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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm a programmer with a decent background in math and computer science. I've studied computability, graph theory, linear algebra, abstract algebra, algorithms, and a little probability and statistics (through a few CS classes) at an undergraduate level.
I feel, however, that I don't know enough about statistics. Statistics are increasingly useful in computing, with statistical natural language processing helping fuel some of Google's algorithms for search and machine translation, with performance analysis of hardware, software, and networks needing proper statistical grounding to be at all believable, and with fields like bioinformatics becoming more prevalent every day.
I've read about how "Google uses Bayesian filtering the way Microsoft uses the if statement", and I know the power of even fairly naïve, simple statistical approaches to problems from Paul Graham's A Plan for Spam and Better Bayesian Filtering, but I'd like to go beyond that.
I've tried to look into learning more statistics, but I've gotten a bit lost. The Wikipedia article has a long list of related topics, but I'm not sure which I should look into. I feel like from what I've seen, a lot of statistics makes the assumption that everything is a combination of factors that linearly combine, plus some random noise in a Gaussian distribution; I'm wondering what I should learn beyond linear regression, or if I should spend the time to really understand that before I move on to other techniques. I've found a few long lists of books to look at; where should I start?
So I'm wondering where to go from here; what to learn, and where to learn it. In particular, I'd like to know:
1. What kind of problems in programming, software engineering, and computer science are statistical methods well suited for? Where am I going to get the biggest payoffs?
2. What kind of statistical methods should I spend my time learning?
3. What resources should I use to learn this? Books, papers, web sites. I'd appreciate a discussion of what each book (or other resource) is about, and why it's relevant.
To clarify what I am looking for, I am interested in what problems that programmers typically need to deal with can benefit from a statistical approach, and what kind of statistical tools can be useful. For instance:
• Programmers frequently need to deal with large databases of text in natural languages, and help to categorize, classify, search, and otherwise process it. What statistical techniques are useful here?
• More generally, artificial intelligence has been moving away from discrete, symbolic approaches and towards statistical techniques. What statistical AI approaches have the most to offer now, to the working programmer (as opposed to ongoing research that may or may not provide concrete results)?
• Programmers are frequently asked to produce high-performance systems, that scale well under load. But you can't really talk about performance unless you can measure it. What kind of experimental design and statistical tools do you need to use to be able to say with confidence that the results are meaningful?
• Simulation of physical systems, such as in computer graphics, frequently involves a stochastic approach.
• Are there other problems commonly encountered by programmers that would benefit from a statistical approach?
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closed as not constructive by animuson, jonsca, Bill the Lizard Dec 22 '12 at 4:16
i'm dumber after reading Zed Shaw's rant... Seriously. That is not a good piece of writing. May i suggest reducing his platform and removing the link from your question? – Paul Sasik Jan 11 '10 at 4:30
his oversized ego is, care to say, compensated by the fact that (I believe) he is fundamentally right (apart for the killing thing, that's ridiculous). Statistics as we all know is a complex discipline. I realized it even more when I worked in bioinformatics. Every time a non-statistician does statistics, it is almost guaranteed he will do it wrong. Proper sampling, data handling, and presentations, all contain huge pitfalls that can lead to misinterpretation. Unfortunately, good statisticians are few, and even among them there's disagreement. That makes things even worse. – Stefano Borini Jan 11 '10 at 4:32
"Unfortunately, good statisticians are few, and even among them there's disagreement. That makes things even worse." That's easy, just work out the statistical consensus. – Breton Jan 11 '10 at 5:27
Should this be a community wiki? It's open ended, and a little ... contentious. – wisty Jan 11 '10 at 5:43
@Brian: it's still a CW material. – SilentGhost Jan 11 '10 at 11:50
17 Answers 17
up vote 141 down vote accepted
Interesting question. As a statistician whose interest is more and more aligned with computer science perhaps I could provide a few thoughts...
1. Don't learn frequentist hypothesis testing. While the bulk of my work is done in this paradigm, it doesn't match the needs of business or data mining. Scientists generally have specific hypotheses in mind, and might wish to gauge the probability that, given their hypothesis isn't true, the data would be as extreme as it is. This is rarely the type of answer a computer scientist wants.
2. Bayesian is useful, even if you don't know why you are assuming the priors that you are using. A baysian analysis can give you a precise probability estimate for various contingencies, but it is important to realize that the only reason you have this precise estimate is because you made a fuzzy decision regarding the prior probability. (For those not in the know, with baysian inference, you can specify an arbitrary prior probability, and update this based on the data collected to get a better estimate).
Machine learning and classification might be a good place to get started. The machine learning literature is more focused on computer science problems, though it's mission is almost identical to that of statistics ( see: http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/ ).
Since you spoke of large databases with large numbers of variables, here are a few algorithms that come in handy in this domain.
• adaboost: If you have a large number of crappy classifiers, and want to make one good classifier. (see also logit boost)
• Support Vector Machines: A powerful and flexible classifier. Can learn non-linear patterns (okay linear in the non-linear kernel space if you want to be picky about it).
• k-nearest neighbor: A simple but powerful algorithm. It does not scale well, but there are approximate nearest neighbor alternatives that are not quite so pathological.
• CART: This algorithm partitions the data based on a number of predictor variables. It is particularly good if there are variable interactions, or there exists a very good predictor that only works on a subset of the data.
• Least angle regression: if the value that you are trying to predict is continuous and you have a lot of data and a lot of predictors.
This is by no means complete, but should give you a good jumping off point. A very good and accessible book on the subject is Duda, Hart, Stork: Pattern Classification
Also, a big part of statistics is descriptive visualizations and analysis. These are of particular interest to the programmer because they allow him/her to convey information back to the user. In R, ggplot2 is my package of choice for creating visualizations. On the descriptive analysis side (and useful in text analysis) is multi-dimensional scaling, which can give a spacial interpretation of non-spacial data (for example the ideologies of senators http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.aoas/1223908041).
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Great answer, thanks! Can you provide a reference about frequentist hypothesis testing? You say not to learn it, but a quick Google search doesn't seem to lead me to a very good explanation of what it is. I'd like to learn about the possible techniques, even if some of them don't apply as well to my field. – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 16:07
I added a reference. Frequentist hypothesis testing is also known as null hypothesis testing, or simply statistical hypothesis testing. I would recommend learning about it if you want to understand medical literature, but not if you want to do something like predict netflix ratings. – Ian Fellows Jan 11 '10 at 16:30
I think one should at least understand null hypothesis testing and normal distribution assumptions. That doesn't mean that they have to assume everything is normal. – Brandon Bertelsen Sep 26 '10 at 16:55
Nice response! Here is a great article and book that explains the rationale and theory of some of these methods and others: Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining. Especially neat because they got the list by polling experts in the field. – John Colby Oct 18 '11 at 18:06
Just as a point, not as a critic, but your question should be formulated in a different way: "what statistics should any person know?".
Fact is, unfortunately we all deal with statistics. It's a fact of life. Polls, weather forecast, drug effectiveness, insurances, and of course some parts of computer science. Being able to critically analyze the presented data gives the line between picking the right understanding or being scammed, whatever that means.
Said that, I think the following points are important to understand
• mean, median, standard deviation of a sample, and the difference between sample and population (this is very important)
• the distributions, and why the gaussian distribution is so important (the central limit theorem)
• What it is meant with Null Hypothesis testing.
• What is variable transformation, correlation, regression, multivariate analysis.
• What is bayesian statistics.
• Plotting methods.
All these points are critical not only to you as a computer scientist, but also as a human being. I will give you some examples.
• The evaluation of the null hypothesis is critical for testing of the effectiveness of a method. For example, if a drug works, or if a fix to your hardware had a concrete result or it's just a matter of chance. Say you want to improve the speed of a machine, and change the hard drive. Does this change matters? you could do sampling of performance with the old and new hard disk, and check for differences. Even if you find that the average with the new disk is lower, that does not mean the hard disk has an effect at all. Here enters Null hypothesis testing, and it will give you a confidence interval, not a definitive answer, like : there's a 90 % probability that changing the hard drive has a concrete effect on the performance of your machine.
• Correlation is important to find out if two entities "change alike". As the internet mantra "correlation is not causation" teaches, it should be taken with care. The fact that two random variables show correlation does not mean that one causes the other, nor that they are related by a third variable (which you are not measuring). They could just behave in the same way. Look for pirates and global warming to understand the point. A correlation reports a possible signal, it does not report a finding.
• Bayesian. We all know the spam filter. but there's more. Suppose you go to a medical checkup and the result tells you have cancer (I seriously hope not, but it's to illustrate a point). Fact is: most of the people at this point would think "I have cancer". That's not true. A positive testing for cancer moves your probability of having cancer from the baseline for the population (say, 8 per thousands people have cancer, picked out of thin air number) to a higher value, which is not 100 %. How high is this number depends on the accuracy of the test. If the test is lousy, you could just be a false positive. The more accurate the method, the higher is the skew, but still not 100 %. Of course, if multiple independent tests all confirm that you have cancer, then it's very probable you actually have it, but still it's not 100 %. maybe it's 99.999 %. This is a point many people don't understand about bayesian statistics.
• Plotting methods. That's another thing that is always left unattended. Analysis of data does not mean anything if you cannot convey effectively what they mean via a simple plot. Depending on what information you want to put into focus, or the kind of data you have, you will prefer a xy plot, a histogram, a violin plot, or a pie chart.
Now, let's go to your questions. I think I overindulged in just a quick note, but since my answer was voted up quite a lot, I feel it's better if I answer properly to your questions as much as my knowledge allows (and here is vacation, so I can indulge as much as I want over it)
Normally, everything that has to do with data comparison which involves numerical (or reduced to numerical) input from unreliable sources. A signal from an instrument, a bunch of pages and the number of words they contain. When you get these data, and have to find a distilled answer out of the bunch, then you need statistics. Think for example to the algorithm to perform click detection on the iphone. You are using a trembling, fat stylus to refer to an icon which is much smaller than the stylus itself. Clearly, the hardware (capacitive screen) will send you a bunch of data about the finger, plus a bunch of data about random noise (air? don't know how it works). The driver must make sense out of this mess and give you a x,y coordinate on the screen. That needs (a lot of) statistics.
What kind of statistical methods should I spend my time learning?
The ones I told you are more than enough, also because to understand them, you have to walk through other stuff.
I learned statistics mostly from standard university courses. My first book was the "train wreck book", and it's very good. I also tried this one, which focuses on R but it did not satisfy me particularly. You have to know things and R to get through it.
That depends on the question you need to answer using your dataset.
There are a lot of issues with measuring. Measuring is a fine and delicate art. Proper measuring is almost beyond human. The fact is that sampling introduces bias, either from the sampler, or from the method, or from the nature of the sample, or from the nature of nature. A good sampler knows these things and tries to reduce unwanted bias as much into a random distribution.
The examples from the blog you posted are relevant. Say you have a startup time for a database. If you take performance measures within that time, all your measures will be biased. There's no statistical method that can tell you this. Only your knowledge of the system can.
Every time you have an ensemble of data producers, you have statistics, so scientific computing and data analysis is obviously one place. Folksonomy and social networking is pretty much all statistics. Even stackoverflow is, in some sense, statistical. The fact that an answer is highly voted does not mean that it's the right one. It means that there's a high probability that is right, according to the evaluation of a statistical ensemble of independent evaluators. How these evaluators behave make the difference between stackoverflow, reddit and digg.
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That's a good point. It is also useful to ask what statistics anyone should know; and everyone certainly should know Baye's rule (especially anyone who has to perform some kind of test that picks out one item in a thousand, but which has an error rate of .1). Part of the reason I ask about programmers specifically, beyond this being a programming forum, is that I want to know what problems that programmers frequently encounter would be easier to solve, or better solved, with appropriate statistical techniques. I've updated my question to that effect. – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 5:03
Even with the updated question, the answer, for me, in my 30+ years, has been, "I have not needed any statistics". – John Saunders Jan 11 '10 at 5:20
@John: I think you needed it, but just ignored it. Nothing wrong with that, we only have 24 hours a day. – Stefano Borini Jan 11 '10 at 5:22
Even more important, to everyone, are the statistical/logical fallacies common amongst many published articles involving statistics, especially correlation-vs-causation, sampling bias, invalid implications, etc. – BlueRaja - Danny Pflughoeft Jan 11 '10 at 5:32
I have not much to add, but it happens that I just started to read this book: D. S. Sivia with J. Skilling, ‘Data Analysis—a Bayesian tutorial’, 2nd Edition, 2006, Oxford University Press.
What caught my attention is the preface, where the author refers to a common dissatisfaction to those who approach the study of statistics:
As an undergraduate, I always found the subject of statistics to be rather mysterious. This topic wasn’t entirely new to me, as we had been taught a little bit about probability earlier at high school; for example, I was already familiar with the binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Most of this made sense, but only seemed to relate to things like rolling dice, flipping coins, shuffling cards and so on. However, having aspirations of becoming a scientist, what I really wanted to know was how to analyse experimental data. Thus, I eagerly looked forward to the lectures on statistics. Sadly, they were a great disappointment. Although many of the tests and procedures expounded were intuitively reasonable, there was something deeply unsatisfactory about the whole affair: there didn’t seem to be any underlying basic principles! Hence, the course on ‘probability and statistics’ had led to an unfortunate dichotomy: probability made sense, but was just a game; statistics was important, but it was a bewildering collection of tests with little obvious rhyme or reason. While not happy with this situation, I decided to put aside the subject and concentrate on real science. After all, the predicament was just a reflection of my own inadequacies and I’d just have to work at it when the time came to really analyse my data.
The story above is not just my own, but is the all too common experience of many scientists. Fortunately, it doesn’t have to be like this. What we were not told in our undergraduate lectures is that there is an alternative approach to the whole subject of data analysis which uses only probability theory. In one sense, it makes the topic of statistics entirely superfluous. In another, it provides the logical justification for many of the prevalent statistical tests and procedures, making explicit the conditions and approximations implicitly assumed in their use.
This book is intended to be a tutorial guide to this alternative Bayesian approach, including modern developments such as maximum entropy.
I hope this book will maintain its promises.
There are a couple of preview chapters from the first edition here, from a course in Cognitive Psychology/AI where this book was adopted, and other materials from the same course here. Related software by second author here. Also a more extended preview from Google Books here.
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Yes, this describes some of the reason that I haven't really been able to get into statistics in the past; I feel like it's a whole bunch of tools without much justification. Thanks for the reference! – Brian Campbell Jan 12 '10 at 19:53
@BrianCampbell or MaD70: have you worked through this book? Did it hold what it promised? – ARF Nov 9 '12 at 8:48
This book is expensive, Amazon sells it at $173 for 264 pages... Anywhere to get this book cheaper? – Pacerier Apr 3 '13 at 10:08
Boy, some of these answers are good. I came from much the same background and have had to get into biostatistics largely by books and by osmosis from colleagues. Here are my recommendations:
• Start with a solid grounding in probability, including conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, Markov models, and some of the basic statistical distributions.
• If you don't have it, get some linear algebra, so you don't get scared off by matrices. If you are faced with tricky algebra and calculus, knuckle down and work through it. It's worth it.
• Statistics theory falls into two camps, frequentist and Bayesian. Frequentist is older and solid. Bayesian is newer, more flexible, and more exciting. In particular, there are the exciting things that can be done with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and related techniques.
In my area, pharmacometrics, there is high payoff in being able to extract meaningful results from sparse and expensive data, so an ability in statistics is very important.
Added: Here are some favorite books (not a complete list):
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Thanks! I feel like I have a decent grounding in probability, conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, and linear algebra (though the linear algebra is a bit rusty at this point). Do you have any particular books or other sources that you think would be a good introduction to the rest? – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 20:38
just to note that the Bayesian paradigm is older than the frequentist one, by about a century. It just got sidelined for most of the last century. – richiemorrisroe Apr 7 '11 at 15:26
More probability than statistics, but Bayesian Probabilty can be very useful (it underpins spam filters) and IMO more software should use it to infer a user's habits.
Head First Statistics is an excellent book to learn statistics (a mathematician/statistician informs me that it has not so much a few errors but a few simplications of the theoretical stuff).
I almost forgot to mention: How to Lie with Statistics
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"more software should use it to infer a user's habits." no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no. no. – Breton Jan 11 '10 at 5:28
@Breton: so you like dumb software? – Mitch Wheat Jan 11 '10 at 11:26
I like software that doesn't randomly shift and change its interface because it thinks its cleverer than me. I do not like software that creepily targets ads at me and broadcasts demographic information to its creator. I like smart software- But what you suggest is dumb, but hideously smug software. Ever notice how in newer versions of windows (since xp sp2?) the icons in the start menu shift over time? Newer versions of office hide most of the menu items except the ones it thinks you need? That annoys the hell out of me because it's horribly disruptive to habit forming. it doesn't work. – Breton Jan 11 '10 at 14:10
@Breton: and where exactly did I " ...suggest is dumb, but hideously smug software" ? I wasn't suggesting something like Office... – Mitch Wheat Jan 11 '10 at 14:45
@Mitch Can you suggest more domains in which you think Bayesian Probability could help by inferring the user's habits? I have the same sort of reaction as Breton to so-called "smart" UI features like the rearranging of the Start menu, but I'd be interested in domains in which you think Bayesian inference could actually be helpful. Netflix recommendations may be one; I like having good movies suggested to me, based on my ratings of previous movies. Anything else? – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 17:23
Great question! I actually think it is worthwhile to step back for a minute and get to the broader picture. E.g. what I liked in Zed's rant was near the beginning:
which to me stresses the need for empiricism. Of course, I hear you say, you knew that and that is why you profile. Well, yes, but there is really is more than that. Zed comes back to this in the rant about averages, and I think this rings true: show distributions, plot the data, look at tail behaviour.
So what I trying to get to is that the answer is not so much in a single book, but more in way to think about problems, about seeing the world as probabilistic.
And I too find that R helps a ton in thinking and programming with and about data.
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Yes, I downloaded R, and started to play with it, and then I realized I didn't know what problems I should try solving with it, and what approaches I should use. So, some pointers on how to get started using R to solve real problems would be appreciated! – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 4:36
That is a really tough one. You could try at CRAN (at e.g. at the Task Views) with a topic you -- say machine learning, or cluster analsysi -- and just try to drill into a topic. But it is hard as this often assumes grad school familarity with the particular discipline's jargon. – Dirk Eddelbuettel Jan 11 '10 at 4:39
Or alternatively, if you have a problem in mind, maybe we can guide to some R packages or tutorials... – Dirk Eddelbuettel Jan 11 '10 at 4:40
Two areas of interest to me would be statistical natural language processing, and performance testing of complex systems under heavy load. So, for NLP, lets say I have a corpus of documents, and would like to extract from each document the most interesting words and phrases. For performance testing, I would like to try out a few different programming languages and frameworks on simple message queueing and processing task, and see how they handle a high load, so I would like to design a test with appropriate controls, perform the test, and analyze the results for statistical significance. – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 4:51
Can't help with NLP -- but the performance testing strikes me as a great way to get started. Collect some data on performance as well as some variables you vary and control and you try to get your feet wet with some exploratory data analysis, simple models ... and then go from there. Or does that sound too trivial? – Dirk Eddelbuettel Jan 11 '10 at 13:24
One good resource about programming is "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" by Russell and Norvig. It can be a really useful resource to understand statistics-based machine learning techniques.
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What a great thread. There's plenty of good information in the question itself and in the answers, but I am really surprised nobody has mentioned the book Programming Collective Intelligence yet.
It's the best book I know if you are a novice in this subject (like me) and want to put machine learning and statistics theory into practice.
This book explains:
• Collaborative filtering techniques that enable online retailers to recommend products or media
• Methods of clustering to detect groups of similar items in a large dataset
• Search engine features--crawlers, indexers, query engines, and the PageRank algorithm
• Optimization algorithms that search millions of possible solutions to a problem and choose the best one
• Predicting numerical values rather than classifications to build price models
• Support vector machines to match people in online dating sites
• Non-negative matrix factorization to find the independent features in adataset
Apart from that, there's a great talk on TED on why everybody should learn Statistics.
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Here's an excellent book, available free on the web: 'The Elements of Statistical Learning', by Hastie, Tsibshirani and Freidman.
It covers a range of useful topics, and should be a good introduction to the machine learning field. It's explanation of overfitting models is the best that I've seen in ~20-30 stat books I've read.
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I hope it's ok with Mr. Shaw and everyone else if most of us programmers never need to know anything about statistics, or probability, or much mathematics at all.
That's been my experience in the last 30 years, despite excellent grades in math.
So, maybe the title of this question should be, "What statistics should a programmer know if he needs to know statistics?"
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Computer science and computer programming are very large fields, and it's certainly possible to go through one or the other without needing certain tools. So yes, not every programmer must know these. What I'm wondering is what kinds of statistical analyses are frequently useful in programming; what should a programmer learn, if he wants to broaden his knowledge base, and learn new skills that can come in handy in the future. There are a few fields that obviously need some sort of statistics; performance and benchmarking for one, natural language processing for another. Is there anything else? – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 5:55
Perhaps I shouldn't have linked to Zed Shaw's rant, as it seems to be distracting from my question. I'm not trying to say, like he seems to be, that all programmers must learn statistics now; I was just using that as an example of one way in which statistics can be useful to a programmer. – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 6:01
It's always useful to know what you need to know in order to do your job well. It's just that, for me, statistics has never been one of the things I've needed. – John Saunders Jan 11 '10 at 11:25
I'm surprised no one has mentioned a keen understanding of graphics as essential to good statistical practice. Machine learning and Bayesian analysis are great (try Gelman's book if you want a formal but approachable and applied introduction to Bayes), but you can get amazingly far at understanding a problem with really good visualizations. Tufte's classic is a good place to start, and the classic semiology and grammar of graphics books are worth a read. Finally, take a look at the R ggplot2 package for a simple way to begin implementing complex graphical ideas.
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Perhaps take a look at the (free) book, Think Stats: Probability and Statistics for Programmers. Although it uses Python to demonstrate statistical concepts, anyone with experience in other programming languages should be able to follow along.
Description from the site:
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It just depends on the area you are working on.. As an example if you are working on applications that involves sampling and data analysis the areas like Distributions (Normal, t and Chi Square) will be useful. And if your application is something like prediction software you may need a knowledge about distributions like poisson as well.
If your tool is going to get some decisions based on previous data the ideas of mean, variance and standard deviation might be useful. (With Hypothesis testing)
Update : Most universities provide courses on statistics. I've seen some lecture notes that can be considered as short but still good. Example
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Can you provide some references for learning more about these techniques, and when they would be useful? – Brian Campbell Jan 11 '10 at 4:37
You can do quite a bit with mean and standard deviation.
It depends entirely on what problems you're going to be working on.
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+1 Understanding the basics is key. After that it really depends on the problems you're going to be solving as John said. For example, public health statistics and quantum mechanics will use the same basic principles but the advanced stuff will differ greatly. And you'll be working on one or the other. If both, i salute you mad genius! – Paul Sasik Jan 11 '10 at 4:34
I sort-of disagree, or would at least repeat the warning that mean and std dev are useful ... when you have approximately normal data, ie symmetry around the mean and tails that neither too fat nor too skinny. I would always recommend to visualize the data first to check this. Maybe you need to transform, or maybe you need different approaches. – Dirk Eddelbuettel Jan 11 '10 at 4:43
I want a bumper sticker that says "leptokurtosis... I'm in it for the fat tails" – JD Long Jan 11 '10 at 18:45
It's amazing that no one has mentioned the Bootstrap Method, Principal Component Analysis or the LASSO algorithm. They cover data reduction, simulation, and exploratory data analysis, to name a few.
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Instead of LASSO one could use LARS www-stat.stanford.edu/~hastie/Papers/LARS/LeastAngle_2002.pdf – Marek Mar 15 '10 at 9:43
I mentioned LASSO since it is so fundamental. Another choice would be Tao & Candes with the Dantzig selector. – pslice Mar 15 '10 at 15:38
I would say the stuff in "All of Statistics" (2004), by Larry Wasserman it right on. It also has the advantage of being presented with the idea of bringing the gap between Statistics and Computer Science.
Hopes it helps.
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My short answer is this: latent variable statistics, including both structural equation modelling and finite mixture modelling (latent class/profile). These cover an impressive number of statistical models.
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Could you develop a bit on that ? I fear this answer is mostly understandeable by those who don't need it… – Nikana Reklawyks Oct 5 '12 at 17:32
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
What would be a good choice for a local database to use with Entity Framework for an WPF application that needs local database.
I dont want to use MSSQL Server cos that'd be an overkill and or MSSQL CE cos few days back I was using SQL CE 3.5 and had all sorts of issues of it not supporting server generated IDs.
I've read MS Access has issues as well. and dont want to use SQLite either.
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Fyi, EF does NOT support MS Access. – Morteza Manavi Nov 3 '10 at 3:20
2 Answers 2
SQL Server Express sounds a good fit to me.
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Yes but the installer for that is 235MB, total over kill for my little app. Plus I gotta take care of installing it as well. Would you have any other suggestion? TIA – user109134 Nov 3 '10 at 4:35
If it's that small an app, why not use Linq to XML? – SteveCav Nov 3 '10 at 5:22
@user109134 235Mb - that's the version with mgmt tools. Database-only is 71Mb (32-bit) and 74Mb (64-bit). If you're going to use EF, SQL Server really is the best choice. If you want to use a small local file-based db, go with Jet (access) and plain old ADO.NET+OLEDB. – KristoferA Nov 3 '10 at 10:37
There's also the Compact edition with many fewer features but a lightweight installer. – Craig Stuntz Nov 3 '10 at 12:42
What about MySQL Embedded?
You can use either EF provider by Devart (it is a part of dotConnect for MySQL Professional), or the provider integrated into MySQL Connector /NET.
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Your Answer
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
From Cay Horstmann's "C++ For Everyone" Chapter 4: Loops
Write a program that adds up the sum of all odd digits of n. (For example, if n is 32677, the sum would be 3 + 7 + 7 = 17)
I don't know how to make the computer "see" the numbers like separate them
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what have you tried? – Tony The Lion Apr 13 '11 at 21:17
4 Answers 4
up vote 7 down vote accepted
n % 10 gets the value of the one's digit. You can figure it out from there right?
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Yes I figured it out. I just didn't think of dividing the number by 10 afterwards – Alex Yan Apr 23 '11 at 0:02
Here's a hint. C++ has the modulus operator %. It will produce the remainder when two numbers are divided together. So if I wanted to know the last digit in a number which was greater than 10 I would modulus 10 and get the result
int lastDigit = number % 10;
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The last digit of a base-10 integer i is equal to i % 10. (For reference, % is the modulus operator; it basically returns the remainder from dividing the left number by the right.)
So, now you have the last digit. Once you do, add it to a running total you're keeping, divide i by 10 (effectively shifting the digits down by one place), or in your case 100 (two places), and start back at the beginning. Repeat until i == 0.
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People here rather not provide you with the answer to your exercise, but to provide you with hints so that you can find the answer on your own and more importantly understand it.
To start, the following arithmetic operations will help you:
right_most_digit = n % 10
n = n / 10
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Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108162
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Modern browsers except IE handle MJPEG (Motion JPEG). Here is an example fiddle.
Can I detect support for MJPEG? I have looked through Modernizr in vain.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I've tried the most obvious way to detect if the image could be loaded or not:
$output = $('<img id="webcam">')
.attr('src', src)
In case image could be loaded load event will be fired, otherwise error. Checked this in recent Chrome and IE8. Works as expected.
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This doesn't work on Android web browsers. At least on two different Samsung phones, the default Android browser neither shows the MJPEG, nor fires a load or error event -- it tries to load the "whole" stream without rendering it. – garlon4 Nov 8 '12 at 19:15
Modernizr only supports the following formats for detection right now: ogg, webm and h264.
The video element has a call called canPlayType(format) that would really be your only option (if it works for mjpg). Your detection logic would look something like this (not the format would be different).
var videoElement = document.createElement('video');
var browserConfidence = videoElement.canPlayType('video/mjpeg; codecs="insert, them"');
if(browserConfidence == "probably")
// high confidence
else if(browserConfidence == "maybe")
// low confidence
// no confidence... it definately will not play
Make sure you visit the W3C's information on canPlayType. It looks like the mime type should be "video/mjpeg" and not "video/mjpg" as you specified earlier.
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Sadly for this you would need to use an ActiveX control to support mjpg in IE. See How to embed mjpeg file on a webpage.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108163
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to get a list of all public Facebook applications and some associated data with them such as category, id, title, description, etc.?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You can info on an individual application by using the Graph API:
You might also be able to use FQL to get a list of applications:
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It doesn't look like I can use FQL because of the index requirement in the query. – jasonlfunk Jan 3 '12 at 20:33
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108164
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
If I have a jQuery .click() event firing for both "body" and a "div", how would I get it to only execute for the div and not the body when the div is clicked? Basically, I'm making my own context menu and I want clicking anywhere outside the element (in this case, "div.button") to close the menu.
Rudimentary example:
As you can guess, the $("body").click() prevents/hides the menu from even showing.
A little guidance would be much appreciated. Thanks for reading!
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3 Answers 3
up vote 4 down vote accepted
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Amazing how fast you people are. Thanks! – daveycroqet Apr 2 '12 at 20:41
You want to use event.stopPropagation() within the click element. So:
$( 'div.button' ).click(function( e ) {
$( 'div.menu' ).show();
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You have to stop propagating event like this
// do something
than only your button will be clicked
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Appreciate the help, sir. Thank you very much. – daveycroqet Apr 2 '12 at 20:41
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108178
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Player's Tour 10/8 **Canceled**
Wentzville, MO
Player's Tour 10/8 **Canceled**
Postby irwinje on Fri Oct 07, 2011 9:25 am
Since this weekend is the Club Championships, Player's Tour at Quail is canceled.
Well, I won't be able to make it, but if someone else wants to run it, then be my guest, but I won't be available to run it since I have a prior engagement.
Player's Tour Next Meeting 10/22 at Rock Spring Park In Alton, IL. - $10 Buy In - 9:00AM Tee Off SHARP
Next time we're at Quail will be 1/28
Time to get serious about having fun
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Location: St. Louis, MO.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108203
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm having problems configuring a hard disk in a brand new, clean Windows 7 installation. System specs:
• Hard disk: WD VelociRaptor WD6000HLHX (600 GB, 10000 RPM)
• Motherboard: Gigabyte Z77X-UD3H
• BIOS SATA mode set to AHCI (not RAID), with disk connected to SATA0 (6 Gb/s port).
• Windows 7 Enterprise SP1 64-bit
The disk is recognized by the BIOS and is correctly identified, with the name and size correctly reported. Windows recognizes the disk itself and reports the device is functioning correctly, but it doesn't appear in Explorer.
Disk Management shows the drive, but incorrectly states that it is uninitialized and has no partitions. If I try to initialize the drive, I get an error saying that "the system cannot find the file specified" (what file?).
Before connecting the drive to the new machine, I partitioned and formatted it under Windows XP SP2, creating 2 partitions (MBR, not GPT) and copying over a boatload of data. However, none of this data appears under Windows 7. If I put the disk back into the Windows XP machine, I can access the disk and all of its data.
Is it possible to get Windows 7 to correctly recognize the disk without having to erase it and start over? If so, how do I do so?
I checked this question, which seems to cover the same issue, but it didn't help.
share|improve this question
Maybe a bad Sata data cable. – Moab Aug 28 '12 at 2:35
Check to see if the drive is marked bootable with GParted. – jmreicha Aug 28 '12 at 14:43
1 Answer 1
Make sure you've enabled AHCI support in Windows 7.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108204
|
Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've read a few hacks on this and tried a couple but nothing cutting it yet.
Dragging files to desktop printer causes them to print out in portrait when they should be landscape and they therefore don't fit on the page.
Trying this fails so I suspect the script is outdated for current OS. This one is over my head.
• Selecting them and using File, Print only prints first one in the selection.
• Selecting them and using CMD-P gives same result.
In my ideal world: Select files, CMD-P would print each one. I've got a feeling that this did indeed work in Lion.
share|improve this question
Cannot repro the issue. When selecting multiple PDFs, all of them are printed. It simply individually opened documents (unlike when selecting and pressing Cmd-O, when all of them open in the same window) – Daniel Beck Aug 30 '12 at 13:29
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Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108224
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Suicide And Redemption Guitar Pro
Whole song
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Vex1992 wrote on September 12 2008, 06:42 pm
Can you send me an email with a version of it in GP3 or GP4?
thanks alot
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savio23q wrote on September 13 2008, 05:55 pm
A 10 page intro!
5 stars. I like it. =)
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EmilNises wrote on September 13 2008, 06:09 pm
freakin' great man! :D luv it
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108225
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Heaven, Hell, Revelation, Theology, Salvation
An Open Letter to Satanists (from Sean Sellers)
An Open Letter to Satanists
From Sean Sellers
I was 15 years old when I became a Satanist. Today I’m 29. 15 was a lifetime ago. My concept of Satan and God back then was so different from what it is now. At 15 we really do think we know so much, but lock a man in a box for a few years alone, let him get to know himself, let him grow and look again at the world, and what he sees is a world very, very different from the one he perceived at 15.
You know, I had The Satanic Bible practically memorized when I was 16. I’d read that book easily a hundred times. But I didn’t understand why Anton LaVey wrote some of the things he did. I didn’t really comprehend Anton’s ideology, his image of Satan or the devil. That also took years.
Back then I saw Satan as a friend to humanity. But that was based on my concept of God, so I guess there is where I need to start. I knew God was the Creator, but the image I had of Him was like some adult. Some authority figure supreme. What did adults do? They made me obey and serve them. They made me clean the house, mow the lawn, fix their drinks, and it was always when they said so, no matter what I was doing at the moment. I’d be watching T.V. in my room, and my dad would holler at me. I’d come to the living room and he’d be sitting in his recliner with his feet up, an empty cup in his hand. “Fix me another drink,” he’d say, handing me the glass. He worked all day, so when he got home I served him. I was just a kid after all. What did it matter if I had been at school all day and had football practice and done homework. What did it matter if I was missing some “stupid movie.” Of course when I obeyed I was praised. When I did my chores I was given money. That was authority to me. That was God to me.
God had His rules. And boy were there lots of them! He demanded you to do things His way, how He wanted, when He wanted, never mind what you wanted. If you obeyed, He’d reward you. Heaven. If you disobeyed, He’d punish you. Hell. There was no freedom there.
And because I saw God like that, Satan grew to become a liberator from that arbitrary authority. Evil represented freedom. If I did what I wanted, that was evil. Well. . .evil felt good. Everything God required was stifling, oppressing, and full of rules. If I got mad and wanted to cuss what was so wrong about that? If someone hit me what was so wrong about hitting him back? If I wanted to have sex what was wrong about it? What was wrong was that God said it was wrong. That was it. That was the only thing that made it wrong. Well. . .to hell with God then! Who cared about His stupid rules? Satanism said not only were God’s rules arbitrary, they were designed to keep us frustrated and controlled. It was natural to want sex, and to get angry, and to defend ourselves, and natural meant right.
So Satan became a liberator. Satan was a being who had rebelled against God’s tyranny, and been cast out of Heaven for it. But he must have had something going because a third of the angels had sided with him against God. They saw the truth. There was a better way to live. A more natural way. The way the animals did. With no arbitrary rules. No “sin”. Just freedom. That’s what made me a Satanist. I knew I was evil, but my concept of evil was freedom. It was just a word. What people called “evil” felt good. It satisfied me. If I had no money and saw something at the mall I wanted, stealing it satisfied my desire for it. I never set out to hurt anyone. I never embraced Satanism as an excuse, a permission slip, to prey upon others. I embraced it because it made me feel free.
It took me years to fully understand the flaw of that philosophy. It took me even longer to fully understand who and what Satan really is. He went through several incarnations before I saw it clearly too. I guess the most startling realization I had was when I really studied what the Bible said about Satan, Lucifer, and his fall from Heaven and discovered what the church teaches is NOT necessarily so. I wrote an entire study on it breaking it down, (The Doctrine of Lucifer) but the short of it is the whole myth of Satan as an archangel called Lucifer, who led a rebellion against God with a third of the angels, and became known as Satan, is just that. A myth. It’s a fourth century church doctrine that came from an Ugaritic myth about the Northstar trying to take the place of the sun in the sky. A thousand years, and a man named John Milton, a poet, made that story so popular it became a deeply ingrained part of the Christian dogma. The truth is however, Satan was never called “Lucifer” and never led the choir in Heaven. The Satan of the Bible is very different from the Satan of church dogma. But I’ll get to that in a minute. It’s impossible to understand Satan until we understand God. Our image of the one is always greatly determined by our image of the other. In prison I found out
who God really was, who He is, and that too took some time. I had seen God as an arbitrary rule maker. He made His rules the same way my parents did. The reason was, “because I said so!” But that was a false image of God. The way Anton LaVey saw God also affected his view of Satan.
Any disciple of the First Church of Satan knows Anton’s biography. He was a police crime photographer and saw all the violent and evil deeds done by humanity. He saw the unfairness of life, and decided God wasn’t real. That was a big surprise to me when I realized it. Anton LaVey was actually an atheist. Anton did NOT believe in a Creator God. To him, God was a figment of the imagination and psyche, and the myth of God was perpetuated by the Church. To Anton, the Church was Catholicism. The Roman Catholic Church was a world power for a thousand years, and its religion, the evil and emptiness of it, he saw it for what it really was, and he concluded that GOD was just an ingeniour myth, a part of a scheme to control people. Any natural desire a person had was labeled as “sinful.” Because it was a natural desire no one would be able to control it, so they would always be in “sin”, and the only way to be forgiven for that “sin” was to go to the Church and do what the priest told you. With the consequences of eternal damnation or the reward of eternal life, even kings would bow to the Church. It was all just a scheme. There was no “God.”
So Anton LaVey turned to the opposite ideal. He made what the Church called Satan the liberator of that scheme. But to Anton, Satan was NOT a real being. If there was no real God then there was no real Satan. To him, “Satan” was the force that causes “sinful” desires. The so- called dark part of our psyche. Satan was represented in every culture by that darkness. Anton called this force a hundred different names, Abaddon, Belial, Baalzebub, from the Bible, the names of gods Israel was not supposed to worship. Lillith, Dracula, the names of vampires from ancient folklore and fiction. Satan was always represented by all these things because Satan was a base part of humanity itself. WE were Satan.
Satanism to Anton LaVey was the celebration of that part of ourselves. His rituals were parodies of Catholic rituals. His philosophy was to embrace that “darkness” within ourselves since it led to pleasure and pleasure was the real aim of life- after life there was nothing. No heaven, no hell, just the grave. We cease to exist.
I never saw any of that while I was a Satanist. I never fully understood Anton LaVey’s philosophy until I was in my 20’s. Anton’s error was to see religion as God. He saw the lie of religion and the unfairness of life and decided there was no God. I saw the misused authority of my parents and decided THAT was how God was. So often that’s our first grave error in our search for truth. We perceive life through the narrow experiences of our tiny portion of the world and draw our conclusions about the whole universe from that. It’s normal, but it’s also disastrous.
The fact is nearly everyone forces God to fit into his own perception. Even Christians serve a God they perceive rather than the GOD who truly is. They limit Him according to those special needs of their own psyche. It’s actually hard not to do that, but every time we do, it has consequences. Seeing God for who He truly is takes effort, and always has one inevitable result that MANY people cannot accept: Our understanding will always fall short. We will always look toward God and eventually say “why” or “I don’t understand this,” about SOMETHING. That often drives people to come up with their own conclusions, their own philosophies, religions, etc. We demand the right to know God with assurance, in every area, but the very fact that He is God precludes that it simply CANNOT be. A glass of water is not capable of holding the ocean. That
limitation is hard on our egos.
