McAfee: I find it really hard to believe that all of my students are going to go out into the corporate world and never think about this category of tool. I don't buy it. When they get to their jobs, they're going to have collaboration, coordination, and knowledge -sharing challenges. Are they just going to send e-mails to each other? Darn, I hope not.
Lakhani: The new generation of students, the MySpace and Facebook generation, will be hitting the HBS campus soon; they are already here to some degree. They are so used to collaboration and sharing in a distributed fashion, for instance, going to a friend's page and leaving a note. They have these asynchronous ways of coordinating and collaborating.
McAfee: The distinction I draw is between channel technologies like e-mail and platform technologies that are universally visible and transparent and open to everybody. I think the communication bias of young people today has migrated from channel to platform.
Lakhani: They look at e-mail as being antiquated. And so I think that's eventually going to hit corporations.
Silverthorne: Are companies equipped to design these kinds of products?
McAfee: One of the things you learn is that designing a good user interface is really hard work. I know that companies like Google and Facebook have spent person-years just getting it to the point where it feels very intuitive and easy for us to use. It wasn't easy to get there. One of the things I worry about is that companies will go, "OK, we need an internal Facebook. Why don't we put a three-person coding team together, and we'll throw one of these things up there?" And it's just going to be an inferior product, and employees are going to vote with their feet.
Silverthorne: If you were to counsel companies that need more cross-collaboration and need to break down silos, what technologies would you recommend?
Lakhani: I would say technology's not the answer. It's the information and the flows of the information you've architected and the rules around flow of information that matter. If you look at open-source communities and what they're beginning to accomplish, they did that with some very rudimentary technology—e-mail lists and simple source code repositories. But the outcome has been incredible and is based on the architecture and rules of participation. If you bolt on wikis to an old set of rules, it would collapse and die.
McAfee: I'd say it a little bit differently. Wikis are about 10 years old, but there are modern wikis that are kind of corporate-ready—these are recent technologies. Tagging systems and a lot of other things are recently available technologies. But I agree that the technology toolkit is basically in place; that's a necessary condition, but it's completely insufficient alone. What I usually tell companies is, "Look, if you want to activate this Web 2.0-style energy inside your company, management is going to make all the difference. And if you manage it the old-fashioned way, or if you don't manage it and you just have the if-we-build-it-they-will-come philosophy, you're probably going to be disappointed."
You need to be actively involved—I'm going to fall back on buzzwords—in coaching to get desired behaviors and leading by example, and not shooting people when they step a little bit out of line. The organization is going to be watching what happens, and you're going to send very, very strong signals one way or another that are going to be picked up very quickly.
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Open Thread: All Things So You Think You Can Dance HelloGiggles Team
This post is dedicated to any and all discussions about tonight’s episode of So You Think You Can Dance!
Auditions are still taking place and this week the show heads to Atlanta, GA. The Exorcist Style audition from the season premiere episode is still giving us chills so we can’t wait to see what tonight brings!
The show starts tonight at 8:00pm EST, but this thread’s here all day. Let’s discuss!
Image via Culture Mob
1. This Dragon House Crew is MAGNIFICENT!
2. LOVE LOVE LOVE SYTYCD!!! That exorcist guy was insane!
3. Who does that guy think he’s fooling? He dances to get girls?
HelloGiggles Podcast
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107021
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Some Cirlin family members.
See also: Cirlin-Ginzburg site (Aaron Ginzburg).
Devoted to 200+ descendants of a Cirlin from Parafianov, Belarus (close to Dokshitzy).
From Ellis Island immigration forms, Castle Garden immigration records, CA Death Records
There are a large number of entries for Cirlin's at Ellis Island. In the transcriptions entered into the database, many of these have been misread by the transcribers. See the full list of common variants. Generally Cirlin corresponds to Tsirlin or the variant Chirlin in cyrillic.
