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34,887 | ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª/ææ³ä»æ§ | èšèªãèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ã«ã¯ãæ§æ( syntax )ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ãšæå³è«( semantics )ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ããããŸããèšèªã®æ§æã¯ããã®èšèªã«å±ããæåå(æç« ( sentence )ãæ( statements ))ãå®çŸ©ããäžé£ã®èŠåã§ãèšèªã®æå³è«ã¯ãäžããããæã®æå³ãèšè¿°ãããã®ã§ãã
èšèªã®å Žåãæãåå¥ã®äžé£ã®äžŠã¹ã«åè§£ã§ããŸããããã¯ãèšèªã®åè§£äžå¯èœãªæ§æèŠçŽ ã§ãã ããšãã°ã次ã®Perlã®æã¯
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åå¥ã¯ã«ããŽãªãŒã«ã°ã«ãŒãåããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ãããªã«ããŽãªãŒãããŒã¯ã³( token )ãšãããŸãã
æ¡åŒµããã«ã¹ã»ããŠã«åœ¢åŒ( Extended Backus-Naur Form )ã¯ãèšèªã®æ§æãæ£ç¢ºã«æå®ããããã®æ¹æ³ã§ããããšãæå³ããŠããŸããèšèªãèšè¿°ããããã®èšèªã§ãããšããç¹ã§ãã¡ã¿èšèªã§ãããšèšããŸãããŸããã³ãã³ãã®äœ¿ãæ¹ããã«ãã®ææžã§ãã䜿ãããŠããã®ãèŠãããŸãã
EBNFã®å®å
šãªããã¥ã¡ã³ãã¯ãããã«ãããŸãã
.
èšèªã®åºæ¬èŠçŽ ã¯EBNFã®çµç«¯èšå·ã§èšè¿°ãããããéçµç«¯èšå·ã§ãŸãšããŠèšèªå
šäœã®è«ççãªäžäœè¡šçŸãšããŸããçµç«¯èšå·ã¯ãèšèªã®å€æ°åã®é©åãªæ§æããæ°åã衚çŸããããã«äœ¿ãããŸããå®éã«æå¹ãªæåãã¿ãŒã³ãæå®ããŸããéçµç«¯èšå·ã¯ãäžãããããã®(äŸãã°ã10鲿°ã16鲿°ãç§åŠçèšæ°æ³ã®æ°å€å®æ°)ã®ããŸããŸãªå¯èœãªè¡šçŸãã1ã€ã®è«ççãªãã®([Numerical_Constant])ã«ãŸãšããŸããæçµçã«ã¯ãããŸããŸãªæ§æèŠçŽ ãç©ã¿éãããããã®çµã¿åããæ¹ã衚çŸããããšã§ããã®èšèªã®ããã°ã©ã ã衚ãèšå·ãã§ãããããŸãã
ããã€ãã®äŸã¯ awk ãŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ããŒãžã«ãããŸãã
( ããæç²ãããã®ã§ãã)
ãŸãããã®äœ¿ç𿹿³ã§ãã
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ç®ã¯ EBNF ã®äŸã§ãawk ã®ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã§äœ¿çšãããªãã·ã§ã³ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã瀺ããŠããŸãã
次ã«ãäœ¿çšæ³ã®è©³çްéšåã¯éšåçã« EBNF ã§æå®ãããŠããŸãã
äžã®äŸã§ã¯ã'pattern', 'action', 'expression', 'statement' ãšãã£ãåèªã EBNF ã®éçµç«¯èšå·ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã
pattern-actionæã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªåœ¢åŒã§ãã
{ action } ããªãå Žåã¯ããã®è¡ã衚瀺ããŸãããã¿ãŒã³-ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³æã¯ãæ¹è¡ãŸãã¯ã»ãã³ãã³ã§åºåãããŸãã
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æã¯ã»ãã³ãã³ãæ¹è¡ãå³äžæ¬åŒ§ã§çµç«¯ããŸãã
èšèªå
šäœãEBNFã§ææžåãããããšããããŸãã以äžã®ãªã³ã¯ã¯C++ã®ANSIå®çŸ©ãææžåãããã®ã§ããããã®ææžã®å€ãã®éšåã¯EBNFã§æžãããŠããŸãã
| [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªãèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ã«ã¯ãæ§æ( syntax )ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ãšæå³è«( semantics )ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ããããŸããèšèªã®æ§æã¯ããã®èšèªã«å±ããæåå(æç« ( sentence )ãæ( statements ))ãå®çŸ©ããäžé£ã®èŠåã§ãèšèªã®æå³è«ã¯ãäžããããæã®æå³ãèšè¿°ãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªã®å Žåãæãåå¥ã®äžé£ã®äžŠã¹ã«åè§£ã§ããŸããããã¯ãèšèªã®åè§£äžå¯èœãªæ§æèŠçŽ ã§ãã ããšãã°ã次ã®Perlã®æã¯",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã®åå¥ãå«ã¿ãŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åå¥ã¯ã«ããŽãªãŒã«ã°ã«ãŒãåããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ãããªã«ããŽãªãŒãããŒã¯ã³( token )ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡åŒµããã«ã¹ã»ããŠã«åœ¢åŒ( Extended Backus-Naur Form )ã¯ãèšèªã®æ§æãæ£ç¢ºã«æå®ããããã®æ¹æ³ã§ããããšãæå³ããŠããŸããèšèªãèšè¿°ããããã®èšèªã§ãããšããç¹ã§ãã¡ã¿èšèªã§ãããšèšããŸãããŸããã³ãã³ãã®äœ¿ãæ¹ããã«ãã®ææžã§ãã䜿ãããŠããã®ãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "EBNFã®å®å
šãªããã¥ã¡ã³ãã¯ãããã«ãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": ".",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªã®åºæ¬èŠçŽ ã¯EBNFã®çµç«¯èšå·ã§èšè¿°ãããããéçµç«¯èšå·ã§ãŸãšããŠèšèªå
šäœã®è«ççãªäžäœè¡šçŸãšããŸããçµç«¯èšå·ã¯ãèšèªã®å€æ°åã®é©åãªæ§æããæ°åã衚çŸããããã«äœ¿ãããŸããå®éã«æå¹ãªæåãã¿ãŒã³ãæå®ããŸããéçµç«¯èšå·ã¯ãäžãããããã®(äŸãã°ã10鲿°ã16鲿°ãç§åŠçèšæ°æ³ã®æ°å€å®æ°)ã®ããŸããŸãªå¯èœãªè¡šçŸãã1ã€ã®è«ççãªãã®([Numerical_Constant])ã«ãŸãšããŸããæçµçã«ã¯ãããŸããŸãªæ§æèŠçŽ ãç©ã¿éãããããã®çµã¿åããæ¹ã衚çŸããããšã§ããã®èšèªã®ããã°ã©ã ã衚ãèšå·ãã§ãããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã€ãã®äŸã¯ awk ãŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ããŒãžã«ãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "( ããæç²ãããã®ã§ãã)",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããã®äœ¿ç𿹿³ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧æ¬åŒ§ã®äžã®é
ç®ã¯ EBNF ã®äŸã§ãawk ã®ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã§äœ¿çšãããªãã·ã§ã³ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã瀺ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã«ãäœ¿çšæ³ã®è©³çްéšåã¯éšåçã« EBNF ã§æå®ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžã®äŸã§ã¯ã'pattern', 'action', 'expression', 'statement' ãšãã£ãåèªã EBNF ã®éçµç«¯èšå·ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "pattern-actionæã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªåœ¢åŒã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "{ action } ããªãå Žåã¯ããã®è¡ã衚瀺ããŸãããã¿ãŒã³-ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³æã¯ãæ¹è¡ãŸãã¯ã»ãã³ãã³ã§åºåãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¯ãäžé£ã®ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ãã§ããã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ãã¯ã次ã®ããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æã¯ã»ãã³ãã³ãæ¹è¡ãå³äžæ¬åŒ§ã§çµç«¯ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªå
šäœãEBNFã§ææžåãããããšããããŸãã以äžã®ãªã³ã¯ã¯C++ã®ANSIå®çŸ©ãææžåãããã®ã§ããããã®ææžã®å€ãã®éšåã¯EBNFã§æžãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ææ³ä»æ§"
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]
| èšèªãèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ã«ã¯ãæ§æ( syntax )ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ãšæå³è«( semantics )ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ããããŸããèšèªã®æ§æã¯ããã®èšèªã«å±ããæååïŒæç« ãæïŒãå®çŸ©ããäžé£ã®èŠåã§ãèšèªã®æå³è«ã¯ãäžããããæã®æå³ãèšè¿°ãããã®ã§ãã | {{Nav}}
èšèªãèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ã«ã¯ã'''æ§æ( ''syntax'' )'''ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ãš'''æå³è«( ''semantics'' )'''ã§èšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ããããŸããèšèªã®æ§æã¯ããã®èšèªã«å±ããæååïŒæç« ( ''sentence'' )ãæ( ''statements'' )ïŒãå®çŸ©ããäžé£ã®èŠåã§ãèšèªã®æå³è«ã¯ãäžããããæã®æå³ãèšè¿°ãããã®ã§ãã
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<syntaxhighlight lang=perl>
do { sleep 1; } while (++$i < 10);
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次ã®åå¥ãå«ã¿ãŸãã
: <code>do</code>, <code>{</code>, <code>sleep</code>, <code>1</code>, <code>;</code>, <code>}</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>(</code>, <code>++</code>, <code>$i</code>, <code><</code>, <code>10</code>, <code>)</code> ãã㊠<code>;</code>
åå¥ã¯ã«ããŽãªãŒã«ã°ã«ãŒãåããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ãããªã«ããŽãªãŒã'''ããŒã¯ã³( ''token'' )'''ãšãããŸãã
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EBNFã®å®å
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[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-14977.pdf].
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šäœã®è«ççãªäžäœè¡šçŸãšããŸããçµç«¯èšå·ã¯ãèšèªã®å€æ°åã®é©åãªæ§æããæ°åã衚çŸããããã«äœ¿ãããŸããå®éã«æå¹ãªæåãã¿ãŒã³ãæå®ããŸããéçµç«¯èšå·ã¯ãäžãããããã®ïŒäŸãã°ã10鲿°ã16鲿°ãç§åŠçèšæ°æ³ã®æ°å€å®æ°ïŒã®ããŸããŸãªå¯èœãªè¡šçŸãã1ã€ã®è«ççãªãã®ïŒ[Numerical_Constant]ïŒã«ãŸãšããŸããæçµçã«ã¯ãããŸããŸãªæ§æèŠçŽ ãç©ã¿éãããããã®çµã¿åããæ¹ã衚çŸããããšã§ããã®èšèªã®ããã°ã©ã ã衚ãèšå·ãã§ãããããŸãã
ããã€ãã®äŸã¯ awk ãŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ããŒãžã«ãããŸãã
ïŒ[http://www.hmug.org/man/1/awk.php] ããæç²ãããã®ã§ããïŒ
ãŸãããã®äœ¿ç𿹿³ã§ãã
:'''awk [ -F fs ] [ -v var=value ] [ 'prog' | -f progfile ] [ file ... ]
'''
倧æ¬åŒ§ã®äžã®é
ç®ã¯ EBNF ã®äŸã§ãawk ã®ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã§äœ¿çšãããªãã·ã§ã³ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã瀺ããŠããŸãã
次ã«ãäœ¿çšæ³ã®è©³çްéšåã¯éšåçã« EBNF ã§æå®ãããŠããŸãã
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pattern-actionæã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªåœ¢åŒã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=awk>
pattern { action }
</syntaxhighlight>
<code>{ action }</code> ããªãå Žåã¯ããã®è¡ã衚瀺ããŸãããã¿ãŒã³-ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³æã¯ãæ¹è¡ãŸãã¯ã»ãã³ãã³ã§åºåãããŸãã
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if( expression ) statement [ else statement ]
while( expression ) statement
for( expression ; expression ; expression ) statement
for( var in array ) statement
do statement while( expression )
break
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{ [ statement ... ] }
expression # commonly var = expression
print [ expression-list ] [ > expression ]
printf format [ , expression-list ] [ > expression ]
return [ expression ]
next # skip remaining patterns on this input line
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delete array[ expression ]# delete an array element
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exit [ expression ] # exit immediately; status is expression
</syntaxhighlight>
æã¯ã»ãã³ãã³ãæ¹è¡ãå³äžæ¬åŒ§ã§çµç«¯ããŸãã
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šäœãEBNFã§ææžåãããããšããããŸãã以äžã®ãªã³ã¯ã¯C++ã®ANSIå®çŸ©ãææžåãããã®ã§ããããã®ææžã®å€ãã®éšåã¯EBNFã§æžãããŠããŸãã
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lavender/courses/c++/cd2/index.html]
{{Nav}} | null | 2022-07-09T17:58:55Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Nav"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%95%E6%A7%98 |
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次ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
ãããŸã§æ¥ããšãtrueã¯ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ t ãšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ f ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæã¡ãtãè¿ã颿°ã ãšæãã°ããã®ã§ãã
ãããŠãfalseã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ t ãšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ f ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæã¡ãfãè¿ã颿°ãšèããããŸãã
ããèãããšãifãå®çŸ©ããã®ã¯ç°¡åã§ãã
ããã§ã¯ãè«çå€èªäœ(condãšããåå)ããã¹ãŠã®æéã®ãããäœæ¥ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸããè«çå€ã¯AãšBã®äž¡æ¹ã«æž¡ãããŸããè«çå€ãtrueã®å Žåã¯ãAãè¿ããè«çå€ãfalseã®å Žåã¯Bãè¿ãå¿
èŠããããŸããtrueãšfalseãæ
éã«å®çŸ©ãããšããã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
[TODO: èŠä¿®æ£...ãšãããããthenãšelseã®å€ãäž¡æ¹è©äŸ¡ãããªãããã«ãäœããã®åœ¢ã§é
å»¶è©äŸ¡(lazy evaluation)ãæ³å®ãã¹ãã§ã(ç¡éã«ãŒããåŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸã)]
çãšåœã®é©åãªå®çŸ©ãã§ããã®ã§ãä»ã®è«çæŒç®ãç°¡åã«å®çŸ©ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããããã¯ã以åJavaã§è¡ã£ãlessThanãä»ã®é¢ä¿ãã颿°ã®æŒç¿ãæãèµ·ããããŸãã
not: è«çå€ã«å¯ŸããnotæŒç®
ãããæ°ã¥ããããããŸãããã"if" ã¯å®ã¯å¿
èŠãããŸããããªããªãã"if" ãã«ããããŠãå€ãçŽæ¥è«çå€ã«æž¡ãã°ããããã§ãã
ifã䜿ãã®ã¯ãåã«å¯èªæ§ãé«ããããã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«äžã®åé¡ã§ãã
and: 2ã€ã®ããŒã«å€ã®è«çå bãçãªãcãè¿ããããã§ãªããã°åœãè¿ãããããã£ãŠãbãšcããšãã«çã®ãšãã®ã¿çãè¿ã
or:è«çåæŒç®:bãšcã®äž¡æ¹ãåœã®ãšãã®ã¿åœãè¿ã
xor:è«ççæä»çè«çåæŒç®:bãšcãç°ãªããšãç,ãã以å€ã¯åœãè¿ãã
bool-eq: è«ççãªç倿§: bãšcãåãå€ã§ããã°çãè¿ãã
èš»:beq 㯠not (xor b c) ãšãæžããŸãã
ãã£ãŒãæ°--ãã¹ãŠã®n>=0ã®å Žå:nçªç®ã®ãã£ãŒãæ°ã¯ããŒããå€zãåã蟌ã¿ããã®ãŒãå€ã«å¯ŸããŠäžãããããåŸç¶ã颿°sãnåé©çšããŸãã代æ°åŠçã«èšãã°ã0=z(ããªãã¡ãzã«sãé©çšããªãã§ã)ã1 = s(z), 2 = s(s(z)), 3 = s(s(s(z))), ... ãšãªããŸãã
successor function: äžããããæ°åã«ããäžåsuccessorãé©çšããŸãã
is-zero?:æž¡ãããæ°åããŒãã«çããå Žåã«çãè¿ããŸããããã¯ããŒã颿°ããçããåŸç¶é¢æ°ãåžžã«ãåœããè¿ã颿°ã«ããããšã§å®çŸãããŠããŸãããããã£ãŠãtrueã¯successorã0åé©çšããããšãã®ã¿çµæãšãªããŸãã
ã«ãªãŒåã䜿ã£ãããããããããŒãžã§ã³ãšããŠã¯ã { n (and false) true } ããããŸããããã¡ãã®æ¹ããããããããããããŸããã
addition:nãšmã®åãè¿ã
[TODO: ãã®é·ã圢åŒãèŠãããšããããŸããããªãããã䜿ãããã®ãã¯ããããããŸãã:] ã
multiplication: nãšmã®ç©ãè¿ããŸãããèªåã«nãè¶³ããæäœã0ã«måé©çšããããšã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããŸãã
èªç¶æ°ã®çޝä¹: n ã m ä¹ããŸãã
åŒãç®ã¯ãã£ãšåä»ãªã®ã§,ãŸããã¢ãå®çŸ©ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
ãã¢ã®1çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãåãåºã
ãã¢ã®2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãåãåºã
cons, car, cdr: ãã¢ããªã¹ããšããŠèããå Žå
ããŠãæžç®ã®è©±ã«æ»ããŸããããéèŠãªã®ã¯ãæ°ã®çµ (a, b) ãåãåã£ãŠ (a+1, a) ãè¿ãæäœããå§ããããšã§ãã
ããã§ã(0, 0)ã0ãšããŠãnext-pairãsuccessor 颿°ãšããŠã¹ã¿ãŒããããšãsuccessor 颿°ãnåé©çšãããšã次ã®ããã«ãªãããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã
èš»:(n next-pair(pair 0 0))ã¯ãn> = 1ã®å Žåã¯ãã¢(nãn --1)ãçæããn = 0ã®å Žåã¯(0ã0)ãçæããŸãã n> = 1ã®å Žåã¯n-1ãn = 0ã®å Žåã¯0ã«ãªãããã«ããã®ãã¢ã®2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãååŸããå¿
èŠããããŸãã ããããŸãã«predecessorã®å®è£
æ¹æ³ã§ãã
subtraction: n â m {\displaystyle n-m} ãè¿ã; ãã ãããã®å€ãè² ã«ãªãå Žåã¯ã代ããã« 0 ãè¿ããã
æžç®ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãæ°ãæ¯èŒããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã
n 㯠m ãã倧ãããçããã?
