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75,464,247 |
József Meduna di Montecucco
|
József Meduna di Montecucco (30 June 1821 – 28 January 1895) was an Italian-Hungarian salami maker.
A descendant of the Meduna family, he was born on 30 June 1821 in Castelcucco, Italy, as Giuseppe Carlo Meduna, son of Severo and brother of Francesco Meduna, mayor of Castelcucco in 1868.
As member of the national guard he participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He was a member of the Hungarian Armed Forces Association and one of the founders of the Hungarian Industry Association.
Meduna was one of several Friulian emigrant entrepreneurs who came to the territory of the monarchy, adapting Italian culinary tradition and creating a new market and industry for salami. With a small capital form Giovanni Piazzoni, he founded the first Hungarian "steamed salami and fat products" factory in Budapest in 1850, pioneering and popularizing the cured sausage of Italian origin in Hungarian cuisine and culture. Other Friulian butchers followed suit in the seasonal production of winter salami, including the Del Medico brothers, the Guglielmini, Suberca, Molinari, Boschetti, Forgiarini, Dozzi, Vidoni and Venturini. Until the outbreak of World War II, their factories almost exclusively employed workers from Friuli due to their craftsmanship.
For his products, Meduna received awards at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair, the 1878 Paris Exposition, and in 1879 a Silver Cross of Merit by Minister Béla Wenckheim on behalf of Emperor Franz Joseph I for the services achieved during the World Exhibition in Paris. At the 1885 Budapest National Exhibition under the patronage of Crown Prince Rudolf, he received the big exhibition medal, and a gold medal at the 1888 Brussels International Exhibition.
In Hungary, he used the noble title von Meduna, Edler v. Montecucco. Members of this branch are mentioned in several Austro-Hungarian records as Meduna di Montecucco.
He died on 28 January 1895 in Budapest as the father of fourteen children. Renowned neuropathologist and neuropsychiatrist Ladislas J. Meduna was one of his grandsons.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "József Meduna di Montecucco (30 June 1821 – 28 January 1895) was an Italian-Hungarian salami maker.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A descendant of the Meduna family, he was born on 30 June 1821 in Castelcucco, Italy, as Giuseppe Carlo Meduna, son of Severo and brother of Francesco Meduna, mayor of Castelcucco in 1868.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As member of the national guard he participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He was a member of the Hungarian Armed Forces Association and one of the founders of the Hungarian Industry Association.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Meduna was one of several Friulian emigrant entrepreneurs who came to the territory of the monarchy, adapting Italian culinary tradition and creating a new market and industry for salami. With a small capital form Giovanni Piazzoni, he founded the first Hungarian \"steamed salami and fat products\" factory in Budapest in 1850, pioneering and popularizing the cured sausage of Italian origin in Hungarian cuisine and culture. Other Friulian butchers followed suit in the seasonal production of winter salami, including the Del Medico brothers, the Guglielmini, Suberca, Molinari, Boschetti, Forgiarini, Dozzi, Vidoni and Venturini. Until the outbreak of World War II, their factories almost exclusively employed workers from Friuli due to their craftsmanship.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "For his products, Meduna received awards at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair, the 1878 Paris Exposition, and in 1879 a Silver Cross of Merit by Minister Béla Wenckheim on behalf of Emperor Franz Joseph I for the services achieved during the World Exhibition in Paris. At the 1885 Budapest National Exhibition under the patronage of Crown Prince Rudolf, he received the big exhibition medal, and a gold medal at the 1888 Brussels International Exhibition.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In Hungary, he used the noble title von Meduna, Edler v. Montecucco. Members of this branch are mentioned in several Austro-Hungarian records as Meduna di Montecucco.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He died on 28 January 1895 in Budapest as the father of fourteen children. Renowned neuropathologist and neuropsychiatrist Ladislas J. Meduna was one of his grandsons.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] |
József Meduna di Montecucco was an Italian-Hungarian salami maker.
|
2023-12-02T14:25:07Z
|
2023-12-30T09:38:30Z
|
[
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Meduna_di_Montecucco
|
75,464,275 |
50 Years of De-Evolution 1973–2023
|
50 Years of De-Evolution 1973–2023 is a compilation album by American band Devo, released on October 20, 2023, through Rhino Entertainment. The first disc contains the band's hits and more well-known material, while the second disc contains rarities. It received positive reviews from critics.
Reviewing the album for Pitchfork, Stephen Thomas Erlewine remarked that it is not "a chronological document, but a celebration of a complex, sometimes baffling body of work. Too long to count as a greatest-hits compilation, too reliant on the band's standards to be of considerable interest to hardcore fans—all the rarities have been in circulation for a while—50 Years of De-Evolution nevertheless portrays an act that simultaneously inhabited its times and pointed the way to the future". Hal Horowitz of American Songwriter stated that it does "a perfectly respectable job" as it compiles the band's "best-known titles, tosses in obscurities from soundtracks along with single B sides and other musical ephemera, and then remasters the audio" but felt "there is little reason for this to exist other than to rake in some bucks by repackaging content any fan already has or for whoever doesn't already own this material".
All tracks are marked as "2023 remaster".
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "50 Years of De-Evolution 1973–2023 is a compilation album by American band Devo, released on October 20, 2023, through Rhino Entertainment. The first disc contains the band's hits and more well-known material, while the second disc contains rarities. It received positive reviews from critics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Reviewing the album for Pitchfork, Stephen Thomas Erlewine remarked that it is not \"a chronological document, but a celebration of a complex, sometimes baffling body of work. Too long to count as a greatest-hits compilation, too reliant on the band's standards to be of considerable interest to hardcore fans—all the rarities have been in circulation for a while—50 Years of De-Evolution nevertheless portrays an act that simultaneously inhabited its times and pointed the way to the future\". Hal Horowitz of American Songwriter stated that it does \"a perfectly respectable job\" as it compiles the band's \"best-known titles, tosses in obscurities from soundtracks along with single B sides and other musical ephemera, and then remasters the audio\" but felt \"there is little reason for this to exist other than to rake in some bucks by repackaging content any fan already has or for whoever doesn't already own this material\".",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "All tracks are marked as \"2023 remaster\".",
"title": "Track listing"
}
] |
50 Years of De-Evolution 1973–2023 is a compilation album by American band Devo, released on October 20, 2023, through Rhino Entertainment. The first disc contains the band's hits and more well-known material, while the second disc contains rarities. It received positive reviews from critics.
|
2023-12-02T14:29:07Z
|
2023-12-02T16:55:53Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Devo",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:In use",
"Template:Music ratings",
"Template:Track listing"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Years_of_De-Evolution_1973%E2%80%932023
|
75,464,278 |
The Silos (album)
|
The Silos is an album by the American band the Silos, released in 1990. A commercial disappointment, it was the band's only album for RCA Records. The band supported the album with a North American tour that included shows with the Jayhawks.
Produced by Peter Moore, Bob Rupe, and Walter Salas-Humara, the album was recorded in the fall of 1989 at Gainesville's Great Southern Music Hall, an old theater. Rupe played most of the lead guitar parts and Salas-Humara wrote or cowrote most of the songs. Amy Allison provided backing vocals on "The Only Story I Tell". "Maybe Everything" employs a horn section.
The New York Times wrote that "the band's austere style inflects the astringent twang of the Velvet Underground with the drone of R.E.M. and adds countryish echoes that recall Gram Parsons ... [the] enigmatic lyrics are so plainspoken that they have oracular overtones. Entertainment Weekly compared the music to "something like classic rock & roll seen in a dusty rear-view mirror." Trouser Press noted that "Rupe and Salas-Humara seem to be taking pains to maintain the songs' scaled-down ramshackle charm, avoiding obvious hooks or gimmicks." The Orlando Sentinel determined that "the contrast between the stronger, rougher low voice of Salas-Humara and Rupe's slightly more supple mid- range voice above it is wonderful."
AllMusic wrote that "horns, strings, and accordion color the songs without drawing too much attention to themselves so that all the focus remains on Salas-Humara and Rupe's typically solid tunes."
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Silos is an album by the American band the Silos, released in 1990. A commercial disappointment, it was the band's only album for RCA Records. The band supported the album with a North American tour that included shows with the Jayhawks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Produced by Peter Moore, Bob Rupe, and Walter Salas-Humara, the album was recorded in the fall of 1989 at Gainesville's Great Southern Music Hall, an old theater. Rupe played most of the lead guitar parts and Salas-Humara wrote or cowrote most of the songs. Amy Allison provided backing vocals on \"The Only Story I Tell\". \"Maybe Everything\" employs a horn section.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The New York Times wrote that \"the band's austere style inflects the astringent twang of the Velvet Underground with the drone of R.E.M. and adds countryish echoes that recall Gram Parsons ... [the] enigmatic lyrics are so plainspoken that they have oracular overtones. Entertainment Weekly compared the music to \"something like classic rock & roll seen in a dusty rear-view mirror.\" Trouser Press noted that \"Rupe and Salas-Humara seem to be taking pains to maintain the songs' scaled-down ramshackle charm, avoiding obvious hooks or gimmicks.\" The Orlando Sentinel determined that \"the contrast between the stronger, rougher low voice of Salas-Humara and Rupe's slightly more supple mid- range voice above it is wonderful.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "AllMusic wrote that \"horns, strings, and accordion color the songs without drawing too much attention to themselves so that all the focus remains on Salas-Humara and Rupe's typically solid tunes.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
}
] |
The Silos is an album by the American band the Silos, released in 1990. A commercial disappointment, it was the band's only album for RCA Records. The band supported the album with a North American tour that included shows with the Jayhawks.
|
2023-12-02T14:29:27Z
|
2023-12-02T16:17:35Z
|
[
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Music ratings"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silos_(album)
|
75,464,292 |
Ricardo Reis (heteronym)
|
Ricardo Reis; (Oporto 19 September 1887), was one of the most important heteronyms created by the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa.
""I have put all my mental discipline into Ricardo Reis, dressed in his own music."
Born in Oporto in 1887, Ricardo Reis was one year younger than Fernando Pessoa who describes him as very little shorter and stronger, but slim and a vague matte brown. Reis was educated at a Jesuit boarding school becoming a Latinist by education and a semi-Hellenist by his own, thus writing better than Pessoa, but with a purism that his author considered exaggerated. He was a doctor and Neoclassical poet who wrote neopagan, epicurist and stoicist odes. Politically a monarchist, he went into exile to Brazil after the defeat of a monarchical rebellion in Oporto against the Portuguese Republic in 1919.
"Around 1912, unless I make a mistake (which can never be a big one), I came up with the idea of writing some pagan poems. I sketched a few things in irregular verse (not in the Álvaro de Campos style, but in a half-regular style), and abandoned the case. I had, however, sketched a vague portrait of the person who was doing it (Ricardo Reis had been born, unbeknownst to me)."
Reis Odes were first published in 1924 in the Athena: Revista de Arta [pt], founded by Fernando Pessoa and Ruy Vaz. Further eight odes were later published between 1927 and 1930 in the literary journal Presença. The remaining poems and prose were published posthumously. In a letter to William Bentley, director of the journal Portugal, on October 31, 1924, to announce his journal Athena, Pessoa wrote that "a knowledge of the language would be indispensable, for instance, to appraise the 'Odes' of Ricardo Reis, whose Portuguese would draw upon him the blessing of António Vieira, as his stile and diction that of Horace (he has been called, admirably I believe, 'a Greek Horace who writes in Portuguese')". Since Pessoa didn't determine the death of Reis, one can assume that he survived his author who died on November 30, 1935. In the novel The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1984), the Portuguese writer José Saramago rebuilds, in his own personal outlook, the literary world of this heteronym after 1935, creating a dialog between Ricardo Reis and the ghost of his author.
"How I write on behalf of these three [ heteronyms ]... Caeiro out of pure and unexpected inspiration, without knowing or even calculating that he was going to write. Ricardo Reis, after an abstract deliberation, which suddenly materialized into an ode."
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ricardo Reis; (Oporto 19 September 1887), was one of the most important heteronyms created by the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "\"\"I have put all my mental discipline into Ricardo Reis, dressed in his own music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Born in Oporto in 1887, Ricardo Reis was one year younger than Fernando Pessoa who describes him as very little shorter and stronger, but slim and a vague matte brown. Reis was educated at a Jesuit boarding school becoming a Latinist by education and a semi-Hellenist by his own, thus writing better than Pessoa, but with a purism that his author considered exaggerated. He was a doctor and Neoclassical poet who wrote neopagan, epicurist and stoicist odes. Politically a monarchist, he went into exile to Brazil after the defeat of a monarchical rebellion in Oporto against the Portuguese Republic in 1919.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "\"Around 1912, unless I make a mistake (which can never be a big one), I came up with the idea of writing some pagan poems. I sketched a few things in irregular verse (not in the Álvaro de Campos style, but in a half-regular style), and abandoned the case. I had, however, sketched a vague portrait of the person who was doing it (Ricardo Reis had been born, unbeknownst to me).\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Reis Odes were first published in 1924 in the Athena: Revista de Arta [pt], founded by Fernando Pessoa and Ruy Vaz. Further eight odes were later published between 1927 and 1930 in the literary journal Presença. The remaining poems and prose were published posthumously. In a letter to William Bentley, director of the journal Portugal, on October 31, 1924, to announce his journal Athena, Pessoa wrote that \"a knowledge of the language would be indispensable, for instance, to appraise the 'Odes' of Ricardo Reis, whose Portuguese would draw upon him the blessing of António Vieira, as his stile and diction that of Horace (he has been called, admirably I believe, 'a Greek Horace who writes in Portuguese')\". Since Pessoa didn't determine the death of Reis, one can assume that he survived his author who died on November 30, 1935. In the novel The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1984), the Portuguese writer José Saramago rebuilds, in his own personal outlook, the literary world of this heteronym after 1935, creating a dialog between Ricardo Reis and the ghost of his author.",
"title": "Critical overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "\"How I write on behalf of these three [ heteronyms ]... Caeiro out of pure and unexpected inspiration, without knowing or even calculating that he was going to write. Ricardo Reis, after an abstract deliberation, which suddenly materialized into an ode.\"",
"title": "Critical overview"
}
] |
Ricardo Reis;, was one of the most important heteronyms created by the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa. Born in Oporto in 1887, Ricardo Reis was one year younger than Fernando Pessoa who describes him as very little shorter and stronger, but slim and a vague matte brown. Reis was educated at a Jesuit boarding school becoming a Latinist by education and a semi-Hellenist by his own, thus writing better than Pessoa, but with a purism that his author considered exaggerated. He was a doctor and Neoclassical poet who wrote neopagan, epicurist and stoicist odes. Politically a monarchist, he went into exile to Brazil after the defeat of a monarchical rebellion in Oporto against the Portuguese Republic in 1919.
|
2023-12-02T14:32:01Z
|
2023-12-16T22:22:41Z
|
[
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Cite thesis",
"Template:Fernando Pessoa",
"Template:Infobox writer",
"Template:Blockquote",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:ISBN",
"Template:Authority control"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Reis_(heteronym)
|
75,464,324 |
2022–23 North Texas Mean Green women's basketball team
|
The 2022–23 North Texas Mean Green women's basketball team represented the University of North Texas during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.
The team was led by head coach Jalie Mitchell, and played their home games at UNT Coliseum in Denton, Texas as a member of Conference USA. They finished the season 11–20, going 8–12 in C-USA play to finish in seventh place. They lost to UAB in the opening round of the C-USA tournament.
The season marked the team's last season as members of Conference USA before joining the American Athletic Conference on July 1, 2023.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2022–23 North Texas Mean Green women's basketball team represented the University of North Texas during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The team was led by head coach Jalie Mitchell, and played their home games at UNT Coliseum in Denton, Texas as a member of Conference USA. They finished the season 11–20, going 8–12 in C-USA play to finish in seventh place. They lost to UAB in the opening round of the C-USA tournament.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The season marked the team's last season as members of Conference USA before joining the American Athletic Conference on July 1, 2023.",
"title": "Background"
}
] |
The 2022–23 North Texas Mean Green women's basketball team represented the University of North Texas during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.
|
2023-12-02T14:36:08Z
|
2023-12-13T21:04:01Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:North Texas Mean Green women's basketball navbox",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:2022–23 Conference USA women's basketball standings",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_North_Texas_Mean_Green_women%27s_basketball_team
|
75,464,335 |
Brasília Planetarium
|
The Brasília Planetarium Luiz Cruls (Portuguese: Planetário de Brasília Luiz Cruls, lit. 'Planetarium of Brasília Luiz Cruls'), colloquially known as the Brasília Planetarium or the Planetarium of Brasília, is a planetarium located in Brasília, in the Federal District. Inaugurated on 15 March 1974, it was designed by architect Sérgio Bernandes using a Brutalist style. It is part of the Monumental Axis' Cultural Diffusion Sector (Portuguese: Setor de Difusão Cultural), being located between the Brasília TV Tower, the Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center, and near the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha and the Brasília Choro Club. The Planetarium is part of the Brazilian Association of Planetariums.
The Brasília Planetarium was initially inaugurated in March 1974, being designed by Sérgio Bernandes. In 2006, it was closed for refurbishing due to several structural problems, which lasted until 2013. It was reopened following construction work on 11 December 2013.
The planetarium was designed by architect Sérgio Bernandes, with a Brutalist architectural style, having bare concrete and a geometric shape resembling a flying saucer.Its center is formed by two semi-spherical domes, one inside the other, surrounded by sixteen identical volumes separated from each other by radial strips one meter thick, forming a hexadecagon with concave sides. These volumes form sixteen faces, which represent the sixteen cardinal points of the compass rose.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Brasília Planetarium Luiz Cruls (Portuguese: Planetário de Brasília Luiz Cruls, lit. 'Planetarium of Brasília Luiz Cruls'), colloquially known as the Brasília Planetarium or the Planetarium of Brasília, is a planetarium located in Brasília, in the Federal District. Inaugurated on 15 March 1974, it was designed by architect Sérgio Bernandes using a Brutalist style. It is part of the Monumental Axis' Cultural Diffusion Sector (Portuguese: Setor de Difusão Cultural), being located between the Brasília TV Tower, the Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center, and near the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha and the Brasília Choro Club. The Planetarium is part of the Brazilian Association of Planetariums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Brasília Planetarium was initially inaugurated in March 1974, being designed by Sérgio Bernandes. In 2006, it was closed for refurbishing due to several structural problems, which lasted until 2013. It was reopened following construction work on 11 December 2013.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The planetarium was designed by architect Sérgio Bernandes, with a Brutalist architectural style, having bare concrete and a geometric shape resembling a flying saucer.Its center is formed by two semi-spherical domes, one inside the other, surrounded by sixteen identical volumes separated from each other by radial strips one meter thick, forming a hexadecagon with concave sides. These volumes form sixteen faces, which represent the sixteen cardinal points of the compass rose.",
"title": "Charactersitics"
}
] |
The Brasília Planetarium Luiz Cruls, colloquially known as the Brasília Planetarium or the Planetarium of Brasília, is a planetarium located in Brasília, in the Federal District. Inaugurated on 15 March 1974, it was designed by architect Sérgio Bernandes using a Brutalist style. It is part of the Monumental Axis' Cultural Diffusion Sector, being located between the Brasília TV Tower, the Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center, and near the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha and the Brasília Choro Club. The Planetarium is part of the Brazilian Association of Planetariums.
|
2023-12-02T14:37:52Z
|
2023-12-31T21:00:08Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox building",
"Template:Lang-pt",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Commons category"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_Planetarium
|
75,464,394 |
Swimming at the 2023 Pan American Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay
|
The men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2023 Pan American Games were held on October 25, 2023, at the Aquatic Center in Santiago, Chile.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
The highest eight scores advance to the final.
The final was held on October 25.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2023 Pan American Games were held on October 25, 2023, at the Aquatic Center in Santiago, Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:",
"title": "Records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The highest eight scores advance to the final.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The final was held on October 25.",
"title": "Results"
}
] |
The men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2023 Pan American Games were held on October 25, 2023, at the Aquatic Center in Santiago, Chile.
|
2023-12-02T14:46:01Z
|
2023-12-06T01:52:19Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox Pan American Games event",
"Template:Swimming at the 2023 Pan American Games",
"Template:Flagathlete",
"Template:FlagPASO",
"Template:Silver02",
"Template:Bronze03",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Gold01",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Footer Pan American Champions 4x100 m Medley Men"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2023_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay
|
75,464,403 |
NA-43 Tank-cum-Dera Ismail Khan
|
NA-43 Tank-cum-Dera Ismail Khan (این اے-43، ٹانک-کم-ڈیرہ اسماعیل خان) is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. The constituency was created in 2023 by merging Tank District with parts of Dera Ismail Khan District.
General elections were held on 25 July 2018.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "NA-43 Tank-cum-Dera Ismail Khan (این اے-43، ٹانک-کم-ڈیرہ اسماعیل خان) is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. The constituency was created in 2023 by merging Tank District with parts of Dera Ismail Khan District.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "General elections were held on 25 July 2018.",
"title": "2018 general election"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
NA-43 Tank-cum-Dera Ismail Khan is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. The constituency was created in 2023 by merging Tank District with parts of Dera Ismail Khan District.
|
2023-12-02T14:53:24Z
|
2023-12-03T02:54:08Z
|
[
"Template:Nastaliq",
"Template:Election box majority",
"Template:Election box gain with party link no swing",
"Template:Infobox constituency",
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"Template:Election box begin"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NA-43_Tank-cum-Dera_Ismail_Khan
|
75,464,404 |
December 2023 Mindanao earthquake
|
On December 2, 2023, at 22:37 PST (14:37 UTC), a magnitude 7.4-7.6 earthquake occurred off the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The shallow subduction earthquake killed at least three people and left 79 injured.
The Philippine Trench which runs east of the Philippines islands represents a major subduction zone where the Philippine Sea Plate subducts westwards. At its southern portion, it runs north–south from the eastern coast of Mindanao to the northern part of Halmahera Island. The convergence rate along the trench varies from 3.2–5.4 cm (1.3–2.1 in) per year. Large earthquakes occurring along the Philippine Trench are limited in records although two large earthquakes were recorded in 1897 (Ms 7.3) and 1924 (Ms 8.2) with little seismological characteristics known. Some large intraslab earthquakes have been associated with the trench including the Mw 7.6 normal-faulting earthquake of 1975 and a reverse-faulting Mw 7.6 shock in 2012. The segment involved in the December 2, 2023 earthquake was associated with a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1921 which produced a tsunami.
The United States Geological Survey reported the earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6 and a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) said it had a magnitude of 7.4 and that it measured VII (Destructive) on the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale in Tandag.
The earthquake occurred as a result of shallow oblique-thrust faulting likely along the subduction interface of the Philippine Trench. At this location, the Philippine Sea Plate moves west-northwest at a rate of about 103 mm (4.1 in) per year with respect to the Sunda Plate. A finite fault model suggests rupture occurred around an elliptical area measuring 80 km × 80 km (50 mi × 50 mi). Maximum slip was concentrated around the epicenter, although slightly up-dip, which was estimated at up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in).
PHIVOLCS recorded 8,403 aftershocks, and within 17 days of the earthquake, 348 aftershocks above Mw 4.5 were recorded by the USGS; the aftershock sequence occurred southeast of the mainshock. The largest aftershock, measuring 6.9 struck on December 4, occurring north of the aftershock sequence near Cagwait. However, PHIVOLCS said that it was a separate earthquake.
The December 2 earthquake was described as the first major earthquake in the area since a doublet 7.1 and 7.5 earthquake that also produced a tsunami in 1992.
Tsunami warnings were issued by PHIVOLCS for the provinces of Surigao del Sur and Davao Oriental, while NHK said tsunami waves up to 1 m (3.3 ft) could hit Japan's southern coast. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center also said that they expected tsunami waves to be as high as 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in the Philippines, 0.3–1 m (0.98–3.28 ft) in Palau, and less than 0.3 m (0.98 ft) in American Samoa, China, South Korea, a majority of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia, Hawaii, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan and Malaysia. The tsunami threat prompted thousands of residents of Ishigaki, Miyako Island, and Futtsu in Japan to evacuate.
In the Philippines, a 64 cm (2.10 ft) high tsunami was observed on Mawes Island. In Davao City, the tsunami reached 8 cm (3.1 in), and in Lawigan, Bislig, it reached 18 cm (7.1 in). A tsunami of 2 cm (0.79 in) also recorded in Legazpi.
In Japan, the tsunami reached a height of 40 cm (1.3 ft) in Hachijō-jima and 20 cm (0.66 ft) in Kushimoto in Wakayama Prefecture, and Tosashimizu in Kōchi Prefecture. It also reached 1 cm (0.39 in) high at Malakal Island, Palau.
Three deaths were recorded; one in Tagum, one in Barobo and another in Bislig. The deaths were attributed to collapsing concrete walls. Seventy-nine people were injured, including twelve in Davao Region. Additionally, 8,315 houses were partially damaged, and 390 were destroyed, costing ₱44 million (US$810,000). Total damage was estimated to be worth ₱133 million (US$2.4 million). At least 399,765 people from 100,174 families were affected, including 100,533 residents who were left homeless, while Surigao del Sur governor Alexander Pimentel ordered the suspension of classes in the affected areas until December 6 and cancelled all Christmas parties in government offices to encourage donations instead.
In Hinatuan, only 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the epicenter, 142 houses collapsed, 852 others were damaged and power outages occurred. The town's mayor said 11,000 families, equivalent to 41,000 people were affected, with mud contamination forcing some residents to boil water. A Doppler weather radar monitoring tower in the town used in weather monitoring by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration was assessed as “structurally unsafe” after sustaining large cracks and was further sealed off due to its vulnerability to liquefaction. The Enchanted River, the town’s main tourist attraction, was closed following a landslide near the area, resulting in losses of at least P200,000 in revenues. The municipal government also reported that damage to housing and infrastructure was estimated at ₱98 million. The town was subsequently placed under a state of calamity.
Minor damage occurred in Butuan, Surigao, Sayak, Tandag and Bislig airports. Ten houses collapsed and 448 others were damaged in Agusan del Sur, where power was knocked out across the entire province. In Bayugan, two buildings were damaged, including a wall collapse at a store. Several houses and bridges, as well as a mosque were damaged, power outages occurred and people fainted due to the earthquake in Davao City. Patients were evacuated from a hospital in Butuan and a fire broke out in another hospital due to a short circuit. At least 62 houses were destroyed and 1,147 others were damaged in Bislig. Liquefaction destroyed five houses in Gingoog, Misamis Oriental. In Monkayo, eight people were injured by a landslide, five houses collapsed and 2,436 others were damaged.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On December 2, 2023, at 22:37 PST (14:37 UTC), a magnitude 7.4-7.6 earthquake occurred off the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The shallow subduction earthquake killed at least three people and left 79 injured.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Philippine Trench which runs east of the Philippines islands represents a major subduction zone where the Philippine Sea Plate subducts westwards. At its southern portion, it runs north–south from the eastern coast of Mindanao to the northern part of Halmahera Island. The convergence rate along the trench varies from 3.2–5.4 cm (1.3–2.1 in) per year. Large earthquakes occurring along the Philippine Trench are limited in records although two large earthquakes were recorded in 1897 (Ms 7.3) and 1924 (Ms 8.2) with little seismological characteristics known. Some large intraslab earthquakes have been associated with the trench including the Mw 7.6 normal-faulting earthquake of 1975 and a reverse-faulting Mw 7.6 shock in 2012. The segment involved in the December 2, 2023 earthquake was associated with a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1921 which produced a tsunami.",
"title": "Tectonic setting"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The United States Geological Survey reported the earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6 and a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) said it had a magnitude of 7.4 and that it measured VII (Destructive) on the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale in Tandag.",
"title": "Earthquake"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The earthquake occurred as a result of shallow oblique-thrust faulting likely along the subduction interface of the Philippine Trench. At this location, the Philippine Sea Plate moves west-northwest at a rate of about 103 mm (4.1 in) per year with respect to the Sunda Plate. A finite fault model suggests rupture occurred around an elliptical area measuring 80 km × 80 km (50 mi × 50 mi). Maximum slip was concentrated around the epicenter, although slightly up-dip, which was estimated at up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in).",
"title": "Earthquake"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "PHIVOLCS recorded 8,403 aftershocks, and within 17 days of the earthquake, 348 aftershocks above Mw 4.5 were recorded by the USGS; the aftershock sequence occurred southeast of the mainshock. The largest aftershock, measuring 6.9 struck on December 4, occurring north of the aftershock sequence near Cagwait. However, PHIVOLCS said that it was a separate earthquake.",
"title": "Earthquake"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The December 2 earthquake was described as the first major earthquake in the area since a doublet 7.1 and 7.5 earthquake that also produced a tsunami in 1992.",
"title": "Earthquake"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Tsunami warnings were issued by PHIVOLCS for the provinces of Surigao del Sur and Davao Oriental, while NHK said tsunami waves up to 1 m (3.3 ft) could hit Japan's southern coast. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center also said that they expected tsunami waves to be as high as 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in the Philippines, 0.3–1 m (0.98–3.28 ft) in Palau, and less than 0.3 m (0.98 ft) in American Samoa, China, South Korea, a majority of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia, Hawaii, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan and Malaysia. The tsunami threat prompted thousands of residents of Ishigaki, Miyako Island, and Futtsu in Japan to evacuate.",
"title": "Tsunami"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the Philippines, a 64 cm (2.10 ft) high tsunami was observed on Mawes Island. In Davao City, the tsunami reached 8 cm (3.1 in), and in Lawigan, Bislig, it reached 18 cm (7.1 in). A tsunami of 2 cm (0.79 in) also recorded in Legazpi.",
"title": "Tsunami"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In Japan, the tsunami reached a height of 40 cm (1.3 ft) in Hachijō-jima and 20 cm (0.66 ft) in Kushimoto in Wakayama Prefecture, and Tosashimizu in Kōchi Prefecture. It also reached 1 cm (0.39 in) high at Malakal Island, Palau.",
"title": "Tsunami"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Three deaths were recorded; one in Tagum, one in Barobo and another in Bislig. The deaths were attributed to collapsing concrete walls. Seventy-nine people were injured, including twelve in Davao Region. Additionally, 8,315 houses were partially damaged, and 390 were destroyed, costing ₱44 million (US$810,000). Total damage was estimated to be worth ₱133 million (US$2.4 million). At least 399,765 people from 100,174 families were affected, including 100,533 residents who were left homeless, while Surigao del Sur governor Alexander Pimentel ordered the suspension of classes in the affected areas until December 6 and cancelled all Christmas parties in government offices to encourage donations instead.",
"title": "Impact"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In Hinatuan, only 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the epicenter, 142 houses collapsed, 852 others were damaged and power outages occurred. The town's mayor said 11,000 families, equivalent to 41,000 people were affected, with mud contamination forcing some residents to boil water. A Doppler weather radar monitoring tower in the town used in weather monitoring by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration was assessed as “structurally unsafe” after sustaining large cracks and was further sealed off due to its vulnerability to liquefaction. The Enchanted River, the town’s main tourist attraction, was closed following a landslide near the area, resulting in losses of at least P200,000 in revenues. The municipal government also reported that damage to housing and infrastructure was estimated at ₱98 million. The town was subsequently placed under a state of calamity.",
"title": "Impact"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Minor damage occurred in Butuan, Surigao, Sayak, Tandag and Bislig airports. Ten houses collapsed and 448 others were damaged in Agusan del Sur, where power was knocked out across the entire province. In Bayugan, two buildings were damaged, including a wall collapse at a store. Several houses and bridges, as well as a mosque were damaged, power outages occurred and people fainted due to the earthquake in Davao City. Patients were evacuated from a hospital in Butuan and a fire broke out in another hospital due to a short circuit. At least 62 houses were destroyed and 1,147 others were damaged in Bislig. Liquefaction destroyed five houses in Gingoog, Misamis Oriental. In Monkayo, eight people were injured by a landslide, five houses collapsed and 2,436 others were damaged.",
"title": "Impact"
}
] |
On December 2, 2023, at 22:37 PST, a magnitude 7.4-7.6 earthquake occurred off the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The shallow subduction earthquake killed at least three people and left 79 injured.
|
2023-12-02T14:47:23Z
|
2023-12-29T12:13:27Z
|
[
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2023_Mindanao_earthquake
|
75,464,415 |
2023 East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship
|
The 2023 East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship was the 99th staging of the East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship since its establishment by the East Cork Board in 1925. The draw for the group stage placings took place in January 2023. The championship ran from 7 August to 22 October 2023.
The final was played on 22 October 2023 at Páirc Bhríde in Rathcormac, between Carrignavar and St Ita's, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Carrignavar won the match by 0–18 to 1–14 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title in 11 years.
Promoted from the East Cork Junior B Hurling Championship
Relegated to the East Cork Junior B Hurling Championship
Knockout stage Relegated
Knockout stage
Knockout stage Relegated
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship was the 99th staging of the East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship since its establishment by the East Cork Board in 1925. The draw for the group stage placings took place in January 2023. The championship ran from 7 August to 22 October 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The final was played on 22 October 2023 at Páirc Bhríde in Rathcormac, between Carrignavar and St Ita's, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Carrignavar won the match by 0–18 to 1–14 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title in 11 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Promoted from the East Cork Junior B Hurling Championship",
"title": "Team changes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Relegated to the East Cork Junior B Hurling Championship",
"title": "Team changes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Knockout stage Relegated",
"title": "Group 1"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Knockout stage",
"title": "Group 2"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Knockout stage Relegated",
"title": "Group 3"
}
] |
The 2023 East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship was the 99th staging of the East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship since its establishment by the East Cork Board in 1925. The draw for the group stage placings took place in January 2023. The championship ran from 7 August to 22 October 2023. The final was played on 22 October 2023 at Páirc Bhríde in Rathcormac, between Carrignavar and St Ita's, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Carrignavar won the match by 0–18 to 1–14 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title in 11 years.
|
2023-12-02T14:49:41Z
|
2023-12-11T05:22:21Z
|
[
"Template:East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Multiple",
"Template:Infobox hurling championship",
"Template:Legend2",
"Template:Footballbox collapsible",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_East_Cork_Junior_A_Hurling_Championship
|
75,464,435 |
Zonites euboeicus
|
Zonites euboeicus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on the island Euboea, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites euboeicus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on the island Euboea, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites euboeicus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T14:52:09Z
|
2023-12-07T15:18:00Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_euboeicus
|
75,464,437 |
2023 Philippines earthquake
|
A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck the Philippines.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck the Philippines.",
"title": ""
}
] |
A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck the Philippines.
|
2023-12-02T14:52:20Z
|
2023-12-03T11:24:22Z
|
[] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Philippines_earthquake
|
75,464,457 |
Sundarajoo Somu
|
Sundarajoo a/l Somu is a Malaysian politician from DAP. He has been the member of Penang State Executive Council for Housing and Environment and the Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Perai since 2023.
Sundarajoo was born into a poor family in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur.
Sundarajoo got his diploma from the Federal Institute of Technology. He is also a Master in Business Administration from Nottingham Trent University.
Sundarajoo first worked as an adjuster for the General Insurance Association of Malaysia. He lost his work during the 1987 financial crisis and started working as a field conductor in an estate. Then, he started working as a taxi driver before becoming a security guard where Tan Sri Liew Kee Sin, the founder of S P Setia, lived. Subsequently, he worked as Liew's driver before joining S P Setia in 2005 as a salesman. In 2002, he was made the general manager of S P Setia for the northern region of Malaysia. In 2014, following Permodalan Nasional Berhad’s takeover of S P Setia, he helped Liew to set up EcoWorld and became the Deputy Chairman and deputy CEO of EcoWorld.
Sundarajoo joined DAP in 2018.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sundarajoo a/l Somu is a Malaysian politician from DAP. He has been the member of Penang State Executive Council for Housing and Environment and the Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Perai since 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sundarajoo was born into a poor family in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sundarajoo got his diploma from the Federal Institute of Technology. He is also a Master in Business Administration from Nottingham Trent University.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sundarajoo first worked as an adjuster for the General Insurance Association of Malaysia. He lost his work during the 1987 financial crisis and started working as a field conductor in an estate. Then, he started working as a taxi driver before becoming a security guard where Tan Sri Liew Kee Sin, the founder of S P Setia, lived. Subsequently, he worked as Liew's driver before joining S P Setia in 2005 as a salesman. In 2002, he was made the general manager of S P Setia for the northern region of Malaysia. In 2014, following Permodalan Nasional Berhad’s takeover of S P Setia, he helped Liew to set up EcoWorld and became the Deputy Chairman and deputy CEO of EcoWorld.",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sundarajoo joined DAP in 2018.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
Sundarajoo a/l Somu is a Malaysian politician from DAP. He has been the member of Penang State Executive Council for Housing and Environment and the Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly for Perai since 2023.
|
2023-12-02T14:55:50Z
|
2023-12-22T21:00:14Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Indian name",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Flag",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarajoo_Somu
|
75,464,467 |
2023–24 Pau FC season
|
The 2023–24 season is Pau FC's 65th season in existence and fourth consecutive in the Ligue 2. They are also competing in the Coupe de France.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Last updated: 5 December 2023 Source: Soccerway
Last updated: 5 December 2023. Source:
The league fixtures were unveiled on 28 June 2023.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 season is Pau FC's 65th season in existence and fourth consecutive in the Ligue 2. They are also competing in the Coupe de France.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "Pre-season and friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Last updated: 5 December 2023 Source: Soccerway",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Last updated: 5 December 2023. Source:",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 28 June 2023.",
"title": "Competitions"
}
] |
The 2023–24 season is Pau FC's 65th season in existence and fourth consecutive in the Ligue 2. They are also competing in the Coupe de France.
|
2023-12-02T14:58:47Z
|
2023-12-11T21:12:12Z
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Pau_FC_season
|
75,464,468 |
Ivy Davison
|
Ivy Davison (14 June 1892–15 November 1977) was a British journalist and editor. Her friend, Vita Sackville-West, described her as "a young woman of some enterprise and independence... having shaken herself free of ready-made traditions, to the dismay of her parents, in order to earn her own living".
Ivy Lilian Margaret Davison was born on 14 June 1892 near Sevenoaks, Kent. She was the third of six children born to Dorothy Georgiana Mary (née Norris) and Arthur Pearson Davison. The family, who were comfortably off, moved to Broughton Grange in Oxfordshire, and later to Kemsing, Kent. Friends of the family included the Sackvilles. Alongside her four sisters, Ivy Davison was educated at home.
During the World War I, Davison worked in the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) hospital in Kemsing, where she took charge of bookkeeping and supplies. Between 1916 and 1917, she volunteered as a VAD nurse at a Red Cross hospital in Forges-les-Eaux, Normandy. She subsequently volunteered at the King George Hospital and at Devonshire House, both in London.
After the War, Davison moved to London, and into the flat in Earl's Court where she would live for almost forty years.
Davison began working for the Saturday Review as a sub-editor, later becoming assistant editor. In 1930, she moved to the new Week-End Review, also as assistant editor, until it was absorbed by the New Statesman in 1933. The following year, she was employed by Virginia Woolf as a letter writer.
Davison's literary journalism was frequently unsigned. In her editorial work for the Saturday Review, she was remembered as "careful" and "patient". Davison also conducted interviews with authors, among them Vera Brittain. Her circle of friends included Brittain, Lady Rhondda, and Rose Macauley.
Around 1937, Davison began work as assistant editor at The Geographical Magazine, founded two years earlier by Michael Huxley. In 1939, she was appointed acting editor, becoming executive editor from 1943. She worked closely with the magazine's "literary advisor" John Lehmann, who described Davison as "one of the most intelligent women I have ever met, well-read, perceptive, witty and energetic". By October 1939, the magazine had reached a circulation of 50,000, but the outbreak of the World War II saw this cut in half. From this point on, while managing the challenges of wartime London, Davison steered the magazine into increasingly literary territory, with contributors including Sylvia Townsend Warner, Phyllis Bentley, V. S. Pritchett, Laurie Lee, and L. P. Hartley.
Davison resigned from her editorship of The Geographical Magazine in 1945 Davison, on the grounds of ill health. She later joined the Basic English Foundation, first as assistant to the director, and subsequently as secretary. She maintained an association with The Geographical Magazine, retaining responsibility for the "World in Books" section into the mid-1960s.
Ivy Davison retired to North Mundham, near Chichester. There, she completed work on a book: At the Country Villas. The story of life in country houses around London during the eighteenth century, she was unable to find a publisher.