Common variant spellings are Cirlin, Cyrlin, Sirlin, Zirlin, and Zyrlin. The forms Tsirlin and Tzirlin do not occur in the Ellis Island records.
Cirlin family members
To 1870 1870-1900 After 1900
January 2004
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107033
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Create blog
Hotgirlclub - Sexy girl galleries.
2 years ago
HotGirlClub - Porn Movies, Daily Updated Free Porn Movies!
Her husband prayed British saw the beating black cock before her, as her eyes rolled back with pleasure as her body shook with the mini -orgasms. She moaned as the hot meat, rubbed hard across the face to get their hands everywhere, not in hotgirlclub a position, enough meat for the induction of estrus. " Her pussy must be soaked," he thought as he watched Carlos suck this cock... apparently tried to cum. Charles had his wife in a cum slut who loved the taste and feel of hot cum on her tongue. After a man can produce sperm in the mouth, orgasm, almost as much as with him shooting his load into her pussy. The last time I had been with her black lover, more than a year before had semen in her womb ( as always), but then she rubbed her fingers and sucked the semen out loud to them. She had never done before. Now he was surprised and thrilled by how bad it has to meet with her English husband. Prior to suck cock, but if the question nedifferent to the grave, as with much sense of urgency to get into the mouth. It has nasty, but never more so than has been seen this. She was an animal. If Nick had her husband had been received as an old friend - hotgirlclub but never met - then stepped back when she threw herself on him. Sun was hot She had been carelessly dressed, even wearing a short skirt and black stockings neglected. He had pulled her skirt so that he could in these big tits get what he wanted to stroke and suck. He rubbed his tongue over her hard little nipples hotgirlclub sucked tight and groaned aloud. He was buried in his thick cock juicy pussy to die. She always felt so close, though it was wet and ready. She was one of the best fucks he had known. Who would have thought the teacher was quiet in his forties who had bought a car with him, now a wild cock sucking and hot fucking on her knees and begged him to fuck almost. And, God,you need to know how to appreciate a good fuck. I could not remember a woman who jumped into having sex with a sum is a joy, even a woman who was so long and so strong. He was sure he was running at the moment, while she sucked his dick and no one even touches her pussy. Her husband saw her and stroked his cock - not a bad idea for a white man, but not so big and hotgirlclub thick and strong as his, he thought. This was a new alignment, the husband. Nick had told him that I saw, but did not think would happen. They were calling for a series of long and dirty, if he had brought, only to hear an orgasm, as she spoke of her fucking and wanted to fuck again so that does not care whether observed or not. And he shows how this shit in reality, this woman who became his wife. hotgirlclub thought that the white man was a kind of perverts want to hotgirlclub see his wife, who took brains - because that is what will ahAppen, absolutely no doubt about it. But he had a white co-workers, his wife was a gang of black men had been shot and had obviously liked it so much that they had done a few times since then. Nick had made the invitation to join the band, but now regrets. In any case it was an idea later for him. How did he take ? She loved him from behind, but she loved him anyway, anyway. He decided to put on the bed face up and tease her pussy with the tip of his cock. They asked that, sure. and Bob 's your uncle ! Listen to this respectable lady with the language that have shocked the floors of each of their classmates. " Oh, fuck me, fuck me... give me the big black cock... fuck me with it... " Only by pushing hips looking stabbed unchecked, this wave to the hilt buried in there. husband masturbation, his cock out of the progress of cream-colored suit, called " hotgirlclub Show him what a good littlgirls and whore you are! You're hotgirlclub so hotgirlclub sexy... " If his wife was very hot, but it is not. He had been accumulating in
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107037
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is hosted by: Amazon Technologies
Hosting report about is currently hosted at Amazon Technologies. The IP links to a server in , Ireland. The company behind this all is
Updated 176 days ago
Update This Data Now
Website ISP:
Amazon Technologies
Website Organization:
Hosting Location:
in Ireland
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Sites Hosted On IP:
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107038
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Keress bármilyen szót, mint például: fluffer
An extreme fail paladin whose main goal in life in to booty call Druids. Beware his fail shield because he just might fail to smack you in the face with it. Will generally attempt to tank but to the misfortune and discomfort of all.