n ã m 以äžã?
n ã m ããå°ããã?
nãmãã倧ããã?
equal: nãšmã¯åãæ°ã?
not-equal: nãšmã¯ç°ãªãæ°ã?
div: åå n ãšåæ¯ d ãäžããããããåãè¿ãã
mod: åånãšåæ¯dãäžããŠäœããè¿ãã
äžåç¹Yã³ã³ãããŒã¿ãŒ(ã³ãŒã«ã»ãã€ã»ããªã¥ãŒ(call-by-value)),ååž°æ§ãå®çŸããããã«
Y: fixã®å¥å
[TODO: ãã®æ¡åŒµã«ã€ããŠè°è«ããŸããã©ã ãèšç®ãæ¡åŒµããŠãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ã¢ãã«ãäœãã®ãäžè¬çã§ãããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ãJavaãå®å
šãªèšèªã§ããããšã蚌æããããã«äœ¿ãããŸãã(çè«çã«ã¯ããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯å®è£
ãèæ
®ããŠããŸããã] | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æå³è«ãšã¯ã倧éæã«èšãã°ãab+cã\"ab \"+\"c\"ãmult(5,4)ãšãã£ãèšå·çŸ€ã«äžããããæå³ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ã5ãš4ãè¶³ããšããæ§æã衚çŸããã«ã¯ãããèšããŸãã5ãš4ã®éã« \"+\"èšå·ãå
¥ããã°ã\"5 + 4 \"ãšãªããŸããããããã5+4ãã®æå³è«ãå®çŸ©ããŠãããªããã°ãªããŸãããç®è¡çãªæå³è«ã§èšãã°ã5+4ã¯9ã®è¡šçŸ/ç䟡(=)ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã§ã¯ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®äœè
ã¯ã'+'ã®å®çŸ©ã䜿ãããšããæ°ããäœãããšããå¯èœãã§ããäŸãã°ãã+ãã¯ç®è¡çãªåŒãç®(-)ãšå®çŸ©ã§ããŸããããããããäžè¬çã«ã¯ãè€çŽ æ°ããã123aãããaFsdããã./etcãã®ãããªæåå(èšå·ã®äžŠã³)ã«å¯Ÿãã颿°(ããå€ãåã蟌ãã§å¥ã®å€ãåºåããŸã)ãšããŠå®çŸ©ãããããšãå€ãããã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æå³è«ã¯ãåãªãçè«ãå²åŠã§ã¯ãããŸãããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ç¹æ§ã®å€ãã¯ãå³å¯ãªè§£æã«ãã£ãŠã®ã¿æ±ºå®ãããŸããäŸãã°ã\"ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã¯å®å
šã§ãã \"ãšãããããªçºèšãããããããããããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãå®å
šã§ããããšã蚌æããã«ã¯ããã®èšèªã®ææ³ã«ã€ããŠã®è°è«ã ãã§ã¯äžååã§ããå®å
šæ§ã®æ£åŒãªèšŒæããªããã°ãã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãå€ãã®å¥ã
ã®çžäºäœçšããé¢å¿äºãããããäºæãã¬çµæã«å¯ŸããŠè匱ã«ãªããããªãã®ã§ãããã®ãããªèšŒæãè¡ãäžã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãæ°åŠçã¢ãã«ãçšããããšã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ã»ãã³ãã£ã¯ã¹ãäžããããã°ãä»ã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããã®ããŒã¹èšèªã®èгç¹ããèšè¿°ãããªãã·ã§ã³ããããŸããã€ãŸããããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ã»ãã³ãã£ã¯ã¹ãæå®ãã1ã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããããä»ã®èšèªãšé¢é£ä»ããããšã§ãããããããã®å Žåãå
ã®ããŒã¹ãšãªãèšèªãäœã«ããããšããããŒãã¹ãã©ããåé¡ãçºçããŸããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ç ç©¶è
ã¯ããã®åé¡ããå
ã
ã¯è«çåŠã®ããã«çºæãããæ°åŠã¢ãã«ã§ãããªãããèšç®æ©ãžã®åçãªå¿çšãå¯èœã«ãããã®ã䜿ãããšã§è§£æ±ºãããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã ãèšç®ãšã¯ã1920幎代ãã30幎代ã«ãããŠã¢ãã³ãŸã»ãã£ãŒããã¯ãªãŒããã«ãã£ãŠçºæããããã®ã§ããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°å®å
šèšèªãèšè¿°ããäžã§æãåçŽãªãã®ã®1ã€ã§ãã颿°ãšããåäžã®å€ãæã¡ã颿°ã®å®çŸ©ãšé¢æ°ã®åŒåºããšãã2ã€ã®æäœããæããªãèšèªã§ããããã«åçŽåãããšã颿°ã¯1ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ããæã€ããšãã§ããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ã颿°ãåŒæ°ãšããŠåãåããä»ã®é¢æ°ãå€ãšããŠè¿ã颿°ã«ã€ããŠèããŠã¿ãŸããããéåžžã«æœè±¡çãªæŠå¿µã§ããããããã説æããããã«ãå·§åŠãªå®çŸ©ã«ãã£ãŠãç§ãã¡ãæ®æ®µäœ¿ã£ãŠããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã«è¿ã圢ã§èšèªãæ§ç¯ã§ããŸããäŸãã°ããããã玹ä»ããæåã®ããªãã¯ã®1ã€ã¯ãå颿°ã1ã€ã®åŒæ°ãããšããªãã«ãããããããè€æ°ã®åŒæ°ããšãããšãã§ãããšããåãçµæãåŸãããã®æ¹æ³ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã ãèšç®ãæ±ãåã«ãããæšæºçãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã®ããºã«ããå§ããŸããããJavaã«ã¯äºé
æŒç®å\"<\"ãããªãã\">\"ã\">=\"ã\"<=\"æŒç®åãäžãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããå¿
èŠããã£ããšããŸãããŸããåé
æŒç®åããããŸããããifæã¯ãŸã ãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããäžãããããã®ãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç§ãã¡ã®èª²é¡ã¯greaterThanãgreaterThanOrEqualToãlessThanOrEqualToãå®çŸ©ããããšã§ãããã®ããºã«ã§ã¯ãlessThanã®åŒåºããšifæã®äœ¿çšããããŠããŒã«å€ã®è¿ãå€ããã§ããªãããšãå¿ããªãã§ãã ããããã®å
ãèªãåã«ãã©ã®ãããªããšãã§ããããèããŠã¿ãŠãã ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ããã®é¢æ°ã¯ããã»ã©è€éã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã b < a {\\displaystyle b<a} ããããšãã¯ãã€ã§ãã a > b {\\displaystyle a>b} ãããããšããã§ã«ç¥ã£ãŠãããããããŸããããŸããåæ§ã®çç±ã§greaterThanOrEqualToãšlessThanOrEqualToã®å®è£
ãæžããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "greaterThanOrEqualToã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãå®è³ªçã«lessThanã®çµæãåŠå®ããŠããŸãããããã£ãŠã a â® b {\\displaystyle a\\not <b} ã®ãšã㯠true ãè¿ãã a < b {\\displaystyle a<b} ã®ãšã㯠false ãè¿ããŸãããããã a â® b {\\displaystyle a\\not <b} ã®ãšãã¯ã a ⥠b {\\displaystyle a\\geq b} ãããã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããã¯çãè¿ããªããã°ãªããªãå Žåã§ãããçãè¿ãã®ã§ããåæ§ã«ã a < b {\\displaystyle a<b} ã®ãšãã a g e b {\\displaystyle ageb} ã¯ããããªãããšãåãã£ãŠããã®ã§ãæ£ããfalseãè¿ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®å®çŸ©ãäžããããã°ãequalToãšnotEqualToãå®çŸ©ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç§ãã¡ã¯ä»ãã©ã ãèšç®ã®æŒç®ãæ§ç¯ããããã®æ¹æ³ãèãå§ããŠããŸãã<ãš==ã ãã§ãªããæ°å€ãããŒãªã¢ã³ãæ°å€ã«å¯Ÿãããã¹ãŠã®æŒç®ããã¹ãŠã®é¢ä¿æŒç®ããªã³ã¯ãªã¹ããifåŒãã«ãŒãæ§æãããã«ã¯åºåããã®ä»ã®å¯äœçšã®ã¢ãã«ãçºæããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã¯ãå®å
šãªã©ã ãèšç®èšèªã®ææ³ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããçç¥åœ¢ãäœæã§ããããã«ããããã«ãå¥ã®èšæ³ã玹ä»ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªãletããè¡ãããåŸãèå¥åã¯å³èŸºã®åŒã«å±éãããã¯ãã§ãããŸããå¥ã®åœ¢ã®æ¬åŒ§ãå
¥ããããããã¯ãã§ã«å®çŸ©ãããŠããäžæ¬åŒ§ãšäœãå€ããã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®èšèªã«ã¯å¥èªç¹( punctuation )ãããŸããªããããå€ãã®æ¬åŒ§ã䜿çšãããŸããããã§ã2ã€ã®ç°ãªãã¿ã€ãã®æ¬åŒ§ãèš±å¯ããããšã§ãå¯èªæ§ãåäžãããŸã(ã°ã«ãŒãã®éå§ãšçµäºãèŠèŠçã«äžèŽãããããšãã§ãããã)ã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåŸã«ãèå¥åã¯ã©ã®ãããªæåã®äžŠã³ã§ãæ§ããŸãããããããæ¢ã«ä»ã®äœããæå³ããããŒã¯ã³ã§ãªãããšãæ¡ä»¶ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããäžè¬çãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãšç°ãªããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ã¯ããiããxããy1ããreminderããtheReturnValueãããã¹ãŠèå¥åã§ããããã«ãã0ãã+ãã%ãã15ããªã©ãæå¹ãªèå¥åãšãªãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¡ã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ã¯ \";\" ã䜿ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã ãèšç®ã®èŠåã®æå®ããä»®æ³çãªJavaã®ãããªèšèªãšã®æ¯èŒããå§ããããšã«ããŸããæœè±¡åã«ãŒã«ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã䜿ããšãæ°ãã颿°ãäœãããŸããã©ã ããλãèšå·ã¯ãæ°ãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ãããããšã瀺ããããã«ç¶ãèå¥åã¯ããã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®ååã§ããããã\". \"ã®åŸã«ç¶ãåŒã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãšã¹ã³ãŒãå
ã®ä»ã®å€æ°ãåç
§ããããšãã§ããåŒã§ãããªããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ã¯ã颿°ã«ã¯ååããããŸãããããååãä»ãããå Žåã¯ããletã圢åŒã§çç¥åœ¢ãäœãã ãã«ããŠããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ã®ãšããã§ã¯ãããŸãäœãå®çŸ©ã§ããªãããã§ããæåã«æãã€ãã®ã¯ãæçåŒé¢æ°ã§ãããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãããã®é¢æ°ãæå®ããxã«å¯ŸããŠãxãè¿ãããŸãã åžžã«λxãæžã代ããã«ã x æç颿°ã䜿çšãããã³ã«ãçç¥åœ¢ãäœæã§ããŸã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã«ã代ããã« Identity ãåç
§ããŸããããã¯ãæ§æçã«éãλx. xãåç
§ããã®ãšåãã§ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Javaã§ã¯ãåãå®çŸ©ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã ãèšç®ã®å€ãåã¯é¢æ°ã ããªã®ã§ãåŒæ°ãæ»ãå€ãä»®æ³çãªã颿°ãåã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ãŒã«ãé©çš",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ã颿°ãé©çš(ãŸãã¯åŒåºã)ã§ããŸããäŸãã°ãfã颿°ã§ãaããã®åŒæ°ã§ãã£ããšããŸããfãaã«é©çšããã«ã¯ãäž¡è
ã䞊ã¹ãã ãã§ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬åŒ§ã¯ã°ã«ãŒãåãæäŸããã ãã§ãããfãšaã¯ãã§ã«çµç«¯èŠçŽ ãªã®ã§ã以äžã®ãã®ã¯ãã¹ãŠäžèšãšç䟡ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»®ã«fãJavaã®ãããªä»®æ³ã®èšèªã«ãããFunctionã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã§ãã£ããšããŸãã颿°é©çšã¯ãã®ããã«æžãããšãã§ããã§ãããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããã®ã¯ããfãaã«åœãŠã¯ããããšããæå³ã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®éã®å¿çšã®ã»ãã³ãã£ã¯ã¹ã¯çœ®æèŠå(β-ãªãã¯ã·ã§ã³(β-reduction)ã«ãŒã«ãšãåŒã°ããŸã)ã§ããf ãã©ã ã颿°ã§ a ãäœããã®å€ã§ããããããã䞊眮ããããšããé©çšãè¡ãããŸããäŸãã° f ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã x ãšããååã§ãäœããã®åŒ expr ã x ã䜿ã£ãŠãããšããŸãããã®ãšã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ãšåãã«ãªã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ãxã®åºçŸç®æããã¹ãŠaã«çœ®æããããŸãããã®çœ®æã次ã®ããã«æžããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
ã»ã©ã®æçåŒé¢æ°ãããã°ããããèŠçŽ ã«é©çšã§ããŸããããã§",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšåãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšåãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãªãã代å
¥åŸã¯",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããã®ãšåãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšåãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãªãã代å
¥åŸã¯",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãããã€ãŸãã¯æçåŒé¢æ°ãã®ãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å·Šããå³",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšã®ãšãããã©ã ãèšç®ãã§ããããšã¯ãæç颿°ãäœã£ãŠèªåèªèº«ã«é©çšããããšä»¥äžã®ããšã¯ã§ããªãããã«æããŸãããã®èšèªãããã«äœ¿ãããªãã«ã¯ãæœè±¡åæäœãããèªäœãçã®æäœã§ãããšèããããã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸããäŸãã°ãæç颿°ãå®çŸ©ãã代ããã«ãæç颿°ãäœã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããŠã¿ãŸãããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ããä»»æã®yãäžãããããããã®ID颿°ãè¿ãããšè§£éãã¹ãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ã®ã©ã ã颿°æ¬äœã§ã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãè¿ãã ãã§ãããäžã®äŸã§ã¯ãããäžã€ã®éžæè¢ãšããŠãèªåãå®çŸ©ãããŠãã颿°ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãè¿ããšãããã®ãããããšãããããŸããäŸãã°ã次ã®ãããªå Žåã¯ã©ãã ããã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®é¢æ°ã¯ã\"ä»»æã®yãäžãããããšãä»»æã®xãäžãããããšãåžžã«yãè¿ã颿°ãè¿ã \"ãšè§£éãã¹ãã§ããã€ãŸããæ°åŠã§ã°ã©ãäžã®æ°Žå¹³ç·ãšããŠè¡šçŸããã宿°é¢æ°ãäœãã®ã§ãã(ã°ã©ãäžã®æç颿°ã¯ã代ããã«åç¹ãéã45床ã®è§åºŠã®ç·ãšãªããŸã)ããã®ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ããã®æ°ãããªãã·ã§ã³ã«ãã£ãŠãã©ã®ããã«è±ããªæŠå¿µã衚çŸããããšãã§ãããã玹ä»ããŸããç¹ã«ãè€æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåã颿°ã®ã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãè¡ãæ¹æ³ã玹ä»ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŒæ°ã1ã€ããåããªã颿°ãããè€æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåã颿°ãã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒãããæ¹æ³ãšããŠããã¹ãŠã®åŒæ°ã1ã€ã®åäœã«ãŸãšã(è€çŽ æ°ã2ã€ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãå«ãããã«)ããã®åäœãæž¡ããšããèãæ¹ããããŸãããã®ãããªææ³ã¯ãã¿ãã«ã®ææ³ãšèšããŸããå®éã«è€æ°ã®å€ã®éãŸãã§ããåŒæ°ãæž¡ãããšãã§ããéããæåã«ãããã®è€æ°ã®å€ãæž¡ãããšãšäœãå€ããã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¿ãã«ææ³ã¯äœ¿ããŸãããã©ã ãèšç®ã«ã¯ã¿ãã«åããããŸãããå¯äžã®åã¯ãåäžã®åŒæ°ãåãåã颿°ã§ããããããäžã®xãšyã䜿ã2ã€ã®é¢æ°ãæãåºããŠãã ãããλy颿°ãλx颿°ãçæããã®ã§ãλx颿°ã¯xãšyã®ã©ã¡ããã䜿ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®åé¡ãèããäžã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãç¹å®ã®äŸã«æ³šç®ããããšã§ããã€ãŸããåŒæ°a, b, cãåãåãããããã®å€ãå«ãäœããã®èšç®ãè¡ãæ°ãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããããšããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯æ©æ¢°ãšèããããŸããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ã¯ããã®æ©æ¢°ã¯1ã€ã®å€ããåã蟌ããªããšããå¶éããããŸããããããäœãè¿ããã«ã€ããŠã¯å³å¯ãªå¶éã¯ãããŸãããã€ãŸããaããåã蟌ããªãæ©æ¢°ã¯ãbãcãç¥ããªãã®ã§ãç®çã®èšç®ãããããšãã§ããªãã§ãããšãŸãèããŸããããããaãç¥ã£ãŠããã®ã§ãaãç¥ãæ°ããæ©æ¢°ãè¿ããŸãããã®æ©æ¢°ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãåãåãã®ã§ããããbãšããŸãããããã£ãŠãä»ããªãã¯aãšbãç¥ã£ãŠãããcãç¥ã£ãŠããªãæ©æ¢°ãæã«å
¥ããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®æŠå¿µãããããããããããã«ãè¶³ãç®ãã§ããæ©æ¢°ãäœããããšããŸããã€ãŸãããä»»æã®nãšmãäžããããããn+mã®åãè¿ãããšãããããªé¢æ°ã§ãããŸãããã£ãšåå§çãªé¢æ°ã§ããcreate-adderãäœãã°ããã®ãããªå¹æãåŸãããŸããããã§ã¯ãŸã create-adderãå®è£
ããŸãããã以äžã®ãããªä»æ§ã§ååšãããšä»®å®ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "create-adderãååšãããšä»®å®ããã°ãè¶³ãç®ãå®çŸ©ããã®ã¯äºçްãªããšã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããã+ãã«æããããªãã§ãã ãããããã¯ãä»ã®èå¥åãšåãããã«åãªãèšå·ã§ãããã®é¢æ°ã®ç¥ç§°ãã+ãã§ã¯ãªããããã©ã¹ãããã¢ãããšããããšãã§ããã®ã§ããã§ã¯ãã+ãæ©èœãã®ãã®ã¯äœãªã®ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªã¿æ¹ã¯ãã+ãã§ãã\"ä»»æã®nãäžãããããšããä»»æã®mãäžãããããšããn+mãè¿ã颿°ãè¿ã \"ã§ãã5ãš4ãå€ãšããŠå®çŸ©ãããŠãããšä»®å®ãããš(ãã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããã«ç޹ä»ããŸã)ã\"+\"ã¯ããããè¶³ãããã«äœ¿ãããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ããŸãã+ãã5ã«é©çšãããã®çµæã4ã«é©çšããŸããã+ãã¯äžäœã§ã¯2ã€ã®åŒæ°ãåããšèããããã®ã§ãã«ãã³ãããã€ãå€ããšåããããããªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã5ã«é©çšãããã®çµæã4ã«é©çšãããšããæå³ã«å€ããã¯ãããŸãã(ãã®å Žåãæ¬åŒ§ããã¹ãŠåé€ããŠãåãæå³ã«ãªããŸã)ããã®ãããªé¢æ°ã®åŒã³æ¹ã¯ãåçœ®èšæ³ãšãåãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã+ã颿°ã¯å