It’s so much easier to create our own gods; gods that are fully knowable. Those are the gods of atheism, occultism, religion and sometimes even Christianity. Then of course there are those prejudices that we demand of our gods. Women who take offense at a “male” God and so create for themselves a female or neuter god. There we have all the racial gods, the black gods, white gods, and cultural gods, the Spanish gods, African gods, Indian gods, etc. All of them called GOD. And yet none of them are truly Him. Some may be tiny glimpses of Him. Maybe His big toe or little finger, but nothing more. Others are not even that. They’re only delusions from our prejudices.
Getting past all that to see the true GOD, the real creator of the universe took me years. Understanding why the Bible refers to Him as it does is a good place to start. We can’t relate to the Creator as He is. He’s too big. How can an ant relate to a person? How can a grain of sand relate to a desktop computer? The Bible calls God “Father” not because He’s male, but because of the relationship of a father to a child. God is as much female as He is male, and neither. (The Holy Spirit, the Spirit of God, appearing in the very first chapter of Genesis is female.) To get even close to defining God as He fully is we have to take every role a person plays in our society and add that to God’s title: Father, Mother, friend, king, lord, boss, brother, sister, judge, lawyer, jury, teacher, executioner, savior, etc-etc.
No single image can contain Him. He will fill it up and overflow it until it bursts apart. But realizing THAT very thing about Him is the first step toward seeing Him for who He really is. That one thing alone cuts through much of the prejudiced images. Unfortunately today society seems to have gone the other direction. Any image of God is accepted as God. However you choose to worship God is okay.
No. It’s not.
Because those images are NOT God. They’re empty cups. And this is the basis of everything the Bible calls sin. My gosh this took me years to understand, wading through all the nonsense that so much of “Christianity” is today. There is a reason for all of God’s commands. ONE reason for them all. A very simple one. They are all a matter of LIFE and DEATH.
We’ve all seen how a cotton candy machine can take sugar and food coloring and spin it into a big fluffy mound. We stick our tongues to it and it dissolves back into sugar. Imagine a machine that could do that with air. It could take air and spin it into a big fluffy mound, all colored and textured. We pick up that textured air, touch it, taste it, eat it, and it seems filling, but in our stomachs it just dissolves right back into air. If that was all we ate, we’d starve to death. We could go on eating and eating, seemingly filling ourselves up, but be starving day by day until eventually we wither up and die.
In life there are things that are the spiritual equivalent of textured air. No matter how much we consume them, they leave us spiritually starving because they’re emptiness disguised as substance. Those things lead slowly to death. Spiritually, mentally AND physically. Anything that leads to death, that is emptiness disguised as substance, God calls SIN. Those are the things He forbids. Not because He’s a tyrant as I thought He was, but because He wants us to LIVE.
Worshiping an idol is sinful because it’s NOT God. It’s an empty cup. It may feel like something to us, but it’s not. It will leave us destitute inside.
Of course religions have their own lists of “SIN”. Religions take personal prejudices and label them as sins. Things like dancing, playing cards, certain kinds of music, oral sex, have all been labeled SINFUL by some Christian religions. They’re not. God never declared them so. People did. Mistaking the two, either way, and it ends up badly. Religion stifles, oppresses, and leads to death. Sin empties, poisons and leads to death. God is NOT against us. His commands are to guide us toward the things that
produce life, health, happiness, joy, growth, because God loves us. That’s the TRUTH of who He is. I’ve watched closely and I believe most people who turn from God do so for one of two basic reasons. #1 They mistake some aspect of religion as God- like Anton LaVey did. Or #2 They are unable to overcome their need to understand what can not BE understood. I honestly don’t think it’s easy to turn from God if we see Him as He really is. Every Satanist I’ve ever encountered has fallen into one of those 2 categories. They either have a warped, distorted perception of God, based on what they were taught by some idiot, or they don’t believe in the goodness or even the existence of God because of the injustice of the world. The first is a problem of perception. The second is a problem of pride. Both are hard to get past.
The only way to get past those false perceptions is to have a heart that sincerely wants TRUTH. God has to be sought after. Anyone who will settle for, and hang on to their empty idol of perception will never find the truth of God as GOD. Doesn’t it make SENSE however that the true creator of the Universe is far beyond that simple, contrived IMAGE of Him? I mean, if someone told you a monkey painted the Sistine Chapel wouldn’t you look at those paintings and realize that’s a lie? The so called “God” that Satanism describes, that so many religions describe, is very shallow, simplistic, and downright convenient to their own set of beliefs. Doesn’t it make sense that God has to be more than that? Only an honest desire to challenge those beliefs and perceptions and seek out that MORE will result in finding the true GOD.
The problem of pride is often even harder. When we look at the world and say “God can’t exist because this thing right here isn’t right.” Or we say, “God isn’t just or good because this part of life is totally unfair.” What we’re actually doing is declaring ourselves equal to God. We declare that the world, and God Himself, MUST fall into the parameters of our own understanding or it simply is not so. We declare, “God can’t be good unless I can understand that goodness. It has to fit MY definitions.” That’s pride. To a wino a “good” God is one who provides him with a free bottle of booze everyday and grants him no hangovers. No matter who we are, our own ideas of good and evil, right and wrong, are skewed to our own personal tastes and perceptions. To demand those of God is megalomaniacal. Imagine a 4 year old child declaring you are BAD because you make her eat food instead of candy, and you won’t let her watch Friday the 13th. That’s the same thing we do when we judge God because we don’t understand the world. Only letting go of that PRIDE and acknowledging our tiny size
compared to God’s will overcome that, and too often that’s the one thing prideful people will never do.
If we CAN get past those two things though, we can find the true God. A God of power, but compassion; of justice, but love; of fierceness, but mercy. He’s the Creator of the Universe who’s greatest desire is that His creation, His children, know strength, and goodness, peace, love, warmth, joy, health and growth. That we are not left alone. Not abandoned. Not misunderstood. And because there is nothing bigger than God, the greatest thing God can offer to His creation is Himself. True heaven is the presence of God. True Hell is the absence of God. That may sound superficial, but God is love, light, and warmth. To be without Him is to be in bleakness, darkness, and cold. When we see that truth, when we see who God really is, then we see who Satan really is too.
Satan is NOT the opposite of God. That’s the most fundamental error in theology. Satan is not darkness, while God is light. Darkness is simply the absence of light. Satan is less than that. Satan is the obstacle between humanity and God. Take a flashlight, shine its light on a wall, take your hand and cover the end of the flashlight. The light is God. The darkness is the absence of God. The hand is Satan. The hand does not destroy the light, it simply keeps us from seeing it. The light still shines, it’s just hidden or distorted from our view. Satan is a being that desires to block us from God and everything Godly. He’s the enemy of Humanity. To be cut off from love, light, and warmth results in death. Satan is the bringer of all kinds of death- spiritually, mentally, and physically. He is the deceiver and the tempter, and the accuser.
In the Bible, Satan is simply a created being with no name. He is only called by what he does. He accuses us of our sins before God. He’s called the Accuser or Adversary. In Hebrew ha Shatan- Satan. The Enemy. He whispers in our ear to do that which leads to death, then accuses us before God for what we have done wrong. He tempts us to do everything God forbids in order to destroy us. That’s the true nature of Satan. He’s not an enemy of God. He’s an enemy of life.
The problem is humanity is flawed. We have within us an impulse to do evil, to do the very things we know will destroy us. Like smoking. We know intellectually that smoking leads to lung cancer, and yet it’s a billion dollar industry because we still do it. That is OUR nature. It’s a part of our free will. In order to be able to choose between life and death we have to have an impulse or desire that pulls us toward each one. Set two pies before a child, one apple, one cherry. If the child hates cherries, there’s no choice. He will pick apple every time. If he likes both though, then there’s conflict. Sometimes he will choose apple, sometimes cherry. Now what if he’s allergic to cherries but still loves
them? They’ll make him sick. Which should he choose? Apple. But which will he choose? If people will face hangovers again and again for the pleasure of getting drunk, a child will face vomiting for the pleasure of cherries. That’s human nature. We will do that which is evil because there is a pleasure in evil that appeals to us as much as the pleasure of good does. Even though evil kills us.
That’s the only true lure of Satanism. When we get past the lies, the deceptions, the false perceptions of God, all that remains is the pleasure of evil. It’s the high a junkie feels with a needle in his arm. It’s the satisfaction a thief feels from taking what is another’s. It’s the ecstasy of the kill, the fulfillment of greed, the thrill of domination, and it always ends in pain and death, whether ours or another’s.
To be a Satanist is not to be liberated. It is to be bonded to death. The freedom it offers is an illusion. And this is something I know every Satanist knows, because I was there. In the dark and quiet, all alone, without the buzz of alcohol or drugs, or the rhythm of music to drown out the sounds, there is an empty echo inside us. A vacancy. A feeling of loss and cold and turmoil and hunger. That emptiness gnaws and hurts worse than anything else in life; we take up knives to carve our skin just to escape it, or run into the arms of a lover to smother it, but it doesn’t go away. It grows. It is death at work, emptiness causing decay. No matter how much we feed it SIN, it will never fill up.
Eventually it will consume us, and destroy us.
The only thing that can fill that emptiness is God. The true God. Finding Him takes effort and courage. It requires that you hate the darkness enough to wrench the hand from the flashlight. That is something only you can do. But you CAN do it.
You really can.
It takes great effort, but the result is life, true life, in all its abundance and diversity. The life that only God can produce, because He is the only source of it.
I speak as one who has traveled the roads, who has seen the land far and wide. My most heartfelt prayer is that you see this signpost, and from it, find your way home. Choose God. Choose life.
Sean Sellers
Escape the satanism! Be saved today!
Visit the official Sean Sellers site at www.seansellers.net
August 11, 2008 - Posted by | Satanism | , ,
1. A very comprehensive testimony. It just goes to show how much God loves us and how much He wants to save us. Its like a parent telling his child not to touch a burning element still he wants to touch it only to find out it is harmful.
God is great, He allows some of His chosen people to go through challenging experiences so they will learn from it and will never want to return to those vices. It takes the Power of God to truly reform and transform lives and praise God He knows how times are hard so He has promised us that He is coming soon. Even so Lord Jesus come quickly!!
Comment by Riemoya | January 4, 2009
2. There’s a problem right off the bat with this story. How could you not understand LaVey’s attentions? He made it very clear that Satan isn’t some supernatural deity, but is an allegory for the unjustly oppressed, the scapegoat, the accuser. If you read the book over and over again and you didn’t understand LaVey’s intentions, you’re a very poor reader indeed.
Comment by Anonymous | May 18, 2014
3. If God isn’t against us, then why does he condemn people for being the way they made him? Why does he have women who speak their minds stoned to death? Why did he flood the world after seeing that humans were acting exactly the way he created them to act? Why does he condemn those who seek love within members of their own gender when it isn’t any of his business what two consenting individuals do with their genitals behind closed doors? (Seriously, why does he care so much about that? What kind of voyeur is he?)
Comment by Anonymous | May 18, 2014
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108235
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Configure the keyboard for your Macbook and Ubuntu 12.04 (and 12.10)
I love the new Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin. Unity – and the graphics drivers – have finally reached a stability that satisfies me and let me keep GNU/Linux as solo operating systems on my Macbook Pro 6,2.
What drives me crazy is the default keyboard mapping, surely not thought for who owns an Apple computer.
First, the Unity Launcher (a.k.a. Dash) default shortcut is the Super key (or Win key). This key corresponds to the cmd key on Apple keyboards.
Under Mac OS X, the combination cmd+space opens Spotlight, while cmd+c, cmd+v are for Copy&Paste. That is, the cmd key is a supercharged ctrl key.
I spent some time to search the best combinations to reproduce this behavior under Ubuntu.
Here is what I managed to create:
• I swapped the left ctrl and the left/right cmd keys. That is, cmd becomes ctrl and ctrl becomes cmd
• After the first modification, it becomes unconvenient to open Dash with the ctrl key. Therefore, I changed Unity Launcher key to cmd+space. This (sort of) emulates OS X behavior.
To implement the first tweak, create the file ~/.Xmodmap with the following content:
Logout and login again.
Congratulations, you have the swapped keys. Ubuntu should already take care to load the file automatically.
It is important to not manually load the .Xmodmap file. It may result in a double application of the mappings, resulting in a re-swap of the keys.
To achieve the second tweak, install the package compizconfig-settings-manager.
Open it using the ccsm command, or search for it in Dash.
Find Ubuntu Unity Plugin->Behavior->Key to show the launcher and change it to <Primary>space, using the Grab key combination button. It may be also shown as <Control><Primary>space.
You can now have a behavior similar to Mac OS X in Ubuntu 12.04. You can change the virtual desktop using cmd+alt+arrow. You can cut, copy, and paste using cmd+x, cmd+c, and cmd+v. You can open the Unity launcher with cmd+x.
I hope that this little how-to can help frustrated Apple users who want to embrace GNU/Linux freedom.
(Featured Image credits: Marco Antonio Islas Cruz)
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Downloadable book: Design and build sites for Office SharePoint Server 2007
SharePoint 2007
Updated: August 14, 2008
Applies To: Office SharePoint Server 2007
Updated: 2008-08-14
This guide provides prescriptive guidance that can help you and your team build custom enterprise sites by using Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 — such as company-wide portal sites or Internet presence sites. Custom sites based on Office SharePoint Server 2007 combine coded elements, such as workflows, document converters, and Web Parts, along with content, such as master pages, layout pages, graphics files, and Web pages. Best practices for developing these sites include setting up multiple environments for developing, integrating, piloting, and deploying coded elements and content from one environment to another. Therefore, coordinating the development and deployment of an enterprise site based on Office SharePoint Server 2007 is a complex activity. This guide describes the ways you can set up the multiple environments used in the development process and the methods for deploying content and code from one environment to another.
The content in this book is a copy of selected content in the Office SharePoint Server technical library (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=84739) as of the publication date. For the most current content, see the technical library on the Web.
Design and build sites for Office SharePoint Server 2007 (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=110087)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108256
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Friends on the Web
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© 2011 J. Rodríguez Alvira
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108261
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Back in the old days, before I left the hallowed shores of my native country, I didn't much care what encoding my files were in. ASCII was enough for my great-great grandfather so it was enough for me. Now I live in the land of my great-great-...-great grandfathers who have a slightly mangled alphabet and ASCII no longer suffices. That would be fine if it were just me: I've learned to love UTF-8 and have even embraced xelatex. But sometimes I get sent documents in weird encodings, and sometimes I want to resurrect some old document, maybe to include a section in a new document, so from time to time I find myself wanting to change the encoding of a document.
So: how do I do that? (Included subquestion: how do I determine the encoding of a file?)
1. I realise that this is only tangentially related to TeX and friends, so am fully prepared to be told to look elsewhere, but I think that this is quite common and especially (due to the fact that it seems one has to be super-aware of encodings with TeX) important for TeXers.
2. I don't have a specific example file in mind here, this is a "generic" question hoping to build a useful resource. So please answer in as full generality as you can and where you need to place restrictions, please make them clear. In particular, this will almost certainly have different answers depending on the OS.
3. On the other hand, if you do know a super-snazzy-wizzy method that works just brilliantly when using Emacs at midnight with a full moon, then please do post it - just be sure to include whether you are assuming the strong lycanthropic principle or only the weak one.
4. In light of those last two, I'd be happy for this to be CW with one answer gathering together all the techniques in a sensible grouping.
5. If this question doesn't get closed and does work as I intend, these notes should probably be removed so as not to distract from the usefulness of the answers (and because we probably don't want TeX-SX to be the number one hit for the "strong lycanthropic principle").
share|improve this question
@Andrew: Are you looking for a single-file or a 'job lot' approach? A number of editors can read and write different encodings, so for simple cases it's just a question of your editor. On the other hand, bulk changes sound like a question for SuperUser. – Joseph Wright May 30 '11 at 11:37
@Joseph: Hadn't thought about that. The scenario I most encounter is "single file". I think that if I had a "job lot" then I'd figure it out once and for all and write a shell script to do it for me. But this happens just infrequently enough that I never remember from one occurrence to the next how to do it. (In case it's not clear, I'm also deliberately playing "new-users' advocate" in that I could probably figure it out for myself but I think that this would be a really useful thing to have on this site.) – Loop Space May 30 '11 at 11:57
I think that Joseph is right. Propably any decent editor has the capability to change the encoding of a file. Usually moving from ASCI to utf-8 is not a problem. The other way can lead to data loss (data corruption actually). Nowadays, I think that you should always work with Utf-8 regardless of the files contents. – pmav99 May 30 '11 at 12:14
@pmav99: I agree that one should, and I would tend to convert from "X" to UTF-8 whenever possible. Sometimes, though, I need to send files in particular encodings to people who are ... how shall I put it? ... less aware of encoding issues than myself. I also agree with the first sentence, but then apparently Emacs has the ability to change the universe so that my program is written already, but somehow M-x quantum butterfly doesn't work for me, so having actual instructions for the clueless (ie me) would (I think) be a useful resource for this site. – Loop Space May 30 '11 at 12:34
I was going to mention file (which mostly works), but it failed to detect the encoding of a CP1251 text :-) For conversion, however, iconv is perfectly suited. – Andrey Vihrov May 30 '11 at 13:04
8 Answers 8
Regarding Emacs: Sometimes I stumble upon a *tex-file encoded with latin-1 or latin-9, but the second line usually is \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}. In Emacs, I delete this line and add via C-c C-m a new \usepackage, wait until Emacs finished looking which packages are installed and type inputenc. Emacs then suggests latin-1, I type utf-8 and Emacs asks, whether the whole buffer should be encoded with utf-8. YES! And Emacs recodes my file.
Otherwise look for the manpage of recode.
share|improve this answer
Looks extremely useful! Are you using any particular Emacs library for TeX files? – Loop Space May 30 '11 at 12:07
Uhm, you know what AUCTeX is? gnu.org/software/auctex You need that. A. – Keks Dose May 30 '11 at 15:46
Keks, that this is a facility of AUCTeX should be added to your answer. That's the sort of detail that's quite important. Not every user of Emacs uses AUCTeX (me, for example!). – Loop Space May 30 '11 at 18:28
I recently have had some issues with the encodings of different files (*.bbl and *.tex for instance), resulting in missing glyphs or funny combinations in place of accented letters.
A solution that worked for me, in Linux (Ubuntu 10.04 distribution), was using the iconv program:
iconv -f source_encoding -t dest_encoding inputfile.tex > outputfile.tex
share|improve this answer
iconv is also available for Windows via MinGW – matth Mar 1 '12 at 16:43
Changing the encoding of a file in emacs is easy, at least in GNU emacs at or beyond version 23, I think. First, visit the file in an emacs buffer. If emacs does not automatically visit the file with its current encoding, close the buffer, then type C-x C-m c to specify the file's current coding system, then open the file (using C-x C-f for example). Second, change the encoding by typing C-x C-m f to specify the new coding system. When you save the file, the new coding system is used.
The second issue is how to ensure emacs picks the right coding system next time you visit the file. For LaTeX files, it is usually not a problem, since latex mode looks at the \usepackage[…]{inputenc} to figure it out. There is a more general mechanism, but discussing that is outside the scope of this site, I think.
share|improve this answer
For single-file changes, I stick with my editor-of-choice (TeXworks), which can load and save a variety of encodings. The standard setting is UTF-8, but it will work with lots of others. (Auto-detection is based purely on the file itself, with no checking for inputenc or similar, so it may be that Emacs is a better choice in some cases.)
share|improve this answer
I think that inputenc is not a full proof way to detect the file's encoding. You can write whatever you want in the preamble and still save it in a different encoding. Then if you send it to someone else it will be decoded to gibberish. Propably a comment at the start of the file is the way to go (python like) – pmav99 May 30 '11 at 13:17
Notepad++ is a very nice editor for Windows, it shows the current encoding and can convert the encoding to a different one. I use UTF-8 without BOM and the files worked well in all other editors afterwards. Notepad++ GUI for encoding conversion
share|improve this answer
iconv is also available for Mac OSX (besides Linux) although I don't know if it came with the OS or if I installed it with the huge MacTex-Works package.
I had to figure out to which encoding I accidentally saved my file. So I had to try out different encoding conversions.
In the terminal, this listed all the encodings available
iconv -l
This way I tried out one possible conversion after the other until my special characters (ü, ß, ...) were displayed correctly in the terminal
iconv -f MAC -t UTF-8 test.tex
iconv -f LATIN1 -t UTF-8 test.tex
This converted from UTF-8-MAC to UTF-8:
iconv -f UTF-8-MAC -t UTF-8 test.tex > test_UTF-8-MAC_UTF-8.tex
share|improve this answer
Useful to know. Checking my Mac system, I find iconv in /usr/bin/iconv. The date of creation matches that of other binaries that I would expect to be there by default (such as gzip and ssh) so I would say it is almost certain that iconv comes with the OS. – Loop Space Aug 22 '12 at 8:12
There's also a GUI program called Charco that's available for Mac OS X, GNU/Linux and Windows
share|improve this answer
I can see that no-one mentioned the konwert utility (it is certainly present in ubuntu repositories). It has a lot of "filters" (for different encodings), can recognize some of them, nad has a lot of nice options, like removing trailing spaces, recoding cr/lf/crlf standards, escaping # $ % & \ ^ _ { | } ~ to TeX, rot13-ing the file and even more.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108262
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Possible Duplicate:
How can I reset the chapter number from zero with memoir?
Is it possible that the first time I use \chapter{} it starts at 17 instead of 1? There must be a way but I can't find one.
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by Count Zero, Marco Daniel, tohecz, lockstep, Werner May 31 '12 at 16:34
A chapter always starts with 1 not 0. – Marco Daniel May 31 '12 at 9:46
I'd say a duplicate: http://tex.stackexchange.com/q/50344/7417 – Count Zero May 31 '12 at 9:49
1 Answer 1
up vote 14 down vote accepted
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108263
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am writing happily on my thesis with latex but found a problem with glossaries package returning wrong page number reference links in the glossaries index.
Instead of referencing page 5, the glossary index points to page 3 with memoir, with book class, the difference is only one page.
After quite some tests and trials I found the minimum requirements for reproduction on my system - hope you can reproduce them, too. Please excuse the large number of chapters and sections but it seems necessary that the TOC spans more than one page for the number issue to show up.
The problem both shows up with standard book class as well as memoir class. Both need the a4paper option enabled for this problem to occur.
Here you find the MWE together with notes on the requirements. Here a link to the pdf file I created using texstudio: pdf file using memoir class and the tex file.
%\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,openany]{book} % for book class, both a4paper and openany must be given as parameters for the bug to show up
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{memoir} % for memoir, only a4paper is necessary; but the bug only shows up, when a title page is there with a pagebreak afterwards
\usepackage[bookmarks, colorlinks]{hyperref}
\newglossaryentry{test}{name={Testing test},description={test description},first={Test (test)}}
\title{Test} % titepage and pagebreak are only necessary for reproducing the bug with memoir class
\tableofcontents{} % needed lots of chapter because the wrong number only shows up when the toc is longer than one page
\chapter{chapter 1}
\section{title 2 - possibly with a very very long title creating a new line indeed}
\section{title 3}
\chapter{chapter inbetween}
\section{title 5}
\section{title 6}
\section{title 8}
\chapter{chapter 2}
\section{title 10 - possibly with a very very long title creating a new line indeed}
\section{title 11}
\section{title 12 - possibly with a very very long title creating a new line indeed}
\section{title 13}
\chapter{chapter 3}
\section{title 15}
\chapter{chapter 4}
\section{title 17}
\section{title 18 - possibly with a long title creating a new line}
\chapter{chapter 5}
\chapter{chapter 6}
\section{title 21}
\section{title 22}
\section{title 23}
In TexStudio I use the following build sequence, in case that is relevant:
txs:///latex | txs:///latex | txs:///latex | txs:///makeglossary | txs:///latex | txs:///bibtex | txs:///latex | txs:///quick
Probably a bit too often running latex but as far as I understand that can only help, no?
Hope you can help me with this problem, since I love the ease of using LaTeX otherwise :)
If you need anything else, tell me please!
share|improve this question
I can’t reproduce this problem with TeX Live 2012. – mhp Sep 26 '12 at 11:52
Welcome to TeX.SX! I get a reference to page 5 with memoir and to page 4 with book, which is expected, because you're passing the openany option to book. The glossary term falls anyway in the referenced page. What TeX distribution are you using? – egreg Sep 26 '12 at 11:54
Just checked the version: Was using TeX, Version 3.1415926 (TeX Live 2009/Debian) - coming with Ubuntu 12.04. So I'll try updating my distribution first and then report back if the problem persists. Thanks! – prunus Sep 26 '12 at 21:54
Finally managed to update Ubuntu to TeX Live 2012 - indeed the numbers there are correct, thank you! There are some other issues now with the new version of course (mostly bibliography and hyperref related... ) but this issue is solved :D Thanks a lot! – prunus Sep 27 '12 at 22:23
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
It is possible (but I don't see it in this MWE) to need to run
latex latex makeglossary bibtex latex latex makeglossary latex
as after you run makeglossary and then latex the glossary will be included in the document which can change the table of contents and if you are unlucky make it take an extra page and so change the page numbers in the whole document so invalidating the glossary first generated similarly running bibtex causes the bibliography section to be added which makes the table of contents longer.
Your MWE works for me in texlive 2012 if I add \listfiles to the preamble I get the list below, you might want to check your versions
*File List*
memoir.cls 2011/03/06 v3.6j configurable book, report, article document cl
ifetex.sty 2011/12/15 v1.2 ifetex
ifxetex.sty 2010/09/12 v0.6 Provides ifxetex conditional
mem12.clo 2010/10/19 v0.4b memoir class 12pt size option
mempatch.sty 2009/07/24 v6.0f Patches for memoir class v1.6180339
inputenc.sty 2008/03/30 v1.1d Input encoding file
latin1.def 2008/03/30 v1.1d Input encoding file
hyperref.sty 2012/05/13 v6.82q Hypertext links for LaTeX
hobsub-hyperref.sty 2012/05/28 v1.13 Bundle oberdiek, subset hyperref (HO)
hobsub-generic.sty 2012/05/28 v1.13 Bundle oberdiek, subset generic (HO)
hobsub.sty 2012/05/28 v1.13 Construct package bundles (HO)
ifvtex.sty 2010/03/01 v1.5 Detect VTeX and its facilities (HO)
intcalc.sty 2007/09/27 v1.1 Expandable calculations with integers (HO)
kvdefinekeys.sty 2011/04/07 v1.3 Define keys (HO)
pdftexcmds.sty 2011/11/29 v0.20 Utility functions of pdfTeX for LuaTeX (HO)
pdfescape.sty 2011/11/25 v1.13 Implements pdfTeX's escape features (HO)
bigintcalc.sty 2012/04/08 v1.3 Expandable calculations on big integers (HO)
bitset.sty 2011/01/30 v1.1 Handle bit-vector datatype (HO)
uniquecounter.sty 2011/01/30 v1.2 Provide unlimited unique counter (HO)
letltxmacro.sty 2010/09/02 v1.4 Let assignment for LaTeX macros (HO)
hopatch.sty 2012/05/28 v1.2 Wrapper for package hooks (HO)
xcolor-patch.sty 2011/01/30 xcolor patch
atveryend.sty 2011/06/30 v1.8 Hooks at the very end of document (HO)
atbegshi.sty 2011/10/05 v1.16 At begin shipout hook (HO)
refcount.sty 2011/10/16 v3.4 Data extraction from label references (HO)
hycolor.sty 2011/01/30 v1.7 Color options for hyperref/bookmark (HO)
pd1enc.def 2012/05/13 v6.82q Hyperref: PDFDocEncoding definition (HO)
hyperref.cfg 2002/06/06 v1.2 hyperref configuration of TeXLive
memhfixc.sty 2010/08/17 v1.15 nameref/hyperref package fixes for memoir clas
hpdftex.def 2012/05/13 v6.82q Hyperref driver for pdfTeX
rerunfilecheck.sty 2011/04/15 v1.7 Rerun checks for auxiliary files (HO)
glossaries.sty 2012/05/21 v3.02 (NLCT)
xkeyval.sty 2008/08/13 v2.6a package option processing (HA)
xkeyval.tex 2008/08/13 v2.6a key=value parser (HA)
mfirstuc.sty 2012/05/21 v1.06 (NLCT)
xfor.sty 2009/02/05 v1.05 (NLCT)
amsgen.sty 1999/11/30 v2.0
glossary-hypernav.sty 2007/07/04 v1.01 (NLCT)
glossary-list.sty 2011/03/28 v3.0 (NLCT)
glossary-long.sty 2011/03/28 v3.0 (NLCT)
longtable.sty 2004/02/01 v4.11 Multi-page Table package (DPC)
glossary-super.sty 2011/03/28 v3.0 (NLCT)
supertabular.sty 2004/02/20 v4.1e the supertabular environment
glossary-tree.sty 2011/03/28 v3.0 (NLCT)
pdftex.def 2011/05/27 v0.06d Graphics/color for pdfTeX
nameref.sty 2010/04/30 v2.40 Cross-referencing by name of section
gettitlestring.sty 2010/12/03 v1.4 Cleanup title references (HO)
share|improve this answer
Thank you for the suggestion. I just tested the two things with the MWE: 1. using the build process you explained: latex latex makeglossary bibtex latex latex makeglossary latex did not correct the wrong pagenumber. 2. Removing the toc parameter from \usepackage[toc]{glossaries} The toc is already too long for one page without the glossary mentioned in it. Likely for that the resulting pagenumber is still wrong. Can you test my MKE if it gives the same result for you as well? It could be environment or version related, if I am unlucky ;) Thanks in any case for the answer! – prunus Sep 26 '12 at 21:51
just tried your MWE with texlive2012 latex latex makeglosaries latex gives a correct glossary reference to page 5 I then added \listfiles I'll put the result in an answer as too long for comment – David Carlisle Sep 26 '12 at 22:22
texlive2012 with your command chain does now for me return the correct numbers as well both for memoir and book class. The hyperlinks are not clickable anymore with texlive 2012 but that is another issue I will have to look into :) Thanks a lot for your suggestions! – prunus Sep 27 '12 at 22:20
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108273
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Thursday, March 26, 2009
Meet the New Boss, Then Run Away
This picture accompanies a story in the Southern Illinoisian about a job fair. Would you go to work for this guy?
blevins said...
kinda reminds me of a job in the sj-r that says $625 base and hour plus comission plus bonuses but in reality the base is not really a base.
blevins said...
that should read base a week
Anonymous said...
is this guy creating or is he saving jobs?
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108274
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Sudan: What Lies Ahead For Women?
SUDAN’S REFERENDUM THIS MONTH IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR WOMEN: they make up about 65 percent of the population in South Sudan, but lack the necessary political representation necessary to stop violence, discrimination and abuse.
Many women voting in Sudan last week are eager for separation, seeing in an independent South Sudan the opportunity for greater freedom and rights.
But progress towards that goal may be harder than ever. In December, over 60 Sudanese women’s rights activists were arrested for protesting the lashing of a woman by police. (The video of the flogging was widely reported).
How you can help:
Stand with Sudanese women at Women for Women International.
Related articles and reports:
The SIHA Network (The Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa) is an advocate and supporter of women’s organizations. Read their reports on Sudanese women and democracy.
Open Democracy’s piece explores The Sudan referendum and women’s citizenship.
Many Challenges Face Sudan As Referendum Nears
Photp: AFP
News Sources
Sudan.Net provides coverage from English and Arabic language sources.
Organizations and Campaigns
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108301
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[06/15/06 - 12:00 AM]
The Futon's First Look: "Ugly Betty" (ABC)
By Brian Ford Sullivan (TFC)
The network's description: "In the superficial world of high fashion, image is everything. Styles come and go, and the only constants are the wafer-thin beauties who wear them. How can an ordinary girl -- a slightly plump plain-Jane from Queens -- possibly fit in? If you took a moment to get to know Betty Suarez, you'd see how sweet, intelligent and hard-working she is. But few people do because, in the world of fashion, Betty is the oversized square peg in the petite round hole. When publishing mogul Bradford Meade hands the reigns of his fashion magazine, Mode, over to his son, Daniel, he specifically hires Betty as his son's new assistant - mostly because she's the only woman in NYC Daniel won't sleep with. Though this "player" is reluctant to accept her at first, Betty's indomitable spirit and bright ideas will eventually win him over. Neither of them really knows the ins and outs of the fashion world, but the two of them are a formidable team against the label-wearing sharks who will do anything to see them fail. Executive producers Salma Hayek and Silvio Horta, the creator of "Urban Legend," bring the Latino television phenomenon to an English-speaking audience. America Ferrera ("The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants") and Eric Mabius ("The L Word") are the "Working Girl" couple who tackle the colorful, cutthroat world of fashion head on."
What did they leave out: Executive producer Salma Hayek makes a cameo as an over-the-top Mexican soap star in a running gag.
The plot in a nutshell: Betty Suarez (America Ferrera) has always dreamed of working in the publishing world. But when her interview with Meade Publishing tanks (it seems there's no place for the non-thin, non-beautiful in said world), she begins to wonder if she'll forever be stuck living with her father Ignacio (Tony Plana) and selling products over the phone like her sister Hilda (Ana Ortiz). As luck would have it though, Bradford Meade (Alan Dale) himself just happened to have spotted Betty in the lobby waiting for her interview. It seems his son Daniel (Eric Mabius) has developed a habit of sleeping with his assistants and someone like Betty might actually get him to focus on his work, which includes taking over Meade's fashion magazine, Mode. And so Betty is hired, much to Daniel's chagrin. There, in addition to an endless parade of stares and whispers behind her back, she meets Amanda (Becki Newton), the magazine's receptionist (who's more than willing to become Daniel's latest conquest/assistant), and Wilhelmina (Vanessa L. Williams), a former model who's waiting for Daniel to fail so she can take over. The only friendly face is Christina (Ashley Jensen), a seamstress that knows all too well what Betty is going through. Anyway, Daniel gets the bright idea that if he makes Betty's life miserable enough, she'll quit and life can return to normal. The plot then quickly churns through the "Cliche-O-Tron 3000" (TM pending) as she takes the abuse long enough for Daniel to start to feel guilty about it, not to mention begin to listen to her ideas, ideas which happen to impress his first issue's cover girl (an almost unrecognizable Gina Gershon), all despite Wilhelmina's scheming.
What works: You know how every year there's one show that makes you wonder "how the hell did this get made?" Well, this is that show.
What doesn't: I was literally speechless after watching the pilot. I don't even know where to begin. I guess let's just start with Betty. Not content enough to just make her "plain," she's saddled with giant silver braces, giant Coke-bottle glasses and the worst fashion sense imaginable. It's literally like she's wearing a Halloween costume - which would be fine I suppose if this was some sort of campy, goofy show, but it's not. Everything is played extremely straight. And not only is she portrayed as this bull in the fashion world's china shop, she's a rampaging one at that. She doesn't just interrupt a meeting, she literally grinds it to a halt with her behavior. And it's this characterization that makes the "feel bad for her" aspect of the show a much harder pill to swallow - especially when she's more than willing to sell our her family (she misses her father's birthday to do one of Daniel's outrageous tasks) to keep her job. And that's not even factoring in the simple fact that she's not funny or all that charming. Her only redeeming quality is supposedly her intelligence, which is limited to writing a proposal and putting it in a high school report binder. Again, this wouldn't be so bad if it weren't played so absolutely straight faced. The strange part is there's some campy, goofy seeds around her - Wilhelmina's obsession with being young is played up comically as is the outrageousness of Gershon's character. Unfortunately they don't spill over into the central plot. Overall, I'm just... wow, words escape me.
The challenges ahead: Does ABC really think this show will create any sort of beachhead on Friday nights?
[june 2006]
most recent reviews | view all posts
[01/11/13 - 09:17 PM]
The 50 Best Episodes of 2012: #10-1
[01/10/13 - 11:08 PM]
The 50 Best Episodes of 2012: #20-11
[01/09/13 - 11:22 PM]
The 50 Best Episodes of 2012: #30-21
[01/08/13 - 11:14 PM]
The 50 Best Episodes of 2012: #40-31
[01/07/13 - 11:05 PM]
The 50 Best Episodes of 2012: #50-41
[07/26/12 - 08:12 AM]
[07/26/12 - 08:11 AM]
The Futon's First Look: "Midnight Sun" (NBC)
[07/26/12 - 08:10 AM]
[07/26/12 - 08:09 AM]
[07/25/12 - 08:18 AM]
The Futon's First Look: "Golden Boy" (CBS)
[07/25/12 - 08:17 AM]
The Futon's First Look: "Applebaum" (CBS)
[07/25/12 - 08:16 AM]
[07/25/12 - 08:15 AM]
The Futon's First Look: "Prairie Dogs" (ABC)
[07/24/12 - 08:05 AM]
[07/24/12 - 08:04 AM]
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Yemen's president apologizes over riot at US embassy
The riot at the embassy bore similarities to earlier incidents in Cairo, Egypt and Benghazi, Libya, the latter of which resulted in the deaths of four Americans, including Ambassador Chris Stevens.
Rioters were quoted saying that they had been angered by a video posted on YouTube that blasphemed the Prophet Muhammad. The film trailer, titled “Innocence of Muslims,” is an amateurish effort of dubious origin. The cast and crew of the film have claimed that they were misled, and have disavowed the film.
Other media outlets are reporting that examinations of the film and script evidently show that the film was overdubbed in postproduction, with references to Muhammad and Islam taking the place of more innocuous lines.
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Bands to compete in festival
April 19, 2013
Middle and high school bands from Barbour, Randolph, Upshur, Braxton, Lewis, Tucker and Pocahontas counties are scheduled to perform before judges this weekend for the Region VIII Band Festival a......
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Friday, August 15, 2003
Which Personality Disorder Do You Have?
brought to you by Quizilla
You've worn all black since you were nine and knew,
even as a nine year old living in nowheresville
that you were a New Yorker at heart. Well, you
wont make it in the big city. I'm sorry tike.
Still, have fun while it lasts, because the
rumor is, most Columbia students don't.
Which Ivy League University is right for YOU?
brought to you by Quizilla
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Friday, May 30, 2008
And I Got To Thinking . . .
Sex and the City has a special place in my heart. I can't separate my love of the show (New York, those characters, marveling at Sarah Jessica Parker sprinting in heels) from the love I have for my dearest friends. That might sound strange, but when the show ended four years ago, Sandi and I anxiously waited as the bootlegged final episode downloaded before collapsing to the couch with a box of Kleenex®, preparing for the end of an era. Brian and I can have perfectly relevant conversations speaking only in quotes from the series. He's especially good at verbatim, I'm adept at tone and delivery. And while he might not be the type to quote the show or discuss the merits of its camera-work, the show even conquered Jeff. After showing him the series, beginning to end, nothing was so satisfying as hearing him exclaim it was "so good!" He can be a tough sell.
Like any good television show worth its salt, Sex found its way into the pop culture canon. It got into our hearts, its characters, like so many before, becoming real people in our lives. Our parents had Dallas and M*A*S*H, and we got Carrie, Miranda, Charlotte, and Samantha. A story about the families we create for ourselves, about friendship and love, whipped dollops of fairytale drama mixed with enough heart and sarcasm to satisfy my every whim.