Davison died from heart failure on 15 November 1977. She left a collection of 1100 books, along with her own unpublished manuscript, to the British Federation of University Women's Sybil Campbell Library.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ivy Davison (14 June 1892–15 November 1977) was a British journalist and editor. Her friend, Vita Sackville-West, described her as \"a young woman of some enterprise and independence... having shaken herself free of ready-made traditions, to the dismay of her parents, in order to earn her own living\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ivy Lilian Margaret Davison was born on 14 June 1892 near Sevenoaks, Kent. She was the third of six children born to Dorothy Georgiana Mary (née Norris) and Arthur Pearson Davison. The family, who were comfortably off, moved to Broughton Grange in Oxfordshire, and later to Kemsing, Kent. Friends of the family included the Sackvilles. Alongside her four sisters, Ivy Davison was educated at home.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During the World War I, Davison worked in the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) hospital in Kemsing, where she took charge of bookkeeping and supplies. Between 1916 and 1917, she volunteered as a VAD nurse at a Red Cross hospital in Forges-les-Eaux, Normandy. She subsequently volunteered at the King George Hospital and at Devonshire House, both in London.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the War, Davison moved to London, and into the flat in Earl's Court where she would live for almost forty years.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Davison began working for the Saturday Review as a sub-editor, later becoming assistant editor. In 1930, she moved to the new Week-End Review, also as assistant editor, until it was absorbed by the New Statesman in 1933. The following year, she was employed by Virginia Woolf as a letter writer.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Davison's literary journalism was frequently unsigned. In her editorial work for the Saturday Review, she was remembered as \"careful\" and \"patient\". Davison also conducted interviews with authors, among them Vera Brittain. Her circle of friends included Brittain, Lady Rhondda, and Rose Macauley.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Around 1937, Davison began work as assistant editor at The Geographical Magazine, founded two years earlier by Michael Huxley. In 1939, she was appointed acting editor, becoming executive editor from 1943. She worked closely with the magazine's \"literary advisor\" John Lehmann, who described Davison as \"one of the most intelligent women I have ever met, well-read, perceptive, witty and energetic\". By October 1939, the magazine had reached a circulation of 50,000, but the outbreak of the World War II saw this cut in half. From this point on, while managing the challenges of wartime London, Davison steered the magazine into increasingly literary territory, with contributors including Sylvia Townsend Warner, Phyllis Bentley, V. S. Pritchett, Laurie Lee, and L. P. Hartley.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Davison resigned from her editorship of The Geographical Magazine in 1945 Davison, on the grounds of ill health. She later joined the Basic English Foundation, first as assistant to the director, and subsequently as secretary. She maintained an association with The Geographical Magazine, retaining responsibility for the \"World in Books\" section into the mid-1960s.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Ivy Davison retired to North Mundham, near Chichester. There, she completed work on a book: At the Country Villas. The story of life in country houses around London during the eighteenth century, she was unable to find a publisher.",
"title": "Later life and death"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Davison died from heart failure on 15 November 1977. She left a collection of 1100 books, along with her own unpublished manuscript, to the British Federation of University Women's Sybil Campbell Library.",
"title": "Later life and death"
}
] |
Ivy Davison was a British journalist and editor. Her friend, Vita Sackville-West, described her as "a young woman of some enterprise and independence... having shaken herself free of ready-made traditions, to the dismay of her parents, in order to earn her own living".
|
2023-12-02T14:59:47Z
|
2023-12-03T01:55:23Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Davison
|
75,464,477 |
Claudia van Zanten
|
Claudia van Zanten (born 30 December 1978) is a Dutch politician representing the Farmer–Citizen Movement. Previously she was a member of the Amsterdam district council for the VVD . In 2023 she was in 7th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which she was elected.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Claudia van Zanten (born 30 December 1978) is a Dutch politician representing the Farmer–Citizen Movement. Previously she was a member of the Amsterdam district council for the VVD . In 2023 she was in 7th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which she was elected.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Claudia van Zanten is a Dutch politician representing the Farmer–Citizen Movement. Previously she was a member of the Amsterdam district council for the VVD. In 2023 she was in 7th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which she was elected.
|
2023-12-02T15:02:06Z
|
2023-12-27T19:40:22Z
|
[
"Template:Family name hatnote",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present",
"Template:Netherlands-VVD-politician-stub",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_van_Zanten
|
75,464,485 |
Heng Lee Lee
|
Heng Lee Lee is a Malaysian politician from DAP. She has been a Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly representing Berapit since 2018.
She studied in SMK Jalan Damai and is a Bachelor in Communications from Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Heng was a reporter from 2003 to 2010.
Heng was a Special Officer for the Office of Chief Minister of Penang from 2011 to 2018.
Heng is married to a Taiwanese in 2019.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Heng Lee Lee is a Malaysian politician from DAP. She has been a Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly representing Berapit since 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She studied in SMK Jalan Damai and is a Bachelor in Communications from Universiti Sains Malaysia.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Heng was a reporter from 2003 to 2010.",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Heng was a Special Officer for the Office of Chief Minister of Penang from 2011 to 2018.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Heng is married to a Taiwanese in 2019.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Heng Lee Lee is a Malaysian politician from DAP. She has been a Member of Penang State Legislative Assembly representing Berapit since 2018.
|
2023-12-02T15:03:09Z
|
2023-12-03T01:31:30Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Family name hatnote",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng_Lee_Lee
|
75,464,510 |
Cor Pierik
|
CR (Cor) Pierik (born 1965) is a Dutch politician representing the Farmer–Citizen Movement. In 2023 he was in 6th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which he was elected.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "CR (Cor) Pierik (born 1965) is a Dutch politician representing the Farmer–Citizen Movement. In 2023 he was in 6th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which he was elected.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
CR (Cor) Pierik is a Dutch politician representing the Farmer–Citizen Movement. In 2023 he was in 6th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which he was elected.
|
2023-12-02T15:08:23Z
|
2023-12-27T19:38:33Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present",
"Template:Netherlands-politician-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:BLP sources",
"Template:Infobox officeholder"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_Pierik
|
75,464,513 |
Abilene Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot
|
The Abilene Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot is a former railroad station that serves as the headquarters of the Abilene Convention and Visitors Bureau in Abilene, Kansas. The station was built in 1928 (though not opened until 1929) as a replacement for a three-story depot combined with a railroad hotel, originally built by the Kansas Pacific Railway. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood and was constructed by G.A. Johnson & Sons company in Chicago. It was designed in the Mission/Spanish Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival, as many Union Pacific stations were at the time. It is across from the junction of Northwest Second Street and Broadway
Though the address is given as being on Northwest Second Street and Broadway, it actually spans one block to the east to Spruce Street. The east parking lot reaches as far as K-15 (Buckeye Street), and the west parking lot reaches as far as Cedar Street across from the Union Pacific Freight Depot.
Former President Dwight David Eisenhower was said to have left the previous version of the station to get to West Point in 1911. His funeral train arrived at the existing station in 1969. Union Pacific terminated passenger service on May 1, 1971, surrendering most stations to Amtrak. Abilene was not one of those station, yet they continued to own the station until 1986.
The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1992.
Media related to Abilene Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot at Wikimedia Commons
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Abilene Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot is a former railroad station that serves as the headquarters of the Abilene Convention and Visitors Bureau in Abilene, Kansas. The station was built in 1928 (though not opened until 1929) as a replacement for a three-story depot combined with a railroad hotel, originally built by the Kansas Pacific Railway. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood and was constructed by G.A. Johnson & Sons company in Chicago. It was designed in the Mission/Spanish Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival, as many Union Pacific stations were at the time. It is across from the junction of Northwest Second Street and Broadway",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Though the address is given as being on Northwest Second Street and Broadway, it actually spans one block to the east to Spruce Street. The east parking lot reaches as far as K-15 (Buckeye Street), and the west parking lot reaches as far as Cedar Street across from the Union Pacific Freight Depot.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Former President Dwight David Eisenhower was said to have left the previous version of the station to get to West Point in 1911. His funeral train arrived at the existing station in 1969. Union Pacific terminated passenger service on May 1, 1971, surrendering most stations to Amtrak. Abilene was not one of those station, yet they continued to own the station until 1986.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1992.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Media related to Abilene Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
The Abilene Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Depot is a former railroad station that serves as the headquarters of the Abilene Convention and Visitors Bureau in Abilene, Kansas. The station was built in 1928 as a replacement for a three-story depot combined with a railroad hotel, originally built by the Kansas Pacific Railway. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood and was constructed by G.A. Johnson & Sons company in Chicago. It was designed in the Mission/Spanish Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival, as many Union Pacific stations were at the time. It is across from the junction of Northwest Second Street and Broadway Though the address is given as being on Northwest Second Street and Broadway, it actually spans one block to the east to Spruce Street. The east parking lot reaches as far as K-15, and the west parking lot reaches as far as Cedar Street across from the Union Pacific Freight Depot. Former President Dwight David Eisenhower was said to have left the previous version of the station to get to West Point in 1911. His funeral train arrived at the existing station in 1969. Union Pacific terminated passenger service on May 1, 1971, surrendering most stations to Amtrak. Abilene was not one of those station, yet they continued to own the station until 1986. The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1992.
|
2023-12-02T15:08:57Z
|
2023-12-31T22:09:57Z
|
[
"Template:NRHP url",
"Template:National Register of Historic Places",
"Template:Commons category-inline",
"Template:Kansas-NRHP-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox NRHP",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Union_Pacific_Railroad_Passenger_Depot
|
75,464,532 |
10 December Martyrs Park
|
10 December Martyrs Park (Turkish: 10 Aralık Şehitleri Parkı) is a park in Istanbul, Turkey.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "10 December Martyrs Park (Turkish: 10 Aralık Şehitleri Parkı) is a park in Istanbul, Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
10 December Martyrs Park is a park in Istanbul, Turkey.
|
2023-12-02T15:11:27Z
|
2023-12-31T22:43:16Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Commons category-inline",
"Template:Turkey-stub",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Infobox park",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Portal",
"Template:Coord missing"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_December_Martyrs_Park
|
75,464,544 |
Batak Hydro Power Plant
|
Batak Hydro Power Plant (Bulgarian: Водноелектрическа централа "Батак", romanized: Vodnoelektricheska tsentrala "Batak") is an active underground hydro power plant located in Batak, Bulgaria, which is a part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade.
The idea for the construction of power plants along the Vacha River utilising the catchment area in the Western Rhodopes, dates back to 1920, when engineer Ivan Mavrov proposed it in his work "Archive of Water Power in Bulgaria". This idea was later taken up by engineer Todor Romanov in the 1930s. The conceptual and technical design for the entire "Batak Hydropower Cascade" was developed between 1951 and 1955 in "Hydro Energy Project". The project was developed by Dimo Velev, Kiril Grigorov, Gichev and others. It included dams, equalising devices and three power plants - Batak HPP (underground), Peshtera HPP (underground) and Aleko HPP (above ground).
Batak HPP was commissioned in 1958 and was the first underground HPP in Bulgaria.
The turbines are driven by water that comes from the Golyam Beglik dam via a pressure diversion. The dam has a circular cross-section with a diameter of 2.40 metres, a capacity of 13.6 m³/s, a length of 11.7 kilometres and a waterfall of 400 metres. The water from the Beglika and Toshkov Chark dams and the Gashna, Cherna and Byala dams flows into the diversion.
Four vertical turbo groups were installed at the Batak Power Plant. The turbines are a Pelton wheel system with two nozzles. The generators are designed for 10.5 kV. The electricity generated is exported to an above-ground 10 kV system via tunnels and bare conductor rails. The above-ground building houses the 10 and 20 kV indoor units, while the 110 kV outdoor unit, which is connected to the 110 kV power line, was built next to it. With an average annual utilisation of 2800 hours, the power plant produces an average of 109.6 GWh per year.
The power plant was completely refurbished between 2000 and 2001.
The waste water from the power plant is channelled via a 3 km long unpressurised sewer with a cross-section of 2.80 m x 2.80 m to the "Nova Mahala" collection tank, which then flows into the Batak Reservoir.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Batak Hydro Power Plant (Bulgarian: Водноелектрическа централа \"Батак\", romanized: Vodnoelektricheska tsentrala \"Batak\") is an active underground hydro power plant located in Batak, Bulgaria, which is a part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The idea for the construction of power plants along the Vacha River utilising the catchment area in the Western Rhodopes, dates back to 1920, when engineer Ivan Mavrov proposed it in his work \"Archive of Water Power in Bulgaria\". This idea was later taken up by engineer Todor Romanov in the 1930s. The conceptual and technical design for the entire \"Batak Hydropower Cascade\" was developed between 1951 and 1955 in \"Hydro Energy Project\". The project was developed by Dimo Velev, Kiril Grigorov, Gichev and others. It included dams, equalising devices and three power plants - Batak HPP (underground), Peshtera HPP (underground) and Aleko HPP (above ground).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Batak HPP was commissioned in 1958 and was the first underground HPP in Bulgaria.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The turbines are driven by water that comes from the Golyam Beglik dam via a pressure diversion. The dam has a circular cross-section with a diameter of 2.40 metres, a capacity of 13.6 m³/s, a length of 11.7 kilometres and a waterfall of 400 metres. The water from the Beglika and Toshkov Chark dams and the Gashna, Cherna and Byala dams flows into the diversion.",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Four vertical turbo groups were installed at the Batak Power Plant. The turbines are a Pelton wheel system with two nozzles. The generators are designed for 10.5 kV. The electricity generated is exported to an above-ground 10 kV system via tunnels and bare conductor rails. The above-ground building houses the 10 and 20 kV indoor units, while the 110 kV outdoor unit, which is connected to the 110 kV power line, was built next to it. With an average annual utilisation of 2800 hours, the power plant produces an average of 109.6 GWh per year.",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The power plant was completely refurbished between 2000 and 2001.",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The waste water from the power plant is channelled via a 3 km long unpressurised sewer with a cross-section of 2.80 m x 2.80 m to the \"Nova Mahala\" collection tank, which then flows into the Batak Reservoir.",
"title": "Technology"
}
] |
Batak Hydro Power Plant is an active underground hydro power plant located in Batak, Bulgaria, which is a part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade.
|
2023-12-02T15:13:35Z
|
2023-12-02T16:06:19Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox power station",
"Template:Lang-bg",
"Template:Batak Cascade"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Hydro_Power_Plant
|
75,464,545 |
Aghnaleck
|
Aghnaleck (from Irish Achadh na Leac 'field of the flagstones') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 673.3 acres (2.73 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Annahilt and the historic barony of Iveagh Lower, Lower Half, located 4.5 miles south-east of Lisburn. It lies within the Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aghnaleck (from Irish Achadh na Leac 'field of the flagstones') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 673.3 acres (2.73 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Annahilt and the historic barony of Iveagh Lower, Lower Half, located 4.5 miles south-east of Lisburn. It lies within the Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Aghnaleck is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 673.3 acres (2.73 km2). It is situated in the civil parish of Annahilt and the historic barony of Iveagh Lower, Lower Half, located 4.5 miles south-east of Lisburn. It lies within the Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.
|
2023-12-02T15:13:38Z
|
2023-12-02T15:13:38Z
|
[
"Template:County Down",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Down-geo-stub",
"Template:Etymology",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Infobox UK place"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghnaleck
|
75,464,561 |
Zonites graecus
|
Zonites graecus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
The diameter of the shell attains 34 mm.
This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites graecus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The diameter of the shell attains 34 mm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites graecus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T15:16:43Z
|
2023-12-02T15:17:49Z
|
[
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Expand section",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_graecus
|
75,464,565 |
Henk Vermeer
|
Henk Vermeer (born 21 August 1966 ) is a Dutch politician. From 2018 to 2023 he was a municipal councillor and faction leader in Harderwijk. In 2019, he founded the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) together with Caroline van der Plas and Wim Groot Koerkamp. In 2023 he was in 4th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which he was elected.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Henk Vermeer (born 21 August 1966 ) is a Dutch politician. From 2018 to 2023 he was a municipal councillor and faction leader in Harderwijk. In 2019, he founded the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) together with Caroline van der Plas and Wim Groot Koerkamp. In 2023 he was in 4th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which he was elected.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Henk Vermeer is a Dutch politician. From 2018 to 2023 he was a municipal councillor and faction leader in Harderwijk. In 2019, he founded the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) together with Caroline van der Plas and Wim Groot Koerkamp. In 2023 he was in 4th place on the list of candidates for the 2023 Dutch general election in which he was elected.
|
2023-12-02T15:16:58Z
|
2023-12-28T01:48:09Z
|
[
"Template:Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present",
"Template:Netherlands-politician-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:BLP sources",
"Template:One source",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Vermeer
|
75,464,569 |
2023 Caraga earthquake
|
A magnitude 7.6 earthquake hit 21 km (13 mi) northeast of Hinatuan, Caraga, Philippines on 2 December 2023.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A magnitude 7.6 earthquake hit 21 km (13 mi) northeast of Hinatuan, Caraga, Philippines on 2 December 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] |
A magnitude 7.6 earthquake hit 21 km (13 mi) northeast of Hinatuan, Caraga, Philippines on 2 December 2023.
|
2023-12-02T15:17:12Z
|
2023-12-02T16:16:35Z
|
[
"Template:Cvt"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Caraga_earthquake
|
75,464,571 |
Hans Hermann
|
Hans Hermann (17 August 1870 – 18 May 1931) was a German composer mostly known for his Lieder, a double-bassist and music educator.
Hans Hermann was born in Leipzig. He studied with Wilhelm Rust, Edmund Kretschmer and Heinrich von Herzogenberg and worked from 1888 to 1893 as a double-bassist in various orchestras in Germany. From 1901 to 1907 he was active as a teacher at the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory. Afterwards, he lived as a freelance composer in Dresden and from 1927 in Berlin. He mostly composed Lieder and chamber music, which were sung by notable performers, such as Lilian Sanderson, Lilli Lehmann, and Karl Mayer.
The musicologist Hermann Kretzschmar characterised the style of his compositions as strong in structure, especially wider forms, clear and interesting groupings, and a unique and characteristic way of mixing liveliness with great passion.
He died in Berlin and is buried at the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hans Hermann (17 August 1870 – 18 May 1931) was a German composer mostly known for his Lieder, a double-bassist and music educator.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hans Hermann was born in Leipzig. He studied with Wilhelm Rust, Edmund Kretschmer and Heinrich von Herzogenberg and worked from 1888 to 1893 as a double-bassist in various orchestras in Germany. From 1901 to 1907 he was active as a teacher at the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory. Afterwards, he lived as a freelance composer in Dresden and from 1927 in Berlin. He mostly composed Lieder and chamber music, which were sung by notable performers, such as Lilian Sanderson, Lilli Lehmann, and Karl Mayer.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The musicologist Hermann Kretzschmar characterised the style of his compositions as strong in structure, especially wider forms, clear and interesting groupings, and a unique and characteristic way of mixing liveliness with great passion.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He died in Berlin and is buried at the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.",
"title": "Life"
}
] |
Hans Hermann was a German composer mostly known for his Lieder, a double-bassist and music educator.
|
2023-12-02T15:17:29Z
|
2023-12-26T00:16:58Z
|
[
"Template:IMSLP",
"Template:Composer-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:One source",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hermann
|
75,464,593 |
Ain Tizgha
|
Ain Tizgha (Arabic: عين تيزغة) is a town and rural municipality in Morocco located in the province of Benslimane, Casablanca-Settat region. It has a population of 15 692 inhabitants (2014 census).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ain Tizgha (Arabic: عين تيزغة) is a town and rural municipality in Morocco located in the province of Benslimane, Casablanca-Settat region. It has a population of 15 692 inhabitants (2014 census).",
"title": ""
}
] |
Ain Tizgha is a town and rural municipality in Morocco located in the province of Benslimane, Casablanca-Settat region. It has a population of 15 692 inhabitants.
|
2023-12-02T15:20:34Z
|
2023-12-03T10:27:32Z
|
[
"Template:Ben Slimane Province",
"Template:Morocco-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox settlement",
"Template:Lang-ar",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Tizgha
|
75,464,596 |
Aghnamoira
|
Aghnamoira (from Irish Achadh na Maolrátha 'field of the dismantled earthen fort') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 569.63 acres (2.31 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Clonallan and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half, located 2 miles north-west of Warrenpoint. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aghnamoira (from Irish Achadh na Maolrátha 'field of the dismantled earthen fort') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 569.63 acres (2.31 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Clonallan and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half, located 2 miles north-west of Warrenpoint. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Aghnamoira is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 569.63 acres (2.31 km2). It is situated in the civil parish of Clonallan and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half, located 2 miles north-west of Warrenpoint. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
|
2023-12-02T15:20:50Z
|
2023-12-02T15:20:50Z
|
[
"Template:Etymology",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Infobox UK place",
"Template:County Down",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Down-geo-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghnamoira
|
75,464,598 |
Global royal intermarriage
|
Global royal intermarriage refers to the practice of royal intermarriage done between dynasties of different continents. The practice was - for obvious reasons - seen more between bordering regions, such as Eastern Europe and Western Asia, and more often than not held political purposes. Dynasties and ethnicity are to be considered, not the realm's geographical position (Mongols reigning over modern Russia are still Mongols).
The (perhaps) most known instance of global Royal intermarriage is the one between Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, and his three Persian wives, Roxana, Stateira and Parysatis. During his campaign Alexander was fascinated by the customs of the oriental kingdoms, and these marriages were part of the progress than led to the pillars upon which the Hellenistic Period was based.
The sections below are for the major part divided based on European realms, for semplicity.
in 327 BC, during his conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Alexander the Great defeated the resisting Sogdian nobles who took refuge in the Sogdian Rock. There, Alexander fell in love with Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes, a nobleman of Bactria, and married her despite his companions's opposition. Roxana gave birth to a son after Alexander's death, Alexander IV.
Other than Roxana, Alexander the Great married two other Persian nobles in 324 BC. After Alexander defeated Darius III at the battle of Issus, he captured his family, including his daughter Stateira. Unlike the other Persian women, Darius's relatives were treated with good manners and they were allowed to keep their social status. In a mass ceremony known as The Susa weddings, Alexander married both Stateira and her cousin Parysatis. With these marriages Alexander cemented his ties to both the branches of the Achaemenid dynasty, but the two women did not give him any children.
Other marriages that happened at the Susa weddings include Selecus I, founder of the Seleucid empire, marrying the Sogdian noble Apama, and Ptolemy I, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, marrying the Persian noble Artakama.
In 695 Byzantine emperor Justinian II was deposed and exiled to Crimea. In 703 he escaped and received help by Busir, khagan of Khazaria, who offered him his sister's hand. Justinian accepted and renamed her Theodora, probably after the wife of Justinian I. The couple was given a new home in Phanagoria. Busir, however, was offered a bribe to kill Justinian by the new emperor Tiberius III, and sent two officials to do the deed. Theodora warned her husband, and the two sailed across the Black Sea with other companions, next asking for help to Tervel of Bulgaria. With Tervel's military help, Justinian regained the throne. Justinian and Theodora had one son, co-emperor Tiberius IV.
Around 732, to solidify an alliance with Khazaria, the future emperor Constantine V married Tzitzak, daughter of khagan Bihar. Tzitzak was later renamed "Irene". The marriage produced Byzantine emperor Leo IV, who was given the epithet "the Khazar" referencing his maternal descent.
Due to the closeness of the empire with the two realms, the dynasties of the Byzantine empire intermarried with the dynasties of Armenia and of Georgia for simple diplomatic reasons. Listed here are some of the marriages that occurred over the years:
Around 1265, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII attempted to start diplomatic relationships with the Mongol Ilkhanate. A marriage was combinated between the Ilkhan, Hulagu, and Michael's illegitimate daughter, Maria Palaiologina. Maria left Costantinople in 1265, accompanied by the Patriarch of Antioch, Euthymius. When they arrived in Caesarea they were informed that Hulagu had died, so it was decided for Maria to marry his son, Abaqa. The Mongols looked to Maria as a religious leader, and they called her "Despina Khatun". The marriage produced a daughter, Theodora Ara Qutlugh.
Other than the Ilkhanate, Michael VIII had also tried starting relationships with the Mongol Golden Horde. In 1266, he gave another illegitimate daughter, Epuhrosyne Palaiologina, in marriage to the khan of the golden horde, Nogai. This was done because the latter had invaded Thrace a year earlier. There are no known children resulting from this marriage.
After Richard the Lionheart, during the third crusade, took Jaffa in 1191, he began negotiating with the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin. It was proposed to marry al-Adil, Saladin's brother, to Richard's sister Joan or alternatively to his niece Eleanor. The arrangement however failed for religion-related reasons, and it never went through.
Around 1238, the king of Hungary Béla IV married his son, future Stephen V, to Elizabeth, the daughter of a Cuman leader who he had invited to settle in the plains along the river Tisza after the end of the Mongol invasion. If this Cuman leader is khan Köten, who invaded Hungary, as some historians declare, then the marriage probably took place to seal the peace between the two rulers. A charter of Béla IV instead refers to Elizabeth's father as "Seyhan". The marriage resulted in 4 daughters and 2 sons, among whom there is Laudislaus IV, who succeeded his father, and who was nicknamed "the Cuman" for his mother's origins.
In 1315, Yury, prince of Moscow, wanting to gain military support to seize the grand principality of Vladimir from his uncle, Mikhail of Tver, went to the Golden Horde. After spending two years there he managed to construct an alliance with the tatar khan Uzbeg, by marrying his sister Konchaka. She converted to orthodoxy and was renamed "Agafiia". During the war to take Vladimir, Konchaka was imprisoned and died before she could give Yury any sons.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Global royal intermarriage refers to the practice of royal intermarriage done between dynasties of different continents. The practice was - for obvious reasons - seen more between bordering regions, such as Eastern Europe and Western Asia, and more often than not held political purposes. Dynasties and ethnicity are to be considered, not the realm's geographical position (Mongols reigning over modern Russia are still Mongols).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The (perhaps) most known instance of global Royal intermarriage is the one between Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, and his three Persian wives, Roxana, Stateira and Parysatis. During his campaign Alexander was fascinated by the customs of the oriental kingdoms, and these marriages were part of the progress than led to the pillars upon which the Hellenistic Period was based.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The sections below are for the major part divided based on European realms, for semplicity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "in 327 BC, during his conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Alexander the Great defeated the resisting Sogdian nobles who took refuge in the Sogdian Rock. There, Alexander fell in love with Roxana, daughter of Oxyartes, a nobleman of Bactria, and married her despite his companions's opposition. Roxana gave birth to a son after Alexander's death, Alexander IV.",
"title": "Ancient Macedonia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Other than Roxana, Alexander the Great married two other Persian nobles in 324 BC. After Alexander defeated Darius III at the battle of Issus, he captured his family, including his daughter Stateira. Unlike the other Persian women, Darius's relatives were treated with good manners and they were allowed to keep their social status. In a mass ceremony known as The Susa weddings, Alexander married both Stateira and her cousin Parysatis. With these marriages Alexander cemented his ties to both the branches of the Achaemenid dynasty, but the two women did not give him any children.",
"title": "Ancient Macedonia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Other marriages that happened at the Susa weddings include Selecus I, founder of the Seleucid empire, marrying the Sogdian noble Apama, and Ptolemy I, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, marrying the Persian noble Artakama.",
"title": "Ancient Macedonia"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 695 Byzantine emperor Justinian II was deposed and exiled to Crimea. In 703 he escaped and received help by Busir, khagan of Khazaria, who offered him his sister's hand. Justinian accepted and renamed her Theodora, probably after the wife of Justinian I. The couple was given a new home in Phanagoria. Busir, however, was offered a bribe to kill Justinian by the new emperor Tiberius III, and sent two officials to do the deed. Theodora warned her husband, and the two sailed across the Black Sea with other companions, next asking for help to Tervel of Bulgaria. With Tervel's military help, Justinian regained the throne. Justinian and Theodora had one son, co-emperor Tiberius IV.",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Around 732, to solidify an alliance with Khazaria, the future emperor Constantine V married Tzitzak, daughter of khagan Bihar. Tzitzak was later renamed \"Irene\". The marriage produced Byzantine emperor Leo IV, who was given the epithet \"the Khazar\" referencing his maternal descent.",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Due to the closeness of the empire with the two realms, the dynasties of the Byzantine empire intermarried with the dynasties of Armenia and of Georgia for simple diplomatic reasons. Listed here are some of the marriages that occurred over the years:",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Around 1265, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII attempted to start diplomatic relationships with the Mongol Ilkhanate. A marriage was combinated between the Ilkhan, Hulagu, and Michael's illegitimate daughter, Maria Palaiologina. Maria left Costantinople in 1265, accompanied by the Patriarch of Antioch, Euthymius. When they arrived in Caesarea they were informed that Hulagu had died, so it was decided for Maria to marry his son, Abaqa. The Mongols looked to Maria as a religious leader, and they called her \"Despina Khatun\". The marriage produced a daughter, Theodora Ara Qutlugh.",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Other than the Ilkhanate, Michael VIII had also tried starting relationships with the Mongol Golden Horde. In 1266, he gave another illegitimate daughter, Epuhrosyne Palaiologina, in marriage to the khan of the golden horde, Nogai. This was done because the latter had invaded Thrace a year earlier. There are no known children resulting from this marriage.",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "After Richard the Lionheart, during the third crusade, took Jaffa in 1191, he began negotiating with the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin. It was proposed to marry al-Adil, Saladin's brother, to Richard's sister Joan or alternatively to his niece Eleanor. The arrangement however failed for religion-related reasons, and it never went through.",
"title": "England"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Around 1238, the king of Hungary Béla IV married his son, future Stephen V, to Elizabeth, the daughter of a Cuman leader who he had invited to settle in the plains along the river Tisza after the end of the Mongol invasion. If this Cuman leader is khan Köten, who invaded Hungary, as some historians declare, then the marriage probably took place to seal the peace between the two rulers. A charter of Béla IV instead refers to Elizabeth's father as \"Seyhan\". The marriage resulted in 4 daughters and 2 sons, among whom there is Laudislaus IV, who succeeded his father, and who was nicknamed \"the Cuman\" for his mother's origins.",
"title": "Hungary"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In 1315, Yury, prince of Moscow, wanting to gain military support to seize the grand principality of Vladimir from his uncle, Mikhail of Tver, went to the Golden Horde. After spending two years there he managed to construct an alliance with the tatar khan Uzbeg, by marrying his sister Konchaka. She converted to orthodoxy and was renamed \"Agafiia\". During the war to take Vladimir, Konchaka was imprisoned and died before she could give Yury any sons.",
"title": "Russia"
}
] |
Global royal intermarriage refers to the practice of royal intermarriage done between dynasties of different continents. The practice was - for obvious reasons - seen more between bordering regions, such as Eastern Europe and Western Asia, and more often than not held political purposes. Dynasties and ethnicity are to be considered, not the realm's geographical position. The (perhaps) most known instance of global Royal intermarriage is the one between Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, and his three Persian wives, Roxana, Stateira and Parysatis. During his campaign Alexander was fascinated by the customs of the oriental kingdoms, and these marriages were part of the progress than led to the pillars upon which the Hellenistic Period was based. The sections below are for the major part divided based on European realms, for semplicity.
|
2023-12-02T15:21:41Z
|
2023-12-26T14:54:46Z
|
[
"Template:Incomplete list",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Citation needed"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_royal_intermarriage
|
75,464,603 |
Full 3 Dhamaal
|
Full 3 Dhamaal is a 2008 Indian Marathi language comedy film directed by Mahesh Kothare who co wrote with Abhiram Bhadkamkar. Produced by Adinath Kothare, under the banner of Kothare & Kothare Vision. It stars Makarand Anaspure, Priya Arun, Abhiram Bhadkamkar, Kishori Godbole, Prasad Oak, Suchitra Bandekar and Dilip Prabhavalkar. The plot of the film follows three female classmates who meet one day and decide to go on a trip and enjoys their lives as before while their husbands are away.
A film director (Mahesh Kothare) introduces three school friends, Prema (Priya Arun), Kishori (Kishori Godbole ), and Saudamini (Suchitra Bandekar), who are now housewives, engaged with family customs, and frustrated with their monotonous lives. They meet at the market one day and decide to take a trip to Ratnagiri for the new year. The three tell their husband that they are going on a pilgrimage to Ashtavinayak. Rahul (Prasad Oak) organises bus tickets for their journey, which they provide to three elderly women in secret.
The three buddies drive by car to their location, they decide not to think about their families on this trip. One of the three elderly women suffers a heart attack in the bus. Meanwhile, their spouses plans a new year party at Tofhkhane's bunglow, where they have drinks and have fun, while they were to going to watch an adult film on television, they sees a news of Prema Tofhkhane being admitted at the hospital. In drunken state Vijay (Makarand Anaspure) reaches I.C.U to see his wife, but due to intoxication he doesn't come to know about the women. Hospital doesn't allow them to stay there because of their intoxication so for a night they reaches the same hotel where their wife are staying. The next day, Prema, Kishori and Saudamini adores the young fit guy Adi with no other intentions in the pool but the guy ask them for a drink by which they understands his intentions and throws him in the pool again. The men reaches the hospital again in the morning where they come to know that there has lied to them. Here enters the arms dealer M.K Dandy (Dilip Prabhavalkar) from Eastern Europe. At night there is a new year party where everyone comes to enjoys, unknown to each other the wives and husbands come to know about the truth.
The film was produced by Mahesh Kothare's son actor-director Adinath Kothare who was also an assistant director for the film. This film also marked actress Suchitra Bandekar's debut in Marathi films, before that she was part of many Marathi daily soaps.
The songs were composed by Ashok Patki and the lyrics were penned by Shrirang Godbole, while the background music was done by Sanjay Dhakan. The vocals were provided by Vaishali Samant, Madhuri Karmarkar, Bela Sulakhe and Shailaja Subramanium. Umesh Jadhav choreographed the songs.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Full 3 Dhamaal is a 2008 Indian Marathi language comedy film directed by Mahesh Kothare who co wrote with Abhiram Bhadkamkar. Produced by Adinath Kothare, under the banner of Kothare & Kothare Vision. It stars Makarand Anaspure, Priya Arun, Abhiram Bhadkamkar, Kishori Godbole, Prasad Oak, Suchitra Bandekar and Dilip Prabhavalkar. The plot of the film follows three female classmates who meet one day and decide to go on a trip and enjoys their lives as before while their husbands are away.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A film director (Mahesh Kothare) introduces three school friends, Prema (Priya Arun), Kishori (Kishori Godbole ), and Saudamini (Suchitra Bandekar), who are now housewives, engaged with family customs, and frustrated with their monotonous lives. They meet at the market one day and decide to take a trip to Ratnagiri for the new year. The three tell their husband that they are going on a pilgrimage to Ashtavinayak. Rahul (Prasad Oak) organises bus tickets for their journey, which they provide to three elderly women in secret.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The three buddies drive by car to their location, they decide not to think about their families on this trip. One of the three elderly women suffers a heart attack in the bus. Meanwhile, their spouses plans a new year party at Tofhkhane's bunglow, where they have drinks and have fun, while they were to going to watch an adult film on television, they sees a news of Prema Tofhkhane being admitted at the hospital. In drunken state Vijay (Makarand Anaspure) reaches I.C.U to see his wife, but due to intoxication he doesn't come to know about the women. Hospital doesn't allow them to stay there because of their intoxication so for a night they reaches the same hotel where their wife are staying. The next day, Prema, Kishori and Saudamini adores the young fit guy Adi with no other intentions in the pool but the guy ask them for a drink by which they understands his intentions and throws him in the pool again. The men reaches the hospital again in the morning where they come to know that there has lied to them. Here enters the arms dealer M.K Dandy (Dilip Prabhavalkar) from Eastern Europe. At night there is a new year party where everyone comes to enjoys, unknown to each other the wives and husbands come to know about the truth.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film was produced by Mahesh Kothare's son actor-director Adinath Kothare who was also an assistant director for the film. This film also marked actress Suchitra Bandekar's debut in Marathi films, before that she was part of many Marathi daily soaps.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The songs were composed by Ashok Patki and the lyrics were penned by Shrirang Godbole, while the background music was done by Sanjay Dhakan. The vocals were provided by Vaishali Samant, Madhuri Karmarkar, Bela Sulakhe and Shailaja Subramanium. Umesh Jadhav choreographed the songs.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
}
] |
Full 3 Dhamaal is a 2008 Indian Marathi language comedy film directed by Mahesh Kothare who co wrote with Abhiram Bhadkamkar. Produced by Adinath Kothare, under the banner of Kothare & Kothare Vision. It stars Makarand Anaspure, Priya Arun, Abhiram Bhadkamkar, Kishori Godbole, Prasad Oak, Suchitra Bandekar and Dilip Prabhavalkar. The plot of the film follows three female classmates who meet one day and decide to go on a trip and enjoys their lives as before while their husbands are away.
|
2023-12-02T15:23:48Z
|
2023-12-18T19:35:33Z
|
[
"Template:Use Indian English",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:IMDb title",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_3_Dhamaal
|
75,464,606 |
2023 Mindanao earthquake
|
2023 Mindanao earthquake may refer to:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "2023 Mindanao earthquake may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] |
2023 Mindanao earthquake may refer to: November 2023 Mindanao earthquake
December 2023 Mindanao earthquake
|
2023-12-02T15:24:07Z
|
2023-12-10T12:55:40Z
|
[
"Template:Disambiguation"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mindanao_earthquake
|
75,464,609 |
Zonites pergranulatus
|
Zonites pergranulatus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on the Cyclades, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites pergranulatus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on the Cyclades, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites pergranulatus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae. Zonites pergranulatus cycladicus Pfeffer, 1930
Zonites pergranulatus pergranulatus Kobelt, 1878
|
2023-12-02T15:24:23Z
|
2023-12-07T16:29:28Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_pergranulatus
|
75,464,632 |
Charles Moreland
|
Charles Moreland, also known as Charles J. Moreland, is an American politician. He served as a shadow member for the District of Columbia at-large district of the United States House of Representatives.
Moreland attended Antioch University and Antioch School of Law.
Moreland was a lawyer and political consultant.
In 1990, Moreland defeated Howard Lamar Jones and Tom Chorlton in the general election for the District of Columbia at-large district of the United States House of Representatives, winning 73 percent of the votes.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Charles Moreland, also known as Charles J. Moreland, is an American politician. He served as a shadow member for the District of Columbia at-large district of the United States House of Representatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Moreland attended Antioch University and Antioch School of Law.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Moreland was a lawyer and political consultant.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1990, Moreland defeated Howard Lamar Jones and Tom Chorlton in the general election for the District of Columbia at-large district of the United States House of Representatives, winning 73 percent of the votes.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Charles Moreland, also known as Charles J. Moreland, is an American politician. He served as a shadow member for the District of Columbia at-large district of the United States House of Representatives.
|
2023-12-02T15:28:41Z
|
2023-12-04T06:25:19Z
|
[
"Template:Closed access",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:WashingtonDC-politician-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moreland
|
75,464,637 |
Zootopia (Disney Parks)
|
Zootopia is an upcoming themed land at Shanghai Disneyland. The area is based on Disney's Zootopia franchise. The area is set to open on December 20, 2023.
Zootopia was first announced in January 2019 as a new themed land based on the 2016 film that would open at Shanghai Disneyland as the second major expansion since the park's opening. Construction of the land began later that year. The area is to be located beside Fantasyland.
The land opens on December 20, 2023.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zootopia is an upcoming themed land at Shanghai Disneyland. The area is based on Disney's Zootopia franchise. The area is set to open on December 20, 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Zootopia was first announced in January 2019 as a new themed land based on the 2016 film that would open at Shanghai Disneyland as the second major expansion since the park's opening. Construction of the land began later that year. The area is to be located beside Fantasyland.",
"title": "Shanghai Disneyland Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The land opens on December 20, 2023.",
"title": "Shanghai Disneyland Park"
}
] |
Zootopia is an upcoming themed land at Shanghai Disneyland. The area is based on Disney's Zootopia franchise. The area is set to open on December 20, 2023.
|
2023-12-02T15:29:24Z
|
2023-12-04T15:54:58Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use American English",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Disney-lands",
"Template:Shanghai Disneyland Park",
"Template:Infobox themed area",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootopia_(Disney_Parks)
|
75,464,654 |
Zonites kobelti
|
Zonites kobelti is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites kobelti is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites kobelti is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T15:33:17Z
|
2023-12-07T15:55:12Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_kobelti
|
75,464,673 |
Aghnatrisk
|
Aghnatrisk (from Irish Achadh na Triosca 'field of the chaff or rough land') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 252.03 acres (1.02 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Blaris (Iveagh portion) and the historic barony of Iveagh Lower, Upper Half, located 4 miles south-west of Lisburn. It lies within the Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aghnatrisk (from Irish Achadh na Triosca 'field of the chaff or rough land') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 252.03 acres (1.02 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Blaris (Iveagh portion) and the historic barony of Iveagh Lower, Upper Half, located 4 miles south-west of Lisburn. It lies within the Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Aghnatrisk is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 252.03 acres (1.02 km2). It is situated in the civil parish of Blaris and the historic barony of Iveagh Lower, Upper Half, located 4 miles south-west of Lisburn. It lies within the Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.
|
2023-12-02T15:36:09Z
|
2023-12-02T15:36:09Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox UK place",
"Template:Etymology",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Down-geo-stub",
"Template:County Down",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghnatrisk
|
75,464,680 |
Lauren Ryan
|
Lauren Ryan (born 15 March 1998) is an Australian track and field athlete who competes as a long-distance runner. In December 2023, Ryan became the Australian champion over 10,000m.
From Melbourne, Ryan attended Geelong Grammar School. Competing for Florida State University she finished fourth over 3000m at the NCAA Indoor Championships in 2022.
Based in Baltimore, Maryland, Ryan made her Australian senior team debut at the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships.
Ryan set a new personal best over 5000m in Walnut, California. She lowered that personal best later that month, finishing second in the 5000m at the Continental Gold Tour in Los Angeles, in 15:11.84. She was selected to represent Australia in the 5000m at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest in August 2023.
In October 2023, Ryan represented Australia at the 2023 World Athletics Road Running Championships held in Riga, Latvia and then won the Pandora 10k in Baltimore.