·äœçã«ã©ã®ããã«ããŠãn+mããè¿ããŠããã®ã§ãããããæ¬äœã¯ãããªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ãcreate-adderã«ã¯nãæž¡ãããŸããå®çŸ©ã«ããã°ãä»»æã®æ°ãäžãããããšãnãšãã®æ°ã®åãè¿ã颿°ãè¿ãããŸãããããŠããã®é¢æ°ãããã«mã«é©çšããŠãn + mã®åãåŸãŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããªãã¯ã¯ã«ãªãŒå( Currying )ãšåŒã°ããèšèªèªäœã¯æè¡çã«åäžåŒæ°ã®é¢æ°ããèš±ããªãã«ãããããããè€æ°åŒæ°ãéæããæ¹æ³ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "颿°ã1ã€ã®åŒæ°ããåããªãèšèªã«è€æ°ã®åŒæ°ã远å ããæ¹æ³ãããã£ãã®ã§ãä»ã®æ¡åŒµãæ€èšã§ããŸããããå€ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°æ§é ãäœãããã«ã¯ãå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãèšè¿°ããã ãã§ãªããæ°ããå€ãäœãå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»ãŸã§ã«äœã£ãå€ã¯ã(1)æçåŒé¢æ°ã(2)æçåŒé¢æ°ãè¿ã颿°ã(3)宿°é¢æ°ãè¿ã颿°ã ãã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåã«äœæããå€ã¯è«çå€ã®trueãšfalseã§ãããŸãtrueãæçåŒãšå®çŸ©ããfalseãæçåŒãè¿ã颿°ãšå®çŸ©ããŠãããã®ã§ãããããã§ã¯ãããã®å®çŸ©ãæçšãªãã®ã«ããã®ã¯é£ããã§ãããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ãªããtrueãšfalseãå®çŸ©ããåã«ãä»®ã«trueãšfalseããã£ããšããŠãããã䜿ã£ãŠäœããããã®ã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æãŸããæ§è³ªã®1ã€ã¯ãäœããã®åœ¢ã§ifãå®è¡ã§ããããšã§ããifã¯ãè«çå€ã\"then\"å€ã\"else\"å€ã®3ã€ã®åŒæ°ãåã颿°ãšèããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã¯ããŒã¯ãŒãã§ã¯ãªããåãªãã·ã³ãã«ã§ããããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã\"cond\" ãçã§ãããšããæ¬¡ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŠã\"cond \"ãfalseã®ãšãã¯",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§æ¥ããšãtrueã¯ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ t ãšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ f ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæã¡ãtãè¿ã颿°ã ãšæãã°ããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŠãfalseã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ t ãšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ f ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæã¡ãfãè¿ã颿°ãšèããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããèãããšãifãå®çŸ©ããã®ã¯ç°¡åã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ãè«çå€èªäœ(condãšããåå)ããã¹ãŠã®æéã®ãããäœæ¥ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸããè«çå€ã¯AãšBã®äž¡æ¹ã«æž¡ãããŸããè«çå€ãtrueã®å Žåã¯ãAãè¿ããè«çå€ãfalseã®å Žåã¯Bãè¿ãå¿
èŠããããŸããtrueãšfalseãæ
éã«å®çŸ©ãããšããã®ããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO: èŠä¿®æ£...ãšãããããthenãšelseã®å€ãäž¡æ¹è©äŸ¡ãããªãããã«ãäœããã®åœ¢ã§é
å»¶è©äŸ¡(lazy evaluation)ãæ³å®ãã¹ãã§ã(ç¡éã«ãŒããåŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸã)]",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çãšåœã®é©åãªå®çŸ©ãã§ããã®ã§ãä»ã®è«çæŒç®ãç°¡åã«å®çŸ©ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããããã¯ã以åJavaã§è¡ã£ãlessThanãä»ã®é¢ä¿ãã颿°ã®æŒç¿ãæãèµ·ããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not: è«çå€ã«å¯ŸããnotæŒç®",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããæ°ã¥ããããããŸãããã\"if\" ã¯å®ã¯å¿
èŠãããŸããããªããªãã\"if\" ãã«ããããŠãå€ãçŽæ¥è«çå€ã«æž¡ãã°ããããã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã䜿ãã®ã¯ãåã«å¯èªæ§ãé«ããããã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«äžã®åé¡ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "and: 2ã€ã®ããŒã«å€ã®è«çå bãçãªãcãè¿ããããã§ãªããã°åœãè¿ãããããã£ãŠãbãšcããšãã«çã®ãšãã®ã¿çãè¿ã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "or:è«çåæŒç®:bãšcã®äž¡æ¹ãåœã®ãšãã®ã¿åœãè¿ã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "xor:è«ççæä»çè«çåæŒç®:bãšcãç°ãªããšãç,ãã以å€ã¯åœãè¿ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "bool-eq: è«ççãªç倿§: bãšcãåãå€ã§ããã°çãè¿ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èš»:beq 㯠not (xor b c) ãšãæžããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãŒãæ°--ãã¹ãŠã®n>=0ã®å Žå:nçªç®ã®ãã£ãŒãæ°ã¯ããŒããå€zãåã蟌ã¿ããã®ãŒãå€ã«å¯ŸããŠäžãããããåŸç¶ã颿°sãnåé©çšããŸãã代æ°åŠçã«èšãã°ã0=z(ããªãã¡ãzã«sãé©çšããªãã§ã)ã1 = s(z), 2 = s(s(z)), 3 = s(s(s(z))), ... ãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "successor function: äžããããæ°åã«ããäžåsuccessorãé©çšããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "is-zero?:æž¡ãããæ°åããŒãã«çããå Žåã«çãè¿ããŸããããã¯ããŒã颿°ããçããåŸç¶é¢æ°ãåžžã«ãåœããè¿ã颿°ã«ããããšã§å®çŸãããŠããŸãããããã£ãŠãtrueã¯successorã0åé©çšããããšãã®ã¿çµæãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ãªãŒåã䜿ã£ãããããããããŒãžã§ã³ãšããŠã¯ã { n (and false) true } ããããŸããããã¡ãã®æ¹ããããããããããããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "addition:nãšmã®åãè¿ã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO: ãã®é·ã圢åŒãèŠãããšããããŸããããªãããã䜿ãããã®ãã¯ããããããŸãã:] ã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "multiplication: nãšmã®ç©ãè¿ããŸãããèªåã«nãè¶³ããæäœã0ã«måé©çšããããšã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªç¶æ°ã®çޝä¹: n ã m ä¹ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŒãç®ã¯ãã£ãšåä»ãªã®ã§,ãŸããã¢ãå®çŸ©ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¢ã®1çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãåãåºã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¢ã®2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãåãåºã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cons, car, cdr: ãã¢ããªã¹ããšããŠèããå Žå",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãæžç®ã®è©±ã«æ»ããŸããããéèŠãªã®ã¯ãæ°ã®çµ (a, b) ãåãåã£ãŠ (a+1, a) ãè¿ãæäœããå§ããããšã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã(0, 0)ã0ãšããŠãnext-pairãsuccessor 颿°ãšããŠã¹ã¿ãŒããããšãsuccessor 颿°ãnåé©çšãããšã次ã®ããã«ãªãããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èš»:(n next-pair(pair 0 0))ã¯ãn> = 1ã®å Žåã¯ãã¢(nãn --1)ãçæããn = 0ã®å Žåã¯(0ã0)ãçæããŸãã n> = 1ã®å Žåã¯n-1ãn = 0ã®å Žåã¯0ã«ãªãããã«ããã®ãã¢ã®2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãååŸããå¿
èŠããããŸãã ããããŸãã«predecessorã®å®è£
æ¹æ³ã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "subtraction: n â m {\\displaystyle n-m} ãè¿ã; ãã ãããã®å€ãè² ã«ãªãå Žåã¯ã代ããã« 0 ãè¿ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æžç®ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãæ°ãæ¯èŒããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "n 㯠m ãã倧ãããçããã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "n ã m 以äžã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "n ã m ããå°ããã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "nãmãã倧ããã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "equal: nãšmã¯åãæ°ã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not-equal: nãšmã¯ç°ãªãæ°ã?",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "div: åå n ãšåæ¯ d ãäžããããããåãè¿ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mod: åånãšåæ¯dãäžããŠäœããè¿ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåç¹Yã³ã³ãããŒã¿ãŒ(ã³ãŒã«ã»ãã€ã»ããªã¥ãŒ(call-by-value)),ååž°æ§ãå®çŸããããã«",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Y: fixã®å¥å",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO: ãã®æ¡åŒµã«ã€ããŠè°è«ããŸããã©ã ãèšç®ãæ¡åŒµããŠãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ã¢ãã«ãäœãã®ãäžè¬çã§ãããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ãJavaãå®å
šãªèšèªã§ããããšã蚌æããããã«äœ¿ãããŸãã(çè«çã«ã¯ããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯å®è£
ãèæ
®ããŠããŸããã]",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è«"
}
]
| null | {{Nav}}
== ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æå³è« ==
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¥ããã°ã"5 + 4 "ãšãªããŸããããããã5ïŒ4ãã®æå³è«ãå®çŸ©ããŠãããªããã°ãªããŸãããç®è¡çãªæå³è«ã§èšãã°ã5ïŒ4ã¯9ã®è¡šçŸïŒç䟡ïŒïŒïŒã§ãã
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ã©ã ãèšç®ãšã¯ã1920幎代ãã30幎代ã«ãããŠ[[W:ã¢ãã³ãŸã»ãã£ãŒã|ã¢ãã³ãŸã»ãã£ãŒã]]ã[[W:ã¹ãã£ãŒãŽã³ã»ã³ãŒã«ã»ã¯ãªãŒã|ã¯ãªãŒã]]ãã«ãã£ãŠçºæããããã®ã§ããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°å®å
šèšèªãèšè¿°ããäžã§æãåçŽãªãã®ã®1ã€ã§ãã颿°ãšããåäžã®å€ãæã¡ã颿°ã®å®çŸ©ãšé¢æ°ã®åŒåºããšãã2ã€ã®æäœããæããªãèšèªã§ããããã«åçŽåãããšã颿°ã¯1ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ããæã€ããšãã§ããŸããã
ããã§ã¯ã颿°ãåŒæ°ãšããŠåãåããä»ã®é¢æ°ãå€ãšããŠè¿ã颿°ã«ã€ããŠèããŠã¿ãŸããããéåžžã«æœè±¡çãªæŠå¿µã§ããããããã説æããããã«ãå·§åŠãªå®çŸ©ã«ãã£ãŠãç§ãã¡ãæ®æ®µäœ¿ã£ãŠããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã«è¿ã圢ã§èšèªãæ§ç¯ã§ããŸããäŸãã°ããããã玹ä»ããæåã®ããªãã¯ã®1ã€ã¯ãå颿°ã1ã€ã®åŒæ°ãããšããªãã«ãããããããè€æ°ã®åŒæ°ããšãããšãã§ãããšããåãçµæãåŸãããã®æ¹æ³ã§ãã
=== æäœãäœãäžãã ===
ã©ã ãèšç®ãæ±ãåã«ãããæšæºçãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã®ããºã«ããå§ããŸããããJavaã«ã¯äºé
æŒç®å"<"ãããªãã">"ã">="ã"<="æŒç®åãäžãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããå¿
èŠããã£ããšããŸãããŸããåé
æŒç®åããããŸããããifæã¯ãŸã ãããŸãã
ãŸããäžãããããã®ãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=java>
// < - Returns true if a is less than b
public static boolean lessThan(int a, int b) { ... }
</syntaxhighlight>
ç§ãã¡ã®èª²é¡ã¯greaterThanãgreaterThanOrEqualToãlessThanOrEqualToãå®çŸ©ããããšã§ãããã®ããºã«ã§ã¯ãlessThanã®åŒåºããšifæã®äœ¿çšããããŠããŒã«å€ã®è¿ãå€ããã§ããªãããšãå¿ããªãã§ãã ããããã®å
ãèªãåã«ãã©ã®ãããªããšãã§ããããèããŠã¿ãŠãã ããã
ã¯ããã®é¢æ°ã¯ããã»ã©è€éã§ã¯ãããŸããã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=java>
// > - Returns true if a is greater than b
public static boolean greaterThan(int a, int b) {
return lessThan(b, a);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã<math>b < a</math> ããããšãã¯ãã€ã§ãã<math>a > b</math> ãããããšããã§ã«ç¥ã£ãŠãããããããŸããããŸããåæ§ã®çç±ã§greaterThanOrEqualToãšlessThanOrEqualToã®å®è£
ãæžããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=java>
// >= - Returns true if a is greater than or equal to b
public static boolean greaterThanOrEqualTo(int a, int b) {
return not(lessThan(a, b));
}
// <= - Returns true if a is less than or equal to b
public static boolean lessThanOrEqualTo(int a, int b) {
return greaterThanOrEqualTo(b, a);
}
// ! - Returns the negation of b
public static boolean not(boolean b) {
if (b)
return false;
else
return true;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
greaterThanOrEqualToã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãå®è³ªçã«lessThanã®çµæãåŠå®ããŠããŸãããããã£ãŠã<math>a \not < b</math> ã®ãšã㯠true ãè¿ãã<math>a < b</math> ã®ãšã㯠false ãè¿ããŸãããããã<math>a \not < b</math> ã®ãšãã¯ã<math>a\ge b</math> ãããã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããã¯çãè¿ããªããã°ãªããªãå Žåã§ãããçãè¿ãã®ã§ããåæ§ã«ã<math>a < b</math> ã®ãšãã<math>age b</math> ã¯ããããªãããšãåãã£ãŠããã®ã§ãæ£ããfalseãè¿ããŸãã
ãããã®å®çŸ©ãäžããããã°ãequalToãšnotEqualToãå®çŸ©ã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=java>
// == - Returns true if a equals b
public static boolean equalTo(int a, int b) {
if (greaterThanOrEqualTo(a, b))
return greaterThanOrEqualTo(b, a);
else
return false;
}
// != - Returns true if a does not equal b
public static boolean notEqualTo(int a, int b) {
return not(equalTo(a, b));
}
</syntaxhighlight>
ç§ãã¡ã¯ä»ãã©ã ãèšç®ã®æŒç®ãæ§ç¯ããããã®æ¹æ³ãèãå§ããŠããŸãã<code><</code>ãš<code>==</code>ã ãã§ãªããæ°å€ãããŒãªã¢ã³ãæ°å€ã«å¯Ÿãããã¹ãŠã®æŒç®ããã¹ãŠã®é¢ä¿æŒç®ããªã³ã¯ãªã¹ããifåŒãã«ãŒãæ§æãããã«ã¯åºåããã®ä»ã®å¯äœçšã®ã¢ãã«ãçºæããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
===ã©ã ãèšç®ã®çµèŸŒã¿æŒç®===
以äžã¯ãå®å
šãªã©ã ãèšç®èšèªã®ææ³ã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang="ebnf">
expr ::= "λ" id "." expr (* abstraction, anonymous function definition *)
expr ::= expr expr (* application, calling a function *)
expr ::= id (* variable use *)
expr ::= "(" expr ")" (* grouping *)
</syntaxhighlight>
ãŸããçç¥åœ¢ãäœæã§ããããã«ããããã«ãå¥ã®èšæ³ã玹ä»ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang="ebnf">
definition ::= "let" id "=" expr
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ãããªãletããè¡ãããåŸãèå¥åã¯å³èŸºã®åŒã«å±éãããã¯ãã§ãããŸããå¥ã®åœ¢ã®æ¬åŒ§ãå
¥ããããããã¯ãã§ã«å®çŸ©ãããŠããäžæ¬åŒ§ãšäœãå€ããã¯ãããŸããã
:<syntaxhighlight lang="ebnf">
expr ::= "[" expr "]"
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®èšèªã«ã¯å¥èªç¹( ''punctuation'' )ãããŸããªããããå€ãã®æ¬åŒ§ã䜿çšãããŸããããã§ã2ã€ã®ç°ãªãã¿ã€ãã®æ¬åŒ§ãèš±å¯ããããšã§ãå¯èªæ§ãåäžãããŸãïŒã°ã«ãŒãã®éå§ãšçµäºãèŠèŠçã«äžèŽãããããšãã§ããããïŒã
æåŸã«ãèå¥åã¯ã©ã®ãããªæåã®äžŠã³ã§ãæ§ããŸãããããããæ¢ã«ä»ã®äœããæå³ããããŒã¯ã³ã§ãªãããšãæ¡ä»¶ã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang="ebnf">
id ::= ? any printable, non-whitespace characters except ()[]=.;, "let", and "" ?