Four years after the series ended with a classic voiceover and a giant reveal (John?!) the ladies are back with the movie. The blogosphere's been abuzz for months, especially the last 30 days, press tours and spoiler-alerts rampant all over the globe. You can't turn on the television without anticipation, speculation and expectation. Like an imminent high school reunion, you have to wonder what's happened to everyone. Will they live up to your memory of them?
But I don't think it was possible for me to be disappointed. Like catching up with old friends, sometimes all you need is to see them, know they're doing okay, and reminisce a bit about the good old days. For the film's opening, like perfect bookends, I caught the 11:45AM matinée with Jeff and a 10:50PM with Sandi (and a city's worth of over-accessorized women). I'd stumbled upon enough spoilers to know a bit about the plot, but was pleasantly surprised by the stuff I didn't know. With enough subtle nods to the past to satiate the oldest and truest fan, Sex succeeds as a gift to the die hards and as a stand-alone romantic dramedy for the masses. Fear not, I won't go into detail.
The bittersweet part of yesterday was Brian's very loud absence. He's still in Australia - I'm sure there's a Samantha Jones-style down under joke in there somewhere. When he gets home, we'll pop in the DVD for every self-congratulatory second of Michael Patrick King's commentary, we'll pause on each hysterical facial expression Kristin Davis conjures, and, when it ends, we'll start at the beginning and watch over and over again.
Thursday, May 29, 2008
My Playlist
I like music. All kinds. Eclectic might be a good word. Schizophrenic might be better. On any given day I cover a ton of territory. All genres, all levels of gloss and production. From the high-end Madonna and Kanye to the low-end Julie Doiron and such. Outside of metal and gangsta rap, I'm game to pop on my headphones and take a listen.
Today I iTunes'd what might be my new favourite CD of summer. M. Ward is a singer-songwriter I've followed for years. He's folksy and quirky and talented. Zooey Deschanel is an actress who may have stolen your heart in the Will Ferrell flick, Elf, among other things. Together they formed She & Him and recently released an album, Volume One. Somewhere between an Annette Funicello beach-blanket party of the 50s, twangy country, and that Phil Spector wall-of-sound doowop thing, it feels wonderfully authentic, old-school and effortless. With covers of "I Should Have Known" and "You've Really Got a Hold On Me", you can't keep my shoulders from moving.
Saturday, May 17, 2008
'night, Mother
I am drawn to the quiet and the sad, always have been. I'm not particularly dark, I can't imagine anyone describing me as miserable or angst-ridden. Those who know me well, however, know I enjoy a good wallow now and again, a solid tri-annual cry never hurts. And it's good for your skin. I listen to some real downer music, I love a healthy dose of melancholy. I'm a little morbid, having thought and re-thought my own funeral more than once, but, really, that's just party-planning. As I type this I'm wearing a summer-weight lavender sweater, for God's sake, how dark could I possibly be?
But it should surprise no one I was counting down the days until Marsha Norman's 'night, Mother (1983) began its run at my theatre. The story of a mother and daughter dealing with their pink-elephant-past, it stars none other than Megan Follows and her real life mother, Dawn Greenhalgh. I mean, seriously, who could ask for more?
The play takes place in middle-America, location unspecified. The set is the less-than-great room of a tiny bungalow and reminds me of every house I've ever known, basic and straight-forward, hiding nothing, so it seems. One of those standard oak kitchen tables, machine-spun legs and uncomfortable, spindled chair-backs, something you'd find on-sale at Leon's. There are candy dishes all over, needle-point projects, terrible furniture with faux-wood detailing set into the scratchy burlap fabric, tiny legs holding the bulky thing up. Afghans. Linoleum floors. Harvest gold appliances. Cheese Whiz and Thousand Islands dressing. The remnants of daily life.
Megan plays Jessie Cates, a woman in her late 30s/early 40s who appears quiet and calm. Dawn plays Thelma (my Grandma's name, incidentally), Jessie's mother. She wears elastic-waisted polyester slacks, the kind every woman (of a certain age) in my family wore. They are grey. She wears orthopedic shoes, beige, and a floral blouse of a man-made material. They are familiar, these women, sharing a house and a set of opposing memories. Denial runs rampant here. The play begins with Jessie searching the attic for her father's gun. Jessie announces she'll kill herself tonight, in a couple of hours. The play is in real-time, clocks visible, and I know what time it ends.
I could watch this kind of theatre all day long. Aside from rich characters and a compelling hook, the technical side thrills me. Watching these women, these incredible actors, inhabit this house as if it is real, seeing them move about, wash dishes in a real sink, heat cocoa on a working stove - All of this is a marvel! It all rests upon the immense talents of two women. Ninety minutes of talking, each errand and activity laid out in the text. There are no chorus members, no kick lines to distract, no musical numbers or intermission to break the tension or catch a breath. A real feat, if nothing else.
Dawn Greenhalgh, one of the great salt-of-the-earth Canadian actors, is a feisty lady. Some might even call her an old-school broad. She smokes and she swears and she tells it like it is. While the character has some of that, Dawn manages to quell so much, to appear meek and old in a way that she most-certainly is not. It's hard to watch and utterly moving. When she goes to her knees to gather the manicure set she has thrown on the floor, it hurts. Megan, dowdy in Mom Jeans and stringy hair, buries the effervescence that typically pours from her face. The physicality of these performances alone worth the price of admission.
Some patrons leave the theatre looking defeated, broken-down, even angry. Not everyone can see past the devastating outcome or the bleak lives these women lead. 'night, Mother is a cautionary tale of what happens to things left unsaid, when we glaze-over and check-out, what ends-up when parents forget their children are no longer theirs, but rather, as Jessie says in the final moments, what becomes of that child.
(Above: Dawn and Megan, 2007)
Ask for Steve Anubis
Sometimes my life is weird. I work in a performing arts centre where some of Canada's finest walk the boards. Greats like Diego Matamoros, Nancy Palk, and Kenneth Welsh, the new generation like Liisa Repo-Martell, Kristen Thomson, and Damien Atkins, and the superstars like Megan Follows and Ann-Marie MacDonald. It's strange to chat over a bowl of soup with Anne of Green Gables. Stranger still to casually converse about Ms. MacDonald's Oprah appearance or what it's really like to be part of the Book Club. And yet, so normal, so perfectly Canadian in its utter down-to-earthness.
Today I took a moment when I realized I passed by Megan, Anne-Marie, and Canadian director/playwright Judith Thompson without really batting an eyelash. Ann-Marie stopped to let me know I'd been in her dream last night. "It was you, but it wasn't you, you know how dreams work," she said, "You even had a name: Steve Anubis." She went on to explain how Anubis was the Greek God of the Underworld, he who determines where the dead belong. Scary and not an altogether flattering role to play in the subconscious mind of a Canadian treasure. I can't begin to imagine what goes on in a brain like hers, and, frankly, it's an honour just to be involved.
(Above: Ann-Marie and her partner Alisa Palmer at the opening of Top Girls, July 2007)
Monday, May 12, 2008
Music to my Ears
So, aside from routine infant male circumcision, I've been staunchly against one thing. Ever since Kazaa went the way of Napster and Morpheus, I stopped illegally downloading music. The thrill of watching a file work its way to you - 10% . . . 60% . . . 99% - closer and closer to getting your hands on an album yet-to-be released, or those Spice Girls songs you'd developed a long-forgotten hankering for one sunny summer afternoon. Oh! What excitement! During the boom at the turn of this century, the music industry slumped, executives worried about the future. Things got back on track, slightly, with the advent of iTunes and well-priced, high-quality legal downloading. A generation of kids stopped stealing and starting buying, 99¢ a pop. Those of us who remember the glory days, though, couldn't forget the financial freedom and hard drive overload, thousands of songs bubbling over in our C drives. Virtual memory critically low.
I've been extremely self-righteous about it. I've always said that music is the most economical and valuable art there is: 10 songs or more for $15? And with iTunes quickly slaying the big box music store, you can get it even cheaper! Music lasts forever and $9.99 is not too much to ask for a lifetime of enjoyment. Crafted by several artists (from songwriter, to musicians, to producers, engineers, etc.) and fawned over for months and sometimes years, all for less than the price of an American Apparel deep-V or Dr. Phil's integrity; the same cannot be said for all artforms. These are the things I say. And I believe them. Even if a friend asked me to burn him a copy of a new album, I'd scoff and tell him to go "buy it himself! Support the musician! I don't do that." (My retro-apologies, but my heart was in the right place.) I think it's important to support artists of all kinds. And I know: so little of the money from CD sales actually goes to these artists, but rather to the man sitting in the corner office at Sony or some other media conglomerate. I know. But, still. It felt wrong to me, and I pretended music piracy was a thing of the past avoiding discussions about torrents or bits of any kind. I knew it could take me down fast, if I let it. And I've done well.
Until yesterday.
In order to procure some live Robyn tracks (which can't be purchased in an upstanding way) I downloaded a BitTorrent client, or whatever it's called. I'm a novice, but the thrill that I once got from Kazaa and its illegal predecessors is back: I'm drunk on piracy. My head spinning, pyjama-clad, hair a mess, I'm searching, searching the internet for albums I never knew I cared about. Watching percentages rise, I feel my wallet thicken. The conflict I once felt is being stomped out, pro-file-sharing voices in my head (people like Sandi) listing the very convincing reasons why she's okay with it and why I could be too! Where once I could see what she was saying, now I feel overturned. It's just far too easy and amazing to ignore. Anything, at my fingertips! I hear a voice telling me "You've spent thousands on music! You're one of the good guys! Go wild just for a day or two, then stop cold turkey!"
I can justify almost anything. I'm good at that. But, come on, it's straight-up stealing, right? Pollyanna-Pirates have adopted such friendly concepts as Peer to Peer File Sharing and other hippy-dippy lies to make it right. If we could get clothes over the internet for free, we would. Food? Shoes? An original Picasso? Music is less tangible and can be zipped into a handy folder, fired across the world, and delivered to your eardrums in seconds. Remember the news story about the Brinks truck overturning on the highway, sending thousands of fluttering dollars into the air, bystanders gathering bills like autumn leaves? It's like that. Isn't it?
Oh well. We'll see how I feel when this high wears off.
Wednesday, May 7, 2008
Cut Me Some Slack
I get worked up about stuff. But never politics; to me, the government is like the weather. You're not really gonna change it, so it does little good to worry. Don't get me wrong - I vote, I participate, but I don't go to rallies, I don't write letters to my MPP, and I don't get upset about taxes or gas prices. I just don't. But there are a series of social issues that really grind my gears.
Chief among them is my deep desire to criminalize the routine circumcision of boys. It simply needs to change. Unless required by religion or a medical condition, there is no good reason for it. I always use the old eyelids comparison. Snipping off your bouncing baby boy's foreskin is like hacking off their eyelids because you think it's better. Eyelids have a distinct purpose, as does the skin that covers the head of the penis. Until we've evolved something out or off of our bodies, I just think it's a bad idea to lop it off, fast and loose.
At some point, outside of religion and medical necessity, circumcision became a fashionable thing to do. By the 1950s about 70% of boys were being circumcised routinely after birth in the United States. It quickly became the norm and an uncircumcised penis became "gross", "dirty" and a variety of other unflattering terms. I don't blame people for taking this route at the time - Until very recently it was what was recommended by medical professionals and seemed the right thing to do. It has since been refuted and is no longer provided free of charge within our health care system. So why are parents forking over $250 when every doctor worth their salt strongly advises against it? Because we're a fucked-up people, that's why.
We pierce baby's ears. Somehow that's socially acceptable, but I'd like to give my newborn a nose ring and just see what the neighbours say. Or how about a tattoo? Maybe gift-wrapped hair extensions or Baby's First Vagioplasty. Because these things aren't much different than mutilating the baby you had 20 minutes ago.
There are a series of reasons given for circumcising one's offspring - aesthetics, tradition, hygiene - none of which seems good enough to warrant slicing off part of your child's body.
Aesthetics: Get over it. A wise person (online somewhere in my half-assed research) said that the only time a penis' looks are in question, really, is during some kind of sexual experience, at which point the penis is erect and the foreskin is, really, a non-issue. (Non-tissue?) Unless we start to shift our notions of what looks good, this will never change. Much like wrinkly old ladies in soap commercials, we need to embrace what we've been given and celebrate it.
Tradition: "Well, my husband is circumcised and I don't want my son to be confused." There will be a variety of differences between the childhood penis of your son and his father - I hope. Hair and size, in particular, unless you're adopting a present-day Colin Farrell and he's planning a nightly bath with your husband, in which case please comment below to arrange for a free babysitter! You and the girls can catch the early show of Made of Honor. I'm very good with a loofah and a real stickler for the naughty corner.
Hygiene: Will you teach your child how to brush his teeth, or is that too big a commitment as well, you deadbeat. Cleaning beneath his foreskin will be one of the quick and easy daily routines, unlike having sex with his future wife for 90 minutes because all sensation in his penis has been obliterated. Oh wait, his mother is a control freak and he'll never maintain a long-term relationship.
Times have changed, people. It's like smoking - We have no excuse anymore! It's just wrong. Like Scientology, circumcision is a choice someone should make when they're an adult. I know what you're thinking: "But ouch! At least a baby doesn't remember the pain!" Does not remembering the pain take the pain away? Think about that for a second. If someone other than a doctor came into your hospital room, picked up your recently-born baby and said "Hey Mom! Just gonna take little Franky here to another room and slice off part of his penis. Back in a jiff!" every maternal instinct would kick-in and you'd be up on homicide charges. Somehow, within the sanctity of some half-rate, under-funded hospital in Who-Knows-Where, U.S.A., we let it become so normal that it became freakish not to.
Okay, now I'm preaching, so I'll stop. But seriously. YouTube it or do a Google Image Search. It might change your mind. Unless you're insane, in which case, please don't have a baby. Even if it's a girl, you'll probably make her wear an anklet or dye her hair. I know your type.
Friday, May 2, 2008
Kanye West, Superstar
I've been thinking a lot about Kanye West. I recently started listening to his music, really listening, and have noticed what many already have: He's actually that good. It pains me to admit this, because I'm so fundamentally against his type. To my core, the repulsively-arrogant alpha-male has always posed a problem. Being rather sensitive, I've always found men like this (the gym teacher, the aggressively masculine neighbour, Dennis Leary) to be altogether too much.
With an ego somewhere between Paris Hilton and Hitler, Kanye West has dominated the music scene for the last several years. He's been known to make obnoxious acceptance speeches at major awards telecasts (claiming the Grammy® stage as his home in February) and has even compared himself to Jesus Christ. Gross, right?
Entertainment Weekly
recently gave his blockbuster new tour a very favourable review. Sure, they called him out on his self-proclaimed arrogance and showboating, but that's just good journalism. In response to this glowing B+ review, Kanye posted an angry rebuttal on his blog asking why, "if they weren't fans of his" would they even bother reviewing the show? He continued, "You'll never gain credibility at this rate. You're fucking trash! I make art. You can't rate this. I'm a real person. I'm not a pop star. I don't care about anything but making great art. Never come to one of my shows ever again, you're not invited and if you see me . . . BOW!! This is not pop, it's pop art!"
Pardon me, young man? How is it that a person with such universal traits of the storybook poor sport - someone no one likes - can be such a superstar? Kanye managed what seemed impossible - He made Eminem look humble like the Dalai Lama. He wasn't satisfied with a B+? Grade-grubbers are the worst kind of people, everyone knows that! Why are people charmed by it?
Is it because he actually has the talent to back it up? Are the masses smarter than I thought? Pop music tells us nothing much, mostly to stand under my umbrella or to touch my body - so in the heaps of garbage (while fun and frothy for summertime!) Kanye does rise above. His songs are candid and honest, fascinating four minute exposés of his peers in the music industry or odes to his Mama and his upbringing. His success gives me a newfound respect for the average music consumer - In a world where artists are controlled and constructed from the moment they're plucked off a Bahamian island, it's refreshing to see something close to reality, however unattractive. Kanye and others like Amy Winehouse are brutally honest and they lay it all on the line, which might be something. The idea that we're drawn to truth as well as fiction sets my mind at ease.
But the conflict remains. I try to keep my shoulders from moving, try to quell my sing-along tendencies. But I can't. Almost every single track on his newest album (Graduation) is fantastic the way you wish all music could be. Sometimes the lyrics make you cringe, anger rises up at the brazen lack of humility, but . . . it is that good.
Thursday, May 1, 2008
Baby Mama
Meryl Streep in Sophie's Choice. Nicole Kidman in The Hours. Diane Keaton in Baby Boom. Some of my favourite screen performances of the last 25 years. Particularly the latter; Baby Boom (1987) was the story of a J.C. Wiatt (Keaton) a New York executive who had worked her way up the corporate ladder. She'd put everything behind her career, had a starkly designed (and very American Psycho-esque apartment), and a failing common-law marriage. You see, in the 80s it was important to show career-minded women as frosty and critical to show their bosses as powerful men who had to be clambered over. Both accomplished expertly. Then, out of the blue, a baby was left on her doorstep and she was forced to slow down and make applesauce. I'm over-simplifying, but I don't have that kind of time.
It was a lovely movie, lots of laughs. I've seen it dozens of times, those lazy Saturdays in front of TBS or by popping in my VHS copy. Yes, I own a copy of Baby Boom. What of it?
Last Friday, Baby Mama, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, opened. For me, it's an updated version of a favourite, a Baby Boom for a new generation of high-powered ladies, women of the current child-bearing demographic who aren't too good for fart jokes, aren't above the kind of potty humour Tiny Fey serves warm and with utter integrity. While the movie is far from perfect (or even good?) I'm charmed by this modern-day Carol Burnett/Vicki Lawrence combo who, truly, can do no wrong. Since they paired-up to dish out fake news on SNL's Weekend Update they've become the pinnacle of new-wave lady-comics - Smart, edgy, self-effacing yet disarmingly confident. Revenge of the nerds, or something like it.
Oh, and start watching 30 Rock, would you? We don't need another Arrested Development debacle.
Renaissance Man
The husband of Laura, soon-to-be mother of twins, is Mark. He is a writer and is constantly doing something very interesting. Currently he's spending all of May in Europe for Condé Nast Traveler becoming something of a Renaissance Man. He will blog about his exciting life lessons, everything from learning how to golf and garden to piano and Italian language lessons. I urge you to read - He's funny and excellent and the father of one of my favourite babies. Enjoy!
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Friday, December 28, 2012
Let's! Go! FLY a KITE!!
I really hate the weird sounds planes make. Like, when it's in the air and the ka-hum reduces as if it's an appliance about to go off. But, aside from that, I love me some planes. I'd forgotten how much I like flying, to the point I get a little bit emotional. I'd forgotten how smug I feel when I watch passengers who were silly enough to wear lots of metal and overcomplicated, metal, shoes. That jump in your tummy at takeoff, as if you have a crush on the skies and your heart leaps to meet it every time, to soar too. The ant farm that everything below becomes, reducing common problems (like traffic) to peasize. The sunlight glinting off the aeroplane wing when all you can see is shine and blue. That blinking light that remains constant, like a good boyfriend. :D
That flight was like a jav ride, though. It took shorter to get there than it would to get to town from my digz. Ha, and there's a sign on the wing that says 'Do not step out of this area.' Yeah right. Because that's bloody likely.
I like haikus (form of...Japanese? Poetry, in which first line is 5 syllables, then 7, then 5). When I wasn't laughing at statements on the plane, I was writing those. Find below. Like an exam question. Lol.
Tripping on mountains.
Clouds and a breeze The wing says
Do not step out. Nope!
Pressurized cabin.
Is that to say no farting?
Will the plane blow up?
1. Argh the spambots have struck.
I think haikus go down well with Japanese sake.
2. Doesn't everything go down well with Sake? (Except planes of course!)
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Monday, December 28, 2009
Hypochondriac Science Fiction.
If you have a preoccupying fear of having a serious illness you most likely suffer from hypochondria or hypochondriasis. A person with hypochondria continues thinking he is seriously ill despite appropriate medical evaluations and reassurances that his health is fine.
When I noted in my final point of the previous little rant, I'm betting there was some plonker declaring the death of SF the moment Sputnik beeped or just after Neil Armstrong stepped onto the Moon, I hadn’t checked, but it’s nice to be proven right.
First comes a link from Gary Farber:
Who Killed Science Fiction? won the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine in 1961. The Fifties were rife with talk about the death of science fiction, and Earl Kemp's symposia of so many sf pros and prominent fans summed it all up.
And over at Asimov’s Dave Truesdale comes up with:
"Anthony Boucher (co-founder of F&SF, with J. Francis McComas), in his introduction to the classic A Treasury of Great Science Fiction , explains it this way (remember that the then USSR had successfully launched Sputnik into orbit on October 4, 1957, and the Space Race had just begun):
"When man entered the Space Age two years ago, the writers and editors of science fiction, who had so long been living in this new age, hoped for a fresh surge of reader interest, an expression of gratitude for accurate prophecy in the past and of interest in the possible accuracy of other, as yet unfulfilled prophecies.
"It seemed a logical enough expectation, but it was a fallacious one. The new readers did not arrive—to some extent, at least, because they were put off by the cry of the press (never happier than when it can claim a miracle and coin a cliché): 'Science has caught up with science fiction!'"
. . . "But facts are impotent against loud and frequent assertion. Readers believe that science has 'caught up'; and somehow the very fact of s.f.'s accurate prophecies turns into a weapon against it, as if a literature of prophecy should become outmoded the instant one of its predictions was fulfilled."
Note that in full context, Boucher was not claiming that SF was a literature of prediction, only that sometimes it turned out that way.
Why the hypochondria? Probably because there are those who love science fiction so much that the thought of it dying terrifies them, and they must continually prod and poke it to check its health. The mere fact that debates like this kick off and elicit so much of a response demonstrates that science fiction is in rude health.
vaudeviewgalor raandisisraisins said...
it's gonna be your job to outguess the headlines for the next 89,000 years. Jack Vance made a good point with Rhialto the Marvelous where all this unlimited power was available, yet everyone brought things down to the pettiest, fuss, and fluster level.
all i can say about the future is expect the worse. power grabs for all.
Neal Asher said...
You're as cynical as me.
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Brent Bozell
The liberal media made loud grunts and noises over columnist Armstrong Williams, who didn't tell readers of his column that he had a public-relations contract with the Department of Education to sell the "No Child Left Behind" legislation. If a columnist is working for a government program or entity, it's always best to disclose to readers your involvement, so they can judge your point of view more fully.
The latest example arrived with columnist Doug Bandow's inexcusable back-door acceptance of cash from Jack Abramoff for columns promoting his clients' interests. Williams and Bandow both could argue they were only promoting conservative causes they would support anyway. But the exposures of what they wouldn't disclose had the opposite effect. It emits the odor of corruption. It made them look like they were primarily advancing conservative issues through columns because there was personal profit involved.
But where is that media-ethics crowd erupting with the same outrage when liberal journalists -- even major liberal journalists -- cut ethical corners and feather their own political nests? The major example of this is PBS omnipresence Bill Moyers. In 1999, Knight-Ridder reporter Frank Greve revealed then in his moonlighting job as the president of a liberal foundation (the Florence and John Schumann Foundation) Moyers was funding left-wing activists for campaign finance "reform" -- and then interviewing them on his show, giving them national exposure at taxpayer expense, with no disclosure.
In June of 1999, Moyers hosted a PBS show ironically called "Free Speech for Sale," and he opened with the views of three "reformers" -- Burt Neuborne of the Brennan Center for Justice, Charles Lewis of the Center for Public Integrity, and Bob Hall of Democracy South. But, as Greve reported, Moyers "never revealed that their organizations have received a total of $2.6 million from the Schumann Foundation in the last five years."
In 2003, Steve Hayes reported on the pattern again for The Weekly Standard, finding that the Moyers-led foundation had dealt $4.8 million dollars to 16 leftist groups that also received free PR on "Now with Bill Moyers" in the previous 16 months without any bothersome disclosure to PBS viewers. The list included Friends of the Earth, Public Citizen, the Sierra Club, and The Nation magazine. Does anyone remember the outrage over these cozy little corruptions?
Brent Bozell
©Creators Syndicate
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In response to:
BuggiOlleo Wrote: Nov 17, 2012 1:43 PM
Try posting on ANY Boot Licking Lib site, its either impossible or it's edited for five hours before posting. So, why bother. BLuffPo, Bloomberg, Politico, Rueters, and the list goes on into the abyss. How about the almighty supposedly Conservative Wall Street Journal or Fortune.; it's almost impossible to have a conversation unless you Lib-speak.
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Tired of DemWits Wrote:
Nov 11, 2012 9:19 AM
As a perfect example, Al Franken was never removed from office and so Dems know they can get away with this. The system is rigged, people know it and yet we keep allowing it to occur so what do we expect...for the Democrats to suddenly say, "We won't do it again". This is what my mother called "being a sap".
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In response to:
The Liberal Attack on the Court
Wootan Wrote: Apr 09, 2012 10:26 AM
I don't recall a big conservative outcry when the Reagan administration was violating the Boland Amendment, although Barry Goldwater did call the CIA's secret mining of Nicaragua's harbors - "The stupidest f@cking idea I ever heard of." - and a lot of congressional Repubs signed off on the resolution condemning the mining as an act of terrorism.
Obama has done his best to undermine respect for the Supreme Court on more than one occasion. After it ruled that corporations...
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108390
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id summary reporter owner description type status priority component severity resolution keywords cc release 8007 Add out-of-the-box operations for use in custom workflows seccanj seccanj "With the addition of custom workflows on any Trac resource, there comes the ability to also define custom operations to be performed along with workflow state transitions. The TracGenericWorkflow plugin comes with no out-of-the-box operation, and the TestManager plugin only defines a sample operation. Implement a basic set of custom operations to be used in custom workflows: * ""Assign to"": only usable with objects that have an ""owner"" field, allows for assigning an object to some other User. * ""Notify"": sends a mail to the specified Trac Users, or to a set of specified mail addresses. Optionally allow for specifying the mail subject, and for substituting the object's fields into the subject text. Add other desired operations as comments to this ticket. " enhancement closed normal TestManagerForTracPlugin normal fixed 0.11
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108415
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Plasma in reactors echoes distribution of galaxies
Filed under
Nuclear fusion reactors could be used to study what the universe was like just after the big bang. So claims a physicist who noticed that the plasma created inside these reactors is distributed in a strikingly similar way to galaxies in today's universe.
Nils Basse of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology does not normally concern himself with events in the early universe. Instead, he studies turbulence in the plasma created in fusion reactors. But when he chanced upon the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) - which is mapping a quarter of the sky in detail - he noticed something uncanny. The mathematical equation governing the distribution of voids and galaxies looks remarkably like the one describing the millimetre-sized knots and clots of plasma in the Wendelstein 7-AS "stellarator" fusion reactor in Garching, Germany (Physics Letters A, vol 340, p 456).
Basse argues that the distribution of galaxies today could be the result of variations in the density of plasma after the big bang. "I think it all comes from turbulence in the very early universe," he says. "[The galaxy distribution today] is just a blow-up of what was going on at that point." This suggests that stellarator reactors could serve as models of the early universe.
But cosmologist Daniel Eisenstein of the University of Arizona in Tucson, who works on the SDSS project, disagrees. He points out that the kind of plasma that Basse describes existed only for the first millisecond after the big bang, and that epoch ended too soon to influence the large scale structure of today's universe. Eisenstein calculates that the largest structure that could have arisen because of any such primordial density variations would only stretch a few light years across today.
Eisenstein also says that Basse's claim is difficult to reconcile with the results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which has mapped the distribution of the oldest light in the universe dating back to some 380,000 years after the big bang. This "baby picture" of the cosmos yields markedly different density fluctuations to the SDSS map. "I don't see any way to get turbulence into this mix without throwing out all the [WMAP] data," Eisenstein says. "And that's very powerful data."
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108419
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Film: Nightmares
Nightmares is a 1983 horror film by Joseph Sargent.
The film is divided into four different stories:
• Terror in Topanga: Smoking addict Lisa (Cristina Raines) goes out at night to buy new cigarettes, against her husband's warnings (and a radio news) that psychopath William Henry Glazier (Lee Ving) is on the loose. Things go From Bad to Worse when her car runs out of gas.
• The Bishop of Battle: The most popular of the four stories. Arcade whiz J. J. Cooney (Emilio Estevez) is obsessed with beating the eponymous and fictional arcade game. The game is so difficult that not even the best players made it to the 13th level.
• The Benediction: Catholic priest MacLeod (Lance Henriksen) lost his faith following the violent death of a young boy. While driving on a highway, he gets stalked by a black Chevrolet pickup apparently intent on killing him.
• Night of the Rat: A family has a rat problem. The father, Steven Houston (Richard Masur) wants to fix the problem himself. His wife (Veronica Cartwright) eventually gets fed up and calls an exterminator (Albert Kague). Little do they know that the rat is bigger than they thought.
The DVD was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 1999, but it's currently out-of-print.
Can be watched here.
This film contains examples of:
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Terror in Topanga
The Bishop of Battle
The Benediction
Night of the Rat
Movie 43Anthology FilmThe Profane Exhibit
Nate and HayesFilms of the 1980sOf Unknown Origin
A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)Horror FilmsNine Lives 2002
alternative title(s): Nightmares
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108442
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A lack of inspiration
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A lack of inspiration is... ummm....
A lack of inspiration is a... no wait. Gimme a minute.
Sexy girls
While I try to come up with something, feel free to look at this nice little picture.
Okay, I think I got it now.
A lack of inspiration is the event in which someone... Aww, lost it again.
Hmm, maybe I'll get some inspiration by looking at that nice picture up there...
Dang, it's inspiring the wrong part of my body. No, down boy! Down! Ahem, excuse me for a minute.
Okay, that didn't really work the way I was hoping. Maybe I'll find inspiration if I look at some non-arousing artworks. Let's see... Maybe I'll find some good ones if I go through the list of most expensive paintings.
A couple boring card players, some randomly coloured lines on a canvas, a weird drawing of a woman with green leaves and a bust, and three rectangles of puke. Wow, these must be about the least inspiring things I've ever seen. Why do people buy this shit?
All right, apparently art has nothing to do with inspiration.
Enough with the dawdling, I'll just look up where inspiration comes from on Wikipedia.
Hmm, apparently inspiration is something that needs to be given to me by muses, gods, or the Holy Spirit. Just my luck, I've never had a good relationship with supernatural beings, or any relationship with them, for that matter. Ugh, this lack of inspiration is so annoying.
Wait, that's it!
A lack of inspiration is REALLY FUCKING ANNOYING!!
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108444
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Forum:Template Creation
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Forums: Index > Help > Template Creation
Note: This topic has been unedited for 2652 days. It is considered archived - the discussion is over. Do not add to unless it really needs a response.
How do I create templates, or is that even possible?! Jimmy the Hellhound 13:45, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
Creating templates certainly is possible - in fact us non-admins can still do pretty much anything except for deleting stuff and banning users. Probably the easiest way to create a template is to follow these instructions:
1. Find a template you like on an article.
2. Click on the "edit" button at the top of the article. Find the title of the template. Then go to the template page, eg. Template:Fourhorsemen.
3. Click on the "edit" button for this template page, and copy the code into a new subpage of your userpage, eg. User:Saintjimmy777/Templatetitle. Edit this page.
From here you can edit the background colour, the border colour, the size, the text and the image in the template. When you want to put the template on a page, move it to Template:Templatetitle and place {{templatetitle}} on the page. See Help:HowTo for more info on how to do this. If this doesn't help you, see Wikipedia's help pages. Be warned though, Wikipedia's help pages are enormous, and are prone to causing brain malfunctions. Icons-flag-au Sir Cs1987 UOTM. t. c 14:37, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
Also, don't create templates. No really, don't. Because the more you spread something the thinner it gets, and by the time your template is on 100 pages it is officially worthless and ready to be deleted again. --Strange (but) Untrue Whhhy?Whut?How? *Back from the dead* 15:23, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
Yeah, good point. I forgot that. Icons-flag-au Sir Cs1987 UOTM. t. c 02:45, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
That's why we made sure you got that Memento-style tattoo, dummy. Check your belly. It's just to the left of your grocery list. --Sir Modusoperandi Boinc! 03:24, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
Uh, well. Okay. But the temptation to create one is there now. Thanks. Jimmy the Hellhound 11:36, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108447
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RE: Compression and Unicode [was: Name Compression]
Date: Thu May 11 2000 - 04:18:32 EDT
Juliusz wrote:
> (Torsten Mohrin) writes:
> TM> In SC UniPad we use a compressed name table. [...]
> Why not use Huffman encoding? [...]
> It would be a little bit more computationally expensive than your
> scheme due to the need to access parts of bytes, but would yield a
> much better compression ratio.
I had a look to the Sharmahd's UniPad editor: the Unicode name and other
properties for the character at the cursor are dynamically shown in the
status bar as you move the cursor. So I guess that the extra expense of
using more aggressive compression schemes would not be so little. Their
algorithm looks like a correct economic balance between memory and
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108451
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I don't want wine to:
• have access to the network (extra: separately defined access control per program that uses wine to start)
• have access to the main users files (run wine as different user??)
How can I do this? Are there any solutions?
(Using Ubuntu 11.04)
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
With winetricks you can sandbox the wine prefix to remove all links to $HOME. I believe the command is winetricks sandbox but winetricks has changed so much lately I'm not positive.
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Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108452
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm still getting around the quirks of shell scripting, but I feel like I'm getting a little more comfortable with it.
I've been trying to create an alias to generate a tar file that I have to create frequently, but it always gives me tar errors. Just as a test I tried to create a simple wrapper but it doesn't work either:
function eztar(){
if [ -d $1 ]
export QTAR="$1.tar";
tar –cvf ${QTAR} "$1/";
echo "Missing directory name";
>eztar mydir
tar: invalid option -- ''
Is the -cvf option in this case getting eaten up somehow?
Anyway here'es another one
I had a problem where Apache would run out of memory. I found out that too many failed shutdowns cause the semaphore to get full so to fix that I discovered a script I liked and I tried to get it to run in alias. (BTW is there a better way to do this?) I think I need to put this in a function because when I check the aliases the for loop had expanded to the list of current semaphores, which isnt what I had intended.
alias semfix='eval "for i in `ipcs -s # grep apache # awk '{print $2}'` ; do ipcrm -s $i; done";'
I'm learning I cant just create an alias or wrapper function out of everything on Unix!
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
There's nothing wrong with your first function except there's a typo.
The character in front of the cvf isn't a minus char.
Are you using a std. US 101 key keyboard?
Taking that out altogether (the minus is optional on most tar switches) and the function works fine.
Or else, you could fix it with a proper -cvf
Also, there's no need for the export
export causes an environment variable to have more persistence than you need in a function like this.
I suggest you read the Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
Look at let, local and export.
See how they vary, when to use one or the other.
Yes, you should try and rewrite the second as a function.
The less nested quoting and piping, while learning, will make writing functions and aliases easier.
The one liners come later :)
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Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108463
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Slash Boxes
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Robrt (1414)
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robert at perl dot org
Journal of Robrt (1414)
Friday March 19, 2004
11:31 PM
You know you want to
[ #17978 ]
Neil wants me to remind you to come see me speak at Perl Whirl '04.
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• ... but wanting to go and being able to go are two totally seperate things.
Sure I could probably get the time off but there is no way I can get my employer to pay for the trip and I certainly don't have that kind of money to spend on a vacation or training. And we can't forget that those of us who are married would have to cough up twice as much money since spouses generally get really ticked off if you go anywhere without them.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108464
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aoakley (5268)
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You probably want my LiveJournal;
Friends of the Friends of aoakley (5268)
The friends of aoakley (5268) have no friends; they need better friends.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108465
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jdavidb (1361)
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Journal of jdavidb (1361)
Wednesday August 28, 2002
10:56 AM
Violating the hacker ethic
[ #7368 ]
Solaris's files in /etc/init.d are not lazy. They should be. They should not do things more than once.
There should be one file in init.d, run early, to perform the task of determining and setting the system's hostname. Any other startup script that wants to know they hostname should then run the hostname command to get it.
There are multiple scripts in init.d that all duplicate some variant of complicated logic saying, "If I started up with DHCP, then ask DHCP what my hostname is, or if I started up with BOOTP, then ask something else what my hostname is, or ....., or else just set it to 'unknown.'" Everything I'm reading has you modifying several of these scripts (don't they get replaced on upgrades?!?!?!) rather than just setting things in one configuration file.
The annoying thing is that complicated logic winds up asking DHCP what the DHCP server supplied for my hostname. That's a legacy assumption: DHCP is not providing my hostname; instead I'm telling DHCP what I'd like my hostname to be. (This is a relatively new innovation for Solaris and apparently not everyone with commit access to /etc/init.d within Sun has been told.) The dhcpinfo command reports that I have no hostname, even though it would make a lot more sense for it to report the hostname I gave to DHCP. (The logic should be "report the hostname DHCP thinks I have" rather than "report the hostname DHCP gave me if it gave one.") Of course, even better is for all these scripts to just call the hostname command. If hostname has to be determined from dhcpinfo, let it be done one time early on and then set from it.
Solaris culture shock today. :)
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if you are rebooting for dhcp you are doing it wrong.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108490
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Idea Exchange: Don't burn out on client communication—create your own handouts
Aug 01, 2012
By staff
It's easy to get burned out repeating the same lectures to clients. As soon as I find myself internally rolling my eyes because I am repeating the same talk for the third time in one day, I know it's time for a handout.
I prefer to write my own handouts because I think they are received better by clients when they're in my own words. With the commercially available handout packages, I always found myself doing major editing because they sounded too clinical and impersonal. And I learned from my first boss, Dr. Stuve, to add humor to my handouts to keep the client's attention.
During the appointment, I put the title of the handout (e.g. "Litter box blues," "Cats are carnivores") on the invoice, so the front office team knows to give the clients a copy of the handout when clients check out. That gives us one more chance to acknowledge the problem and offer potential solutions. It also creates a record that this handout was given to these clients on this day.
Dr. Susan McMillan
Burlington, Vt.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108499
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A short animation I made for Penguin Books to help promote Is That A Fish In Your Ear? by David Bellos.
It's a great book, and should you wish to buy it, you can do so here: j.mp/FishInYourEar
- Animation by Matt Young (mymymy.co.uk)
- Produced by Alan Trotter (greaterthanorequalto.net)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108500
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Honest Directors PRO
New York, NY
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Honest is a directing team comprised of Jonathan Milott and Cary Murnion. Their animation and live-action directing experiments led to opportunities with big brands, who were making their first attempts at video on the web. For Nike's "Art of Speed" and Diesel's "Dreams" campaigns, they produced, wrote and directed films on a given theme. Using these projects as a foundation for their directing career, they have developed work with Panasonic, MSN, multiple Nike projects and many more exciting brands. Honest's work has been recognized with projects short listed at Cannes, Saatchi & Saatchi New Directors, Shots New Directors Showcase, SXSW and being selected for the ADC Young Gun Awards. Jonathan and Cary are also the founders of the award winning interactive agency of the same name, Honest (stayhonest.com).