Omfg we have Fandaniel in our group, we're gonna wipe
Beküldő: Lazurturkey 2010. június 20.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107042
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Saturday, November 03, 2012
Experts: Prop 37 Could Encourage Lawsuits
The Santa Rosa Press- Democrat has a story on the potential for lawsuits if Prop 37- the genetically engineered foods labeling initiative- passes and survives legal challenges. Just think Jason Singleton.
At 12:39 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...
Good legislation often upsets the powerful and results in lawsuits. Some of this country's most noble and groundbreaking laws, most cherished laws, were strongly fought by very rich men.
At 10:52 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...
This is a direct result of our country's lack of science education.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107055
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[Gtkradiant] File Saving in Windows Vista / 7 - fixed!
Willi willi at schinmeyer.de
Fri Mar 12 09:03:02 CST 2010
I figured out why saving fails in Vista and 7!
In gtkmisc.cpp there's
const char* file_dialog (void *parent, gboolean open, const char* title,
const char* path, const char* pattern, const char *baseSubDir)
and somewhere around line 1250 there's the windows part.
Reading the MSDN I really wonder why the customfilter part ever worked.
It's not used they way it's intended to be used and I don't know why it
ever worked... Well, since Vista it doesn't work anymore. Why?
type = typelist.GetTypeForWin32Filter(customfilter+1);
sets type to an invalid (empty) type. This results in the file being
stripped from its extension later in the function and
CSynapseClientRadiant::ExportMap() being unable to choose a format based
on the (missing) extension. (Hence the WARNING: no module found for map
interface type ''.)
A workaround is to disable the "Win32 file load dialog" in the layout
section of the preferences since the GTK dialog works. That way you can
also get 1.4 to save in Vista and 7.
I also found a fix. Customfilter seem to be meant for users to set their
own filters and have nothing to do with what the user selected (unless
it's a custom filter).
In order to get the selected filter (that's what we want here, right?)
the nFilterIndex should be checked after calling GetSaveFileName().
I thus removed everything having to do with customfilters and added
support for using the index:
* In *radiant/gtkmisc.cpp*:
* In the function *file_dialog()*:
* I deleted the variable
char customfilter[FILEDLG_CUSTOM_FILTER_LENGTH];
* and its assignment
customfilter[0] = customfilter[1] = customfilter[2] = '\0';
* ofn.nFilterIndex should always be set to 0, so take it out of the
if(pattern) block and delete the else block.
* The whole else block can be deleted.
* Since we don't use custom filters we can delete
ofn.lpstrCustomFilter = customfilter;
* the if(pattern != NULL) needs to be changed, too. Replace
type = typelist.GetTypeForWin32Filter(customfilter+1);
type = typelist.GetTypeFromIndex(ofn.nFilterIndex-1);
* The GetTypeFromIndex() method does not yet exist. We need to add
it to CFileType somewhere in the public scope:
filetype_t GetTypeFromIndex(int index)
if(index < m_nTypes && index >= 0)
return filetype_t(m_pTypes[index].m_name.c_str(),
return filetype_t();
That fixes the save problem. At least in Windows 7 - I'm too lazy to
switch to XP and see if it still works there...
And why are most plugins not active?
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107065
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Browsing by Authors MacIntosh, Ron
or enter first few letters:
Showing results 1 to 1 of 1
Issue DateTitleAuthor(s)
Oct-2012Conference Summary Record: A report on a national conference on China and Canada in Africa: Interests, Strategies and African Perspectives Organized by the China Institute of the University of Alberta in Ottawa on September 20-21, 2012MacIntosh, Ron; Roberts, Chris
Showing results 1 to 1 of 1
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107076
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You are here
Write in simple, natural language
Online, people have the amount of memory span rapidly approaching zero. They have a lot of things to learn, more things to do and some things to share. And all that during a single day.