</syntaxhighlight>
ã€ãŸããäžè¬çãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãšç°ãªããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ã¯ããiããxããy1ããreminderããtheReturnValueãããã¹ãŠèå¥åã§ããããã«ãã0ãã+ãã%ãã15ããªã©ãæå¹ãªèå¥åãšãªãã®ã§ãã
è¡ã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ã¯ ";" ã䜿ãã
==== æœè±¡åïŒ é¢æ°ã®å®çŸ© ====
ã©ã ãèšç®ã®èŠåã®æå®ããä»®æ³çãªJavaã®ãããªèšèªãšã®æ¯èŒããå§ããããšã«ããŸããæœè±¡åã«ãŒã«ã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang="ebnf">
expr ::= "λ" id "." expr
</syntaxhighlight>
ã䜿ããšãæ°ãã颿°ãäœãããŸããã©ã ããλãèšå·ã¯ãæ°ãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ãããããšã瀺ããããã«ç¶ãèå¥åã¯ããã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®ååã§ããããã". "ã®åŸã«ç¶ãåŒã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãšã¹ã³ãŒãå
ã®ä»ã®å€æ°ãåç
§ããããšãã§ããåŒã§ãããªããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ã¯ã颿°ã«ã¯ååããããŸãããããååãä»ãããå Žåã¯ããletã圢åŒã§çç¥åœ¢ãäœãã ãã«ããŠããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
ãããŸã§ã®ãšããã§ã¯ãããŸãäœãå®çŸ©ã§ããªãããã§ããæåã«æãã€ãã®ã¯ãæçåŒé¢æ°ã§ãããã
λx. x
ã€ãŸãããã®é¢æ°ãæå®ããxã«å¯ŸããŠãxãè¿ãããŸãã åžžã«<code>ïŒlambda;xãæžã代ããã«ã x </code>æç颿°ã䜿çšãããã³ã«ãçç¥åœ¢ãäœæã§ããŸã
let identity = λx. x
次ã«ã代ããã«<code> Identity </code>ãåç
§ããŸããããã¯ãæ§æçã«éã<code>ïŒlambda;x. x</code>ãåç
§ããã®ãšåãã§ããã
Javaã§ã¯ãåãå®çŸ©ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=java>
public static Function identity(Function x) {
return x;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
ã©ã ãèšç®ã®å€ãåã¯é¢æ°ã ããªã®ã§ãåŒæ°ãæ»ãå€ãä»®æ³çãªã颿°ãåã§ãã
====é©çšïŒ 颿°åŒåºã====
ã«ãŒã«ãé©çš
:<syntaxhighlight lang="ebnf">
expr ::= expr expr
</syntaxhighlight>
ã¯ã颿°ã''é©çš''ïŒãŸãã¯''åŒåºã''ïŒã§ããŸããäŸãã°ãfã颿°ã§ãaããã®åŒæ°ã§ãã£ããšããŸããfãaã«é©çšããã«ã¯ãäž¡è
ã䞊ã¹ãã ãã§ããã
f a
æ¬åŒ§ã¯ã°ã«ãŒãåãæäŸããã ãã§ããã''f''ãš''a''ã¯ãã§ã«çµç«¯èŠçŽ ãªã®ã§ã以äžã®ãã®ã¯ãã¹ãŠäžèšãšç䟡ã§ãã
f(a)
(f a)
((f) a)
((f) (a))
(f)a
ä»®ã«''f''ãJavaã®ãããªä»®æ³ã®èšèªã«ãããFunctionã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã§ãã£ããšããŸãã颿°é©çšã¯ãã®ããã«æžãããšãã§ããã§ãããã
f.apply(a)
ãšããã®ã¯ãã''f''ã''a''ã«åœãŠã¯ããããšããæå³ã«ãªããŸãã
=====β-ãªãã¯ã·ã§ã³=====
å®éã®å¿çšã®ã»ãã³ãã£ã¯ã¹ã¯çœ®æèŠåïŒ''β-ãªãã¯ã·ã§ã³(β-reduction'')ã«ãŒã«ãšãåŒã°ããŸãïŒã§ããf'' ãã©ã ã颿°ã§ ''a'' ãäœããã®å€ã§ããããããã䞊眮ããããšããé©çšãè¡ãããŸããäŸãã° ''f'' ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã ''x'' ãšããååã§ãäœããã®åŒ ''expr'' ã ''x'' ã䜿ã£ãŠãããšããŸãããã®ãšã
f a
次ãšåãã«ãªã
(λx. expr) a
ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ã''x''ã®åºçŸç®æããã¹ãŠ''a''ã«çœ®æããããŸãããã®çœ®æã次ã®ããã«æžããŸãã
expr [a/x]
å
ã»ã©ã®æçåŒé¢æ°ãããã°ããããèŠçŽ ã«é©çšã§ããŸããããã§
identity a
ãããšåãã§ãã
(λx. x) a
ãããšåãã§ãã
x [a/x]
ãšãªãã代å
¥åŸã¯
a
ãŸã
identity identity
ãšããã®ãšåãã§ãã
(λx. x) (λx. x)
ãããšåãã§ãã
x [(λx. x)/x]
ãšãªãã代å
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(λx. x)
ã§ãããã€ãŸãã¯æçåŒé¢æ°ãã®ãã®ã§ãã
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é äœ=====
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λy. λx. x
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λy. λx. y
ãã®é¢æ°ã¯ã"ä»»æã®yãäžãããããšãä»»æã®xãäžãããããšãåžžã«yãè¿ã颿°ãè¿ã "ãšè§£éãã¹ãã§ããã€ãŸããæ°åŠã§ã°ã©ãäžã®æ°Žå¹³ç·ãšããŠè¡šçŸããã宿°é¢æ°ãäœãã®ã§ãã(ã°ã©ãäžã®æç颿°ã¯ã代ããã«åç¹ãéã45床ã®è§åºŠã®ç·ãšãªããŸã)ããã®ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ããã®æ°ãããªãã·ã§ã³ã«ãã£ãŠãã©ã®ããã«è±ããªæŠå¿µã衚çŸããããšãã§ãããã玹ä»ããŸããç¹ã«ãè€æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåã颿°ã®ã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãè¡ãæ¹æ³ã玹ä»ããŸãã
åŒæ°ã1ã€ããåããªã颿°ãããè€æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåã颿°ãã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒãããæ¹æ³ãšããŠããã¹ãŠã®åŒæ°ã1ã€ã®åäœã«ãŸãšãïŒè€çŽ æ°ã2ã€ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãå«ãããã«ïŒããã®åäœãæž¡ããšããèãæ¹ããããŸãããã®ãããªææ³ã¯ãã¿ãã«ã®ææ³ãšèšããŸããå®éã«è€æ°ã®å€ã®éãŸãã§ããåŒæ°ãæž¡ãããšãã§ããéããæåã«ãããã®è€æ°ã®å€ãæž¡ãããšãšäœãå€ããã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã
ã¿ãã«ææ³ã¯äœ¿ããŸãããã©ã ãèšç®ã«ã¯ã¿ãã«åããããŸãããå¯äžã®åã¯ãåäžã®åŒæ°ãåãåã颿°ã§ããããããäžã®xãšyã䜿ã2ã€ã®é¢æ°ãæãåºããŠãã ãããλy颿°ãλx颿°ãçæããã®ã§ãλx颿°ã¯xãšyã®ã©ã¡ããã䜿ããŸãã
ãã®åé¡ãèããäžã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãç¹å®ã®äŸã«æ³šç®ããããšã§ããã€ãŸããåŒæ°a, b, cãåãåãããããã®å€ãå«ãäœããã®èšç®ãè¡ãæ°ãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããããšããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯æ©æ¢°ãšèããããŸããã©ã ãèšç®ã§ã¯ããã®æ©æ¢°ã¯1ã€ã®å€ããåã蟌ããªããšããå¶éããããŸããããããäœãè¿ããã«ã€ããŠã¯å³å¯ãªå¶éã¯ãããŸãããã€ãŸããaããåã蟌ããªãæ©æ¢°ã¯ãbãcãç¥ããªãã®ã§ãç®çã®èšç®ãããããšãã§ããªãã§ãããšãŸãèããŸããããããaãç¥ã£ãŠããã®ã§ãaãç¥ãæ°ããæ©æ¢°ãè¿ããŸãããã®æ©æ¢°ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãåãåãã®ã§ããããbãšããŸãããããã£ãŠãä»ããªãã¯aãšbãç¥ã£ãŠãããcãç¥ã£ãŠããªãæ©æ¢°ãæã«å
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ãã®æŠå¿µãããããããããããã«ãè¶³ãç®ãã§ããæ©æ¢°ãäœããããšããŸããã€ãŸãããä»»æã®nãšmãäžããããããnïŒmã®åãè¿ãããšãããããªé¢æ°ã§ãããŸãããã£ãšåå§çãªé¢æ°ã§ããcreate-adderãäœãã°ããã®ãããªå¹æãåŸãããŸããããã§ã¯ãŸã create-adderãå®è£
ããŸãããã以äžã®ãããªä»æ§ã§ååšãããšä»®å®ããŸãã
''; create-adder: given n, returns a function that adds n to its argument''
let create-adder = λn. ''(details left out for the moment)''
create-adderãååšãããšä»®å®ããã°ãè¶³ãç®ãå®çŸ©ããã®ã¯äºçްãªããšã§ãã
let + = λn.λm. ((create-adder n) m)
ãŸããã+ãã«æããããªãã§ãã ãããããã¯ãä»ã®èå¥åãšåãããã«åãªãèšå·ã§ãããã®é¢æ°ã®ç¥ç§°ããïŒãã§ã¯ãªããããã©ã¹ãããã¢ãããšããããšãã§ããã®ã§ããã§ã¯ããïŒãæ©èœãã®ãã®ã¯äœãªã®ãã
èªã¿æ¹ã¯ããïŒãã§ãã"ä»»æã®nãäžãããããšããä»»æã®mãäžãããããšããnïŒmãè¿ã颿°ãè¿ã "ã§ãã5ãš4ãå€ãšããŠå®çŸ©ãããŠãããšä»®å®ãããšïŒãã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããã«ç޹ä»ããŸãïŒã"+"ã¯ããããè¶³ãããã«äœ¿ãããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã
((+ 5) 4)
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(+ 5 4)
ã5ã«é©çšãããã®çµæã4ã«é©çšãããšããæå³ã«å€ããã¯ãããŸããïŒãã®å Žåãæ¬åŒ§ããã¹ãŠåé€ããŠãåãæå³ã«ãªããŸãïŒããã®ãããªé¢æ°ã®åŒã³æ¹ã¯ãåçœ®èšæ³ãšãåãã§ãã
ãããããïŒã颿°ã¯å
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((create-adder n) m)
ããã§ãcreate-adderã«ã¯nãæž¡ãããŸããå®çŸ©ã«ããã°ãä»»æã®æ°ãäžãããããšãnãšãã®æ°ã®åãè¿ã颿°ãè¿ãããŸãããããŠããã®é¢æ°ãããã«mã«é©çšããŠãn + mã®åãåŸãŸãã
ãã®ããªãã¯ã¯ã«ãªãŒå( ''Currying'' )ãšåŒã°ããèšèªèªäœã¯æè¡çã«åäžåŒæ°ã®é¢æ°ããèš±ããªãã«ãããããããè€æ°åŒæ°ãéæããæ¹æ³ã§ãã
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====è«çå€ãšæ¡ä»¶====
æåã«äœæããå€ã¯è«çå€ã®<code>true</code>ãš<code>false</code>ã§ãããŸã<code>true</code>ãæçåŒãšå®çŸ©ãã<code>false</code>ãæçåŒãè¿ã颿°ãšå®çŸ©ããŠãããã®ã§ãããããã§ã¯ãããã®å®çŸ©ãæçšãªãã®ã«ããã®ã¯é£ããã§ãããã
ããã§ã¯ãªãã<code>true</code>ãš<code>false</code>ãå®çŸ©ããåã«ãä»®ã«<code>true</code>ãš<code>false</code>ããã£ããšããŠãããã䜿ã£ãŠäœããããã®ãïŒ
æãŸããæ§è³ªã®1ã€ã¯ãäœããã®åœ¢ã§ifãå®è¡ã§ããããšã§ãã<code>if</code>ã¯ãè«çå€ã"then"å€ã"else"å€ã®3ã€ã®åŒæ°ãåã颿°ãšèããããŸãã
if cond A B
ifã¯ããŒã¯ãŒãã§ã¯ãªããåãªãã·ã³ãã«ã§ããããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã"cond" ãçã§ãããšããæ¬¡ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãããã
if cond A B
次ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
A
ãããŠã"cond "ã<code>false</code>ã®ãšãã¯
if cond A B
次ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
B
ãããŸã§æ¥ããšã<code>true</code>ã¯ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ ''t'' ãšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ ''f'' ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæã¡ãtãè¿ã颿°ã ãšæãã°ããã®ã§ãã
let true = λt. λf. t
ãããŠã<code>false</code>ã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ ''t'' ãšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ ''f'' ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæã¡ãfãè¿ã颿°ãšèããããŸãã
let false = λt. λf. f
ããèãããšã<code>if</code>ãå®çŸ©ããã®ã¯ç°¡åã§ãã
let if = λcond. λA. λB. cond A B
ããã§ã¯ãè«çå€èªäœïŒ<code>cond</code>ãšããååïŒããã¹ãŠã®æéã®ãããäœæ¥ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸããè«çå€ã¯AãšBã®äž¡æ¹ã«æž¡ãããŸããè«çå€ã<code>true</code>ã®å Žåã¯ãAãè¿ããè«çå€ãfalseã®å Žåã¯Bãè¿ãå¿
èŠããããŸãã<code>true</code>ãš<code>false</code>ãæ
éã«å®çŸ©ãããšããã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
[TODO: èŠä¿®æ£ïžãšãããããthenãšelseã®å€ãäž¡æ¹è©äŸ¡ãããªãããã«ãäœããã®åœ¢ã§é
å»¶è©äŸ¡(''lazy evaluation'')ãæ³å®ãã¹ãã§ã(ç¡éã«ãŒããåŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸã)]
====è«çæŒç®====
çãšåœã®é©åãªå®çŸ©ãã§ããã®ã§ãä»ã®è«çæŒç®ãç°¡åã«å®çŸ©ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããããã¯ã以å[[#æäœãäœãäžãã|Javaã§è¡ã£ãlessThanãä»ã®é¢ä¿ãã颿°ã®æŒç¿]]ãæãèµ·ããããŸãã
not: è«çå€ã«å¯ŸããnotæŒç®
let not = λb.