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108548
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Previous Next Up Comments
SEHR, volume 4, issue 2: Constructions of the Mind
Updated July 23, 1995
philosophy and cognitive science
Serge Sharoff
cognitive science as philosophy
As classic philosophy fades away, said Heidegger, cybernetics becomes a philosophy for the twentieth century.1 However, this thesis can be reversed; that is, philosophical systems can be interpreted from the viewpoint of computer science. Different schools of cognitive science, then, represent the interpretations or realizations of corresponding schools of philosophy.
The history of artificial intelligence began with efforts to create thinking machines designed to cover the widest possible domain of human intellectual activity, and the declared objective of such program development was to exceed usual human reasoning, at least in certain fields. Programming served as a basis for these investigations. In practical terms, the relative failure of these early attempts--the discrepancy between their announced intentions and their real successes--has led to the creation of effective programs operating successfully in carefully constrained problem domains. Conceptually, the goal now of theoretical research in AI is to investigate the human mind, an end to which both psychological research and pure programming tricks have been put. But many AI problems also have a direct relationship to old philosophical problems: mental category determination, hermeneutic circle problems, the balance between empirical and a priori knowledge, the interrelations between abstract and specific knowledge, and so on. If we look at theoretical investigations in AI, we discover that they are always based on some philosophical background; this framework helps in large part to determine the structure of AI models as they are elaborated.
Dreyfus and Dreyfus offer one attempt to trace the links between classic philosophy and cognitive science and to interpret the former from the standpoint of the latter. As they describe the history of European philosophy, they identify a sequence of AI predecessors: Plato, Galileo, Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, and Husserl. For example, they write:
Kant had a new idea as to how the mind worked. He held that all concepts were really rules. For example, the concept for dog is something like the rule: If it has four legs, barks, and wags its tail, then it's a dog.... Husserl, who can be regarded as the father of the information-processing model of the mind, [extended Kant's ideas and] argued that concepts were hierarchies of rules, rules which contained other rules under them. For example, the rule for recognizing dogs contained a subrule for recognizing tails. Husserl also saw that such rules would have to tell us not about any particular dog, or dogs in general, but about the typical dog. All the basic ideas used by Minsky and his students of artificial intelligence were in place.2
But even though many of the basic ideas of AI may be in place in classic philosophy, AI researchers must actively develop the particular philosophical systems they use: they must clarify obscure propositions and develop many lines of inquiry left out of the "frame" of the original philosophical systems. For example, in "On the Art of Combinations"(1666), Leibniz proposed that all reasoning can be reduced to an ordered combination of elements. If we could define such an algebra of thought, it would become possible for a machine to reason, like clockwork. Such a machine would be capable of resolving every philosophical controversy, as well as making discoveries by itself. Leibniz's thesis amounts to a theory of artificial intelligence for the seventeenth century. However, Leibniz did not have to develop many concrete questions about the correlation between his elements, about the problems of their sufficiency, or about ensuring right outcomes from right premises; that is, he never had to debug his program. The "General Problem Solver" (GPS) developed mainly by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon is one of the earliest and most general approaches in cognitive science. The GPS-style description of reasoning (in terms of simple algebraic symbols and operations that combine these symbols into expressions) directly follows from Leibniz's thoughts and "debugs" them. As far as I know, developers of AI systems have never emphasized just how much their work relies upon and develops related philosophical theories. So, for example, the discussion about interrelations between GPS representations and Leibniz's "combinations" is rather suggestive--and unusual.
a realization of philosophy
Another example from classic philosophy can serve as a metaphor for the interpretation of AI investigations as philosophy. Drawing on the distinction between the thing-in-itself and the phenomenon it presents to us, Kant wrote in his Critique of Pure Reason:
I cannot explore my soul as a thing-in-itself by means of theoretical reasoning (still less by means of empirical observation); hence, I cannot explore free will as a feature of a being.... Nevertheless, I can think about freedom, that is, the representation of it is at least without contradictions.3
To shift this Kantian example into the domain of AI: researchers, as conscious beings, probably cannot create artificial consciousness, but they can think about their own consciousness and express their thoughts in some language--in the language of philosophical concepts (in Kant's case), or in a programming language (in the case of AI researchers).
In order to develop cognitive science as rigorous philosophy, it is necessary to adopt the premise that a description of states of consciousness as representational states can be consistent.4 States of consciousness themselves, along with skills, emotions, and so forth, are not representations in themselves and do not belong to the realm of language; however, the fact that these states may find expression in verbal forms demonstrates that some kind of symbolic representation is possible. Moreover, states of consciousness have an inherent need for some kind of expression in order to be grasped, and language is the medium for symbolizing internal states. Schütz refers to this process as explication.5 Admittedly, explication is possible only for some part of consciousness, and it cannot be done to "absolute zero," to the nth degree. But interpreting situations is one of the main activities of consciousness, and explaining them through language is a necessary way of socializing and expanding the conscious "stock of knowledge." Schütz uses the phrase "taken for granted" to describe the seemingly natural attitude one adopts in everyday life towards phenomena such as the characteristics of the world and of other conscious beings. In fact, what this "natural" attitude takes for granted is precisely the possibility of describing consciousness. We may recall a quotation from Pascal that Dreyfus and Dreyfus use as the title for their book's prologue: "The heart has its reasons that reason does not know." Undoubtedly, there is a reason why the European philosophical tradition has for so long attempted to explicate the processes of consciousness. There is no reason to declare this attempt no longer valid.
basic concepts for computer phenomenology
Many of the primary phenomenological ideas of Husserl and the early Heidegger lend themselves to interpretation from the viewpoint of cognitive science: notions of the phenomenon, the constitution of meaning, readiness-to-hand (Zuhanden), intentionality, horizon, and internal time-consciousness.
For the purposes of this article, phenomenology may be described as the philosophy of dynamic representations. In Truth and Method, Hans-Georg Gadamer cites Schleiemacher's words as a slogan for this philosophy: "Blooming is the real maturity. A ripe fruit is only a chaotic surface that does not belong to the organic plant." The purpose of phenomenological description is to probe the thinking life hidden within us:
In contrast to an analytic philosophy that substitutes simplified constructions for the immediately given in all of its complexity and applies 'Ockham's razor,' phenomenology resists all transforming reinterpretations of the given, analyzing it for what it is in itself and on its own terms.6
Phenomenology's key concept is the notion of constitution, a description of the creative dynamics of the phenomena of consciousness. As Husserl wrote, "it is necessary to show in each concrete constituting act how the sense of the phenomenon is being created."7 Phenomenology uses a complex description of the phenomenon as "that which shows its selfness through itself." For our purpose--that of describing a computer phenomenology--it is sufficient to consider a phenomenon as a mental construct that is placed in consciousness, complies with other phenomena, and has the ability to reveal itself.
Husserl's methodological solipsism corresponds closely to the nature of computer representations. His descriptions deal exclusively with subjective phenomena. The external world is taken out of brackets; as Husserl says, epoché is committed. A mental act, as phenomenology describes it, is concerned not with material things but with itself. Husserl uses the notion of intentionality, the direction of consciousness toward a perceived object, to describe the interaction between consciousness and objects in the external world. Through intentionality, consciousness comes to represent the object as a phenomenon.
Intentionality expresses the fundamental feature of consciousness: it is always consciousness about something. Consciousness is not an abstract mechanism that processes raw data; its core structure correlates with and, therefore, depends on grasped phenomena. This ensures the impossibility of a description of consciousness which is separate from perceived objects. Husserl wrote:
In all pure psychic experiences (in perceiving something, judging about something, willing something, enjoying something, hoping for something, etc.) there is found inherently a being-directed-toward.... Experiences are intentional. This being-directed-toward is not just joined to the experience by way of a mere addition, and occasionally as an accidental reaction, as if experiences could be what they are without the intentional relation. With the intentionality of the experiences there announces itself, rather, the essential structure of purely psychical.8
The notion of intentionality was popularized in the AI world by J.R. Searle, who described it as "a feature of many mental states and events, by means of which they are directed to objects and states of affairs of the external world."9 Searle claimed that he wanted to remove some of the peculiarities of certain old philosophical traditions. Yet Husserl's and Searle's definitions of intentionality are quite similar. As Searle himself admitted, the main difference lies in their ways of using these notions. The idea of intentionality can be interpreted from two different standpoints: it is both the direction of conscious acts toward objects in the external world, and the way in which phenomena exist within consciousness. But regarding the first interpretation, Husserl wrote:
The invention of intentionality realized by Brentano did not yet overcome naturalism, which, so to speak, captured intentional experiences and closed the way to the real tasks of the investigation of intentionality.10
It is precisely the second interpretation, and the consequent work of describing conscious phenomena, which Husserl regarded as the real task of investigations of intentionality. Husserl's method of analyzing consciousness is purely descriptive. The fact that the external world is taken out of brackets, that epoché is committed, does not deny this world; the external world maintains its existence. A philosopher committing epoché refuses to deal with the external world prior to its entry into consciousness. The difference between the "imagined" or nonsensical (e.g., a centaur smoking a pipe) and "real" or sensible objects is only in the mode of the phenomena; both objects are intentionally represented or actualized within consciousness. The direction of consciousness toward an object results in the act of endowing something with sense. In Husserl's words, when we speak about sense, "we speak about some ideal entity that can be something that is implied (vermeintes) in the open infinity of real and possible sense-giving (meinende) experiences."11
Husserl uses the notion of an act (say, an act of giving sense or an act of perceiving time) only to indicate the passive synthesis in consciousness of what something means. The notion of act does not mean a conscious action, just as intentionality does not mean desire, for we are always already situated within consciousness even as we analyze it. Otherwise, if we assign an act to some hypothetical action maker, we have to describe the functions of an internal consciousness, a consciousness within consciousness: in programming terms, we become hopelessly trapped in an endless loop.
Intentionality concerns the phenomena at the center of consciousness, at its focus. At the periphery of consciousness is what Husserl termed the "horizon," the background that provides the conditions for comprehending phenomena. In other words, what the horizon provides is pre-understanding (Vorverständnis). For instance, we understand the meaning of words in the context of a horizon constituted from our understanding of other words and their relations. Describing the relationships between horizon and intentionality, Husserl points out:
Consciousness--where the given object is led to its realization--is not like a box with data inside. A current state of consciousness is constituted so that every object shows its selfness.12
Heidegger uses a notion similar to Husserl's horizon: readiness-to-hand (Zuhanden). The word Zuhanden--at hand--emphasizes that relevant objects are held near the focus of consciousness. Both horizon and intentional states are constantly changing, and a phenomenon placed at the horizon, in the background, can be readily moved to the center by consciousness. Conversely, the phenomena constituted in the field of intentionality form a part of the horizon for the next intentionality field. As they move from center to periphery, they move from present to just-past; they submerge into the horizon, sink in time.
internal time-consciousness
In order to describe the constitution of mental phenomena, we need some possibility for representing time in consciousness. The original source for the phenomenology of time may perhaps be found in the writings of St. Augustine. In his lectures on the phenomenology of time, Husserl cited a description of time experience from the eleventh volume of the Confessions: "I measure time in my soul." Like St. Augustine, Husserl dismisses any objective notion of time. All phenomena are represented in consciousness, and consciousness operates with meanings created through intentionality. Therefore, temporal phenomena are constituted by consciousness, but they refer to a state of affairs in the external world.
Husserl describes time through a tripartite structure consisting of protention, the now-point, and retention. Protention is an anticipation of the future, the various expectations constituting and conditioning "that which is coming." At Husserl's now-point are the current horizon and the intentionality constituted within this horizon. Retention is the chain formed of the past, the reflections (Abschatungen) of previous phenomena kept in consciousness. The following figure represents Husserl's scheme:
The horizontal line corresponds to the flow of conscious phenomena, and vertical lines to the mobile temporal horizon, in which the shadows of previous phenomena are still present in consciousness. Each phenomenon has a retention chain, represented as a diagonal line. These lines express the way in which the now-point has changed the representation of previous moments. Just as the moment t-now was constituted at the moment t-past2, so expectations at the moment t-now constitute t-future. Specifically, the moment t-future is already represented in consciousness at t-now as an intentional state.
For Husserl, consciousness is a flow of phenomena along a common line or with a common pivot: the revealing or unfolding of experiences in time. The process of revealing determines the structure of these experiences. In other words, time-consciousness provides the organizing basis for all other activities of consciousness. Like other phenomena, time is constituted in consciousness, but time also provides a basis for constituting other phenomena, because each phenomenon starts, modulates, and concludes along the connected life of consciousness.
It is possible to distinguish between two kinds of intentionality: longitudinal and transversal (represented above as vertical and horizontal lines). Transversal intentionality means grasping an object at various points in time: how it begins, varies, finishes; it provides the possibility of grasping a temporal object. Longitudinal intentionality, on the other hand, allows us to grasp the flow of consciousness itself. Consciousness can thus become the object of analysis because of retention, the chain formed of the past.13 Logically and practically, the introduction of time allows us to escape another endless loop: the infinite regress of reflective consciousness, of a consciousness analyzing its own consciousness. The question for AI is, however, can we analyze our own consciousness?
obstacles for computer phenomenology
A cornerstone of Heidegger's philosophy is his refusal to isolate research into language and mind from social environment and body. According to him, New Age metaphysics replaces the world with a representation and a man with a subject. Modeling phenomenological concepts and analyzing consciousness and language without embodying the whole system means that we lose any real engagement with a situation; Husserl's answer to the problem of embodied consciousness, the phenomenology of consciousness, thus had some problems. An attempt to shelter in pure subjectivity might easily fail. When describing a situation it seems difficult to deny the direct, rather than the internalized, influence of external forces. The source of time--the fact that being lasts--is also difficult to place exclusively within ourselves. As a result, a thesis concerning the link of consciousness and body, being-in-the-world, became a key subject for Heidegger's and Merleau-Ponty's versions of phenomenology.
Heidegger changed Husserl's emphasis and shifted from the analysis of consciousness to the analysis of being (Dasein-analytik); for this reason, his problems differ from those of cognitive science. Although Dreyfus's exploration of the philosophical background of AI, based on Heidegger's ontology,14 leads one to an appropriate conclusion about the impossibility of such a project, its impossibility arises from Heidegger's phenomenology of being,15 rather than Husserl's analysis of consciousness. In contrast, Husserl's descriptive analysis of consciousness by means of reflection corresponds quite closely with the goals of cognitive science. Regarding the question of a method for phenomenological psychology, Husserl wrote:
Reflection should be made so that the variable, fluctuating life of the ego, the life of consciousness, is not viewed at its surface but instead explicated in contemplation according to its own essential constituent parts.16
Husserl's attempts to explore the constitution of phenomena in consciousness--his call for models of its production--agree with the basic essence of cognitive science. However, Husserl also imposed some limitations on the scope of this analysis when he wrote about the pre-intentional field, the field of pure possibility of intention, which constitutes the primary flow and which limits the possibility of analysis by means of language. The primary flow thus becomes the crucial problem when we consider the possibility of continuing the European philosophical tradition by means of cognitive science. There are two possibilities. If cognitive science can be used to interpret the structure of the primary flow, then it transcends traditional philosophy because it goes beyond the linguistic-based approaches of a human thinker; that is, its modeling is on a level below traditional description. The second possibility is that the primary flow is as impenetrable to analyses based on cognitive science as it was to previous descriptions based on traditional philosophy.
Nothing remains but to admit the restrictions placed by phenomenology on computer realization. How significant would this realization be under such restrictions? Of course, I use the term "realization" only metaphorically. But phenomenology nonetheless proposes interesting concepts for the development of the classical AI paradigm. AI can no longer attempt to create "thinking machines"; the only possible computer project is a development of some version of philosophy. We can elaborate our concepts, but we cannot elaborate ourselves. Yet even this weak assumption is unjustifiable if we do not consider how we are to realize our position, if we do not clarify our concepts by using the computer. The following paragraphs attempt to apply phenomenological concepts to traditional fields of AI.
an interpretation of phenomenological concepts for cognitive science
Husserl's horizon and internal time-consciousness can provide the key ideas for a computer version of phenomenology, a version which uses continually changing representations of information to ensure the readiness-to-hand of relevant facts. The situation thus constitutes itself on the basis of the history of previous steps.
The main distinction between phenomenological and classical approaches to cognitive science is the use they make of saved information, for instance, vocabulary items, scripts, and frames. In essence, the distinction is between dynamic remembering and constant memory. Dynamic representations suppose that scripts or word meanings are not simply selected from a vocabulary of possibilities; instead, they are created and constituted during the process of analysis. The problem of polysemy does not even arise during real understanding, for the situation constitutes itself so that a "word meaning" must be integrated in its context; the meaning of a word is its meaning in the current situation. It is the situation which attaches meaning to a word: like the king's seal, which, as Mark Twain's pauper demonstrates, may also be used to crack nuts.
It is also possible to apply Husserl's scheme of intentionality to the field of natural language understanding. A word or sentence can serve as an object of intentionality; the flow of interpreting words and sentences produces the flow of acts of intentionality. The act of giving sense to a word takes place in the context of other words and of a general understanding of the situation. The horizon is formed at the current moment, combining the flow of intentional acts with the assumptions which create the background for understanding. In some ways, the notion of the horizon corresponds to a traditional notion of the context. Husserl's description, however, resists the traditional separation of focus and context, for intentionality presupposes that the structure of an intentional object corresponds to the structure of the horizon.
Two examples of the situational analysis of meanings can be given from Winograd's works. For instance, there are many situations where the standard legal definition of the word "bachelor" is evidently incorrect, for instance, with regard to a catholic priest or in the case of metaphoric usage: "Has your dog ever sired puppies? No, he is a bachelor."17 The possibility of applying this definition varies not only with regard to different men, but also regarding the same man in different situations: for example, in a country which permits polygamy. Even if we were to construct more and more precise definitions of "bachelor," new situations might arise where this definition would be violated. Moreover, if we constructed a long list of situations with a precise definition for each situation, this list would be unusable because we would have to extract precise information to confirm that the current situation satisfied a precise definition. Distinctions between each situation, however, would not be rigid. As a result, definitions would be duplicated and we would not know which definition was more appropriate. We need definitions which are not more, but rather less, precise.
The second example I select from Winograd is "Is there water in eggplants?"18 Water can have many different definitions, but if it is a hot day and somebody asks whether there is water in the refrigerator, then it is evident that he or she is thinking of water as a means to quench thirst. If there is a soft drink in the refrigerator, we can answer in the affirmative. Answers about water in the chemical content of eggplants or water condensed on the shelves might be relevant to an analytically-oriented logician but not to a real person in such a situation. The second answer, however, might be relevant to the technician who repairs refrigerators.
How can we use phenomenological description in this case? Speaking in Husserl's terms, the meaning of a query is constituted in the current flow of consciousness. The meaning of the word "water" represents the focal object of the question, and is integrated into consciousness on the basis of the current horizon. Pre-understanding is already given, so the relevant features of meaning are actualized. The word "water," however, still belongs to the usual vocabulary of anyone considering this question. There is an apt term: "the internal form of the word," which means a combination of an external form--as it is represented in the speech or in consciousness of a speaker--and of a fluid internal content actualized by a situation.
So meaning is represented as a phenomenon of revealing. On the one hand, there is a misleading determination of the word, a seeming unity of the meaning: the external form of the phenomenon. On the other hand, a word has its internal content. The internal content does not include all the meanings of the word "water" (water1, water2), or the sequence of situations in which the meaning can occur. It is rather some structure with all these meanings in a "packed" form, which is meaningless outside the way it is actualized. This actualization takes place in the frame of the current horizon, which provides a basis for pre-understanding, and develops the aspects of meaning that correspond to the current situation. In phenomenological terms, the result is an intention of meaning, an act of giving a certain sense. The essential features of the meaning thus become ready-to-hand when the internal form is realized in a concrete situation.
Describing meaning in the analytic tradition is radically different. The analytic tradition emphasizes the result of meaning as "objectification"; the meaning is cut off from the intentionality that constituted it, so that the meaning becomes an independently analyzable object. In his later work, Wittgenstein criticized this idea: "We are drawn to a wrong idea that a meaning of a sentence entails it, follows it persistently."19 A very different citation reveals the thoughts of the early Wittgenstein: "A sentence is understood if its constituent parts are understood."20 Here is one more example of situational analysis: Wittgenstein, Moore, and Malcolm have all analyzed the expression "I know." The meaning of this expression in real life depends on the situation: assurance, conviction, evidence, assertion. Someone who has become blind says "I know that this is a tree" instead of "I see." Malcolm's summary presents a list of twelve situations where the expression "I know" has different meanings.21 Of course, the list could be extended.
We can apply the distinction between objectified and interpreted descriptions to differentiate between plans of action (say, the scripts used in cognitive science) and situation-driven activities. While the description of a restaurant visit as entering, calling for a waiter, ordering, and so on, is based on our real restaurant visits, it is nonetheless the result of meaning objectification. The inadequacy of such a description becomes evident if we remember the necessity of dividing these scenes into sub-scenes, the possible disturbance of script elements, and the importance of learning the proper behavior in the situation. For example, we might divide the first scene into opening the restaurant doors, leaving one's coat in the cloakroom, finding a vacant seat. But this scenario could go wrong in many ways: a doorkeeper might open the door for us; there might be no need for a visit to the cloakroom (during the summer or when there is no cloakroom at all); there might be no vacant seats. The situation constitutes itself. When using scripts we need to specify many explicit restrictions which develop from our understanding of the situation. As with the definition of the word "bachelor," the number of restrictions increases until they end up obscuring our understanding.
The principle of evidence forms the core of Husserl's methodology. Simple situations are evident to us. When we are engaged in a situation, some events seem to be evident; these events are ready-to-hand. Each next step is submerged in a number of previous steps, in a particular context of the situation; each step is determined by this context. Using Husserl's notion of the horizon, which has the property of readiness-to-hand, it is possible to refer to a "space for problem-solving." This space offers essential data and appropriate methods in order to solve a current problem. But certainly, in the case of a complex problem or of a misunderstanding, we would need to make an effort to restore any missing evidence.
In "A Framework for Representing Knowledge," Minsky discussed the process of building this space for problem-solving during problem analysis.22 In the wake of this article, frames became a popular structure for the representation of knowledge. Most of these realizations and concrete applications of frame systems have, however, emphasized a hierarchy of concepts, default slot assigning, and so on. Many object-oriented languages were created soon after or around the same time; some of these languages employed the frame terminology directly (for instance, Smalltalk and CLOS). It could be said that the concept of frames had stimulated the object paradigm.
Yet, in contrast to the popular acceptance of the frame structure, Minsky's analysis of perception-dynamics--the dynamics of frame-development during the process of situation-understanding--was generally ignored or simply misunderstood. In the introduction, Minsky describes the basics of using a frame system:
the different frames of a system describe the scene from different viewpoints, and the transformations between one frame and another represent the effects of moving from place to place.... Different frames correspond to different views, and the names of pointers between frames correspond to the motions or actions that change the viewpoint.23
Later on in the article, Minsky applies this idea about transformations to analyze a fable about a wolf and a lamb. He also uses transformations in his discussion of the widely-used notion of the "problem-solving space." He writes:
The primary purpose in problem solving should be better to understand the problem space, to find representations within which the problems are easier to solve. The purpose of search [sic] is to get information for this reformulation, not--as is usually assumed--to find solutions....24
Minsky offers a description of perceiving a cube which directly corresponds to a phenomenological scheme; Husserl likewise uses cube-perceiving as the simplest model:
Perceiving a cube is a set of various acts of intentionality; the cube is represented from different points of view and from different angles. Visible parts of the cube are related to invisible but anticipated parts. So the perceiving of the stream of aspects and the way they are synthesized reveals the presence of a single and whole consciousness directed towards something.25
I should devote a few words here to a phenomenology-based analysis of the processes of memorizing and remembering--that is, the actualization of memorized information. These processes can be related to internal time-consciousness and the feature of readiness-to-hand. When we try to understand any description, the representations we build during the process of understanding are arranged in layers. Each representation is laid on the previous one and modifies it. Husserl uses the following metaphor to describe the way in which we retain an object image: we can see its previous image as if through a transparent layer of water. The process of layering and modifying representations results in the "packing" of this representation under the pressure of and together with the representations following it. At last these representations reach the long-term memory; we could say that "Husserl's water" hides them. When we read a text and unknown words or unexpected combinations of known words appear, these words and the contexts in which they are being used are overlaid, or sedimented. When we face a situation or a description of a situation, the set of phenomena corresponding to the situation's representation is sedimented, too. Only the core of representations remains. It can be "developed" later, developed in ways that will differ according to different situations.
These processes of developing, "unpacking" the core according to both the current horizon and the current state of consciousness, constitute the essence of remembering. This unpacking will be different when the horizon or the intentionality state--the mode of consciousness--is different; consciousness will reveal another aspect of a word, the aspect that is ready-to-hand. The structure of consciousness corresponds to the comprehended object because of intentionality. What is remembered as a part of the consciousness-structure corresponds to the comprehended object and to other parts of the consciousness-structure. Remembering does not work as though we are cutting a representation out of memory, which is structured (according to this view) as a linear array or list of data accessible according to their position. Such an array would be an insensitive medium which would not depend on the data structures stored in it. Instead, remembering is the process of constituting the representation necessary for the situation. The metaphor of a river can help clarify the process of remembering. Water in a river does not itself remember the direction of the stream. Moving in its bed, the stream provides the necessary direction of movement. The river corresponds here to an intentional act of remembering, and its bed corresponds to a horizon. Once a core of some remembered object is developed, it can be sedimented again when it is enriched by situational contexts. Subsequent sedimentation is not, however, always necessary: for well-known words or familiar situations, for example. In this case, the development of the prototypical meaning does not change the whole structure of consciousness and protentional field very much. These words or situations become phenomena with a correspondence to their type and to the current consciousness structure. They should sink in time, too, but without much new sedimentation on their prototypical features.
From the cognitive science viewpoint, the representation of the structure of time-consciousness provides the possibility that an application may use its own history--history here meaning only a sequence of its previous states. If an AI system understands its history, this understanding allows the possibility that it may then reflect on its own actions or representations. The restriction of logic by common sense and the limitation of resources are also related to time-consciousness.
The possibility of using the internal structure of time flow provides a mechanism for establishing restrictions on the process of understanding, so that understanding becomes a process with limited resources. Logical inference often creates the problem of a "superficial" infinity, but natural modeling of limited resources allows one to avoid paradoxes like the following: Ai is close to Ai+1, Ai+1 is close to Ai+2, ...Ai+99 is close to Ai+100, so Ai must be close to Ai+100. Assessing the length of the reasoning chain and restricting logic by "common sense" can be implemented relatively simply, using the model of time-consciousness.
At the same time, representing the temporal sequence of reasoning may also allow one to avoid the mechanical backtracking possible in logic programming languages such as Prolog. One problem arising from such backtracking is this: if reasoning has at some point reached a dead end--that is, if any Prolog clause cannot be satisfied--then the assignments that the Prolog interpreter has made to free terms, to data structures, are rejected on backtracking. In this case, the Prolog pattern-matching mechanism tries to unify bound and unbound terms by another means, as determined in an alternate clause. The alternate Prolog clause tries to continue its inference and does not use the results of the inference made by the previous clause. When we submerge an analysis in the flow of temporal acts in which our previous steps are accessible almost immediately ("as through a layer of transparent water"), we retain the possibility of re-using them, of using partially correct proofs.
The phenomenological movement can suggest new concepts for the object-oriented approach to programming. Phenomena, objects, are self-revealing entities introduced into consciousness and developed in the frame of the current horizon. This scheme resembles object-oriented concepts, which suppose that an object is instantiated in the frame of the current programming environment and supplied with a possible behavior determined according to its class upon initialization. Later on, the object receives outside messages and reacts to them according to properties of its class. The flow of consciousness may also be regarded as a phenomenon. In an object-oriented interpretation of phenomenology, consciousness can be regarded as an object of the class "container," which holds other objects--phenomena. In addition to their shared status as phenomena, these objects have a specific (polymorphic) reaction to common messages for the explication of its content, the transition of representations from a potential to an articulated state, the transition from an internal system of images (for example, the internal form of a word) to an external linguistic representation accessible to an external observer. Classes of objects must be phenomena too, because noematic structures correspond to noetic structures and have to be explicated upon reflection. This fact is not new for object-oriented programming. The well-known meta-object protocol 26 provides the possibility of regarding classes as objects of some sort.
Existing notions of object-oriented programming can thus be interpreted phenomenologically. Phenomenological description is, however, much more complex and does not fit into this scheme, potentially enriching object-oriented concepts. First of all, after revealing the phenomena of consciousness during the process of development, explication can be implemented under the meta-object protocol. A phenomenon does not, however, simply develop its properties; rather, they are created and constituted on the basis of an object. This type of "constitutive programming" is unusual, to say the least, as a regular practice.
Some phenomenological intentions and notions fit into the current AI paradigm, at least with more or less extended interpretation. These include the stress on the production model of consciousness, horizon (which corresponds to context), and Husserl's intentionality (which, in AI terms, means the correspondence between an algorithm and data structures). Some don't. The notion of internal time-consciousness is one of these, but it is the core which can shed new light on the first group of concepts. However, the question about the possible implications of this analysis might arise. What has caused my emphasis on phenomenology? Do I think that phenomenology provides a more adequate basis for AI applications? To answer the question it is necessary to separate three related assertions: common, weak, strong. The common assertion is that philosophical investigations provide an adequate basis for investigations in cognitive science. The weak assertion is that a computer interpretation of the phenomenological movement is possible at least in some sense. The strong assertion is that AI applications constructed on the basis of described phenomenological concepts will be more effective or powerful.
Whether or not to accept the strong assertion is a question of belief (question de foi) for the researcher, the result of his or her choice of position. The history of classic AI applications implicitly based on analytical philosophy shows the great number of problems related to the description of consciousness by these means. So perhaps phenomenological descriptions can be viewed as instantly effective strategies for some AI problems. I am not certain, however, that this thesis is absolutely correct. I believe that the weak assertion has a more general significance, and that the realization of this thesis would be interesting as a development of phenomenology. At the very least, problems of phenomenology as philosophy investigating "a hidden life of thoughts," have a direct relation to problems of cognitive science. The general assertion has a general significance, too, and it provides the potential for interpreting current investigations in cognitive science from a philosophical viewpoint and not from the viewpoint of the natural sciences (such as biology or psychology). Of course, the interpretation of cognitive science as philosophy is a metaphor that can elucidate the position of cognitive science in the historical perspective of consciousness research. The methods of cognitive science and philosophy are different: philosophical texts are interpreted by a human, who is a carrier of consciousness. In contrast, computer programs operate on (initially) unconscious substance, and cognitive science is aimed at a production model. But this metaphor is fruitful because it allows the enrichment of current research directions in cognitive science with a great number of classic philosophical ideas. Dreyfus and Dreyfus follow Heidegger's dictum about the end of philosophy and "return to hacker's reality."27 This leaves no space for the development of philosophy, much less for its development by means of cognitive science. However, an inversion of Heidegger's thesis about cybernetics as a substitution for philosophy leads to a fruitful metaphor. With such an interpretation we can avoid the exciting question, "Can computers think?" and ask a more productive question, "How can philosophical concepts be interpreted with a computer?"
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I must mention Dr. V. Molchanov, whose lectures at Moscow University developed my own knowledge of phenomenology. The introductory description of phenomenology in this paper is based on my memories of his lectures. This text was prepared at the Russian Institute of Artificial Intelligence, and I would like to thank A. Narin'yani, the director of the Institute, who provides enough room for my philosophical investigations, and V. Subbotin, who corrected my English translation. I would also like to thank Richard Menke and Sujata Iyengar, without whose editorial help this article would not have appeared in its present form.
I also want to apologize: because it was difficult to find some of the English texts in Russia, there are some evident gaps in my investigation. For example, I know about (but cannot locate a copy of) Husserl, Intentionality, and Cognitive Science, edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982). Many citations in this article are the result of my translation from Russian to English. German citations may differ from published English translations, and my citations from English sources may be paraphrases of the original texts. I hope, however, that meanings have not shifted during such double translation. For certain citations and for the spelling of some terms, I have referred to The New Encyclopædia Britannica (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1988).
1 Martin Heidegger, "Nur noch ein Gott kann uns retten: Spiegel-Gespräch mit Martin Heidegger am 23. September, 1966," Der Spiegel 31 May, 1976. Translated as "'Only A God Can Save Us': Der Spiegel Interview with Martin Heidegger," The Heidegger Controversy: A Critical Reader, ed. Richard Wolin (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993).
2 Hubert L. and Stuart E. Dreyfus, Mind Over Machine (New York: Free, 1986) 4.
3 Immanuel Kant, "Preface to the Second Edition," Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Kemp Smith (1787; New York: St. Martin's, 1965) 28 (B XXVIII).
4 My usage of the word "consciousness" stems from Husserl's term Bewußtsein and the corresponding Russian term soznaniye, which mean general thinking abilities that could in principle be grasped. This does not stress self-awareness features, although it has some relation (but a very limited one) to them.
5 Alfred Schütz and Thomas Luckman, The Structures of the Life-World, trans. Richard M. Zaner and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern UP, 1973).
6 "Philosophical Schools and Doctrines: Phenomenology," The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Vol. 25 (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1988) 626.
7 Edmund Husserl, "Pariser Vorträge," Husserliana (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1962) 1:3-39. Translated as The Paris Lectures (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1975).
8 John R. Searle, "The Nature of Intentional States," Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983) 1-29.
9 Encyclopædia Britannica, 627.
10 Edmund Husserl, "Amsterdam Reports: Phenomenological Psychology," Husserliana, 9. This text is an important source for Husserl's thoughts about the possible interpretations of phenomenology. These thoughts can be applied to computer phenomenology in particular.
11 Husserl, "Amsterdam Reports."
12 Edmund Husserl, The Idea of Phenomenology: Lectures for an Introduction to Phenomenology, trans. William A. Alston and George Nakhnikian (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964).
13 Edmund Husserl, Husserliana, 10:119.
14 Hubert L. Dreyfus, What Computers Can't Do (New York: Harper, 1972).
15 An analogy to this distinction can be found in Jaspers's assessment of Heidegger's Dasein-analytik. Despite his use of phenomenological concepts in psychiatry (his Psychopathology) and despite his position on Cartesian mechanistic ideas (evidently similar to Heidegger's views), he has a distinctly negative assessment of usefulness of Heidegger's ontology for psychiatry.
16 Husserl, "Amsterdam Reports."
17 Terry Winograd, "Towards a Procedural Understanding of Semantics," Revue Internationale de Philosophie 30 (1976) 260-303.
18 Terry Winograd and Fernando Florès, Understanding Computers and Cognition (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986) 55.
19 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Zettel, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe, ed. G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright (Oxford: Blackwell, 1967).
20 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans C.K. Ogden and F.P. Ramsey, ed. C.K. Ogden (1922; London: Kegan Paul, 1933) 4.024.
21 Norman Malcolm, "Moore and Wittgenstein on the Sense of 'I Know,'" Thought and Knowledge (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1977) 170-198.
22 Marvin Minsky, "A Framework for Representing Knowledge," The Psychology of Computer Vision, ed. Patrick Henry Winston (New York: McGraw, 1975).
23 Minsky, 212, 218.
24 Minsky, 259.
25 Husserl, "Pariser Vortäge."
26 Gregor Kiczales, Jim des Rivières, Daniel G. Bobrow, The Art of the Metaobject Protocol (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).
27 Dreyfus and Dreyfus, Epilogue.
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Bouncing Around the Room
With lyrics by both Trey and Tom, the song was concindered one of the easier songs to write. This piece was first played on January 20, 1990, in Hanover, New Hampshire. Being the second most played song in Phish's history, Bouncing had many mixed feelings about it. Some (like me) thought it was a great jam piece that easily called for jamming capabilities and a also a soft tune. Others that follow the song have been heard to state that they hate this song because it lacks improvisation, a quality that Phish is popular for. Another reason the dislike it is because it was played a great deal. However, I myself could listen to this song for ever and never kill it.
Going back to the lack of improvisation (not as a bad thing), the song has changed little since its debut in 1990. The Pharmer's Almanac states, "...all live versions of this song are virtually carbon copies of each other..." This is very true, and is the stronger reason why some phans dislike the lack of change. This song can be found in two albums, if you'd like to hear it. Check out either "Lawnboy," or "A Live One."
The woman was a dream I had
Though rather hard to keep
for when my eyes were watching hers
They closed,
And I was still asleep.
For when my hand was holding hers
She whispered words and I awoke
And faintly bouncing around the room
The echo of whomever spoke
I awoke and faintly bouncing round the room
the echo of whomever spoke.
The place I saw was far beneath
The surface of the sea
My sight was poor
But I was sure
The sirens sang their songs for me
They dance above me as I sink
I see them through a crystal haze
And hear them bouncing round the room
the never ending coral maze
That time and once again I'm bouncing around the room.
Hosting by WebRing.
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Ehrenberg ex Kützing 1844 Category: Araphid
TYPE SPECIES: Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kützing
Image Credit: Sarah Spaulding
CLASS: Fragilariophyceae
ORDER: Tabellariales
FAMILY: Tabellareaceae
1. Valve elongate, swollen in the middle, capitate
2. Rimoportula present at midvalve
3. Frustules with numerous copulae
4. Cells form zig-zag colonies
Tabellaria valves are elongate with capitate ends. The valves are generally wider at the center than at the ends. A rimoportula is present in the center of the valve face. Septae are present on the numerous copulae (girdle bands). Pseudoseptae may also be present. Cells form zig-zag colonies joined by mucilage pads secreted from apical porefields.
Tabellaria is considered a close relative of Oxyneis. The two genera share the presence of septae, which may be detached in some preparations. Species within the genus are found in a range of water types, from acidic to alkaline waters.
Cite This Page:
Spaulding, S., and Edlund, M. (2008). Tabellaria. In Diatoms of the United States. Retrieved July 29, 2014, from
Contributor: Sarah Spaulding | Mark Edlund - December 2008
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Paragraph 1: my answer is that every person who prays to TGC(The Great Contriver) seems to get different answers. The amputation question is more about a threshold that TGC doesn't want to pass. Why TGC doesn't pass this threshold is of no import; the problem is that there is a threshold, and that he never does pass it. If TGC is omnipotent and does in fact interfere in people's lives, there should be no threshold. Atheists infer that the fact that TGC does not pass this threshold, indicates that he is also not passing other lower thresholds, despite claims that he does.
2: goes nowhere, and argues nothing
3: it's "bowled", not bold. The rest of the paragraph also goes nowhere
4: you argue that we should give up and not study anything. This is a major-league cop-out. If it were up to you, you'd attribute Gridiron and Chess to the creator, which makes it meaningless. Yet another paragraph that goes nowhere.
5: "We have the choice of choosing His government, His authority and His laws," but we get several religions and versions of the laws, and He doesn't prove any of them make a difference. " then why should He force them against their own will and choices" He gives us freedom, by not giving us any laws. We make them all up, and attribute them to Him. This is why they are unconvincing, and evil people ignore them.
6: "Since evil is also present in our world, we also have to ask ourselves, where it was originated". Oh, that's easy. God made all the evil.
"And since mankind was given the universal choice, by the Great Creator in Eden, to choose their own destiny," No, we were told to not eat a yummy fruit that god dangled in our faces, with a talking snake..
"But The Great Creator is even more merciful than man, cause He forgives mankind and allows them their lifetime to get things right with Him," Unless they die early, or born into Islam. Basically, you just said that everyone makes peace with God, and we are all saved. KTHX BAI
7. "May I say that I am not now a Christian, because I have found out that Christianity is based on religionised paganism". That's nice. Prove it.