Ryan won the Australian title over 10,000m in Melbourne in December 2023, running 32:54.00.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lauren Ryan (born 15 March 1998) is an Australian track and field athlete who competes as a long-distance runner. In December 2023, Ryan became the Australian champion over 10,000m.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "From Melbourne, Ryan attended Geelong Grammar School. Competing for Florida State University she finished fourth over 3000m at the NCAA Indoor Championships in 2022.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Based in Baltimore, Maryland, Ryan made her Australian senior team debut at the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Ryan set a new personal best over 5000m in Walnut, California. She lowered that personal best later that month, finishing second in the 5000m at the Continental Gold Tour in Los Angeles, in 15:11.84. She was selected to represent Australia in the 5000m at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest in August 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In October 2023, Ryan represented Australia at the 2023 World Athletics Road Running Championships held in Riga, Latvia and then won the Pandora 10k in Baltimore.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ryan won the Australian title over 10,000m in Melbourne in December 2023, running 32:54.00.",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
Lauren Ryan is an Australian track and field athlete who competes as a long-distance runner. In December 2023, Ryan became the Australian champion over 10,000m.
|
2023-12-02T15:37:08Z
|
2023-12-03T18:06:15Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox sportsperson",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Ryan
|
75,464,688 |
Zonites labiosus
|
Zonites labiosus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites labiosus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites labiosus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T15:38:22Z
|
2023-12-07T15:58:28Z
|
[
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_labiosus
|
75,464,699 |
List of storms named Frankie
|
The name Frankie was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Frankie was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean:",
"title": ""
}
] |
The name Frankie was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Tropical Storm Frankie (1996) – a Category 2 typhoon that made landfall Hainan and Northern Vietnam.
Tropical Storm Frankie (1999) – a weak tropical storm brought heavy rain of to the central Philippines, that caused flooding from the storm forced the evacuation of 300 families in Calbayog.
|
2023-12-02T15:41:25Z
|
2023-12-02T15:41:25Z
|
[
"Template:Storm index"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Frankie
|
75,464,706 |
Alessandra Acciai
|
Alessandra Acciai (born December 12, 1965, in Rome) is an Italian film, television and stage actress, whose career spanned over 30 years.
Born in Rome, Acciai made her film debut in 1987, while still a student at the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico. Since the late 1980s she specialized in comedy films.
In 1994 Acciai was awarded revelation actress of the year at Grolle d'oro for her performances in Enzo Monteleone's The True Life of Antonio H. and Rosalía Polizzi's Anni Ribelli. She later participated in works by young directors such as Claudia Florio, Marco Filiberti and Eugenio Cappuccio.
Acciai made her television debut in 1989 playing the leading role in the television film Il gioko, a thriller directed by Lamberto Bava, and is best known for the role of Cora in the series Incantesimo, in which she appeared for two consecutive seasons. Starting from the 1990s, she was also active on stage, working among others with Memè Perlini, Giulio Base, Sibilla Barbieri, Gigio Alberti, and Rosalinda Celentano.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alessandra Acciai (born December 12, 1965, in Rome) is an Italian film, television and stage actress, whose career spanned over 30 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Rome, Acciai made her film debut in 1987, while still a student at the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico. Since the late 1980s she specialized in comedy films.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1994 Acciai was awarded revelation actress of the year at Grolle d'oro for her performances in Enzo Monteleone's The True Life of Antonio H. and Rosalía Polizzi's Anni Ribelli. She later participated in works by young directors such as Claudia Florio, Marco Filiberti and Eugenio Cappuccio.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Acciai made her television debut in 1989 playing the leading role in the television film Il gioko, a thriller directed by Lamberto Bava, and is best known for the role of Cora in the series Incantesimo, in which she appeared for two consecutive seasons. Starting from the 1990s, she was also active on stage, working among others with Memè Perlini, Giulio Base, Sibilla Barbieri, Gigio Alberti, and Rosalinda Celentano.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] |
Alessandra Acciai is an Italian film, television and stage actress, whose career spanned over 30 years.
|
2023-12-02T15:42:51Z
|
2023-12-22T13:17:45Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Authority control"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Acciai
|
75,464,710 |
Zonites oertzeni
|
Zonites oertzeni is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on the island Euboea, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites oertzeni is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on the island Euboea, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites oertzeni is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T15:43:32Z
|
2023-12-07T16:15:36Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_oertzeni
|
75,464,725 |
Pathways Alliance
|
Pathways Alliance or Oil Sands Pathways Alliance is a consortium established on June 15, 2022 of Canada's largest oil sands producers—Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Imperial Oil, MEG Energy, Suncor Energy and ConocoPhillips—with the goal of achieving "net-zero by 2050". Together these companies represent about 95% of "Canada’s oil sands production." Pathways' president is Kendall Dilling. According to Pathways, the alliance's decarbonization work has amounted to $1.8 billion from 2021 to November 2023. Their major proposed project is a potential $16.5 billion carbon capture and storage network that would be built in northern Alberta. which initially included a March 2023 request that the federal government cover 75% of the cost.
The Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA) was established on 2 March 2012 by oil sands producers to accelerate responses to Environmental Priority Areas (EPAs). It was described in a 2013 Geoscience Canada journal article as a "new kind of industry association" that was created in the early stages of a new environment management regime in Alberta—2010 to 2013.
On 19 June 2021, with the price of oil plummeting during the COVID-19 pandemic the Oil Sands Pathways to Net-Zero was unveiled. It predated the increase in the price of oil and included a call for the federal government to finance 75% of the proposed projects.
By November 2021, Suncor, Imperial, Canadian Natural Resources, MEG Energy, ConocoPhillips, and Cenovus, were testing their Oil Sands Pathway Alliance campaign with focus groups.
Oil Sands Pathways to Net Zero Alliance, Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA), and the Oil Sands Community Alliance (OSCA)
In June 2022, the Oil Sands Pathways to Net Zero Alliance described their plan for reaching net-zero that "centers on carbon capture and storage (CCUS) processes and "other emerging technologies like direct air capture".
On June 15, 2022, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Imperial Oil, MEG Energy, Suncor Energy and ConocoPhillips established Pathways Alliance.
In 2022, Pathways Alliance "announced that exploratory drilling would begin that winter to create underground reservoirs in northern Alberta, where carbon captured during the process of oil sands extraction would be stored. The proposal, which may take several years to gain regulatory approval, includes the construction of a pipeline to transport captured carbon from over twenty oil sands facilities to an underground storage facility near Cold Lake".
By January 2023, Phase 1 was under construction with a $500 million already invested by the consortium. On 4 January 2023, the Pathways Alliance and the Alberta Government entered into a Carbon Sequestration Evaluation Agreement.
In March 2023, Pathways president, Kendall Dilling, called on the federal government to financially support their CCUS projects.
According to a 4 October 2023 Deloitte Canada report, with the completion of the TransMountain pipeline in 2024, the price of Western Canada Select—the benchmark Canadian heavy oil—price differential will decrease and the WCS price will increase as oil production expands. The report also said that the pipeline expansion will result in an increase in Canadian oil production—which in effect means Pathways Alliance members—in 2024 and 2025 to an estimated total representing more than the total production from 2018 to 2023."
Pathways Alliance's major project is a potential $16.5 billion carbon capture and storage network to be constructed in northern Alberta.
According to a 2023 Bloomberg News report, Pathways Alliance members are waiting for responses from the Alberta government and the federal government regarding their request for government financial assistance before "greenlighting construction" of the $16 billion CCS network that they say would cut "22 million metric tons of emissions by 2030". In 2022, Pathways had requested that the federal government cover 75% of the cost. This request was confirmed again in 2023. As of 28 October, the federal government confirmed that their offer of 50% tax credits towards the building costs of CCS plants is already "robust" and would not be increased. The Alberta government were in discussion with Pathways in regards to the provincial financial supports to the oil and gas industry's potential CCS project.
Concerns have been raised about the Pathways' reliance on the expensive carbon capture and storage technology (CCS), which can only be extracted and stored at "large industrial sites" Greenpeace says that since the majority of emissions from fossil fuels comes from their consumption so CCS would not reduce those emissions. The risk of leakage in the storage process is another concern.
While Pathways Alliance says that it does not oppose a cap on oil and gas emissions, they raise concerns that a cap that is "too restrictive" would limit the oil and gas industry's ability to "grow its production".
Pathways Alliance members participated at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai from 30 November until 12 December 2023.
In March 2023, Greenpeace Canada filed a complaint against Pathways Alliance with the Competition Bureau, alleging that the consortium had "been running a misleading advertisement campaign to influence federal regulations and manipulate public support for oil sands development."
An October 2023 Greenpeace article said that the members of the Alliance—who control approximately 63% of Canada's total oil production—in 2022 collectively posted a record profit of over $35 billion.
A
C
D
F
G
H
L
M
N
P
S
T
V
W
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pathways Alliance or Oil Sands Pathways Alliance is a consortium established on June 15, 2022 of Canada's largest oil sands producers—Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Imperial Oil, MEG Energy, Suncor Energy and ConocoPhillips—with the goal of achieving \"net-zero by 2050\". Together these companies represent about 95% of \"Canada’s oil sands production.\" Pathways' president is Kendall Dilling. According to Pathways, the alliance's decarbonization work has amounted to $1.8 billion from 2021 to November 2023. Their major proposed project is a potential $16.5 billion carbon capture and storage network that would be built in northern Alberta. which initially included a March 2023 request that the federal government cover 75% of the cost.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA) was established on 2 March 2012 by oil sands producers to accelerate responses to Environmental Priority Areas (EPAs). It was described in a 2013 Geoscience Canada journal article as a \"new kind of industry association\" that was created in the early stages of a new environment management regime in Alberta—2010 to 2013.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 19 June 2021, with the price of oil plummeting during the COVID-19 pandemic the Oil Sands Pathways to Net-Zero was unveiled. It predated the increase in the price of oil and included a call for the federal government to finance 75% of the proposed projects.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "By November 2021, Suncor, Imperial, Canadian Natural Resources, MEG Energy, ConocoPhillips, and Cenovus, were testing their Oil Sands Pathway Alliance campaign with focus groups.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Oil Sands Pathways to Net Zero Alliance, Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA), and the Oil Sands Community Alliance (OSCA)",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In June 2022, the Oil Sands Pathways to Net Zero Alliance described their plan for reaching net-zero that \"centers on carbon capture and storage (CCUS) processes and \"other emerging technologies like direct air capture\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On June 15, 2022, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Imperial Oil, MEG Energy, Suncor Energy and ConocoPhillips established Pathways Alliance.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2022, Pathways Alliance \"announced that exploratory drilling would begin that winter to create underground reservoirs in northern Alberta, where carbon captured during the process of oil sands extraction would be stored. The proposal, which may take several years to gain regulatory approval, includes the construction of a pipeline to transport captured carbon from over twenty oil sands facilities to an underground storage facility near Cold Lake\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "By January 2023, Phase 1 was under construction with a $500 million already invested by the consortium. On 4 January 2023, the Pathways Alliance and the Alberta Government entered into a Carbon Sequestration Evaluation Agreement.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In March 2023, Pathways president, Kendall Dilling, called on the federal government to financially support their CCUS projects.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "According to a 4 October 2023 Deloitte Canada report, with the completion of the TransMountain pipeline in 2024, the price of Western Canada Select—the benchmark Canadian heavy oil—price differential will decrease and the WCS price will increase as oil production expands. The report also said that the pipeline expansion will result in an increase in Canadian oil production—which in effect means Pathways Alliance members—in 2024 and 2025 to an estimated total representing more than the total production from 2018 to 2023.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Pathways Alliance's major project is a potential $16.5 billion carbon capture and storage network to be constructed in northern Alberta.",
"title": "Proposed CCS system"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "According to a 2023 Bloomberg News report, Pathways Alliance members are waiting for responses from the Alberta government and the federal government regarding their request for government financial assistance before \"greenlighting construction\" of the $16 billion CCS network that they say would cut \"22 million metric tons of emissions by 2030\". In 2022, Pathways had requested that the federal government cover 75% of the cost. This request was confirmed again in 2023. As of 28 October, the federal government confirmed that their offer of 50% tax credits towards the building costs of CCS plants is already \"robust\" and would not be increased. The Alberta government were in discussion with Pathways in regards to the provincial financial supports to the oil and gas industry's potential CCS project.",
"title": "Proposed CCS system"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Concerns have been raised about the Pathways' reliance on the expensive carbon capture and storage technology (CCS), which can only be extracted and stored at \"large industrial sites\" Greenpeace says that since the majority of emissions from fossil fuels comes from their consumption so CCS would not reduce those emissions. The risk of leakage in the storage process is another concern.",
"title": "Proposed CCS system"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "While Pathways Alliance says that it does not oppose a cap on oil and gas emissions, they raise concerns that a cap that is \"too restrictive\" would limit the oil and gas industry's ability to \"grow its production\".",
"title": "Cap on oil and gas emissions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Pathways Alliance members participated at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai from 30 November until 12 December 2023.",
"title": "COP28"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "In March 2023, Greenpeace Canada filed a complaint against Pathways Alliance with the Competition Bureau, alleging that the consortium had \"been running a misleading advertisement campaign to influence federal regulations and manipulate public support for oil sands development.\"",
"title": "Concerns about Pathway Alliance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "An October 2023 Greenpeace article said that the members of the Alliance—who control approximately 63% of Canada's total oil production—in 2022 collectively posted a record profit of over $35 billion.",
"title": "Concerns about Pathway Alliance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "A",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "C",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "D",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "F",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "G",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "H",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "L",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "M",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "N",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "P",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "S",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "T",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "V",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "W",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Pathways Alliance or Oil Sands Pathways Alliance is a consortium established on June 15, 2022 of Canada's largest oil sands producers—Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Imperial Oil, MEG Energy, Suncor Energy and ConocoPhillips—with the goal of achieving "net-zero by 2050". Together these companies represent about 95% of "Canada’s oil sands production." Pathways' president is Kendall Dilling. According to Pathways, the alliance's decarbonization work has amounted to $1.8 billion from 2021 to November 2023. Their major proposed project is a potential $16.5 billion carbon capture and storage network that would be built in northern Alberta. which initially included a March 2023 request that the federal government cover 75% of the cost.
|
2023-12-02T15:47:57Z
|
2023-12-31T19:42:24Z
|
[
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Emdash",
"Template:Cite report",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite press release",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Use Canadian English",
"Template:Sfn",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathways_Alliance
|
75,464,739 |
Zonites rhodius
|
Zonites rhodius is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on the island Rhodos, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites rhodius is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on the island Rhodos, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites rhodius is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae. Zonites rhodius elatior E. von Martens, 1889
Zonites rhodius martensi Pfeffer, 1930
Zonites rhodius rhodius E. von Martens, 1889
Zonites rhodius symius Pfeffer, 1930
|
2023-12-02T15:49:23Z
|
2023-12-07T16:37:25Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_rhodius
|
75,464,755 |
Datta (2023 film)
|
Datta is a 2023 Indian Bengali language film based on the novel with the same name written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. directed by Nirmal Chakraborty. It stars Rituparna Sengupta, Saheb Chatterjee, Joy Sengupta, Biswajit Chakraborty, and Devlina Kumar. The music was composed by Joy Sarkar. It was theatrically released on 16 June 2023.
A Bengali film based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's classic novel Datta.
Nirmal Chakraborty announced her directorial debut film titled "Datta" based on the novel with the same name written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Rituparna Sengupta and Joy Sengupta playing the lead role. On 12 February 2020, principal photography took place in Kolkata and filming was completed on 24 May 2023, with official confirmation from film actress Rituparna Sengupta.
The soundtrack of the album was released on 12 June 2023. Datta consists of four songs composed by Joy Sarkar, lyricist three song Rabindra Sangeets and one song of Rajanikanta Sen. first song titled "Jadi Tare Nai Chini Go" released on 12 June 2023.
Devarti Ghosh from Ei Samay Sangbadpatra wrote "Those who like to watch literary films, they can come and see 'Datta' in colorful frames to find entertainment, it will not hurt". Suparna Majumder from Sangbad Pratidin says "The use of Rabindra songs is more dramatic than the previous films and also beautiful as a prelude. Director Nirmal Chakraborty stumbles a bit in his first steps. Hopefully, he'll be a little more aware next time".
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Datta is a 2023 Indian Bengali language film based on the novel with the same name written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. directed by Nirmal Chakraborty. It stars Rituparna Sengupta, Saheb Chatterjee, Joy Sengupta, Biswajit Chakraborty, and Devlina Kumar. The music was composed by Joy Sarkar. It was theatrically released on 16 June 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A Bengali film based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's classic novel Datta.",
"title": "Synopsis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nirmal Chakraborty announced her directorial debut film titled \"Datta\" based on the novel with the same name written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Rituparna Sengupta and Joy Sengupta playing the lead role. On 12 February 2020, principal photography took place in Kolkata and filming was completed on 24 May 2023, with official confirmation from film actress Rituparna Sengupta.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The soundtrack of the album was released on 12 June 2023. Datta consists of four songs composed by Joy Sarkar, lyricist three song Rabindra Sangeets and one song of Rajanikanta Sen. first song titled \"Jadi Tare Nai Chini Go\" released on 12 June 2023.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Devarti Ghosh from Ei Samay Sangbadpatra wrote \"Those who like to watch literary films, they can come and see 'Datta' in colorful frames to find entertainment, it will not hurt\". Suparna Majumder from Sangbad Pratidin says \"The use of Rabindra songs is more dramatic than the previous films and also beautiful as a prelude. Director Nirmal Chakraborty stumbles a bit in his first steps. Hopefully, he'll be a little more aware next time\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] |
Datta is a 2023 Indian Bengali language film based on the novel with the same name written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. directed by
Nirmal Chakraborty. It stars Rituparna Sengupta, Saheb Chatterjee, Joy Sengupta, Biswajit Chakraborty, and Devlina Kumar. The music was composed by Joy Sarkar. It was theatrically released on 16 June 2023.
|
2023-12-02T15:52:27Z
|
2023-12-14T19:01:43Z
|
[
"Template:IMDb title",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Cast listing",
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datta_(2023_film)
|
75,464,767 |
Kanti Koli
|
Kanti Koli (1947 - 2022) was an Indian politician, social worker and former councillor Thane Municipal Corporation and two terms Member of legislative assembly from Thane, constituency of Maharashtra state of India as a senior leader of Indian National Congress party and former president of Akhil Bharatiya Koli Samaj,s Maharashtra unit. Kanti Koli was closely associated with former Indian president Ram Nath Kovind and also represented the fishermen community at the state and national level.
Kanti Koli was dead in October 2022 because of his long term illness.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kanti Koli (1947 - 2022) was an Indian politician, social worker and former councillor Thane Municipal Corporation and two terms Member of legislative assembly from Thane, constituency of Maharashtra state of India as a senior leader of Indian National Congress party and former president of Akhil Bharatiya Koli Samaj,s Maharashtra unit. Kanti Koli was closely associated with former Indian president Ram Nath Kovind and also represented the fishermen community at the state and national level.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kanti Koli was dead in October 2022 because of his long term illness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Kanti Koli was an Indian politician, social worker and former councillor Thane Municipal Corporation and two terms Member of legislative assembly from Thane, constituency of Maharashtra state of India as a senior leader of Indian National Congress party and former president of Akhil Bharatiya Koli Samaj,s Maharashtra unit. Kanti Koli was closely associated with former Indian president Ram Nath Kovind and also represented the fishermen community at the state and national level. Kanti Koli was dead in October 2022 because of his long term illness.
|
2023-12-02T15:53:55Z
|
2023-12-04T17:28:58Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox politician"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanti_Koli
|
75,464,782 |
Zonites messenicus
|
Zonites messenicus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
The altitude of the shell varies between 15 mm and 23 mm; its diameter between 25 mm and 40 mm.
This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites messenicus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The altitude of the shell varies between 15 mm and 23 mm; its diameter between 25 mm and 40 mm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This species was found in the Peloponnese, Greece",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites messenicus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T15:56:09Z
|
2023-12-07T16:01:13Z
|
[
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Expand section",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_messenicus
|
75,464,788 |
Sabah Football Club Sdn Bhd.
|
Sabah Football Club Sdn Bhd. (Sabah FC Sdn Bhd) is a a Sabah limited liability sports and club holding company based in Sabah, Malaysia with Company Registration Number 1383683U. Formerly known as the North Borneo Football Association and then the Sabah Football Association (SAFA) by the Sabah government, then became a private independent company in 2021 by the Holder of the Sabah sports organization to become an individual company that holds youth and sports clubs Sabah. Today, the company has control over a football club that has two teams namely Sabah FC and Sabah Youth FC (U18/U23), a stadium and also websites.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sabah Football Club Sdn Bhd. (Sabah FC Sdn Bhd) is a a Sabah limited liability sports and club holding company based in Sabah, Malaysia with Company Registration Number 1383683U. Formerly known as the North Borneo Football Association and then the Sabah Football Association (SAFA) by the Sabah government, then became a private independent company in 2021 by the Holder of the Sabah sports organization to become an individual company that holds youth and sports clubs Sabah. Today, the company has control over a football club that has two teams namely Sabah FC and Sabah Youth FC (U18/U23), a stadium and also websites.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Sabah Football Club Sdn Bhd. is a a Sabah limited liability sports and club holding company based in Sabah, Malaysia with Company Registration Number 1383683U. Formerly known as the North Borneo Football Association and then the Sabah Football Association (SAFA) by the Sabah government, then became a private independent company in 2021 by the Holder of the Sabah sports organization to become an individual company that holds youth and sports clubs Sabah. Today, the company has control over a football club that has two teams namely Sabah FC and Sabah Youth FC (U18/U23), a stadium and also websites.
|
2023-12-02T15:56:52Z
|
2023-12-03T05:16:37Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox company",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Football_Club_Sdn_Bhd.
|
75,464,816 |
Croatian Nobility Association
|
The Croatian Nobility Association (Croatian: Hrvatski plemićki zbor, HPZ) is an organization of the descendants of the Croatian nobility, created in 1995 by descendants of noble families from Dalmatia, northern Croatia and other Croatian regions. It is member association of the European Commission of the Nobility (CILANE).
In November 1995, a group of thirteen founders led by Croatian scientist Prof. Ph.D. Nikola Cindro established the Croatian Nobility Association. From the beginning, the Association included descendants of noble families from Croatia's south (Dubrovnik, Split), north (Lika, around Zagreb), and other historical regions.
The Association's mission is to bring together all remaining descendants of Croatian nobility in order to maintain the historical tradition and love for the homeland. The organization has its own coat of arms and statute, and its headquarters are in Zagreb, with branches in Split, Osijek, and Zadar. The HPZ has the following organs: the Great Nobiliary Council, the Nobiliary Board, the Supervisory Board, the Court of Honor, and the Senate. Nikola pl. Cindro was the first president, followed by Ante pl. Rendić - Miočević and the late Ivo pl. Durbešić. Radovan Marjanović - Kavanagh is the current president, succeeding Marko Mladineo and acting Branko Cindro.
The Association has approximately 202 regular members who are descendants of sixty-two noble families.
Official website (in Croatian)
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Croatian Nobility Association (Croatian: Hrvatski plemićki zbor, HPZ) is an organization of the descendants of the Croatian nobility, created in 1995 by descendants of noble families from Dalmatia, northern Croatia and other Croatian regions. It is member association of the European Commission of the Nobility (CILANE).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In November 1995, a group of thirteen founders led by Croatian scientist Prof. Ph.D. Nikola Cindro established the Croatian Nobility Association. From the beginning, the Association included descendants of noble families from Croatia's south (Dubrovnik, Split), north (Lika, around Zagreb), and other historical regions.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Association's mission is to bring together all remaining descendants of Croatian nobility in order to maintain the historical tradition and love for the homeland. The organization has its own coat of arms and statute, and its headquarters are in Zagreb, with branches in Split, Osijek, and Zadar. The HPZ has the following organs: the Great Nobiliary Council, the Nobiliary Board, the Supervisory Board, the Court of Honor, and the Senate. Nikola pl. Cindro was the first president, followed by Ante pl. Rendić - Miočević and the late Ivo pl. Durbešić. Radovan Marjanović - Kavanagh is the current president, succeeding Marko Mladineo and acting Branko Cindro.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Association has approximately 202 regular members who are descendants of sixty-two noble families.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Official website (in Croatian)",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
The Croatian Nobility Association is an organization of the descendants of the Croatian nobility, created in 1995 by descendants of noble families from Dalmatia, northern Croatia and other Croatian regions. It is member association of the European Commission of the Nobility (CILANE).
|
2023-12-02T16:01:28Z
|
2023-12-29T11:04:57Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Nobility_Association
|
75,464,827 |
Zonites humilis
|
Zonites humilis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites humilis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites humilis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T16:06:19Z
|
2023-12-07T15:42:59Z
|
[
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_humilis
|
75,464,828 |
Swimming at the 2023 Pan American Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay
|
The women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2023 Pan American Games were held on October 25, 2023, at the Aquatic Center in Santiago, Chile.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
The highest eight scores advance to the final.
The final was held on October 25.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2023 Pan American Games were held on October 25, 2023, at the Aquatic Center in Santiago, Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:",
"title": "Records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The highest eight scores advance to the final.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The final was held on October 25.",
"title": "Results"
}
] |
The women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay competition of the swimming events at the 2023 Pan American Games were held on October 25, 2023, at the Aquatic Center in Santiago, Chile.
|
2023-12-02T16:06:21Z
|
2023-12-06T01:51:50Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox Pan American Games event",
"Template:FlagPASO",
"Template:Gold01",
"Template:Silver02",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Swimming at the 2023 Pan American Games",
"Template:Flagathlete",
"Template:Bronze03",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Footer Pan American Champions 4x100 m Medley Women"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2023_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay
|
75,464,832 |
Eva Kunz
|
Eva Kunz (4 April 1947 – 17 July 2023) was a German politician.
Kunz was born in Chemnitz, Saxony, in former East Germany, on 4 April 1947. Her parents were a librarian and a bookseller. She had a degree in psychology and library science from the Humboldt University of Berlin, and worked as a technical assistant at the Humboldt University's Methodischen Zentrum für wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken (Methodological Centre for Scientific Libraries) before becoming caretaker for the French church in Friedrichstadt in Berlin from 1983 to 1989.
Kunz was elected chair of the East German Arbeitsgemeinschaft sozialdemokratischer Frauen [Working group of social democratic women] (now SPD-Frauen [de]) in 1990.
She was a member of the East German Volkskammer from the 1990 East German general election on 18 March 1990 until 2 June 1990, resigning to become city councillor for equal opportunities in Greater Berlin. She later became head of the department for labour, women and social affairs in the state of Brandenburg. She worked for women's rights and equality in areas including political participation, education, upbringing, employment and careers.
Kunz had two children. Her son was born when she was 20. Her son's father was a student from Guinea, and returned there shortly after the birth; Kunz did not see him again. Her daughter was born in 1971; her father also came from abroad, and when the daughter later travelled to visit her father's country she contracted two forms of malaria and died.
Kunz was diagnosed with dementia and told that she had only a few years of clear-mindedness: she said that she wanted to live those years "ordentlich und fröhlich" (tidily and happily). With a new partner she travelled to Turkey and Egypt, and enjoyed theatre and cinema, before entering a nursing home for the last years of her life and dying on 17 July 2023. Her obituary from the SPD-Frauen described her as a "trailblazer".
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Eva Kunz (4 April 1947 – 17 July 2023) was a German politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kunz was born in Chemnitz, Saxony, in former East Germany, on 4 April 1947. Her parents were a librarian and a bookseller. She had a degree in psychology and library science from the Humboldt University of Berlin, and worked as a technical assistant at the Humboldt University's Methodischen Zentrum für wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken (Methodological Centre for Scientific Libraries) before becoming caretaker for the French church in Friedrichstadt in Berlin from 1983 to 1989.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kunz was elected chair of the East German Arbeitsgemeinschaft sozialdemokratischer Frauen [Working group of social democratic women] (now SPD-Frauen [de]) in 1990.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She was a member of the East German Volkskammer from the 1990 East German general election on 18 March 1990 until 2 June 1990, resigning to become city councillor for equal opportunities in Greater Berlin. She later became head of the department for labour, women and social affairs in the state of Brandenburg. She worked for women's rights and equality in areas including political participation, education, upbringing, employment and careers.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Kunz had two children. Her son was born when she was 20. Her son's father was a student from Guinea, and returned there shortly after the birth; Kunz did not see him again. Her daughter was born in 1971; her father also came from abroad, and when the daughter later travelled to visit her father's country she contracted two forms of malaria and died.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Kunz was diagnosed with dementia and told that she had only a few years of clear-mindedness: she said that she wanted to live those years \"ordentlich und fröhlich\" (tidily and happily). With a new partner she travelled to Turkey and Egypt, and enjoyed theatre and cinema, before entering a nursing home for the last years of her life and dying on 17 July 2023. Her obituary from the SPD-Frauen described her as a \"trailblazer\".",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Eva Kunz was a German politician.
|
2023-12-02T16:07:07Z
|
2023-12-03T23:16:34Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Germany-politician-stub",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Ill"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Kunz
|
75,464,842 |
Zaghouaniaceae
|
The Zaghouaniaceae are a family of rust fungus genera, some of which have long been considered incertae sedis in the order Pucciniales, based on the type genus Zaghouania. The classification of fungal taxa based on only morphological characteristics has long been recognised as problematical, so this order was reviewed over a long term study using three DNA loci (including type species wherever possible) and published in 2021.
In their 2021 review, Aime and McTaggart included the following genera:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Zaghouaniaceae are a family of rust fungus genera, some of which have long been considered incertae sedis in the order Pucciniales, based on the type genus Zaghouania. The classification of fungal taxa based on only morphological characteristics has long been recognised as problematical, so this order was reviewed over a long term study using three DNA loci (including type species wherever possible) and published in 2021.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In their 2021 review, Aime and McTaggart included the following genera:",
"title": "Genera"
}
] |
The Zaghouaniaceae are a family of rust fungus genera, some of which have long been considered incertae sedis in the order Pucciniales, based on the type genus Zaghouania. The classification of fungal taxa based on only morphological characteristics has long been recognised as problematical, so this order was reviewed over a long term study using three DNA loci and published in 2021.
|
2023-12-02T16:10:06Z
|
2023-12-03T10:50:57Z
|
[
"Template:Automatic taxobox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Wikispecies inline",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaghouaniaceae
|
75,464,853 |
Zonites invitus
|
Zonites invitus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on southeast Aegean islands of Greece.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites invitus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on southeast Aegean islands of Greece.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites invitus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T16:12:31Z
|
2023-12-07T15:46:53Z
|
[
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_invitus
|
75,464,862 |
Cory Sanders
|
Cory Sanders (born March 26, 1985) is an American college football coach. He is the safeties coach for the University of Pittsburgh, a position he has held since 2018. He was the head football coach for Saint Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana, from 2011 to 2014. He also coached for North Central, Elmhurst, West Florida, and Western Michigan. He played college football for Saint Joseph's as a defensive back.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cory Sanders (born March 26, 1985) is an American college football coach. He is the safeties coach for the University of Pittsburgh, a position he has held since 2018. He was the head football coach for Saint Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana, from 2011 to 2014. He also coached for North Central, Elmhurst, West Florida, and Western Michigan. He played college football for Saint Joseph's as a defensive back.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Cory Sanders is an American college football coach. He is the safeties coach for the University of Pittsburgh, a position he has held since 2018. He was the head football coach for Saint Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana, from 2011 to 2014. He also coached for North Central, Elmhurst, West Florida, and Western Michigan. He played college football for Saint Joseph's as a defensive back.
|
2023-12-02T16:13:50Z
|
2023-12-04T03:58:35Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox college coach",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Entry",
"Template:Amfoot-coach-stub",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record End",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Start",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Subhead",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Subtotal",
"Template:Saint Joseph's Pumas football coach navbox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Sanders
|
75,464,871 |
Jannabi's Small Pieces II: Grippin'TheGreen
|
Jannabi's Small Pieces ll : Grippin'TheGreen (Korean: 잔나비 소곡집 ll : 초록을거머쥔우리는; Hanja: Jannabi Sogogjib ll : Cholog-eulgeomeojwin-ulineun, stylized as Jannabi's small pieces ll : GRIPPIN'THEGREEN) is the third extended play (EP) by South Korean indie rock band Jannabi. It was released on May 10, 2022, through Peponi Music, distributed by Kakao Entertainment, and produced by Choi Jung-hoon. The album features a total of four songs, with "Grippin'TheGreen" serving as the album's title track.
Kim Do-hyung has participated in the album on the bass for the third track while on vacation from his military service.
On April 20, 2022, Choi uploaded a short video of moving flowers and an artwork on his personal Instagram account, revealing that something is coming on May 10, 2022. On April 25, Choi announced the band's May comeback EP and possible concerts through handwritten letter to fans.
Choi revealed that the EP was filled with "songs made at home, in the afternoon, while looking out the window," with Choi hoping that listeners would listen to the EP like that as well. For the song "Ladybird," Choi said, "There are days when you want to capture everything you see. This song is about one of those days," and the title was inspired by the movie Lady Bird." The title song, "Grippin'TheGreen," is a song that creates a leisurely and relaxed atmosphere by capturing the natural feeling when lying still in a park on a spring day. Just like the title, which was born from the phrase "Let's go into summer with green in our hands" in the song "Summer II" from the third album The Land of Fantasy, it gives a pleasant excitement along with a refreshing spring sensibility. "Summerfallwinter Spring." is the only one of these album titles that uses spaces. Choi, who wrote the song, said that he saved spacing in all titles and used it in spring to emphasize spring as the last season. Periods are also rarely used in song titles to emphasize the end.
The EP name was unveiled alongside the image of the cover on May 1 via the band's official social media accounts. Jannabi shared visual and audio snippets of the tracks from May 2 to 6. On May 10, the EP and its lead single, "Grippin'TheGreen," were released. For the next few days, official lyric visualizers, as well as lives from Monkey Fortress Studios for all tracks, were released by Peponi Music on the band's YouTube channel. On June 1, a music video for "Summerfallwinter Spring.," starring Choi in a cameo role, was released. Choi, along with session musicians, appeared on South Korean music and radio programs as well as college and music festivals for the first time since promotions for The Land of Fantasy and the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
So Seung-gun of IZM wrote that the EP is a "light watercolor painting and a landscape photograph taken with a Polaroid camera that collects the things we have inadvertently passed." With members on hiatus, he emphasized the existence of Choi, who is the driving force behind Jannabi to not stop and guides them to the opposite, unlike other contemporary bands who only want to move forward. He remarked that Jannabi expressed the helplessness caused by the pandemic through music but avoided a cliché approach by expressing it with hopeful lyrics.
Commercially, the title track rank first on the Bugs! and quickly entered the Top 100 of Genie and Melon real-time music charts. In addition, all the songs on the EP, including "Ladybird," "Summerfallwinter Spring.," and "Astearsgoby," settled at the top of the Bugs! chart. Aside from the title track that peaked at number 77 on the Circle Digital Chart, "Summerfallwinter Spring." also peaked at number 191 on the same chart.
All lyrics are written by Choi Jung-hoon. All tracks are composed, arranged, and produced by Choi.
Notes
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jannabi's Small Pieces ll : Grippin'TheGreen (Korean: 잔나비 소곡집 ll : 초록을거머쥔우리는; Hanja: Jannabi Sogogjib ll : Cholog-eulgeomeojwin-ulineun, stylized as Jannabi's small pieces ll : GRIPPIN'THEGREEN) is the third extended play (EP) by South Korean indie rock band Jannabi. It was released on May 10, 2022, through Peponi Music, distributed by Kakao Entertainment, and produced by Choi Jung-hoon. The album features a total of four songs, with \"Grippin'TheGreen\" serving as the album's title track.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kim Do-hyung has participated in the album on the bass for the third track while on vacation from his military service.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On April 20, 2022, Choi uploaded a short video of moving flowers and an artwork on his personal Instagram account, revealing that something is coming on May 10, 2022. On April 25, Choi announced the band's May comeback EP and possible concerts through handwritten letter to fans.",
"title": "Background and conception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Choi revealed that the EP was filled with \"songs made at home, in the afternoon, while looking out the window,\" with Choi hoping that listeners would listen to the EP like that as well. For the song \"Ladybird,\" Choi said, \"There are days when you want to capture everything you see. This song is about one of those days,\" and the title was inspired by the movie Lady Bird.\" The title song, \"Grippin'TheGreen,\" is a song that creates a leisurely and relaxed atmosphere by capturing the natural feeling when lying still in a park on a spring day. Just like the title, which was born from the phrase \"Let's go into summer with green in our hands\" in the song \"Summer II\" from the third album The Land of Fantasy, it gives a pleasant excitement along with a refreshing spring sensibility. \"Summerfallwinter Spring.\" is the only one of these album titles that uses spaces. Choi, who wrote the song, said that he saved spacing in all titles and used it in spring to emphasize spring as the last season. Periods are also rarely used in song titles to emphasize the end.",
"title": "Background and conception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The EP name was unveiled alongside the image of the cover on May 1 via the band's official social media accounts. Jannabi shared visual and audio snippets of the tracks from May 2 to 6. On May 10, the EP and its lead single, \"Grippin'TheGreen,\" were released. For the next few days, official lyric visualizers, as well as lives from Monkey Fortress Studios for all tracks, were released by Peponi Music on the band's YouTube channel. On June 1, a music video for \"Summerfallwinter Spring.,\" starring Choi in a cameo role, was released. Choi, along with session musicians, appeared on South Korean music and radio programs as well as college and music festivals for the first time since promotions for The Land of Fantasy and the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "So Seung-gun of IZM wrote that the EP is a \"light watercolor painting and a landscape photograph taken with a Polaroid camera that collects the things we have inadvertently passed.\" With members on hiatus, he emphasized the existence of Choi, who is the driving force behind Jannabi to not stop and guides them to the opposite, unlike other contemporary bands who only want to move forward. He remarked that Jannabi expressed the helplessness caused by the pandemic through music but avoided a cliché approach by expressing it with hopeful lyrics.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Commercially, the title track rank first on the Bugs! and quickly entered the Top 100 of Genie and Melon real-time music charts. In addition, all the songs on the EP, including \"Ladybird,\" \"Summerfallwinter Spring.,\" and \"Astearsgoby,\" settled at the top of the Bugs! chart. Aside from the title track that peaked at number 77 on the Circle Digital Chart, \"Summerfallwinter Spring.\" also peaked at number 191 on the same chart.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "All lyrics are written by Choi Jung-hoon. All tracks are composed, arranged, and produced by Choi.",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Notes",
"title": "Track listing"
}
] |
Jannabi's Small Pieces ll : Grippin'TheGreen is the third extended play (EP) by South Korean indie rock band Jannabi. It was released on May 10, 2022, through Peponi Music, distributed by Kakao Entertainment, and produced by Choi Jung-hoon. The album features a total of four songs, with "Grippin'TheGreen" serving as the album's title track. Kim Do-hyung has participated in the album on the bass for the third track while on vacation from his military service.
|
2023-12-02T16:16:25Z
|
2023-12-20T21:05:34Z
|
[
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Ko-hhrm",
"Template:Abbr",
"Template:Nom",
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"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Music ratings",
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Hlist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Sup"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannabi%27s_Small_Pieces_II:_Grippin%27TheGreen
|
75,464,875 |
Zonites nautarum
|
Zonites nautarum is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
The altitude of the shell varies between 9 mm and 14 mm; its diameter between 19 mm and 27 mm.
This species was found on southeast Aegean islands of Greece.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites nautarum is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The altitude of the shell varies between 9 mm and 14 mm; its diameter between 19 mm and 27 mm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This species was found on southeast Aegean islands of Greece.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites nautarum is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T16:16:43Z
|
2023-12-07T16:03:55Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Expand section",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_nautarum
|
75,464,887 |
Elchin Muradov
|
Elchin Muradov is an An Azerbaijani Paralympic athlete competing in the T11 blindness category. Participant of the 2008 Summer Paralympics and bronze medalist of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 4×100 meters relay. Silver medalist of the 2011 World Championships and 2012 European champion in the 100 m, European champion in the 4×100 meters relay. On June 19, 2010, he broke the world record in the 100 m running in the T12 category (10.66 sec)
In 2016, for his services to the development of the Paralympic movement in Azerbaijan, Ibrahimov was awarded the Honorary Diploma of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in accordance with the decree of the President of Azerbaijan.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elchin Muradov is an An Azerbaijani Paralympic athlete competing in the T11 blindness category. Participant of the 2008 Summer Paralympics and bronze medalist of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 4×100 meters relay. Silver medalist of the 2011 World Championships and 2012 European champion in the 100 m, European champion in the 4×100 meters relay. On June 19, 2010, he broke the world record in the 100 m running in the T12 category (10.66 sec)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2016, for his services to the development of the Paralympic movement in Azerbaijan, Ibrahimov was awarded the Honorary Diploma of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in accordance with the decree of the President of Azerbaijan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Elchin Muradov is an An Azerbaijani Paralympic athlete competing in the T11 blindness category. Participant of the 2008 Summer Paralympics and bronze medalist of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 4×100 meters relay. Silver medalist of the 2011 World Championships and 2012 European champion in the 100 m, European champion in the 4×100 meters relay. On June 19, 2010, he broke the world record in the 100 m running in the T12 category In 2016, for his services to the development of the Paralympic movement in Azerbaijan, Ibrahimov was awarded the Honorary Diploma of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in accordance with the decree of the President of Azerbaijan.
|
2023-12-02T16:20:24Z
|
2023-12-14T12:16:51Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Azerbaijan-athletics-bio-stub",
"Template:Infobox sportsperson"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elchin_Muradov
|
75,464,896 |
Zonites nisyrius
|
Zonites nisyrius is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on island Nysiros, Greece.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites nisyrius is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on island Nysiros, Greece.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites nisyrius is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T16:23:14Z
|
2023-12-07T17:26:09Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_nisyrius
|
75,464,914 |
Hajj certificates
|
Hajj certificates are official documents certifying that one has completed the Hajj, the Islamic obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca. The certificates also serve as personal and family mementos used to commemorate their pilgrimage. Certificates have origins in the 11th century and have had many variations in style and content over the centuries.