Writing your material using simple language will make it easier for your readers to understand your ideas and read your article to the end.
Of course, there are many more factors that just language simplicity. So many people, so many places they live and so different is the education they get. Each of your site readers will have its own word vocabulary and will or will not understand something you speak about on your blog. What can you do to improve the situation?
Easily understandable material
First of all, you should learn to express your thoughts clearly. This not only involves consecutive, logical placement of words and sentences, but also of paragraphs as well. You can learn this by expessing your ideas when talking with real people or by writing anything you can come up with (your personal blog, corporate blog, site content, etc).
Secondly, you'll need to use the words that the least educated person on your blog will understand. This will ensure that everyone will understand what you are talking about (provided you have expressed your thoughts clearly, of course).
Thirdly, you'll need to format your text to make it readable. It will be partially well formatted by logical writing, but you'll need to make sure the text is formatted specifically for the Web, too. This usually involves simpler sentences and paragraphs, subheadings, lists, emphases, etc.
Of course, what you write about matters, too. If you write about some advanced things that only real experts can ponder about, you are risking losing a part of your readership. Let's see how you can keep everyone enjoying your writings.
Making things simple
To keep your less industry savvy readers absorbing what you wrote, you'll need to word everything carefully. This involves all the three techniques from above.
You not only need to explain complex things easily, so that your grandma could understand it, but you have to use the words your less savvy readers can understand. And you have to make your text readable, as well.
The advantage of this technique is that you can keep writing about what you want to write (the advanced material), while keeping both newbies and experts happy.
The benefits of keeping it simple
Of course, the major benefit is that your readers will undertand what you are talking about. They'll be able to comment on the issue on your blog, send you e-mails or continue discussing it with you on the forums.
Another advantage of writing simple is that the readers will read your text to the end. This is an often overlooked aspect that many writers neglect. In real copywriting, you need to write a sentence with the only purpose of the next sentence to be read. And so on.
Yet another benefit of using natural language is traffic. If you use the words other people use, along with the synonyms, when talking about your topics, you'll notice that those very people will find you easier from the search engines. Take it as a bonus.
Rounding up
Whatever you write, you can make it more appealing to your readers by writing naturally and using as simple language as you can get. If you also put it in a readable format, you'll be not only make your readers glow with pleasure, but get the benefits of such writing, as well.
Read an example of confusing writing from Seth Godin and why using old words is important from Jakob Nielsen.
Add new comment
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107080
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Friday, July 18, 2008
Temulawak Rhizomes - Traditional Herbal
Fortunately, all plants – though many still unknown – give benefits, one form of these benefits is as medicine. Meet temulawak, its roots are highly beneficial, and believed to be equivalent rival to Korean ginseng.
Temulawak - Curcuma xanthorrhiza
The practice of concocting medicinal herbs has been going on since our ancestor generation. In ethnic traditional society we can still found someone who acts as a ‘healer’. Although they often associated with magic and supernatural power but searching deeper to their healing medium, more often than not, they use many kinds of plants.
Temulawak itself has been acknowledged as one powerful medicinal herb. This type of plants is specifically Indonesia. Although its dissemination is only in Java, Kalimantan and Maluku, many people bring along the plant for its benefits. It was even exported to some countries.
This plant grew in a meadow close to residential area, especially on the fertile soil, so that the fruit and rhizome can grow large. Temulawak is a form of herbal plant with stem. It has broad leaves each connected with slender stalk. Temulawak also has unique clustered flowers both in low ground and high ground up to 1500 metres above the sea level.
Temulawak which also known as koneng gede in Sundanese, does increase appetite. In Center Java, many parents give their children its concoction to increase their appetite.