if b
false
true
ãããæ°ã¥ããããããŸãããã"if" ã¯å®ã¯å¿
èŠãããŸããããªããªãã"if" ãã«ããããŠãå€ãçŽæ¥è«çå€ã«æž¡ãã°ããããã§ãã
let not = λb. b false true
ifã䜿ãã®ã¯ãåã«å¯èªæ§ãé«ããããã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«äžã®åé¡ã§ãã
and: 2ã€ã®ããŒã«å€ã®è«çå bãçãªãcãè¿ããããã§ãªããã°åœãè¿ãããããã£ãŠãbãšcããšãã«çã®ãšãã®ã¿çãè¿ã
let and = λb. λc.
if b
c
false
orïŒè«çåæŒç®ïŒbãšcã®äž¡æ¹ãåœã®ãšãã®ã¿åœãè¿ã
let or = λb. λc.
if b
true
c
xorïŒè«ççæä»çè«çåæŒç®ïŒbãšcãç°ãªããšãçïŒãã以å€ã¯åœãè¿ãã
let xor = λb. λc.
if b
(not c)
c
bool-eq: è«ççãªç倿§: bãšcãåãå€ã§ããã°çãè¿ãã
let bool-eq = λb. λc.
if b
c
(not c)
èš»ïŒbeq 㯠not (xor b c) ãšãæžããŸãã
====æŽæ°====
ãã£ãŒãæ°<ref>èš³èš»ïŒæ°åŠã§ã¯ããã£ãŒã笊å·å(''Church encoding'')ã¯ã©ã ãèšç®ã§ããŒã¿ãšæŒç®åãè¡šãææ®µã§ãããã£ãŒãæ°(''Church numerals'')ã¯ãã©ã ã衚èšã䜿çšããèªç¶æ°ã®è¡šçŸã§ãããã®ã¡ãœããã¯ãæåã«ã©ã ãèšç®ã§ããŒã¿ããã®æ¹æ³ã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããã[[W:ã¢ãã³ãŸã»ãã£ãŒã|ã¢ãã³ãŸã»ãã£ãŒã]](''Alonzo Church'')ã«ã¡ãªãã§åä»ããããŸããã</ref>--ãã¹ãŠã®n>=0ã®å ŽåïŒnçªç®ã®ãã£ãŒãæ°ã¯ããŒããå€zãåã蟌ã¿ããã®ãŒãå€ã«å¯ŸããŠäžãããããåŸç¶ã颿°sãnåé©çšããŸãã代æ°åŠçã«èšãã°ã0ïŒzïŒããªãã¡ãzã«sãé©çšããªãã§ãïŒã1 = s(z), 2 = s(s(z)), 3 = s(s(s(z))), ... ãšãªããŸãã
let 0 = λs. λz. z
let 1 = λs. λz. s z
successor function: äžããããæ°åã«ããäžåsuccessorãé©çšããŸãã
let succ = λn.
λs. λz.
s (n s z)
is-zero?ïŒæž¡ãããæ°åããŒãã«çããå Žåã«çãè¿ããŸããããã¯ããŒã颿°ããçããåŸç¶é¢æ°ãåžžã«ãåœããè¿ã颿°ã«ããããšã§å®çŸãããŠããŸãããããã£ãŠãtrueã¯successorã0åé©çšããããšãã®ã¿çµæãšãªããŸãã
let is-zero? = λn. n (λx. false) true
ã«ãªãŒåã䜿ã£ãããããããããŒãžã§ã³ãšããŠã¯ã { n (and false) true } ããããŸããããã¡ãã®æ¹ããããããããããããŸããã
additionïŒnãšmã®åãè¿ã
let + = λn. λm. n succ m
[TODO: ãã®é·ã圢åŒãèŠãããšããããŸããããªãããã䜿ãããã®ãã¯ããããããŸãã:] ã
let + = λs. λz. m s (n s z)
multiplication: nãšmã®ç©ãè¿ããŸãããèªåã«nãè¶³ããæäœã0ã«måé©çšããããšã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããŸãã
let * = λn. λm. m (+ n) 0
èªç¶æ°ã®çޝä¹ïŒ n ã m ä¹ããŸãã
let pow = λn. λm. m (* n) 1
====ãªã¹ã====
åŒãç®ã¯ãã£ãšåä»ãªã®ã§ïŒãŸããã¢ãå®çŸ©ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
let pair = λfirst. λsecond. λbool. bool first second
ãã¢ã®1çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãåãåºã
let first = λpair. pair true
ãã¢ã®2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãåãåºã
let second = λpair. pair false
cons, car, cdr: ãã¢ããªã¹ããšããŠèããå Žå
let cons = pair
let car = first
let cdr = second
====æžç®====
ããŠãæžç®ã®è©±ã«æ»ããŸããããéèŠãªã®ã¯ãæ°ã®çµ (a, b) ãåãåã£ãŠ (a+1, a) ãè¿ãæäœããå§ããããšã§ãã
let next-pair = λp. pair (succ (first p)) (first p)
ããã§ã(0, 0)ã0ãšããŠãnext-pairãsuccessor 颿°ãšããŠã¹ã¿ãŒããããšãsuccessor 颿°ãnåé©çšãããšã次ã®ããã«ãªãããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã
é©çšåæ° ãã¢ã®å€ n ã§è¡šãããã¢ã®å€
------------- ------------- ---------------------------
n = 0 (0, 0) (n, n)
n = 1 (1, 0) (n, n - 1)
n = 2 (2, 1) (n, n - 1)
n = 3 (3, 2) (n, n - 1)
n = 4 (4, 3) (n, n - 1)
èš»:ïŒn next-pairïŒpair 0 0ïŒïŒã¯ãn> = 1ã®å Žåã¯ãã¢ïŒnãn --1ïŒãçæããn = 0ã®å Žåã¯ïŒ0ã0ïŒãçæããŸãã n> = 1ã®å Žåã¯n-1ãn = 0ã®å Žåã¯0ã«ãªãããã«ããã®ãã¢ã®2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãååŸããå¿
èŠããããŸãã ããããŸãã«predecessorã®å®è£
æ¹æ³ã§ãã
let pred = λn. second (n next-pair (pair 0 0))
subtraction: <math>n - m</math> ãè¿ã; ãã ãããã®å€ãè² ã«ãªãå Žåã¯ã代ããã« 0 ãè¿ããã
let - = λn. λm. m pred n
====é¢ä¿æŒç®ãšé€ç®====
æžç®ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãæ°ãæ¯èŒããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã
n 㯠m ãã倧ãããçãããïŒ
let >= = λn. λm. is-zero? (- m n)
n ã m 以äžãïŒ
let <= = λn. λm. >= m n
n ã m ããå°ãããïŒ
let < = λn. λm. not (>= n m)
nãmãã倧ãããïŒ
let > = λn. λm. not (>= m n)
equal: nãšmã¯åãæ°ãïŒ
let equal = λn. λm. and (>= n m) (>= m n)
not-equal: nãšmã¯ç°ãªãæ°ãïŒ
let not-equal = λn. λm. not (equal n m)
div: åå n ãšåæ¯ d ãäžããããããåãè¿ãã
let / = λn. λd.
(if (< n d)
0 ''; -- (n < d)''
(if (equal n d)
1 ''; -- (n == d)''
''; subtract d from n until the value is < d -- (n > d)''
(n
[λn'.
(if (< n' d)
n'
(- n' d))] n)))
mod: åånãšåæ¯dãäžããŠäœããè¿ãã
let mod = λn. λd. (- n (* (/ n d) d))
===Y-ã³ã³ãããŒã¿ãŒ===
äžåç¹Yã³ã³ãããŒã¿ãŒïŒã³ãŒã«ã»ãã€ã»ããªã¥ãŒ(''call-by-value'')ïŒïŒååž°æ§ãå®çŸããããã«
let fix = λf.
[λx. f (λy. x x y)] [λx. f (λy. x x y)]
Y: fixã®å¥å
let Y = fix
===ã¢ããïŒã¹ãã¬ãŒãžã®å Žæãšåºåã®ã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã===
=== ããªããã£ãã§æ¡åŒµãããã©ã ãèšç®æ© ===
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šãªèšèªã§ããããšã蚌æããããã«äœ¿ãããŸããïŒçè«çã«ã¯ããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯å®è£
ãèæ
®ããŠããŸããã
{{Nav}}
== èèš» ==
<references /> | null | 2022-12-11T22:34:13Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Nav"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E/%E6%84%8F%E5%91%B3%E8%AB%96 |
34,900 | é«çåŠæ ¡æ°åŠC/è¡å | åœããŒãžãé«çåŠæ ¡æ°åŠC/è¡åãã¯ãŸããªãåé€ãããäºå®ã§ããçç±ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã
åé€ã«åæãããªãã®ã§ããã°ãæ¹éãªã©ã確èªããŠãããŒãžãé©åãªãã®ã«æžãæããäžã§ããã®ãã³ãã¬ãŒããåãé€ããŠãã ãããåæã«åãé€ããå Žåãæçš¿ãããã¯ãããæãããããŸãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœããŒãžãé«çåŠæ ¡æ°åŠC/è¡åãã¯ãŸããªãåé€ãããäºå®ã§ããçç±ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åé€ã«åæãããªãã®ã§ããã°ãæ¹éãªã©ã確èªããŠãããŒãžãé©åãªãã®ã«æžãæããäžã§ããã®ãã³ãã¬ãŒããåãé€ããŠãã ãããåæã«åãé€ããå Žåãæçš¿ãããã¯ãããæãããããŸãã",
"title": ""
}
]
| è»¢é æ§èª²çšé«çåŠæ ¡æ°åŠC/è¡å | {{峿åé€|1=Broken redirect}}
#転é [[æ§èª²çšé«çåŠæ ¡æ°åŠC/è¡å]] | 2022-07-06T06:41:52Z | 2024-02-08T08:16:29Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:峿åé€"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6C/%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%97 |
35,025 | ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª/颿°åèšèª | 宣èšåããã°ã©ãã³ã°(declarative programming)ã®èãæ¹ã¯ãç°å¢ã®åäœã«é¢ããã«ãŒã«ãå®çŸ©ããããšã¯èšèªããã¹ãŠè§£æ±ºããŠãããããã«ããããšã§ããããã¯,æ©æ¢°ã«äœããã¹ãããæ£ç¢ºã«æç€ºããæç¶ãåèšèªãšã¯å¯Ÿç
§çã§ãã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯ã宣èšåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãå®çŸããæ¹æ³ã®1ã€ã§ãããã®å
žåçãªäŸãéä¹é¢æ°ã§ããæ°ãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããæåã®ã¹ãããã¯ããŸãäºçްãªã±ãŒã¹ãåŠçããããšã§ããæ¬¡ã«ãéèªæãªã±ãŒã¹ããæçµçã«åçŽãªã±ãŒã¹ã«åž°çããããã«å®çŸ©ããŸããnã®éä¹ã¯ãnã«nãã1å°ããéä¹ãæãããã®ãšå®çŸ©ãããŸãã
fac 0 = 1
fac n = (fac (n-1)) * n
ãã®ãããªåçŽãªå®è£
ã§ã¯ãforã«ãŒããããå€ãã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒãšåŠçæéãæ¶è²»ããŸã(O(n)ã¹ã¿ãã¯ã¹ããŒã¹ã䜿ããŸã)ããããã¯åçŽãªå€æŽã§è§£æ±ºã§ããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒã颿°åŒåºãã®ã³ã¹ããæé€ããããã«ã环ç®åšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒ(accumulator parameter)ã䜿çšããã®ã§ãã
facb 0 acc = acc
facb n acc = facb (n-1) (n*acc)
fac n = facb n 1
颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã«ã¯å€§ããªçšéããããŸãã颿°åèšèªãã³ãŒãã®ãããã¿ã€ããšããŠäœ¿ããæç¶ãåèšèªããã颿°åã³ãŒããæžããŠããããæãŸããçµæãçæããããšã蚌æããã®ã¯å€ãã®å Žåç°¡åã§ãããããŠãæç¶ãåã®æè¡ã䜿ã£ãŠæé©åããŸãã颿°åã¯ãã€ããªããªãŒãéåžžã«å¹ççã«ãã©ããŒã¹ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ã©ã ãã¯ã¢ãŠãã¹ã³ãŒãã§åç
§ããã倿°ãžã®åç
§ãä¿æãããªããã€ãããã®é¢æ°ãä¿åããŠåŒåºã颿°ãé·ãæ»ã£ããšãã«åŒåºãããšãã§ãããããã©ã ãã䜿çšããèšèªã«ã¯ã¬ããŒãžã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ããããŸãã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã° ãçŽç²é¢æ°ããæžãããšã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠã宣èšåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®ãµãã»ããã§ãã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯ã宣èšåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®äžçš®ã§ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãC#ãVisual BasicãC++ãJavaãªã©ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåããã°ã©ãã³ã°(OOP)èšèªãå«ãäž»æµã®èšèªã¯ãäž»ã«åœä»€å(æç¶ãå)ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ããµããŒãããããã«èšèšãããŠããŸããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã§ã¯ã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãã©ãã€ã (ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããã°ã©ã ã®æ§é ãšèŠçŽ ã®æ§ç¯ã¹ã¿ã€ã«)ã®äžã€ã§ãèšç®ãæ°åŠé¢æ°ã®è©äŸ¡ãšããŠæ±ããç¶æ
ã®å€åã倿Žå¯èœãªããŒã¿ãåé¿ããŠããŸãã宣èšåã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãã©ãã€ã ã§ãããããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯æã®ä»£ããã«åŒã宣èšã§è¡ãããŸãã颿°åã³ãŒãã§ã¯ã颿°ã®åºåå€ã¯é¢æ°ã«æž¡ãããåŒæ°ã«ã®ã¿äŸåãããããåŒæ° x ã«åãå€ãæå®ããŠé¢æ°fã2ååŒåºããšãæ¯ååãçµæ f(x) ãåŸãããŸããããã¯ãããŒã«ã«ãŸãã¯ã°ããŒãã«ãªç¶æ
ã«äŸåããæç¶ãããåãåŒæ°ã§ç°ãªãããã°ã©ã ç¶æ
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§çã§ããå¯äœçšãããªãã¡é¢æ°ã®å
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ã³ã³ãããŒã¿ãŒè«çã¯ãã¢ãŒãŒã¹ã»ã·ã§ã³ãã£ã³ã±ã«ãšãã¹ã±ã«ã»ã«ãªãŒã«ãã£ãŠéçºããããåçã®çè«çåºç€ã§ããããšããšã¯ãæ°åŠã®åºç€ãããæç¢ºã«ããããã«éçºãããŸãããã³ã³ãããŒã¿ãŒè«çã¯äžè¬ã«ã©ã ãããæœè±¡çãšèªèãããŠãããã©ã ãããå
ã«çºæãããŸããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "宣èšåããã°ã©ãã³ã°(declarative programming)ã®èãæ¹ã¯ãç°å¢ã®åäœã«é¢ããã«ãŒã«ãå®çŸ©ããããšã¯èšèªããã¹ãŠè§£æ±ºããŠãããããã«ããããšã§ããããã¯,æ©æ¢°ã«äœããã¹ãããæ£ç¢ºã«æç€ºããæç¶ãåèšèªãšã¯å¯Ÿç
§çã§ãã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯ã宣èšåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãå®çŸããæ¹æ³ã®1ã€ã§ãããã®å
žåçãªäŸãéä¹é¢æ°ã§ããæ°ãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ããæåã®ã¹ãããã¯ããŸãäºçްãªã±ãŒã¹ãåŠçããããšã§ããæ¬¡ã«ãéèªæãªã±ãŒã¹ããæçµçã«åçŽãªã±ãŒã¹ã«åž°çããããã«å®çŸ©ããŸããnã®éä¹ã¯ãnã«nãã1å°ããéä¹ãæãããã®ãšå®çŸ©ãããŸãã",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "fac 0 = 1",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "fac n = (fac (n-1)) * n",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªåçŽãªå®è£
ã§ã¯ãforã«ãŒããããå€ãã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒãšåŠçæéãæ¶è²»ããŸã(O(n)ã¹ã¿ãã¯ã¹ããŒã¹ã䜿ããŸã)ããããã¯åçŽãªå€æŽã§è§£æ±ºã§ããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒã颿°åŒåºãã®ã³ã¹ããæé€ããããã«ã环ç®åšãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒ(accumulator parameter)ã䜿çšããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "facb 0 acc = acc",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "facb n acc = facb (n-1) (n*acc)",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "fac n = facb n 1",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã«ã¯å€§ããªçšéããããŸãã颿°åèšèªãã³ãŒãã®ãããã¿ã€ããšããŠäœ¿ããæç¶ãåèšèªããã颿°åã³ãŒããæžããŠããããæãŸããçµæãçæããããšã蚌æããã®ã¯å€ãã®å Žåç°¡åã§ãããããŠãæç¶ãåã®æè¡ã䜿ã£ãŠæé©åããŸãã颿°åã¯ãã€ããªããªãŒãéåžžã«å¹ççã«ãã©ããŒã¹ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã ãã¯ã¢ãŠãã¹ã³ãŒãã§åç
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== 颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª ==
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{{See also|[[w:åœä»€åããã°ã©ãã³ã°]]}} | null | 2022-07-07T02:45:14Z | [
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35,032 | ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª/ããã·ãŒãžã£åèšèª | æç¶ãåããã°ã©ãã³ã°(procedural programming)ã§ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã¯é çªã«å®è¡ãããåäœã®éåäœ(ããã·ãŒãžã£)ãšããŠèšè¿°ãããŸãããã®é çªãéèŠãªã®ã§ãã
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ã§ãã | [
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ã®èãæ¹ããããŸããããã°ã©ã ã®åäœã¯ãéåžžå€æ°ãšåŒã°ããããŒã¿é
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ã§ãã",
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| æç¶ãåããã°ã©ãã³ã°(procedural programming)ã§ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã¯é çªã«å®è¡ãããåäœã®éåäœïŒããã·ãŒãžã£ïŒãšããŠèšè¿°ãããŸãããã®é çªãéèŠãªã®ã§ãã æç¶ãã¯ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãšåŒã°ããããšããããŸãã æç¶ãåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®èŠçŽ ãšããŠãç¶æ
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ã§ãã | {{Nav}}
æç¶ãåããã°ã©ãã³ã°(''procedural programming'')ã§ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã¯é çªã«å®è¡ãããåäœã®éåäœïŒããã·ãŒãžã£ïŒãšããŠèšè¿°ãããŸãããã®é çªãéèŠãªã®ã§ãã
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ã§ãã | null | 2022-07-07T05:28:46Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Nav"
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35,033 | ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª/䞊è¡åŠçèšèª | ã³ã³ã«ã¬ã³ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãšã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®ææ³ã®äžã€ã§ãåäžã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿å
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ã€ãšããæ¹æ³ããã䜿ãããŠãããããã®åŸåã¯2003幎é ã«çµãã£ã",
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ã®ããŒã«ãªãŒã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãä¿®æ£ãããã®ã2ããã»ã¹ã§å§ããã",
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Herb Sutter.