The original use of Hajj certificates can be dated back to the 11th century, and their use has remained to the modern day. Although these certificates used to be a commodity available to only wealthy pilgrims, 18th-century technological advancements in printing and papermaking made these documents much cheaper and more accessible to a wider base of pilgrims. While many Hajj certificates are mass-produced and not designed for a specific person, they will feature the name of the pilgrim and their place of origin which is added to the certificate upon completion of Hajj. Certificates of the early 20th century may feature little to no ornamentation, but primarily printed textual information regarding the pilgrim’s Hajj.
The practice of using Hajj certificates continues to the modern day and has adapted to new technology as well as an increased number of Muslim pilgrims. Modern Hajj certificates can be created with the assistance of digital programs and apps. One such app, Nusuk, allows users to produce customizable Hajj certificates online, under the guise of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Hajj and Umrah.
Certificates were often made on paper and were embellished with colored inks, gold, silver, watercolors and calligraphy. Many certificates depict the journey to Mecca, highlighting the holy places visited on pilgrimage such as the Kaaba and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. Some exclusively feature text and others contain extensive illustrations, with many consisting of both.
The content of certificates varies greatly depending on when and who created them. Locations and religious structures are important features of the certificates. The locations that a pilgrim has visited generally are included in some form in the certificate. Additionally, certificates may include important Shi’i sites in addition to the other sites.
Depictions of the Kaaba and the rest of the Masjid-al Haram at Mecca are frequently from a two-dimensional, bird’s eye perspective. The Kaaba takes on the center of the certificates’ composition, illustrated with representations of the Black Stone and the door to the structure. This standardized depiction dates back to the 13th century and is seen in tilework and manuscripts. A Hajj certificate dated somewhere between the 17th and 18th century follows this convention. The image itself features colorful depictions of individual buildings of the city, created with colored ink, watercolors, as well as gold and silver.
For various reasons, an individual may not be able to complete the Hajj on their own (prevention may include financial status, health, or ability), and furthermore may have died before completing the journey. Those unable to make the Hajj can delegate their pilgrimage to someone else who has already completed their own Hajj to obtain a Hajj certificate; in this case, the document will note that someone had completed it for them by proxy.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hajj certificates are official documents certifying that one has completed the Hajj, the Islamic obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca. The certificates also serve as personal and family mementos used to commemorate their pilgrimage. Certificates have origins in the 11th century and have had many variations in style and content over the centuries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The original use of Hajj certificates can be dated back to the 11th century, and their use has remained to the modern day. Although these certificates used to be a commodity available to only wealthy pilgrims, 18th-century technological advancements in printing and papermaking made these documents much cheaper and more accessible to a wider base of pilgrims. While many Hajj certificates are mass-produced and not designed for a specific person, they will feature the name of the pilgrim and their place of origin which is added to the certificate upon completion of Hajj. Certificates of the early 20th century may feature little to no ornamentation, but primarily printed textual information regarding the pilgrim’s Hajj.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The practice of using Hajj certificates continues to the modern day and has adapted to new technology as well as an increased number of Muslim pilgrims. Modern Hajj certificates can be created with the assistance of digital programs and apps. One such app, Nusuk, allows users to produce customizable Hajj certificates online, under the guise of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Hajj and Umrah.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Certificates were often made on paper and were embellished with colored inks, gold, silver, watercolors and calligraphy. Many certificates depict the journey to Mecca, highlighting the holy places visited on pilgrimage such as the Kaaba and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. Some exclusively feature text and others contain extensive illustrations, with many consisting of both.",
"title": "Materials and contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The content of certificates varies greatly depending on when and who created them. Locations and religious structures are important features of the certificates. The locations that a pilgrim has visited generally are included in some form in the certificate. Additionally, certificates may include important Shi’i sites in addition to the other sites.",
"title": "Materials and contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Depictions of the Kaaba and the rest of the Masjid-al Haram at Mecca are frequently from a two-dimensional, bird’s eye perspective. The Kaaba takes on the center of the certificates’ composition, illustrated with representations of the Black Stone and the door to the structure. This standardized depiction dates back to the 13th century and is seen in tilework and manuscripts. A Hajj certificate dated somewhere between the 17th and 18th century follows this convention. The image itself features colorful depictions of individual buildings of the city, created with colored ink, watercolors, as well as gold and silver.",
"title": "Materials and contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "For various reasons, an individual may not be able to complete the Hajj on their own (prevention may include financial status, health, or ability), and furthermore may have died before completing the journey. Those unable to make the Hajj can delegate their pilgrimage to someone else who has already completed their own Hajj to obtain a Hajj certificate; in this case, the document will note that someone had completed it for them by proxy.",
"title": "Proxy certificates"
}
] |
Hajj certificates are official documents certifying that one has completed the Hajj, the Islamic obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca. The certificates also serve as personal and family mementos used to commemorate their pilgrimage. Certificates have origins in the 11th century and have had many variations in style and content over the centuries.
|
2023-12-02T16:26:25Z
|
2023-12-14T14:33:50Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Improve categories"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj_certificates
|
75,464,925 |
Hemileia
|
Hemileia is a genus of rust fungi now placed in the family Zaghouaniaceae, but long considered incertae sedis in the order Pucciniales. This genus has a pan-tropical distribution and includes important crop plant pathogens, such as the causative organism of coffee leaf rust.
Species Fungorum and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hemileia is a genus of rust fungi now placed in the family Zaghouaniaceae, but long considered incertae sedis in the order Pucciniales. This genus has a pan-tropical distribution and includes important crop plant pathogens, such as the causative organism of coffee leaf rust.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Species Fungorum and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists:",
"title": "Species"
}
] |
Hemileia is a genus of rust fungi now placed in the family Zaghouaniaceae, but long considered incertae sedis in the order Pucciniales. This genus has a pan-tropical distribution and includes important crop plant pathogens, such as the causative organism of coffee leaf rust.
|
2023-12-02T16:27:51Z
|
2023-12-02T16:48:35Z
|
[
"Template:Wikispecies inline",
"Template:Commonscat inline",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Automatic taxobox",
"Template:Div col",
"Template:Div col end",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileia
|
75,464,929 |
Zonites nikariae
|
Zonites nikariae is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
This species was found on islands Icaria and Delos, Greece.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zonites nikariae is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This species was found on islands Icaria and Delos, Greece.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Zonites nikariae is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Zonitidae.
|
2023-12-02T16:29:06Z
|
2023-12-07T16:05:20Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Zonitidae-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonites_nikariae
|
75,464,948 |
Scott Duncan (tennis)
|
Scott Duncan (born 21 August 1994) is a British tennis player who specialises in doubles.
Duncan has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 180, achieved on 4 December 2023.
He has won one ATP Challenger doubles title at the 2023 Maspalomas Challenger with Marcus Willis.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Scott Duncan (born 21 August 1994) is a British tennis player who specialises in doubles.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Duncan has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 180, achieved on 4 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He has won one ATP Challenger doubles title at the 2023 Maspalomas Challenger with Marcus Willis.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Scott Duncan is a British tennis player who specialises in doubles. Duncan has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 180, achieved on 4 December 2023. He has won one ATP Challenger doubles title at the 2023 Maspalomas Challenger with Marcus Willis.
|
2023-12-02T16:30:53Z
|
2023-12-06T13:46:20Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox tennis biography",
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"Template:Reflist",
"Template:ITF",
"Template:UK-tennis-bio-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Ns",
"Template:Dts",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:ATP"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Duncan_(tennis)
|
75,464,970 |
H. H. Kuyper
|
Herman Huber Kuyper (22 July 1864 – 29 January 1945) was a Dutch theologian.
He was the son of Abraham Kuyper, and was on in Beesd, while his father was pastor there. He studied at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, obtaining his doctorate in theology in 1891. He was appointed professor of this institution in 1899, and served as rector magnificus four times.
In the 1930s, Kuyper wrote a number of articles perceived to Nazi-friendly. He had no problem accepting members of the NSB as being sincere Christians. During World War II, he regarded the Nazi occupation as a "legal regime".
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Herman Huber Kuyper (22 July 1864 – 29 January 1945) was a Dutch theologian.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was the son of Abraham Kuyper, and was on in Beesd, while his father was pastor there. He studied at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, obtaining his doctorate in theology in 1891. He was appointed professor of this institution in 1899, and served as rector magnificus four times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the 1930s, Kuyper wrote a number of articles perceived to Nazi-friendly. He had no problem accepting members of the NSB as being sincere Christians. During World War II, he regarded the Nazi occupation as a \"legal regime\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
Herman Huber Kuyper was a Dutch theologian. He was the son of Abraham Kuyper, and was on in Beesd, while his father was pastor there. He studied at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, obtaining his doctorate in theology in 1891. He was appointed professor of this institution in 1899, and served as rector magnificus four times. In the 1930s, Kuyper wrote a number of articles perceived to Nazi-friendly. He had no problem accepting members of the NSB as being sincere Christians. During World War II, he regarded the Nazi occupation as a "legal regime".
|
2023-12-02T16:34:03Z
|
2023-12-02T22:57:21Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Kuyper
|
75,464,981 |
Siddhanath Temple, Nemawar
|
Siddhanath Temple, also known as the Sidheshwara Temple, is a temple located in Nemawar, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Dating back to the 10th century, it forms an important example of Paramara architecture. Standing upon a plinth on the banks of the Narmada river, the temple is built out of yellow and blush sandstone. It is of the Nagara form, composed of a mandapa, ante-chamber, and sanctum. The exterior of the temple is elaborately carved, with Shaivite imagery most prominently displayed. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, and remains in active worship. It is listed as a Monument of National Importance.
The temple is dated to about the 10th century CE. Two pilgrims' records found in the mandapa, which is a later addition are dated Samvat 1253 and 1281 (corresponding to 1196-97 and 1223-24 CE).
The temple notably escaped injury during the Muslim invasions. It remained in active worship during the British period, when the area was part of the Indore State, and was managed by the state government.
The temple is located in Nemawar, a small town on the banks of the Narmada river. Due to the amount of stone sculptures excavated from the surrounding area, researchers infer that it must have been the location of a cluster of temples. There is one other surviving temple from the same period, which is unfinished, and is located upon a mound towards the north of the Siddhanath temple. Together, these temples are an importance example of a distinct school of architecture which developed during the reign of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa.
The west-facing temple stands upon a four-sided paved courtyard, on the banks of the Narmada. A wall is built towards the side facing the river. It is built in a Nagara style, and consists of a mandapa (pillared hall), antarala (ante-chamber), and garbhagriha (sanctum). The temple is built out of yellow sandstone, except for the mandapa, which is a later addition built of blush sandstone. Both these materials were probably sourced locally, as the area has many sandstone quarries.
The mandapa is a later addition, appearing to have been built about a hundred years after the main shrine. It is built entirely of blush sandstone; However, one-third of the plinth upon which it stands is built out of yellow sandstone, the same as the sanctum and temple tower. This suggests that the original mandapa might have been built of yellow sandstone at the same time as the rest of the temple.
There are three mukha-mandapas (open porches) on three sides of the pillared hall, each supported by four carved pillars. Images of gods and goddesses are carved in relief in large niches below each of these pillars. These include Kali, Ganesha, as well as some of the Matrikas. Stone benches without backrests are provided on each side of these porches. Below the benches is a dado, composed of two horizontal bands of carvings. These consist of panels and sunken niches. The lower band contains seated male and female figures. The upper band contains female figures in the panels, while divine or semi-divine figures are carved into the niches.
The sabha-mandapa (main pillared hall) is square in plan. Its ceiling is supported by two main pillars in front of the ante-chamber, and ten smaller pillars. Intermediate spaces between the smaller pillars are adorned with stone jalis. These pillars support the frames upon which a trabeate dome rests. The first frame is square, on which rests an octagonal frame. Upon this is a sixteen-sided frame, supported by sixteen brackets which have carved apsaras. This frame supports the dome, which on the interior has concentric circles in the style of the Dilwara temples.
The upper part of the mandapa seems to have been built much later during the medieval period. It consists of several domes, along with a small shrine in the middle. This provides access to the chamber located above the sanctum.
The mandapa leads to the ante-chamber, whose ceiling is adorned by five carved lotuses. The ante-chamber contains the entrance to the sanctum. This doorway is embellished with eight vertical and three horizontal bands of carvings. The first three bands are composed of a meandering creeper design, a row of flying figures, and a row of lotus petals. The fourth is a pilaster in high relief, similar to the ones found in later medieval temples. The fifth band has a row of human figures with clasped hands. The sixth has a meandering creeper design like the first one, and the final two bands are composed of rows of lotus petals.
Three of the bands are carried overhead horizontally. Above the third vertical band is the lintel, consisting of nine niches, with two round pilasters flanking each niche. The central niche contains the image of a four-handed Shiva, with a veena in two hands and a damru along with a skull cup in the other two. The other niches contain the Matrikas. A carved image of Ganesha is present on a projecting roof below the lintel.
While the interior of the garbhagirha is of a square plan, its exterior has four projections. The lowermost band is composed of kirtimukhas. Above this is a row consisting of a series of anthropomorphic figures. Over this are ninety-nine panels containing carvings of divine and semi-divine beings. These carvings are of the Shivaganas, or companions of Shiva. These are similar to the carvings of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, except that this temple does not have erotic scenes carved.
The lingam is placed within the sanctum.
The shikhara or temple tower rises above the sanctum. The tapering tower has two circular bands at the top, with human faces carved on the upper band. It is surmounted by an amalaka, with a kalasa at the top.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Siddhanath Temple, also known as the Sidheshwara Temple, is a temple located in Nemawar, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Dating back to the 10th century, it forms an important example of Paramara architecture. Standing upon a plinth on the banks of the Narmada river, the temple is built out of yellow and blush sandstone. It is of the Nagara form, composed of a mandapa, ante-chamber, and sanctum. The exterior of the temple is elaborately carved, with Shaivite imagery most prominently displayed. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, and remains in active worship. It is listed as a Monument of National Importance.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The temple is dated to about the 10th century CE. Two pilgrims' records found in the mandapa, which is a later addition are dated Samvat 1253 and 1281 (corresponding to 1196-97 and 1223-24 CE).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The temple notably escaped injury during the Muslim invasions. It remained in active worship during the British period, when the area was part of the Indore State, and was managed by the state government.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The temple is located in Nemawar, a small town on the banks of the Narmada river. Due to the amount of stone sculptures excavated from the surrounding area, researchers infer that it must have been the location of a cluster of temples. There is one other surviving temple from the same period, which is unfinished, and is located upon a mound towards the north of the Siddhanath temple. Together, these temples are an importance example of a distinct school of architecture which developed during the reign of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The west-facing temple stands upon a four-sided paved courtyard, on the banks of the Narmada. A wall is built towards the side facing the river. It is built in a Nagara style, and consists of a mandapa (pillared hall), antarala (ante-chamber), and garbhagriha (sanctum). The temple is built out of yellow sandstone, except for the mandapa, which is a later addition built of blush sandstone. Both these materials were probably sourced locally, as the area has many sandstone quarries.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The mandapa is a later addition, appearing to have been built about a hundred years after the main shrine. It is built entirely of blush sandstone; However, one-third of the plinth upon which it stands is built out of yellow sandstone, the same as the sanctum and temple tower. This suggests that the original mandapa might have been built of yellow sandstone at the same time as the rest of the temple.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "There are three mukha-mandapas (open porches) on three sides of the pillared hall, each supported by four carved pillars. Images of gods and goddesses are carved in relief in large niches below each of these pillars. These include Kali, Ganesha, as well as some of the Matrikas. Stone benches without backrests are provided on each side of these porches. Below the benches is a dado, composed of two horizontal bands of carvings. These consist of panels and sunken niches. The lower band contains seated male and female figures. The upper band contains female figures in the panels, while divine or semi-divine figures are carved into the niches.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The sabha-mandapa (main pillared hall) is square in plan. Its ceiling is supported by two main pillars in front of the ante-chamber, and ten smaller pillars. Intermediate spaces between the smaller pillars are adorned with stone jalis. These pillars support the frames upon which a trabeate dome rests. The first frame is square, on which rests an octagonal frame. Upon this is a sixteen-sided frame, supported by sixteen brackets which have carved apsaras. This frame supports the dome, which on the interior has concentric circles in the style of the Dilwara temples.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The upper part of the mandapa seems to have been built much later during the medieval period. It consists of several domes, along with a small shrine in the middle. This provides access to the chamber located above the sanctum.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The mandapa leads to the ante-chamber, whose ceiling is adorned by five carved lotuses. The ante-chamber contains the entrance to the sanctum. This doorway is embellished with eight vertical and three horizontal bands of carvings. The first three bands are composed of a meandering creeper design, a row of flying figures, and a row of lotus petals. The fourth is a pilaster in high relief, similar to the ones found in later medieval temples. The fifth band has a row of human figures with clasped hands. The sixth has a meandering creeper design like the first one, and the final two bands are composed of rows of lotus petals.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Three of the bands are carried overhead horizontally. Above the third vertical band is the lintel, consisting of nine niches, with two round pilasters flanking each niche. The central niche contains the image of a four-handed Shiva, with a veena in two hands and a damru along with a skull cup in the other two. The other niches contain the Matrikas. A carved image of Ganesha is present on a projecting roof below the lintel.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "While the interior of the garbhagirha is of a square plan, its exterior has four projections. The lowermost band is composed of kirtimukhas. Above this is a row consisting of a series of anthropomorphic figures. Over this are ninety-nine panels containing carvings of divine and semi-divine beings. These carvings are of the Shivaganas, or companions of Shiva. These are similar to the carvings of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, except that this temple does not have erotic scenes carved.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The lingam is placed within the sanctum.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The shikhara or temple tower rises above the sanctum. The tapering tower has two circular bands at the top, with human faces carved on the upper band. It is surmounted by an amalaka, with a kalasa at the top.",
"title": "Description"
}
] |
Siddhanath Temple, also known as the Sidheshwara Temple, is a temple located in Nemawar, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Dating back to the 10th century, it forms an important example of Paramara architecture. Standing upon a plinth on the banks of the Narmada river, the temple is built out of yellow and blush sandstone. It is of the Nagara form, composed of a mandapa, ante-chamber, and sanctum. The exterior of the temple is elaborately carved, with Shaivite imagery most prominently displayed. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, and remains in active worship. It is listed as a Monument of National Importance.
|
2023-12-02T16:36:04Z
|
2023-12-25T17:41:25Z
|
[
"Template:For",
"Template:Infobox temple",
"Template:Sfn",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Commons category"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhanath_Temple,_Nemawar
|
75,464,986 |
1962 Curtis Cup
|
The 12th Curtis Cup Match was played on August 17 and 18, 1962 at the Broadmoor Golf Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Unites States won by 8 matches to 1, to retain the trophy.
The Unites States won all three foursomes matches and five of the six singles matches to win the contest. This was the last Curtis Cup in which 36-hole matches were played.
The contest was played over two days, with three foursomes on the first day and six singles matches on the second day, a total of 9 points. Matches were over 36 holes.
Each of the 9 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. Rather, each side earned 1⁄2 a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 5 points won the competition.
18-hole scores: Decker/McIntyre 6 up, Creed/Gunderson 1 up, Ashley/Johnstone 4 up
Jean Roberts was a late replacement for Ann Irvin who was due to play in the fourth singles match.
18-hole scores: Decker 3 up, Gunderson 5 up, Frearson 7 up, Preuss 5 up, Creed 6 up, McIntire 5 up
38°47′20″N 104°51′00″W / 38.789°N 104.850°W / 38.789; -104.850
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 12th Curtis Cup Match was played on August 17 and 18, 1962 at the Broadmoor Golf Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Unites States won by 8 matches to 1, to retain the trophy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Unites States won all three foursomes matches and five of the six singles matches to win the contest. This was the last Curtis Cup in which 36-hole matches were played.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The contest was played over two days, with three foursomes on the first day and six singles matches on the second day, a total of 9 points. Matches were over 36 holes.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Each of the 9 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. Rather, each side earned 1⁄2 a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 5 points won the competition.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "18-hole scores: Decker/McIntyre 6 up, Creed/Gunderson 1 up, Ashley/Johnstone 4 up",
"title": "Friday's foursomes matches"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Jean Roberts was a late replacement for Ann Irvin who was due to play in the fourth singles match.",
"title": "Saturday's singles matches"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "18-hole scores: Decker 3 up, Gunderson 5 up, Frearson 7 up, Preuss 5 up, Creed 6 up, McIntire 5 up",
"title": "Saturday's singles matches"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "38°47′20″N 104°51′00″W / 38.789°N 104.850°W / 38.789; -104.850",
"title": "References"
}
] |
The 12th Curtis Cup Match was played on August 17 and 18, 1962 at the Broadmoor Golf Club in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Unites States won by 8 matches to 1, to retain the trophy. The Unites States won all three foursomes matches and five of the six singles matches to win the contest. This was the last Curtis Cup in which 36-hole matches were played.
|
2023-12-02T16:36:50Z
|
2023-12-03T10:42:33Z
|
[
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox team golf tournament",
"Template:Flagicon",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Curtis Cup",
"Template:Coord",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:1/2",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Curtis_Cup
|
75,464,990 |
Fadda Dickson
|
Fadda Dickson Narh (Dr.) (born Jan 1) is a Ghanaian media personality and executive. He is the General Manager for Despite Media Group, the media conglomerate that owns and operates Peace FM, Neat FM , Hello FM, Okay FM, United Television and Peacefmonline.com.
He holds an honorary doctorate degree from the Alfred Noble University In Ukraine. He also holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Executive Leadership and Business Administration from the George Fox University In the United States of America.
He joined Despite Media as the Administration and Finance manager of Peace FM in 1999 and rose through the ranks to become the Managing Director of Despite Group.
After launching United Television in 2013, Fadda supervised its growth as an Executive Producer to become the most watched television station in Ghana in 2015 and 2017, according to a Geopoll survey..
He is married to Kate Dickson Narh and has two children
Category:Ghanaian business executives Category:Ghanaian businesspeople Category:Ghana-related lists
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fadda Dickson Narh (Dr.) (born Jan 1) is a Ghanaian media personality and executive. He is the General Manager for Despite Media Group, the media conglomerate that owns and operates Peace FM, Neat FM , Hello FM, Okay FM, United Television and Peacefmonline.com.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He holds an honorary doctorate degree from the Alfred Noble University In Ukraine. He also holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Executive Leadership and Business Administration from the George Fox University In the United States of America.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He joined Despite Media as the Administration and Finance manager of Peace FM in 1999 and rose through the ranks to become the Managing Director of Despite Group.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After launching United Television in 2013, Fadda supervised its growth as an Executive Producer to become the most watched television station in Ghana in 2015 and 2017, according to a Geopoll survey..",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He is married to Kate Dickson Narh and has two children",
"title": "Personal Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Category:Ghanaian business executives Category:Ghanaian businesspeople Category:Ghana-related lists",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Comment: I went back and forth quite a bit here. On the one hand, the article subject has definitely made a name for himself and appears to be noteworthy. On the other hand, currently the list of awards is the longest section of this submission, and most of the references relate to the various awards the subject has received. I'm skeptical whether subjects would be considered notable solely based on having received a large number of awards. My recommendation would be to expand the other sections of the submission to describe the subject's career and life in more detail, in contexts other than the awards they have received, and provide sources that describe the subject in more detail (again, beyond just validating his acheivements Taking Out The Trash 17:30, 2 December 2023 Fadda Dickson Narh is a Ghanaian media personality and executive. He is the General Manager for Despite Media Group, the media conglomerate that owns and operates Peace FM, Neat FM, Hello FM, Okay FM, United Television and Peacefmonline.com.
|
2023-12-02T16:37:14Z
|
2023-12-31T12:11:39Z
|
[
"Template:Draft topics",
"Template:AfC topic",
"Template:AfC submission",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Ghana-bio-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:AFC submission",
"Template:AFC comment",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadda_Dickson
|
75,464,997 |
Kentomonas
|
Kentomonas is a monotypic genus of protist in the order Trypanosomatida. The only described species in the genus is Kentomonas sorsogonicus.
Like all species in the subfamily of Strigomonadinae, K. sorsogonicus harbors endodymbiontic bacteria of the Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium genus.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kentomonas is a monotypic genus of protist in the order Trypanosomatida. The only described species in the genus is Kentomonas sorsogonicus.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Like all species in the subfamily of Strigomonadinae, K. sorsogonicus harbors endodymbiontic bacteria of the Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium genus.",
"title": "Biology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Kentomonas is a monotypic genus of protist in the order Trypanosomatida. The only described species in the genus is Kentomonas sorsogonicus.
|
2023-12-02T16:38:28Z
|
2023-12-05T03:40:49Z
|
[
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Excavata-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentomonas
|
75,465,037 |
Uchizi Mkandawire
|
Uchizi Mkandawire (born 1977) is a Malawian politician and educator who is the current Minister of Youth and Sports in Malawi from 2014 to present. He is a Member of Parliament for Karonga Constituency.
Uchizi Mkandawire was born in 1977 in Karonga, Malawi. He attended Karonga Secondary School. He has a master's degree in Public Policy and Administration.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Uchizi Mkandawire (born 1977) is a Malawian politician and educator who is the current Minister of Youth and Sports in Malawi from 2014 to present. He is a Member of Parliament for Karonga Constituency.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Uchizi Mkandawire was born in 1977 in Karonga, Malawi. He attended Karonga Secondary School. He has a master's degree in Public Policy and Administration.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Uchizi Mkandawire is a Malawian politician and educator who is the current Minister of Youth and Sports in Malawi from 2014 to present. He is a Member of Parliament for Karonga Constituency.
|
2023-12-02T16:44:19Z
|
2023-12-20T04:00:07Z
|
[
"Template:S-end",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:S-start",
"Template:S-ach",
"Template:S-bef",
"Template:S-ttl",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:S-aft",
"Template:Authority control"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchizi_Mkandawire
|
75,465,050 |
2001 Spa-Francorchamps F3000 round
|
The 2001 Spa-Francorchamps F3000 round was a motor racing event held on 1 September 2001 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium. It was the eleventh round of the 2001 International Formula 3000 Championship, and was held in support of the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2001 Spa-Francorchamps F3000 round was a motor racing event held on 1 September 2001 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium. It was the eleventh round of the 2001 International Formula 3000 Championship, and was held in support of the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The 2001 Spa-Francorchamps F3000 round was a motor racing event held on 1 September 2001 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium. It was the eleventh round of the 2001 International Formula 3000 Championship, and was held in support of the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix.
|
2023-12-02T16:45:38Z
|
2023-12-11T05:22:09Z
|
[
"Template:Col-start",
"Template:Col-end",
"Template:Multiple issues",
"Template:Infobox Grand Prix race report",
"Template:Flagicon",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:F3000 round report",
"Template:F3000 rounds",
"Template:Col-2",
"Template:Tooltip",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Spa-Francorchamps_F3000_round
|
75,465,057 |
Ripe (band)
|
Ripe is an American funk and alt pop band. Originally from Boston, the band is based in Los Angeles. Led by frontman Robbie Wulfsohn, the band also consists of guitarist Jon Becker, drummer Sampson Hellerman, trombonist Calvin Barthel, and bassist Nadav Shapira.
The band formed in 2011 as a six-piece group while its members were attending the Berklee College of Music. Drummer Sampson Hellerman and lead guitarist Tory Geismar had moved together from New York to Boston, where Berklee is located. There they met Robbie Wulfsohn, who would become Ripe's lead vocalist, as well as guitarist Jon Becker, and Josh Shpak and Calvin Barthel. The latter two feature on the band's horns, on trumpet and trombone, respectively.
Hellerman recounted that he and Geismar did not dorm, and instead roomed together in an apartment but "quickly realized [they] had no idea how to meet people." As a result, they hosted open door parties; Wulfsohn attended the first of these parties, and the three of them "sat down and did a little jam," writing a song that they uploaded to SoundCloud. Wulfsohn had left his hometown of Toronto to attend Berklee. He lived on the same floor as Becker, as well as Maxwell Stofman, who became the band's manager. Due to being fascinated with funk, the band sought out a horn player and hired Josh Shpak as their trumpeter. Shpak brought along trombonist Calvin Barthel with him.
In 2014, Ripe gained online attention as a result of a live-performance video recording of their song "Goon Squad" going viral on the "r/listentothis" subreddit. Later, in 2015, Nadav Shapira would join the band as its bassist.
Prior to releasing their debut studio album in 2018, Ripe's reputation was built primarily through live performances as their output prior to 2018 saw a total of ten songs released.
In the midst of touring, Ripe released their debut studio album Joy in the Wild Unknown on April 6, 2018. On it, they collaborated with Cory Wong, who was behind the board. Joe Visciano was also brought on the album as a mixer, and Randy Merrill worked on its mastering.
In 2022, the band released the single "Settling". That year, the band also made their debut headline performance at Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom. The band released their second album Bright Blues in 2023, their first through Glassnote Records. Noah Conrad and Ryan Linvill served as producers and co-writers on the album. During the year, the band also performed on their "Bright Blues" Tour.
Ripe's music style has been self-described as alt-pop, with Wulfsohn stating "what we make is music you can dance to. We're drawn to the peak of a song — the emotional catharsis when everything comes out. It's all about reaching that moment. The revelation comes back to us when bodies shake with joy."
The band is also often associated with funk and dance music, and has been described as "neo-soul" by The Boston Globe. Jazz and R&B are also genres that the band is known for incorporating into their sound. Gwen Egan of Boston.com wrote that the band has an "infectious blend of pop, funk, and rock".
Earth, Wind & Fire has been noted as one of the band's influences. Becker stated that the band also models their sound after Miles Davis.
Current members
Former members
Studio albums:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ripe is an American funk and alt pop band. Originally from Boston, the band is based in Los Angeles. Led by frontman Robbie Wulfsohn, the band also consists of guitarist Jon Becker, drummer Sampson Hellerman, trombonist Calvin Barthel, and bassist Nadav Shapira.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The band formed in 2011 as a six-piece group while its members were attending the Berklee College of Music. Drummer Sampson Hellerman and lead guitarist Tory Geismar had moved together from New York to Boston, where Berklee is located. There they met Robbie Wulfsohn, who would become Ripe's lead vocalist, as well as guitarist Jon Becker, and Josh Shpak and Calvin Barthel. The latter two feature on the band's horns, on trumpet and trombone, respectively.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hellerman recounted that he and Geismar did not dorm, and instead roomed together in an apartment but \"quickly realized [they] had no idea how to meet people.\" As a result, they hosted open door parties; Wulfsohn attended the first of these parties, and the three of them \"sat down and did a little jam,\" writing a song that they uploaded to SoundCloud. Wulfsohn had left his hometown of Toronto to attend Berklee. He lived on the same floor as Becker, as well as Maxwell Stofman, who became the band's manager. Due to being fascinated with funk, the band sought out a horn player and hired Josh Shpak as their trumpeter. Shpak brought along trombonist Calvin Barthel with him.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2014, Ripe gained online attention as a result of a live-performance video recording of their song \"Goon Squad\" going viral on the \"r/listentothis\" subreddit. Later, in 2015, Nadav Shapira would join the band as its bassist.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Prior to releasing their debut studio album in 2018, Ripe's reputation was built primarily through live performances as their output prior to 2018 saw a total of ten songs released.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the midst of touring, Ripe released their debut studio album Joy in the Wild Unknown on April 6, 2018. On it, they collaborated with Cory Wong, who was behind the board. Joe Visciano was also brought on the album as a mixer, and Randy Merrill worked on its mastering.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2022, the band released the single \"Settling\". That year, the band also made their debut headline performance at Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom. The band released their second album Bright Blues in 2023, their first through Glassnote Records. Noah Conrad and Ryan Linvill served as producers and co-writers on the album. During the year, the band also performed on their \"Bright Blues\" Tour.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Ripe's music style has been self-described as alt-pop, with Wulfsohn stating \"what we make is music you can dance to. We're drawn to the peak of a song — the emotional catharsis when everything comes out. It's all about reaching that moment. The revelation comes back to us when bodies shake with joy.\"",
"title": "Music style"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The band is also often associated with funk and dance music, and has been described as \"neo-soul\" by The Boston Globe. Jazz and R&B are also genres that the band is known for incorporating into their sound. Gwen Egan of Boston.com wrote that the band has an \"infectious blend of pop, funk, and rock\".",
"title": "Music style"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Earth, Wind & Fire has been noted as one of the band's influences. Becker stated that the band also models their sound after Miles Davis.",
"title": "Music style"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Current members",
"title": "Band members"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Former members",
"title": "Band members"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Studio albums:",
"title": "Discography"
}
] |
Ripe is an American funk and alt pop band. Originally from Boston, the band is based in Los Angeles. Led by frontman Robbie Wulfsohn, the band also consists of guitarist Jon Becker, drummer Sampson Hellerman, trombonist Calvin Barthel, and bassist Nadav Shapira.
|
2023-12-02T16:46:25Z
|
2023-12-21T17:42:29Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox musical artist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripe_(band)
|
75,465,061 |
Bus Palladium
|
Bus Palladium is a 2010 French film written and directed by Christopher Thompson. It stars Marc-André Grondin, Elisa Sednaoui and Arthur Dupont.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bus Palladium is a 2010 French film written and directed by Christopher Thompson. It stars Marc-André Grondin, Elisa Sednaoui and Arthur Dupont.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Bus Palladium is a 2010 French film written and directed by Christopher Thompson. It stars Marc-André Grondin, Elisa Sednaoui and Arthur Dupont.
|
2023-12-02T16:47:14Z
|
2023-12-02T20:23:48Z
|
[
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Div col end",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:IMDb title",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Div col",
"Template:Nom",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Palladium
|
75,465,072 |
Holidays (musical)
|
Holidays is a jukebox musical with a book by Gaétan Borg based on the songs recorded by American singer Madonna, mainly her discography from the '80s and the '90s. The title of the musical is taken from the singer's 1983 song "Holiday".
The musical focuses on a group of four childhood friends who reunite as adults following the invitation of one of them who wants to give them a special night before making a big announcement.
The original French production, directed by Nathan Guichet with choreography by Cécile Chaduteau, premiered on 22 September 2023 at L'Odyssée in Balma for three previews performances, and opened in Paris on 29 September 2023 at the Alhambra.
Louise, 30, is a French-American heiress to a wine producer who lives in Malibu. One day, she call her three childhood friends that she has not seen for fourteen years: Nicole, a globetrotter and Instagram influencer; Veronica, a fashion designer from New-York; and Suzanne. She give them only three days to join her in her teenage bedroom, where they spent every vacation together.
During their evening in their "Mad’Room", Louise reveals to them that it is their last night together before making a very special announcement.
The show premiered on 22 September 2023 at L'Odyssée in Balma in the southwestern of France for three previews performances. The show transferred to the Alhambra in Paris and officially opened on 29 September 2023 for a limited run until January 2024.
Following the end of the Parisian run, the show will go on a tour in France. The tour is schedule to premiere at the Théâtre Galli in Sanary-sur-Mer on 5 April 2024.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Holidays is a jukebox musical with a book by Gaétan Borg based on the songs recorded by American singer Madonna, mainly her discography from the '80s and the '90s. The title of the musical is taken from the singer's 1983 song \"Holiday\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The musical focuses on a group of four childhood friends who reunite as adults following the invitation of one of them who wants to give them a special night before making a big announcement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The original French production, directed by Nathan Guichet with choreography by Cécile Chaduteau, premiered on 22 September 2023 at L'Odyssée in Balma for three previews performances, and opened in Paris on 29 September 2023 at the Alhambra.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Louise, 30, is a French-American heiress to a wine producer who lives in Malibu. One day, she call her three childhood friends that she has not seen for fourteen years: Nicole, a globetrotter and Instagram influencer; Veronica, a fashion designer from New-York; and Suzanne. She give them only three days to join her in her teenage bedroom, where they spent every vacation together.",
"title": "Synopsis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During their evening in their \"Mad’Room\", Louise reveals to them that it is their last night together before making a very special announcement.",
"title": "Synopsis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The show premiered on 22 September 2023 at L'Odyssée in Balma in the southwestern of France for three previews performances. The show transferred to the Alhambra in Paris and officially opened on 29 September 2023 for a limited run until January 2024.",
"title": "Productions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Following the end of the Parisian run, the show will go on a tour in France. The tour is schedule to premiere at the Théâtre Galli in Sanary-sur-Mer on 5 April 2024.",
"title": "Productions"
}
] |
Holidays is a jukebox musical with a book by Gaétan Borg based on the songs recorded by American singer Madonna, mainly her discography from the '80s and the '90s. The title of the musical is taken from the singer's 1983 song "Holiday". The musical focuses on a group of four childhood friends who reunite as adults following the invitation of one of them who wants to give them a special night before making a big announcement. The original French production, directed by Nathan Guichet with choreography by Cécile Chaduteau, premiered on 22 September 2023 at L'Odyssée in Balma for three previews performances, and opened in Paris on 29 September 2023 at the Alhambra.
|
2023-12-02T16:49:21Z
|
2023-12-02T19:32:39Z
|
[
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox musical",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Madonna",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_(musical)
|
75,465,074 |
Józef Wojciechowski (physician)
|
Józef Wojciechowski (1793–7 November 1850) was a Polish physician and professor.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Józef Wojciechowski (1793–7 November 1850) was a Polish physician and professor.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Józef Wojciechowski was a Polish physician and professor.
|
2023-12-02T16:49:24Z
|
2023-12-02T16:51:31Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wojciechowski_(physician)
|
75,465,081 |
Strigomonas
|
Strigomonas is a genus of protists in the order of Trypanosomatida, harboring endodymbiontic bacteria of the Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium genus.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Strigomonas is a genus of protists in the order of Trypanosomatida, harboring endodymbiontic bacteria of the Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium genus.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Strigomonas is a genus of protists in the order of Trypanosomatida, harboring endodymbiontic bacteria of the Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium genus.
|
2023-12-02T16:49:48Z
|
2023-12-02T16:49:48Z
|
[
"Template:Automatic taxobox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Excavata-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigomonas
|
75,465,096 |
Ketchup Entertainment
|
Ketchup Entertainment is an American independent film production and distribution company. The company is best known for distributing Picture Day (2012), The Love Punch (2013), The Starving Games (2014), A Royal Night Out (2015), Dr. Bird's Advice for Sad Poets (2021) and Hypnotic (2023).
In May 2012, Ketchup Entertainment launched its distribution division, partnering with ARC Entertainment. In May 2013, Ketchup entered an agreement with Open Road Films to distribute their films across home entertainment and non-theatrical platforms.
In 2023, the company distributed Hypnotic directed by Robert Rodriguez, starring Ben Affleck, and Memory starring Jessica Chastain and Peter Sarsgaard. The company also produced Ferrari directed by Michael Mann, and distributed by Neon.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ketchup Entertainment is an American independent film production and distribution company. The company is best known for distributing Picture Day (2012), The Love Punch (2013), The Starving Games (2014), A Royal Night Out (2015), Dr. Bird's Advice for Sad Poets (2021) and Hypnotic (2023).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In May 2012, Ketchup Entertainment launched its distribution division, partnering with ARC Entertainment. In May 2013, Ketchup entered an agreement with Open Road Films to distribute their films across home entertainment and non-theatrical platforms.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2023, the company distributed Hypnotic directed by Robert Rodriguez, starring Ben Affleck, and Memory starring Jessica Chastain and Peter Sarsgaard. The company also produced Ferrari directed by Michael Mann, and distributed by Neon.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
Ketchup Entertainment is an American independent film production and distribution company. The company is best known for distributing Picture Day (2012), The Love Punch (2013), The Starving Games (2014), A Royal Night Out (2015), Dr. Bird's Advice for Sad Poets (2021) and Hypnotic (2023).
|
2023-12-02T16:51:55Z
|
2023-12-02T16:51:55Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox company",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Portal",
"Template:Film Studio"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchup_Entertainment
|
75,465,100 |
Agnes Makonda Nyalonje
|
Agnes Makonda Nyalonje (born 1973) is a Malawian politician and educator who is the current Minister of Labour in Malawi from 2014. She is a Member of Parliament for Mzimba North Constituency.
Agnes Makonda Nyalonje was born in 1969 in Mzimba, Malawi. She attended Masasa Secondary School.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Agnes Makonda Nyalonje (born 1973) is a Malawian politician and educator who is the current Minister of Labour in Malawi from 2014. She is a Member of Parliament for Mzimba North Constituency.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Agnes Makonda Nyalonje was born in 1969 in Mzimba, Malawi. She attended Masasa Secondary School.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Agnes Makonda Nyalonje is a Malawian politician and educator who is the current Minister of Labour in Malawi from 2014. She is a Member of Parliament for Mzimba North Constituency.
|
2023-12-02T16:52:30Z
|
2023-12-02T16:52:43Z
|
[
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:S-start",
"Template:S-bef",
"Template:S-ttl",
"Template:S-aft",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:S-ach",
"Template:S-end",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Makonda_Nyalonje
|
75,465,148 |
Elhard von Morozowicz
|
Hans Elhard von Morozowicz (14 April 1893 – 31 January 1934) was a German military officer, a high-ranking official in Der Stahlhelm and a Gruppenführer in the Sturmabteilung (SA). He was also a deputy in the Reichstag and died in an automobile accident at age 40.