Temulawak - Curcuma Xanthorriza Roxb
rhizomes were known as a medicinal herb for a long time. Temulawak or Javanese turmeric or also known as Curcuma Xanthorriza Roxb, was believed to have anti-aging effect, remove skin fleck and improve muscle flexibility. New mothers were also suggested to consume this herbal drinks according to Javanese spiritual belief. It is also believed to be the cured for kidney diseases, asthma, headache, gastric pain, stomach-ache, constipation, even acne.
This rhizome is a family member of Zingibereaceae, mostly grow in tropical forests and consist of 29-3- percent of curcuminoids (the substance that causes yellowish color in the rhizome), and 6-10 percent essential or ethereal oil (also known as aestheric oil). In addition to that, temulawak also comprises of chemical substances such as phellandrence and tumerol, which often called vaporized oil. It also has camphor, glucoside and polymetic carbinol.
This plant, which can reach up to two meters tall, has ethereal oil with a specific scent that can kill microbes. On the other hand, its flavonoids can be an anti-inflammatory agent. Thus, it is a medicine of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-hepotoxic and anti-tumor. Also, temulawak believed to abate the pain and suffering from cancer.
As a cure to cancer, temulawak should be drunk in early stage or straight after operation to remove the cancer or radiation therapy. This is to remove leftover cancer cell. Moreover, for patient treated with chemotherapy, the concoction should be drunk two weeks after the treatment. If the doctor gave medications, the drink should be drunk two hours before or after consuming medications.
The consumption of temulawak extract is highly recommended to prevent liver diseases including hepatitis B, which known to increase the risk of liver cancer. In addition to that, the extract was also proven to lower blood’s cholesterol level also within liver cells.
Temulawak as Jamu
Where can we find ready-to-consume temulawak? This question might take us to think of jamu-seller or a drinking kiosk in the street with bottles of beras-kencur (traditional drink made of ground rice and Kaempferia galangal rhizomes mixed with palm sugar), and temulawak concoctions or else temulawak in capsule.
Temulawak - Traditional Jamu in modern packaging
Temulawak most often associated with jamu (Javanese traditional herbal drinks). Temulawak is one of the main ingredients to make jamu. Even in its modern packaging, we can still find jamu label on the package. Unfortunately, Indonesian traditional medicine is less popular compare to chemical medication. This is our biggest harm to our country. It is unfortunate, especially since we have an abundance of natural resources accompanied with many giant jamu factories. In addition to this, there are a fair amount of experts and socialist which can be useful. Worse off, when people decided to consume medical herbs, they prefer foreign herbs especially those coming from China.
It is not difficult to make jamu out of temulawak, although it is important to understand that different concoctions were made for different kind of treatments and to heal different kind of illnesses. For instance, the useful component of temulawak mostly used for concoction is its curcumin essence. This essence can reduce cholesterol level in human body. However, to lower down the level of bad cholesterol in our blood is not as easy as drinking any kinds of temualwak drinks we can easily found in the kiosk on the street corner.
Temulawak does contain many things. One substance that gives characterized smell and taste is aestheric oil. This oil can increase food appetite. While resin (the dark brownish, sticky substance, which doesn’t dissolve in the water), is unhealthy and needs to be removed.
According to National Agency of Drugs and Food (NA-DFC)’s clical test with Gajah MAda University in Yogyakarta, boiling temulawak is aw ay to take out the resin. If you tried to reduce your cholesteron level, it is best for you to consumed processed temulawak that has curcumin as its dominant substance.
For patients afflicted with complication such as heart attack or stroke, it is safe to drink temulawak infusion. Temulawak as a modern medication is safe to consume by anyone with any illness or at any age. This is the advantage of traditional herbs, it doesn’t have side effect.
Taking the most out of temulawak with the help of technology, experts and specialists can raise the availability of temulawak and providing its potential benefits effectively. Thus, temulawak can be the host of herbs in its own home country. Just like Korea know as a ginseng country, who knows one day Indonesia will be known as temulawak country.