8. "Mankind neither seeks to know The Great Creator their Maker, nor choose Him to rule over their lives. They instead have accepted their own ways,, lifestyle choices and religion gods (all demons of corruptions and deceptions) which is ruled over by Satan" You seem to have bought into the pagan idea of Satan, an evil God, created by TGC, to fuck us over, for no good reason. And then you have the temerity to say we made the choice to follow him deliberately, but not the true god, deliberately. (Yet, we have no proof of either in existence.)
9. "However, if we choose to go our own ways, then He simply leaves us to get on with it, and whatever comes as a result of our own choices, we only have ourselves to blame," ... and the fact that He never revealed himself, and that he put us into a difficult life.
10. "I just want you to know that I am not trying to back any religion at all here," Oh, Jeez, no. But you seem to believe in the garden of eden, and are against evolution, and quote Psalms.
"who indeed hears my prayer, provide all my needs" You are just saying that.
11. "Via their translation process, they added in what they choose, to promote Jupiter-Zeus as Jesus Christ." Oh, FFS. Christianity was invented by Christians, around 130AD. Stop making shit up
Thank you for your kind and thoughtful attention Jesus Christ.
Changed Change Reason Date
BaalServant The Great Contriver June 17, 2012, 01:16:29 PM
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'Downton Abbey' Recap: Nobody Loves Edith
By Brian Moylan, Hollywood.com Staff
So far this season there have been two weddings and no funerals, even though Lady Edith's heart is dead. Oh, how could this happen to our Edith (OK, the rest of you hate Edith, but she is my favorite and I love her)? How could it indeed. Sir Anthony left her at the altar and she went home and had to throw her veil over the railing and lock herself in her room for several days and starve herself to death. Oh Edith.
But at least Our (My) Edith had something to do and got all sorts of attention — that was one of the things I loved, but there were also plenty of things I hated. Let's look at all of each, shall we?
Everyone Is Being Nice to Edith: Last week Cora told Mary, ""Never mind Edith."" That's been the entire ethos of the show, no one ever minds Edith! Yes, usually she's as superfluous as that blond bitch saying, ""Hi! I'm Laura Linney and this is Masterpiece!"" at the top of the show. I totally felt Edith's excitement at the beginning of the episode that ""something is happening in this house that is actually about me."" After defending her for seasons, saying she's not awful she's just misunderstood because everyone ignores her, it was nice to see everyone finally pay attention to her. Even Lady Mary admitted that she could be a giant bitch but that she really loved her. Awwww. All it took was for her to marry an inappropriate man for everyone to pay attention. You know they were all just happy that they could forget about her once she moved out of the house.
Downton Place: The home that they are going to be exiled to for being poor is quite nice. Of course Sybil, who lives in some Dublin slum under a smoke stack and washes her dishes in the neighbor's bathwater, thinks it's a total paradise. I would live there in a second and the thought of Violet opening a little shop is darling, just darling. She would probably scare all the customers away though. Oh, the best part of the whole outing was when Sir Anthony described Lady Edith as a ""speed fiend."" I had this image of her running around her house cleaning and grinding her teeth and doing rails of Dexadrine.
Tom Is Dressing Better: Thankfully that Irish revolutionary has given up his grimy tweed for the evening coats that we really want to see.
Isabel's Old Hookers Are Mean to Her: Of course stupid bourgeoise do-gooder Isabel is trying to save a room full of old hookers by teaching them to sew. The best part is that they hate her as much as I do and they make fun of her right to her face. This whole business with Ethyl though is getting really drawn out and annoying. Just tell us what happened already!
Cora's Offer: When Cora told Mrs. Hughes that she would take care of her and nurse her back to health it brought a little tear to my eye. Thankfully there will be someone to do Mrs. Hughes' rather intricate braid around her gourd while she suffers through the later stages of breast cancer.
That Mrs. Hughes Is in Love with Carson: It was also cute when she saw how happy Carson was that she doesn't have cancer and is going to be just fine. However, we don't know that. We never heard what the doctor said and I think Mrs. Hughes is totally lying to everyone and that she is going to get really sick and we're finally going to see what she looks like when her braid falls off and it's going to be a mess. An absolute mess.
Joint Masters: Yay, Matthew and Lord Grantham are both going to be in charge of Downton Abbey now. Hurray! That's....well....that's....Oh man, this is going to be awful. They're going to be fighting and squabbling in no time and the Lord is going to be all, ""This is my house!"" and Matthew is going to be all, ""My money saved it!"" and Mary is going to be all ""Pout Face!"" and Cora's gonna be all, ""American accent!"" and it's just going to be completely stupid.
Violet's Quote of the Week: ""No bride wants to look tired on her wedding day. It either means she's anxious or up to no good.""
Sir Anthony Strallan: I mean, what kind of asshole leaves a woman at the altar? And to give his big speech in front of everyone so that Edith would be absolutely mortified? That's about as classy as a fart at a debutante ball. Couldn't he have done this before the ceremony? Couldn't he have taken her outside? He showed nothing but love for her and seemed so excited to be marrying her — and to then go all deus ex machina and jilt her in the church? Mean. Couldn't he have just died and left Edith his fortune? That would have been really nice of him.
Everything About the Letter: Ugh the stupid letter that Matthew got from dead Squire Squire was the stupidest plot device involving a letter since Snooki and JWOWW left an anonymous letter for Sammi in Season 2 of Jersey Shore (a plot device which was inspired by a bad episode of Charles in Charge). This letter was so freaking dumb. First of all, Matthew isn't gonna answer the letter? Seriously? Some guy dies mysteriously and you're not even curious as to what he had to say? Wouldn't you rather know and deal with it than just have that closed letter sitting in a drawer nagging at you all the time. And then, Mary steals the letter and reads it, but we don't even get one shot of her going into his coat, taking out the letter, reading it, and then going, ""Oh my gosh!"" How dramatic would that have been? We all would have been like, ""Damn, Mary stole the letter! Oh, damn, what did she read?"" But no, we hear about the letter. Mary just says, ""Oh, I stole the letter and here is what is says."" Why should we trust her? We don't know she took it or what she said, we get one second of her saying, ""I saw the letter,"" and it registers no emotion whatsoever rather than disbelief. Is that good story telling? And then finally, Daisy, stupid annoying hair clot Daisy, posted a letter from Lavinia to her father that says Matthew is a saint, and this happened years ago and Daisy never told anyone. Of course she needs to be the one who got the letter because everyone knows that Daisy's only personality trait is incompetence. God, she is just the absolute worst.
Carson Going Behind Mrs. Hughes Back: That's just not nice. Well, it's nice, but nice in the wrong way. Carson would be so pissed if they did this to him.
Thomas and O'Brien: Remember when these two were the Boris and Natasha of the house, just helping each other put round bombs with lit fuses in Lord Grantham's study and tying Lady Mary to the train tracks while they cackled and twisted their mustaches (I bet O'Brien could grow one if she tried)? Now they're not even friends or allies anymore. Not since Alfred (who we're going to find out is O'Brien's son that her sister raised) showed up. And I can't believe no one figured out that Thomas is the one who set up O'Brien when everyone thought she was leaving. It's just obvious. If your coke disappeared while staying at the Chateau Marmont, they'd go looking for it in Lindsay Lohan's room, wouldn't they?
That Edith Looks Ugly: When Edith was stood up she ran home, ripped her veil off like it was a piece of toilet paper stuck to her shoe, and left her leafy tiara laying on the ground. (I love how at the beginning of the episode you see them rolling up the carpet and the maid stepping over it, and then you see them unrolling it and the maid stepping over it again, like it was just the same shot in reverse because they were too cheap to film it twice). Edith was all stray hair and leaking orifices and horrible choked chortles. Awful. They would never, not in her deepest despair, let Lady Mary look ugly for even one second. But Edith? She gets broken up with and turns into Ursula the Sea Witch.
The Sad Dead Lobster Fountain: When the staff got to eat all the wedding food the one thing I never would have touched was the silver urn with limp dead lobsters spilling out of it. They just looked so sad and lifeless and not appealing at all, like they were using their exoskeletons to stop up some sort of chocolate fountain of loveliness. But they eat it up downstairs, don't they. They eat up every damn drop.
Follow Brian Moylan on Twitter @BrianJMoylan
[Photo Credit: Masterpiece]
'Downton Abbey' Premiere Recap: Gettying Mary-ed
'Downton Abbey' Renewed For a Fourth Season
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Revision as of 05:30, 23 August 2013 by Francis Lapka (Talk | contribs)
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6JSC/L/24 Revisions to instructions for production, publication, distribution and manufacture statements (2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10)
Please include in your comments:
• Your name/liaison organization
• Month/day/year
Never copy and paste over the entire original wiki document.
General comments
Text of proposal
The solutions proposed when statements are grammatically linked seem unduly complex. Would it not be easier to make a single adjustment to the publication statement to the effect "If distribution, manufacture, etc., statements cannot be grammatically separated from the publication statement, transcribe them with the publication statement." Since the other statements are non-Core, this modification would need to be present as early as possible, under the Core attribute of publication statement. Under the later distribution and manufacture statements, the situation of grammatical inseparability could be referred back to the primary rule under publication statements. MYERS, CCDA liaison to the MAC, 2013/08/20
Some thoughts/questions about the proposal:
1. Change #1 (new text) - I would find it very helpful to have an example here about when a production statement contains information belonging to another element. I understand the problem with published resources but am having trouble wrapping my head around this with unpublished resources. A second concern: as written, this new text is about ANY element (not just something confined to Chapter 2.7-2.10). That seems overly broad.
2. Change #1 (moving optional omission) - While conceptually I agree that the instruction belongs better under those related to recording the producer's name, isn't there a problem with the sentence above the optional omission if it's moved? "Transcribe places of production and producers' names as they appear on the source of information (see 1.7)" Should specific RDA instructions be added after the named elements here, to help mitigate that problem? Something like: "Transcribe places of production (2.7.2) and producers' names (2.7.4) as they appear on the source of information (see 1.7)" Of course, if we like that concept, it needs to be extended to the final paragraph of the instruction, for dates of production.
3. Change #1 (adding reference to 21.2) - I'm a bit uncomfortable with this, as there are no other references I can find from Chapter 2 to anything Chapters 18-22 (note: I did not do an exhaustive search of this yet). I'm not convinced that a reference to these instructions will clarify anything; in fact, it might be more confusing.
4. Change #2 - OK to add general statement modeled after introductory paragraph to The same basic comments about Change #1 also apply here.
5. Change #3 - Same basic comments about Change #2 also apply here.
6. Change #4 - Agree to remove conditions for recording manufacture statements. The same basic comments about Change #2 also apply here.
7. Change #5, #6, #7, #8 - OK to expand scope statement.
8. Change #9 - Agree to add sentence.
9. Change #10 - Agree to remove "other than solely publishing", to correct the example accordingly, to add additional paragraph & examples.
10 Change #11, #12 - Agree to proposed changes.
Kathy Glennan (talk) 15:56, 21 August 2013 (PDT)
I support most of the proposed changes, as they'd move RDA closer to conventions established in DCRM. However, some aspects of the proposal remain confusing:
1. Like Glennan, I think the revision concerning grammatically inseparable information may need a clearer definition of scope. There are a number of possibilities, such as:
• place of publication within a publisher name statement
• name of printer within a publisher name statement
• name of publisher within a title
2. Do the guidelines apply to all of these conditions? If so other examples will be needed.
3. For grammatically inseparable information, the proposed instructions say to “transcribe the information in the order found.” The proposal does not go on to tell us where to transcribe the inseparable information (i.e. which element). Does that work? For example, if the place of publication information is found within a publisher name statement, what does one enter in the place of publication element? Repeat the place of publication?
4. For the above concern, does the the proposal need to introduce language comparable to RDA It specifies which element to enter the edition information *and* what to put in the edition element (i.e. nothing). Designation of Edition Integral to Title Proper, Etc. If:
a designation of edition is an integral part of the title proper, other title information, or statement of responsibility
the designation is grammatically linked to any of these elements
record the designation of edition as part of the element to which it is integrated or linked. Do not record it again as a designation of edition.
For the remaining changes of the proposal:
• agree with the change for moving the optional omission (also agree with Glennan’s recommendation)
• agree with change #4 (for removal of conditions on recording manufacture)
• agree with changes #5-12
-- Francis Lapka, RBMS Liaison, 2013 Aug 23
Personal tools
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm looking for a good, simple PHP or JS function to get my latest Facebook status updates. Anyone have a good solution?
I had a JS script but simply stop working.
heres the code: view code
Thanks in advance!
share|improve this question
ad link) 404... – kaiser Jun 9 '11 at 17:17
Fixed the link, it had an extra / ... but I don't see what this has to do with WordPress. You're just using JS code ... vote to close and migrate to Stack Overflow ... – EAMann Jun 9 '11 at 17:27
Where is your WordPress question? – toscho Jun 9 '11 at 21:47
1 Answer 1
There is no real "easy" way to do it anymore, due to Facebook's requirements for an application and an access token and OAuth and so on.
The latest version of my Simple Facebook Connect plugin has a working User Status Widget in the widgets module. It can display the latest status for a user in the sidebar or in any widgets area of the theme.
Setting it up requires creating a Facebook Application for your site. This is not a minor task, but it's fairly straightforward.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108629
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would like to create a new modified version of my theme (check my profile if needed) to present to visitors if I detect that they are visiting the site from a hand-held device, like iPhone, Android, etc.
1. How to detect if the request is coming from a mobile device/browser?
2. How can I load and present them a dedicated theme?
More Info: My theme is not fluid. It has a fixed width of about 976px (676px content + rest is left sidebar). I do not want to revolutionize the theme but I feel it is to large for 320x480 and 800x480 phones. Probably I will remove the sidebar or at least move it to right and do other small adjustments.
share|improve this question
9 Answers 9
Like most others, I highly recommend using WPTouch. However, it's built more to support blogs than other website formats, so I know it's not the panacea of mobile solutions (I run my portfolio on WordPress as well as my blog, and my portfolio looks like **** in WPTouch).
So I did take a look at the code to find the relevant portions that you'd need to use to replicate the mobile browser detection. Firstly, as mentioned by Jan Fabry, is a list of mobile browser user agents. WPTouch includes a default list, but also allows you to add custom user agents with a setting or with a filter called wptouch_user_agents:
function bnc_wptouch_get_user_agents() {
$useragents = array(
"iPhone", // Apple iPhone
"iPod", // Apple iPod touch
"Android", // 1.5+ Android
"dream", // Pre 1.5 Android
"CUPCAKE", // 1.5+ Android
"blackberry9500", // Storm
"blackberry9530", // Storm
"blackberry9520", // Storm v2
"blackberry9550", // Storm v2
"blackberry9800", // Torch
"webOS", // Palm Pre Experimental
"incognito", // Other iPhone browser
"webmate", // Other iPhone browser
"s8000", // Samsung Dolphin browser
"bada" // Samsung Dolphin browser
$settings = bnc_wptouch_get_settings();
if ( isset( $settings['custom-user-agents'] ) ) {
foreach( $settings['custom-user-agents'] as $agent ) {
if ( !strlen( $agent ) ) continue;
$useragents[] = $agent;
asort( $useragents );
// WPtouch User Agent Filter
$useragents = apply_filters( 'wptouch_user_agents', $useragents );
return $useragents;
The meat of the plugin, though, is a class:
class WPtouchPlugin {
var $applemobile;
var $desired_view;
var $output_started;
var $prowl_output;
var $prowl_success;
The plugin's constructor (function WPtouchPlugin()) first adds an action to the plugins_loaded hook to detect the mobile browser's user agent and set $applemobile to true. Here's the specific function:
function detectAppleMobile($query = '') {
$container = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
$this->applemobile = false;
$useragents = bnc_wptouch_get_user_agents();
$devfile = compat_get_plugin_dir( 'wptouch' ) . '/include/developer.mode';
foreach ( $useragents as $useragent ) {
if ( preg_match( "#$useragent#i", $container ) || file_exists( $devfile ) ) {
$this->applemobile = true;
Now the plugin knows you're using a mobile browser (according to the browser's user agent). The next meaty part of the plugin is a set of filters:
if ( strpos( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], '/wp-admin' ) === false ) {
add_filter( 'stylesheet', array(&$this, 'get_stylesheet') );
add_filter( 'theme_root', array(&$this, 'theme_root') );
add_filter( 'theme_root_uri', array(&$this, 'theme_root_uri') );
add_filter( 'template', array(&$this, 'get_template') );
Each of these filters calls a method that checks whether or not $applemoble is set to true. If it is, then WordPress will use your mobile stylesheet, your mobile theme, and a mobile post/page template instead of the default ones for your theme. Basically, you're overriding WordPress' default behavior based on whether or not the browser being used has a user agent that matches your list of "mobile browsers."
WPTouch also includes the ability to turn off the mobile theme - when you visit a WPTouch site on an iPhone, there's a button at the bottom that allows you to view the site normally. You might want to consider this as you build your own solution.
Disclaimer: All of the above code was copied out of the source for WPTouch version and is protected under the GPL. If you re-use the code, your system must also comply with the terms of the GPL. I did not write this code.
share|improve this answer
Is this the default UA list? No Opera Mini or Opera Mobile? Strange. – toscho Nov 10 '10 at 19:28
That's the UA list straight out of the source code ... just remember, though, that WPTouch 2.0 is a premium plug-in you have to purchase from BraveNewCode. I haven't looked at the source for that yet, so it might have an updated UA list. – EAMann Nov 10 '10 at 19:46
You might want to look at how the very popular WPtouch plugin does this. It gives a different theme for "iPhone, iPod touch, Android, Opera Mini, Palm Pre, Samsung touch and BlackBerry Storm/Torch mobile devices". I see a list of user agents in their source code, that's probably the key.
Another plugin, WP-Wurfled, uses the extensive Wireless Universal Resource File database. This constantly-updated database of mobile devices also contains lots of capability info, so you know server-side the screen resolution of the device, whether it supports Flash, ...
The template_redirect action hook is often used to load custom themes, as it is almost the last moment before a real template file is included (template_include is the last hook, but that's a filter).
share|improve this answer
+1 -- I can only suggest to checkout one of those existing solutions like WPtouch as well. Most often there is no need to deal with all the details this comes with on one's own and WPtouch is a very well-made plugin. – hakre Nov 10 '10 at 14:06
At the risk of not answering the question, I'd advise to not do so.
I've been using iOS devices for months, and one of the first things I did back when I bought my iPad was to try to come up with CSS layout that changed its behavior based on the device used (and, originally, the screen orientation).
At the time of writing, it's running on my dev site (http://dev.semiologic.com/). If you test it on an iOS device, you'll note that the layout switches from a column with sidebars on the iPad, to one with a single column based on the iPhone. (The sidebars get laid out in two columns, and the bottom boxes are laid out in two columns underneath.) You can reproduce the effect using Safari, by reducing the browser's width.
Anyway, as fun as it was to program, it eventually occurred to me that, at least on iOS devices, the mobile-optimized layout made things worse, not better. Safari mobile's built-in zoom is so that, as long as your main column is 480px wide, your site is already optimized for mobile use. Add a 240px wide sidebar for a 720px wide layout, and your site fits and looks great in all:
• 1024x768 (iPad landscape)
• 768x1024 (iPad portrait)
• 800x600 (users with poor eyesight)
• 480x320 (iPhone landscape)
• 320x480 (iPhone portrait, with the auto-zoom kicking in)
500px + 250px also works if you'd rather have something that totals 750px, if you take the Safari mobile's built-in zoom into account. The site will still look good and be perfectly readable on iPhones in both landscape and portrait modes.
At any rate, getting back to your question, testing revealed that the one thing you should NOT do, is to use a layout with a flexible width. (Incidentally, WP-touch will do just that unless I'm mistaking.) Doing so leads to sub-optimal zooming. On the iPad, you can zoom in on something constrained in a 480px wide column, allowing for larger text size; something that "adjusts" to your screen's width forces you to read tiny text, or horizontal scrolling if it's too small to read comfortably...
share|improve this answer
Thanks you for the suggestions. My site is not fluid but has a fixed width of about 976px (676px content + rest is left sidebar). I do not want to revolutionize the theme but I feel it is to width for 320x480 and 800x480 phones Probably I will remove the sidebar or at least move it to right. – Drake Nov 10 '10 at 17:17
I agree 100%, from what I've seen. With very few exceptions, "mobile themes" - at the very least, the "mobile theme" plugins out there - suck, and are harder to use than navigating the original site on mobile. Although if you do care enough to try and and create a mobile version of your site, think of it as a complete redesign, rather than than just a stylesheet tweak. – goldenapples Nov 11 '10 at 2:49
This is a really great script if you want to customize it, easy to integrate into wordpress. http://detectmobilebrowsers.mobi/
One thing to note is that most iphone, andriod , or mobile phones users with native browser support do not want to be automatically re-directed!
This is bad practice, give them an option via a link to a mobile version AND in the mobile version give them an option to get back to the original site.
I repeat do not automatically re-direct your users unless your building something very specific for mobile, or you have traffic from older phones with no native browser support ( unlikely).
• Wanted to add, one easy way to tell how important this is is through your server logs.
share|improve this answer
Good observation to offer switch options on both versions. Sometimes you are on a non-mobile browser but on a slow connection (via a cellular modem, bad Wifi, dialup, ...), and prefer a mobile-optimized version because it is (in general) also smaller. – Jan Fabry Nov 10 '10 at 16:50
there is also the wordpress mobile pack
share|improve this answer
This works great for me. – stffn Sep 13 '11 at 12:16
Try this plugin.
It gives you ability to select different theme for different mobile platforms. It also have theme switch link from shortcode.
share|improve this answer
Simple: Use the wp_is_mobile() to test - it will trigger true for all mobile devices (smart phones, tablets, etc.).
share|improve this answer
I'll add an alternative approach.
Maybe you want to handicraft and finetune all the style and behavior according to very specific needs.
I recently had to: if IE9 one thing, if iPhone a second one, if iPad a third one and so on... And used Chris Schuld's Browser.php class with great results.
The function I came up and usage examples:
$browser_check = new Browser();
$browser_agent = $browser_check->getBrowser();
$browser_version = $browser_check->getVersion();
function browser_check($what) {
global $browser_agent, $browser_version;
switch ($what) {
case 'version':
return $browser_version;
case 'ie':
if ($browser_agent==Browser::BROWSER_IE) return true;
else return false;
case 'mobile':
if ($browser_agent==Browser::BROWSER_ANDROID || $browser_agent==Browser::BROWSER_IPOD || $browser_agent==Browser::BROWSER_IPHONE) return true;
else return false;
case 'ipad':
if ($browser_agent==Browser::BROWSER_IPAD) return true;
else return false;
return false;
echo "Browser Version: " . browser_check('version');
if ( browser_check('ie') ) echo "Using Internet Explorer - print proper CSS";
if ( browser_check('mobile') ) echo "Using iPhone, iPod or Android - print proper JAVASCRIPT";
if ( browser_check('ipad') ) echo "Using iPad - print proper PHP";
share|improve this answer
I currently work for a company called 51Degrees.mobi. Have you considered using their plugin? It allows you to detect incoming mobile devices and redirect them to a suitable theme. It also comes with 3 themes suitable for a small screen device, tablet and a smartphone. It can be downloaded from the plugins page of your dashboard or from:
More information can also be found on the 51Degrees website:
share|improve this answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108630
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Disorder of a Man of Letters — Xah's Belles-lettres
from the haughty emotions of English lexicon, stylistic concerns, decipherment of grammar ＆ idioms, linguisticality, literature ＆ literality, and logicality.
Poetry: Brevity of a Woman's Life: To His Coy Mistress
xah's rumination extempore! con equipment
rumination «c.1600, “act of ruminating; act of meditating,” from Latin ruminationem (nominative ruminatio) “a chewing the cud,” noun of action from past participle stem of ruminare (see ruminate).»
extempore «1550s (adv.), 1630s (n.), from Latin phrase ex tempore “offhand, in accordance with (the needs of) the moment,” literally “out of time,” from ex “out of” (see ex-) + tempore, ablative of tempus (genitive temporis) “time” (see temporal). Of speaking, strictly “without preparation, without time to prepare,” but now often with a sense merely of “without notes or a teleprompter.”»
fixed the random page button problem. Go to top of this page and click it. Now it doesn't almost always point you to some novels.
Hackers and the Foobar Phrase
The Game “go”, 碁 vs 棋, Japanese ＆ Chinese
when you see a word that's spell'd wrong but used by others often, you deem it eyesore. like, wtf.
Some Japanese chars are like that to Chinese. The char 碁 (meaning “board game”) in Japanese is like that.
about the the char's etymology, i think it was original a Chinese char, but fell out of use. We use the char 棋 instead.
also, many terms in English came from Japan leaves a bad taste for chinese. Because, it was Chinese. The go game, is one example. It's known as “go” because it came from the character 碁 used in Japan, is pronounced “go”. The character in is pronounced “qi2” in Chinese, same as 棋.
it's known by Japanese name because Japanese popularized the game in 1990s. (while chinese is doing sino-jap war and civil war and Mao and cultural revolution)
a proper name in English for the game would be “surround game”, or “surround chess”.
writing ＆ publishing: content vs grammar
you have 2 choices.
if content is more important, then ① is better. later on you can edit. first you need to get the content out, when you have 10 million things in your head.
but of course, if you are concerned about readership (aka marketing), then ② is more important. because, when a book doesn't have a attractive cover, it gets no sniffing.
comment at https://plus.google.com/+XahLee/posts/7hrk51biRBy
The Moronicities of Typography: Hyphen, Dash, Quotation Marks, Apostrophe (minor update)
Mono ❀ 〈Slimcea Girl〉 🎶
Mono ❀ 〈Ingénue〉 🎶
café, décor, déjà vu, résumé, risqué, étude, fiancée, Ingénue, crème de la crème, ménage à trois, coup de grâce, mêlée, my rôle, raison d'être, zoölogy, reënact, naïve, Chloë, façade. Accent Marks: Trema, Umlaut, Macron, Circumflex, and All That (repost)
Garden Path Sentence
These are called Garden path sentence.
A garden path sentence is a grammatically correct sentence that starts in such a way that a reader's most likely interpretation will be incorrect; the reader is lured into a parse that turns out to be a dead end.
THE ETYMOLOGY OF SHORTY IN HIP HOP An absurdly nerdy look at how hip hop invented the most important slang of our time. By Matthew Daniels. @ http://www.mdaniels.com/shorty/
What Desires Are Politically Important? (by Bertrand Russell)
the left is sinister, if u know what i mean.
sinister «early 15c., “prompted by malice or ill-will, intending to mislead,” from Old French senestre, sinistre “contrary, false; unfavorable; to the left” (14c.), from Latin sinister “left, on the left side” (opposite of dexter), of uncertain origin. Perhaps meaning properly “the slower or weaker hand” [Tucker], but Klein and Buck suggest it's a euphemism (see left (adj.)) connected with the root of Sanskrit saniyan “more useful, more advantageous.” With contrastive or comparative suffix -ter, as in dexter (see dexterity).»
dexterity « 1520s, from Middle French dexterité (16c.), from Latin dexteritatem (nominative dexteritas) “readiness, skillfulness, prosperity,” from dexter “skillful,” also “right (hand)” (source of Old French destre, Spanish diestro, etc.), from PIE root *deks- “on the right hand,” hence “south” to one facing east (cognates: Sanskrit daksinah “on the right hand, southern, skillful;” Avestan dashina- “on the right hand;” Greek dexios “on the right hand,” also “fortunate, clever;” Old Irish dess “on the right hand, southern;” Welsh deheu; Gaulish Dexsiva, name of a goddess of fortune; Gothic taihswa; Lithuanian desinas; Old Church Slavonic desnu, Russian desnoj). The Latin form is with the comparative suffix -ter, thus meaning etymologically “the better direction.” Middle English dester meant “right hand,” and in heraldry dexter means “on the right side.”»
and from which, righteousness sprang forth.
〈The Tell-Tale Heart〉 By Edgar Allan Poe
〈The Autumn Of The Patriarch〉 by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
As a free man, Andy had been a rockhound, so he asks Red to get him a rock hammer, a tool he uses to shape the rocks he finds in the exercise yard into small sculptures.
Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption
Rockhounding = Amateur geology. See Rockhounding
vocabulary: Whopping, looms large
Super Computer. Whopping 16 Mega bytes of RAM.
For these reasons the PDP-10 looms large in early hacker folklore.
computer dec PDP-10 1090 1968
computer dec PDP-10 1090, 1968. img src
rectification of english: whose vs who's
what does whose mean? whose = who's = who has = who is. Depending on context. this is called, function follows form, and is part of the theology of formal language.
Vocabulary: tween, fettered
learned a new word today: tween
A simple Twitter search reveals thousands of teens and tweens with accounts and handles dedicated to their favorite famous “friends.” It's easy for them to think of celebrities as at least potential friends, after all. Where previous generations might pine over posters on their bedroom walls or write mushy love letters to a generic fan mail address, teens today have direct and almost unfettered access to their idols thanks to Twitter. Through the platform, teens can broadcast their thoughts not only to friends, family, and virtual peers, but to celebrities and public figures. (To a lesser extent, Instagram and Facebook serve this purpose as well.)
from 〔The Psychology of Begging to Be Followed on Twitter By Kayleigh Roberts. @ http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/02/the-psychology-of-begging-to-be-followed-on-twitter/283947/
A tween is a person who is between the ages of 10 to 12 years old. The term is often described in popular media as referring to a preadolescent (usually female) who is at the “in-between” stage in their development when they are considered “too old for toys, too young for boys”. However, the word is older than its present use as an advertising gimmick. The word tween dates at least back to the late 1930s when J.R.R. Tolkien used it to describe that age of irresponsibility after teenage.
Tween (demographic)
see also:
(and I with both hands pinioned and both feet fettered) and was about to bandage my eyes before striking…
The First Kalandar's Tale
“O our lord Alaeddin, excuse us nor be thou wroth with us; for the King hath commanded that we carry thee before him pinioned and fettered, and we hope pardon from thee because we are under the royal orders which we cannot gainsay.”
Aladdin: Moving of the Pavilion
If this be so, whatever may be left for our unfettered volitions is of little value.
Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization? (Bertrand Russell)
History in Downton Abbey
a word i learned from watching Hunger Games Catching Fire.
spile ① a peg or plug of wood, esp. one used as a spigot ② a spout for conducting sap from the sugar maple.
for the ♥ ♥ ♥ occasion the Story of Cupid and Psyche
apostrophe should be ban'd
in recent half-a-year, am beginning to think that apostrophe should be ban'd.
and, just came upone this Wikipedia passage:
George Bernard Shaw, a proponent of English spelling reform on phonetic principles, argued that the apostrophe was mostly redundant. He did not use it for spelling cant, hes, etc. in many of his writings. He did, however, allow I'm and it's.[64] Hubert Selby, Jr. used a slash instead of an apostrophe mark for contractions and did not use an apostrophe at all for possessives. Lewis Carroll made greater use of apostrophes, and frequently used sha'n't, with an apostrophe in place of the elided “ll” as well as the more usual “o”.[65][citation needed] These authors' usages have not become widespread.
Over the years, the use of apostrophes has been criticised. George Bernard Shaw called them “uncouth bacilli”. In his book American Speech, linguist Steven Byington stated of the apostrophe that “the language would be none the worse for its abolition.” Adrian Room in his English Journal article “Axing the Apostrophe” argued that apostrophes are unnecessary and context will resolve any ambiguity.[67] In a letter to the English Journal, Peter Brodie stated that apostrophes are “largely decorative…[and] rarely clarify meaning”.[68] Dr. John C. Wells, Emeritus Professor of Phonetics at University College London, says the apostrophe is “a waste of time”.[67]
see also The Moronicities of Typography: Hyphen, Dash, Quotation Marks, Apostrophe
Those studying SAT, GRE, vocabularies: note that many such prep books add words from dictionary without much discretion. For example, words found in Shakespear will almost never show up in journalism. So, if you want to increase vocabulary, don't take the brute force approach of trying to memorize every word in dict, as i've done some 3 decades ago.
学习英文 SAT， GRE 的同学，注意，很多词汇书乱加字典里的字。好像莎士比亚的字，一辈子都不会在报章杂志上用到。背字一定要由浅入深。这有很多。是我学英文记下的。供参考。英语：词汇汇编与用法示例。
Wordy English: Vocabulary Compilation with Usage Examples
“Fie, fie, how franticly I square my talk”. What does that mean? See: FLATLAND: A Romance of Many Dimensions
Xah's Belles-lettres Blog Archive 2013-03 〜 2013-03
and, of course, the word pork should be ban'd. It's called pig meat.
Q: what did you eat for dinner?
A: i had pig flesh.
and thus the world has a tidbit more of unwavering truth.
pork «c.1300 (early 13c. in surname Porkuiller), “flesh of a pig as food,” from Old French porc “pig, swine, boar,” and directly from Latin porcus “pig, tame swine,” from PIE *porko- “young swine” (cf. Umbrian purka; Old Church Slavonic prase “young pig;” Lithuanian parsas “pig;” and Old English fearh, Middle Dutch varken, both from Proto-Germanic *farhaz).»
The History of English in 10 Minutes, Annotated
Xah's Belles-lettres Blog Archive 2013-02 〜 2013-02
Tilting at windmills is an English idiom which means attacking imaginary enemies. The word “tilt”, in this context, comes from jousting.
The phrase is sometimes used to describe confrontations where adversaries are incorrectly perceived, or to courses of action that are based on misinterpreted or misapplied heroic, romantic, or idealistic justifications. It may also connote an importune, unfounded and vain effort against confabulated adversaries for a vain goal.
Wilt Thou Gallantly Tilt at Windmills?
Wilt Thou Galantly Tilt at Windmills?
〔Julie Taymor's 〈Titus〉 DVD. amazon
Julie Taymor's Titus; Screenshots
Google defines “madcap” as
what kinda diluted milk is that?
my fav dict, the American Heritage, gives
“Behaving or acting impulsively or rashly; wild.”
now, that's respect to language.
madcap «1580s, noun and adjective, from mad (adj.) + cap, used here figuratively for “head.” Related: Madcappery.»
words ＆ art: languid, habitués, madcap
Her work reflects the neoclassical revival of the 1920s, to which Picasso contributed with his colossal seaside nudes. Lempicka belongs to the line of painters, extending through Jacques-Louis David and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, who stress sharp outlines and sculptural mass. Indeed, a contemporary critic, noting Lempicka's heavy, languid forms and polished surfaces, called her “the perverse Ingres of the Machine Age.” She admired Botticelli, Antonello da Messina, and Mannerists like Bronzino and Pontormo, with their refined, armored style. Her subjects were the glittering habitués of postwar Paris café society, where new money met old and where cosmopolitan refugees mixed with Jazz Age entertainers and madcap youth.
from Glittering Images: A Journey Through Art from Egypt to Star Wars amazon
Portrait of Doctor Boucard
Art of Tamara de Lempicka
Time Machine by H G Wells
Vocabulary in 《A Tale of Two Cities》
prince kiss song screenshot 30875
Prince ＆ Wendy Melvoin
This defines the word “funky”. Watch the caper and caprice, prance and tug — a play of youthful love birds.
Prince ❀〈Kiss〉 🎶
English Writing: to An or Not to An
The exigency of mating: when you are coming, everything else is irrelevant, even death. Blondie ❀〈Atomic〉 🎶
when the pressures of life impinges you, feign death.
the Diva Dance Song from The Fifth Element 🎶
what language is that? A site tests you skills. http://greatlanguagegame.com/play/
On the Naming of Eigenvector and the Igon Value Problem
euphemism ＆ dysphemism
in the language of human animals, there's “yes” and “no”.
yes signifies consent, accordance, concurrence, affirmation, acknowledgement, approval, positiveness, and, pleasure.
no means no.
there are many synonyms of yes, ⁖ aye, yeah, yep, yup, agree, true, uh-huh, yesh (diminutive uttered by furries), but there are a million euphemisms for no.
Negative, nuu, huh, what, oh look Dinasour!
a dysphemism for no is f��k U.
Easy Ways to Remember Latitude ＆ Longitude and Their Order
English Accent: Australian Accent 📺 (added a new video)
etymology of Laissez-faire: Let us be
According to historical legend, the phrase “Laissez-faire” stems from a meeting in about 1680 between the powerful French finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert and a group of French businessmen led by a certain M. Le Gendre. When the eager mercantilist minister asked how the French state could be of service to the merchants and help promote their commerce, Le Gendre replied simply “Laissez-nous faire” (“Let us be”, literally “Let us do”).
Good news for those of you studying the logical language lojban. Evan Rysdam has started to post a-word-a-day. Subscribe at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lojban-valsi/
you can also read my old tutorial at Xah's lojban Tutorial
mario brothers luigi cosplay ma4neetann
She's 柊まよん @ma4neetann
i can't help but think of the word lugubrious
Mario Sisters Cosplay, Jessica Nigri and Lindsay Elyse
see also Mario Brothers Piranha Plant Earring
Q: What's the news? A: that you are decipher'd, that's the news. Titus Andronicus: Act 4 #nsa
“Then let the ladies tattle what they please.” Titus Andronicus: Act 4
today's words ＆ idioms: tenderness, verve, slovenliness, finesse, “dressed up to the nines”. Madonna ❀〈Don't Cry For Me Argentina〉 🎶
How to Increase Your English Vocabulary? (old article, updated.)
new funny video. English Accent: US American Accent 📺
Quine could lecture in French, Spanish, Portuguese and German, as well as his native English. But like the logical positivists, he evinced little interest in the philosophical canon: only once did he teach a course in the history of philosophy, on Hume.
Willard Van Orman Quine
vocabulary: dole, misanthropic, promiscuous, flaunts, facade, asphyxiates, callous, sober, grudgingly, inebriated. Bedrock ❀〈For What You Dream Of〉 (Trainspotting) 🎶
vocabulary: quicksand, colloid, viscosity, dispersed, globules, and, the etymology of ketchup
Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid: when undisturbed, it often appears to be in a solid (“gel” form), but a minor (less than 1%) change in the stress on the quicksand will cause a sudden decrease in its viscosity (“sol” form)…
Because of the higher density of the quicksand, it would be impossible for a human or animal to entirely sink in the quicksand
The way to escape is to wiggle the legs as slowly as possible in order to reduce viscosity, to try spreading the arms and legs far apart and lying supine to increase the body's surface area, which should allow one to float.[3]
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance. (a good example is milk, which is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution.)
Non-Newtonian fluid
a good example of non-Newtonian fluid is ketchup. Once disturbed, it flows readily. So, this means, shake it first.
1711, said to be from Malay kichap, but probably not original to Malay. It might have come from Chinese koechiap “brine of fish,” which, if authentic, perhaps is from the Chinese community in northern Vietnam [Terrien de Lacouperie, in “Babylonian and Oriental Record,” 1889, 1890]. Catsup (earlier catchup, 1680s) is a failed attempt at Englishing, still in use in U.S., influenced by cat and sup.
Originally a fish sauce, the word came to be used in English for a wide variety of spiced gravies and sauces; “Apicius Redivivus; or, the Cook's Oracle,” by William Kitchiner, London, 1817, devotes 7 pages to recipes for different types of catsup (his book has 1 spelling of ketchup, 72 of catsup), including walnut, mushroom, oyster, cockle and mussel, tomata, white (vinegar and anchovies figure in it), cucumber, and pudding catsup. Chambers's Encyclopaedia (1870) lists mushroom, walnut, and tomato ketchup as “the three most esteemed kinds.” Tomato ketchup emerged c.1800 in U.S. and predominated from early 20c.