Morozowicz was born in Berlin into a family of landed gentry from the Neumark area of the Province of Brandenburg. After graduating from secondary school at the Friedrichsgymnasium in Frankfurt (Oder), Morozowicz pursued a military career with the Royal Prussian Army in 1911. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, he was an active-duty Leutnant in the 3rd (1st Brandenburg) Uhlans Regiment "Emperor Alexander II of Russia", headquartered in Fürstenwalde. In 1916, he entered the Prussian General Staff as an Oberleutnant. After the end of the war, Morozowicz left military service with the rank of Rittmeister. He acquired an estate near Podelzig, where he devoted himself to farming.
In the immediate post-war period under the Weimar Republic, Morozowicz belonged to a Freikorps unit. Also in 1919, he joined Der Stahlhelm, the association of German veterans that was closely allied with the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP). He became the association's Landesführer (state leader) for Brandenburg in 1924 and, on 23 March 1930, he also was named to the new position of Jungstahlhelmführer, heading the association's youth group that would include military eligible men between the ages of 18 and 35. In addition, from 1923 to 1928 he was the Brandenburg leader of Wehrwolf [de], a nationalist and anti-republican paramilitary association, mainly consisting of former Freikorps members.
From 1931, Morozowicz was also a member of the Gesellschaft zum Studium des Faschismus [de] (Society for the Study of Fascism). This organization supported unifying Germany's right-wing political organizations and advocated establishing an authoritarian government based on Italian-style fascism. Morozowicz, however, still harbored monarchist sympathies, and at the 1932 Prussian state election on 24 April, was elected to the Landtag of Prussia as a member of the DNVP. He remained in office until this body was dissolved in October 1933. At a rally of 5,000 Stahlhelm members attended by the German Crown Prince Wilhelm at Perleberg on 20 June 1932, Morozowicz said in a welcoming address: "the future German state will be one ruled by a German emperor".
Following the Nazi seizure of power and the Gleichschaltung (coordination) process, both the Stahlhelm and the Wehrwolf organizations were forcibly incorporated into the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi Party's paramilitary unit. Morozowicz entered into the SA with the rank of SA-Gruppenführer on 26 July 1933, where he served on the staff of the Obersten SA-Führung (Supreme SA Leadership). The Jungstahlhelm had been renamed the Wehrstahlhelm and Morozowicz, now styled Wehrstahlhelm-Reichsführer, was put in charge of integrating it into the SA.
In addition, Morozowicz also was named as a deputy to Konstantin Hierl, the head of the Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst (Voluntary Labor Service) in the Reich Ministry of Labor. On 11 July 1933, Prussian Minister president Hermann Göring appointed him to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council. At the November 1933 German parliamentary election, Morozowicz was elected as a Nazi Party deputy to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 2 (Berlin). He died in an automobile accident in Berlin, less than three months later.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hans Elhard von Morozowicz (14 April 1893 – 31 January 1934) was a German military officer, a high-ranking official in Der Stahlhelm and a Gruppenführer in the Sturmabteilung (SA). He was also a deputy in the Reichstag and died in an automobile accident at age 40.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Morozowicz was born in Berlin into a family of landed gentry from the Neumark area of the Province of Brandenburg. After graduating from secondary school at the Friedrichsgymnasium in Frankfurt (Oder), Morozowicz pursued a military career with the Royal Prussian Army in 1911. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, he was an active-duty Leutnant in the 3rd (1st Brandenburg) Uhlans Regiment \"Emperor Alexander II of Russia\", headquartered in Fürstenwalde. In 1916, he entered the Prussian General Staff as an Oberleutnant. After the end of the war, Morozowicz left military service with the rank of Rittmeister. He acquired an estate near Podelzig, where he devoted himself to farming.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the immediate post-war period under the Weimar Republic, Morozowicz belonged to a Freikorps unit. Also in 1919, he joined Der Stahlhelm, the association of German veterans that was closely allied with the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP). He became the association's Landesführer (state leader) for Brandenburg in 1924 and, on 23 March 1930, he also was named to the new position of Jungstahlhelmführer, heading the association's youth group that would include military eligible men between the ages of 18 and 35. In addition, from 1923 to 1928 he was the Brandenburg leader of Wehrwolf [de], a nationalist and anti-republican paramilitary association, mainly consisting of former Freikorps members.",
"title": "Paramilitary activities in the Weimar Republic"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "From 1931, Morozowicz was also a member of the Gesellschaft zum Studium des Faschismus [de] (Society for the Study of Fascism). This organization supported unifying Germany's right-wing political organizations and advocated establishing an authoritarian government based on Italian-style fascism. Morozowicz, however, still harbored monarchist sympathies, and at the 1932 Prussian state election on 24 April, was elected to the Landtag of Prussia as a member of the DNVP. He remained in office until this body was dissolved in October 1933. At a rally of 5,000 Stahlhelm members attended by the German Crown Prince Wilhelm at Perleberg on 20 June 1932, Morozowicz said in a welcoming address: \"the future German state will be one ruled by a German emperor\".",
"title": "Paramilitary activities in the Weimar Republic"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Following the Nazi seizure of power and the Gleichschaltung (coordination) process, both the Stahlhelm and the Wehrwolf organizations were forcibly incorporated into the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi Party's paramilitary unit. Morozowicz entered into the SA with the rank of SA-Gruppenführer on 26 July 1933, where he served on the staff of the Obersten SA-Führung (Supreme SA Leadership). The Jungstahlhelm had been renamed the Wehrstahlhelm and Morozowicz, now styled Wehrstahlhelm-Reichsführer, was put in charge of integrating it into the SA.",
"title": "Career in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In addition, Morozowicz also was named as a deputy to Konstantin Hierl, the head of the Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst (Voluntary Labor Service) in the Reich Ministry of Labor. On 11 July 1933, Prussian Minister president Hermann Göring appointed him to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council. At the November 1933 German parliamentary election, Morozowicz was elected as a Nazi Party deputy to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 2 (Berlin). He died in an automobile accident in Berlin, less than three months later.",
"title": "Career in Nazi Germany"
}
] |
Hans Elhard von Morozowicz was a German military officer, a high-ranking official in Der Stahlhelm and a Gruppenführer in the Sturmabteilung (SA). He was also a deputy in the Reichstag and died in an automobile accident at age 40.
|
2023-12-02T17:01:04Z
|
2023-12-14T21:07:31Z
|
[
"Template:ReichstagDB",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Sfn",
"Template:Interlanguage link",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elhard_von_Morozowicz
|
75,465,149 |
Makhzen (Algeria)
|
The makhzen (Arabic: مخزن) refers in Algeria to a doctrine of power and to the designation of a mode of state administration in force particularly during the period of the Regency of Algiers. It corresponds to a form of management of the link between tribe and central State in the Maghreb prefigured in its central part since the Fatimid era and developing particularly under the Zyyanides.
The origin of the “makhzen system” lies in the weakening of the Hafsid, Marinid and Zayyanid states towards the end of the Middle Ages linked to Spanish pressure in Andalusia and on the Maghreb coast, the Ottoman advance and internal struggles. These dynasties call on the Hilalian Bedouin tribes to retain a minimum of power and delegate control of part of their territory to them. This is the iqta system: the tribes collect taxes, which they pay in part to their sovereign to whom they also owe military service. This system, developed at the time of these three dynasties, already existing under the Fatimids, is particularly used by the Zianid dynasty. The regency of Algiers and the colonial episode
The Makhzen tribes were socially classified within the rural population of the Eyalet of Algiers, as they were the strong supporter of the Ottoman Algerian administration in the countryside, which was looking for a strong local support that would enhance its influence and presence, and from the same rural community targeted in order to cover up the numerical weakness of the Ottomans who were confined to the main cities of the regency. the Historian Ahmed Tewfik El Madani (1899–1983) wrote:
The Ottomans were not colonizers since they were not land owners, The truth is that the Ottoman legitmacy was dependent on the one hand on the Algerian tribesmen, and on the other hand it was dependent on the Islamic unity represented by the Ottoman caliphate. And all power, under the direction of the Pasha and the Beys, was in the hands of the Algerian sheikhs, east and west, plain and mountain
The Makhzen tribes played multiple important roles, whether in terms of military or economic support, for the benefit of the Ottoman administration in Algeria, in addition to imposing public order and the authority of the beyliks on the population. They also became administratively framed by the Ottoman authority and enjoyed many privileges that ensured their loyalty.
The Makhzen tribes played an important role in the administrative aspect in service of the Ottoman Algerian authority, as they provided the agents charged with collecting taxes, counting the population and managing its affairs, the position of leader or a sheikh could give a hold on several numbers of Makhzen tribes. The most notable of the sheikhs was the Kabyle leader Mohamed ben Zamoum.
Due to the importance and role of the Makhzen tribes in expanding the control of the central authority, their presence and recruitment was throughout all parts of the regency, Georges Voisin referred to the formation and recruitment of these tribes in the vicinity of the capitals of the Beyliks, he wrote:
The beys summon men who have the willingness and will to cooperate with the Ottoman authority, as these come accompanied with their tents, families and herds, and those who do not own them are provided with horses and weapons, and they also cut lands for plowing and exploitation with the privilege of not paying taxes, These summons are addressed by the beys to the strongest tribes from a military point of view in particular.
and the situation of the Makhzen tribes developed until they became one of the organs of the Ottoman regime in Algeria, especially in its last stages, and the power of administration depended on the extent of its association with the Makhzen tribes.
The military importance of the Makhzen tribes was evident in the fact that the Ottoman Algerians did not have regular cavalry, so they recruited only from the Makhzen tribes. Saidouni also indicates that the Janissaries were usually numbered less than 4,000 in normal times, whilst the Makhzen tribes enrolled 30,000 men in the countryside and cities, which went down to 15,000 in times of peace, in addition to the reserves that could be used in times of need such as wars and disciplinary campaigns to suppress rebellions. Their military importance also emerged in the western beylik in particular, the massive use of the Makhzen tribes was due to the presence of imminent dangers represented essentially in Spanish Oran and the Sherifian Empire. In Mascara they formed the main body of the armies against the Spaniards in Oran and some of their allies, like the Banu Amer tirbe. Al-Zamul and the Dway'ir were counted among the best of the Makhzen knights, who were located mainly in Oranan region.
As for the economic aspect, Saidouni points out that agriculture flourished during the era of the Beylerbayat (1518-1588 ) and the Pashas (1659-1588 ), which meant economic prosperity in the rural areas of an agricultural nature, which was a target for the control of the Ottoman Algerian administration through its working machine in the countryside, "the Makhzen tribes", which presented in turn an attractive tax source for the authority, especially starting from the era of the pashas, as well as controlling production and obtaining in-kind and financial demands, because taxes imposed on agricultural properties and agricultural and animal production in the countryside represented a major financial source for the Ottoman Algerian administration at the rural level.
The imposed taxes and tithes were usually unfair and had no legal system. Rather, they were determined by the officers of the locality and the Knights of the Makhzen.
Etymologically, the word makhzen means "store" or "tax", and ends up designating by extension the entire state apparatus of the regency of Algiers. Originally, it applied more precisely to the large coffers where tax revenues were deposited, before extending to everything that the central power could acquire with its own funds (palace, army, etc.); then to the tribes, who, from a granted territory, had to render a service to the power in place.
At that time it resulted, on a social level, in the division of society into tribes, some of which were called makhzen. These tribes are privileged: they provide troops to the Regency, are responsible for maintaining order and collecting taxes. The concept of "makhzen tribe" is opposed to that of "raya tribe", taxable and subject. Later, Emir Abd el Kader removed the distinction between Makhzen and Raya tribes in order to unify his domain. Regarding the name of the government in Algeria, the Turkish word (beylik) replaced the old Arabic word (makhzen). This designated only the riders of the beylick.
In colonial Algeria, from the 19th century, the makhzen constituted a mode of political domination attractive to the French who, in the continuity of the Regency, even reconstituted their old makhzen for a time [ref. necessary]. This “colonial makhzen” allows Arab offices to lay the foundations of a hierarchy of command, to have relays throughout the territory. In addition to the dignitaries recruited from the tribes (aghas, khalifas, caids, etc.), it made it possible to form a body of indigenous officials made up of subordinate groups. Thus, the khodja are responsible for correspondence in Arabic, the chaouchs take care of police and intelligence, the khiela and spahis who constitute a paid cavalry and the askars and goums form a troop reserve that can be mobilized at the request of the central power, as from the time of the regency of Algiers. The term makhzen gives the word mokhazni designating a body of auxiliaries of the colonial troops.
In the administration of independent Algeria, as in other Arab states, a bureaucratic culture tends to replace a patrimonial culture. The monopoly of the administrative apparatus by a politicized elite competes with the traditional model of the makhzen. The contemporary Arab State thus finds itself between two archetypes, that of the Makhzen State whose conditions no longer exist and that of the administrative State whose conditions are not yet completely in place.
The relationship between tribes and successive political powers allows us to understand and evaluate the role of the tribal structure in the context of contemporary Maghreb states.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The makhzen (Arabic: مخزن) refers in Algeria to a doctrine of power and to the designation of a mode of state administration in force particularly during the period of the Regency of Algiers. It corresponds to a form of management of the link between tribe and central State in the Maghreb prefigured in its central part since the Fatimid era and developing particularly under the Zyyanides.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The origin of the “makhzen system” lies in the weakening of the Hafsid, Marinid and Zayyanid states towards the end of the Middle Ages linked to Spanish pressure in Andalusia and on the Maghreb coast, the Ottoman advance and internal struggles. These dynasties call on the Hilalian Bedouin tribes to retain a minimum of power and delegate control of part of their territory to them. This is the iqta system: the tribes collect taxes, which they pay in part to their sovereign to whom they also owe military service. This system, developed at the time of these three dynasties, already existing under the Fatimids, is particularly used by the Zianid dynasty. The regency of Algiers and the colonial episode",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Makhzen tribes were socially classified within the rural population of the Eyalet of Algiers, as they were the strong supporter of the Ottoman Algerian administration in the countryside, which was looking for a strong local support that would enhance its influence and presence, and from the same rural community targeted in order to cover up the numerical weakness of the Ottomans who were confined to the main cities of the regency. the Historian Ahmed Tewfik El Madani (1899–1983) wrote:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Ottomans were not colonizers since they were not land owners, The truth is that the Ottoman legitmacy was dependent on the one hand on the Algerian tribesmen, and on the other hand it was dependent on the Islamic unity represented by the Ottoman caliphate. And all power, under the direction of the Pasha and the Beys, was in the hands of the Algerian sheikhs, east and west, plain and mountain",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Makhzen tribes played multiple important roles, whether in terms of military or economic support, for the benefit of the Ottoman administration in Algeria, in addition to imposing public order and the authority of the beyliks on the population. They also became administratively framed by the Ottoman authority and enjoyed many privileges that ensured their loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Makhzen tribes played an important role in the administrative aspect in service of the Ottoman Algerian authority, as they provided the agents charged with collecting taxes, counting the population and managing its affairs, the position of leader or a sheikh could give a hold on several numbers of Makhzen tribes. The most notable of the sheikhs was the Kabyle leader Mohamed ben Zamoum.",
"title": "Recruitment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Due to the importance and role of the Makhzen tribes in expanding the control of the central authority, their presence and recruitment was throughout all parts of the regency, Georges Voisin referred to the formation and recruitment of these tribes in the vicinity of the capitals of the Beyliks, he wrote:",
"title": "Recruitment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The beys summon men who have the willingness and will to cooperate with the Ottoman authority, as these come accompanied with their tents, families and herds, and those who do not own them are provided with horses and weapons, and they also cut lands for plowing and exploitation with the privilege of not paying taxes, These summons are addressed by the beys to the strongest tribes from a military point of view in particular.",
"title": "Recruitment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "and the situation of the Makhzen tribes developed until they became one of the organs of the Ottoman regime in Algeria, especially in its last stages, and the power of administration depended on the extent of its association with the Makhzen tribes.",
"title": "Recruitment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The military importance of the Makhzen tribes was evident in the fact that the Ottoman Algerians did not have regular cavalry, so they recruited only from the Makhzen tribes. Saidouni also indicates that the Janissaries were usually numbered less than 4,000 in normal times, whilst the Makhzen tribes enrolled 30,000 men in the countryside and cities, which went down to 15,000 in times of peace, in addition to the reserves that could be used in times of need such as wars and disciplinary campaigns to suppress rebellions. Their military importance also emerged in the western beylik in particular, the massive use of the Makhzen tribes was due to the presence of imminent dangers represented essentially in Spanish Oran and the Sherifian Empire. In Mascara they formed the main body of the armies against the Spaniards in Oran and some of their allies, like the Banu Amer tirbe. Al-Zamul and the Dway'ir were counted among the best of the Makhzen knights, who were located mainly in Oranan region.",
"title": "Military importance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "As for the economic aspect, Saidouni points out that agriculture flourished during the era of the Beylerbayat (1518-1588 ) and the Pashas (1659-1588 ), which meant economic prosperity in the rural areas of an agricultural nature, which was a target for the control of the Ottoman Algerian administration through its working machine in the countryside, \"the Makhzen tribes\", which presented in turn an attractive tax source for the authority, especially starting from the era of the pashas, as well as controlling production and obtaining in-kind and financial demands, because taxes imposed on agricultural properties and agricultural and animal production in the countryside represented a major financial source for the Ottoman Algerian administration at the rural level.",
"title": "Economical importance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The imposed taxes and tithes were usually unfair and had no legal system. Rather, they were determined by the officers of the locality and the Knights of the Makhzen.",
"title": "Economical importance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Etymologically, the word makhzen means \"store\" or \"tax\", and ends up designating by extension the entire state apparatus of the regency of Algiers. Originally, it applied more precisely to the large coffers where tax revenues were deposited, before extending to everything that the central power could acquire with its own funds (palace, army, etc.); then to the tribes, who, from a granted territory, had to render a service to the power in place.",
"title": "Economical importance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "At that time it resulted, on a social level, in the division of society into tribes, some of which were called makhzen. These tribes are privileged: they provide troops to the Regency, are responsible for maintaining order and collecting taxes. The concept of \"makhzen tribe\" is opposed to that of \"raya tribe\", taxable and subject. Later, Emir Abd el Kader removed the distinction between Makhzen and Raya tribes in order to unify his domain. Regarding the name of the government in Algeria, the Turkish word (beylik) replaced the old Arabic word (makhzen). This designated only the riders of the beylick.",
"title": "Economical importance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In colonial Algeria, from the 19th century, the makhzen constituted a mode of political domination attractive to the French who, in the continuity of the Regency, even reconstituted their old makhzen for a time [ref. necessary]. This “colonial makhzen” allows Arab offices to lay the foundations of a hierarchy of command, to have relays throughout the territory. In addition to the dignitaries recruited from the tribes (aghas, khalifas, caids, etc.), it made it possible to form a body of indigenous officials made up of subordinate groups. Thus, the khodja are responsible for correspondence in Arabic, the chaouchs take care of police and intelligence, the khiela and spahis who constitute a paid cavalry and the askars and goums form a troop reserve that can be mobilized at the request of the central power, as from the time of the regency of Algiers. The term makhzen gives the word mokhazni designating a body of auxiliaries of the colonial troops.",
"title": "French Algeria"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In the administration of independent Algeria, as in other Arab states, a bureaucratic culture tends to replace a patrimonial culture. The monopoly of the administrative apparatus by a politicized elite competes with the traditional model of the makhzen. The contemporary Arab State thus finds itself between two archetypes, that of the Makhzen State whose conditions no longer exist and that of the administrative State whose conditions are not yet completely in place.",
"title": "The Makhzen and contemporary politics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The relationship between tribes and successive political powers allows us to understand and evaluate the role of the tribal structure in the context of contemporary Maghreb states.",
"title": "The Makhzen and contemporary politics"
}
] |
The makhzen refers in Algeria to a doctrine of power and to the designation of a mode of state administration in force particularly during the period of the Regency of Algiers. It corresponds to a form of management of the link between tribe and central State in the Maghreb prefigured in its central part since the Fatimid era and developing particularly under the Zyyanides. The origin of the “makhzen system” lies in the weakening of the Hafsid, Marinid and Zayyanid states towards the end of the Middle Ages linked to Spanish pressure in Andalusia and on the Maghreb coast, the Ottoman advance and internal struggles. These dynasties call on the Hilalian Bedouin tribes to retain a minimum of power and delegate control of part of their territory to them. This is the iqta system: the tribes collect taxes, which they pay in part to their sovereign to whom they also owe military service. This system, developed at the time of these three dynasties, already existing under the Fatimids, is particularly used by the Zianid dynasty. The regency of Algiers and the colonial episode The Makhzen tribes were socially classified within the rural population of the Eyalet of Algiers, as they were the strong supporter of the Ottoman Algerian administration in the countryside, which was looking for a strong local support that would enhance its influence and presence, and from the same rural community targeted in order to cover up the numerical weakness of the Ottomans who were confined to the main cities of the regency. the Historian Ahmed Tewfik El Madani (1899–1983) wrote: The Makhzen tribes played multiple important roles, whether in terms of military or economic support, for the benefit of the Ottoman administration in Algeria, in addition to imposing public order and the authority of the beyliks on the population. They also became administratively framed by the Ottoman authority and enjoyed many privileges that ensured their loyalty.
|
2023-12-02T17:01:08Z
|
2023-12-08T08:06:55Z
|
[
"Template:Quote",
"Template:Unreferenced section",
"Template:Portal",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhzen_(Algeria)
|
75,465,155 |
Monica Chang'anamuno
|
[] |
2023-12-02T17:01:30Z
|
2023-12-17T07:55:44Z
|
[] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Chang%27anamuno
|
||
75,465,176 |
Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem
|
In extremal set theory, the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem generalizes the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem to t-intersecting families. Given parameters n, k and t, it describes the maximum size of a t-intersecting family of subsets of { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}} of size k, as well as the families achieving the maximum size.
Let n ≥ k ≥ t ≥ 1 {\displaystyle n\geq k\geq t\geq 1} be integer parameters. A t-intersecting family F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is a collection of subsets of { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}} of size k such that if A , B ∈ F {\displaystyle A,B\in {\cal {F}}} then | A ∩ B | ≥ t {\displaystyle |A\cap B|\geq t} . Frankl constructed the t-intersecting families
The Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem states that if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then
Furthermore, equality is possible only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is equivalent to a Frankl family, meaning that it coincides with one after permuting the coordinates.
More explicitly, if
(where the upper bound is ignored when r = 0 {\displaystyle r=0} ) then | F | ≤ | F n , k , t , r | {\displaystyle |{\mathcal {F}}|\leq |{\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}|} , with equality if an only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is equivalent to F n , k , t , r {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}} ; and if
then | F | ≤ | F n , k , t , r | = | F n , k , t , r + 1 | {\displaystyle |{\mathcal {F}}|\leq |{\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}|=|{\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r+1}|} , with equality if an only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is equivalent to F n , k , t , r {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}} or to F n , k , t , r + 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r+1}} .
Erdős, Ko and Rado showed that if n ≥ t + ( k − t ) ( k t ) 2 {\displaystyle n\geq t+(k-t){\binom {k}{t}}^{2}} then the maximum size of a t-intersecting family is | F n , k , t , 0 | = ( n − t k − t ) {\displaystyle |{\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,0}|={\binom {n-t}{k-t}}} . Frankl proved that when t ≥ 15 {\displaystyle t\geq 15} , the same bound holds for all n ≥ ( t + 1 ) ( k − t − 1 ) {\displaystyle n\geq (t+1)(k-t-1)} , which is tight due to the example F n , k , t , 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,1}} . This was extended to all t (using completely different techniques) by Wilson.
As for smaller n, Erdős, Ko and Rado made the 4 m {\displaystyle 4m} conjecture, which states that when ( n , k , t ) = ( 4 m , 2 m , 2 ) {\displaystyle (n,k,t)=(4m,2m,2)} , the maximum size of a t-intersecting family is
which coincides with the size of the Frankl family F 4 m , 2 m , 2 , m − 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{4m,2m,2,m-1}} . This conjecture is a special case of the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem.
Ahlswede and Khachatrian proved their theorem in two different ways: using generating sets and using its dual. Using similar techniques, they later proved the corresponding Hilton–Milner theorem, which determines the maximum size of a t-intersecting family with the additional condition that no element is contained in all sets of the family.
Katona's intersection theorem determines the maximum size of an intersecting family of subsets of { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}} . When 1 {\displaystyle {1}} is odd, the unique optimal family consists of all sets of size at least m + 1 {\displaystyle m+1} (corresponding to the Majority function), and when 1 {\displaystyle {1}} is odd, the unique optimal families consist of all sets whose intersection with a fixed set of size 2 m − 1 {\displaystyle 2m-1} is at least m − 1 {\displaystyle m-1} (Majority on 2 m − 1 {\displaystyle 2m-1} coordinates).
Friedgut considered a measure-theoretic generalization of Katona's theorem, in which instead of maximizing the size of the intersecting family, we maximize its μ p {\displaystyle \mu _{p}} -measure, where μ p {\displaystyle \mu _{p}} is given by the formula
The measure μ p {\displaystyle \mu _{p}} corresponds to the process which chooses a random subset of { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,n\}} by adding each element with probability p independently.
Katona's intersection theorem is the case 1 {\displaystyle {1}} . Friedgut considered the case p < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p<1/2} . The weighted analog of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem states that if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is intersecting then μ p ( F ) ≤ p {\displaystyle \mu _{p}({\cal {F)\leq p}}} for all p < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p<1/2} , with equality if and only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} consists of all sets containing a fixed point. Friedgut proved the analog of Wilson's result in this setting: if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then μ p ( F ) ≤ p t {\displaystyle \mu _{p}({\cal {F)\leq p^{t}}}} for all p < 1 / ( t + 1 ) {\displaystyle p<1/(t+1)} , with equality if and only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} consists of all sets containing t fixed points. Friedgut's techniques are similar to Wilson's.
Dinur and Safra and Ahlswede and Khachatrian observed that the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem implies its own weighted version, for all p < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p<1/2} . To state the weighted version, we first define the analogs of the Frankl families:
The weighted Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem states that if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then for all 0 < p < 1 {\displaystyle 0<p<1} ,
with equality only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is equivalent to a Frankl family. Explicitly, F n , t , r {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n,t,r}} is optimal in the range
The argument of Dinur and Safra proves this result for all p < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p<1/2} , without the characterization of the optimal cases. The main idea is that if we take a random subset of { 1 , … , N } {\displaystyle \{1,\dots ,N\}} of size ⌊ p N ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor pN\rfloor } , then the distribution of its intersection with { 1 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,\ldots ,n\}} tends to μ p {\displaystyle \mu _{p}} as N → ∞ {\displaystyle N\to \infty } .
Filmus weighted Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem for all n , t , p {\displaystyle n,t,p} using the original arguments of Ahlswede and Khachatrian for p < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p<1/2} , and using a different argument of Ahlswede and Khachatrian, originally used to provide an alternative proof of Katona's theorem, for p ≥ 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p\geq 1/2} .
Ahlswede and Khachatrian proved a version of the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem for strings over a finite alphabet. Given a finite alphabet Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } , a collection of strings of length n is t-intersecting if any two strings in the collection agree in at least t places. The analogs of the Frankl family in this setting are
where w 0 ∈ Σ n {\displaystyle w_{0}\in \Sigma ^{n}} is an arbitrary word, and | w ∩ w 0 | {\displaystyle |w\cap w_{0}|} is the number of positions in which w and w 0 {\displaystyle w_{0}} agree.
The Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem for strings states that if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then
with equality if and only if F {\displaystyle {\cal {F}}} is equivalent to a Frankl family.
The theorem is proved by a reduction to the weighted Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem, with p = 1 / | Σ | {\displaystyle p=1/|\Sigma |} .
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In extremal set theory, the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem generalizes the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem to t-intersecting families. Given parameters n, k and t, it describes the maximum size of a t-intersecting family of subsets of { 1 , … , n } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\dots ,n\\}} of size k, as well as the families achieving the maximum size.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Let n ≥ k ≥ t ≥ 1 {\\displaystyle n\\geq k\\geq t\\geq 1} be integer parameters. A t-intersecting family F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is a collection of subsets of { 1 , … , n } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\dots ,n\\}} of size k such that if A , B ∈ F {\\displaystyle A,B\\in {\\cal {F}}} then | A ∩ B | ≥ t {\\displaystyle |A\\cap B|\\geq t} . Frankl constructed the t-intersecting families",
"title": "Statement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem states that if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then",
"title": "Statement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Furthermore, equality is possible only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is equivalent to a Frankl family, meaning that it coincides with one after permuting the coordinates.",
"title": "Statement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "More explicitly, if",
"title": "Statement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "(where the upper bound is ignored when r = 0 {\\displaystyle r=0} ) then | F | ≤ | F n , k , t , r | {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|\\leq |{\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}|} , with equality if an only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is equivalent to F n , k , t , r {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}} ; and if",
"title": "Statement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "then | F | ≤ | F n , k , t , r | = | F n , k , t , r + 1 | {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|\\leq |{\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}|=|{\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r+1}|} , with equality if an only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is equivalent to F n , k , t , r {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r}} or to F n , k , t , r + 1 {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,r+1}} .",
"title": "Statement"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Erdős, Ko and Rado showed that if n ≥ t + ( k − t ) ( k t ) 2 {\\displaystyle n\\geq t+(k-t){\\binom {k}{t}}^{2}} then the maximum size of a t-intersecting family is | F n , k , t , 0 | = ( n − t k − t ) {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,0}|={\\binom {n-t}{k-t}}} . Frankl proved that when t ≥ 15 {\\displaystyle t\\geq 15} , the same bound holds for all n ≥ ( t + 1 ) ( k − t − 1 ) {\\displaystyle n\\geq (t+1)(k-t-1)} , which is tight due to the example F n , k , t , 1 {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{n,k,t,1}} . This was extended to all t (using completely different techniques) by Wilson.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "As for smaller n, Erdős, Ko and Rado made the 4 m {\\displaystyle 4m} conjecture, which states that when ( n , k , t ) = ( 4 m , 2 m , 2 ) {\\displaystyle (n,k,t)=(4m,2m,2)} , the maximum size of a t-intersecting family is",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "which coincides with the size of the Frankl family F 4 m , 2 m , 2 , m − 1 {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{4m,2m,2,m-1}} . This conjecture is a special case of the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Ahlswede and Khachatrian proved their theorem in two different ways: using generating sets and using its dual. Using similar techniques, they later proved the corresponding Hilton–Milner theorem, which determines the maximum size of a t-intersecting family with the additional condition that no element is contained in all sets of the family.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Katona's intersection theorem determines the maximum size of an intersecting family of subsets of { 1 , … , n } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\dots ,n\\}} . When 1 {\\displaystyle {1}} is odd, the unique optimal family consists of all sets of size at least m + 1 {\\displaystyle m+1} (corresponding to the Majority function), and when 1 {\\displaystyle {1}} is odd, the unique optimal families consist of all sets whose intersection with a fixed set of size 2 m − 1 {\\displaystyle 2m-1} is at least m − 1 {\\displaystyle m-1} (Majority on 2 m − 1 {\\displaystyle 2m-1} coordinates).",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Friedgut considered a measure-theoretic generalization of Katona's theorem, in which instead of maximizing the size of the intersecting family, we maximize its μ p {\\displaystyle \\mu _{p}} -measure, where μ p {\\displaystyle \\mu _{p}} is given by the formula",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The measure μ p {\\displaystyle \\mu _{p}} corresponds to the process which chooses a random subset of { 1 , … , n } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\dots ,n\\}} by adding each element with probability p independently.",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Katona's intersection theorem is the case 1 {\\displaystyle {1}} . Friedgut considered the case p < 1 / 2 {\\displaystyle p<1/2} . The weighted analog of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem states that if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is intersecting then μ p ( F ) ≤ p {\\displaystyle \\mu _{p}({\\cal {F)\\leq p}}} for all p < 1 / 2 {\\displaystyle p<1/2} , with equality if and only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} consists of all sets containing a fixed point. Friedgut proved the analog of Wilson's result in this setting: if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then μ p ( F ) ≤ p t {\\displaystyle \\mu _{p}({\\cal {F)\\leq p^{t}}}} for all p < 1 / ( t + 1 ) {\\displaystyle p<1/(t+1)} , with equality if and only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} consists of all sets containing t fixed points. Friedgut's techniques are similar to Wilson's.",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Dinur and Safra and Ahlswede and Khachatrian observed that the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem implies its own weighted version, for all p < 1 / 2 {\\displaystyle p<1/2} . To state the weighted version, we first define the analogs of the Frankl families:",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The weighted Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem states that if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then for all 0 < p < 1 {\\displaystyle 0<p<1} ,",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "with equality only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is equivalent to a Frankl family. Explicitly, F n , t , r {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{n,t,r}} is optimal in the range",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The argument of Dinur and Safra proves this result for all p < 1 / 2 {\\displaystyle p<1/2} , without the characterization of the optimal cases. The main idea is that if we take a random subset of { 1 , … , N } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\dots ,N\\}} of size ⌊ p N ⌋ {\\displaystyle \\lfloor pN\\rfloor } , then the distribution of its intersection with { 1 , … , n } {\\displaystyle \\{1,\\ldots ,n\\}} tends to μ p {\\displaystyle \\mu _{p}} as N → ∞ {\\displaystyle N\\to \\infty } .",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Filmus weighted Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem for all n , t , p {\\displaystyle n,t,p} using the original arguments of Ahlswede and Khachatrian for p < 1 / 2 {\\displaystyle p<1/2} , and using a different argument of Ahlswede and Khachatrian, originally used to provide an alternative proof of Katona's theorem, for p ≥ 1 / 2 {\\displaystyle p\\geq 1/2} .",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Ahlswede and Khachatrian proved a version of the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem for strings over a finite alphabet. Given a finite alphabet Σ {\\displaystyle \\Sigma } , a collection of strings of length n is t-intersecting if any two strings in the collection agree in at least t places. The analogs of the Frankl family in this setting are",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "where w 0 ∈ Σ n {\\displaystyle w_{0}\\in \\Sigma ^{n}} is an arbitrary word, and | w ∩ w 0 | {\\displaystyle |w\\cap w_{0}|} is the number of positions in which w and w 0 {\\displaystyle w_{0}} agree.",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem for strings states that if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is t-intersecting then",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "with equality if and only if F {\\displaystyle {\\cal {F}}} is equivalent to a Frankl family.",
"title": "Related results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "The theorem is proved by a reduction to the weighted Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem, with p = 1 / | Σ | {\\displaystyle p=1/|\\Sigma |} .",
"title": "Related results"
}
] |
In extremal set theory, the Ahlswede–Khachatrian theorem generalizes the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem to t-intersecting families. Given parameters n, k and t, it describes the maximum size of a t-intersecting family of subsets of { 1 , … , n } of size k, as well as the families achieving the maximum size.
|
2023-12-02T17:04:39Z
|
2023-12-28T09:58:44Z
|
[
"Template:Mvar",
"Template:Tmath",
"Template:Harvtxt",
"Template:Refbegin",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite conference",
"Template:Refend"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlswede%E2%80%93Khachatrian_theorem
|
75,465,178 |
The Affairs of Peter Salem
|
The Affairs of Peter Salem is an American radio detective drama that was broadcast on Mutual from April 25, 1949, or May 7, 1949, until April 18, 1953.
Peter Salem came from a small town but lived in the East 80s in New York City. Some neighbors considered him disreputable, possibly because of the strange clients who came looking for his help. He was a "suave and sophisticated private detective". With his sidekick, Marty, Salem avoided violence by using reasoning "to trip up sophisticated lawbreakers from the city."
The show's producer, Himan Brown described Salem as "a rather portly, affable bachelor for whom the comforts of life are first thoughts", particularly enjoying good food and relaxing in his easy chair. His clients provided enough funding for him to enjoy his gourmet tastes. Salem had "a violent dislike for strenuous exercising" and described himself as fat.
Santos Ortega portrayed Salem, and Jack Grimes played Marty. Other actors heard on the show included Ann Shepherd, Everett Sloane, and Luis Van Rooten.
In addition to Brown as the producer, Mende Brown was the director, and Louis Vittes was the writer. The Affairs of Peter Salem was initially broadcast on Monday evenings. On April 30, 1950, it was moved to Sunday evenings as part of a block of adventure and mystery programs on Mutual.
A review in the trade publication Variety noted "the slick performance of Santos Ortega". The supporting cast was described as "capable", and the reviewer added, "Script and direction were also okay."
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Affairs of Peter Salem is an American radio detective drama that was broadcast on Mutual from April 25, 1949, or May 7, 1949, until April 18, 1953.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Peter Salem came from a small town but lived in the East 80s in New York City. Some neighbors considered him disreputable, possibly because of the strange clients who came looking for his help. He was a \"suave and sophisticated private detective\". With his sidekick, Marty, Salem avoided violence by using reasoning \"to trip up sophisticated lawbreakers from the city.\"",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The show's producer, Himan Brown described Salem as \"a rather portly, affable bachelor for whom the comforts of life are first thoughts\", particularly enjoying good food and relaxing in his easy chair. His clients provided enough funding for him to enjoy his gourmet tastes. Salem had \"a violent dislike for strenuous exercising\" and described himself as fat.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Santos Ortega portrayed Salem, and Jack Grimes played Marty. Other actors heard on the show included Ann Shepherd, Everett Sloane, and Luis Van Rooten.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In addition to Brown as the producer, Mende Brown was the director, and Louis Vittes was the writer. The Affairs of Peter Salem was initially broadcast on Monday evenings. On April 30, 1950, it was moved to Sunday evenings as part of a block of adventure and mystery programs on Mutual.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A review in the trade publication Variety noted \"the slick performance of Santos Ortega\". The supporting cast was described as \"capable\", and the reviewer added, \"Script and direction were also okay.\"",
"title": "Critical response"
}
] |
The Affairs of Peter Salem is an American radio detective drama that was broadcast on Mutual from April 25, 1949, or May 7, 1949, until April 18, 1953.
|
2023-12-02T17:04:50Z
|
2023-12-09T17:02:46Z
|
[
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Italics title",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Affairs_of_Peter_Salem
|
75,465,192 |
Britt Dekker
|
Britt Dekker (born 24 February 1992) is a Dutch equestrian, actress and television presenter. She has presented several television shows, including Britt's Beestenbende, We Want More and First & Last. Dekker is also known for her role as Megan in the films Whitestar (2019) and Silverstar (2022).
Dekker appeared in 65 episodes of the dating show Take Me Out, the Dutch version of the Australian show Taken Out, presented by Eddy Zoëy. In 2011, she won the television show Echte meisjes in de jungle, the first season of the Echte meisjes ... television series. In the show, female contestants from several reality television shows went to Suriname to compete in various challenges.
Dekker and Ymke Wieringa both appeared in Take Me Out and Echte meisjes in de jungle and they went on to present several shows together, including De zomer van Britt & Ymke (2011) and Britt en Ymke en het mysterie van... (2012). In 2012, Dekker appeared in Echte meisjes op zoek naar zichzelf, the second season of the Echte meisjes ... television series. This season took place in Nepal. She also appeared in a 2012 episode of the television game show De Jongens tegen de Meisjes.
In 2019, Dekker played the role of Megan in the adventure film Whitestar. It was her film debut. She also played Megan in the 2022 adventure film Silverstar. In that same year, she also played a role in the film De Club van Sinterklaas en de Race Tegen de Klok.
Dekker presented the quiz show Britt's Beestenbende, with questions about animals, in 2019 and 2020. The show was nominated for a 2020 Zapp Award in the category Favoriete Jeugdprogramma.
In 2023, Dekker appeared in an episode of The Masked Singer.
In 2023, Dekker published the children's book Een veulen op de manege. As of December 2023, her children's book Winteravontuur te paard is scheduled to be published in January 2024.
She finished in 13th place at the 2018 Dutch Dressage Championships held in Ermelo, Netherlands and she finished in 11th place in the competition in 2021. In 2023, Dekker won the gold medal in her event at the Iberian Masters event held in Paris, France.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Britt Dekker (born 24 February 1992) is a Dutch equestrian, actress and television presenter. She has presented several television shows, including Britt's Beestenbende, We Want More and First & Last. Dekker is also known for her role as Megan in the films Whitestar (2019) and Silverstar (2022).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dekker appeared in 65 episodes of the dating show Take Me Out, the Dutch version of the Australian show Taken Out, presented by Eddy Zoëy. In 2011, she won the television show Echte meisjes in de jungle, the first season of the Echte meisjes ... television series. In the show, female contestants from several reality television shows went to Suriname to compete in various challenges.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Dekker and Ymke Wieringa both appeared in Take Me Out and Echte meisjes in de jungle and they went on to present several shows together, including De zomer van Britt & Ymke (2011) and Britt en Ymke en het mysterie van... (2012). In 2012, Dekker appeared in Echte meisjes op zoek naar zichzelf, the second season of the Echte meisjes ... television series. This season took place in Nepal. She also appeared in a 2012 episode of the television game show De Jongens tegen de Meisjes.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2019, Dekker played the role of Megan in the adventure film Whitestar. It was her film debut. She also played Megan in the 2022 adventure film Silverstar. In that same year, she also played a role in the film De Club van Sinterklaas en de Race Tegen de Klok.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Dekker presented the quiz show Britt's Beestenbende, with questions about animals, in 2019 and 2020. The show was nominated for a 2020 Zapp Award in the category Favoriete Jeugdprogramma.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2023, Dekker appeared in an episode of The Masked Singer.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2023, Dekker published the children's book Een veulen op de manege. As of December 2023, her children's book Winteravontuur te paard is scheduled to be published in January 2024.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "She finished in 13th place at the 2018 Dutch Dressage Championships held in Ermelo, Netherlands and she finished in 11th place in the competition in 2021. In 2023, Dekker won the gold medal in her event at the Iberian Masters event held in Paris, France.",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
Britt Dekker is a Dutch equestrian, actress and television presenter. She has presented several television shows, including Britt's Beestenbende, We Want More and First & Last. Dekker is also known for her role as Megan in the films Whitestar (2019) and Silverstar (2022).
|
2023-12-02T17:06:16Z
|
2023-12-31T02:00:13Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:As of",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:IMDb name",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:Authority control"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Dekker
|
75,465,201 |
Hans-Joachim Böhme
|
Hans-Joachim Böhme (29 December 1929 – 4 September 2012) was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED).