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Thursday, June 30, 2011
Five Years Ago Today: A Little Scuffle in the Garden
Thai pink egg tomato patch after about three minutes with the scuffle hoe.
Back on June 30, 2006, a month and a half after declaring myself to be Baby Cary's mother, I declared my love for the scuffle hoe in this post: How To Use a Scuffle Hoe to Weed the Vegetable Garden - and Why I Love Mine So Much.
It was far from love at first sight for me and my scuffle hoe, but the hard won feelings of affection have endured, and after all these years, I'm still enamored with it.
This little old garden tool isn't put into service that often (mostly because the weeds in my garden seem to go from two inches high to two feet high in about an hour), but it always does its one job well.
Do you use a scuffle hoe? Any tips, techniques, or amusing stories to tell?
©, where we're very big on mulching but are still always needing to do some weeding.
Thursday, June 23, 2011
Realization of the Day:
Garlic is a lot hardier than I thought.
More info and photos below. . .
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107099
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Anthropomorphic taxidermy: the art of making dead critters have fun
The latest installment of the eccentric Midnight Archive web series focuses on Sue Jeiven, an anthropomorphic taxidermist who creates tableaus of dead animals having a jaunty, decidedly human time, à la famed British taxidermist Walter Potter. Watch how one practices the near dead art of making dead kittens whimsical. » 10/01/11 9:40am 10/01/11 9:40am
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107100
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This 'disco ball' is the densest object orbiting the solar system
Called LARES, this tiny — but remarkably heavy — satellite both looks and acts like a disco ball. By bouncing lasers off its reflectors, Italian researchers are hoping to prove Einstein’s conjecture that the Earth warps space-time as it rotates.
One important aspect of general relativity is an effect called rotational-frame dragging, or the Lense-Thirring effect. Einstein said that the rotation of a sufficiently massive object would distort space and time, thus dragging a nearby object out of position (a phenomenon known as precess) in a way that would overrule the much simpler math posited by classical Newtonian physics.
But capturing the effects of rotational-frame dragging has proven exceedingly difficult; the effect is incredibly minute — about one part in a few trillion. The only way to measure it is to look at something massive, like a black hole, or create a super sensitive device and put it into orbit.
And this is exactly what ESA scientists Antonio Paolozzi and Ignazio Ciufolini have done by virtue of LARES, the Laser Relativity Satellite. It’s a soccer ball-sized tungsten sphere with no thrusters or electronic components. LARES is covered with 92 reflectors which will allow it to be tracked by lasers on Earth.
Now, despite its small size, this thing weighs 882 pounds (400 kg). And in fact, it’s the first aerospace structure ever made from tungsten alloy — and it’s the densest object orbiting anything in the solar system. Its mass, therefore, should create the noticeable precess effect the scientists are looking for. By tracking LARES’s position with the lasers, and then carefully measuring how it moves, the scientists are hoping to see evidence of frame-dragging.
And to compensate for other potential effects, measurements will be supplemented with those from the LAGEO and LAGEO 2 satellites, two other reflective satellites launched earlier.
LARES was launched into space on February 13th, 2012.
Check out the entire report: “LARES successfully launched in orbit: satellite and mission description.”
Top image: ESA; frame-dragging graphic Annie Rosen.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107111
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cerca qualsiasi parola, ad esempio plopping:
any girl whose name starts with a b and has a moustache. Can be replaced with any letter before stash.
ooh man you didn't hook up with b-stash did you!? .... yes, her moustache tickled a little tho.
di Arik W 08 febbraio 2006
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107119
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Thurman P. Woodfork
IWVPA Double Tap Award for War Poetry: August 29, 2003
Awarded: August 29, 2003
Steeped in sorrow, laced with tears,
Lacerated by lasting fears;
Phantoms ghosting through the night
Fill the heart with regret and fright.
Will this sorrow never end?