愛字中间一个屌 Chinese Character “Love” Has a … in Middle
been listening to these songs for 2 decades. Seems every day. My life is a monotonic infatuation. Augustness, Austerity, the Pain, the Suffering: 4 Piano Pieces to Die For
I construe, therefore I am. (from https://twitter.com/barfton)
logic ＆ linguistics. The Logical Levels of Interpretation
vocabulary: augustness, austerity. Augustness, Austerity, the Pain, the Suffering: 4 Piano Pieces to Die For
“if you learned to speak lojban, your communication would be completely umambiguous ＆ logical.” “Yeah, but it would all be with the kind of people who learn lojban.” Xah's lojban Tutorial
vocabulary: maudlin, sentimentalities, upheavals, nonchalant. ABBA ❀〈The Day Before You Came〉 🎶
“He hath given his empire, Up to a whore.” — Daddy English
Antony and Cleopatra is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. The play was first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The plot is based on Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Lives and follows the relationship between Cleopatra and Mark Antony from the time of the Sicilian revolt to Cleopatra's suicide during the Final War of the Roman Republic. The major antagonist is Octavius Caesar, one of Antony's fellow triumviri and the future first emperor of Rome. The tragedy is a Roman play characterised by swift, panoramic shifts in geographical locations and in registers, alternating between sensual, imaginative Alexandria and the more pragmatic, austere Rome.
Many consider the role of Cleopatra in this play one of the most complex female roles in Shakespeare's work.:p.45 She is frequently vain and histrionic, provoking an audience almost to scorn; at the same time, Shakespeare's efforts invest both her and Antony with tragic grandeur. These contradictory features have led to famously divided critical responses.
Antony and Cleopatra
histrionic «“theatrical” (figuratively, “hypocritical”), 1640s, from Latin histrionicus “pertaining to an actor,” from histrio (genitive histrionis) “actor,” said to be of Etruscan origin. The literal sense in English is from 1759.»
exuberance «1630s, from French exubérance (16c.), from Latin exuberantia "superabundance," noun of state from exuberare (see exuberant). Exuberancy attested from 1610s.»
Vocabulary in 《A Tale of Two Cities》
twerk: The rhythmic gyrating of the lower fleshy extremities in a lascivious manner.
Moulin Rouge, C'est Féerie 🎶 (updated with video and lyrics)
English Accent: Scottish Accent 📺 (updated)
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#1 May 07 2013 at 12:36 AM Rating: Excellent
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Actually it's all about screwing the casual groupers.
A cabal of raiders and SOE joins together to figure out how to mash the dastardly grouping folks into the ground.
I give the latest effort a C+, let's hope the next try reaches b-
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Posts with tag naxx-10
Shifting Perspectives: Soloing Naxxramas for feral druids in the 4.3 era
Every week, WoW Insider brings you Shifting Perspectives for cat, bear, restoration and balance druids. Welcome to our feral cat edition, brought to you by Chase Hasbrouck, aka Alaron of The Fluid Druid blog. This week, the editors refuse to let me write the column in Elcor.
Let's face it: Mists of Pandaria isn't going to be released any time soon, and Dragon Soul is starting to become Draggin' Soul, for those of who you starting raiding it on the release of patch 4.3. Of course, many of us are off saving the galaxy from annihilation, but if you're staying in Azeroth, you need something to do -- a new challenge. This week, I'm resurrecting my old series on druid soloing. A new tier of gear has made possible many feats that were not before, so pack your bags. We're heading back to Northrend to fight the undead ... since they cannot die. (/sunglasses)
Before we start, however, a quick refresher for those who missed the earlier series. Druids are one of the best raid soloing classes in the game for one simple reason: Prowl. While we don't have the solo survivability of a blood DK or the DPS of a hunter, we can skip the annoying trash most of the time. If you're doing a full clear, that isn't much help -- but in most cases, you can get in, kill the boss, and get out without ever having to wait to kill a trash mob.
In terms of strategy, I use this bearcat talent spec and glyphs. The primary source of your survivability will come from Leader of the Pack heals and Savage Defense shields, using Barkskin and Survival Instincts on cooldown, and popping Frenzied Regeneration as your oh-crap full heal. For some fights, you'll also be mixing in Rejuvenation, Lifebloom, and Predator's Swiftness-procced Healing Touches. For your rotation, you'll be using the default bear priority list (FF once, Demo Roar, Mangle, Thrash, Lacerate to three, Pulverize). For trivial bosses, feel free to go Cat part-time or full-time to speed things up. Finally, note that my ilevel was about 390 when I did these bosses, so this may be a bit easier or harder depending on what you're packing. (Also, credit where it's due to Reesi for helping me nail down bear details and Braindwen for his soloing guide.)
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Filed under: (Druid) Shifting Perspectives
Wrath Retrospective: Raiding Naxxramas, Malygos and Sartharion
With the final content patch of this expansion on our doorstep and Cataclysm following close behind, we'll be taking the next several weeks to look back on Wrath of the Lich King and everything that made it what it is, for better or for worse, in Wrath Retrospective.
Raiding has been the generic end game for massively multiplayer online games for the past 10 years. Originally comprised of hard-to-kill, non-instanced world and dungeon bosses, end-game raiding tested players' coordination, skill, communication and tenacity. World of Warcraft pioneered the accessible raid -- instanced dungeons that guaranteed loot drops. Many people forget that guaranteed loot drops was a huge deal, right along with no failures during crafting.
Vanilla WoW raiding was an evolution on the EverQuest system, naturally, due to the prevalence of EverQuest players' not only designing and producing World of Warcraft but also their prevalence in the installed player base. Raiding had a language all its own. The first expansion to World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade, attempted to stretch the bounds of raiding by scaling down player numbers and, at the same time, creating new and unique challenges in an attempt to make content more accessible. EverQuest routinely failed to make content accessible, and WoW was determined to turn the tides with the introduction of the 10-man raiding tier comprised of Karazhan and Zul'Aman. The popularity of 10-man raiding soared more than Blizzard could have ever imagined.
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Filed under: Analysis / Opinion, Wrath of the Lich King
Breakfast topic: How do you learn tactics?
Requiring epic achievements for normal runs
Leafshine echoes a concern I've heard a lot around the community and even here on lately: why are some Naxx pickup group organizers requiring the epic achievement on characters joining the raid when they're only running Naxx 10? Sure, we'd all love to have raids full of epic characters, but when you consider that to even get that gear, you have to topple Naxx 25, it seems a little silly to require a raid full of characters that don't actually need the run you're going on.
Then again, you could (and probably do) subscribe to the "free market" theory of PuGing: if you think that's silly, don't join that raid, and eventually people who want those requirements won't have anyone to run with (and if they do have people to run with, then apparently even those who have conquered Naxx 25 still want to go back and run 10, for fun or badges or offspec gear or whatever). But that does leave out people who really do need to (and can) run the instances -- just because you don't have a character full of gear from Naxx 25 doesn't mean you can't perform respectably in Naxx 10.
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Filed under: Analysis / Opinion, Virtual selves, Raiding
Loot, rationality, and the Sunwell effect
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Blood Pact: Warlock tips for Naxx-10 part 2
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Filed under: Warlock, (Warlock) Blood Pact
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Filed under: Warlock, (Warlock) Blood Pact
Naxxramas gear by type
Tobold has a post up with an interesting analysis of all the epic loot that drops in the ten-man version of Naxxramas, broken down by armor type and by broad stat type (tank, melee, caster). At the top of this post is a chart I made from his armor type breakdown ("Other" is anything that's not cloth, leather, mail, or plate, i.e. weapons, off-hands, shields, jewelry, and cloaks). As Tobold mentions, this confirms that there is significantly more plate than anything else, about 50% more, even though there are the same number of plate classes as cloth classes. My guess is that this is because they expected an influx of DKs bumping up the plate numbers.
As far as stat types, leather and mail are both split half-and-half for caster vs melee. This is a little iffy. In both cases, there are two caster specs (Balance and Resto Druid, Elemental and Resto Shaman) out of six total specs (Druids and Rogues, Shamans and Hunters), so it seems a 33/66 split would make more sense, but maybe they just wanted to keep it simple.
The case that really bothers me is plate, which is split evenly between caster, tank, and DPS (see right). The only plate spec that wants caster gear is the Holy Paladin. That's one of three specs from one of three plate-wearing classes, and yet it gets a third of the plate gear. I'm sorry, my plate-clad healing brethren, but that's just not an equitable proportion. Mostly it just means that our prot pallies have full healing sets and we're still disenchanting a good chunk of the plate every week. Here's hoping we see less caster leather, mail, and especially plate in Ulduar.
Filed under: Items, Analysis / Opinion, Raiding
15 Minutes of Fame: Solo healing Naxx 10
"I realise that I'm not the first person to do this, but I figured it was worth a post regardless," Prrancer begins his recent post on the EU Priest forums, "mostly because I keep seeing people insisting that it's impossible without an offhealer. So here it is: I solo healed the entire Naxxramas without anyone helping on any fight.
"Okay, that's a lie. We had Vampiric Embrace, and we used Judgement of Light on Sapphiron -- only Sapphiron, though. But neither our Boomkin, Enhancement Shaman or Shadowpriest cast a heal at any point during combat. The Protection Paladin did use LoH twice, although he didn't have to. (He just forgets to use Lightwell.)"
Thus begins the story of Prrancer of Liquid Courage on Jaedenar-EU (H). This is a player who likes to push the limits – and from the looks of things, he's doing a darn fine job of it.
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Ready Check: Guide to Naxxramas (Kel'Thuzad)
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Ready Check: Guide to Naxxramas (Sapphiron)
Ready Check is a weekly column focusing on successful raiding for the serious raider. Hardcore or casual, ZA or Sunwell Plateau, everyone can get in on the action and down some bosses. This week, we're heading to Sapphiron and Kel'Thuzad to visit a few old friends, complete Naxxramas, and wonder to ourselves why everyone on the server has a Journey's End but us.
Welcome back! With the Spider Quarter, Construct Quarter, Plague Quarter, and Death Knight Quarter out of your way, the teleport to Sapphiron's room (and from there, Kel'Thuzad) will become available. There's no trash to worry about, just two big, ugly bosses between you and the completion of Naxxramas. Tonight we'll deal with Sapphiron; tomorrow we'll head in to finish off the big lich himself.
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Filed under: Breakfast Topics, Instances, Features, Raiding
Ready Check: Guide to Naxxramas (Thaddius)
Ready Check is a weekly column focusing on successful raiding for the serious raider. Hardcore or casual, ZA or Sunwell Plateau, everyone can get in on the action and down some bosses. This week we're on our way to the last two bosses of Naxxramas -- but not without a stop at the ultimate boss of the Construct Quarter.
If you didn't get to see Naxxramas at 60 but did the first boss of the Mechanar in Burning Crusade, you're already familiar with the major "trick" to the Thaddius fight. Actually, you can make a pretty compelling case that Thaddius is easier than Mechano-Lord Capacitus, mostly because the platform on which Thaddius is situated is ideally configured for the encounter. Mechano-Lord was usually a mess of planning beforehand about where you'd go if you were melee and your charge was different from the tank's, etc. That's not a problem here. But before you get to Thaddius -- who, by the way, is the source of most of the eerie cries you'll hear in this quarter -- you have to deal with a few mobs along the way.
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Ready Check: Guide to Naxxramas (Gluth)
Ready Check is a weekly column focusing on successful raiding for the serious raider. Hardcore or casual, ZA or Sunwell Plateau, everyone can get in on the action and down some bosses. This week we begin to examine the rest of the Construct Quarter.
Hey folks. This installment is going up a bit late due to connection issues that left me offline for most of last week, for which I sincerely apologize. We'll have Gluth today, Thaddius tomorrow, and Sapphiron/Kel'thuzad on Saturday, which should finish off all of Naxx for us. But first, let's run with the Big Dog.
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Filed under: Analysis / Opinion, How-tos, Features, Bosses, Guides, Wrath of the Lich King, Ready Check (Raiding), Achievements
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wedge (): a diacritic mark commonly used to indicate a sequence of low [3] and high [3] tones on the same vowel. Thus can represent an a with a rising (low-high) tone. Also used on certain consonants to represent palato-alveolar fricatives or affricates, such as [] or []. (See the diagram of phonetic symbols for consonants.) Sometimes called "hachek" or "caron". [Spanish: circunflejo inverso, cuernitos]
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Prime numbers
Number theory index History Topics Index
Version for printing
Prime numbers and their properties were first studied extensively by the ancient Greek mathematicians.
The mathematicians of Pythagoras's school (500 BC to 300 BC) were interested in numbers for their mystical and numerological properties. They understood the idea of primality and were interested in perfect and amicable numbers.
A perfect number is one whose proper divisors sum to the number itself. e.g. The number 6 has proper divisors 1, 2 and 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, 28 has divisors 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 and 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
You can see more about these numbers in the History topics article Perfect numbers.
By the time Euclid's Elements appeared in about 300 BC, several important results about primes had been proved. In Book IX of the Elements, Euclid proves that there are infinitely many prime numbers. This is one of the first proofs known which uses the method of contradiction to establish a result. Euclid also gives a proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every integer can be written as a product of primes in an essentially unique way.
Euclid also showed that if the number 2n - 1 is prime then the number 2n-1(2n - 1) is a perfect number. The mathematician Euler (much later in 1747) was able to show that all even perfect numbers are of this form. It is not known to this day whether there are any odd perfect numbers.
In about 200 BC the Greek Eratosthenes devised an algorithm for calculating primes called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
There is then a long gap in the history of prime numbers during what is usually called the Dark Ages.
The next important developments were made by Fermat at the beginning of the 17th Century. He proved a speculation of Albert Girard that every prime number of the form 4 n + 1 can be written in a unique way as the sum of two squares and was able to show how any number could be written as a sum of four squares.
He devised a new method of factorising large numbers which he demonstrated by factorising the number 2027651281 = 44021 × 46061.
He proved what has come to be known as Fermat's Little Theorem (to distinguish it from his so-called Last Theorem).
This states that if p is a prime then for any integer a we have ap = a modulo p.
This proves one half of what has been called the Chinese hypothesis which dates from about 2000 years earlier, that an integer n is prime if and only if the number 2n - 2 is divisible by n. The other half of this is false, since, for example, 2341 - 2 is divisible by 341 even though 341 = 31 × 11 is composite. Fermat's Little Theorem is the basis for many other results in Number Theory and is the basis for methods of checking whether numbers are prime which are still in use on today's electronic computers.
Fermat corresponded with other mathematicians of his day and in particular with the monk Marin Mersenne. In one of his letters to Mersenne he conjectured that the numbers 2n + 1 were always prime if n is a power of 2. He had verified this for n = 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 and he knew that if n were not a power of 2, the result failed. Numbers of this form are called Fermat numbers and it was not until more than 100 years later that Euler showed that the next case 232 + 1 = 4294967297 is divisible by 641 and so is not prime.
Number of the form 2n - 1 also attracted attention because it is easy to show that if unless n is prime these number must be composite. These are often called Mersenne numbers Mn because Mersenne studied them.
Not all numbers of the form 2n - 1 with n prime are prime. For example 211 - 1 = 2047 = 23 × 89 is composite, though this was first noted as late as 1536.
For many years numbers of this form provided the largest known primes. The number M19 was proved to be prime by Cataldi in 1588 and this was the largest known prime for about 200 years until Euler proved that M31 is prime. This established the record for another century and when Lucas showed that M127 (which is a 39 digit number) is prime that took the record as far as the age of the electronic computer.
In 1952 the Mersenne numbers M521, M607, M1279, M2203 and M2281 were proved to be prime by Robinson using an early computer and the electronic age had begun.
By 2005 a total of 42 Mersenne primes have been found. The largest is M25964951 which has 7816230 decimal digits.
Euler's work had a great impact on number theory in general and on primes in particular.
He extended Fermat's Little Theorem and introduced the Euler φ-function. As mentioned above he factorised the 5th Fermat Number 232 + 1, he found 60 pairs of the amicable numbers referred to above, and he stated (but was unable to prove) what became known as the Law of Quadratic Reciprocity.
He was the first to realise that number theory could be studied using the tools of analysis and in so-doing founded the subject of Analytic Number Theory. He was able to show that not only is the so-called Harmonic series ∑ (1/n) divergent, but the series
formed by summing the reciprocals of the prime numbers, is also divergent. The sum to n terms of the Harmonic series grows roughly like log(n), while the latter series diverges even more slowly like log[ log(n) ]. This means, for example, that summing the reciprocals of all the primes that have been listed, even by the most powerful computers, only gives a sum of about 4, but the series still diverges to ∞.
At first sight the primes seem to be distributed among the integers in rather a haphazard way. For example in the 100 numbers immediately before 10 000 000 there are 9 primes, while in the 100 numbers after there are only 2 primes. However, on a large scale, the way in which the primes are distributed is very regular. Legendre and Gauss both did extensive calculations of the density of primes. Gauss (who was a prodigious calculator) told a friend that whenever he had a spare 15 minutes he would spend it in counting the primes in a 'chiliad' (a range of 1000 numbers). By the end of his life it is estimated that he had counted all the primes up to about 3 million. Both Legendre and Gauss came to the conclusion that for large n the density of primes near n is about 1/log(n). Legendre gave an estimate for π(n) the number of primes ≤ n of
π(n) = n/(log(n) - 1.08366)
while Gauss's estimate is in terms of the logarithmic integral
π(n) = ∫ (1/log(t) dt where the range of integration is 2 to n.
You can see the Legendre estimate and the Gauss estimate and can compare them.
The statement that the density of primes is 1/log(n) is known as the Prime Number Theorem. Attempts to prove it continued throughout the 19th Century with notable progress being made by Chebyshev and Riemann who was able to relate the problem to something called the Riemann Hypothesis: a still unproved result about the zeros in the Complex plane of something called the Riemann zeta-function. The result was eventually proved (using powerful methods in Complex analysis) by Hadamard and de la Vallée Poussin in 1896.
There are still many open questions (some of them dating back hundreds of years) relating to prime numbers.
Some unsolved problems
1. The Twin Primes Conjecture that there are infinitely many pairs of primes only 2 apart.
2. Goldbach's Conjecture (made in a letter by C Goldbach to Euler in 1742) that every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.
3. Are there infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1 ?
(Dirichlet proved that every arithmetic progression : {a + bn | n belongs N} with a, b coprime contains infinitely many primes.)
4. Is there always a prime between n2 and (n + 1)2 ?
5. Are there infinitely many prime Fermat numbers? Indeed, are there any prime Fermat numbers after the fourth one?
6. Is there an arithmetic progression of consecutive primes for any given (finite) length? e.g. 251, 257, 263, 269 has length 4. The largest example known has length 10.
7. Are there infinitely many sets of 3 consecutive primes in arithmetic progression. (True if we omit the word consecutive.)
8. n2 - n + 41 is prime for 0 ≤ n ≤ 40. Are there infinitely many primes of this form? The same question applies to n2 - 79 n + 1601 which is prime for 0 ≤ n ≤ 79.
9. Are there infinitely many primes of the form n# + 1? (where n# is the product of all primes ≤ n.)
10. Are there infinitely many primes of the form n# - 1?
11. Are there infinitely many primes of the form n! + 1?
12. Are there infinitely many primes of the form n! - 1?
13. If p is a prime, is 2p - 1 always square free? i.e. not divisible by the square of a prime.
14. Does the Fibonacci sequence contain an infinite number of primes?
Here are the latest prime records that we know.
The largest known prime (found by GIMPS [Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search] in August 2008) was the 45th Mersenne prime: M43112609 which has 1209780189 decimal digits. The most recently discovered Mersenne prime (September 2008) is M37156667. See the Official announcement
The largest known twin primes are 2003663613 × 2195000 ± 1. They have 58711 digits and were announced by Vautier, McKibbon and Gribenko in 2007.
The largest known factorial prime (prime of the form n! ± 1) is 34790! - 1. It is a number of 142891 digits and was announced by Marchal, Carmody and Kuosa in 2002.
The largest known primorial prime (prime of the form n# ± 1 where n# is the product of all primes ≤ n) is 392113# + 1. It is a number of 169966 digits and was announced by Heuer in 2001.
References (21 books/articles)
Other Web sites:
1. Astroseti (A Spanish translation of this article)
2. You can find out about the Great InterNet Mersenne Prime Search at the GIMPS home page.
3. You can find out about primes at University of Tennessee, USA
4. There is some information about the so-called Bertelsen's number and mistakes in calculating π(n) at Ken Brown
5. Some information about Perfect numbers, etc.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
History Topics Index
Number theory index
Main index Biographies Index
Famous curves index Birthplace Maps
Chronology Time lines
Mathematicians of the day Anniversaries for the year
Search Form Societies, honours, etc
JOC/EFR May 2009
The URL of this page is:
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What's New
DoneThat is now a free app!
App Description
DoneThat is a reverse todo list. Instead of creating static lists ahead of time, DoneThat allows you to log tasks after they are completed. By assigning a velocity to each task, you can easily keep track of how much you have accomplished already in a given day and compare it to the previous day or averages for the past week, month or all time.
DoneThat is the perfect task tracker and motivational help for freelancers and independent programmers, designers, artists or other creative workers who feel tied down by traditional task tracking.
To measure tasks, DoneThat uses the concept of velocity. Small tasks (doing the dishes, walking the dog) add 1 to the day's velocity, medium tasks (writing a piece of code, designing an element) add 2 and big tasks (finalizing a project, curing cancer) add 3.
DoneThat was built with scaling in mind. No matter if you have entered 10 tasks, 100 tasks or 1,000,000 tasks - DoneThat will run at the same speed. DoneThat was designed to stay out of your way and let you do your work. Period.
App Screen Shots
(click to enlarge)
App Changes
August 31, 2011 Price Decrease: $4.99 -> FREE!
August 31, 2011 New version 1.2.1
August 26, 2011 New version 1.2
December 18, 2010 Initial Release
Other Apps From Reflare
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A division of:
Want to tell a friend about Be Still, My Child? It's easy. Just enter the information requested below, click the "E-mail a Friend" button, and your message is on its way.
Name of recipient:
*Recipient e-mail address:
Your name:
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Personal Message:
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Adjusting the Bias
Over the past couple of years, I've contemplated audio reviewing. The more I think about it, the more it bothers me. There seems to be an inevitable and fundamental flaw in the process. Let's skip back to 1927 to look over the shoulder of that great German physicist, Werner Heisenberg. He formulates his famous Uncertainty Principle. While thinking about the nature of particles, he realizes that it is impossible to know, simultaneously, the location and direction of a particle. Crudely put, Heisenberg sees how at this mysterious edge of quantum mechanics, the observer actually becomes part of the experiment and effects what he is observing simply by defining the parameters that will be used to measure particle behavior. It is an astonishing conundrum but also an established fact.
What does quantum mechanics have to do with reviewing? As the quantum observer affects the journey of the particle, so the reviewer, in concentrating on the kit, inevitably affects the delicate processes of how music speaks to us. In a perfect world, the audio gear shouldn't be there at all. The next best thing? It shouldn't be calling attention to itself. Don't get me wrong; I'm an audiophile. By definition, the gear is important to me. But it must be as a way of getting closer to the music. Once the kit become the focus of attention, we're in serious danger of losing the plot, of confusing ends and means. But of course, to review equipment, we have to pay attention to the component. If we do it regularly, that will have consequences on our listening habits. Worse, there's a danger it might end up substituting itself for the music.
The upside? By communicating and sharing our experiences, we can learn from each other. I'm hoping that by formalizing my own reactions, I'll learn a little more not just about music, but about the way language works as a writer. One of the really attractive things about writing from an audiophile perspective is the difficulty of describing sonic effects. The borderline between effectively described precision and pure gobbledegook is narrow. I'm hoping that climbing those precarious verbal cliff faces will turn me into a better writer.
Of course it's pretty nerve-racking to get up on stage to spout views. I've had a lot of doubts about this aspect of reviewing as well. The reality? A lot of readers have not just more experience but also have been exposed to completely different equipment to arrive at completely different but equally valid priorities. Perhaps even more important than that, I have a problem with what the written word does in this little world of ours. Just because someone can string two words together doesn't mean their ears or opinions are fois-gras. Regardless, reviewers end up wielding genuine power even if they don't mean to. That's not something I find attractive even by default. My first and major concern is to remember the individuality of our respective sonic journeys. Our goals are equally valid, whether we end up waxing lyrical about them or not.
Ultimately, it's only worth reading someone if you trust them. The only way I can think of doing that is to explain my sonic tastes, prejudices and history. I won't tax your patience with the whole sordid story, but I might start off with a little background. I'm forty-or-so years old. Hell, I'm lying already. OK, forty-two. About five years ago, I wasn't listening to much music. Then a friend of mine bought an expensive home cinema projector and sound system. Somehow I couldn't resist. Monkey see, monkey do. I loved the projector, but the sound of the sound system completely captivated me. It was excellent, a real pleasure to listen to. Way better in fact than the high-street separates that were pretty much gathering dust in my living room. And thus began a ruinously expensive and time-wasting hobby. These days, the vast majority of my spare time is spent listening to music. The hi-fi has long since been separated from the home theatre system, though I s'ppose I still watch a couple of films a week. One plus? Music has pretty much taken the place of television in my life. That can't be a bad thing. So I belong to that growing school of folks who came to audiophilia through home theatre. That ought to give us hope.
I guess I caught the bug pretty badly. The first couple of years were a frenzied hunt. I couldn't do enough research. I craved hearing any unusual kind of system, changed speakers and other components every few weeks. You know the syndrome: Audiophilia Nervosa. A sad bad case. A few years down the line, I got more experience in audiophile matters. But the fact is, I'm increasingly aware that the more I know and hear, the less I'm able to draw firm conclusions. Put differently, I can no longer tell what I'm looking for exactly - where I'm going or why.
Let me try for some prejudices. Hi-end audio gear is overpriced. How can one justify 100K+ on a system? On the other hand, if I could afford it, would my views change? One of my major audiophile shocks came when I crossed the ruinous barrier of thinking that £1000 for a component was absolute tops. Suddenly and for no good reason, I was willing to spend more if and when I had it.
Value for money has always been key - all the more so if I could find the desired component second-hand. Unlike paid reviewers, most of us have to acquire the gear we audition. If we buy second-hand, the cost of chopping and changing comes way down. One other point: I live in London. What you'll get is more of a UK/Euro perspective. We just do not have access to the amazing quantity of choices that the US market provides. A lot of very fine American components unfortunately don't make their way across the pond. The slow boat to China instead?
Anyway, on to the system. It's developed and transformed itself several times, scaled hills, hit a few dead ends in the process as well. Like most systems, it's grown organically, with chance and circumstance playing their part. Still, its general performance has pretty much stabilized now. It represents a decent take on the sound I'm looking for based on the pool of kit I've been exposed to.
Living Voices
Lets kick off with the tail end, the speakers - Living Voice Avatar OBX-Rs. These are very ordinary-looking small two-way floorstanders, with a tweeter surrounded by two bass drivers in a typical D'Appolito configuration. Apart from standing on a plinth which raises them 8 inches off the floor, they look like a pair of ordinary £300 speakers - except that they come with two extra metal boxes. Other than that, they're plain-old squarish cabinets for goodness' sake. These days even mass-market manufacturers give you entry-level speakers that are rounded off like Sonus Fabers. Apparently, Living Voice isn't following this trend. So cheap-looking floorstanders it is - except they sell for £4000. What? I might as well add that they only weigh 17 kilos. You can just about blow them over. We've all been told how cabinet inertia is key to keeping speakers in good sonic order. Seems Living Voice hasn't heard of this concept either. At this point you might be wondering. How the hell do they sell these things? The weird thing is that they do - in spades. In fact, the OBX-R is the biggest seller in the range, more so than the lesser-priced Auditorium (£1500) and Avatar (£2500). Keep in mind that they all look not just similar but spittin'-image identical. Truly!
Why then? Why are they so popular? Who in their right mind would plunk down this heftily for them? Well, one point in their favor is a reputation for being one of the ultimate 300B mates around. Not that they are particularly sensitive (94 dB). They are, however, incredibly transparent and delicate to allow that lush midrange to gush forth unsullied. The OBX-R designation stands for Out Board Crossover (revised) - those two metal boxes. They're fitted with cheap multicolored terminals. This poses a potentially serious problem for those into expensive cables. It requires 6 extra bits of cable to wire up each speaker. Living Voice designer Kevin Scott recommends using Electrofluidics 20/20, bi-wired at a reasonable £45 a meter. That proved no good to me as I'm close to married to my Clearlight Audio cables. These are wonder children of Kurt Olbert's brain, he of the RDC damping compounds, the Recovery turntable and now a new speaker which has garnered considerable praise in Germany.
To my knowledge, Clearlight Audio (after Lavardin and Nordost Valhalla) was the third cable brand employing microwave technology. Other manufacturers like Chord with their new Signature I/C are getting into the act now. The difference with the Clearlights? They were comparably serious bargains - £295 for the I/Cs, £600 for the cable. Still, there was no way I was going to have Clearlight make up 6 further pairs of speaker cables. Instead, I bought an interconnect and chopped it up. I also removed the 4mm plugs from the speaker cables to get as close a connection between amp and cable as possible, and a connection that was in-line with the binding post rather than angled.
Back to the OBX-Rs. It's when you start looking at what's inside them that the penny starts to drop. The two woofers are adapted from a Viva driver but with magnets beefed up to ridiculously non-stock proportions (don't put these speakers within 3 feet of a TV). The tweeter is the famous Scanspeak Revelator usually found in only serious state-of-the-art kit at several multiples of my price bracket. The cabinets in the OBX-Rs are reinforced with several carefully placed struts, yet clearly that's not where the money has gone. What about the crossovers? They are housed in big, 18" x 10" x 4 " boxes. Inside you'll find Hovland discrete film and foil capacitors, Clarostat non-inductive wire-wound resistors and hand-made air core inductors, with an attention to layout detail that seems difficult to surpass. Along with the Revelator, this crossover is a key ingredient to the OBX-R's magic.
A simple two-way system is only as good as its drivers and crossover. This one's almost inaudible. In fact, the OBX-R has more than a passing resemblance to the Reference 3A line-up. Given they have no crossover at all, the References might be a tad more transparent, but the Living Voices come seriously close.
Besides them, there are quite a few other speakers I really like. Some are even cheaper than the OBX-Rs, or at least in their ball park. A friend just obtained a pair of second-hand Martin Logan CLS IIs with matching Kinergetics subwoofers, for less than a new pair of Living Voices. I love the sound they make though mind you, no savings in the end since he's ended up amping them with a Rogue Audio 99 Magnum pre and four Rogue 120 Magnums monos. And what about those beautiful Avantgardes at Srajan's? Tempting - I could easily work up a steam of lather but the Living Voices are going nowhere soon. The main reason? "She who has cast a spell on me" simply won't allow anything larger than the Living Voices into the room that triples as bedroom, office and listening room.
The other reason? I know I would miss them badly. If I'm going to buy more speakers, it's going to be in addition to these - I just can't see selling them. Once you've lived with the way the OBX-Rs recreate instruments in the room, it's hard to get too worked up about any other conventional speaker of their size. Not to say eventual gallivanting is inconceivable. Gotta leave the back door unlatched to indulge the audiophile Jones when he rises. I'm waiting to hear the new top-of-the range Amphions due out this summer at £6000, not to mention the Clearlight Audios. Or the little Kharma Ceramique. But hey, they'd better dislodge my jaw for £20k - that's a lot of money for 2 drivers.
Still, on balance I suspect that the OBX-Rs are unlikely to go anywhere soon. I was lucky enough to grab a very rare second- hand pair, so I wouldn't lose out selling - which is a consideration. But the reality is simply that they tickle whatever it is that gets tickled for me. To be honest, they've never particularly impressed at audio shows. But once I'd lived with their peculiar combination of transparency, timbral delicacy and concert-hall-sized soundstage, they've become a really tough act to replace, let alone in their size and price bracket. They don't have the explosive dynamics of a good horn (though it's not too far off), or the shimmering midrange immediacy of electrostatics. But for my ear, they do a close-to-unbeatable job of actually placing realistic instruments into the room while suspending disbelief about how the heck they got there.
Placement-wise, I've ended up with the same arrangement Kevin Scott uses - a 13-14 feet spread about ten feet from the listening position aka the chaise lounge. With this setup, the instruments float convincingly in their own acoustic space across a wall-to-wall soundstage which, in my room, stretches to about 18 feet. To date, it's the best I've heard though perhaps I should qualify that most super systems I've listened to were either in hotel rooms or at equally turgid shop demos.
Given the OBX-R's affinity for very refined valve amps and a UK propensity for pairing them with the Border Patrol 300B amp, this could seem the prime-time ticket. Actually, I haven't yet fallen under the 300B spell.
In fact, there's a whole bunch of SETs in general that leave me shaking my head. Not that the concept itself seems off - those Lamms for instance are pretty interesting. But personally, I have more time for well-designed push-pulls. As the saying goes, where do you want to make your compromises? I've heard the OBX demoed with 4-box Canary push-pull amps to pretty good effect, but there are any number of attractive alternatives, from the beautiful Jadis or Hovland to the plain-old-ugly but great Lamms. Did I add how I can't afford any of these? Reality bites. However, these speakers just are not interested in anything but a great amp. They are crying out for something transparent yet refined. Enter the 55-watt solid-state Lavardin IT. Heresy?
I remember talking to Kevin Scott a few years ago. He pouted that there was no transistor amp worth listening to. I sympathized with this view until I heard he had brought a little transistor amp of his own design to this year's CES. Traitor. Not that he was alone. Be Yamamura's gone transistor recently as well. My 2 cents? There are good valve amps and good transistor amps - and either is really hard to design. Valves are beautiful just by themselves and can sound beautiful too - sometimes too much so for their own good. One advantage with the Lavardin is that it doesn't act as space heater - and it can be left powered up permanently. That makes a worthwhile difference over time.
So what's different about the Lavardin apart from it being an ugly black box? It's essentially a technology demonstrator. The design is late 90s but based on 12-year research why tube amps sound better than transistors. The wily French engineers claim to have found an important culprit - electrons imprint transistors for up to several minutes after having passed through. Lavardin calls it "memory distortion" and says they can measure it. They've remained mum about exactly what is going on though being patented, the cat's now probably out of the bag. In any case, claims are easy. How does it sound? Like a very good, very transparent, un-valvy valve amp. I've spent several years with Lavardins and haven't found any serious discernable faults apart from being really ugly and not sexily valved. At £3400, that's pretty amazing - another piece I'm going to have a hard time parting with. I'll go out on a limb and say that in my experience, the OBX-R / Lavardin IT is one of those spectacular combination that, once heard, will never be forgotten. They just seem to love each other. Why get in the way?
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Simple Probability
total ways a specific outcome will happen
Probability =
total number of possible outcomes
Example: There are 87 marbles in a bag and 68 of them are green. If one marble is chosen, what is the probability that it will be green?
• Divide the number of ways to choose a green marble (68) by the total number of marbles (87)
• 68 ÷ 87 = 0.781609
• Round to the desired precision (e.g. 0.781609 rounded to hundredths is 0.78)
What is the Probability?
Determine the answer to the nearest hundredth. Use two decimal places.
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On January 21, 2009 @ 7:24 am In
All About Asthma Medications [2]
Questions for Your Physician [1]
Make sure you leave the doctor’s office with a clear idea of what your prescription is supposed to do. Know what questions to ask.
Questions for Your Pharmacist [3]
How long will my medicine last? Can I keep this medicine in my car? Will it interact with any other medications I take? These and more are questions for your pharmacist.
Medication Effectiveness [4]
How can you know if your medication is working? Here are answers to some of your questions.
Alternative Therapies [5]
Wondering if an herbal tea would help your asthma? How about other natural therapies? Check answers here.
Resources [6]
Where can I go to find out more about my medications?
URL to article: http://www.aanma.org/faqs/medications/
URLs in this post:
[1] : http://www.aanma.org/faqs/medications/physician
[2] All About Asthma Medications: http://www.aanma.org/faqs/welcome-to-precious-breathers/medicationspre/
[3] Questions for Your Pharmacist: http://www.aanma.org/faqs/medications/pharmacist/
[4] Medication Effectiveness: http://www.aanma.org/faqs/medications/effectiveness
[5] Alternative Therapies: http://www.aanma.org/faqs/medications/therapies/
[6] Resources: http://www.aanma.org/faqs/medications/resources/
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The Wyandot of Kansas
Search Fold3 for your
Native American Records
The Wyandot tribe was anciently divided into twelve clans, or gentes. Each of these had a local government, consisting of a clan council presided over by a clan chief. These clan councils were composed of at least five persons, one man and four women, and they might contain any number of women above four. Any business pertaining purely to the internal affairs of the clans was carried to the clan councils for settlement. An appeal was allowed from the clan council to the tribal council. The four women of the clan council regulated the clan affairs and selected the clan chief. The office of clan chief was in a measure hereditary, although not wholly so. The tribal council was composed of the clan chiefs, the hereditary sachem, and such other men of the tribe of renown as the sachem might with the consent of the tribal council call to the council fire. In determining a question the vote was by clans, and not by individuals. In matters of great importance it required a unanimous vote to carry a proposition.
The names of the ancient clans of the Wyandot tribe are as follows:
1. Big Turtle
2. Little Turtle
3. Mud Turtle
4. Wolf
5. Bear
6. Beaver
7. Deer
8. Porcupine
9. Striped Turtle
10. Highland Turtle, or Prairie Turtle
11. Snake
12. Hawk
These clan names are all expressed in Wyandot, words so long and hard to properly pronounce that they are omitted here. They are written in what the Wyandot call the Order of Precedence and Encampment, as I have recorded them above. On the march the warriors of the Big Turtle Clan marched in front, those of the Little Turtle Clan marched next to them, and so on down to the last clan, except the Wolf Clan, which had command of the march and might be where its presence was most necessary. The tribal encampment was formed on the shell of the Big Turtle, as the old Wyandot said. This means that the tents were arranged in a circular form as though surrounding the shell of the Big Turtle. The Big Turtle Clan was placed where the right fore-leg of the turtle was supposed to be and the other clans were arranged around in their proper order, except the Wolf Clan, which could be in the center of the inclosure on the turtle’s back, or in front of it where the turtle’s head was supposed to be, as it was thought best. In ancient times all their villages were built in this order, and in the tribal council the clans took this order in seating themselves, with the sachem either in the center or in the front of the door of the council chamber.
These clans were separated into two divisions, or phratries. The first phratry consisted of the following tribes:
1. Bear
2. Deer
3. Snake
4. Hawk
The second phratry consisted of the following tribes:
1. Big Turtle
2. Little Turtle
3. Mud Turtle
4. Beaver
5. Porcupine
6. Striped Turtle
7. Highland Turtle, or Prairie Turtle
The Mediator, Executive Power, and Umpire of the tribe was the Wolf Clan, which stood between the phratries, and bore a cousin relation to each.
All the clans of a phratry bore the relation of brothers to one another, and the clans of one phratry bore the relation of cousins to those of the other phratry.