In the German Democratic Republic, he served as the longtime First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle and was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED.
Until 1955, Böhme served as an SED party staff member initially at the district level (Bernburg), later in Bezirk Halle. From 1955 to 1958, he obtained a diploma in Social Sciences at the "Karl Marx" Party Academy. Afterward, he served as the First Secretary of the SED in Weißenfels until 1963.
From 1968 to 1974, he was the Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda and from 1974 the Second Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle.
In 1967, he obtained his doctorate from the University of Halle with a thesis on Political Consciousness Formation in Socialism – Issues of political consciousness formation in the period of comprehensive socialism development in the GDR and its management by the Marxist–Leninist party, illustrated by the activities of the SED leadership in Bezirk Halle.
In May 1981, Böhme rose to the position of the First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle, incumbent Werner Felfe joining the Central Committee Secretariat as Secretary responsible for Agriculture.
From 1981 to 1989, Böhme was a member of the Central Committee of the SED and a member of the Volkskammer. From 21 April 1986 (XI. Party Congress) until his resignation in November 1989, he was a full member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED, the de facto highest leadership body in East Germany, Bezirk Halle being an important centre for the chemical industry.
Böhme's tenure was viewed negatively. His leadership style was authoritarian, occasionally described as absolutist, and he was viewed as a hardliner. Unlike other First Secretaries such as Hans Modrow and Werner Walde, he lived a lavish lifestyle. Böhme additionally was accused of embezzlement and personal enrichment, among other things funneling 45000 East German mark public money into the construction of a lodge. Despite evidence, he was acquitted after spending two months in pre-trial detention.
Böhme was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1969 and 1980, and the Karl Marx Order in 1984.
During the Wende, on 9 November 1989, the SED in Halle removed him from the position of First Secretary and installed reformer Roland Claus as his successor. Böhme consequently resigned from the Politburo he had just been reelected to.
Böhme did not take personal responsibility for the failure of the SED, blaming the other SED Bezirk Halle leadership members. On 20 January 1990, he was expelled from the now-renamed SED-PDS party in an unanimous vote, the party Central Arbitration Commission citing his personal enrichment and reaction to the demonstrations.
Like other former Politburo members, Böhme was charged with "complicity in manslaughter" (political responsibility for the fatal shootings at the Berlin Wall) by the Berlin Regional Court in the Berlin Wall shooting trials. After initially being acquitted in 2000, Böhme was sentenced on 6 August 2004, to 15 months of probation.
He lived as a retiree in Halle-Neustadt.
Media related to Hans-Joachim Böhme (Halle) at Wikimedia Commons
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hans-Joachim Böhme (29 December 1929 – 4 September 2012) was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the German Democratic Republic, he served as the longtime First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle and was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Until 1955, Böhme served as an SED party staff member initially at the district level (Bernburg), later in Bezirk Halle. From 1955 to 1958, he obtained a diploma in Social Sciences at the \"Karl Marx\" Party Academy. Afterward, he served as the First Secretary of the SED in Weißenfels until 1963.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "From 1968 to 1974, he was the Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda and from 1974 the Second Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1967, he obtained his doctorate from the University of Halle with a thesis on Political Consciousness Formation in Socialism – Issues of political consciousness formation in the period of comprehensive socialism development in the GDR and its management by the Marxist–Leninist party, illustrated by the activities of the SED leadership in Bezirk Halle.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In May 1981, Böhme rose to the position of the First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle, incumbent Werner Felfe joining the Central Committee Secretariat as Secretary responsible for Agriculture.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From 1981 to 1989, Böhme was a member of the Central Committee of the SED and a member of the Volkskammer. From 21 April 1986 (XI. Party Congress) until his resignation in November 1989, he was a full member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED, the de facto highest leadership body in East Germany, Bezirk Halle being an important centre for the chemical industry.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Böhme's tenure was viewed negatively. His leadership style was authoritarian, occasionally described as absolutist, and he was viewed as a hardliner. Unlike other First Secretaries such as Hans Modrow and Werner Walde, he lived a lavish lifestyle. Böhme additionally was accused of embezzlement and personal enrichment, among other things funneling 45000 East German mark public money into the construction of a lodge. Despite evidence, he was acquitted after spending two months in pre-trial detention.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Böhme was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1969 and 1980, and the Karl Marx Order in 1984.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "During the Wende, on 9 November 1989, the SED in Halle removed him from the position of First Secretary and installed reformer Roland Claus as his successor. Böhme consequently resigned from the Politburo he had just been reelected to.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Böhme did not take personal responsibility for the failure of the SED, blaming the other SED Bezirk Halle leadership members. On 20 January 1990, he was expelled from the now-renamed SED-PDS party in an unanimous vote, the party Central Arbitration Commission citing his personal enrichment and reaction to the demonstrations.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Like other former Politburo members, Böhme was charged with \"complicity in manslaughter\" (political responsibility for the fatal shootings at the Berlin Wall) by the Berlin Regional Court in the Berlin Wall shooting trials. After initially being acquitted in 2000, Böhme was sentenced on 6 August 2004, to 15 months of probation.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "He lived as a retiree in Halle-Neustadt.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Media related to Hans-Joachim Böhme (Halle) at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Hans-Joachim Böhme was a German politician and high-ranking party functionary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). In the German Democratic Republic, he served as the longtime First Secretary of the SED in Bezirk Halle and was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED.
|
2023-12-02T17:07:18Z
|
2023-12-10T16:47:44Z
|
[
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Commons category-inline",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_B%C3%B6hme
|
75,465,218 |
Hakim Ibragimov
|
Hakim Ibragimov (born 2 October 1990) is an Azerbaijani track and field athlete, member of the Azerbaijan national athletics team. He took part in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, where he was a guide for Elmir Dzhabrailova, Elchina Muradova and Elena Chebanu.
Hakim Ibragimov was born on 2 October 1990, in Tashkent. At the age of 10, he moved to Baku with his parents.
When he was in school, a physical education teacher saw how he showed himself in class and advised him to take up athletics, recommending him to his mentor Vladimir Mikhailovich. Later, Ibragimov began studying with Javid Haspoladov.
He took part in international competitions in Georgia dedicated to Viktor Saneev, where he took 4th place. He participated in tournaments in Trabzon, Serbia, and Azerbaijan. At home, Hakim Ibragimov showed his best result in Yakut jumping competitions, after which he received the title of candidate master of sports in triple jumps. In Yakutia, Ibragimov was officially recognized as a master of sports in Yakut jumping.
In February 2010, Ibragimov became the winner of the triple jump competition of the international athletics tournament dedicated to the memory of the Honored Master of Sports Alexander Antipov, as well as the winner of the bronze medal in the long jump.
In 2012, he competed at the European Championships in Helsinki, where he showed a result of 47.47 seconds in the 400 meters and did not make it to the semifinals.
In January 2016, Ibragimov became the champion of Baku in the 800 meters, and at the international tournament in Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan) he won the 800 meters (1:54.86), breaking the tournament record, and the bronze medalist in the 400 meters relay.
In the same year, he took part in the Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro as a guide for a number of athletes of the Azerbaijani national team. At the Games, he helped Elena Cheban win a silver medal in the 100 meters and a bronze in the 200 meters. In September 2016, Ibrahimov was awarded the Progress Medal by order of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev for his high achievements at the XV Summer Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, as well as for his services to the development of Azerbaijani sports.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hakim Ibragimov (born 2 October 1990) is an Azerbaijani track and field athlete, member of the Azerbaijan national athletics team. He took part in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, where he was a guide for Elmir Dzhabrailova, Elchina Muradova and Elena Chebanu.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hakim Ibragimov was born on 2 October 1990, in Tashkent. At the age of 10, he moved to Baku with his parents.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "When he was in school, a physical education teacher saw how he showed himself in class and advised him to take up athletics, recommending him to his mentor Vladimir Mikhailovich. Later, Ibragimov began studying with Javid Haspoladov.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He took part in international competitions in Georgia dedicated to Viktor Saneev, where he took 4th place. He participated in tournaments in Trabzon, Serbia, and Azerbaijan. At home, Hakim Ibragimov showed his best result in Yakut jumping competitions, after which he received the title of candidate master of sports in triple jumps. In Yakutia, Ibragimov was officially recognized as a master of sports in Yakut jumping.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In February 2010, Ibragimov became the winner of the triple jump competition of the international athletics tournament dedicated to the memory of the Honored Master of Sports Alexander Antipov, as well as the winner of the bronze medal in the long jump.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2012, he competed at the European Championships in Helsinki, where he showed a result of 47.47 seconds in the 400 meters and did not make it to the semifinals.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In January 2016, Ibragimov became the champion of Baku in the 800 meters, and at the international tournament in Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan) he won the 800 meters (1:54.86), breaking the tournament record, and the bronze medalist in the 400 meters relay.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the same year, he took part in the Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro as a guide for a number of athletes of the Azerbaijani national team. At the Games, he helped Elena Cheban win a silver medal in the 100 meters and a bronze in the 200 meters. In September 2016, Ibrahimov was awarded the Progress Medal by order of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev for his high achievements at the XV Summer Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, as well as for his services to the development of Azerbaijani sports.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] |
Hakim Ibragimov is an Azerbaijani track and field athlete, member of the Azerbaijan national athletics team. He took part in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, where he was a guide for Elmir Dzhabrailova, Elchina Muradova and Elena Chebanu.
|
2023-12-02T17:10:28Z
|
2023-12-29T00:06:58Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox sportsperson",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Orphan"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Ibragimov
|
75,465,219 |
Scheduled monuments in Merseyside
|
This is a list of scheduled monuments in Merseyside, a metropolitan county in England.
In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a "nationally important" archaeological site or historic building that has been given protection against unauthorised change by being placed on a list (or "schedule") by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport; English Heritage takes the leading role in identifying such sites. Scheduled monuments are defined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the National Heritage Act 1983. There are about 20,000 scheduled monument entries on the list, which is maintained by English Heritage; more than one site can be included in a single entry.
While a scheduled monument can also be recognised as a listed building, English Heritage considers listed building status as a better way of protecting buildings than scheduled monument status. If a monument is considered by English Heritage to "no longer merit scheduling" it can be descheduled.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a list of scheduled monuments in Merseyside, a metropolitan county in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a \"nationally important\" archaeological site or historic building that has been given protection against unauthorised change by being placed on a list (or \"schedule\") by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport; English Heritage takes the leading role in identifying such sites. Scheduled monuments are defined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the National Heritage Act 1983. There are about 20,000 scheduled monument entries on the list, which is maintained by English Heritage; more than one site can be included in a single entry.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While a scheduled monument can also be recognised as a listed building, English Heritage considers listed building status as a better way of protecting buildings than scheduled monument status. If a monument is considered by English Heritage to \"no longer merit scheduling\" it can be descheduled.",
"title": ""
}
] |
This is a list of scheduled monuments in Merseyside, a metropolitan county in England. In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a "nationally important" archaeological site or historic building that has been given protection against unauthorised change by being placed on a list by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport; English Heritage takes the leading role in identifying such sites. Scheduled monuments are defined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the National Heritage Act 1983. There are about 20,000 scheduled monument entries on the list, which is maintained by English Heritage; more than one site can be included in a single entry. While a scheduled monument can also be recognised as a listed building, English Heritage considers listed building status as a better way of protecting buildings than scheduled monument status. If a monument is considered by English Heritage to "no longer merit scheduling" it can be descheduled.
|
2023-12-02T17:10:29Z
|
2023-12-02T19:03:24Z
|
[
"Template:Merseyside",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Incomplete list",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Scheduled monuments in England"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Merseyside
|
75,465,230 |
Asaf Hamami
|
Asaf Hamami (Hebrew: אסף חממי. December 2, 1982 – October 7, 2023) was an IDF officer with the rank of Colonel, serving as the commander of the Southern Brigade in the Gaza Strip. Prior to that, he served as the commander of the Negev Brigade, commander of the Oz Brigade training school, and commander of the Tzabar Battalion.
On October 7, 2023, in the battles of 2023 Israel–Hamas war he was killed defending Kibbutz Nirim. His body was kidnapped to Gaza by the Hamas. Along with Roi Levy, Yonatan Steinberg and Yitzhak Ben-Bashat, they are the most senior officers killed in the IDF in this war.
Hamami enlisted in the IDF in 2001, was placed in the Givati Brigade and accepted into the Givati Reconnaissance Battalion. He underwent training as a fighter, an infantry commanders' course, and an infantry officers' course. Upon completing the course, he returned to the Reconnaissance Battalion and was appointed a team commander. Later, he served as the commander of the training company in the Givati Brigade. He was then appointed the commander of the support company in the Rotem Battalion. In April 2010, he received the Chief of Staff's Citation from Gabi Ashkenazi. He later served in command positions in the Maglan Unit. In 2012, he was appointed the commander of the Rimon Unit, and served in this position until 2013. He was then appointed the deputy commander of the Shaked Battalion.
In 2015, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and appointed the deputy commander of the Northern Brigade in the Gaza Strip, serving in this position until 2016. On September 30, 2016, he was appointed the commander of the Tzabar Battalion, a position he held until August 27, 2018. He established the Oz Battalion and commanded it from 2018 to 2020. In July 2020, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and appointed the commander of the Negev Brigade, serving in this position until May 9, 2022. On May 29, 2022, he was appointed the commander of the Southern Brigade in the Gaza Strip.
On October 7, 2023, he was killed during the battles in a surprise attack on Israel, defending Kibbutz Nirim. His body was kidnapped to Gaza by the Hamas organization. A funeral proceeding for Hamami was performed without his body. The funeral was attended by thousands, including senior military officers and the Israeli Defense Minister, Yoav Gallant.
Chamami's 6-year-old son, who was present during the attack, was hidden by Chamami's soldiers in one of the rooms at the base along with his father. Only about 10 hours after the attack began was the child taken from the base and returned to his mother.
Hamami was married and a father of three. He held a Bachelor's and master's degree in Political Science and Security from the University of Haifa. He lived in Kiryat Ono.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Asaf Hamami (Hebrew: אסף חממי. December 2, 1982 – October 7, 2023) was an IDF officer with the rank of Colonel, serving as the commander of the Southern Brigade in the Gaza Strip. Prior to that, he served as the commander of the Negev Brigade, commander of the Oz Brigade training school, and commander of the Tzabar Battalion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On October 7, 2023, in the battles of 2023 Israel–Hamas war he was killed defending Kibbutz Nirim. His body was kidnapped to Gaza by the Hamas. Along with Roi Levy, Yonatan Steinberg and Yitzhak Ben-Bashat, they are the most senior officers killed in the IDF in this war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hamami enlisted in the IDF in 2001, was placed in the Givati Brigade and accepted into the Givati Reconnaissance Battalion. He underwent training as a fighter, an infantry commanders' course, and an infantry officers' course. Upon completing the course, he returned to the Reconnaissance Battalion and was appointed a team commander. Later, he served as the commander of the training company in the Givati Brigade. He was then appointed the commander of the support company in the Rotem Battalion. In April 2010, he received the Chief of Staff's Citation from Gabi Ashkenazi. He later served in command positions in the Maglan Unit. In 2012, he was appointed the commander of the Rimon Unit, and served in this position until 2013. He was then appointed the deputy commander of the Shaked Battalion.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2015, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and appointed the deputy commander of the Northern Brigade in the Gaza Strip, serving in this position until 2016. On September 30, 2016, he was appointed the commander of the Tzabar Battalion, a position he held until August 27, 2018. He established the Oz Battalion and commanded it from 2018 to 2020. In July 2020, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and appointed the commander of the Negev Brigade, serving in this position until May 9, 2022. On May 29, 2022, he was appointed the commander of the Southern Brigade in the Gaza Strip.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On October 7, 2023, he was killed during the battles in a surprise attack on Israel, defending Kibbutz Nirim. His body was kidnapped to Gaza by the Hamas organization. A funeral proceeding for Hamami was performed without his body. The funeral was attended by thousands, including senior military officers and the Israeli Defense Minister, Yoav Gallant.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Chamami's 6-year-old son, who was present during the attack, was hidden by Chamami's soldiers in one of the rooms at the base along with his father. Only about 10 hours after the attack began was the child taken from the base and returned to his mother.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Hamami was married and a father of three. He held a Bachelor's and master's degree in Political Science and Security from the University of Haifa. He lived in Kiryat Ono.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Asaf Hamami was an IDF officer with the rank of Colonel, serving as the commander of the Southern Brigade in the Gaza Strip. Prior to that, he served as the commander of the Negev Brigade, commander of the Oz Brigade training school, and commander of the Tzabar Battalion. On October 7, 2023, in the battles of 2023 Israel–Hamas war he was killed defending Kibbutz Nirim. His body was kidnapped to Gaza by the Hamas. Along with Roi Levy, Yonatan Steinberg and Yitzhak Ben-Bashat, they are the most senior officers killed in the IDF in this war.
|
2023-12-02T17:11:57Z
|
2023-12-27T11:43:21Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox military person",
"Template:Lang-he",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:2023 Israel–Hamas war"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaf_Hamami
|
75,465,240 |
Edith García Buchaca
|
Edith García Buchaca (1916–2015) was one of the highest ranking members of the Communist Party in Cuba from 1935 to 1964. Active in leftist politics and women's issues as a teenager in Cienfuegos, she joined the Communist Party in 1935 and strove to organize the women's wing, which was active in initiatives to improve workers' conditions. She joined and became a leader in the Union of Radical Women and participated in the Third Congress of Cuban Women in 1939. She was a successful candidate in the 1940 general election and served on the Constitutional Convention. García successfully introduced women's rights issues raised by the women's congress for consideration and inclusion in the 1940 Constitution.
Supporting anti-fascist measures during World War II, in 1941 García co-founded the National Anti-Fascist Front She was a co-founder and the first president of the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, formed in 1948 as an affiliate of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). García was a delegate to the WIDF 1948 Congress in Budapest, the 1949 Conference on Asian Women held in Beijing, and was elected to the 1953 Executive Council of WIDF. She was a leader in the Hands Off Korea campaign of the 1950s, a Cuban protest to the Korean War.
From 1945, García worked at the Institute of Cuban-Soviet Cultural Exchange, encouraging intellectuals to share their knowledge. After Fidel Castro's failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953, her husband was arrested along with other leftists who opposed the regime of Fulgencio Batista. Upon his release the couple and their children went into exile, finally settling in Mexico in 1956. From there they were active in Communist initiatives against various dictatorships in Latin America and the Caribbean, but did not support insurrection. When the Cuban Revolution ended in 1959, they returned to Cuba. García worked as the secretary of the National Institute of Culture, until the National Council of Culture was created in 1961, where she was also secretary.
Appointed as the head of cultural initiatives for the Communist Party, from 1961 to 1964, García was instrumental in institutionalizing cultural programs and establishing schools and facilities to promote the arts. Her booklet La teoría de la superestructura: la literatura y el arte (The Theory of the Superstructure: Literature and Art, 1961) was influential in the development of policies adapting the arts to meet socialist goals. Debates about whether the purpose of art was aesthetic or utilitarian led to the government's cultural censorship program, although in her era no forms of artistic expression were banned as long as they supported revolutionary ideals. In 1964, García was accused of protecting Marcos Rodríguez Alfonso ("Marquito") who had informed on activists behind the Directorio Revolucionario 13 de Marzo, leading to the Humboldt 7 massacre. She denied involvement and was exonerated by Castro. After her husband was accused of being a CIA informant, which she denied, the couple were arrested in 1964. From 1965 until her death in 2015, she lived under house arrest, despite never being tried for a criminal offense.
Edith García Buchaca was born in 1916 in Brooklyn, New York. During her childhood, she lived in Cienfuegos and met Carlos Rafael Rodríguez, who later became a lawyer, intellectual, and a high ranking member of the Cuban Communist Party. García was raised in a middle-class family and studied socio-economic and political science, before completing her studies in law. In the 1930s, she was involved in radical student leftist and feminist political activities. She and Rodríguez were founding members of the Grupo Ariel (Ariel Group), which was created in 1933 to allow young radicals to explore revolutionary thought. The Student Left Wing opposed the dismissal of professors during the Ramón Grau presidency and were generally critical of his administration. Grau was eventually replaced in 1934 by Carlos Mendieta in an attempt to quell the radicals. That year Rodríguez moved to Havana, and the couple joined the Cuban Communist Party in 1935, which later became the Popular Socialist Party. Around this time, she and Rodríguez married and had two daughters, Annabelle and Dania.
García worked with María Luisa Soler to organize the women's wing of the Communist Party. Their initiatives included proposals for equal pay, anti-discrimination legislation in the workplace, and measures in support of the right to sit. When the party was renamed in 1937 as the Unión Revolucionaria Comunista (Revolutionary Communist Union), she and ten other radical women, including cigar industry organizer Teresa García and poet María Villar Buceta, actively opposed the policies of President Federico Laredo Brú. She joined the Unión Radical de Mujeres (Union of Radical Women), a group which had formed in 1933 as a labor organization. García Buchaca became a leader of the group, working to legalize workers' unions and have employers recognize their arbitration rights, to nationalize Cuba's large agricultural estates, and to generally improve socio-political rights. In 1939, she served on the executive committee for the third Congress of Cuban Women. Working with other leading women, such as Vicentina Antuña [es], Ana Etchegoyen de Cañizares and Concepción Castañedo, she brought together two thousand women to discuss women's and children's issues, such as child labor, equal pay, land distribution, maternity rights, racial discrimination, and sex education. They also discussed the rise of fascism in Europe, interference of the United States in the Caribbean and Latin American states, and the politics of peace. García was a successful candidate for the Unión Revolucionaria Comunista in the 1940 general election, and became a participant in the Constitutional Convention. She brought forward the issues raised at the Women's Congress, demanding firm guarantees in the constitution for gender and racial equality. Among the provisions included were Article 20, which barred discrimination based on class, color, race, or sex; Article 43, which guaranteed married women equality; Article 44, which eliminated discrimination based on legitimacy; and Article 172, which established provision for a yet to be created tribunal to resolve legal conflicts with existing legislation, such as the family code, which vested family authority in the husband and father. The constitution required enabling legislation to be passed, yet although a commission was formed to draw up a new Civil Code in 1939, lawmakers failed to adopt the draft. It took another decade before women's rights were fully realized, with Law 9, Ley de Equiparaciôn de los Derechos Civiles de la Mujer (Women's Civil Rights Equalization Law) being passed on 20 December 1950.
During World War II, García became involved in anti-fascist and anti-imperialist activities. She joined organizations, such as the Liga de Mujeres Americanas en Defensa de la Democracia Continental (League of American Women in Defense of Continental Democracy), and was a co-founder of the Frente Nacional Antifascista (National Anti-Fascist Front) formed in 1941. The Unión Revolucionaria Comunista became the Partido Socialista Popular (Popular Socialist Party) in 1944, and García began serving on its National Committee. In 1945, she produced the Radio Mil Diez program Cuba en la post–guerra (Cuba in the Post-War), interviewing politicians and dignitaries about political issues. That year, she also helped establish the Instituto de Intercambio Cultural Cubano-Soviético (Institute of Cuban-Soviet Cultural Exchange), in an effort to encourage intellectuals in the two countries to share their knowledge. In 1946, García's affair with Joaquín Ordoqui Mesa triggered a scandal because of the high positions in the Communist Party of each member of the love triangle. Carlos Rafaél Rodríguez, García's husband was a former cabinet minister during the presidency of Fulgencio Batista and the editor of the Communist Party's newspaper Hoy (Today). Between 1944 and 1948, Ordoqui was a high-ranking party member and the vice president of the Cuban Chamber of Deputies. According to writer Carlos Alberto Montaner, what should have been a private matter became a public spectacle when the Central Committee of the Popular Socialist Party ordered a tribunal composed of Aníbal Escalante, Nicolás Guillén, Blas Roca, and Lázaro Peña [es] to rule on the matter and make a statement about the high moral conduct expected of party members. The lengthy trail resulted in reprimands and sanctions for the deception by García and Ordoqui against Rodríguez.
García and Ana M. Hidalgo joined with activists Mirta Aguirre, María Argüelles, Celia Machado, Candelaria Rodríguez, Caridad Sánchez, Cipriana Vidaurreta, and María Josefa Vidaurreta to found the Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas (Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, FDMC) in 1948. García was elected as president of the organization which was an affiliate of the Women's International Democratic Federation. She became director of Mujeres Cubanas (Cuban Women), the monthly magazine of the FDMC. She was one of the Cuban delegates to the 1948 Budapest Congress of WIDF and to the 1949 Beijing Asian Women's Conference. That year spoke at the Congreso Nacional por la Paz (National Congress for Peace) held in Havana, advocating for the development of democratic systems promoting peace by eliminating militarism, racism, and ideological persecution. In 1953, she was elected to serve on the Executive Committee of the WIDF. In 1950, she organized with Candelaria Rodríguez, who participated in the 1951 investigation of conditions in North Korea, an anti-war initiative known as "Hands Off Korea". The campaign aimed at preventing Cuban troops from participating in the Korean War and was successful in changing public opinion from favoring Cuban involvement. García and Ordoqui married in 1952, the year when Batista staged a coup d'état to return to power. García had a son, Joaquín Ordoqui García, in Havana in May 1953, and in July Fidel Castro organized an attack on the Moncada Barracks, which sparked the Cuban Revolution. In the aftermath of the attack, rebels as well as political opponents were arrested by the Servicio de inteligencia militar (Military Intelligence Service, SIM). Ordoqui was among the communist activists arrested on the day of the attack and denied any involvement. He was incarcerated in the same cell block as Castro in the Boniato Provincial Prison. At the September trial, Ordoqui was acquitted.
Soon after Ordoqui's release in 1953, because of continued pressure on communists, the couple went into exile with the children. They temporarily lived in Paris, Prague, Moscow and Beijing, before settling in Mexico at the end of 1956. During their time abroad they had taken party instruction in China and the Soviet Union and attended a peace conference in Vienna in 1954. While in Mexico they collaborated with those trying to oust Batista from power, but adhered to the position of the Popular Socialist Party between 1952 and the end of 1958, namely that resistance should be peaceful and not an insurgency. García, Ordoqui, and other exiles in Mexico who were members of the Popular Socialist Party actively worked with the Central Committee of the Mexican Communist Party and politicians throughout the Caribbean against regimes of Batista, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, and Marcos Pérez Jiménez of Venezuela. The Communist International did not support revolutionary action in Latin America. Influenced by a major famine in the USSR in the late 1940s as well as the politcal repressions under Stalin and the effects of McCarthyism in the United States, Castro did not believe communist policy would be able to resolve Cuba's socio-political and economic problems.
Castro and the other rebels arrested after the Moncada Barracks attack were pardoned in 1955. Fidel and his brother Raúl Castro went to Mexico, where they met with Camilo Cienfuegos, Che Guevara, and others to undergo military training for the invasion of Cuba. The rebels returned to Cuba in 1956 and waged guerrilla warfare against Batista's troops for the next two years. Batista fled the country at New Years and on 2 January 1959, Havana fell to Castro's troops. Castro was still undecided about what type of government should be established and felt very little affinity toward either "capitalism [which] starves people to death, [or] Communism [… which] resolves the economic problem, but suppresses the liberties which are so dear to men". By 1958, Castro had already put forth a plan to have Manuel Urrutia Lleó, a liberal, but anti-communist lawyer, serve as Cuban president. Urrutia did not support Batista, who had ruled in favor of revolutionaries, and he had successfully negotiated on their behalf with the United States Department of State. Urrutia was also likely to meet with US and Cuban approval, and agreed to grant Castro authority to direct policy decisions during his presidency. Urrutia was declared as president on 3 January, and later that month García and Ordoqui returned to Cuba.
García was appointed as the secretary of the Instituto Nacional de Cultura (National Institute of Culture) upon their return. Within six months of Urrutia's presidency, the moderate land reform created by a task force made up of members of Castro's 26th of July Movement and the Popular Socialist Party went into force. Urrutia openly opposed the reform, and was forced to resign and leave the country. Castro was persuaded by a group made up of Che Guevara, Raúl Castro, Carlos Rafael Rodríguez, Ordoqui, and García to replace Urrutia with Osvaldo Dorticós, a lawyer and communist, who had worked on the land reform legislation. After the Bay of Pigs Invasion, launched by Cuban exiles with US backing, the Cuban government moved closer to the Soviet Union and announced adherence to Marxist–Leninist ideology. Socialism, the interim step between capitalism and communism, per Lenin, was pursued until 1963. From that date through the end of the 1970s, the government policies strove to implement communism. Although the Popular Socialist Party had never had broad public support or a strong influence on governance, in the early period Castro relied on its members because they understood communist orthodoxy and the Soviet organizational structures. The leader of these pre-Revolutionary communists at that time was Aníbal Escalante with César Escalante in charge of propaganda, Carlos Rafael Rodríguez heading economic planning, and García leading cultural affairs for the Popular Socialist Party. Although pre-Revolutionary communists were included in the regime, the economic, financial, and military sectors of the government were headed by members of the 26 July Movement. The cultural sector was seen as non-vital and was dominated by pre-Revolutionary communists, with little involvement by 26 July Movement members.
In 1961, when the Consejo Nacional de Cultura (National Council of Culture) was created, García became its secretary, serving under president Vicentina Antuña and vice president Alejo Carpentier. García published a booklet early that year, La teoría de la superestructura: la literatura y el arte (The Theory of the Superstructure: Literature and Art) which outlined her views on art and literature from a Marxist perspective. Writer Rebecca Gordon-Nesbitt stated that the booklet stripped art and literature of its social value and focused on culture as a means of production and consumption with specific socialist goals. Writer Antón Arrufat said that García's text became influential because it provided an innovative road map to address cultural issues and because no one else made any alternative proposals. As a first step, the council organized schools for ballet, modern dance, visual and dramatic arts, and music. Mirta Aguirre served as director of the theater and dance segments of the National Council of Culture, Carpentier and José Lezama Lima headed the publications department, and María Teresa Freyre de Andrade was in charge of libraries. José Ardévol and Harold Gramatges were responsible for music and Isabel Monal was placed in charge of the Amateur Movement. The council hired Ricardo Porro, and Italians Vittorio Garatti, and Roberto Gottardi, as the architects to design the facilities for each of the five disciplines. They launched a literacy campaign, which aimed to make culture a foundational part of education, and aimed to transform cultural institutions from organizations serving the elite into facilities to train workers' children. The council established the Dirección Nacional de Museos y Monumentos, (National Directorate of Museums and Monuments), later known as the Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural (Directorate of Cultural Heritage), to formulate museum policy and train specialists, as well as spearhead restoration, preservation, and policies for cultural heritage, under the direction of Marta Arjona Pérez [es].
At the time, there were three prevailing views on what constituted revolutionary culture: those who defined culture within an orthodox Marxist view, those who believed that culture should focus on educating the masses to understand their own history and traditions, and those who thought that culture should elevate society by making the best aspects of world culture available to the general populace. The orthodox view was held by García, essayist José Antonio Portuondo [es], and Mirta Aguirre. The second group were linked with the cultural group Nuestro Tiempo (Our Time) and the Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (Cuban Institute of Cinematic Art and Industry, ICAIC), both directed by Alfredo Guevara Valdés [es], and his collaborators Julio García Espinosa and Tomás Gutiérrez Alea. The last group included intellectuals involved with the newspaper Revolución, directed by Carlos Franqui, and its cultural supplement Lunes de Revolución [es], which was edited by Guillermo Cabrera Infante. These camps came into conflict in April 1961, when a film, P.M. (meaning post-midday), produced by Sabá Cabrera Infante, brother of Guillermo, and cameraman Orlando Jiménez Leal [es] was rejected by ICAIC, but aired on a televised broadcast by Lunes in late May. Guillermo Cabrera Infante was alarmed by the censorship of the film and rallied artists to come to its defense. Alfredo Guevara organized a screening at the Casa de las Américas on 31 May by the committee which was working to organize the first congress of intellectuals and artists. In attendance were Guevara, Julio García Espinosa, Nicolas Guillén, Mirta Aguirre, García, and a large number of artists and intellectuals. Censorship of the film was upheld by the ICAIC, but protest continued until Castro ordered a series of formal debates to convene on succussive Fridays 16, 23, and 30 June at the National Library José Martí. García served as the moderator of the events. On the last day, Castro made a speech, known as "Palabras a los intelectuales" ("Words to the Intellectuals"), announcing the new censorship policy of the regime, which disapproved of works that were not seen as furthering the Revolutionary ideals. He asserted the right of the government to censor artistic output which was not useful in furthering the interests of society.
In the aftermath of the meetings, Lunes de Revolucion ceased publication and the Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba) was founded under the direction of Guillén. According to Ethnomusicologist Robin D. Moore, García was the driving force for the organization's establishment, and Arrufat acknowledged that it was the Soviet influence of institutionalizing culture that was behind its creation, rather than any involvement of the 26 July Movement. In August 1961, the First National Congress of Writers and Artists was held, where it was announced by Portuondo that artistic freedom would be allowed so long as the Revolutionary spirit was present in artistic works. Art critic Luis Camnitzer stated that García's belief was that works evoking Revolutionary ideals should be promoted, while those that did not, should be harshly critiqued. Poet and activist Lourdes Casal stated that until 1968 the policy allowed any artistic expression which provided basic support for the Revolution. After consultations to integrate local, regional, and national initiatives on culture within the six Provinces of Cuba that existed at that time, in 1962, a policy directive was issued which set out initiatives to train artists and instructors and to promote cultural activities for the public.
In 1963 another series of debates ensued over the place of avant-garde art in Cuba. Works by Hugo Consuega, Guido Llinás, and Tomás Oliva were removed or destroyed on the initiative of García and Osmany Cienfuegos. According to Alfredo Guevara, García complained to him about spending government funds on abstract art, because it did nothing to further revolutionary ideals. On one side of the issue were those who advocated for aesthetic experimentation and openness in cultural expression, while the other side advocated for artistic production to be carried out under specific pedagogical criteria which prioritized the messages and goals of the regime. Juan Blanco and Julio García Espinosa argued that Cuban artists should look for inspiration outside of the Soviet sphere and create works that furthered the spiritual development of man. Many of the filmmakers associated with ICAIC adopted the position that aesthetics were not related to social class and could not easily be labeled as mere upper- and middle-class decadence. García published "Consideraciones sobre un manifiesto" ("Considerations about a Manifesto") in October, which while recognizing the diversity of human culture, maintained that only those works which represented the universalist nature of cultural heritage should be preserved. She advocated for development of new art forms that were representative of a classless society, and affirmed her position that the government's role was to direct the development of culture and its promotion. Mirta Aguirre and University of Havana aesthetics professor Juan Fló agreed with García that aesthetic movements which occurred in non-socialist societies could not be given the same importance as those which originated within a socialist sphere. The debates continued in publications on both sides until Portuondo released "Contrarréplica a Fornet" ("Counterreply to Fornet") in 1964, which argued that revolutionary thought must be unified. He stated, "No podemos jugar con las palabras. Estamos todos metidos hasta el cuello en la más trascendental empresa de nuestra historia: Estamos realizando una Revolución, y una Revolución Socialista. Todo lo que hagamos ha de ser para esto." ("We cannot play with words. We are all neck-deep in the most transcendental undertaking in our history: We are carrying out a Revolution, a Socialist Revolution. Everything we do must be for this.")
In 1961, the 26 July Movement and the Popular Socialist Party merged to form the Partido Unido de la Revolución Socialista de Cuba [es] (United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, PURS). Although Castro announced in December of that year the commitment of the Cuban Revolution to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, according to a news report in The Washington Post by Norman Gall, Russian Embassy officials in Havana encouraged members of the Popular Socialist Party to consolidate their power in order to reduce that of Castro and his associates at the head of the government. After the elevation of several prominent former Popular Socialist Party, pre-Revolutionary communist members to cabinet posts, Castro intervened and expelled both Cuba's highest ranking party member Aníbal Escalante, who he sent to Czechoslovakia, and Russian ambassador Sergei Kudrievstsev. García and Ordoqui survived the 1962 purge, but the arrest and trials of Marcos Rodríguez Alfonso ("Marquito"), offered Castro an opportunity to continue to purge pre-Revolutionary communists and enhance his own image. Marquito confessed that he had informed on activists who were part of the Directorio Revolucionario 13 de Marzo, who had planned an assassination attempt against President Batista in 1957. Police raided the organization's headquarters, killing the activists in an event that became known as the Humboldt 7 massacre. During the trial, Marquito admitted that he had been a member of the PSP youth wing, Juventud Socialista (Socialist Youth), and thereafter, the trial became a vehicle to attack former PSP members. Marquito was found guilty on 19 March and sentenced to death for informing on the activists and causing their death.
The verdict was immediately appealed and the second trial began on 23 March. It was broadcast live and, according to Latin American research specialist and Soviet spy Maurice Halperin, was carefully orchestrated to ensure that the government was exonerated of any wrong-doing or lack of transparency in its arrest and prosecution of Marquito. During the first day of the second trial, Marquito stated that he had confessed his role in the Humbolt 7 massacre to García, in 1958. Major Guillermo Jiménez testified that Marquito had been arrested for the crime in 1959, but released after discussing with Ordoqui and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez as to whether Marquito should remain in custody during the investigation. When García took the stand on the second day of the trial, she vehemently denied Marquito's allegations, but acknowledged that when he came to Mexico as a destitute student, she and Ordoqui had fed and housed him. She also protested that the trial was being used to discredit and attack pre-Revolutionary communists. Ordoqui testified that he had also attempted to help Marquito secure a scholarship to study in Prague when they met in Mexico in 1958, but his attempts were unsuccessful. He stated that upon returning to Cuba and learning that Marquito had been arrested, he recommended releasing him because there was no evidence, only suspicion of his guilt. Ordoqui said that he told Marquito not to accept the Czech scholarship offered to him in 1959 because he was under investigation. Carlos Rafael Rodríguez's testimony confirmed the statements of Ordoqui that there had been no actual evidence against Marquito. President Osvaldo Dorticós testified that when Castro learned of the accusation against García in October 1963, he reported it to Dorticós, who in turn informed Ordoqui. They then told García, who demanded that she be allowed to confront Marquito. The meeting between them was taped and played at the trial, confirming that Marquito had retracted his claim of having told her he was an informant.
On the last day of the trial, Castro took the stand. He called into question parts of Marquito's confession, specifically regarding his membership in the socialist youth organization and his telling García that he had been an informant. Castro also discharged pre-Revolutionary communists from any responsibility for the release of Marquito in 1959 and exonerated García, but criticized Ordoqui for endorsing Marquito's party membership in 1958, for not using his influence to cancel Marquito's Czech scholarship to keep him in Cuba, and for corresponding with Marquito in 1962. Because of other specifics in the confession which accurately described the apartment where Marquito had met with police, Castro stated that he believed Marquito was guilty, had acted alone, and was sane. On 30 March the court confirmed Marquito's guilt, and he was executed in April. After the publicity surrounding the trial diminished, Castro resumed his purge to eliminate pre-Revolutionary communists with close ties to the USSR. In November 1964, Ordoqui was removed from all of his positions in the government and party, and García was expelled from National Council of Culture. They disappeared from public view until 17 April 1973, when it was announced by the political bureau in Granma that Ordoqui was arrested, as an accused spy for the CIA, and held in prison until January 1965, when it was decided that an investigation into the allegations, which Ordoqui denied, would be lengthy. The statement continued that while convinced of Ordoqui's guilt, insufficient evidence existed to take him to trial and given his poor health, the restrictions against Ordoqui were to be suspended. Ordoqui died of cancer two months later, on 19 June 1973.
No mention of García's fate was disclosed in the Granma article, although Halperin speculated in 1981 that she likely shared the experiences of Ordoqui. When her son Joaquín died in 2004, it was revealed that she also had been placed under house arrest and held without trial. All of her children lived in exile in Madrid. Both of García's daughters located there in the early years after the Cuban Revolution. After being exiled to Peru in 1986, her son relocated to Madrid in 1994. García was never tried nor rehabilitated by the government. She died on 9 February 2015, in Havana and was cremated.