Won’t the wounds ever mend?
Damned forever to a life of sighs
Tortured memories and stifled cries.
How much longer must they pay?
Will these shadows forever stay
Grisly reminders ‘til life’s last day?
Is there no litany that I can say?
I absorb the words that turn me cold
Yet burn my heart and sear my soul;
I clasp my arms, swaying to and fro –
Why is it they must suffer so?
I cannot watch this anymore
And so, I start toward the door
And slowly move away from gloom
But pause a moment, still in the room.
With a hand half lifted in despair
I offer up a fervent prayer
For restless spirits moving there.
It hangs, forlorn, in the brooding air.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107130
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Do you remember Crossfire, the show where pundits would yell talking points very loudly at each other while the Founding Fathers spun around in their graves and Lady Liberty pondered slitting her wrists? Well, the pugnaciousness of Tucker Carlson & Frenemies has nothing on Greek political TV. Today, a talk show became so contentious that one politician (a member of Greece's Neo-Nazi party, natch) threw his glass of water in the face of a female panelist and then hit another one. He then fled the studio and is currently at large. Opa!
Although the clip's in Greek, which most people in the world do not speak, the Irish Times breaks it down. The angry young dude who ends up instigating the fisticuffs is 31-year-old Ilias Kasidiaris, a spokesman for Greece's Golden Dawn party. Golden Dawn has been described by people who are not sympathizers with the party as "Neo Nazi" and "fascist," but the party says that's simply not the case, even though their logo looks kind of like a really long legged swastika if you squint and they tend to salute each other like how Nazis used to salute each other and they hate immigrants and Jews.
Whether or not Golden Dawn is a fascist party is up for debate, but what's not up for debate is whether or not their spokesman is a Chris Brown-level chair-throwing spaz. When leftist party member Rena Dorou made reference to a pending court case, Kasidiaris attempted to toss his drink in her face. Accusations of being Commies and fascists flew. Meanwhile, Communist party member Liana Kanelli stood up and attempted to stop Kasidiaris by swatting at him with a newspaper. He responded by punching her three times while the host shouted "Oxi! Oxi! Oxi!" which is Greek for "Oh my god stop it you guys!" (it actually means "no," which means it's one of like four words in Greek I remember from the time I spent studying abroad there).
A public prosecutor immediately condemned Kasidiaris' actions and called for his arrest, but he had fled the studio before he could be detained. His location remains unknown.
And that's today's Big Fat Greek Clusterfuck.
[Irish Times]
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/107149
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Literary Firm
The branch of the United Firm responsible for church publications.1 In November 1831, a revelation appointed JS, Martin Harris, Oliver Cowdery, John Whitmer, Sidney Rigdon, and William W. Phelps as “stewards over the revelations & commandments.”2 In March 1832, a revelation directed JS, Rigdon, and Newel K. Whitney to organize “the literary and the Mercantile establishments of my Church.”3 As a result, in April 1832, the stewards over the revelations joined with the church’s bishops and those responsible for the church’s mercantile endeavors in what was called the United Firm.4 Within the United Firm, the six men responsible for the management of church printing projects were known as the Literary Firm.5 The first recorded meeting of the Literary Firm was held on 30 April 1832.6 Early Literary Firm publications, such as the Book of Commandments, were published under the corporate name W. W. Phelps & Co. in Independence, Missouri.7 After the destruction of Phelps’s printing office by a mob in 1833, F. G. Williams & Co. in Kirtland, Ohio, replaced W. W. Phelps & Co. as the church’s printing arm.8 When the United Firm was reorganized in 1834, F. G. Williams & Co. continued as a stewardship assigned to Oliver Cowdery and Frederick G. Williams.9 In 1835, F. G. Williams & Co. published the first edition of the Doctrine and Covenants.10 The last known mention of the Literary Firm in operation was on 16 September 1835.11 See also “United Firm” and “W. W. Phelps & Co.
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