Their marriage laws were fixed by this relationship. Anciently a man of the first phratry was compelled to marry a woman of the second phratry, and vice versa. This was because every man of a phratry was supposed to be the brother of every other man in it, and every woman in the phratry was supposed to be his sister. The law of marriage is now so modified that it applies only to the clans, a man of the Deer Clan being permitted to marry a woman of Bear, Snake, Hawk, or any other clan but his own. Indeed, even this modification has now almost disappeared. If a man of the Deer Clan married a woman of the Porcupine Clan, all of his children were of the Porcupine Clan, for the gens always follows the woman and never the man. The descent and distribution of property followed the same law; the son could inherit nothing from his father, for they were always of different clans. A man’s property descended to his nearest kindred through his mother. The woman is always the head of the Wyandot family.
Five of the ancient clans of the Wyandot are extinct. They are as follows: (1) Mud Turtle; (2) Beaver; (3) Striped Turtle; (4) Highland, or Prairie Turtle; (5) Hawk.
Those still in existence are as follows: (1) Big Turtle; (2) Little Turtle; (3) Wolf; (4) Deer; (5) Bear; (6) Porcupine; (7) Snake.
The present government of the Wyandot tribe is based on this ancient division of the tribes. An extract from the Constitution may be of interest. It was adopted September 23, 1873:
It shall be the duty of the said Nation to elect their officers on the second Tuesday in July of each year. That said election shall be conducted in the following manner. Each Tribe (clan), consisting of the following Tribes: The Big and Little Turtle, Porcupine, Deer, Bear, and Snake, shall elect a chief; and then the Big and Little Turtle and Porcupine Tribes shall select one of their three chiefs as a candidate for Principal Chief. The Deer, Bear, and Snake Tribes shall also select one of their three chiefs as candidate for Principal Chief; and then at the general election to be held on the day above mentioned, the one receiving the highest number of votes cast shall be declared the Principal Chief; the other shall be declared the Second Chief. The above-named tribes shall on the above named election day elect one or more sheriffs.
The Wolf Tribe shall have the right to elect a chief whose duty shall be that of Mediator.
In case of misdemeanor on the part of any Chief, for the first offense the Council shall send the Mediator to warn the party; for the second offense the party offending shall be liable to removal by the Mediator, or Wolf and his Clan, from office.
The origin of these clans is hidden in the obscurity of great antiquity. They are of religious origin. We learn something of them from the Wyandot mythology, or folk-lore. The ancient Wyandot believed that they were descended from these animals, for whom their clans were named. The animals from which they were descended were different from the animal of the same species to-day. They were deities, zoological gods. The animals of the same species are descended from them. These animals were the creators of the universe. The Big Turtle made the Great Island, as North America was called, by the Wyandot, and he bears it on his back to this day. The Little Turtle made the sun, moon, and many of the stars. The Mud Turtle made a hole through the Great Island for the sun to pass back to the East through after setting at night, so he could arise upon a new day. While making this hole through the Great Island the Mud Turtle turned aside from her work long enough to fashion the future home of the Wyandot, their happy hunting-grounds, to which they go after death. The sun shines there at night while on his way back to the East. This land is called the land of the Little People, a race of pigmies created to assist the Wyandot. They live in it, and preserve the ancient customs, habits, beliefs, language and government of the Wyandot for their use after they leave this world by death. These Little People come and go through the living rock, but the Wyandot must go to it by way of a great underground city where they were once hidden while the works of the world were being restored after destruction in a war between two brothers who were gods.
MLA Source Citation:
AccessGenealogy.com. Web. 29 July 2014. http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/the-wyandot-of-kansas.htm - Last updated on Nov 10th, 2013
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PCAOB Lists Public Accounting Firm Registration Applicants
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has published a list of public accounting firms that have applied for registration to perform public company audits.
As of August 27 - the date of the first list - fewer than 90 CPA firms of the 850+ who performed public company audits last year have yet applied.
Section 102 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 prohibits accounting firms that are not registered with the Board from preparing or issuing audit reports on U.S. public companies and from participating in such audits.
The PCAOB has given U.S. CPA firms a deadline of October 22, 2003 to be fully registered with the Board in order to continue providing auditing services to public companies. But, unlike a tax filing deadline where you simply need to have your paperwork postmarked by the deadline date, the registration process needs to be completed AND APPROVED by the October 22 deadline.
The PCAOB has been granted 45 days to review and approve registration applications, therefore the first week of September is, in effect, the real target date for CPA firms to apply in order to comply with the rules.
So, if your firm is still in deliberations as to whether or not to apply to perform public audits, it's time to make a determination and get the paperwork together.
Relevant links:
Applicants for Registration
Sample Registration Form 1
Registration FAQ
Announcement of Registration Application Fees
Registration Rule for Public Accounting Firms
SEC Order on Auditors of Broker-Dealers
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There’s a way for investors to brave the world beyond stocks and bonds of a traditional Individual retirement arrangement (IRA) and venture into real estate, tax liens, unregistered securities and so on. Their avenue...
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Experience the new A6
June 18, 2004 at 2:51 by Martina Comments
Automakers are taking the Web very very seriously. Audi has presented its new A6 with a virtual guided tour developed by GoodTechnology. Revolution Magazine explains that the microsite supports the above the line promotion. Alex Champion, senior Audi designer at Good Technology, said:
“The use of a photo-realistic 3D model enabled us to add a depth and focus to the production that would have otherwise been impossible. This in conjunction with the moody soundtrack and embedded video, to provide a rich yet simple user experience.”
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26 May 2004 hypatia » (Journeyer)
Python papers at the Australian Open Source Developers' Conference
Heads up: A call for Python related papers for the first Australian OSDC (Open Source Developers' Conference) went to the python-au list this afternoon.
The OSDC is between the 1st and 3rd December 2004 in Melbourne. It sounds like there will be a whole 12 hours between that and ALTA's summer school and workshop... in Sydney! Pfft, there's just about time to drive between them with that kind of timing.
I'm tempted to work up a paper for OSDC, because I sure won't have one for ALTW. It's a pity my Python expertise is a proper subset of spiv's. And I've been doing web development again anyway, and it lacks awesomeness. Perhaps I need to develop newer and cooler Python expertise in a hurry.
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Alachisoft NCache 4.1 - Online Documentation
Queries & LINQ
NCache provides object querying support for both .NET and Java clients. This section explains the process of using queries in .NET. It also illustrates query syntax for simplifying the overall task.
In This Section
Explains procedure of querying objects in .NET environment.
Explains SQL like syntax that NCache API uses for querying objects.
Shows how to run the queries using LINQ.
See Also
Describes performing bulk operations to add, insert or remove collection of items in a single method call. It helps speeding up the process and minimizes cluster traffic.
Presents distributing related objects in 'logical' groups.
Shows how to keep expired items in a queue for immediate access. This expired data reloads from the datasource when updated.
Copyright © 2005-2012 Alachisoft. All rights reserved.
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person > David Barclay
The author cites scientific and contextual evidence which point to Arafat's poisoning with polonium.
Test results show high level of Polonium, a highly radioactive element inside Yasser Arafat's body when he died.
Featured on Al Jazeera
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/108841
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The National Catholic Review
Denise Lardner Carmody
Here are three books about Christian faith: each orthodox in content; diverse in approach; and, likely to appeal to different audiences. I read them serially, in under a month’s time. They deserve better. Still, I tried to imagine some ways in which readers might use these books to great advantage.
Daniel Harrington, S.J., tells us that his work "seeks to be both a survey of biblical approaches to suffering and a general introduction to many parts of the Bible." It is thatand much more. Harrington brings to this topic the careful, precise and thorough scholarship that is his trademark. The book’s breadth allows readers to explore both testaments; its brevity makes it ideal for concentrated study. Its artful scholarship demonstrates how the depth of Gospel and epistle can only be clarified by the light of Job, David or Daniel. Its focus on suffering insures its universal appeal; its pastoral tone accents its perennial value.
Throughout, the author’s rigorous scholarship is matched by his sensitivity in probing possible meanings the Bible might offer to all who suffer. The section called "Possibilities and Problems" that ends each chapter is an especially rich gathering of theological insights. After each chapter, Harrington poses questions for "Reflection, Discussion, and Prayer." These questions raise the kinds of issues that demand all three. Those who teach Scripture to undergraduates should consider adopting this text. Students exposed to this kind of biblical criticism will not have grounds for lamenting, "Yeah, but what does it mean?" Similarly, reading groups (focused on Bible study or more widely) could benefit from choosing this book. Primarily though, Why Do We Suffer? is written for the Christian whose circumstances or disposition cause her to seek biblical wisdom in probing the question that either makes or mars maturity.
Reading the Gospel is a deceptively simple title for a deceptively dense book. John Dunne begins his preface by recalling the title of an old college textbook: Reading for Writing. He says that this is what he is doing: He is reading the Gospel for writing this book. Maybe. I suspect that John Dunne knows his goal is both more daring and more profound. He wants to trick us into joining him in reading for holiness, for wholeness. He hopes to teach us to read the Gospel for understanding, rather than certainty; for union, rather than knowledge. Lectio divina is the traditional term: "divine reading." It is an alchemy that, through silent openness to grace, turns the words of Scripture into the presence of Love.
As I read, I felt that I was listening to a Christian sage. Here is a man learned enough to pass over and back among thinkers, mystics and artists: Proust, Hammarskjold, the Buddha, Tolkien, Al-Hallaj. No dilettante, he has pondered the wise words of other eras and traditions sufficiently to appropriate some of the mysteries they hold. These he puts in dialogue with the Gospel. Without lapsing into syncretism or simple-minded equivalents, Dunne plays with wisdom. He is a poet, a troubadour. (He ends his book with "Songlines of the Gospel," a lyrical commentary on the Gospel of John.) The density of this book, I think, flows from his poetic grasp of God’s outpouring of love and humankind’s longing to respond. It is a density that attracts, that rewards the reader with an increasing penetration of truth.
Jesus: The Teacher Within is an intriguing book. It is not a book for the classroom, nor is it retreat reading. Laurence Freeman, O.S.B., (director of the World Community for Christian Meditation) tells us that the book is "an reflect on the contemporary importance of the reality of Jesus, his presence in history, in culture, and in personal lives, as a teacher of all humanity." The loom Freeman uses to weave this christological tapestry is the story of his childhood on Bere Island, located in Cork’s Bantry Bay. Each chapter begins with a reflection involving familial memories that illumine the topic at hand: "And Who Do You Say I Am?", "What Are the Gospels?", "The Kingdom of Forgiveness," "Conversion," and so on. Freeman’s expertise in meditation, Eastern and Western, permeates the work. Because the topic is so intrinsically interesting, I regret that the book did not get better editing. Too often I felt lost in the maze of ideas. Still, I think Jesus: The Teacher Within would be profitable reading for intelligent Christians who wish to learn more about how a Christian monk, steeped in the love of contemplative prayer and knowledgeable about the world religions, sees Jesus.
Denise Lardner Carmody, author of An Ideal Church: A Meditation, is the Jesuit Community Professor of Religious Studies at Santa Clara University in California.
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American Woodworker
Free Product Guide >>
Winter 2013-2014
Preview this issue
AW Extra 7/5/12 - Tips for Building Cabinets with Pocket-Hole Joinery
Tips for Building Cabinets with Pocket-Hole Joinery
New tools and improved techniques make pocket-screw assembly faster than ever.
By Brad Holden
Many production shops use pocket-hole joinery to build cabinets because it’s fast, easy and efficient. You don’t need an armload of pipe clamps. There are no unsightly face-frame nail holes to fill. And you don’t have to wait for glue to dry before you move on to the next step.
All these advantages are a boon to the small home shop, too. In addition, pocket-hole joinery doesn’t require large, stationary machinery. Everything you need can be stored in a drawer.
Pocket holes are amazingly simple to make. All you need is a drill, a drilling jig and a special stepped drill bit. Kreg Tool Co., which specializes in pocket-hole joinery systems, has some terrific new jigs and specialized clamps I’ll show you. I’ll also share some techniques that make pocket-hole joinery easier than ever.
What is a pocket hole?
A pocket hole runs at a 15-degree angle. It’s created by a stepped drill bit guided by a jig (see Tip 1, below). The bit’s leading end makes a pilot hole; the rest of the bit enlarges the pilot hole to accept the screw’s head, forming a counterbore.
Pocket-hole joinery uses specialized screws. They’re hardened to prevent the screw from snapping and the head from stripping out. They have self-tapping ends, so you don’t have to drill another pilot hole into the mating piece. Screws with fine threads are designed for hardwoods. Screws with coarse threads are designed for softwoods, plywood, particleboard and MDF. A combination thread is also available for generalpurpose use. Pocket screws’ heads have a large, flat bottom to help pull the parts together.
Click any image to view a larger version
1. Drill holes faster
My favorite new pocket-hole jig has a slick attachment for a vacuum hose. I can just hear you saying, “Who cares about a little drilling dust?” Well, I was skeptical, too, until I tried it. I can drill much faster with the vacuum attached because I don’t have to remove the bit to clear chips. In addition, the bit never clogs, and there’s no mess to clean up.
The vacuum attachment is part of the new Kreg K3 Master System (see Source, below). It’s also available as an upgrade kit to the Kreg Standard Pack. The Master System has a new front-mounted toggle clamp that makes setting up a board for drilling super easy. (The toggle clamp is mounted in the rear on older Kreg models.)
2. Use a bench klamp
Here’s a way to hold parts perfectly even and flat while you screw them together. It’s the Kreg Bench Klamp, a locking-jaw clamp that fits into its own special plate (see Source, below). You can surface- mount the plate on a benchtop or a separate board. This device provides that third hand you’ve always wished for when trying to hold pieces in place and screw them together at the same time. The edges of the plate help you keep the pieces aligned as you screw them together.
3. Clamp near the screw
When parts have to fit just so—for example, when you’re attaching a hardwood lip to a shelf, as shown here—it’s best to clamp as close to the screw as you can. In these situations, I drill two holes side by side. I put a specialized Kreg Right Angle Clamp in one hole and drive the screw in the other. This locking clamp has one round jaw that fits right into a pocket hole (see Source, below).
4. Assemble drawers in minutes
Drawer boxes are quickly and easily assembled using pocket holes. Drill the holes on the front and back pieces of the box. Then cover the holes with an attached front.
Use 1-in.-long pan-head screws for 1/2- to 5/8-in.-thick sides. These short screws have small heads, which dig in an extra 1/16 in. when you drive them. Set the drilling depth 1/16 in. shallower than you would for longer screws.
5. Assemble an entire cabinet
You can use pocket screws when you fasten and glue all the parts of a plywood cabinet, even the top rails. You don’t have to fumble with pipe clamps or protect the cabinet’s sides from clamp dents. The only trick is to figure out—in advance—where the holes will go so they won’t show.
6. Attach a face frame
When you’re using clamps, face frames are a pain in the neck to glue on a cabinet—you’ll wish you had three arms! Pocket holes make the job a lot easier, because the screws do the clamping. For easier alignment, it sure helps to use a Right Angle Clamp.
Because this side won’t show when I install the cabinet, I’m putting the pocket holes on the outside. On a finished side, drill the holes inside the cabinet.
7. Assemble a tricky corner
Slanted corners look great on plywood cabinets, but they are a real bear to assemble. Where do you put the clamps? It’s much easier to let pocket screws do the work by drawing the pieces together without clamps.
This method uses a strip of hardwood, rather than just the plywood panels, to form the corner. Using a hardwood strip offers two benefits. First, a solid piece of hardwood is much more durable than plywood veneer. Second, aligning the parts isn’t as fussy. You plane, rout or sand the strip’s overhanging point after the joint is assembled (see photo, right bottom). You can’t do that with plywood.
To make this joint, rip an angled edge on a hardwood strip. The strip must be at least 1 in. wide for a 135-degree corner. Fasten the strip to panel A with 1-in.-long pocket screws. Drill pocket holes in panel B and assemble the corner. Trim the point flush.
8. Install bottoms and shelves
You don't have to fuss with dadoes or rabbets when you use pocket screws to join bottoms and shelves. Drill holes on the underside to keep them out of sight. I use two Right Angle Clamps and drill the outer holes in pairs. During assembly, I work from the outside in. I align the shelf by putting clamps in the innermost sideby- side holes, and then put screws in the other holes.
9. If you can't hide 'em, plug 'em
No doubt about it, a cabinet full of pocket-screw holes doesn’t look attractive. If the holes will show, you sure won’t want to drill them on the cabinet’s outside. They should go inside instead, where you can fill them with plugs. Premade tapered plugs are available in seven different wood species (see Source, below). Glue them in the holes and sand them flush. For melamine cabinets, use plastic plugs. Their caps cover the holes so sanding is unnecessary. You can also use plastic plugs in wood cabinets.
Kreg Tool Co.,, 800-447-8638, K3 Master System, #K3MS; Standard Pack, #K3SP; Upgrade kit, #K3UP; Bench Klamp, #KBK; Right Angle Clamp, #RAC; Solid-wood plugs and caps.
July 2006, issue #122
Purchase this back issue.
flyboy wrote re: Tips For Building Cabinets With Pocket-Hole Joinery
on 06-26-2009 9:32 PM
I just bought the K3 Kreg system and recently completed a cabinet for my daughter. I literally "threw it together!" The Kreg system is a real time saver but accurate and reliable at the same time. Square drive screws help the situation a lot. I've never used them before. The jig coupled with the square drive screws makes the system GREAT!
I have heard, although not personally experienced it, that when working extremely hard wood, you may still need to drill a pilot hole. Very hard wood can still split even though you are using the "self drilling" screws. I understand that these times are rare but be ready just in case.
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2014-05-02 13:20:30 · Welcome to 2014...
Yes, I know, I know... We're all the way in May but here is FINALLY the first update for 2014. Things have just been crazy in the beginning of this year but hopefully it'll contain lots of great remixes for you fans out there.
Also, in an attempt to speed up the release process, I'd like to invite you to become part of the jury here at AmigaRemix. The jury work is not a hard one. We simply need to have some help to judge if a remix is good enough to be released or not. Please send a contact message here on the site if you are interested in helping out. :)
Sorted by addition date in descending order.
Filtered output. 1 of the total 1039 remixes shown.
At the moment, there are 48 remixes in the submission queue.
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Added Name Arranger Composer Size Duration Rating
2006-08-28 Utopia - Ingame - Utopia revisited Dayta Barry Leitch 12.42 MB 06:48 All-time ranking: 38 | Score: 91% | Rating: Outstanding
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Visualizing Multiple Regression
Edward H. S. Ip
University of Southern California
Journal of Statistics Education Volume 9, Number 1 (2001)
Copyright © 2001 by Edward H. S. Ip, all rights reserved.
Key Words: Average stepwise regression; Teaching statistics; Type I and Type II sums of squares; Venn diagram.
Several examples are presented to demonstrate how Venn diagramming can be used to help students visualize multiple regression concepts such as the coefficient of determination, the multiple partial correlation, and the Type I and Type II sums of squares. In addition, it is suggested that Venn diagramming can aid in the interpretation of a measure of variable importance obtained by average stepwise selection. Finally, we report findings of an experiment that compared outcomes of two instructional methods for multiple regression, one using Venn diagrams and one not.
1. Introduction
One of the topics students encounter in statistics courses at both the undergraduate and the graduate level is multiple regression. This paper shows how the Venn diagram can be employed as a useful visual aid to help students understand important and fundamental concepts in multiple regression such as R2, partial correlation, and Type I and II sums of squares. Introduced by Venn (1880), the Venn diagram has been popularized in texts on elementary logic and set theory (e.g., Suppes 1957). However, the use of Venn diagrams in the field of statistics has been quite limited. In a recent example, Shavelson and Webb (1990) used them in generalizability studies to make visually accessible the partitioning of total variance into components. Moreover, the Venn diagram has been used to illustrate correlation and regression (e.g., Pedhazur 1997; Hair, Anderson, and Tatham 1992, p. 47). While there are also good applications of Venn diagrams in a number of statistics texts (e.g., Agresti and Finlay 1997), just seeing them does not necessarily inform the lecturer about critical issues in creating them. The purpose of this article is to illustrate in a variety of ways that more extensive use of Venn diagrams can be made in the classroom. Their clearest application in these contexts requires examples with no more than three independent variables whose interrelationships explicitly avoid suppressor variable effects.
2. Venn Diagramming
A Venn diagram for regression displays the total sum of squares (TSS) as a rectangular box. Sums of squares (SS) of individual variables are depicted as ovals. Whenever numerical examples are demonstrated, shapes should be drawn to scale so that the effects of the variables can be interpreted accurately.
2.1 Coefficient of Determination R2
The coefficient of determination R2 is the ratio of the sum of squares of regression (SSR), the total area covered by ovals, and TSS, the area of the rectangle. The case in which the variables are uncorrelated can be represented by separated ovals in the Venn diagram. For example, Figure 1a shows what happens when the variables x1 and x2 are uncorrelated. It is clear from the figure that R2 = r2yx1 + r2yx2.
Figure 1.
Figure 1. (a) Uncorrelated Variables. (b) Correlated Variables With Redundant Information in Salary Example. The area of an oval denotes the regression sum of squares for the variable.
When the variables are correlated and contain redundant information, they can be represented by overlapping ovals. The overlapping part indicates the redundant information shared between the two related variables. A dataset is taken from the Student Edition of Minitab for Windows (McKenzie, Schaefer, and Farber 1995, p. T-21) to illustrate this situation. It consists of data on the annual salary (in thousands of dollars) of employees in a company. The predictor variables are gender and Nsuper, the number of staff under supervision by an individual. The sums of squares are SS(gender) = 337, SS(gender|Nsuper) = 212, SS(Nsuper) = 1494, and SS(gender, Nsuper) = 1706. These SS are graphically represented in Figure 1b. With the aid of the diagram, instructors can actually point to a piece that represents a particular SS. The ratio of "ground covered" by the ovals to the total area of the rectangle equals R2. Since adding ovals (variables) always increases the "ground covered," the concept that "R2 will always increase as a result of adding variables" can be easily appreciated by students with the aid of the diagram.
The validity of Figure 1b in illustrating the "overlap" of predictive information depends crucially on the fact that SS(gender) + SS(Nsuper) > SS(gender, Nsuper). Unfortunately, although the inequality SS(x1) + SS(x2) > SS(x1, x2) holds most of the time in practice, exceptions do occur, and when they do, the areas of overlap are not positive. This will be discussed in Section 3. In this section, it will be assumed that the overlapping areas are all positive.
2.2 Generalization of R2
Various forms of generalization of R2 can be found in the literature. One generalization is described in Pedhazur (1982). The generalized R2 is a measure of the predictive power of a variable after partialing out another. The square of the partial correlation, as the measure is called, is defined as
r^{2}_{yx_{2} \cdot x_{1}}
= \frac{SS \left(x_{2} \mid x_{1}\right)}{TSS-SS\left(x_{1}\right)}
= \frac{SS \left(x_{1},x_{2}\right) - SS \left(x_{1}\right)}{TSS-SS\left(x_{1}\right)}.
A visual representation of R2 in Figure 2 indicates the SSR contributed by x1 and x2 (shaded area in Figure 2a) when both variables are included in the regression model. Partialing out x1 is equivalent to taking out the piece of SS that belongs to x1 and treating the remaining area as the new TSS (Figure 2b). The residualized SS that is explained by x2 can be represented by the shaded area, the ratio of which to the eclipsed TSS is the squared partial correlation r2yx1·x2, sometimes referred to as the coefficient of partial determination in the regression context.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. (a) Venn Diagrams of SS of Two Variables. Darker and lighter shades, respectively, correspond to SS(x1) and SS(x2). (b) SS(x2 | x1) is Indicated by Shaded Area.
The notion of partial correlation can readily be extended to the multiple variable case with the aid of a Venn diagram. It takes little effort to complete the generalization of the multiple partial correlation to one that partials out more than one variable. Suppose there are four variables, x1, x2, x3, x4. Figure 3 shows a rectangle after partialing out both x1 and x2. The squared multiple partial correlation of x3 and x4 is based on the ratio of the area covered by (x3, x4) and the eclipsed TSS. Generalizing the concept to more variables can be illustrated using Figure 3. For example, the multiple partial correlation of (x3, x4) with two variables (x1, x2) partialed out is given by
r^{2}_{yx_{3}x_{4} \cdot x_{1}x_{2}}
= \frac{SS \left(x_{3},x_{4} \mid x_{1},x_{2}\right)}{TSS-SS\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)}
= \frac{R^{2}_{yx_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}}-R^{2}_{yx_{1}x_{2}}}{1-R^{2}_{yx_{1}x_{2}}}.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Venn Diagram Showing Partial Correlations With Two Variables (x1, x2) Partialed Out.
2.3 Type I SS
There are several types of sums of squares used in the literature on linear models. The most commonly used SS reported in statistical packages are the Type I and Type II SS. A discussion of SS and related references can be found in the SAS/STAT User's Guide (SAS Institute Inc. 1990). The Type I SS is the SS of a predictor after adjusting for the effects of the preceding predictors in the model. For example, when there are three predictors, and their order in entering the equation is x1, x2, x3, the Type I SS are SS(x1), SS(x2 | x1), and SS(x3 | x2, x1). The Type I SS would not be the same if the variables entered the equation in a different order. The fact that Type I SS are model-order dependent is illustrated by the Venn diagram in Figure 4. The Type I SS of x2 in (a) and (b) are, respectively, SS(x2 | x1) and SS(x2 | x1, x3). The diagram helps instructors explain the arbitrariness of using the incremental SS such as the Type I SS, or the incremental R2 in procedures such as forward selection designed to isolate the variable(s) of importance.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Type I SS for x2 (Shaded Region) When the Order is (a) x1, x2, x3; (b) x1, x3, x2.
2.4 Type II SS
When the SS for each predictor is adjusted for all the other predictors in the regression equation, the resulting SS is called the Type II SS. In the three-predictor example, the Type II SSs are SS(x1 | x2, x3), SS(x2 | x1, x3), and SS(x3 | x2, x1). Each Type II SS represents the effect of the predictor when it is treated as the last predictor that enters the equation. See Figure 5 for an illustration.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Type II SS for x2 (Shaded Area). It is equivalent to the Type I SS when the variable is the last predictor entered.
Venn diagramming illustrates not only the Type II SS, but also the effect of multicollinearity. When multicollinearity exists between predictors, the effect of each predictor, as measured by its Type II SS, and thus when treated as the "last predictor in," may be insignificant even when the predictor is a significant one on its own. Chatterjee and Price (1977, p. 144) provide an example using achievement data that illustrates this. The response variable is a measure of achievement, and the three continuous predictors are indexes of family, peer group, and school. The first twenty data points in the example were used in a regression analysis, and the breakdown of the SS is shown in Table 1. The total SS equals 87.6, and R2 = 0.324. The Venn diagram for this example appears in Figure 6. The "ground not covered" by any variable represents the SS for error (SSE) and is 59.2.
Table 1. SS of Partitions in the Venn Diagram in Figure 6
Variable SS
family only 0.8
peer group only 8.3
school only 0.4
family and peer group only 0.7
family and school only 4.2
school and peer group only 3.3
family, school, and peer group 10.7
Total SSR 28.4
Figure 6.
Figure 6. Venn Diagram Showing SS in Achievement Example.
The F statistic is given by [SS(family, peer group, school)/df(model)] / [SSE/df(error)]. This ratio is proportional to (area covered) / (area not covered) in the Venn diagram. For this example, F = 2.55 with df = 3, 16, and is significant at the $\alpha$ = 0.1 level. However, none of the t-tests for the individual predictors are significant at the $\alpha$ = 0.1 level. The p-values for family, peer group, and school are 0.648, 0.153, and 0.753, respectively. Note that a t test for an individual variable -- family, for example -- is equivalent to an F test (df = 1, 16) with its F statistic being proportional to SS(family | peer group, school) / SSE, the area covered by family as the last predictor in, divided by the area not covered. The Venn diagram in Figure 6 illustrates that given the great deal of overlap among the variables (multicollinearity), even when the "ground covered" jointly by all three is substantial (leading to a significant overall F-test), the additional "ground covered" by each variable given the others may not be significant (leading to insignificant t-tests).
2.5 Average Stepwise Regression
Kruskal (1987) suggests an average stepwise approach for assessing the relative importance of a variable. When k explanatory variables are present in a model, there are k! possible orderings in which the variables can enter into regression. A variable's contribution to R2 can be evaluated by averaging over all possible orderings. This approach avoids the pitfall of depending on the Type II SS or, equivalently, the incremental R2, where the variable is entered last. The Venn diagram helps students visualize what really occurs when the incremental R2's for all possible orderings are averaged. Figure 7 illustrates the situation.
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Venn Diagram Showing SS in Average Stepwise Regression.
Consider the variable x1. Denote the areas covered by only one variable (x1 itself, labeled "1"), two overlapping variables (labeled "2"), three overlapping variables (labeled "3") by A0, A1, A2, etc. When the incremental R2 is calculated for all k! possible orderings, the piece that does not overlap with any other variable, A0, appears every time. The pieces that overlap with only one other variable appear k!/2 times because in half of the k! orderings x1 enters the regression model before the other overlapping variables. In general, the area that overlaps with r other variables (1$\leq$r$\leq$ k - 1) appears in the k! possible orderings k!/(r + 1) times. Therefore, the average contribution in incremental SS of x1 is given by
\begin{displaymath}A_{0} + \frac{1}{2}A_{1}+ \frac{1}{3}A_{2}+ \cdots + \frac{1}{k}A_{k-1}\end{displaymath}
Because SS(x1) = A0$\cup$A1$\cup$···$\cup$Ak-1, the average stepwise approach produces a value that is the sum of the contributions of various pieces from r2yx1, weighted down harmonically by the number of times it overlaps with other variables plus one. The Venn diagram helps students visualize the relationship. Students should have no difficulty comparing this value to the Type II SS, which is represented by the area covered by x1 alone.
3. Limitations of Using Venn Diagrams to Illustrate Regression Concepts
A number of authors point out that the overall R2 for a model may be greater than the sum of the partial R2's for a subset of variables. For example, Hamilton (1987) provides a geometric argument for why sometimes R2 > r2yx1 + r2yx2. In addition, Kendall and Stuart (1973, p. 359) describe an extreme example in which r2yx1 = 0.00, r2yx2 = 0.18, R2 = 1.00, and the correlation between x1 and x2 is -0.9. This dataset is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Example of Suppressor Variable (Kendall and Stuart 1973)
x1 x2 y
2.23 9.66 12.37
2.57 8.94 12.66
3.87 4.40 12.00
3.10 6.64 11.93
3.39 4.91 11.06
2.83 8.52 13.03
3.02 8.04 13.13
2.14 9.05 11.44
3.04 7.71 12.86
3.26 5.11 10.84
3.39 5.05 11.20
2.35 8.51 11.56
2.76 6.59 10.83
3.90 4.90 12.63
3.16 6.96 12.46
A variable that increases the importance of the others is called a suppressor variable (e.g., Pedhazur 1982, p. 104). When a suppressor variable is present, Venn diagramming may not be suitable. Specifically, in a case in which there are only two predictors, the inequality R2 > r2yx1 + r2yx2 is equivalent to SS(x1, x2) > SS(x1) + SS(x2). On a Venn diagram, this implies that the overlapping area, indicated by SS(x1, x2) - SS(x1 | x2) - SS(x2 | x1) = SS(x1) + SS(x2) - SS(x1, x2) is negative.
When there are three variables, every non-overlapping and overlapping piece in a Venn diagram corresponds to a function of the SS of the multiple regression of subsets of variables {x1}, {x2}, {x3}, {x1, x2},..., {x1, x2, x3}. Figure 8 shows the seven mutually exclusive pieces of SS for three variables.
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Partition of Areas When There Are Three Variables.
The piece that is labeled "6" corresponds to SS(x3 | x1) - SS(x3 | x1, x2), or equivalently,
SS(x1, x3) - SS(x1) - SS(x1, x2, x3) + SS(x1, x2), (1)
and the piece that is labeled "3" (where all variables overlap) corresponds to
SS(x1) + SS(x2) + SS(x3) - SS(x1, x2) - SS(x2, x3) - SS(x1, x3) + SS(x1, x2, x3). (2)
There is no guarantee that expressions such as (1) and (2) will always be positive. Although we can think of areas as being negative, this may lead to difficulty in interpretation. Furthermore, when there are four variables or more, it is not possible to show all the combinations of overlaps with ovals or any other convex figures. For these reasons, Venn diagramming to demonstrate numerical results, especially when there are more than two variables, may not be illuminating.
4. Effectiveness for Instructional Purposes
Despite its limitations, we believe that Venn diagramming is a valuable tool that can be used when concepts of multiple regression are introduced and described in the classroom. We performed an experiment to assess the efficacy of the Venn diagram approach in the instruction of multiple regression. We selected two large undergraduate statistics classes taught by the author and another professor in the spring semester of 1999 at the University of Southern California. The class size of each session was approximately equal to 270. Venn diagramming was used in the author's class (the treatment session) but not in the other class (the comparison session). In the final exams of both instructors, a common question (included in the Appendix) concerning multicollinearity was included. To eliminate possible bias due to different emphases in lectures or familiarity with wording introduced by the author, the instructor from the comparison session wrote the actual problem after all lectures were completed. A teaching assistant, who was not informed about the purpose of the experiment, graded the same question from both sessions on a 4-point scale. Because each instructor wrote up his/her own exam, and the teaching assistant worked for only one instructor, it was not possible to conceal which instructor wrote which exam.
Table 3 summarizes the results of the experiment. The p-value of the two-sided two-sample t-test was 0.014 with 197 degrees of freedom, and therefore the test was significant at the $\alpha$ = 0.05 level. We examined the individual scores and found that a lot of students either obtained full credit or no credit at all. We were concerned that the difference might be due to a discrepancy in the absentee rates of the two sessions. However, further investigation revealed that the discrepancy in absentee rates was slight. To examine the possible instructor effect, we also compared student evaluations of both instructors -- even though we were certain that there were stylistic differences between them -- and the ratings (on a 5-point scale) for both instructors were close (both above 4.0). We acknowledge that there were confounding factors, the effects of which cannot be completely isolated. These possible effects include differences in student ability between the two classes and the bias unintentionally introduced from review and coaching sessions by the instructors.
Table 3. Summary of Two-Sample t-test (Two-Sided) for Treatment and Comparison Groups
Comparison Group Treatment Group
Average score 2.496 3.000
Standard deviation 1.67 1.72
Sample size 133 97
t-statistic t = 2.22
The evidence regarding the efficacy of the Venn diagramming approach was statistically significant, but not extremely strong. We did note, however, that in the treatment session, some students used phrases such as "overlapping in predictive power" or even drew a Venn diagram to illustrate multicollinearity. It is possible that these students used the Venn diagram as a mnemonic to aid their recall for an explanation. Finally, it must be emphasized that the result of the experiment should not be seen as offering definitive evidence for the universal value of Venn diagramming. The instructional value inherent in its use may vary as a function of instructor, student, and institutional characteristics.
5. Conclusion
This article discusses how Venn diagramming can be used as a teaching aid in classroom instruction of topics such as R2 and the Type I and Type II SS in multiple regression. The limitations of its use are also discussed. Clearly, students should be aware of these limitations. However, when the goal is to help students grasp concepts in multiple regression and to enable them to explain these concepts to others, Venn diagramming is an effective tool. This observation is substantiated by a small-scale study.
The author thanks Professor Catherine Sugar for her help with the experiment. He also thanks the referees and the Associate Editor for their constructive comments.
The printout below shows a multiple regression of employee's salary on years of professional experience and job approval rating. The regression equation is Salary = 20 + 2 Years + 3 Rating.
Predictor Coef Stdve t-ratio F
Constant 20 2.0 10.00 .0000
Years 2 1.5 1.33 .1000
Rating 3 3.0 1.00 .1657
S=1.00 R-sq=.414 R-sq(adj.)=.345
Analysis of variance
Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 2 12.00 6.00 6.00 0.0107
Error 17 17.00 1.00
Total 19 29.00
1. A manager at the company says that the overall regression is useful for predicting salary. Say briefly what test you would use to determine this and use the printout to justify the conclusion.
2. The manager further notes that tests show neither years of experience nor job approval ratings appear significant. Explain this using values from the printout. Again, no calculations are required.
3. What do the results of part (b) say about the usefulness of experience and job approval rating as predictors of salary?
4. The manager is confused that the model is useful, but neither of the predictors is significant. Can you explain to her what might have caused this result?*
* Only part (d) was used in the experiment.
Agresti, A., and Finlay, B. (1997), Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences (3rd ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Chatterjee, S., and Price, B. (1977), Regression Analysis By Example, New York: Wiley.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., and Tatham, R. (1987), Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings (2nd ed.), NY: Macmillan.
Hamilton, D. (1987), "Sometimes R2 > r2yx1 + r2yx2. Correlated Variables Are Not Always Redundant," The American Statistician, 41, 129-132.
Kendall, M., and Stuart, A. (1973), Advanced Theory of Statistics (Vol. 2; 3rd ed.), NY: Hafner.
Kruskal, W. (1987), "Relative Importance by Averaging Over Orderings," The American Statistician, 41, 6-10.
McKenzie, J., Schaefer, R., and Farber, E. (1995), The Student Edition of Minitab for Windows, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Pedhazur, E. J. (1997), Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research: Explanation and Prediction (3rd ed.), Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
SAS Institute Inc. (1990), SAS/STAT User's Guide (Vol. 1), Version 6, Cary, NC: Author.
Shavelson, R. J., and Webb, N. M. (1990), Generalizability Theory -- a Primer, London: Sage Publications.
Suppes, P. (1957), Introduction to Logic, Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Venn, J. (1880), "On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings," The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophy Magazine and Journal of Science, 5, 1-18.
Edward H. S. Ip
Marshall School of Business
University of Southern California
Bridge Hall 401
Los Angeles, CA 90089-1421
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Like Taking Calls in the Shower? Sony Seems to Think So
Steven Blum
Why is Sony so insistent about making devices like the Xperia Z waterproof? According to the New York Daily News, the reason is because Japanese women are so fond of their phones that they use them in the shower.
That's why most Japanese manufacturers – including Panasonic, Sony and Fujitsu – are making the vast majority of their phones completely waterproof. "In Japan, you can't sell a phone if it's not waterproof. About 90 to 95 percent of all phones sold now are already waterproof," Panasonic executive Taro Itakura told AFP at the Mobile World Congress.
The phones are also designed to be resistant to toilet splashes, bathtubs and a light rain storm. Around 30% of damage to phones comes from water, according to Florian Sohn, a Panasonic marketing specialist.
In the past, water, dust and drop-resistant smartphones were marketed specifically for construction workers and outdoorsmen and were big, bulky and expensive. The Samsung XCover is a prime example: first released less than a year ago, it had a modest display at 320 x 480 pixels and an 800Mhz processor. The Sony Xperia Z, on the other hand, is a flagship device with a 1.5GHz processor and a 1920 x 1080p display. This signals that water-resistant devices are moving into the mainstream, even in the U.S.
For now, only Japanese manufacturers have decided to make their flagship devices waterproof but if they're a success, we could see Samsung, LG and HTC follow suit. On the other hand, the trend might stay confined to Japan.
Do you want a phone that can take calls in the shower?
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Tips on Delegating the Right Way
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Counting on others to complete tasks can be hard for managers. If you're new, delegating work seems to go against your immediate goal to establish yourself and prove you can do the job effectively. When you've been around for awhile, it's hard to get out of your comfort zone and assign tasks to others you are used doing yourself. When handled correctly, delegating actually elevates a supervisor's standing in the eyes of subordinates. It empowers workers, promotes a team spirit, and gives people a sense of responsibility while motivating them. Here are five tips to delegate successfully so employees will feel trusted, accountable, and valued.