Scholar Historian Michelle Chase noted that although García was very influential in her era, she has received little scholarly interest beyond an interview with her by Abel Sierra Madero in 2011 and a few studies focusing solely on her role in the cultural repression of the early 1960s in Cuba. Most of the sources available about García depict her as a rigid and dogmatic communist functionary, who attempted to steer the arts in Cuba toward Socialist realism. In the interview with Sierra Madero, García acknowledged that she played a part in the censorship program and was aware that she was seen as being responsible for it, but she stated that she never had the authority to make decisions and followed the directives of the party and her superiors. According to the entry in the Diccionario de la literatura Cubana policies of the National Council of Culture were established and implemented by the Presidency Council, whose members included the president, vice president, the directors, and others "deemed appropriate". Gordon-Nesbitt stated that García was president of the National Council of Culture and had the highest level of authority in cultural matters. She placed García and Mirta Aguirre at the top of the hierarchy and characterized Antuña, as being under García's authority and Carpentier, as a moderate, with little influence in the organization. Writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante acknowledged that García was the head of culture for the party and Antuña led the council, but said that Antuña was "under the political spell of Buchaca [sic]". Art and architecture historian John A. Loomis said that García "wielded equal or greater power" than Antuña, as Antuña headed the National Council of Culture but García was in charge of cultural affairs for the Communist Party. Moore stated that García was the first president of the council and that "with the support [of] the highest levels, she embarked on the ambitious sponsorship of painting and sculpture, concerts, music, dancing, and theater". He credited García with the "majority" of the cultural ideas and initiatives that created the amateurs' movement, training centers for artists, support for the symphony, and the writer's union, but acknowledged that, having fallen out of favor, little information was available about her in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
Some family members of the victims of the Humboldt 7 massacre insist that García was a paid informant for the CIA and shielded Marquito. Scholars and writers are divided on the extent of García or Ordoqui's involvement. Newton Briones Montoto's book Víctima o culpable (Victim or Culprit, 2011) concluded that the couple did not have the authority to protect Marquito. Briones stated that if they had the authority, they could have had him released when he was rearrested and held for two and a half years before trial, but they did not do so. Miguel Barroso in his research into the Marquito's case, published in Un asunto sensible (A Sensitive Matter, 2019), revealed information that the CIA fabricated information against Ordoqui to prevent the smooth merger of and unity in the pre- and post-Revolution communist groups. CIA operative-turned-writer Philip Agee in his work Inside the Company: CIA Diary (1975), claimed that Ordoqui might have been an informant in the early 1950s, but later refused to continue, which was why he became a target of CIA disinformation during the Marquito's case. Scholar Lillian Guerra wrote that "Ordoqui fue entendido por muchos militantes y estudiosos del caso como chivo expiatorio" ("Activists and scholars of the case, understood that Ordoqui was a scapegoat"), as his arrest allowed Castro to deny integration of pre-Revolutionary communists into the power structures of his regime. She characterized García as a casualty of this power clash, stating that she became officially dead because of her husband's fall from favor. Her obituary in the Spanish newspaper El País stated that she was never charged with spying for the CIA, that she flatly denied involvement with the CIA, and that she was punished because her husband was sanctioned.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Edith García Buchaca (1916–2015) was one of the highest ranking members of the Communist Party in Cuba from 1935 to 1964. Active in leftist politics and women's issues as a teenager in Cienfuegos, she joined the Communist Party in 1935 and strove to organize the women's wing, which was active in initiatives to improve workers' conditions. She joined and became a leader in the Union of Radical Women and participated in the Third Congress of Cuban Women in 1939. She was a successful candidate in the 1940 general election and served on the Constitutional Convention. García successfully introduced women's rights issues raised by the women's congress for consideration and inclusion in the 1940 Constitution.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Supporting anti-fascist measures during World War II, in 1941 García co-founded the National Anti-Fascist Front She was a co-founder and the first president of the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, formed in 1948 as an affiliate of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). García was a delegate to the WIDF 1948 Congress in Budapest, the 1949 Conference on Asian Women held in Beijing, and was elected to the 1953 Executive Council of WIDF. She was a leader in the Hands Off Korea campaign of the 1950s, a Cuban protest to the Korean War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "From 1945, García worked at the Institute of Cuban-Soviet Cultural Exchange, encouraging intellectuals to share their knowledge. After Fidel Castro's failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953, her husband was arrested along with other leftists who opposed the regime of Fulgencio Batista. Upon his release the couple and their children went into exile, finally settling in Mexico in 1956. From there they were active in Communist initiatives against various dictatorships in Latin America and the Caribbean, but did not support insurrection. When the Cuban Revolution ended in 1959, they returned to Cuba. García worked as the secretary of the National Institute of Culture, until the National Council of Culture was created in 1961, where she was also secretary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Appointed as the head of cultural initiatives for the Communist Party, from 1961 to 1964, García was instrumental in institutionalizing cultural programs and establishing schools and facilities to promote the arts. Her booklet La teoría de la superestructura: la literatura y el arte (The Theory of the Superstructure: Literature and Art, 1961) was influential in the development of policies adapting the arts to meet socialist goals. Debates about whether the purpose of art was aesthetic or utilitarian led to the government's cultural censorship program, although in her era no forms of artistic expression were banned as long as they supported revolutionary ideals. In 1964, García was accused of protecting Marcos Rodríguez Alfonso (\"Marquito\") who had informed on activists behind the Directorio Revolucionario 13 de Marzo, leading to the Humboldt 7 massacre. She denied involvement and was exonerated by Castro. After her husband was accused of being a CIA informant, which she denied, the couple were arrested in 1964. From 1965 until her death in 2015, she lived under house arrest, despite never being tried for a criminal offense.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Edith García Buchaca was born in 1916 in Brooklyn, New York. During her childhood, she lived in Cienfuegos and met Carlos Rafael Rodríguez, who later became a lawyer, intellectual, and a high ranking member of the Cuban Communist Party. García was raised in a middle-class family and studied socio-economic and political science, before completing her studies in law. In the 1930s, she was involved in radical student leftist and feminist political activities. She and Rodríguez were founding members of the Grupo Ariel (Ariel Group), which was created in 1933 to allow young radicals to explore revolutionary thought. The Student Left Wing opposed the dismissal of professors during the Ramón Grau presidency and were generally critical of his administration. Grau was eventually replaced in 1934 by Carlos Mendieta in an attempt to quell the radicals. That year Rodríguez moved to Havana, and the couple joined the Cuban Communist Party in 1935, which later became the Popular Socialist Party. Around this time, she and Rodríguez married and had two daughters, Annabelle and Dania.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "García worked with María Luisa Soler to organize the women's wing of the Communist Party. Their initiatives included proposals for equal pay, anti-discrimination legislation in the workplace, and measures in support of the right to sit. When the party was renamed in 1937 as the Unión Revolucionaria Comunista (Revolutionary Communist Union), she and ten other radical women, including cigar industry organizer Teresa García and poet María Villar Buceta, actively opposed the policies of President Federico Laredo Brú. She joined the Unión Radical de Mujeres (Union of Radical Women), a group which had formed in 1933 as a labor organization. García Buchaca became a leader of the group, working to legalize workers' unions and have employers recognize their arbitration rights, to nationalize Cuba's large agricultural estates, and to generally improve socio-political rights. In 1939, she served on the executive committee for the third Congress of Cuban Women. Working with other leading women, such as Vicentina Antuña [es], Ana Etchegoyen de Cañizares and Concepción Castañedo, she brought together two thousand women to discuss women's and children's issues, such as child labor, equal pay, land distribution, maternity rights, racial discrimination, and sex education. They also discussed the rise of fascism in Europe, interference of the United States in the Caribbean and Latin American states, and the politics of peace. García was a successful candidate for the Unión Revolucionaria Comunista in the 1940 general election, and became a participant in the Constitutional Convention. She brought forward the issues raised at the Women's Congress, demanding firm guarantees in the constitution for gender and racial equality. Among the provisions included were Article 20, which barred discrimination based on class, color, race, or sex; Article 43, which guaranteed married women equality; Article 44, which eliminated discrimination based on legitimacy; and Article 172, which established provision for a yet to be created tribunal to resolve legal conflicts with existing legislation, such as the family code, which vested family authority in the husband and father. The constitution required enabling legislation to be passed, yet although a commission was formed to draw up a new Civil Code in 1939, lawmakers failed to adopt the draft. It took another decade before women's rights were fully realized, with Law 9, Ley de Equiparaciôn de los Derechos Civiles de la Mujer (Women's Civil Rights Equalization Law) being passed on 20 December 1950.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "During World War II, García became involved in anti-fascist and anti-imperialist activities. She joined organizations, such as the Liga de Mujeres Americanas en Defensa de la Democracia Continental (League of American Women in Defense of Continental Democracy), and was a co-founder of the Frente Nacional Antifascista (National Anti-Fascist Front) formed in 1941. The Unión Revolucionaria Comunista became the Partido Socialista Popular (Popular Socialist Party) in 1944, and García began serving on its National Committee. In 1945, she produced the Radio Mil Diez program Cuba en la post–guerra (Cuba in the Post-War), interviewing politicians and dignitaries about political issues. That year, she also helped establish the Instituto de Intercambio Cultural Cubano-Soviético (Institute of Cuban-Soviet Cultural Exchange), in an effort to encourage intellectuals in the two countries to share their knowledge. In 1946, García's affair with Joaquín Ordoqui Mesa triggered a scandal because of the high positions in the Communist Party of each member of the love triangle. Carlos Rafaél Rodríguez, García's husband was a former cabinet minister during the presidency of Fulgencio Batista and the editor of the Communist Party's newspaper Hoy (Today). Between 1944 and 1948, Ordoqui was a high-ranking party member and the vice president of the Cuban Chamber of Deputies. According to writer Carlos Alberto Montaner, what should have been a private matter became a public spectacle when the Central Committee of the Popular Socialist Party ordered a tribunal composed of Aníbal Escalante, Nicolás Guillén, Blas Roca, and Lázaro Peña [es] to rule on the matter and make a statement about the high moral conduct expected of party members. The lengthy trail resulted in reprimands and sanctions for the deception by García and Ordoqui against Rodríguez.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "García and Ana M. Hidalgo joined with activists Mirta Aguirre, María Argüelles, Celia Machado, Candelaria Rodríguez, Caridad Sánchez, Cipriana Vidaurreta, and María Josefa Vidaurreta to found the Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas (Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, FDMC) in 1948. García was elected as president of the organization which was an affiliate of the Women's International Democratic Federation. She became director of Mujeres Cubanas (Cuban Women), the monthly magazine of the FDMC. She was one of the Cuban delegates to the 1948 Budapest Congress of WIDF and to the 1949 Beijing Asian Women's Conference. That year spoke at the Congreso Nacional por la Paz (National Congress for Peace) held in Havana, advocating for the development of democratic systems promoting peace by eliminating militarism, racism, and ideological persecution. In 1953, she was elected to serve on the Executive Committee of the WIDF. In 1950, she organized with Candelaria Rodríguez, who participated in the 1951 investigation of conditions in North Korea, an anti-war initiative known as \"Hands Off Korea\". The campaign aimed at preventing Cuban troops from participating in the Korean War and was successful in changing public opinion from favoring Cuban involvement. García and Ordoqui married in 1952, the year when Batista staged a coup d'état to return to power. García had a son, Joaquín Ordoqui García, in Havana in May 1953, and in July Fidel Castro organized an attack on the Moncada Barracks, which sparked the Cuban Revolution. In the aftermath of the attack, rebels as well as political opponents were arrested by the Servicio de inteligencia militar (Military Intelligence Service, SIM). Ordoqui was among the communist activists arrested on the day of the attack and denied any involvement. He was incarcerated in the same cell block as Castro in the Boniato Provincial Prison. At the September trial, Ordoqui was acquitted.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Soon after Ordoqui's release in 1953, because of continued pressure on communists, the couple went into exile with the children. They temporarily lived in Paris, Prague, Moscow and Beijing, before settling in Mexico at the end of 1956. During their time abroad they had taken party instruction in China and the Soviet Union and attended a peace conference in Vienna in 1954. While in Mexico they collaborated with those trying to oust Batista from power, but adhered to the position of the Popular Socialist Party between 1952 and the end of 1958, namely that resistance should be peaceful and not an insurgency. García, Ordoqui, and other exiles in Mexico who were members of the Popular Socialist Party actively worked with the Central Committee of the Mexican Communist Party and politicians throughout the Caribbean against regimes of Batista, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, and Marcos Pérez Jiménez of Venezuela. The Communist International did not support revolutionary action in Latin America. Influenced by a major famine in the USSR in the late 1940s as well as the politcal repressions under Stalin and the effects of McCarthyism in the United States, Castro did not believe communist policy would be able to resolve Cuba's socio-political and economic problems.",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Castro and the other rebels arrested after the Moncada Barracks attack were pardoned in 1955. Fidel and his brother Raúl Castro went to Mexico, where they met with Camilo Cienfuegos, Che Guevara, and others to undergo military training for the invasion of Cuba. The rebels returned to Cuba in 1956 and waged guerrilla warfare against Batista's troops for the next two years. Batista fled the country at New Years and on 2 January 1959, Havana fell to Castro's troops. Castro was still undecided about what type of government should be established and felt very little affinity toward either \"capitalism [which] starves people to death, [or] Communism [… which] resolves the economic problem, but suppresses the liberties which are so dear to men\". By 1958, Castro had already put forth a plan to have Manuel Urrutia Lleó, a liberal, but anti-communist lawyer, serve as Cuban president. Urrutia did not support Batista, who had ruled in favor of revolutionaries, and he had successfully negotiated on their behalf with the United States Department of State. Urrutia was also likely to meet with US and Cuban approval, and agreed to grant Castro authority to direct policy decisions during his presidency. Urrutia was declared as president on 3 January, and later that month García and Ordoqui returned to Cuba.",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "García was appointed as the secretary of the Instituto Nacional de Cultura (National Institute of Culture) upon their return. Within six months of Urrutia's presidency, the moderate land reform created by a task force made up of members of Castro's 26th of July Movement and the Popular Socialist Party went into force. Urrutia openly opposed the reform, and was forced to resign and leave the country. Castro was persuaded by a group made up of Che Guevara, Raúl Castro, Carlos Rafael Rodríguez, Ordoqui, and García to replace Urrutia with Osvaldo Dorticós, a lawyer and communist, who had worked on the land reform legislation. After the Bay of Pigs Invasion, launched by Cuban exiles with US backing, the Cuban government moved closer to the Soviet Union and announced adherence to Marxist–Leninist ideology. Socialism, the interim step between capitalism and communism, per Lenin, was pursued until 1963. From that date through the end of the 1970s, the government policies strove to implement communism. Although the Popular Socialist Party had never had broad public support or a strong influence on governance, in the early period Castro relied on its members because they understood communist orthodoxy and the Soviet organizational structures. The leader of these pre-Revolutionary communists at that time was Aníbal Escalante with César Escalante in charge of propaganda, Carlos Rafael Rodríguez heading economic planning, and García leading cultural affairs for the Popular Socialist Party. Although pre-Revolutionary communists were included in the regime, the economic, financial, and military sectors of the government were headed by members of the 26 July Movement. The cultural sector was seen as non-vital and was dominated by pre-Revolutionary communists, with little involvement by 26 July Movement members.",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 1961, when the Consejo Nacional de Cultura (National Council of Culture) was created, García became its secretary, serving under president Vicentina Antuña and vice president Alejo Carpentier. García published a booklet early that year, La teoría de la superestructura: la literatura y el arte (The Theory of the Superstructure: Literature and Art) which outlined her views on art and literature from a Marxist perspective. Writer Rebecca Gordon-Nesbitt stated that the booklet stripped art and literature of its social value and focused on culture as a means of production and consumption with specific socialist goals. Writer Antón Arrufat said that García's text became influential because it provided an innovative road map to address cultural issues and because no one else made any alternative proposals. As a first step, the council organized schools for ballet, modern dance, visual and dramatic arts, and music. Mirta Aguirre served as director of the theater and dance segments of the National Council of Culture, Carpentier and José Lezama Lima headed the publications department, and María Teresa Freyre de Andrade was in charge of libraries. José Ardévol and Harold Gramatges were responsible for music and Isabel Monal was placed in charge of the Amateur Movement. The council hired Ricardo Porro, and Italians Vittorio Garatti, and Roberto Gottardi, as the architects to design the facilities for each of the five disciplines. They launched a literacy campaign, which aimed to make culture a foundational part of education, and aimed to transform cultural institutions from organizations serving the elite into facilities to train workers' children. The council established the Dirección Nacional de Museos y Monumentos, (National Directorate of Museums and Monuments), later known as the Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural (Directorate of Cultural Heritage), to formulate museum policy and train specialists, as well as spearhead restoration, preservation, and policies for cultural heritage, under the direction of Marta Arjona Pérez [es].",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "At the time, there were three prevailing views on what constituted revolutionary culture: those who defined culture within an orthodox Marxist view, those who believed that culture should focus on educating the masses to understand their own history and traditions, and those who thought that culture should elevate society by making the best aspects of world culture available to the general populace. The orthodox view was held by García, essayist José Antonio Portuondo [es], and Mirta Aguirre. The second group were linked with the cultural group Nuestro Tiempo (Our Time) and the Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (Cuban Institute of Cinematic Art and Industry, ICAIC), both directed by Alfredo Guevara Valdés [es], and his collaborators Julio García Espinosa and Tomás Gutiérrez Alea. The last group included intellectuals involved with the newspaper Revolución, directed by Carlos Franqui, and its cultural supplement Lunes de Revolución [es], which was edited by Guillermo Cabrera Infante. These camps came into conflict in April 1961, when a film, P.M. (meaning post-midday), produced by Sabá Cabrera Infante, brother of Guillermo, and cameraman Orlando Jiménez Leal [es] was rejected by ICAIC, but aired on a televised broadcast by Lunes in late May. Guillermo Cabrera Infante was alarmed by the censorship of the film and rallied artists to come to its defense. Alfredo Guevara organized a screening at the Casa de las Américas on 31 May by the committee which was working to organize the first congress of intellectuals and artists. In attendance were Guevara, Julio García Espinosa, Nicolas Guillén, Mirta Aguirre, García, and a large number of artists and intellectuals. Censorship of the film was upheld by the ICAIC, but protest continued until Castro ordered a series of formal debates to convene on succussive Fridays 16, 23, and 30 June at the National Library José Martí. García served as the moderator of the events. On the last day, Castro made a speech, known as \"Palabras a los intelectuales\" (\"Words to the Intellectuals\"), announcing the new censorship policy of the regime, which disapproved of works that were not seen as furthering the Revolutionary ideals. He asserted the right of the government to censor artistic output which was not useful in furthering the interests of society.",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In the aftermath of the meetings, Lunes de Revolucion ceased publication and the Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba) was founded under the direction of Guillén. According to Ethnomusicologist Robin D. Moore, García was the driving force for the organization's establishment, and Arrufat acknowledged that it was the Soviet influence of institutionalizing culture that was behind its creation, rather than any involvement of the 26 July Movement. In August 1961, the First National Congress of Writers and Artists was held, where it was announced by Portuondo that artistic freedom would be allowed so long as the Revolutionary spirit was present in artistic works. Art critic Luis Camnitzer stated that García's belief was that works evoking Revolutionary ideals should be promoted, while those that did not, should be harshly critiqued. Poet and activist Lourdes Casal stated that until 1968 the policy allowed any artistic expression which provided basic support for the Revolution. After consultations to integrate local, regional, and national initiatives on culture within the six Provinces of Cuba that existed at that time, in 1962, a policy directive was issued which set out initiatives to train artists and instructors and to promote cultural activities for the public.",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In 1963 another series of debates ensued over the place of avant-garde art in Cuba. Works by Hugo Consuega, Guido Llinás, and Tomás Oliva were removed or destroyed on the initiative of García and Osmany Cienfuegos. According to Alfredo Guevara, García complained to him about spending government funds on abstract art, because it did nothing to further revolutionary ideals. On one side of the issue were those who advocated for aesthetic experimentation and openness in cultural expression, while the other side advocated for artistic production to be carried out under specific pedagogical criteria which prioritized the messages and goals of the regime. Juan Blanco and Julio García Espinosa argued that Cuban artists should look for inspiration outside of the Soviet sphere and create works that furthered the spiritual development of man. Many of the filmmakers associated with ICAIC adopted the position that aesthetics were not related to social class and could not easily be labeled as mere upper- and middle-class decadence. García published \"Consideraciones sobre un manifiesto\" (\"Considerations about a Manifesto\") in October, which while recognizing the diversity of human culture, maintained that only those works which represented the universalist nature of cultural heritage should be preserved. She advocated for development of new art forms that were representative of a classless society, and affirmed her position that the government's role was to direct the development of culture and its promotion. Mirta Aguirre and University of Havana aesthetics professor Juan Fló agreed with García that aesthetic movements which occurred in non-socialist societies could not be given the same importance as those which originated within a socialist sphere. The debates continued in publications on both sides until Portuondo released \"Contrarréplica a Fornet\" (\"Counterreply to Fornet\") in 1964, which argued that revolutionary thought must be unified. He stated, \"No podemos jugar con las palabras. Estamos todos metidos hasta el cuello en la más trascendental empresa de nuestra historia: Estamos realizando una Revolución, y una Revolución Socialista. Todo lo que hagamos ha de ser para esto.\" (\"We cannot play with words. We are all neck-deep in the most transcendental undertaking in our history: We are carrying out a Revolution, a Socialist Revolution. Everything we do must be for this.\")",
"title": "Exile (1953–1959)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In 1961, the 26 July Movement and the Popular Socialist Party merged to form the Partido Unido de la Revolución Socialista de Cuba [es] (United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, PURS). Although Castro announced in December of that year the commitment of the Cuban Revolution to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, according to a news report in The Washington Post by Norman Gall, Russian Embassy officials in Havana encouraged members of the Popular Socialist Party to consolidate their power in order to reduce that of Castro and his associates at the head of the government. After the elevation of several prominent former Popular Socialist Party, pre-Revolutionary communist members to cabinet posts, Castro intervened and expelled both Cuba's highest ranking party member Aníbal Escalante, who he sent to Czechoslovakia, and Russian ambassador Sergei Kudrievstsev. García and Ordoqui survived the 1962 purge, but the arrest and trials of Marcos Rodríguez Alfonso (\"Marquito\"), offered Castro an opportunity to continue to purge pre-Revolutionary communists and enhance his own image. Marquito confessed that he had informed on activists who were part of the Directorio Revolucionario 13 de Marzo, who had planned an assassination attempt against President Batista in 1957. Police raided the organization's headquarters, killing the activists in an event that became known as the Humboldt 7 massacre. During the trial, Marquito admitted that he had been a member of the PSP youth wing, Juventud Socialista (Socialist Youth), and thereafter, the trial became a vehicle to attack former PSP members. Marquito was found guilty on 19 March and sentenced to death for informing on the activists and causing their death.",
"title": "Party purge"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The verdict was immediately appealed and the second trial began on 23 March. It was broadcast live and, according to Latin American research specialist and Soviet spy Maurice Halperin, was carefully orchestrated to ensure that the government was exonerated of any wrong-doing or lack of transparency in its arrest and prosecution of Marquito. During the first day of the second trial, Marquito stated that he had confessed his role in the Humbolt 7 massacre to García, in 1958. Major Guillermo Jiménez testified that Marquito had been arrested for the crime in 1959, but released after discussing with Ordoqui and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez as to whether Marquito should remain in custody during the investigation. When García took the stand on the second day of the trial, she vehemently denied Marquito's allegations, but acknowledged that when he came to Mexico as a destitute student, she and Ordoqui had fed and housed him. She also protested that the trial was being used to discredit and attack pre-Revolutionary communists. Ordoqui testified that he had also attempted to help Marquito secure a scholarship to study in Prague when they met in Mexico in 1958, but his attempts were unsuccessful. He stated that upon returning to Cuba and learning that Marquito had been arrested, he recommended releasing him because there was no evidence, only suspicion of his guilt. Ordoqui said that he told Marquito not to accept the Czech scholarship offered to him in 1959 because he was under investigation. Carlos Rafael Rodríguez's testimony confirmed the statements of Ordoqui that there had been no actual evidence against Marquito. President Osvaldo Dorticós testified that when Castro learned of the accusation against García in October 1963, he reported it to Dorticós, who in turn informed Ordoqui. They then told García, who demanded that she be allowed to confront Marquito. The meeting between them was taped and played at the trial, confirming that Marquito had retracted his claim of having told her he was an informant.",
"title": "Party purge"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "On the last day of the trial, Castro took the stand. He called into question parts of Marquito's confession, specifically regarding his membership in the socialist youth organization and his telling García that he had been an informant. Castro also discharged pre-Revolutionary communists from any responsibility for the release of Marquito in 1959 and exonerated García, but criticized Ordoqui for endorsing Marquito's party membership in 1958, for not using his influence to cancel Marquito's Czech scholarship to keep him in Cuba, and for corresponding with Marquito in 1962. Because of other specifics in the confession which accurately described the apartment where Marquito had met with police, Castro stated that he believed Marquito was guilty, had acted alone, and was sane. On 30 March the court confirmed Marquito's guilt, and he was executed in April. After the publicity surrounding the trial diminished, Castro resumed his purge to eliminate pre-Revolutionary communists with close ties to the USSR. In November 1964, Ordoqui was removed from all of his positions in the government and party, and García was expelled from National Council of Culture. They disappeared from public view until 17 April 1973, when it was announced by the political bureau in Granma that Ordoqui was arrested, as an accused spy for the CIA, and held in prison until January 1965, when it was decided that an investigation into the allegations, which Ordoqui denied, would be lengthy. The statement continued that while convinced of Ordoqui's guilt, insufficient evidence existed to take him to trial and given his poor health, the restrictions against Ordoqui were to be suspended. Ordoqui died of cancer two months later, on 19 June 1973.",
"title": "Party purge"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "No mention of García's fate was disclosed in the Granma article, although Halperin speculated in 1981 that she likely shared the experiences of Ordoqui. When her son Joaquín died in 2004, it was revealed that she also had been placed under house arrest and held without trial. All of her children lived in exile in Madrid. Both of García's daughters located there in the early years after the Cuban Revolution. After being exiled to Peru in 1986, her son relocated to Madrid in 1994. García was never tried nor rehabilitated by the government. She died on 9 February 2015, in Havana and was cremated.",
"title": "Later life, death, and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Scholar Historian Michelle Chase noted that although García was very influential in her era, she has received little scholarly interest beyond an interview with her by Abel Sierra Madero in 2011 and a few studies focusing solely on her role in the cultural repression of the early 1960s in Cuba. Most of the sources available about García depict her as a rigid and dogmatic communist functionary, who attempted to steer the arts in Cuba toward Socialist realism. In the interview with Sierra Madero, García acknowledged that she played a part in the censorship program and was aware that she was seen as being responsible for it, but she stated that she never had the authority to make decisions and followed the directives of the party and her superiors. According to the entry in the Diccionario de la literatura Cubana policies of the National Council of Culture were established and implemented by the Presidency Council, whose members included the president, vice president, the directors, and others \"deemed appropriate\". Gordon-Nesbitt stated that García was president of the National Council of Culture and had the highest level of authority in cultural matters. She placed García and Mirta Aguirre at the top of the hierarchy and characterized Antuña, as being under García's authority and Carpentier, as a moderate, with little influence in the organization. Writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante acknowledged that García was the head of culture for the party and Antuña led the council, but said that Antuña was \"under the political spell of Buchaca [sic]\". Art and architecture historian John A. Loomis said that García \"wielded equal or greater power\" than Antuña, as Antuña headed the National Council of Culture but García was in charge of cultural affairs for the Communist Party. Moore stated that García was the first president of the council and that \"with the support [of] the highest levels, she embarked on the ambitious sponsorship of painting and sculpture, concerts, music, dancing, and theater\". He credited García with the \"majority\" of the cultural ideas and initiatives that created the amateurs' movement, training centers for artists, support for the symphony, and the writer's union, but acknowledged that, having fallen out of favor, little information was available about her in the first decade of the twenty-first century.",
"title": "Later life, death, and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Some family members of the victims of the Humboldt 7 massacre insist that García was a paid informant for the CIA and shielded Marquito. Scholars and writers are divided on the extent of García or Ordoqui's involvement. Newton Briones Montoto's book Víctima o culpable (Victim or Culprit, 2011) concluded that the couple did not have the authority to protect Marquito. Briones stated that if they had the authority, they could have had him released when he was rearrested and held for two and a half years before trial, but they did not do so. Miguel Barroso in his research into the Marquito's case, published in Un asunto sensible (A Sensitive Matter, 2019), revealed information that the CIA fabricated information against Ordoqui to prevent the smooth merger of and unity in the pre- and post-Revolution communist groups. CIA operative-turned-writer Philip Agee in his work Inside the Company: CIA Diary (1975), claimed that Ordoqui might have been an informant in the early 1950s, but later refused to continue, which was why he became a target of CIA disinformation during the Marquito's case. Scholar Lillian Guerra wrote that \"Ordoqui fue entendido por muchos militantes y estudiosos del caso como chivo expiatorio\" (\"Activists and scholars of the case, understood that Ordoqui was a scapegoat\"), as his arrest allowed Castro to deny integration of pre-Revolutionary communists into the power structures of his regime. She characterized García as a casualty of this power clash, stating that she became officially dead because of her husband's fall from favor. Her obituary in the Spanish newspaper El País stated that she was never charged with spying for the CIA, that she flatly denied involvement with the CIA, and that she was punished because her husband was sanctioned.",
"title": "Later life, death, and legacy"
}
] |
Edith García Buchaca (1916–2015) was one of the highest ranking members of the Communist Party in Cuba from 1935 to 1964. Active in leftist politics and women's issues as a teenager in Cienfuegos, she joined the Communist Party in 1935 and strove to organize the women's wing, which was active in initiatives to improve workers' conditions. She joined and became a leader in the Union of Radical Women and participated in the Third Congress of Cuban Women in 1939. She was a successful candidate in the 1940 general election and served on the Constitutional Convention. García successfully introduced women's rights issues raised by the women's congress for consideration and inclusion in the 1940 Constitution. Supporting anti-fascist measures during World War II, in 1941 García co-founded the National Anti-Fascist Front She was a co-founder and the first president of the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, formed in 1948 as an affiliate of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). García was a delegate to the WIDF 1948 Congress in Budapest, the 1949 Conference on Asian Women held in Beijing, and was elected to the 1953 Executive Council of WIDF. She was a leader in the Hands Off Korea campaign of the 1950s, a Cuban protest to the Korean War. From 1945, García worked at the Institute of Cuban-Soviet Cultural Exchange, encouraging intellectuals to share their knowledge. After Fidel Castro's failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953, her husband was arrested along with other leftists who opposed the regime of Fulgencio Batista. Upon his release the couple and their children went into exile, finally settling in Mexico in 1956. From there they were active in Communist initiatives against various dictatorships in Latin America and the Caribbean, but did not support insurrection. When the Cuban Revolution ended in 1959, they returned to Cuba. García worked as the secretary of the National Institute of Culture, until the National Council of Culture was created in 1961, where she was also secretary. Appointed as the head of cultural initiatives for the Communist Party, from 1961 to 1964, García was instrumental in institutionalizing cultural programs and establishing schools and facilities to promote the arts. Her booklet La teoría de la superestructura: la literatura y el arte was influential in the development of policies adapting the arts to meet socialist goals. Debates about whether the purpose of art was aesthetic or utilitarian led to the government's cultural censorship program, although in her era no forms of artistic expression were banned as long as they supported revolutionary ideals. In 1964, García was accused of protecting Marcos Rodríguez Alfonso ("Marquito") who had informed on activists behind the Directorio Revolucionario 13 de Marzo, leading to the Humboldt 7 massacre. She denied involvement and was exonerated by Castro. After her husband was accused of being a CIA informant, which she denied, the couple were arrested in 1964. From 1965 until her death in 2015, she lived under house arrest, despite never being tried for a criminal offense.
|
2023-12-02T17:14:11Z
|
2023-12-26T14:30:19Z
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Garc%C3%ADa_Buchaca
|
75,465,260 |
2024 in Zimbabwe
|
Events of 2024 in Zimbabwe.
Source:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events of 2024 in Zimbabwe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
}
] |
Events of 2024 in Zimbabwe.
|
2023-12-02T17:18:47Z
|
2023-12-03T18:35:26Z
|
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|
75,465,264 |
International Gay Figure Skating Union
|
The International Gay Figure Skating Union (IGFSU) is currently the international governing body for figure skating at the Gay Games. Established in 1991 by Laura Moore and Arthur Luiz, the IGFSU sanctioned the figure skating events at the Gay Games beginning with the 1994 Games IV in New York. The IGFSU has formed relations with the Ice Sports Industry ((ISI) and the International Skating Union (ISU). The IGFSU states on its website that the organization “strive[s] to support LGBTQ+ skaters, coaches, [and] judges...[and] encourages skaters to lobby their country's governing bodies to become more inclusive.”
Laura Moore skated on a same-sex team with her partner Linda Carney when she proposed the addition of figure skating events to the Gay Games. Although her request was initially denied due to doubts that figure skating events would be successful during the summer Gay Games, her efforts eventually succeeded and she, along with Arthur Luiz, established the International Gay Figure Skating Union to sanction the figure skating events. The IGFSU hosted figure skating for the first time at the 1994 Gay Games in New York, which Moore deemed a “landmark event,” as it allowed her and her partner to participate in a Gay Games competition. The IGFSU experienced relatively low activity for several years until it rebounded during the lead-up to the 1998 Gay Games in Amsterdam, but complications between the Amsterdam organizers, the ISU, and the IGFSU led to its cancellation. In October 1999, the IGFSU joined the Federation of Gay Games as an Organizational Director. In August 2001, the IGFSU partnered with the Ice Skating Industry (ISI), and saw its first collaboration with the International Skating Union (ISU) in 2018 for the Paris Gay Games X.
The International Gay Figure Skating Union has sanctioned the figure skating events at the following Gay Games:
At the 1998 Gay Games in Amsterdam, the ISU refused a last-minute sanction request because same-gender teams violated the ISU definition of a team as one man and one lady. After ISU officials threatened punishment against its members (both skaters and judges), including a permanent ban from the ISU if they participated in the Gay Games events, the figure skating competition was forced to be canceled and was instead held as an exhibition and open practice. However, Moore argued that the cancellation of the competition was not the fault of the ISU, but rather the Amsterdam organizers for ever requesting a sanction from the ISU, especially on such short notice. Moore stated, “It was inappropriate for them ever to apply for a sanction because a Gay Games competition cannot fit into the structure of the ISU." As a result of the ISU's refusal to sanction the games, some interpretations presented the act as homophobic rather than a genuine inability to sanction an event at the last minute, such as an NBC Sports article claiming that the ISU refused to sanction the event because same-gender teams would contradict the ISU rulebook.
The Paris 2018 Gay Games is notable for its collaboration with the ISU for the first time in its history. After the disappointing cancellation of the figure skating events at the Amsterdam Gay Games, the IGFSU did not attempt further collaboration with the ISU until the lead-up to the Gay Games X in Paris. Although skaters expressed concerns that collaboration with the ISU would result in the removal of same-sex team events, IGFSU founder Laura Moore provided reassurance that they would not allow the Gay Games to exclude participation from same-sex teams. As a result, the IGFSU, the Federation of Gay Games, and the French Federation of Ice Sports formed a compromise: the French Federation of Ice Sports agreed to sanction part of the event using ISU rules, while the IGFSU sanctioned the other half of the competition using ISI rules. Although the ISU did not sanction the events, it agreed not to take disciplinary action against its members who participated, which elicited positive reactions. Alan Lessik, a local skater with the IGFSU, stated, “The International Gay Figure Skating Union is very excited about this change,” while Roger Brigham wrote that the breakthrough with ISU for the Paris Gay Games “signal[ed] the end to a heart-wrenching battle that has waged since the 1998 Gay Games in Amsterdam." Bradley Erickson, the president of the IGFSU at the time, said, “My biggest hope is that it feels like a natural add-on to the traditional Gay Games experience."
The most recent Gay Games took place in Guadalajara on November 8-10, 2023. The figure skating competition was held in Pista de Hielo Bugambilias and was run by the IGFSU under ISI rules. Skaters were required to obtain an ISI membership and follow the ISI guidelines for programs if coming from the ISU.
The International Gay Figure Skating Union has historically experienced a complicated relationship with the ISU, especially following the conflict between the two organizations that led to the cancelation of the figure skating competition at the Amsterdam Gay Games. Currently, the IGFSU's website states that “they are open to collaboration with the International Skating Union." However, in hopes of promoting LGBTQ+ acceptance and inclusion, they have tended to favor collaboration with organizations such as the Ice Sports Industry (ISI). In August 2001, the IGFSU officially became an administrative member of the ISI. In an August 2001 newsletter, the IGFSU stated, “Without hesitation, from our first contact with ISI, they have been enthusiastic about having us on board." ISI's emphasis on inclusivity aligned with IGFSU's goals. In particular, the ISI's addition of a “Couples” discipline (any two skaters regardless of gender) allowed for same-gender teams to compete at the Gay Games, in contrast with the ISU's strict definition of “team” as one man and one lady, dating back to the 1950s. Furthermore, ISI does not apply gender-based restrictions on costuming, in contrast to ISU and USFSA rules at the time, which stated that men had to wear full-length trousers and women had to wear skirts. Despite collaboration with ISI, many skaters were members of the ISU and still faced the risk of disciplinary action for participation in the Gay Games, ending only with the Paris 2018 Gay Games.
Recent interest has surfaced in allowing for same-gender teams following Skate Canada's redefinition of “team” as “Partner A and Partner B,” but the ISU's definition of “team” as one man and one woman currently remains in place. At an ISU meeting about six months after Skate Canada's announcement, ice dancer Kaitlyn Weaver asked if the ISU was planning to incorporate a similar revision to its gender rules. Shawn Rettstatt, the ISU technical committee chair, stated that the ISU had begun to form plans for revision, which would be voted on by members at the ISU International Congress.
Although Skate Canada's rulebook change to allow for same-gender teams received positive feedback, others have feared that “the sport was repositioning itself as a grooming area for gay pedophiles." It has also been pointed out that biases may come from figure skating's history as an “aesthetic” sport. Especially in ice dance, a discipline that is heavily artistry-based, skaters often choose a program with a romantic theme, and “a team's perceived chemistry seems to influence scoring." Mary Louise Adams suggested marketability as another barrier to LGBTQ+ participation when she wrote, “Skating is being straightened up. The straighter it gets, the more marketable its skaters become." Furthermore, a writer for the Toronto Star has stated concerns about fair play, as "man-man pairs would create a competitive advantage" if allowed to compete against male-female teams.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The International Gay Figure Skating Union (IGFSU) is currently the international governing body for figure skating at the Gay Games. Established in 1991 by Laura Moore and Arthur Luiz, the IGFSU sanctioned the figure skating events at the Gay Games beginning with the 1994 Games IV in New York. The IGFSU has formed relations with the Ice Sports Industry ((ISI) and the International Skating Union (ISU). The IGFSU states on its website that the organization “strive[s] to support LGBTQ+ skaters, coaches, [and] judges...[and] encourages skaters to lobby their country's governing bodies to become more inclusive.”",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Laura Moore skated on a same-sex team with her partner Linda Carney when she proposed the addition of figure skating events to the Gay Games. Although her request was initially denied due to doubts that figure skating events would be successful during the summer Gay Games, her efforts eventually succeeded and she, along with Arthur Luiz, established the International Gay Figure Skating Union to sanction the figure skating events. The IGFSU hosted figure skating for the first time at the 1994 Gay Games in New York, which Moore deemed a “landmark event,” as it allowed her and her partner to participate in a Gay Games competition. The IGFSU experienced relatively low activity for several years until it rebounded during the lead-up to the 1998 Gay Games in Amsterdam, but complications between the Amsterdam organizers, the ISU, and the IGFSU led to its cancellation. In October 1999, the IGFSU joined the Federation of Gay Games as an Organizational Director. In August 2001, the IGFSU partnered with the Ice Skating Industry (ISI), and saw its first collaboration with the International Skating Union (ISU) in 2018 for the Paris Gay Games X.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The International Gay Figure Skating Union has sanctioned the figure skating events at the following Gay Games:",
"title": "Figure skating at the Gay Games"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At the 1998 Gay Games in Amsterdam, the ISU refused a last-minute sanction request because same-gender teams violated the ISU definition of a team as one man and one lady. After ISU officials threatened punishment against its members (both skaters and judges), including a permanent ban from the ISU if they participated in the Gay Games events, the figure skating competition was forced to be canceled and was instead held as an exhibition and open practice. However, Moore argued that the cancellation of the competition was not the fault of the ISU, but rather the Amsterdam organizers for ever requesting a sanction from the ISU, especially on such short notice. Moore stated, “It was inappropriate for them ever to apply for a sanction because a Gay Games competition cannot fit into the structure of the ISU.\" As a result of the ISU's refusal to sanction the games, some interpretations presented the act as homophobic rather than a genuine inability to sanction an event at the last minute, such as an NBC Sports article claiming that the ISU refused to sanction the event because same-gender teams would contradict the ISU rulebook.",
"title": "Figure skating at the Gay Games"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Paris 2018 Gay Games is notable for its collaboration with the ISU for the first time in its history. After the disappointing cancellation of the figure skating events at the Amsterdam Gay Games, the IGFSU did not attempt further collaboration with the ISU until the lead-up to the Gay Games X in Paris. Although skaters expressed concerns that collaboration with the ISU would result in the removal of same-sex team events, IGFSU founder Laura Moore provided reassurance that they would not allow the Gay Games to exclude participation from same-sex teams. As a result, the IGFSU, the Federation of Gay Games, and the French Federation of Ice Sports formed a compromise: the French Federation of Ice Sports agreed to sanction part of the event using ISU rules, while the IGFSU sanctioned the other half of the competition using ISI rules. Although the ISU did not sanction the events, it agreed not to take disciplinary action against its members who participated, which elicited positive reactions. Alan Lessik, a local skater with the IGFSU, stated, “The International Gay Figure Skating Union is very excited about this change,” while Roger Brigham wrote that the breakthrough with ISU for the Paris Gay Games “signal[ed] the end to a heart-wrenching battle that has waged since the 1998 Gay Games in Amsterdam.\" Bradley Erickson, the president of the IGFSU at the time, said, “My biggest hope is that it feels like a natural add-on to the traditional Gay Games experience.\"",
"title": "Figure skating at the Gay Games"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The most recent Gay Games took place in Guadalajara on November 8-10, 2023. The figure skating competition was held in Pista de Hielo Bugambilias and was run by the IGFSU under ISI rules. Skaters were required to obtain an ISI membership and follow the ISI guidelines for programs if coming from the ISU.",
"title": "Figure skating at the Gay Games"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The International Gay Figure Skating Union has historically experienced a complicated relationship with the ISU, especially following the conflict between the two organizations that led to the cancelation of the figure skating competition at the Amsterdam Gay Games. Currently, the IGFSU's website states that “they are open to collaboration with the International Skating Union.\" However, in hopes of promoting LGBTQ+ acceptance and inclusion, they have tended to favor collaboration with organizations such as the Ice Sports Industry (ISI). In August 2001, the IGFSU officially became an administrative member of the ISI. In an August 2001 newsletter, the IGFSU stated, “Without hesitation, from our first contact with ISI, they have been enthusiastic about having us on board.\" ISI's emphasis on inclusivity aligned with IGFSU's goals. In particular, the ISI's addition of a “Couples” discipline (any two skaters regardless of gender) allowed for same-gender teams to compete at the Gay Games, in contrast with the ISU's strict definition of “team” as one man and one lady, dating back to the 1950s. Furthermore, ISI does not apply gender-based restrictions on costuming, in contrast to ISU and USFSA rules at the time, which stated that men had to wear full-length trousers and women had to wear skirts. Despite collaboration with ISI, many skaters were members of the ISU and still faced the risk of disciplinary action for participation in the Gay Games, ending only with the Paris 2018 Gay Games.",
"title": "Relationships with ISU/ISI"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Recent interest has surfaced in allowing for same-gender teams following Skate Canada's redefinition of “team” as “Partner A and Partner B,” but the ISU's definition of “team” as one man and one woman currently remains in place. At an ISU meeting about six months after Skate Canada's announcement, ice dancer Kaitlyn Weaver asked if the ISU was planning to incorporate a similar revision to its gender rules. Shawn Rettstatt, the ISU technical committee chair, stated that the ISU had begun to form plans for revision, which would be voted on by members at the ISU International Congress.",
"title": "Relationships with ISU/ISI"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Although Skate Canada's rulebook change to allow for same-gender teams received positive feedback, others have feared that “the sport was repositioning itself as a grooming area for gay pedophiles.\" It has also been pointed out that biases may come from figure skating's history as an “aesthetic” sport. Especially in ice dance, a discipline that is heavily artistry-based, skaters often choose a program with a romantic theme, and “a team's perceived chemistry seems to influence scoring.\" Mary Louise Adams suggested marketability as another barrier to LGBTQ+ participation when she wrote, “Skating is being straightened up. The straighter it gets, the more marketable its skaters become.\" Furthermore, a writer for the Toronto Star has stated concerns about fair play, as \"man-man pairs would create a competitive advantage\" if allowed to compete against male-female teams.",
"title": "Barriers to LGBTQ+ participation in figure skating"
}
] |
The International Gay Figure Skating Union (IGFSU) is currently the international governing body for figure skating at the Gay Games. Established in 1991 by Laura Moore and Arthur Luiz, the IGFSU sanctioned the figure skating events at the Gay Games beginning with the 1994 Games IV in New York. The IGFSU has formed relations with the Ice Sports Industry ( and the International Skating Union. The IGFSU states on its website that the organization “strive[s] to support LGBTQ+ skaters, coaches, [and] judges...[and] encourages skaters to lobby their country's governing bodies to become more inclusive.”
|
2023-12-02T17:19:10Z
|
2023-12-06T01:31:07Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gay_Figure_Skating_Union
|
75,465,303 |
Caernarfon Wanderers F.C.
|
Caernarfon Wanderers F.C. was a Welsh football club based in Caernarfon, Gwynedd. The team last played in the Welsh Alliance League Division One, which was at the third tier of the Welsh football league system.