[http://gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm "The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software]".
</ref><ref>
Ian Emmons.
[http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/01/08/concur/default.aspx "Multiprocessor Optimizations: Fine-Tuning Concurrent Access to Large Data Collections"].
</ref>
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}
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}
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:詳现ãªè°è«ã¯[http://nob.cs.ucdavis.edu/classes/ecs150-1999-02/sync-bakery.html UCDAVIS: Bakery Algorithm]ãåç
§ããŠãã ããã
:'''Nåã®ããã»ã¹ã«å¯ŸããŠ'''
<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
// declaration and initial values of global variables
Entering: array [1..N] of bool = {false};
Number: array [1..N] of integer = {0};
lock(integer i)
{
Entering[i] = true;
Number[i] = 1 + max(Number[1], ..., Number[N]);
Entering[i] = false;
for (j = 1; j <= N; j++) {
// Wait until thread j receives its number:
while (Entering[j]) { /* nothing */ }
// Wait until all threads with smaller numbers or with the same
// number, but with higher priority, finish their work:
while ((Number[j] != 0) && ((Number[j], j) < (Number[i], i))) {
/* nothing */
}
}
}
unlock(integer i) { Number[i] = 0; }
Thread(integer i) {
while (true) {
lock(i);
// The critical section goes here...
unlock(i);
// non-critical section...
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:æ¬äŒŒã³ãŒãã§ã¯ããã©ãŒã ã®æ¯èŒããããŸãã
<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
(a, b) < (c, d)
</syntaxhighlight>
:ãšåçã§ããã
<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
(a < c) or ((a == c) and (b < d))
</syntaxhighlight>
:'''ãªãããŒã«ãªãŒã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã '''ãšåŒã¶ã®ãïŒ
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ããªããã°ãªããªããè²·ãç©ãçµãããšããã®å®¢ã¯çªå·ã倱ãããã®åŸã¯å¥œããªããšãã§ããããã«ãªãããæ°ããçªå·ãããããªããã°è²·ãç©ãã§ããªãã
==èèš»==
[todoïœCã»Aã»Rã»ãã¢ãšåœŒã®äžŠè¡ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®ç ç©¶ã«ã€ããŠèšåãã ]ã
{{reflist}}
:[D65]Dijkstra, E.W., Solutions of a problem in concurrent programming control. 1965
:[D67]deBruijn, N.G., Additional comments on a problem in concurrent programming control. 1967
:[K66]Knuth, D.E., Additional comments on a problem in concurrent programming control. 1966
:[O04]Ronald Olsson, Aaron Keen, The JR programming language, concurrent programming in an extended Java. 2004
:[Y03]Yoah Bar-David, Gadi Taubenfeld, Automatic Discovery of Mutual Exclusion Algorithms. 2003
==ç¹å®èšèªã«ãã䞊è¡ããã°ã©ãã³ã°==
* [[Ada Programming/Tasking|Tasks in Ada]]
* [[Java Programming/Concurrent Programming|Threads in Java]]
* [[C++ Programming/Threading| Threads in C++]]
== åèæç® ==
* [[Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters]]
* [[Embedded Systems/Locks and Critical Sections]]
* [[Embedded Systems/Threading and Synchronization]]
* [[Operating System Design]] (especially the "Processes" and "Concurrent Processing" sections)
* [[Distributed Systems]]
* [[Wikipedia: concurrent programming language]]
* [[Wikipedia: critical section]]
* [[Wikipedia: mutual exclusion]]
* [[Wikipedia: synchronization]]
* [[Wikipedia: computer multitasking]]
* [[Wikipedia: multithreading]]
* [[Wikipedia: concurrency control]]
* [[Wikipedia: coroutine]]s
* [[Wikipedia: parallel processor]]
* [[Wikipedia: completion port]]s
* [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cis?q=parallel+and+programming "parallel programming" Citations from CiteSeer]
{{Nav}} | null | 2022-07-07T06:10:33Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Reflist",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Nav"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E/%E4%B8%A6%E8%A1%8C%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E |
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"title": ""
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* [[ããŒã¿æ§é /挞è¿èšæ³|第2ç« æŒžè¿èšæ³]]ïŒè±ïŒ[[:en:Data Structures/Asymptotic Notation|Chapter 2: Asymptotic Notation]]ïŒ
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* [[ããŒã¿æ§é /æšæ§é |第6ç« : æšæ§é ]]ïŒè±ïŒ[[:en:Data Structures/Trees|Chapter 6: Trees]]ïŒ
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* [[ããŒã¿æ§é /ã°ã©ã|第8ç« : ã°ã©ã]]ïŒè±ïŒ[[:en:Data Structures/Graphs|Chapter 8: Graphs]]ïŒ
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* [[ããŒã¿æ§é /éå|第10ç« : éå]]ïŒè±ïŒ[[:en:Data Structures/Sets|Chapter 10: Sets]]ïŒ
* [[ããŒã¿æ§é /ãã¬ãŒããªã|第11ç« : ãã¬ãŒããªã]]ïŒè±ïŒ[[:en:Data Structures/Tradeoffs|Chapter 11: Tradeoffs]]ïŒ
* [[ããŒã¿æ§é /ä»é²A: ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®å®è£
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|}
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== èèš» ==
{|
|-
| valign="top" width="15%" | [Aho]
| Alfred V. Aho, Jeffrey D. Ullman, John E. Hopcroft. ''Data Structures and Algorithms''. Addison Wesley, 1983.
|-
| valign="top" | [CLRS]
| Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein. ''Introduction to Algorithms''. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
|-
| valign="top" | [Knuth]
| Donald E. Knuth. ''The Art of Computer Programming, Volumes 1-3''. Addison-Wesley Professional, 1998.
|
|-
| valign="top" | [Kishor]
| S.B. Kishor ''Data Structures, Edition 3''. Das Ganu Prakashan, Nagpur, 2008.
|-
|[Judith]
|Judith L Gersting. ''Mathematical Structures for Computer Science.'' W.H. Freeman and Company,2014.
|}
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| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0 |
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I will have seen (æ ç»ãŸãã¯ãã¥ãŒãžã«ã«) three times if I see it again.
ãšãªããif ã®ä»£ããã« when ã§ããã(æ¡åãif, ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã when)ã | [
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"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšå®äºã®çç¥åœ¢ãšããŠã",
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"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžäººç§°åæ°ã® she,he,it ãªã©ã«ã€ã has ãåæ§ã«",
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "he has â he's",
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"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "it has â she's",
"title": ""
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"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«çç¥ãããbeåè©ã®is ã®çç¥åœ¢ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã泚æã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšå®äºã®åºæ¬çãªäœ¿ãæ¹ã¯ãäžåŠã§ãç¿ãããã«ãçŸåšã«ããããå®äºããç¶ç¶ããçµéšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããéå»å®äºã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã¯ãçŸåšã«ããããå®äºããç¶ç¶ããçµéšãã®ã»ããéå»ããèŠãæç¹ã§ã®ãããªãéå»ã®äºã䜿ãçšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªã®ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ãããšããã»ã»ã»ãå¿ããŠããããšã«æ°ã¥ãããã I realized that I had forgotten(ãŸã㯠left ãªã©) ã»ã»ã»",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã衚çŸã§ãéå»å®äºã䜿ãããªãããããããéå»ããã¿ãéå»ã衚ãããã«çšããéå»å®äºåœ¢ã®çšæ³ã®ããšãã倧éå»ããšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããå
žåçãªè¡šçŸãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I lost the watch that My father bought for me. ãç¶ãè²·ã£ãŠãããè
æèšãããªãããŠããŸã£ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªäŸæãããããã",
"title": ""
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããå®äºåœ¢ã䜿ãããšããèµ·ããé çªã©ããã«",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "My father bought the watch for me, but I lost it.",
"title": ""
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«éå»åœ¢ã ãã§èšãæ¹æ³ãããã髿 ¡ã®å®æãã¹ããªã©ã§ããã®éå»åœ¢ãéå»å®äºåœ¢ã«çœ®ãæãã衚çŸãªã©ãããã«ãå
žåçã«åºé¡ãããããªã®ã§ãèŠããšããã",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®çŸããªãã£ãããšã衚ãã®ã«ãéå»å®äºã䜿ãçšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ããããå
žåçãªäŸæã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåã«æ¥ãŠæ¬²ããã£ãã®ã«ãã I had expected yo to come.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "expect ã®ä»£ããã« hope ã§ããããããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåã«æ¥ãŠæ¬²ããã£ãã®ã«ãã I had hoped yo to come.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããäŸæãåèæžã«ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I had intend to go ã»ã»ã» ãã»ã»ã»ã«è¡ãã€ããã ã£ãã®ã§ãã(ãããç§ã¯è¡ããªãã£ã)ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããäŸæãããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "expect(æåŸ
ãã), hope(æã), want(欲ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "intend(ã€ããã§ãã), think (æã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®åè©ã§ããã®ãããªçšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æªæ¥å®äºåœ¢ãšã¯ãæªæ¥ã®ããæç¹ã§ã®ãäºå®ãäºæž¬ã«ãããããã®æªæ¥æç¹ã§ã®å®äºãçµæãç¶ç¶ã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ããæ¥å¹Žã§ç§ãã¡ã¯çµå©30åšå¹Žã«ãªãã(ç¶ç¶ã®æªæ¥å®äº)(â» æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)ãšãããã1åãã®æ ç»ãèŠãããåèšã§3åãã®æ ç»ãèŠãããšã«ãªãã(çµéšã®æªæ¥å®äº)(â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã ãšæ ç»ãæ¡åã ãšãã¥ãŒãžã«ã«ã§ããšãã«3å)ãšãããããã衚çŸãæªæ¥å®äºã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ ç»ãªã©åèš3åã®è±æã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I will have seen (æ ç»ãŸãã¯ãã¥ãŒãžã«ã«) three times if I see it again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãªããif ã®ä»£ããã« when ã§ããã(æ¡åãif, ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã when)ã",
"title": ""
}
]
| null | === å®äºåœ¢ ===
==== çŸåšå®äºã®çç¥åœ¢ ====
çŸåšå®äºã®çç¥åœ¢ãšããŠã
I have â I've
you have â you've
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äžäººç§°åæ°ã® she,he,it ãªã©ã«ã€ã has ãåæ§ã«
he has â he's
she has â she's
it has â she's
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==== éå»å®äº ====
===== 倧éå» =====
çŸåšå®äºã®åºæ¬çãªäœ¿ãæ¹ã¯ãäžåŠã§ãç¿ãããã«ãçŸåšã«ããããå®äºããç¶ç¶ããçµéšãã§ããã
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å
žåçãªã®ã¯ã
ãïœãããšããã»ã»ã»ãå¿ããŠããããšã«æ°ã¥ãããã I realized that I had forgottenïŒãŸã㯠left ãªã©ïŒ ã»ã»ã»
ãšãã衚çŸã§ãéå»å®äºã䜿ãããªãããããããéå»ããã¿ãéå»ã衚ãããã«çšããéå»å®äºåœ¢ã®çšæ³ã®ããšãã倧éå»ããšããã
ã»ããå
žåçãªè¡šçŸãšããŠã
I lost the watch that My father bought for me. ãç¶ãè²·ã£ãŠãããè
æèšãããªãããŠããŸã£ããã
ã®ãããªäŸæãããããã
ãã ããå®äºåœ¢ã䜿ãããšããèµ·ããé çªã©ããã«
My father bought the watch for me, but I lost it.
ã®ããã«éå»åœ¢ã ãã§èšãæ¹æ³ãããã髿 ¡ã®å®æãã¹ããªã©ã§ããã®éå»åœ¢ãéå»å®äºåœ¢ã«çœ®ãæãã衚çŸãªã©ãããã«ãå
žåçã«åºé¡ãããããªã®ã§ãèŠããšããã
===== å®çŸããªãã£ãéå» =====
å®çŸããªãã£ãããšã衚ãã®ã«ãéå»å®äºã䜿ãçšæ³ãããã
åèæžã«ããããå
žåçãªäŸæã¯ã
ãåã«æ¥ãŠæ¬²ããã£ãã®ã«ãã I had expected yo to come.
ã§ããã
expect ã®ä»£ããã« hope ã§ããããããšãã°
ãåã«æ¥ãŠæ¬²ããã£ãã®ã«ãã I had hoped yo to come.
ãšããäŸæãåèæžã«ããããã
ã»ãã
I had intend to go ã»ã»ã»ããã»ã»ã»ã«è¡ãã€ããã ã£ãã®ã§ããïŒãããç§ã¯è¡ããªãã£ãïŒãã
ãšããäŸæãããããã
expectïŒæåŸ
ããïŒ, hopeïŒæãïŒ, wantïŒæ¬²ããïŒ
ã
intendïŒã€ããã§ããïŒ, think ïŒæãïŒ
ãªã©ã®åè©ã§ããã®ãããªçšæ³ãããã
===== æªæ¥å®äºåœ¢ =====
æªæ¥å®äºåœ¢ãšã¯ãæªæ¥ã®ããæç¹ã§ã®ãäºå®ãäºæž¬ã«ãããããã®æªæ¥æç¹ã§ã®å®äºãçµæãç¶ç¶ã®ããšã§ããã
ããšãã°ããæ¥å¹Žã§ç§ãã¡ã¯çµå©ïŒïŒåšå¹Žã«ãªããïŒç¶ç¶ã®æªæ¥å®äºïŒïŒâ» æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒãšããããïŒåãã®æ ç»ãèŠãããåèšã§ïŒåãã®æ ç»ãèŠãããšã«ãªããïŒçµéšã®æªæ¥å®äºïŒïŒâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã ãšæ ç»ãæ¡åã ãšãã¥ãŒãžã«ã«ã§ããšãã«ïŒåïŒãšãããããã衚çŸãæªæ¥å®äºã§ããã
æ ç»ãªã©åèš3åã®è±æã¯
I will have seen (æ ç»ãŸãã¯ãã¥ãŒãžã«ã«) three times if I see it again.