#1 When You Want Something Done...
The saying "When you want to get something done, do it yourself" may be snappy and often accurate, but this attitude will only hamstring your efforts to delegate. Your approach to delegating tasks speaks volumes about how people will respond. Remember, you are not pawning off work on people or asking them to do things they aren't capable of. You are entrusting them with a job and making yourself available when they have questions or hit bumps in the road.
#2 Be Specific
Explain why a job is being delegated and why you chose an individual as the go to person. Keep in mind that communicating exactly how you want things done can be overbearing for subordinates who have their own preferred methods for producing. Be clear and specific about the results you want and pinpoint who is accountable for each phase of a project. "In large organizations we sometimes see a hall of mirrors effect with people passing work along to others that has been delegated to them," says HR specialist Andy Raymond. Ensure that workers who are assigned tasks aren't passing the buck and after you talk to people ask them to summarize things back to you.
#3 Consider the Resources
Special projects often require different materials, equipment, locations and funding. Make a complete list of everything the job demands and determine a budget for the resources needed. "When employees perceive that supervisors aren't giving them the tools they need to do a job right, they see it as an acceptable excuse to do it wrong," says Raymond. Give them the tools and you greatly eliminate the chances of poor performance.
#4 Status, Please
Periodically, it's good to get status reports from workers on how a project is going. Written reports are preferable because they cover what was accomplished previously and upcoming plans. Deadlines are a good idea for time sensitive tasks and give people an intermittent sense of accomplishment. Give employees room for feedback and encourage them to discuss issues they are having.
#5 Show Gratitude
Acknowledging a job well done may seem obvious, but managers sometimes fail to show their gratitude. They adopt the mindset that people are only doing what they were told to do. Avoid this trap by rewarding employees for their performance. When it merits it, recognize their success in a group setting that makes their peers a part of things.
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Faculty Notes
HeeKap Lee, Ph.D.
December 16, 2013
Lee, H. (2014, Winter). [Review of the book Heart-Deep Teaching: Engaging Students for Transformed Lives, by G. Newton]. International Christian Community for Teacher Education (ICCTE) Journal, 9(1). Retrieved from v9i1/v9i1-lee-review/
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It's a RB67 Pro SD
I always pull the darkside out completely, so that wasn't it.
I always use the mirror lock-up.
The problem film was loaded first, a few weeks ago. I just finished it that day then loaded the one that turned out ok.
I got a sick feeling when I read Matt's suggestion that I might have developed the wrong roll, but that wasn't it.
I must have somehow loaded the film wrong. Now I'm thinking I should check all 3 of the loaded magazines.
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Skolar Bold Italic Font
Part of Skolar Family (6 fonts)
Skolar is a text serif typeface family, originally designed with scholarly and multilingual publications in mind. The Skolar fonts maintain its credibility while incorporating a subtle personal style, neither neutral nor conspicuous. Prominent serifs and low-contrast modulation add to its robustness, and, together with a relatively large x-height, improves the typeface’s readability in small sizes. This 6-weight family and large character set is flexible enough for complex text settings and editorial work. Skolar also becomes distinctive in bigger sizes, fitting the demands of corporate design. There have been many practical solutions introduced in the typeface; the capitals are rather low in comparison to the ascenders. This gives the Skolar typefaces even texture and more space for capital diacritical marks. The structure of Skolar is strictly conventional, but the stroke-modulation stylistically reflects contemporary serif typefaces. The italic has a shallow angle and large counters for better readability in small print. It is easily recognized but not ostentatious, blending well with the uprights. Semibold is weighted to emphasize text blocks, where Bold is intended for word clusters. Skolar has already received international recognition at the Ed-Awards competition 2008 and was selected as one of the best typefaces of 2008 by i love typography. This version includes advanced typographic tools, such as: discretionary ligatures, small caps, five sets of figures, superiors, inferiors, fractions, various bullets, and a complex set of smart arrows which can be easily keyed and combined in infinite ways using OpenType features. The language support is same in both versions
Keywords: Skolar Bold Italic, Type Together, Veronika Burian, José Scaglione, Fonts, Font Download, OpenType, Open Type, PC, Windows, Mac, Macintosh, Type, Typeface
SKU: Skolar_BoldItalic
Product ID: 18016
Skolar-BoldItalic Font Information
Family Name:Skolar
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Creation Date:7/17/2009
Modified Date:7/17/2009
Unicode Ranges:Basic Latin
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Code Pages:1252 Latin 1
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FAA ATP Helicopter ORAL/CHECKRIDE Keypoints
Asked by: 1550 views , , , ,
General Aviation, Helicopter
Any CFI that could help me to know, what are the FAA ATP Helicopter Oral and Checkride keypoints?...I mean based on the PTS, Oral Exam Guides, Software, FAA Handbooks, RFM...and a lot of stuff.
I will take the Oral/Checkride on a 300CBi possibly in Bristow Academy.
Any advise will be very useful!...thank you.
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Are muzzleloading cannons classified as destructive devices?
Generally, no. Muzzleloading cannons not capable of firing fixed ammunition and manufactured in or before 1898 and replicas thereof are antiques and not subject to the provisions of either the GCA or the NFA.
[26 U.S.C. 5845, 27 CFR 479.11]
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Auditory vrs. Visual Learning (Gregory Kramer )
Subject: Auditory vrs. Visual Learning
From: Gregory Kramer <70312.265(at)COMPUSERVE.COM>
Date: Tue, 26 Oct 1993 16:52:48 EDT
Dear Colleagues: Could anyone guide me to literature that suggests that some people learn better aurally than visually? From what I gather, the work with dyslexics mostly implies that since some people can't read well but can listen to words and extract information, that these people are 'auditory' learners. I am more interested in work that extends this beyond the printed/spoken word comparison to non-speech audio. Thank you. Greg Gregory Kramer Clarity/Nelson Lane Garrison, NY 10524 914-424-4071 fax:914-424-3467 email: kramer(at)
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Electrical Engineering Dept., Columbia University
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Curious about the Vehicle History for this 2009 Toyota FJ Cruiser? You're Only One Step Away...
AutoCheck found 21 records for this 2009 Toyota FJ Cruiser!
JTEBU11F39K066447 4.0L V6 EFI
SUV 4D Japan
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I am 35 weeks, it hurts everytime I have sex now. Why is that happening to me?
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omg I almost cried. It hurts like hell for me. Im done.
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About my vagina....not to give to much info....
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Any questions ask your doctor. If they do not know, then go to another. I have never heard as such. Also check internet. Good luck...
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Hey guys
I was interested in finding other rackets that would be similar to Yonex muscle power series. I own a muscle power 27 and i'm currently looking for something similar to it. Please suggest some. I've looked into the apacs lurid power and sotx LG series... still looking around.
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Bloodletting the UK Tour
he United Kingdom will be witnessing the most monstrous underground tour as Denmark’s finest Iniquity has re-formed to bring back the brutality one more time for this year only, taking as support Katalepsy from Russia and...See More
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Verse > Anthologies > The Oxford Book of English Mystical Verse > 329. The Two Worlds
329. The Two Worlds
By Alfred Noyes (b. 1880)
THIS outer world is but the pictured scroll
Of worlds within the soul,
A coloured chart, a blazoned missal-book
Whereon who rightly look
May spell the splendours with their mortal eyes 5
And steer to Paradise.
O, well for him that knows and early knows
In his own soul the rose
Secretly burgeons, of this earthly flower
The heavenly paramour: 10
And all these fairy dreams of green-wood fern,
These waves that break and yearn,
Shadows and hieroglyphs, hills, clouds and seas,
Faces and flowers and trees,
Terrestrial picture-parables, relate 15
Each to its heavenly mate.
O, well for him that finds in sky and sea
This two-fold mystery,
And loses not (as painfully he spells
The fine-spun syllables) 20
The cadences, the burning inner gleam,
The poet’s heavenly dream.
Well for the poet if this earthly chart
Be printed in his heart,
When to his world of spirit woods and seas 25
With eager face he flees
And treads the untrodden fields of unknown flowers
And threads the angelic bowers,
And hears that unheard nightingale whose moan
Trembles within his own, 30
And lovers murmuring in the leafy lanes
Of his own joys and pains.
For though he voyages further than the flight
Of earthly day and night,
Traversing to the sky’s remotest ends 35
A world that he transcends,
Safe, he shall hear the hidden breakers roar
Against the mystic shore;
Shall roam the yellow sands where sirens bare
Their breasts and wind their hair; 40
Shall with their perfumed tresses blind his eyes,
And still possess the skies.
He, where the deep unearthly jungles are,
Beneath his Eastern star
Shall pass the tawny lion in his den 45
And cross the quaking fen.
He learnt his path (and treads it undefiled)
When, as a little child,
He bent his head with long and loving looks
O’er earthly picture-books. 50
His earthly love nestles against his side,
His young celestial guide.
Click here to shop the Bartleby Bookstore.
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A New Home
Image for A New HomeNot currently available on BBC iPlayer
Duration: 40 minutes
Tenancy Enforcement Officers Pam Hollingsworth and Martin Bell call time-out for two party-loving single mums and their visitors, who are causing havoc on their estate.
And Lettings Manager Shonna Hildersley helps an elderly couple who have been living in social housing at the same property for nearly 50 years, and are now in desperate need of a new home.
Series Producer
Nic Blower
Executive Producer
Lucy Willis
Added. Check out your playlist Dismiss
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The Problem with Religious Moderates
09/02/2010 11:21:04 AM
When you claim that religion has no value I think you are failing to take into account the personal solace that people find in it. Sometimes there are not scientific solutions to a problem. For example we cannot bring people back from the dead yet. But believing that a person's death is part of higher plan controlled by a rational power can prevent individuals from sinking into depression. Rather than preventing progress, I think moderates promote it by trying to cool the tensions between themselves and fanatics. I recently talked to a pastor who founded a evangelical church six years ago and while we certainly don't agree on everything if we had screamed at each other we would have never come to a more full understanding of each other. Opening dialog between people of opposed believes also helps prevent violence between those groups. One can no longer view someone from a different religion with an over arching stereotype, which could be extended to a justification to bomb that particular group. Such violence is costly, wasteful and even more counterproductive than accepting some of their views.
Kira Nirvanna
04/08/2008 08:13:26 PM
I was just thinking about that study. If religious people tend to live longer, Is that based on an average? If it is, I wonder if it takes into account the fact that with so many more religious folks out there and so few Athiests comparably, that if two athiests are killed prematurely over their lack of religion that would drop the average age of death for athiests a lot faster than even a dozen religious people were killed prematurely for the same reason. In other words a smaller group is more likely to show as having a higher mortality rate than a larger group because even something small can make a big impact in a small group, whereas even a large thing might not make much impact in a larger group.
02/28/2007 10:24:06 AM
scrip, "Christianity cannot be proven to be "reasonable" to those who deny their own sinfulness befor God." One would have to believe there IS a God in order to accept one's "sinfulness before God", no? "God is not "reasonable" in the usual sense of the word since He gave His beloved Son to die for the worst of us." Gee, and here all along I thought Jesus died for ALL of us. "Come, let us reason together, though your sin be as scarlet" This has nothing to do with "reason". (Didn't know "sins" came in colours!) But again, one would first have to believe in God before acknowledging one's "sins" before such a God. "God is in charge and exhibits His resonablness by offering to meet our greatest need first, forgiveness and restoration." How come we humans seem to keep getting in the way of God doing God's job, eh? "That is reasonable in Heavenly thinking" Ah, but we are earthly creatures.
02/12/2007 12:18:06 PM
About the research, it was not limited to Christians. Also, I didn't say that it was evidence of God, only of the effects of their belief in God on their health. I even suggest in my post that maybe it was a stress reliever.
02/12/2007 12:15:03 PM
part 1 cont. from below. That's a good question, chrisrkline, and apparently well thought out. Thank you. Christians ask their God "why?" all the time. While I have a hope that makes unbearable suffering tolerable, I do understand that the problem of pain turns away many would-be theists. While I believe that most theists were raised that way, I also believe that most atheists were also raised to believe in the way that they do. Life is complex and frought with suffering and disapointment. Life experiences can change the heart of a child, and they tend to change it more towards non-belief rather than conversion experiences of atheists.
02/12/2007 12:08:57 PM
part 2. Children naturally believe all sorts of things (the Tooth Fairy, Santa, the Easter Bunny, etc.) My 9-year-old came to the conclusion that these things did not exist, on her own. She has not (yet) made that conclusion about God. While many children "lose" their religion in adulthood, by some scientific instruction that leads them to doubt Genesis, or from witnessing pain (often up close and personally in a friend or loved one), those same painful experiences go to strengthen their faith in other believers. I don't know why some believe and others do not; especially since my faith teaches me that God is not willing that any should perish(II Pet.3.9) and that faith is a "gift," given out in "measure." (Rom.12.3). Apparently some have a little and mor is given to them, enough to become theists; and others, do not have, so what little they have is subverted to non-faith. (Matt.25.14-30;Mark 4.13-20).
02/11/2007 10:08:50 PM
Sherri, I was a theist for a while, and I am familiar with the classic arguments. I have read the Problem with Pain, and others by Lewis. All of these arguments go with a huge "If". If there is a god that has omnipotent powers, then what you suggest would provide some logical justification for why there is evil. The trouble is that with this type of argument, there is, in theory, no natural tragedy, or evil, that would shake your faith. If one billion people die of drought in the next 50 years, would that have any affect on your beliefs? If nothing in the world can shake your faith, then how can anything in the world lead you to faith.
02/11/2007 10:03:29 PM
Sherri The fact that religious people live longer is not a sign of an existence of God. Is this research true only of Christians, or is it true of any religious people. Would it be true of spiritual people, who meditate, but do not believe in a theistic god. How well did the study control for extraneous variables. In other words, did they compare people who did the same things in their life, but differed in whether they were "religious" or not. One trouble is that the main social groups, which are beneficial tend to be religious. There are few purely secular societies to compete. Even if there was something to the research, it would tell us nothing of what was beyond the beliefs.
02/11/2007 08:52:10 PM
Oh, and chrisrkline, supposedly, medical research shows that theists, as a whole, generally do live longer, are healthier (freer of chronic illness), and recover faster from illness. I don't know about the power of those praying for them, but that does seem to suggest some health benefit (maybe less stress) conferred upon them by their belief systems.
02/11/2007 08:44:16 PM
cont. The problem isn't with the "cherry picking" which he accuses the theist of (which he does himself with Buddhism), but with theism period. The violence coming from certain sects in theism (as atheists want you to focus more on theistic violence than non-heistic/secular violence)only fuels the fire he already has burning against theism, i.e. God.
02/11/2007 08:41:05 PM
joyfulle 1981, it seems that Harris embraces Buddhism, as religion of choice, for the very reasons that you stated. Yet, there are some strains in Buddhism that accept some supernatural tenets (although not deities). Harris doesn't allow for moderate theists to distance themselves from fundamentalist strains in theism to which they disagree, as he allows himself to pick and choose among tenets held in Buddhism. It seems it isn't the analogous core belief set that ties the various strains together under one religious setting that perturbs him (at least not in non-theistic Buddhism, where he accepts part and rejects other Buddhist schools of thought), but only the theistic part of theistic religions (montheisms in particular) where he feels that the practicer/adherent/believer cannot practice one school of thought and separate oneself from another within the same religion (due to the analogous core belief set).
02/11/2007 08:24:42 PM
Lolobug, Harris is for being intolerant of the beliefs at the heart of those actions, supposedly the EXACT same beliefs at the heart of those NOT taking such violent actions. Obviously, to you and me, there must be a divergence in belief somewhere in their minds from us, to draw the conclusions that they do and act on them; but, there is no divergence/distinction for Harris. Both moderate and fundamentalist religious belief must end, as far as Harris is concerned.
02/11/2007 08:17:21 PM
I understand your misgivings at the inadequacy of my response to the problem of pain/suffering/evil, chrisrkline 1960. I was only trying to point out that the existence of suffering does not necessarily negate the existence of a god. Free will means the ability to bring about suffering; and, I would humbly submit that, in order for God to receive free will-motivated love, worship and obedience from His creation (rather than robotic obedience), evil (choosing the alternative to God's will/way) must exist; and, its effects are far-reaching, even to those who seem that they should be immune from them:innocents, opening doors for us to show compassion on the needy and hurting (our love towards each other, rather than living in a self-sufficient vacuum). God limits His omnipotence by our free will, but continues to be omnibenevolent, omniscient and omnipresent. I would offer reading "the Problem of Pain," by C.S.Lewis, an atheist turned Christian apologetist.
02/11/2007 04:25:04 PM
Sherri1555stl, Saying that man caused evil by his disobediance and that Jesus came to fix it, really has little resonance with non-theists. An omnipotent god did not have to do it this way. He did not have to give us the "power" to damage creation like you claim. While I understand why theists persist in explaining away evil in this way despite a supposed loving and caring God, don't expect us, secularists, to be overwhelmed and moved by this image of the creator. The problem of evil is real.
02/11/2007 04:07:32 PM
When a scientist tries to disprove a theory, it is not personal. It is the way new theories are developed, tested, and how old theories are modified or replaced. Scientists are always looking for holes in theories, even their own. Let’s look at the example of prayer. A world where god answers prayers has to be measurably different than a world where god does not answer prayers. A scientist therefore might make a hypothesis. Sick people who have prayers said for them would, on average, do better than those who do not have prayers said for them. Every experiment to test this hypothesis could potentially derail it. A good scientist knows this. Even if the first experiment is successful, science does not stop there. Scientists will continue to test the hypothesis, looking for problems; in a sense, they try to disprove it. Even a theist, who wants to prove that prayer works, should do this.
02/07/2007 02:02:15 PM
You are not the first to attempt to disprove the existence of God any more than theists will try to continue to prove Him; but, I disagree that 'science' only seeks 'not to prove, but to disprove' things. how about the Theories of gravity and relativity. What is science seeking to disprove with those?
02/07/2007 01:58:40 PM
mediagiant, God does NOT "cause" innocents to suffer. Suffering is in the world, the animal kingdom (ferocity), nature (natural disasters), and among people because of the sin of man. The Son of Man came conquering death (the wages of sin), healing sickness and disease (also the results of the Fall of man), controlling nature and bringing peace to the animal kingdom temporarily in His earthly life, only to come back and restore permanently what man contaminated with his/her disobedience, including, most importantly, right relationship with God. The Son of God had to SUFFER to do this, OUR sin necessitating that suffering. Adam and Eve started it; we continually add to it. God didn't created suffering; we did. Suffering is the direct result of disobedience. We can even see that when I child disobeys his/her parents. Even without corporal punishment, the child suffers until lessons are learned and heeded.
02/07/2007 12:19:51 AM
The Problem of Evil is still a dagger for theism.
02/07/2007 12:18:55 AM
Whether one can prove God's existence is irrelevant. After all, the scientific method seeks not to prove but to disprove. I can disprove the existence of God once and for all. (I am not the first to attempt this.) A God who is omnipotent and morally perfect would not cause innocent animals to suffer from pain, disease and predation. Even if there were some reason behind it, there is no reason for its severity. I could envision a world in which animals didn't have it quite so bad. If God is our watchmaker, then He is incompetent. Even people who live healthy lifestyles suffer from autoimmune disorders, Alzheimer's Disease and appendicitis because our bodies are just so flawed.
02/06/2007 04:02:35 PM
Nice, joninokc007.
02/06/2007 03:55:53 PM
Well since hard-core atheists will not allow that anything ever COULD "prove" God, steppen0410e, not being mainly scientific (even miracles are not taken as empirical proof, but as projections of the visionary), no theist could ever bare his/her burden of proof. The assertion that God is not is already assumed true by hard-core atheists, where agnosticism would be more reasonable (allowing that nothing HAS established that existence thus far, but maybe something in the future could). You may not consider it a 'religion,' but the dogmatic philosophy of hard-core atheists is similar to that of fundamentalist theists, granting them a "faith" community with protected message/discussion boards at Beliefnet.
08/22/2006 06:25:17 PM
Aside from identifying that you haven't read Harris' book, joyfulle1981, (where Harris has some rather positive things to say about Buddhism, and identifies the psychological depth of Buddhist writings when compared to the Bible), I would very much like to discuss with you the supposedly 'atheist' regimes of both Russia and China. Firstly, these regimes were only nominally atheistic. Secondly, these regimes, as another poster, steppen, has ably pointed out, all share something in common with Christianity. They are all to varying degrees dogmatic, and it is that dogmatism, as Harris emphasizes, that is the cause and source of evil.
08/22/2006 01:33:06 PM
I wonder how the atheist Sam Harris would argue with Buddha since his religious teachings are non-theistic.
08/22/2006 01:26:39 PM
The concept that "religion must go" would be interesting except that atheism is no innocent peace-loving dogma. It too has adherents that are violent and abusive. Shall we discuss some of the actions of Russia and China to promote their state belief in athiesm?
08/18/2006 01:31:47 AM
Sam Harris is a genious. "The End Of Faith" is excellent reading, and is very accurate IMO. Religion must's long over due. It's primative traditions are 1,000's of years out of date, and it's time the truth about it's roots were known. Peace Raven
08/17/2006 02:55:15 AM
(continued) In any argument, the burden of proof is on the one making the claim. If someone claims to have invented an antigravity device or a perpetual motion machine, it is not encumbent on others to prove that no such things exists. The claimant must make the case. Everyone else is justified in refusing it until evidence is produced and substantiated. And calling atheism a religion is like calling bald a hair color. But, it has to be said, that there are people for whom knowledge - even if it as yet does not incorporate a 'grasp of the infinite reality of endless time - is more compelling than mere belief. However, not all people are so constituted. Some people are driven by a simple will to believe. For such people, religion fulfils a basic desire to be religious. Their faith is impregnable to fact, their belief impervious to mere truth.
08/17/2006 02:39:54 AM
Yes, Matt2h, I was impressed with Harris' book, too. He makes all his points well. I'm sorry, joninokc007, but your argument is weak, and with the usual bevy of strawmen. For instance, I don't know any atheist who would claim that they have a 'grasp of (the) infinite reality of endless time'. That being so, is one obliged to swallow every egregious concept dreampt up by religion simply because one hasn't such a grasp? Would I be correct in assuming that you do not have a grasp of the infinite reality of endless time? If your answer is no, does that oblige you to accept the theologies of all religions, including their irreconcilable differences? All the atheist is saying is that, theism does not provide an adequate proof of the existence of God. Atheism is not saying that God is disproved, only unproved.
08/15/2006 02:30:19 PM
What an interesting article, especially for me because I am a minister. What I like about his article in particular is that Harris points out I think that there are some BEHAVIORS coming out of religion that we wouldnt tolorate if it werent couched in religion. So, maybe we can tolerate beliefs but speak out against actions. There is definately something important here.
08/15/2006 06:50:50 AM
If one reads through the history of thought and scientific inquiry since the Greeks it becomes obvious quite quickly that the main obsticle to the progress of human knowledge has been superstition - namely in the form of religion. Whether it is crowds of the superstitious or religious leaders who refuse anything which challenges their worldview, religion has been the biggest obsticle to scientific knowledge.
06/21/2006 12:11:02 AM
Sam Harris' book is my manifesto. I could not even begin to extol Sam Harris enough for having the courage to combat powerful enemies on multiple fronts. Harris' novel text bursts through the liberal/postmodern veil of tolerance like a flash of lightning, brilliantly illuminating the root cause of so much irrationality, suffering, and unnecessary obstructionism. Sam Harris is my god. I would take a bullet for Sam Harris.
05/17/2006 07:21:23 PM
The Problem with Atheist Radicals- The effort by Atheists to spread their anti-faith, by converting the people of faith is no different than the efforts by those of faith to convert those without faith. Rationalism in the hands of the advocate atheist becomes a religion itself, with mankind corporately becoming the Supreme Being of this religion, Science as the Dogma, and the debunker as the Grand Inquisitor. Putting intellectual and social pressure on those you do not agree with is supposed to be a horrible thing in the hands of people of faith, but totally acceptable in the hands of the faithless. The atheist, who assumes he has complete grasp of an infinite reality of endless time, even though he is a finite person of limited senses and limited lifespan just becomes a person of faith himself, who believes there are far fewer things in heaven or earth than is compassed with his arrogant philosophy.
05/13/2006 09:13:35 PM
"...he cannot possibly "respect" the beliefs of others, for he knows that the flames of hell have been stoked by these very ideas and await their adherents even now. Muslims and Jews generally take the same arrogant view of their own enterprises and have spent millennia passionately reiterating the errors of other faiths." I would like to point out that in Judaism, the righteous(read: ethical) of all peoples and faiths have a place in the world to come. We don't kill people or go on crusades to wipe out the 'infidel' for believing differently than we do. Where did Harris get the idea that Judaism teaches this?
05/12/2006 09:00:06 PM
"But we can no longer afford the luxury of such political correctness. We must finally recognize the price we are paying to maintain the iconography of our ignorance. " I agree : ) Literalist groups are dangerous to society. We do not need to "get rid of" literalists but we do need to sideline them like other cult groups. As Sam said "Yet if the president of the U.S. started talking about how Saturn was coming into the wrong quadrant and is therefore not a good time to launch a war, one would hope that the whole White House press corps would descend on him with a straitjacket."
05/12/2006 05:49:47 PM
Christianity is for seeing people, not the blind. Christianity calls for a conversion experience that enables the reception of truth. Sam Harris is merely rambling in the dark. Christianity cannot be proven to be "reasonable" to those who deny their own sinfulness befor God. God is not "reasonable" in the usual sense of the word since He gave His beloved Son to die for the worst of us. He is reasonable as the God above all others as He can see our destiny if we remain in sin. Come, let us reason together, though your sin be as scarlet, it shall be as white as snow. God is in charge and exhibits His resonablness by offering to meet our greatest need first, forgiveness and restoration. That is reasonable in Heavenly thinking; it's called love. Scrip
05/11/2006 12:07:45 PM
Imagine that we could revive a well-educated Christian of the fourteenth century. The man would prove to be a total ignoramus, except on matters of faith. His beliefs about geography, astronomy, and medicine would embarrass even a child, but he would know more or less everything there is to know about God This is one of the most ignorant statements I've ever heard, and it makes my blood boil. Harris ignores the work of Teilhard de Chardin, Matthew Fox, Gandhi, the Dalai Lama, Pope John XXIII, Dorothy Day, Thich Nhat Hanh, Joseph Campbell and many, many others, who have progressed religious belief beyond the simplistic views on previous times. He forgets (or ignores) that fundamentalism is a modern movement in response to the enlightenment. I suggest Harris read Douglas Rushkoff's mind-expanding Nothing Sacred. Rushkoff is Jewish, but everything he says can apply to any religion; he sees religion as an "open source" text that we have the power to rewrite.
05/11/2006 10:31:36 AM
Lostsocks, the problem is that the Soviet Union had the same problem as fundamentalists of any stripe, whether religious or nonreligious: a belief that theirs was The Only Way, and that differing opinions were not simply mistaken, but actually evil, dangerous threats that had to be stamped out. That's the mindset threatening us all today: anyone who claims to have The Truth for everyone, insisting on forcing it upon the rest of us whether we want it or not. It's an emotionally stunted, immature mindset, driven by fear & insecurity. It can be religious, it can be ideological -- and it's always destructive, devouring its own when it can't find any further victims elsewhere.
04/03/2006 03:12:41 PM
AT LAST! A writer who understands that once we abandon religion and all become Atheists the world will become a loving and peaceful place full of happy fuzzy bunnykins and soda pop rivers... just like the Soviet Union... Now I can already hear the tap tap of angry replies heading this way... Of course - the misdeeds of the communists were not the direct result of their secularism..... And of course the same is true of the religious. It was not ultimately the fact that they were religious that made them do bad things. You can't have it both ways. -- Rather than bring the full force of our creativity and rationality to bear on the problems of ethics *creative* ethics... nope. That is just terrifying.
07/08/2005 02:10:01 AM
This essay began promisingly, with the hint that it would skewer a political correctness run amok, where every idea is "equally okay" because such a stance is just so democratic. But it didn't go there. Instead, it simply bashed religion as the tenacious acceptance of dogma, a dogma that doesn't admit of progress. How disappointing. There is no belief system in this world that can prove its values straight to the core, but there is obviously a sliding scale between what is easy to nail and what remains elusive. The more elusive a value, the more we have to agree to disagree. But violence and exploitation are closer to the "full consensus" side of the pool than, say, how many angels you can dance on the head of a pin. So why not pick our battles? Let's deal with violence and terror, regardless of what some group thinks of their latest religious tribute. But doing so does not require us to criticize the basic tenets of any faith.
07/05/2005 10:03:29 AM
Well, the previous post is rather incoherent, but I can tell that I disagree. Religion will always exist only insofar as we label how we deal with spiritual issues "religion." If we use this label to include those who say "not applicable" then yes, religion will always be. I am not saying that the other kind of religion (i.e organized religions) will necessarily disappear, but they could. The lack of a moral self may lead to decline, but it is unclear whether this necessitates a spiritual self--again, unless we are using labels in a very general sense. I do agree that wars will always exist, however, they could be fewer and fought less fervently and more rationally. This is particularly true if we take religion out of it. More people have died in Jesus' name than in Stalin's name. (I use Stalin rather than a certain German dictator for two reasons: one is Godwin's law and the other is that Stalin killed more people.)
04/03/2005 07:53:16 AM
Time after time religoin will always be.Even if it didnt exist they would still be war cause of man"s nature.The idealism of ending religoin is doomed to failure.The lack of spritual self leads us nothing more than clinical and arogant
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Best Face Serums For Your Skin Type
Skin Care 101: Serums
We all know what a face moisturizer is and what it does, but serums, thanks to their price and texture variances, are in a more confusing category. Before you brush off this essential step in skin care, find out what serums do, how to choose one, and more, when you keep reading.
Why You Need It: Serums are highly concentrated with potent skin care ingredients, which is why they trend to be pricier than your moisturizer. The thick, liquid-like consistency helps to ensure that its powerful active ingredients can better penetrate your skin than the creamy texture of moisturizer. No matter your skin concerns, there's a serum out there designated for your complexion's needs.
For Oily Skin: Using a serum is an excellent choice for oily skin types, because the lighter consistency won't leave you feeling greasy. Look for products formulated with glycolic acid or retinol to help smooth your skin's texture, accelerate cellular turnover, and prevent clogged pores. Vitamin C is also an excellent ingredient; it provides antioxidant protection while also reducing redness and inflammation often associated with acne-prone skin.
For Combination Skin: Look for a serum that targets your specific skin concerns. There are plenty of formulas on the market that help reduce dark spots and scarring, add antioxidant protection, smooth skin, reduce redness, and more. Serums are your secret weapon to targeting your skin imperfections.
For Dry Skin: Layering a serum under your moisturizer can help boost your skin. Look for serums that contain hydrating ingredients like hyaluronic acid, or you could also opt for a face oil for added nourishment and vitamins.
Tips and Tricks:
• Because serums are lighter and can penetrate your skin more effectively, you should use them after toner and before your moisturizer.
• You can use face oils like a serum.
• You can use more than one serum to give your complexion a well-rounded approach to skin care and protection.
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Benefits Plans - 457(b) Deferred Compensation Plan: IRS Saver's Credit
What is the Saver’s Credit?
This is a nonrefundable tax credit available to eligible individuals who make elective contributions to certain types of retirement plans. Its purpose is to encourage people to save for retirement and is available through 2006, after which it expires unless Congress acts to extend it. Consult with a qualified tax advisor for more information and to see if you qualify.
Eligible Contributions
You may be eligible for a credit of up to $1,000 for combined voluntary contributions you make to the following types of plans:
• Employer-sponsored 401(k) or 403(b) plans, a governmental 457(b) plan, SIMPLEs, and SEPs.
• Individual or spousal contributions to an IRA, (both traditional and Roth).
• After-tax contributions you make to a qualified retirement plan.
Maximum Contribution and Credit
Annual contributions of up to $2,000 may be considered for this credit. Depending on your adjusted gross income, you may be eligible to take the credit for up to 50% of the contribution, with a maximum credit of $1,000.
Who is Not Eligible
You are not eligible for the credit if any of the following conditions apply to you:
• Your adjusted gross income is more than $25,000 ($37,500 if head of household; $50,000 if married filing jointly).
• You are under age 18.
• You are claimed as a dependent on another taxpayer’s tax return, or are a full-time student.
The Amount of the Credit
If you are eligible, the amount of the saver’s credit is based on the adjusted gross income (AGI) of you and your spouse. See the chart below for more specific information.
Other Considerations
The credit is reduced by taxable distributions taken from an employer-sponsored retirement plan or IRA by you or your spouse during the year the credit is claimed, during the two preceding years, or during the time between the end of the year the credit is claimed and the due date for the taxpayer’s income tax return. The reduction also applies to any Roth IRA distribution that is not rolled over, regardless of whether it is taxable.
Eligibility and Amount of Credit
Adjusted Gross Income
Amount of credit
Single or
Married filing separately
Head of household
Married filing jointly
Less than $15,000
Less than $22,500
Less than $30,000
$15,001 to $16,250
$22,501 to $24,375
$30,001 to $32,500
$16,251 to $25,000
$24,376 to $37,500
$32,501 to $50,000
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Jeremiah 9:23-24 (New International Version)
View In My Bible
23 This is what the LORD says: "Let not the wise man boast of his wisdom1 or the strong man boast of his strength2 or the rich man boast of his riches,3 24 but let him who boasts boast4 about this: that he understands and knows5 me, that I am the LORD,6 who exercises kindness,7 justice and righteousness8 on earth, for in these I delight," declares the LORD.
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Numbers 14:28-30 (New International Version)
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28 So tell them, 'As surely as I live,1 declares the LORD, I will do to you2 the very things I heard you say: 29 In this desert your bodies will fall3--every one of you twenty years old or more4 who was counted in the census5 and who has grumbled against me. 30 Not one of you will enter the land6 I swore with uplifted hand7 to make your home, except Caleb son of Jephunneh8 and Joshua son of Nun.9
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Jeremiah 43:10 (Common English Bible)
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10 After that, say to the people: The LORD of heavenly forces, the God of Israel, proclaims: I'm sending for my servant King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, whoa will set his throne over these stones and will spread his canopy over them.
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Flint [N] [S]
abounds in all the plains and valleys of the wilderness of the forty years' wanderings. In Isaiah 50:7 and Ezekiel 3:9 the expressions, where the word is used, means that the "Messiah would be firm and resolute amidst all contempt and scorn which he would meet; that he had made up his mind to endure it, and would not shrink from any kind or degree of suffering which would be necessary to accomplish the great work in which he was engaged." (Compare Ezekiel 3:8 Ezekiel 3:9 .) The words "like a flint" are used with reference to the hoofs of horses ( Isaiah 5:28 ).
These dictionary topics are from
Bibliography Information
Easton, Matthew George. "Entry for Flint". "Easton's Bible Dictionary". .
Flint, [N] [E]
a well-known stone, a variety of quartz. It is extremely hard, and strikes fire. It was very abundant in and about Palestine.
Bibliography Information
Smith, William, Dr. "Entry for 'Flint,'". "Smith's Bible Dictionary". . 1901.
flint (challamish (Deuteronomy 8:15; 32:13; Job 28:9; Psalms 114:8), tsor (Exodus 4:25; Ezekiel 3:9), tser (Isaiah 5:28), tsur (Job 22:24; Psalms 89:43), tsurim (Joshua 5:2); (= kechlex "pebble"), kochlax (1 Maccabees 10:73)):
The word challamish signifies a hard stone, though not certainly flint, and is used as a figure for hardness in Isaiah 50:7, "Therefore have I set my face like a flint." A similar use of tsor is found in Ezekiel 3:9, "As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead," and Isaiah 5:28, "Their horses' hoofs shall be accounted as flint"; and of tsela` in Jeremiah 5:3, "They have made their faces harder than a rock." The same three words are used of the rock from which Moses drew water in the wilderness:
challamish (Deuteronomy 8:15; Psalms 114:8); tsur (Exodus 17:6; Deuteronomy 8:15; Psalms 78:20; Isaiah 48:21); cela` (Numbers 20:8; Nehemiah 9:15; Psalms 78:16).
Tsur and cela` are used oftener than challamish for great rocks and cliffs, but tsur is used also for flint knives in Exodus 4:25, "Then Zipporah took a flint (the King James Version "sharp stone"), and cut off the foreskin of her son," and in Joshua 5:2, "Yahweh said unto Joshua, Make thee knives of flint (the King James Version "sharp knives"), and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time." Surgical implements of flint were used by the ancient Egyptians, and numerous flint chippings with occasional flint implements are found associated with the remains of early man in Syria and Palestine. Flint and the allied mineral, chert, are found in great abundance in the limestone rocks of Syria, Palestine and Egypt.
Alfred Ely Day
Copyright Statement
These files are public domain.
Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'FLINT'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.
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Matthew 28:19-20 (New American Standard)
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19 "a1Go therefore and 2make disciples of 3all the nations, 4baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, 5I am with you balways , even to 6the end of the age."
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Isaiah 17:3 (New International Reader's Version)
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3 Ephraim's people will no longer have cities with high walls around them. Royal power will disappear from Damascus. Those who are left alive in Aram will be like the glory of the people of Israel," announces the LORD who rules over all.
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Hosea 7 (New Living Translation)
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1 "I wanted to heal Israel, but its sins were far too great. Samaria is filled with liars, thieves, and bandits! 2 Its people don't realize I am watching them. Their sinful deeds are all around them; I see them all! 3 The people make the king glad with their wickedness. The princes laugh about the people's many lies. 4 They are all adulterers, always aflame with lust. They are like an oven that is kept hot even while the baker is still kneading the dough. 5 "On royal holidays, the princes get drunk. The king makes a fool of himself and drinks with those who are making fun of him. 6 Their hearts blaze like a furnace with intrigue. Their plot smolders through the night, and in the morning it flames forth like a raging fire. 7 They kill their kings one after another, and no one cries out to me for help. 8 "My people of Israel a mingle with godless foreigners, picking up their evil ways. Now they have become as worthless as a half-baked cake! 9 Worshiping foreign gods has sapped their strength, but they don't even know it. Israel is like an old man with graying hair, unaware of how weak and old he has become. 10 His arrogance testifies against him, yet he doesn't return to the LORD his God or even try to find him. 11 "The people of Israel have become like silly, witless doves, first calling to Egypt, then flying to Assyria. 12 But as they fly about, I will throw my net over them and bring them down like a bird from the sky. I will punish them for all their evil ways. b 13 "How terrible it will be for my people who have deserted me! Let them die, for they have rebelled against me. I wanted to redeem them, but they have only spoken lies about me. 14 They do not cry out to me with sincere hearts. Instead, they sit on their couches and wail. They cut themselves, begging foreign gods for crops and prosperity. 15 "I trained them and made them strong, yet now they plot evil against me. 16 They look everywhere except to heaven, to the Most High. They are like a crooked bow that always misses its target. Their leaders will be killed by their enemies because of their insolence toward me. Then the people of Egypt will laugh at them.
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Haggai 2:1 NKJV/NIV - Online Parallel Bible
1 In the seventh month, on the twenty-first of the month, the word of the Lord came by Haggai the prophet, saying: 1 On the twenty-first day of the seventh month, the word of the LORD came through the prophet Haggai:
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