The club have competed in the Welsh Cup, last doing so in the 2011–12 season, losing in the second qualifying round to Bethesda Athletic.
Caernarfon Wanderers was founded in 2007.
In their first season, the club won the Caernarfon & District League Division Two, getting promoted to Division One, which they then won, getting promoted to the Gwynedd League. The club then finished 5th in the Gwynedd League, and got promoted to the Welsh Alliance League. The club won the Welsh Alliance League Division Two at the first attempt, getting promoted to Division One.
However, in 2012, the club finished bottom of the Welsh Alliance League Division One, and after failing to secure the funds for permanent changing rooms, the club folded.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Caernarfon Wanderers F.C. was a Welsh football club based in Caernarfon, Gwynedd. The team last played in the Welsh Alliance League Division One, which was at the third tier of the Welsh football league system.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The club have competed in the Welsh Cup, last doing so in the 2011–12 season, losing in the second qualifying round to Bethesda Athletic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Caernarfon Wanderers was founded in 2007.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In their first season, the club won the Caernarfon & District League Division Two, getting promoted to Division One, which they then won, getting promoted to the Gwynedd League. The club then finished 5th in the Gwynedd League, and got promoted to the Welsh Alliance League. The club won the Welsh Alliance League Division Two at the first attempt, getting promoted to Division One.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "However, in 2012, the club finished bottom of the Welsh Alliance League Division One, and after failing to secure the funds for permanent changing rooms, the club folded.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
Caernarfon Wanderers F.C. was a Welsh football club based in Caernarfon, Gwynedd. The team last played in the Welsh Alliance League Division One, which was at the third tier of the Welsh football league system. The club have competed in the Welsh Cup, last doing so in the 2011–12 season, losing in the second qualifying round to Bethesda Athletic.
|
2023-12-02T17:24:57Z
|
2023-12-02T19:20:45Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox football club",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Welsh Alliance League",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Wanderers_F.C.
|
75,465,312 |
If Only (2019 film)
|
If Only (Italian: Magari) is a 2019 French/Italian comedy-drama film directed by Ginevra Elkann.
Alma and her two older brothers Sebastian and Jean life with their mother Charlotte (Céline Sallette) and stepfather Pavel in Paris. The family has converted to their stepfaher's religion, Russian Orthodoxy. The children fly to Rome to spend the Christmas holiday with their father Carlo (Riccardo Scamarcio). Carlo's girlfriend Benedetta (Alba Rohrwacher) joins them for a holiday by the sea.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "If Only (Italian: Magari) is a 2019 French/Italian comedy-drama film directed by Ginevra Elkann.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Alma and her two older brothers Sebastian and Jean life with their mother Charlotte (Céline Sallette) and stepfather Pavel in Paris. The family has converted to their stepfaher's religion, Russian Orthodoxy. The children fly to Rome to spend the Christmas holiday with their father Carlo (Riccardo Scamarcio). Carlo's girlfriend Benedetta (Alba Rohrwacher) joins them for a holiday by the sea.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
If Only is a 2019 French/Italian comedy-drama film directed by Ginevra Elkann.
|
2023-12-02T17:25:34Z
|
2023-12-17T09:25:35Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Rotten Tomatoes",
"Template:2010s-Italy-film-stub",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Lang-it",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:IMDb title"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Only_(2019_film)
|
75,465,320 |
Vaibhavi Kapoor
|
Vaibhavi Kapoor is an Indian Television actress who was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Kapoor attended St. Joseph's High School, Malad, Mumbai, and later graduated from Bhavan's College Andheri (West), Mumbai.
In 2018 Vaibhavi made her career debut as Rukmini in the Television serial Chakradhari Ajay Krishna She later worked in the Star Plus TV Show "Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka"
Before the ban of TikTok in India in July 2020, Kapoor used to create TikTok
She is a professionally trained Bharatnatyam dancer.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vaibhavi Kapoor is an Indian Television actress who was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kapoor attended St. Joseph's High School, Malad, Mumbai, and later graduated from Bhavan's College Andheri (West), Mumbai.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2018 Vaibhavi made her career debut as Rukmini in the Television serial Chakradhari Ajay Krishna She later worked in the Star Plus TV Show \"Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Before the ban of TikTok in India in July 2020, Kapoor used to create TikTok",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She is a professionally trained Bharatnatyam dancer.",
"title": "Award"
}
] |
Vaibhavi Kapoor is an Indian Television actress who was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
|
2023-12-02T17:26:43Z
|
2023-12-30T22:36:33Z
|
[
"Template:More citations needed",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:IMDb name",
"Template:Improve categories",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaibhavi_Kapoor
|
75,465,334 |
Ann Robertson (nurse)
|
Ann Robertson (1934 — 2023), a British nurse, was the founder and lifetime president of the Pilgrims Hospices in East Kent, UK. For over 40 years, she saw the establishment of hospices in three different towns until, by 2023, the clinical staff numbered 200 and thousands of people in the local community, patients and their families, were supported by palliative end of life care each year.
Robertson worked at the Kent and Canterbury Hospital as a nurse and mid-wife before joining a local Kent General Practice. At the time, hospitals were reluctant to admit people with life-limiting illness and there was little treatment other than pain relief. Robertson knew of the hospice movement started in the UK by Cicely Saunders. She felt that the situation in Kent needed improvement and resolved to do something about it. After winning £1,000 in a competition in The Nursing Times and a further five years of fundraising, Robertson opened the Pilgrims Hospice in Canterbury in 1982. The financial situation was, however, perilous and much of the early work on, for example, publicity and generating income, was undertaken by voluntary trustees.
Roberson travelled around the UK to learn what training was received by others involved in end-of-life care, for example, district nurses, ambulance staff, undertakers, police and other hospice workers, and how they coped with their work.
In 1992, a second hospice was opened in Margate. In 2001, the third was opened in Ashford. By 2014, the three Pilgrims Hospices were providing free care for some 2,000 people. As well as in-patient wards, specialist nurses go out into the community to organise Hospice at Home and Outreach Day Centres.
In 2013, a conference, education and training centre called "The Ann Robertson Centre" was opened. Following Robertson's own emphasis on education, the centre runs training for its own staff and also for some thousand social and health workers each year.
Robertson authored a book entitled The Pilgrims Hospices in East Kent. She was President of Pilgrim Hospices until her death on 7 November 2023.
Robertson was married with two daughters. She became a Licensed lay minister and continued to give services even after her diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ann Robertson (1934 — 2023), a British nurse, was the founder and lifetime president of the Pilgrims Hospices in East Kent, UK. For over 40 years, she saw the establishment of hospices in three different towns until, by 2023, the clinical staff numbered 200 and thousands of people in the local community, patients and their families, were supported by palliative end of life care each year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Robertson worked at the Kent and Canterbury Hospital as a nurse and mid-wife before joining a local Kent General Practice. At the time, hospitals were reluctant to admit people with life-limiting illness and there was little treatment other than pain relief. Robertson knew of the hospice movement started in the UK by Cicely Saunders. She felt that the situation in Kent needed improvement and resolved to do something about it. After winning £1,000 in a competition in The Nursing Times and a further five years of fundraising, Robertson opened the Pilgrims Hospice in Canterbury in 1982. The financial situation was, however, perilous and much of the early work on, for example, publicity and generating income, was undertaken by voluntary trustees.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Roberson travelled around the UK to learn what training was received by others involved in end-of-life care, for example, district nurses, ambulance staff, undertakers, police and other hospice workers, and how they coped with their work.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1992, a second hospice was opened in Margate. In 2001, the third was opened in Ashford. By 2014, the three Pilgrims Hospices were providing free care for some 2,000 people. As well as in-patient wards, specialist nurses go out into the community to organise Hospice at Home and Outreach Day Centres.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2013, a conference, education and training centre called \"The Ann Robertson Centre\" was opened. Following Robertson's own emphasis on education, the centre runs training for its own staff and also for some thousand social and health workers each year.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Robertson authored a book entitled The Pilgrims Hospices in East Kent. She was President of Pilgrim Hospices until her death on 7 November 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Robertson was married with two daughters. She became a Licensed lay minister and continued to give services even after her diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.",
"title": "Private life"
}
] |
Ann Robertson, a British nurse, was the founder and lifetime president of the Pilgrims Hospices in East Kent, UK. For over 40 years, she saw the establishment of hospices in three different towns until, by 2023, the clinical staff numbered 200 and thousands of people in the local community, patients and their families, were supported by palliative end of life care each year.
|
2023-12-02T17:28:08Z
|
2023-12-26T12:36:18Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Authority control"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Robertson_(nurse)
|
75,465,335 |
Owen McCown
|
Owen McCown (born February 13, 2003) is an American football quarterback for the UTSA Roadrunners. He previously played for the Colorado Buffaloes.
McCown was born in Rusk, Texas where he attended high school at Rusk. In McCown's senior season, he threw for 3,363 yards and 47 touchdowns compared with just four interceptions. McCown committed to play college football for the Colorado Buffaloes.
McCown got his first career start in week four of the 2022 season versus UCLA where he completed 26 of his 42 passing attempts for 258 yards and a touchdown with an interception, along with a touchdown on the ground. In McCown's last start of the season, he completed 13 of his 21 pass attempts for 104 yards and an interception, while also adding 18 yards on the ground, in a win versus California. McCown finished the 2022 season making three starts while throwing for 600 yards and two touchdowns with two interceptions. After the conclusion of the 2022 season, McCown announced his intention to enter the NCAA transfer portal.
McCown decided to transfer to play for the UTSA Roadrunners. McCown made his UTSA debut in week four against Tennessee, where he completed 18 of his 20 pass attempts for 172 yards and two touchdowns with an interception.
McCown is the son of former NFL quarterback Josh McCown.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Owen McCown (born February 13, 2003) is an American football quarterback for the UTSA Roadrunners. He previously played for the Colorado Buffaloes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "McCown was born in Rusk, Texas where he attended high school at Rusk. In McCown's senior season, he threw for 3,363 yards and 47 touchdowns compared with just four interceptions. McCown committed to play college football for the Colorado Buffaloes.",
"title": "Early life and high school"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "McCown got his first career start in week four of the 2022 season versus UCLA where he completed 26 of his 42 passing attempts for 258 yards and a touchdown with an interception, along with a touchdown on the ground. In McCown's last start of the season, he completed 13 of his 21 pass attempts for 104 yards and an interception, while also adding 18 yards on the ground, in a win versus California. McCown finished the 2022 season making three starts while throwing for 600 yards and two touchdowns with two interceptions. After the conclusion of the 2022 season, McCown announced his intention to enter the NCAA transfer portal.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "McCown decided to transfer to play for the UTSA Roadrunners. McCown made his UTSA debut in week four against Tennessee, where he completed 18 of his 20 pass attempts for 172 yards and two touchdowns with an interception.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "McCown is the son of former NFL quarterback Josh McCown.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Owen McCown is an American football quarterback for the UTSA Roadrunners. He previously played for the Colorado Buffaloes.
|
2023-12-02T17:28:11Z
|
2023-12-20T08:29:49Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox college football player",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Colorado Buffaloes quarterback navbox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_McCown
|
75,465,343 |
Jacob Magnus Sprengtportens revolt
|
Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten's revolt was an armed rebellion that took place in Finland in 1772, it was commanded by Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten who aimed to secure it for Gustav III's coup d'état.
In 1718, after the death of Charles XII in Norway, the Age of Liberty in Sweden had officially begun, bringing in an era of freedom of speech and other rights. However, in 1772, the Swedish king, Gustav III, organized a coup which would allow him to become an absolute monarch, the original plans were actually mostly composed by the Finnish Colonel, Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten. The coup officially ended the Age of Liberty and instead the Gustavian Era began.
Several different coup plans were presented by Sprengtporten, one where during the coronation of Gustav III the king would place himself at the head of the Uppland garrison who were summoned to the festivities to force a regime change, however Gustav III hesitated to this plan.
In May, Sprengtporten presented his coup plan to Gustav III. According to the plan, the rebellion would instead begin in Finland, where Sprengtporten had a lot of influence and preparations would not be as noticed. He would force the Sveaborg garrison to support the king and only after then take power in Stockholm. He promised to the king that he would personally lead the revolt in Sveaborg. The king liked the plan and Sprengtporten departed to FInland on July 29.
Sprengtporten arrived at Borgå on the 12-13th of August 1772, and from there began executing his plan. While he was going towards Sveaborg, his brother arrived a few days later and led an armed capture of Borgå. The citizens of Borgå swore allegiance to Gustav III but the clergy did not. Sprengtporten landed at Sveaborg 4 days later with 60 dragoons undetected despite strong headwinds. The commander of the garrison, Carl Björnberg, was quickly arrested and the officers and soldiers were persuaded to join the revolt after the kings will was communicated to them. Sprengtporten then went to Helsinki and after capturing the city convinced the military and population to swear allegiance to the King.
The revolt later spread to more parts of Finland, Councillor of the Realm Reuterholm was arrested on his property in Nyland, security forces were sent to the border with Russia and postal services going from Åland to Sweden were cut off. Only at Turku did Sprengtporten face some resistance. After his capture of Helsinki, he quickly began to sail to Stockholm with 780-800 men intending to support the king in his seizure of the city. However, strong headwinds made the journey difficult and once he arrived on the 7th September, the king had already seized power on the 19th of August.
Sprengtporten was princely rewarded for his actions in the coup. He received a promotion to Lieutenant General and was appointed head of the bodyguard, simultaneously he was also awarded the Commander's Badge of the Order of the Sword with the large cross. After August Ehrensvärd's death he was appointed leader of the fortification works in Finland. When he was proposed as the commander-in-chief of the troops in Finland in 1773, he declined the proposal since he did not have the full support of the war council for his plans.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten's revolt was an armed rebellion that took place in Finland in 1772, it was commanded by Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten who aimed to secure it for Gustav III's coup d'état.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1718, after the death of Charles XII in Norway, the Age of Liberty in Sweden had officially begun, bringing in an era of freedom of speech and other rights. However, in 1772, the Swedish king, Gustav III, organized a coup which would allow him to become an absolute monarch, the original plans were actually mostly composed by the Finnish Colonel, Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten. The coup officially ended the Age of Liberty and instead the Gustavian Era began.",
"title": "Prelude"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Several different coup plans were presented by Sprengtporten, one where during the coronation of Gustav III the king would place himself at the head of the Uppland garrison who were summoned to the festivities to force a regime change, however Gustav III hesitated to this plan.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In May, Sprengtporten presented his coup plan to Gustav III. According to the plan, the rebellion would instead begin in Finland, where Sprengtporten had a lot of influence and preparations would not be as noticed. He would force the Sveaborg garrison to support the king and only after then take power in Stockholm. He promised to the king that he would personally lead the revolt in Sveaborg. The king liked the plan and Sprengtporten departed to FInland on July 29.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sprengtporten arrived at Borgå on the 12-13th of August 1772, and from there began executing his plan. While he was going towards Sveaborg, his brother arrived a few days later and led an armed capture of Borgå. The citizens of Borgå swore allegiance to Gustav III but the clergy did not. Sprengtporten landed at Sveaborg 4 days later with 60 dragoons undetected despite strong headwinds. The commander of the garrison, Carl Björnberg, was quickly arrested and the officers and soldiers were persuaded to join the revolt after the kings will was communicated to them. Sprengtporten then went to Helsinki and after capturing the city convinced the military and population to swear allegiance to the King.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The revolt later spread to more parts of Finland, Councillor of the Realm Reuterholm was arrested on his property in Nyland, security forces were sent to the border with Russia and postal services going from Åland to Sweden were cut off. Only at Turku did Sprengtporten face some resistance. After his capture of Helsinki, he quickly began to sail to Stockholm with 780-800 men intending to support the king in his seizure of the city. However, strong headwinds made the journey difficult and once he arrived on the 7th September, the king had already seized power on the 19th of August.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Sprengtporten was princely rewarded for his actions in the coup. He received a promotion to Lieutenant General and was appointed head of the bodyguard, simultaneously he was also awarded the Commander's Badge of the Order of the Sword with the large cross. After August Ehrensvärd's death he was appointed leader of the fortification works in Finland. When he was proposed as the commander-in-chief of the troops in Finland in 1773, he declined the proposal since he did not have the full support of the war council for his plans.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] |
Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten's revolt was an armed rebellion that took place in Finland in 1772, it was commanded by Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten who aimed to secure it for Gustav III's coup d'état.
|
2023-12-02T17:29:30Z
|
2023-12-26T15:20:00Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox military conflict"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Magnus_Sprengtportens_revolt
|
75,465,344 |
Aghyoghill
|
Aghyoghill (from Irish Achadh Eochaille 'field of the yew-wood') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 191.7 acres (0.78 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Kilkeel and the historic barony of Mourne, located 4 miles west of Kilkeel. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aghyoghill (from Irish Achadh Eochaille 'field of the yew-wood') is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 191.7 acres (0.78 km). It is situated in the civil parish of Kilkeel and the historic barony of Mourne, located 4 miles west of Kilkeel. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Aghyoghill is a rural townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It has an area of 191.7 acres (0.78 km2). It is situated in the civil parish of Kilkeel and the historic barony of Mourne, located 4 miles west of Kilkeel. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
|
2023-12-02T17:29:45Z
|
2023-12-02T21:48:57Z
|
[
"Template:Etymology",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:County Down",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox UK place",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Down-geo-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghyoghill
|
75,465,345 |
Hans Robert Hörbiger
|
Johann Robert Hörbiger (1885–1955), commonly known as Hans Robert Hörbiger, was an Austrian engineer and proponent of the Welteislehre, a pseudoscientific theory which asserted that the base material of the universe was ice. Initially studying engineering and running a business with his father and brother, Hörbiger later worked to promote the theory; he worked under Heinrich Himmler in the Ahnenerbe, where the theory was use to generate weather forecasts.
Born eldest son of scientist Hanns Hörbiger, in 1885 in Vienna, he was the eldest brother of the actors Paul and Attila Hörbiger. From 1891 to 1903, the Hörbiger lived in Budapest, where Hanns designed the Metro system. He was the director of exposition at Hoerbiger & Co., which he co-founded in 1925 with his father and younger brother, Alfred [de] Alfred and Hans Robert later took over the business as Hanns developed the Welteislehrer theory; it would later be entirely run by Alfred. He studied mechanical engineering with Alfred, and designed a structure for scientific revolutions, which he developed based off of his knowledge of mathematics and historiography.
In 1919, Hörbiger co-edited a book about the Welteislehre entitled Foundations of Cosmotechnics (Grundlagen der Kosmotechnik) with Max Valier, who was highly valued by Hanns. After his father's death in 1931, Hörbiger continued to work in the field of natural science, with his work especially concerning the Welteislehre. He was a member of the Hoerbiger-Institute.
When Himmler created a department of the Ahnenerbe, the Nazis' pseudoscientific think tank, dedicated to meteorology, it held that the Welteislehre could be used to reliably create weather forecasts. This organisation was to be lead by a "spiritual leader" ("geistige Leiter"), who would be reporting only to Himmler. Despite rumours that Hörbiger was a freemason and Catholic, he was appointed to this position by Himmler in 1936; Hörbiger was one of a number favoured by Himmler who were promoted to high positions. Originally, Himmler intended Hörbiger to be director, with Hans Robert Scultetus as his deputy, although by its creation on 1 January 1937, Sculteus was in charge, with Hörbiger as second-in-command. In 1938, he was fired and returned to Vienna in 1938 on account of incompetence and lack of expertise.
Hörbiger was a supporter of the international auxiliary language Occidental by Edgar de Wahl, alongside his father Hanns, and likely his brother, Alfred. Hörbiger had been mentioned as an Occidentalist as early as a 1927 edition of Cosmoglotta; In 1929 and in 1937, he was honorary president of the Occidental-Union [ie]. He wrote several books in and about the language, including as Occidental: The Way to the European Auxiliary Language (Occidental: Der Weg zur europäischen Verständigungssprache) in 1928.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Johann Robert Hörbiger (1885–1955), commonly known as Hans Robert Hörbiger, was an Austrian engineer and proponent of the Welteislehre, a pseudoscientific theory which asserted that the base material of the universe was ice. Initially studying engineering and running a business with his father and brother, Hörbiger later worked to promote the theory; he worked under Heinrich Himmler in the Ahnenerbe, where the theory was use to generate weather forecasts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born eldest son of scientist Hanns Hörbiger, in 1885 in Vienna, he was the eldest brother of the actors Paul and Attila Hörbiger. From 1891 to 1903, the Hörbiger lived in Budapest, where Hanns designed the Metro system. He was the director of exposition at Hoerbiger & Co., which he co-founded in 1925 with his father and younger brother, Alfred [de] Alfred and Hans Robert later took over the business as Hanns developed the Welteislehrer theory; it would later be entirely run by Alfred. He studied mechanical engineering with Alfred, and designed a structure for scientific revolutions, which he developed based off of his knowledge of mathematics and historiography.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1919, Hörbiger co-edited a book about the Welteislehre entitled Foundations of Cosmotechnics (Grundlagen der Kosmotechnik) with Max Valier, who was highly valued by Hanns. After his father's death in 1931, Hörbiger continued to work in the field of natural science, with his work especially concerning the Welteislehre. He was a member of the Hoerbiger-Institute.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When Himmler created a department of the Ahnenerbe, the Nazis' pseudoscientific think tank, dedicated to meteorology, it held that the Welteislehre could be used to reliably create weather forecasts. This organisation was to be lead by a \"spiritual leader\" (\"geistige Leiter\"), who would be reporting only to Himmler. Despite rumours that Hörbiger was a freemason and Catholic, he was appointed to this position by Himmler in 1936; Hörbiger was one of a number favoured by Himmler who were promoted to high positions. Originally, Himmler intended Hörbiger to be director, with Hans Robert Scultetus as his deputy, although by its creation on 1 January 1937, Sculteus was in charge, with Hörbiger as second-in-command. In 1938, he was fired and returned to Vienna in 1938 on account of incompetence and lack of expertise.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Hörbiger was a supporter of the international auxiliary language Occidental by Edgar de Wahl, alongside his father Hanns, and likely his brother, Alfred. Hörbiger had been mentioned as an Occidentalist as early as a 1927 edition of Cosmoglotta; In 1929 and in 1937, he was honorary president of the Occidental-Union [ie]. He wrote several books in and about the language, including as Occidental: The Way to the European Auxiliary Language (Occidental: Der Weg zur europäischen Verständigungssprache) in 1928.",
"title": "Life"
}
] |
Johann Robert Hörbiger (1885–1955), commonly known as Hans Robert Hörbiger, was an Austrian engineer and proponent of the Welteislehre, a pseudoscientific theory which asserted that the base material of the universe was ice. Initially studying engineering and running a business with his father and brother, Hörbiger later worked to promote the theory; he worked under Heinrich Himmler in the Ahnenerbe, where the theory was use to generate weather forecasts.
|
2023-12-02T17:30:04Z
|
2023-12-17T23:21:23Z
|
[
"Template:Not to be confused with",
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Interlingue",
"Template:Use British English",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
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"Template:Lang",
"Template:Note list",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Portal bar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite thesis"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Robert_H%C3%B6rbiger
|
75,465,348 |
Gloria Meneses
|
Gloria Meneses (1910 – 1996) was a performer and activist from Uruguay, who lived openly as travesti from 1950 until her death. Highly unusual in Latin America at the time, Meneses' life has been widely honoured in films and exhibitions.
Meneses was born in 1910. She made her social transition in 1950 and took her name from the Brazilian actress Glória Menezes. Using inheritance from an aunt to support herself, she acted in different theaters and clubs, such as Arco Iris, imitating the Argentine actress Tita Merello. Living openly as travesti was highly unusual at the time, later earning Meneses the nickname "the mother of travestis”. In 1995, the Uruguayan director Aldo Garay premiered Yo, la mástremendous, where Meneses appeared with a group of other travestis from Montevideo. Meneses died in 1996.
In 2010, the Montevideo Photography Center held an exhibition titled Cien años de Gloria (One Hundred Years of Glory), in tribute to their fight for the recognition of sexual diversity. That same year, filmmaker Aldo Garay exhibited his work De ella La Gloria de Hércules (The Glory of Hercules), a short documentary that narrates Gloria's life, which was shown in range cultural spaces.
In 2022, the mayor of Montevideo, Carolina Cosse, proposed renaming a street in Barrio Sur to honor Gloria Meneses, highlighting her bravery.
In 2023, researchers Diego Sempol and Aldo Garay presented the outdoor exhibition La vida de Gloria Meneses. Memoria histórica y silencios (The Life of Gloria Meneses. Historical memory and silences) which brings together photographs of Gloria's life. It is displayed in the Plaza de la Diversidad Sexual, Montevideo.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gloria Meneses (1910 – 1996) was a performer and activist from Uruguay, who lived openly as travesti from 1950 until her death. Highly unusual in Latin America at the time, Meneses' life has been widely honoured in films and exhibitions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Meneses was born in 1910. She made her social transition in 1950 and took her name from the Brazilian actress Glória Menezes. Using inheritance from an aunt to support herself, she acted in different theaters and clubs, such as Arco Iris, imitating the Argentine actress Tita Merello. Living openly as travesti was highly unusual at the time, later earning Meneses the nickname \"the mother of travestis”. In 1995, the Uruguayan director Aldo Garay premiered Yo, la mástremendous, where Meneses appeared with a group of other travestis from Montevideo. Meneses died in 1996.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2010, the Montevideo Photography Center held an exhibition titled Cien años de Gloria (One Hundred Years of Glory), in tribute to their fight for the recognition of sexual diversity. That same year, filmmaker Aldo Garay exhibited his work De ella La Gloria de Hércules (The Glory of Hercules), a short documentary that narrates Gloria's life, which was shown in range cultural spaces.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2022, the mayor of Montevideo, Carolina Cosse, proposed renaming a street in Barrio Sur to honor Gloria Meneses, highlighting her bravery.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2023, researchers Diego Sempol and Aldo Garay presented the outdoor exhibition La vida de Gloria Meneses. Memoria histórica y silencios (The Life of Gloria Meneses. Historical memory and silences) which brings together photographs of Gloria's life. It is displayed in the Plaza de la Diversidad Sexual, Montevideo.",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
Gloria Meneses was a performer and activist from Uruguay, who lived openly as travesti from 1950 until her death. Highly unusual in Latin America at the time, Meneses' life has been widely honoured in films and exhibitions.
|
2023-12-02T17:30:21Z
|
2023-12-13T00:14:35Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Meneses
|
75,465,362 |
Atatürk Monument (Kadıköy)
|
The Atatürk Monument is installed in Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Atatürk Monument is installed in Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The Atatürk Monument is installed in Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
|
2023-12-02T17:34:01Z
|
2023-12-02T17:43:10Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Public art in Istanbul"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Monument_(Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y)
|
75,465,377 |
Battle of Muzaffarabad
|
The Battle of Muzaffarabad was fought between Pakistani-backed Pashtun tribesmen and pro-Pakistani Kashmiri rebels, and the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces in the town of Muzaffarabad on 22 October 1947. The battle saw the swift defeat of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and the capture of Muzaffarabad by these tribesmen.
Upon the independence of India and Pakistan in August 1947, would see the Partition of India and the displacement of 10-20 million people. The Princely states that were once in a Subsidiary alliance with the British Empire were given three choices; join India, join Pakistan, or remain Independent.
In the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Kashmir, chose to remain independent of both India and Pakistan. Hari Singh was an unpopular ruler, with the majority of his population being Muslim, while he was a Hindu. In the Poonch district, Muslim leaders such as Sardar Ibrahim Khan and Abdul Qayyum Khan began defying the Maharaja first by political means, before arming themselves into a full-scale rebellion.
In August 1947, mass unrest broke out in the Poonch district, as Hari Singh sent State forces under the command of Henry Lawrence Scott. By September 1947, Sardar Ibrahim Khan and other rebels escaped to Pakistan, seeking Pakistani intervention and to acquire arms.
On September 12th, Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, called a meeting with numerous Kashmiri and Pakistani political and military leaders. According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani army planned an operation called "Operation Gulmarg" as an armed intervention in Kashmir without the consent of the government. As per this Operation, 20 tribal units called lashkars would invade Kashmir in numerous areas. Each lashkar would be composed of 1,000 tribal irregulars trained by the Pakistani army. Ten would be sent to aid the rebels in Poonch and were to advance to Jammu, while another ten would invade Muzaffarabad. The Pashtun force under Khurshid Anwar had high morale and were motivated by the prospects of a holy jihad and the riches and treasures they could receive.
"The Khyber Agency and its adjacent tribal areas, located on the border with Afghanistan, contributed the maximum number of fighters to 'liberate' Kashmir from kafirs (infidels). The Pathan tribesmen, considered as 'the most troublesome and feared population on the sub-continent',20 were primarily motivated by the lure of women, money and land and the excitement of combat, which always had a great appeal for the fearless tribes. Added to this was the promise of a heavenly kingdom for those who fought to uphold the religious duty of jihad against a repressive 'infidel regime'. The ulema (Islamic scholars) in the North-West Frontier Province issued fatwas (religious decrees) for waging jihad in Kashmir."
On October 21, 1947, Khurshid Anwar, leader of the Muslim League National Guard, crossed the border into Kashmir with 4,000 Pashtun tribesmen aimed to take Muzaffarabad. The invasion route saw a group of footmen who were experienced with the area cross in columns from Dub Gali, however the bulk of the invasion from the frontier tribesmen crossed via the longer route through Lohar Gali in armoured vehicles and lorries. The invasion caught the Kashmiri defenders by surprise, as they had not anticipated the tribal invasion. The Kashmiri defenders also suffered from mutiny and mass desertion by its Muslim personnel. Brigader Ranijer Singh, overall commander of the front, dispatched the D, E, and F companies of the Second Battalion as reinforcements to defend Domel.Major Hira Lal Atal commanded a mountain artillery battery to provide artillery support. Additional reinforcements from Srinagar were sent although they did not reach Muzaffarabad in time. The Jammu and Kashmir State Forces within the Muzaffarabad were only around 500 strong and were unable to repel the tribal invasion, and so the town quickly fell, opening up the route to Uri and Baramulla.
Upon the fall of Muzaffarabad, the Pashtun tribesmen remained in the town for 3 days before preparing to move onto Srinagar, their ultimate objective.
The Pashtun tribesmen in Muzaffarabad spent three days looting and pillaging the town, killing non-Muslims and enslaving non-Muslim women. Gohar Rahman, a Pashtun tribesmen and veteran of World War II who took part in the invasion stated,
"They plundered the state armoury, set entire markets on fire and looted their goods, they shot everyone who couldn't recite the kalima - the Arabic-language Muslim declaration of faith. Many non-Muslim women were enslaved, while many others jumped in the river to escape capture."Muslim women would sometimes offer us food but the Pathans were reluctant to accept, thinking it may be poisoned. They would instead capture those people's goats and sheep, slaughter them and roast the meat on fire."
Upon the capture of Muzaffarabad by the Pashtun tribesmen, who were jubilant over their victory and preparing to advance on Srinagar, had began to exterminate and slaughter the Non-Muslim population in Muzaffarabad. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre state in reference to the killing of the Hindusin Muzaffarabad,
"The young leader of the invasion's advance guard was jubilant. The operation could not have been more successful. The route to Srinagar lay open before the Pathans, 135 miles of paved, undefended road, a promenade without danger they could complete before daybreak... The young man was quickly disabused of his dream. The strategists who had conceived this invasion had made one fatal miscalculation. When Sairab Khan wanted to set his force on the road to Srinagar, he discovered it had disappeared. There was not a single Pathan around his vehicles. They had faded into the night. Their crusade to deliver their Moslem brothers of Kashmir had begun with a nocturnal excursion to the Hindu bazaar of Muzaffarabad."
On October 24, Sardar Ibrahim Khan declared the Provisional Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The lashkars continued their advance to Uri and Baramulla, with some reaching the outskirts of Srinagar. On the same day, Hari Singh requested assistance from the Indian government, however they would only agree to aid the Maharaja if he acceded to India. On the 26th of October, Jammu and Kashmir was acceded to India on 26 October 1947 and Indian troops were transported by air to Srinagar by the next day.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Battle of Muzaffarabad was fought between Pakistani-backed Pashtun tribesmen and pro-Pakistani Kashmiri rebels, and the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces in the town of Muzaffarabad on 22 October 1947. The battle saw the swift defeat of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and the capture of Muzaffarabad by these tribesmen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Upon the independence of India and Pakistan in August 1947, would see the Partition of India and the displacement of 10-20 million people. The Princely states that were once in a Subsidiary alliance with the British Empire were given three choices; join India, join Pakistan, or remain Independent.",
"title": "Prelude"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Kashmir, chose to remain independent of both India and Pakistan. Hari Singh was an unpopular ruler, with the majority of his population being Muslim, while he was a Hindu. In the Poonch district, Muslim leaders such as Sardar Ibrahim Khan and Abdul Qayyum Khan began defying the Maharaja first by political means, before arming themselves into a full-scale rebellion.",
"title": "Prelude"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In August 1947, mass unrest broke out in the Poonch district, as Hari Singh sent State forces under the command of Henry Lawrence Scott. By September 1947, Sardar Ibrahim Khan and other rebels escaped to Pakistan, seeking Pakistani intervention and to acquire arms.",
"title": "Prelude"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On September 12th, Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, called a meeting with numerous Kashmiri and Pakistani political and military leaders. According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani army planned an operation called \"Operation Gulmarg\" as an armed intervention in Kashmir without the consent of the government. As per this Operation, 20 tribal units called lashkars would invade Kashmir in numerous areas. Each lashkar would be composed of 1,000 tribal irregulars trained by the Pakistani army. Ten would be sent to aid the rebels in Poonch and were to advance to Jammu, while another ten would invade Muzaffarabad. The Pashtun force under Khurshid Anwar had high morale and were motivated by the prospects of a holy jihad and the riches and treasures they could receive.",
"title": "Prelude"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "\"The Khyber Agency and its adjacent tribal areas, located on the border with Afghanistan, contributed the maximum number of fighters to 'liberate' Kashmir from kafirs (infidels). The Pathan tribesmen, considered as 'the most troublesome and feared population on the sub-continent',20 were primarily motivated by the lure of women, money and land and the excitement of combat, which always had a great appeal for the fearless tribes. Added to this was the promise of a heavenly kingdom for those who fought to uphold the religious duty of jihad against a repressive 'infidel regime'. The ulema (Islamic scholars) in the North-West Frontier Province issued fatwas (religious decrees) for waging jihad in Kashmir.\"",
"title": "Prelude"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On October 21, 1947, Khurshid Anwar, leader of the Muslim League National Guard, crossed the border into Kashmir with 4,000 Pashtun tribesmen aimed to take Muzaffarabad. The invasion route saw a group of footmen who were experienced with the area cross in columns from Dub Gali, however the bulk of the invasion from the frontier tribesmen crossed via the longer route through Lohar Gali in armoured vehicles and lorries. The invasion caught the Kashmiri defenders by surprise, as they had not anticipated the tribal invasion. The Kashmiri defenders also suffered from mutiny and mass desertion by its Muslim personnel. Brigader Ranijer Singh, overall commander of the front, dispatched the D, E, and F companies of the Second Battalion as reinforcements to defend Domel.Major Hira Lal Atal commanded a mountain artillery battery to provide artillery support. Additional reinforcements from Srinagar were sent although they did not reach Muzaffarabad in time. The Jammu and Kashmir State Forces within the Muzaffarabad were only around 500 strong and were unable to repel the tribal invasion, and so the town quickly fell, opening up the route to Uri and Baramulla.",
"title": "Invasion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Upon the fall of Muzaffarabad, the Pashtun tribesmen remained in the town for 3 days before preparing to move onto Srinagar, their ultimate objective.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The Pashtun tribesmen in Muzaffarabad spent three days looting and pillaging the town, killing non-Muslims and enslaving non-Muslim women. Gohar Rahman, a Pashtun tribesmen and veteran of World War II who took part in the invasion stated,",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "\"They plundered the state armoury, set entire markets on fire and looted their goods, they shot everyone who couldn't recite the kalima - the Arabic-language Muslim declaration of faith. Many non-Muslim women were enslaved, while many others jumped in the river to escape capture.\"Muslim women would sometimes offer us food but the Pathans were reluctant to accept, thinking it may be poisoned. They would instead capture those people's goats and sheep, slaughter them and roast the meat on fire.\"",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Upon the capture of Muzaffarabad by the Pashtun tribesmen, who were jubilant over their victory and preparing to advance on Srinagar, had began to exterminate and slaughter the Non-Muslim population in Muzaffarabad. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre state in reference to the killing of the Hindusin Muzaffarabad,",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "\"The young leader of the invasion's advance guard was jubilant. The operation could not have been more successful. The route to Srinagar lay open before the Pathans, 135 miles of paved, undefended road, a promenade without danger they could complete before daybreak... The young man was quickly disabused of his dream. The strategists who had conceived this invasion had made one fatal miscalculation. When Sairab Khan wanted to set his force on the road to Srinagar, he discovered it had disappeared. There was not a single Pathan around his vehicles. They had faded into the night. Their crusade to deliver their Moslem brothers of Kashmir had begun with a nocturnal excursion to the Hindu bazaar of Muzaffarabad.\"",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On October 24, Sardar Ibrahim Khan declared the Provisional Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The lashkars continued their advance to Uri and Baramulla, with some reaching the outskirts of Srinagar. On the same day, Hari Singh requested assistance from the Indian government, however they would only agree to aid the Maharaja if he acceded to India. On the 26th of October, Jammu and Kashmir was acceded to India on 26 October 1947 and Indian troops were transported by air to Srinagar by the next day.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] |
The Battle of Muzaffarabad was fought between Pakistani-backed Pashtun tribesmen and pro-Pakistani Kashmiri rebels, and the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces in the town of Muzaffarabad on 22 October 1947. The battle saw the swift defeat of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and the capture of Muzaffarabad by these tribesmen.
|
2023-12-02T17:36:05Z
|
2023-12-27T01:22:24Z
|
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] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muzaffarabad
|
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