ãšãªããif ã®ä»£ããã« when ã§ãããïŒæ¡åãif, ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã whenïŒã
[[ã«ããŽãª:è±èªææ³]] | null | 2022-11-25T04:03:39Z | []
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95/%E5%AE%8C%E4%BA%86%E5%BD%A2 |
35,050 | 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/仮宿³ | äžåŠã§ç¿ã仮宿³éå»ããã³ä»®å®æ³éå»å®äºã«ããå®çŸããªãã£ã顿ã®è¡šçŸãšã¯å¥ã«ãã仮宿³çŸåšããšããã®ããããããããã仮宿³çŸåšãã¯é¡æã®è¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªãããã€ãŠã¯ææ¡ãèŠæ±ãªã© (demand ã insist ãªã©) ã§ä»®å®æ³çŸåšã䜿ãããŠããæŽå²ããã£ããããããå€é¢šãªè¡šçŸæ¹æ³ã§ããããªã®ã§21äžçŽã§ã¯ããŸã䜿ãããªããå€é¢šãªæäœãæå³çã«æžãå Žåãªã©ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšãçšããå Žåãããã
Tom demanded that I apologize to her. ããã ã¯ç§ã圌女ã«è¬çœªããããšãèŠæ±ããã â»ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ããžãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸæ
It is necessary that every member follows these rules. ãäŒå¡ã¯å
šå¡ããã®èŠåãå®ãå¿
èŠãããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸæ
It is necessary that everyone obey these rules. ãçããã®ã«ãŒã«ãå®ãå¿
èŠãããã
It is necessary that ~
ãŸãã¯
It is important that ~
ãªã©ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
åè©ã§ã¯ãdemand(èŠæ±ãã), insist(䞻匵ãã), propose(ææ¡ãã), suggest(~ææ¡ãã) ,order(åœä»€ãã) ,advise(å¿ åãã), request(äŸé Œãã) , ãªã©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªã§ã¯ããããã®çšæ³(It is necessary ãªã©ããdemand,insistãªã©)ã®å Žåã«ã¯ should ãè£ããshouldãè£ã£ãå Žåããšãã«ä»®å®æ³ãšããŠèªãŸãªããŠããæå³ãäžèŽãã(å©åè© shouldèªäœã®æå³ã仮宿³çãªãã¹ãããšããæå³ã ãšããç¹ã¯ã²ãšãŸã眮ããŠãã)ã
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ã ããåè©ã ãã§ãªããsuggestion ã insistence ãªã©ã®ãããã®åè©ã®åè©åœ¢ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšã¯äœ¿ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
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God bless you! ãããªãã«ç¥ã®ãããã¿ããããŸãããã«.ã
ã仮宿³çŸåšãšã®ããšã
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May god bless you!
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Long live the Queen! ã女çäžæ³ã(âã女çãé·çããããŸãããã«ã)
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Would you mind if I åè©-ed ~? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ã
ã仮宿³ã§ããã
ããã§ã® mind ã¯ããå«ã ãšæãããæ°ã«ããããšããæå³ã§ããã
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ã»ããã~ããã?ããæå³ããåè© wonder ã䜿ã£ãŠã
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could ãå©åè© can ã®éå»åœ¢ãªã®ã§ã仮宿³ã ãšèããããšãã§ããã
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I wonder if you can ~ ? ã~ããŠããã ããŸãã?ã
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Were I ~. ããããç§ã~ãªã(ã»ã»ã»ããã®ã«)ã
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Had I known ~, I would have ââ . ããã~ã ãšç¥ã£ãŠããããââããã®ã«ãã
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Should there be ~, ããã~ããããªããã
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Could you do me a favor? ããé¡ããããã®ã§ãããã
ã¯ã仮宿³ã®æ¡ä»¶ç¯ãçç¥ããã圢ã ãšããèãããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
It's time I was leaving. ããããã倱瀌ããªããšãããŸãããã
ã It's time + 仮宿³éå»ãã§ãããããã~ããŠãããããã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãã
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ãã® It's time æ§æã§ã¯ã仮宿³éå»å®äºã§ã¯ãªããæ®éã仮宿³éå»ã䜿ããã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã
ãã ãå®éã«ã¯ã仮宿³ã§èšããããäžå®è©è¡šçŸ
It's time (for ~) to äžå®è©
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It's time you should åè©ã®åå
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äžèšã® If it were not for ~ ãªã©ã®æ§æã§ãããã(ä»)~ããªããã°ããšããçŸåšã®äºå®ã«åããä»®å®ãèšããã
If it were not for ~ ã(çŸåšã®äºå®ã«ã€ããŠ)ãã~ããªããã°ã
ãªããéå»ã®äºå®ã«åããä»®å®ãèšãå Žåã¯ãäžèšã®ããã«ãªãã
If it had not been for ~ ã(éå»ã®äºå®ã«ã€ããŠ)ãã~ããªããã°ã
ãããã¯æèª(æžãèšè)çãªèšãåãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
If it were not for your help, I would not ~ ãããããªãã®å©ãããªããã°ãç§ã¯~ã ã£ããããã
ãªãããããã®è¡šçŸã«ãããè¯å®åœ¢ã¯ååšããªã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã
If ãçç¥ããŠããããããã®å Žåã¯å眮ãèµ·ããŠã Were it not for ã®èªé ã«ãªãã
Were it not for your help, I would not ~ ãããããªãã®å©ãããªããã°ãç§ã¯~ã ã£ããããã
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â»éäŸãbeåè©ã®éå»åœ¢ã¯äž»èªã®äººç§°ã«é¢ä¿ãªã were ã䜿çšããã ãã®ããã«çŸåšã®äºæã«é¢ããŠãçŸå®çã§ãªãããšãè¿°ã¹ãã«ã¯ãäžè¬ã«éå»ã®æå¶ãçšããã
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仮宿³ã§ã¯å€ãã®å Žåãæ¡ä»¶ãä»®å®ããæå³ã® if ç¯ãå ããã®ã ãããã®ç¯ã®åè©ã¯éå»åœ¢ã«ããããã ããåè©ãbeåè©ã ã£ããšãã«ã¯ããã®åè©ã¯äž»èªã«é¢ããããwere ãšããããã ããå£èªçã«ã¯wasã䜿ãããããšãããããã§ããããšã«ã¯æ³šæãäžã®äŸã§ã¯ifç¯ã®åè©ãamã§ããããšããã仮宿³ã«ãããšãã®åè©ã¯wereãšãªã£ãŠããã
ãŸããifç¯ã®äž»æã«ã€ããŠã¯(äŸæã®å Žåã I would fly to Osaka.ã)ãéåžžå©åè© would(ãããã¯could) ãçšãããéåžžã®éå»åœ¢ãçšããããšã¯ããŸããªãããªãããã§ããã
ãã®ãããªãçŸåšã®å®çŸäžå¯èœãªããšããã«ã€ããŠãããããã ã£ãããã»ã»ã»ããã®ã«ããšããäºã匷調ããããã«éå»åœ¢ãçšããçšæ³ãã仮宿³éå»(ããŠãã»ã ãã)ãšããã
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ãšãªãã æå³ã¯ ãããç§ã(ãã®æ)é³¥ã ã£ããšããããç§ã¯å€§éªã«é£ãã§ãã£ãã ããã«ã ãšãªãã
ãŸããI wish - ããå§ãŸãæã§ã¯ããã®ç®çèªç¯ãšããŠä»®å®æ³ãçšããããããšãå€ããããã¯wishã'é¡ã'ãšããæå³ã®åèªã§ããã®åŸã«éçŸå®çãªé¡ããç¶ãããšãå€ãããšã«ãããäŸãšããŠã
ããããããããããã§ were ã¯ãbeåè© am ã仮宿³ã«ãããã®ã§ããã
ãã以å€ã®å Žåã§ãäœããã®èµ·ãããã©ããåãããªãæ¡ä»¶ããããšãã®ããšã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ããšãã«ã¯ã仮宿³ãçšããããããšãå€ãããã®æã«ã¯ifæã䌎ããªãããšãå€ããifæã«å¯Ÿå¿ããäž»æã ããè¿°ã¹ãããããã«ãªãããšãå€ãã ããã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æèã§å€æãããããªãããéå»ã®æå¶ã§ãªããšãã«çªç¶ãéå»åœ¢ãçŸãããããã«èŠãããããå®éã«ã¯ããã»ã©å€å¥ã«èŠåŽããããšã¯ãªããšæãããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠã§ç¿ã仮宿³éå»ããã³ä»®å®æ³éå»å®äºã«ããå®çŸããªãã£ã顿ã®è¡šçŸãšã¯å¥ã«ãã仮宿³çŸåšããšããã®ããããããããã仮宿³çŸåšãã¯é¡æã®è¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªãããã€ãŠã¯ææ¡ãèŠæ±ãªã© (demand ã insist ãªã©) ã§ä»®å®æ³çŸåšã䜿ãããŠããæŽå²ããã£ããããããå€é¢šãªè¡šçŸæ¹æ³ã§ããããªã®ã§21äžçŽã§ã¯ããŸã䜿ãããªããå€é¢šãªæäœãæå³çã«æžãå Žåãªã©ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšãçšããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom demanded that I apologize to her. ããã ã¯ç§ã圌女ã«è¬çœªããããšãèŠæ±ããã â»ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ããžãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is necessary that every member follows these rules. ãäŒå¡ã¯å
šå¡ããã®èŠåãå®ãå¿
èŠãããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is necessary that everyone obey these rules. ãçããã®ã«ãŒã«ãå®ãå¿
èŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is necessary that ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is important that ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã§ã¯ãdemand(èŠæ±ãã), insist(䞻匵ãã), propose(ææ¡ãã), suggest(~ææ¡ãã) ,order(åœä»€ãã) ,advise(å¿ åãã), request(äŸé Œãã) , ãªã©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªã§ã¯ããããã®çšæ³(It is necessary ãªã©ããdemand,insistãªã©)ã®å Žåã«ã¯ should ãè£ããshouldãè£ã£ãå Žåããšãã«ä»®å®æ³ãšããŠèªãŸãªããŠããæå³ãäžèŽãã(å©åè© shouldèªäœã®æå³ã仮宿³çãªãã¹ãããšããæå³ã ãšããç¹ã¯ã²ãšãŸã眮ããŠãã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšã¯å®è³ªãã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæŽå²çã«ã¯ãshouldãè£ãçšæ³ã®ã»ããæ°ããããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãããã17äžçŽä»¥éãã€ã®ãªã¹æ¬åœã§ã¯ä»®å®æ³çŸåšã®èšãåãã«éåæãããããŠãshould ããããªãããã«ãªã£ãããšããçµç·¯ãããããªããšãªãã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªãšãããšãå€ãããšããæ³åãããã¡ã ããããããããšã¯éããªãã±ãŒã¹ã®ã²ãšã€ã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããåè©ã§insist ãsuggest ã䜿ã£ãŠããŠããæå³ãåœä»€ãèŠæ±ã§ãªãå Žåã¯(suggestãã瀺ããã®æå³ã®å Žåããinsistã®äž»åŒµå
容ãèŠæ±ãªã©ã§ãªãå Žå)ãshouldã仮宿³çŸåšã䜿ããã«ããµã€ãã®çŽèª¬æ³ã䜿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãè£ãè¿ããšãinsist,suggestã«ç¶ãthatç¯ãçŽèª¬æ³ã仮宿³ãã§ãinsist ãŸã㯠suggest ã®æå³ãå€ããããšãèšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãçºå±çäºé
ã ããåè©ã ãã§ãªããsuggestion ã insistence ãªã©ã®ãããã®åè©ã®åè©åœ¢ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšã¯äœ¿ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããã仮宿³çŸåšãã§ã¯ãææ¡ãèŠæ±(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãªã©ã衚ãéã«(ifç¯ã§ã¯ãªã) that ç¯ã®äžã§ä»®å®æ³çŸåšã䜿ãããã®ãæ®éã仮宿³çŸåšã¯ãããåœä»€èª¿ãšããããèŠæ±ã®æå³åãã匷ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããããããŸã£ã衚çŸã§ããããåèæžã®äŸæã ãšãèŠæãåœä»€ã®çšæ³ã§ããåžæ³ãã©ããããšããæ³æ¡ãã©ããããšãããããã¯äŒç€Ÿãå£äœãªã©ã®èŠåãã©ããããšããããããå Žã§ã®äŸæãšããŠã䜿ãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãåžæ³ä»¥å€ã®æ°é人ã䜿ã£ãŠãæ§ããªãããããããŸã£ãèšãæ¹ã§ã¯ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³éå»ã仮宿³éå»å®äºã¯å©æ²çãªè¡šçŸã§ããã®ã§äžå¯§ãªè¡šçŸãšããŠäœ¿ãããå Žåãããããããã仮宿³çŸåšã¯åœä»€ã®èª¿åã匷ãŸãã®ã§æ³šæããå¿
èŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããææ³æè²ãšããŠã仮宿³çŸåšãã¯ããŸãè«ççã§ã¯ãªãããªã®ã§ææ³åèæžã§ããããŸã玹ä»ããŠããªãåèæžããã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãäžåŠåèæžããã³æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ããªã©äžéšã®åèæžã§è¿°ã¹ãŠãã仮宿³ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ã仮宿³éå»ããã³ä»®å®æ³éå»å®äºã ãã®ç¹åŸŽã§ããå Žåãããã®ã§ãåŠç¿ã®éã«ã¯ããã«æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã¯ãæ³åŸã®æäœã«ãã if ãšåè©ã®å圢ãã€ãã£ãæäœãã仮宿³çŸåšãã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããããããä»ã®åèæžã§ã¯ if ã«ã€ããŠã¯èšåããŠããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã仮宿³ã®æªæ¥ãšããã®ã¯ãäžè¬çãªææ³åèæžã§ã¯èŠåœãããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããéãã£ãŒããšãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ãšãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ(ç« æ«ãããã«é²ãã§ã)ãèšãã«ã¯ãç¥é¡ã顿ã衚ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "God bless you! ãããªãã«ç¥ã®ãããã¿ããããŸãããã«.ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã仮宿³çŸåšãšã®ããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "May god bless you!",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããèšãæ¹ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Long live the Queen! ã女çäžæ³ã(âã女çãé·çããããŸãããã«ã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã仮宿³çŸåšã ãšèšã£ãŠããã2022幎9æãè±åœãšãªã¶ãã¹å¥³çãæ»å»ãããã©ãã©ãããã®ã§ãããããããã?",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããããã®çšæ³ã§ã¯ should ã䜿ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³(仮宿³éå»ããã³éå»å®äº)ã¯ãæ¬æ¥ã¯å®çŸããªãã£ãããšãæå³ãã衚çŸã§ãããšèŠããã»ããè¯ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããå®çŸãããã©ããåãããªãããšã®è¡šçŸãšããŠä»®å®æ³ã䜿ãããšã§ãææ¡ãäŸé Œãªã©ã«ãããŠæ§ããã§äžå¯§ãªè¡šçŸãšããŠäœ¿ãçšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãææ¡ãæå³ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you mind if I åè©-ed ~? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã仮宿³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã® mind ã¯ããå«ã ãšæãããæ°ã«ããããšããæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã(ç§ã¯~ããããšæã£ãŠãã®ã§ããã)ç§ã~ããŠãæ°ã«ããŸããã?ããšããæãã®å©æ²è¡šçŸã«ãã£ãŠãææ¡ã衚ãè¡šçŸææ³ãªã®ã§ã仮宿³ã«åé¡ããã®ãçžå¿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããã~ããã?ããæå³ããåè© wonder ã䜿ã£ãŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I wonder if you could ~ ? ã~ããŠããã ããŸããã?ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã仮宿³ã®è¡šçŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "could ãå©åè© can ã®éå»åœ¢ãªã®ã§ã仮宿³ã ãšèããããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäžè¬ã«ä»®å®æ³ã«ãããŠãããåŸå±ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã«ãã can ã«ããã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I wonder if you can ~ ? ã~ããŠããã ããŸãã?ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãããçŽæ¥çãªè¡šçŸã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³ã®æ¡ä»¶èª¬ã®æ¥ç¶è©ã¯ãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ if ã§ãããã仮宿³ã§ã®ifã¯çç¥ãããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³ã§if ãçç¥ããå Žåã顿ãããããå
容ã®ä»®å®æ³ãªã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Were I ~. ããããç§ã~ãªã(ã»ã»ã»ããã®ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Had I known ~, I would have ââ . ããã~ã ãšç¥ã£ãŠããããââããã®ã«ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Should there be ~, ããã~ããããªããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«å眮ãèµ·ããŠSãšVã®é åºãå
¥ãæ¿ããã®ã§ãçåæãšåãèªé ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ææ³ã®çè«äžã¯ãwere, had, should 以å€ã®æé ãçè«çã«ã¯å¯èœã ãããããå®çšäžã¯ãŸããã®3çš®é¡ã®èªå¥ããã仮宿³ã«ãããŠã®ifã®çç¥æã«ããå眮ã§ã¯æé ã«æ¥ãããšã¯ãªãã®ãæ®éã§ãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ããŸãã« could ã might ãæ¥ãããšãããã ãã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ããã®çšæ³ã®ã€ããã§ã® Didã¯ä»ã§ã¯éæšæº(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå眮è©ã䜿ã£ãäœããã®çèªãäžå®è©ãåè©æ§æãå¯è© without ã but for ãªã©ã䜿ãããšã§ããifãçç¥ããããšãã§ãããããã®å Žåã¯å眮ã¯èµ·ããªãããã®å Žåã¯ãif ããçç¥ãã§ã¯ãªããif ã®ã代çšããšããŠå¥ã®è¡šçŸæ¹æ³ã䜿ã£ãã ãã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã顿ã衚ãæå³ã§ã®ä»®å®æ³ã§ç¡ãå Žåã¯ãå眮ãèµ·ããªãã®ãæ®é(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã®ä»£ããã«ã¯ when ã¯ä»®å®æ³ã§ã¯çšããªãã®ãæ®éã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠã§ç¿ããã㪠could ã would ã should ã䜿ã£ãäžå¯§ãªäŸé Œãªã©ã®è¡šçŸã¯ã仮宿³ããã®æŽŸççãªå©æ²è¡šçŸã ãšãèããããšãã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Could you do me a favor? ããé¡ããããã®ã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ã仮宿³ã®æ¡ä»¶ç¯ãçç¥ããã圢ã ãšããèãããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It's time I was leaving. ããããã倱瀌ããªããšãããŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã It's time + 仮宿³éå»ãã§ãããããã~ããŠãããããã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ããã~ããŠãããããã ããšã¯ãèš±å¯ã§ã¯ãªãããæ¬æ¥ãªããã~ãããŠããã¹ããªã®ã«ããŸã ~ããŠããªãã(~ããã¹ãã )ãã®ãããªæå³ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ãããããæœ®æãããããã衚çŸã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã® It's time æ§æã§ã¯ã仮宿³éå»å®äºã§ã¯ãªããæ®éã仮宿³éå»ã䜿ããã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãå®éã«ã¯ã仮宿³ã§èšããããäžå®è©è¡šçŸ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It's time (for ~) to äžå®è©",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ã»ãããã䜿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã仮宿³ãšã¯æèãããªãå Žåãå€ãããå©åè© should ã䜿ã£ãŠ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It's time you should åè©ã®åå",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãããçŽæ¥çã«ã~ã¹ãã ããšèšã衚çŸããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã® If it were not for ~ ãªã©ã®æ§æã§ãããã(ä»)~ããªããã°ããšããçŸåšã®äºå®ã«åããä»®å®ãèšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "If it were not for ~ ã(çŸåšã®äºå®ã«ã€ããŠ)ãã~ããªããã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããéå»ã®äºå®ã«åããä»®å®ãèšãå Žåã¯ãäžèšã®ããã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "If it had not been for ~ ã(éå»ã®äºå®ã«ã€ããŠ)ãã~ããªããã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã¯æèª(æžãèšè)çãªèšãåãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "If it were not for your help, I would not ~ ãããããªãã®å©ãããªããã°ãç§ã¯~ã ã£ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããããã®è¡šçŸã«ãããè¯å®åœ¢ã¯ååšããªã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "If ãçç¥ããŠããããããã®å Žåã¯å眮ãèµ·ããŠã Were it not for ã®èªé ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Were it not for your help, I would not ~ ãããããªãã®å©ãããªããã°ãç§ã¯~ã ã£ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®éã«å®çŸãããŠããªãããå®çŸãããèŠèŸŒã¿ã®ç¡ãããšã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ããšãã«ã¯ã仮宿³(ããŠãã»ã)ãçšããããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãçŸåšã®ããšã§ãã£ãŠããé廿å¶ãçšããããšããIfç¯ã®æäžã§ãã€ãã®ããã«æžãã®ã仮宿³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â»éäŸãbeåè©ã®éå»åœ¢ã¯äž»èªã®äººç§°ã«é¢ä¿ãªã were ã䜿çšããã ãã®ããã«çŸåšã®äºæã«é¢ããŠãçŸå®çã§ãªãããšãè¿°ã¹ãã«ã¯ãäžè¬ã«éå»ã®æå¶ãçšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžã®æã¯ãããç§ãé³¥ã ã£ããšãããã倧éªãŸã§é£ãã§ããã®ã«ãããšããæå³ã§ãããããã£ããŠå®éã«ã¯ãç§ãã¯é³¥ã§ã¯ãªãã空ãé£ã¶ããšãäžå¯èœãªããšãããããã§ã¯ä»®å®æ³ãçšããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³ã§ã¯å€ãã®å Žåãæ¡ä»¶ãä»®å®ããæå³ã® if ç¯ãå ããã®ã ãããã®ç¯ã®åè©ã¯éå»åœ¢ã«ããããã ããåè©ãbeåè©ã ã£ããšãã«ã¯ããã®åè©ã¯äž»èªã«é¢ããããwere ãšããããã ããå£èªçã«ã¯wasã䜿ãããããšãããããã§ããããšã«ã¯æ³šæãäžã®äŸã§ã¯ifç¯ã®åè©ãamã§ããããšããã仮宿³ã«ãããšãã®åè©ã¯wereãšãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããifç¯ã®äž»æã«ã€ããŠã¯(äŸæã®å Žåã I would fly to Osaka.ã)ãéåžžå©åè© would(ãããã¯could) ãçšãããéåžžã®éå»åœ¢ãçšããããšã¯ããŸããªãããªãããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªãçŸåšã®å®çŸäžå¯èœãªããšããã«ã€ããŠãããããã ã£ãããã»ã»ã»ããã®ã«ããšããäºã匷調ããããã«éå»åœ¢ãçšããçšæ³ãã仮宿³éå»(ããŠãã»ã ãã)ãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãã仮宿³éå»ã¯ãçŸåšã®å®çŸäžå¯èœãªããšã«ã€ããŠãè¿°ã¹ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœãã仮宿³ã§ã¯ãªããéåžžã®",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããæå³ã¯ãããç§ãé³¥ã ã£ããã倧éªãŸã§é£ãã§ãããããšãªã£ãŠããã»ã©æå³ã¯å€ãããªãããããããã®æ§æã¯ä»®å®æ³ã§ã¯ãªããããå®çŸã§ããããšãäž»ã«è¡šãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³ã䜿ãã®ã¯ãããŸã§ãã®ããšãäžå¯èœã ãšããããšã匷調ããæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ã¯çŸåšã®ããšã«é¢ããä»®å®ãè¡ãªãæã玹ä»ããŠãããéå»ã®ããšã«ã€ããŠä»®å®ãè¡ãªãå Žåã«ã¯ãããŸã§ã®åè©ã®æå¶ãéå»å®äºã«ããã°ããã äŸãã°ãäžã®æã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãªãã æå³ã¯ ãããç§ã(ãã®æ)é³¥ã ã£ããšããããç§ã¯å€§éªã«é£ãã§ãã£ãã ããã«ã ãšãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããI wish - ããå§ãŸãæã§ã¯ããã®ç®çèªç¯ãšããŠä»®å®æ³ãçšããããããšãå€ããããã¯wishã'é¡ã'ãšããæå³ã®åèªã§ããã®åŸã«éçŸå®çãªé¡ããç¶ãããšãå€ãããšã«ãããäŸãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããããããããã§ were ã¯ãbeåè© am ã仮宿³ã«ãããã®ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã以å€ã®å Žåã§ãäœããã®èµ·ãããã©ããåãããªãæ¡ä»¶ããããšãã®ããšã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ããšãã«ã¯ã仮宿³ãçšããããããšãå€ãããã®æã«ã¯ifæã䌎ããªãããšãå€ããifæã«å¯Ÿå¿ããäž»æã ããè¿°ã¹ãããããã«ãªãããšãå€ãã ããã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æèã§å€æãããããªãããéå»ã®æå¶ã§ãªããšãã«çªç¶ãéå»åœ¢ãçŸãããããã«èŠãããããå®éã«ã¯ããã»ã©å€å¥ã«èŠåŽããããšã¯ãªããšæãããã",
"title": ""
}
]
| null | === 仮宿³ ===
==== 仮宿³çŸåš ====
===== å
±éç¥è =====
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Tom demanded that I apologize to her. ããã ã¯ç§ã圌女ã«è¬çœªããããšãèŠæ±ããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ããžãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸæ
It is necessary that every member follows these rules. ãäŒå¡ã¯å
šå¡ããã®èŠåãå®ãå¿
èŠãããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸæ
It is necessary that everyone obey these rules. ãçããã®ã«ãŒã«ãå®ãå¿
èŠãããã
It is necessary that ïœ
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ã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªã§ã¯ããããã®çšæ³ïŒIt is necessary ãªã©ããdemand,insistãªã©ïŒã®å Žåã«ã¯ should ãè£ããshouldãè£ã£ãå Žåããšãã«ä»®å®æ³ãšããŠèªãŸãªããŠããæå³ãäžèŽããïŒå©åè© shouldèªäœã®æå³ã仮宿³çãªãã¹ãããšããæå³ã ãšããç¹ã¯ã²ãšãŸã眮ããŠããïŒã
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God bless you! ãããªãã«ç¥ã®ãããã¿ããããŸãããã«.ã
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May god bless you!
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Long live the Queen! ã女çäžæ³ãïŒâã女çãé·çããããŸãããã«ãïŒ
ã仮宿³çŸåšã ãšèšã£ãŠããã2022幎9æãè±åœãšãªã¶ãã¹å¥³çãæ»å»ãããã©ãã©ãããã®ã§ããããããããïŒ
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I wonder if you could ïœ ? ãïœããŠããã ããŸãããïŒã
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I wonder if you can ïœ ? ãïœããŠããã ããŸããïŒã
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Were I ïœ. ããããç§ãïœãªãïŒã»ã»ã»ããã®ã«ïŒã
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Had I known ïœ, I would have ââ .ããããïœã ãšç¥ã£ãŠããããââããã®ã«ãã
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Should there be ïœ, ãããïœããããªããã
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Could you do me a favor? ããé¡ããããã®ã§ãããã
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It's time ïŒfor ïœïŒ to äžå®è©
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If it were not for ïœ ãïŒçŸåšã®äºå®ã«ã€ããŠïŒããïœããªããã°ã
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If it were not for your help, I would not ïœ ãããããªãã®å©ãããªããã°ãç§ã¯ïœã ã£ããããã
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If I '''were[was]''' a bird, I would fly to Osaka.ïŒãããç§ãé³¥ã ã£ããšãããã倧éªãŸã§é£ãã§ããã®ã«ããïŒ
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===== 仮宿³ã§ãªãå Žå =====
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If I am a bird, I fly to Osaka.
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If I had been a bird, I would have flown to Osaka.
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I wish I were a bird.
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I have a pen.
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I have no idea.
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I have a pen .
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Would you tell me what happened? ãäœãèµ·ãããã話ããŠãããŸããã.ã
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What + åè© +S+V !
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What a surprise! ãã³ã£ãããããªããã
ãšããæ
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ããã«ä»ã«ãæç« ã®èªé ãçåæã ãææ«ãã!ãã§èªèª¿ãæåã®ãããªãªãºã ãšã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã®èšãåããããè¡šçŸæ¹æ³ãè±èªã«ãããã髿 ¡è±èªãè¶
ããã®ã§ãã以äžã¯ç޹ä»ããªãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã«ããããæãã®åäœã¯ã2ã€ã®æµåããããã²ãšã€ã¯ãæé ãããææ«ã®ããªãªã(.)ãŸãã¯ã¯ãšã¹ãã§ã³(?)ãŸã§ãšããæµåã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãããã®å顿³ã§ã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a pen ,and she has a pencil.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªãæãããI ãã pencil ãŸã§ããæãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç£æ«(ããŸã€)㪠ãã®åé¡ãåé¿ãããããæ¬ããŒãžã§ã¯ããšããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a pen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªåçŽãªæ§é ã®æã ããèãããšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããåæã®ããšãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãã®ãšåæ§ã«ãè±èªã®æã®çš®é¡ã«ã¯ããå¹³åæããçåæããåœä»€æããæåæãã®4ã€ã ããåºæ¬çãªãã®ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãããããã®çš®é¡ã®æã«ãè¯å®æãšåŠå®æãšãããã®ã§ãåé¡äžã¯ 4Ã2ã§åèš8çš®é¡ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãæåæã®åŠå®æã¯ãã£ãã«ç¡ãããªã®ã§ãå®çšçã«ã¯ã7çš®é¡ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåŠå®æããšã¯ãå©åè©ãªã©ã«notãã€ãæã®ããšã§ãããšããã®ãåºç€çãªå顿³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have no idea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ææ³ã®åœ¢åŒäžã¯ãå©åè©(äžèšã®æã§å©åè©ã䜿ããšãããdo)ã«not ãã€ããŠãªãã®ã§è¯å®æãšããŠãã€ããããããæå³çã«ã¯åŠå®ã®å
容ã®ãã®ãããããããã髿 ¡åèæžã§ã¯ãããããåé¡ã«ã¯è§Šããªããå
¥è©Šã«ãäžèšã® no idea æãªã©ã®è¯å®ã»åŠå®ã®åé¡ãåãåºé¡ã¯ç¡ãã ãããããæ·±å
¥ãããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠã§ã don't ã can't ãªã©ãç¿ã£ãããã«ãç瞮圢ã®åŠå®ã䜿ãããŠããæã®å ŽåãåŠå®æãšããŠåé¡ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããcannot ã®ããã«å©åè©ãšãã£ã€ããŠäžã€ã®åèªã«ãªã£ãŠããèªå¥ã䜿ãããŠããå ŽåãåŠå®æã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "髿 ¡è±èªã»å€§åŠåéšè±èªãšããŠå¿
èŠãªåŠå®æã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠã®ç¥èã¯ããããŸã§ã§ãããåºæ¬çã«ã¯ãåŠå®æã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠã¯é«æ ¡ã§ããäžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãè±ææ³ãšå€§å·®ãªãã倧åŠçåãã®ææ³æžã«ã¯ä»ã«ãããã€ã話é¡ããããã髿 ¡çã«ã¯äžèŠãªç£æ«ãŸãã¯ã€ã®ãªã¹åºæã®è©±é¡ãªã®ã§ããã以äžã¯æ·±å
¥ãããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a pen ,and she has a pencil.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªæ§é ã®æç« ããéæããšèšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a pen .",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªãéæã®æ§æåäœãšãªãããã以äžåå²ãããšæç« ã«ãªããªãæå°åäœã®ããšããåæããšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãéæãããåæããšããçšèªã玹ä»ããŠããåèæžãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããåæããéæããªã©ã玹ä»ããŠããªãåèæžãããããã®ããã«åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ç޹ä»ãããªãåéãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªæç« ã®çµã¿åããã®æç¡ã®åé¡ã§ã¯ãåæããéæããè€æããæ··æãã®4çš®é¡ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã圌ã®äž»åŒµãæ¬åœãã©ãããç§ã«ã¯åãããªãããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãäœãèµ·ãããã話ããŠãã ãããTell me what happened. (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãæäžã«çåçãªèšãåããå«ãŸããŠãããããããæå
šäœãšããŠã¯å¹³åæã®ãããªè±æããããããããæ§é ã®æã®ããšã鿥çåæãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "鿥çåæãçåæãªã®ãå¹³åæãªã®ãåé¡ã¯å
¥è©Šã§ã¯åãããªãã®ã§ãå®å¿ããŠãããææ³åèæžã§ãã鿥çåæã«ã€ããŠã¯ã玹ä»ãæžç±ã®åŸåéšã«åŸåãã«åŸåãã«ããŠããåèæžãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã髿 ¡è±èªã§ã¯ãçåæãšã¯ãææ«ãã?ãã§çµããæç« ã®ããšã ãšæã£ãŠããã°ãç¹ã«åé¡ãç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you tell me what happened? ãäœãèµ·ãããã話ããŠãããŸããã.ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«éæ¥çåæãããã«æå
šäœã§ãçåæã«ããããšãã§ããããæ¬ããŒãžã§ã¯æ·±å
¥ãããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãããã€ãŠãåèªããšããææ³åå
ããã£ãŠãã圌ã¯å»è
ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããã?(âã圌ã¯å»è
ã§ã¯ãªãããšèšããã)ãã®ãããªåŠå®ã®åœ¢åŒã§èãçåæã玹ä»ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2020幎代ã®çŸä»£ã§ã¯ãããåŠå®ã®åœ¢åŒã«ãããããããåºããè¿äºãæ±ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãæå³ãäŒããããã®çåæãšããŠãä¿®èŸçåããšããŠåé¡ããªããããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãç¥ããªã人ãããã ããã?ã (=誰ãç¥ããªã)Who doesn't know?",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããå€ãã®åèæžã«ããå
žåçãªäŸæã§ããã(ãã£ãšãããã¯åŠå®åœ¢åŒãªã®ã§ã1990幎代ã®åŸæ¥ãªããåèªããšããããŠãã衚çŸã ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¯å®ã®åœ¢åŒã§ãåãæå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã誰ãç¥ã£ãŠããã®ã?ã (=誰ãç¥ããªã)Who knows?",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«è¯å®ã§ãã£ãŠãæ§ããªãã®ã§ããåèªããšããåå
ã§åé¡ããããããä¿®èŸçåãšããŠåé¡ããã»ããåççã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãåœç¶ã ããçåæåœ¢åŒã®åèªè¡šçŸã¯ãä¿®èŸçåã®äžéšã§ãããšããŠåé¡ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¿®èŸçåã¯ãã£ããŠè¿äºãããããŠããããã§ã¯ãªã衚çŸã§ãããããããåé¡äžãä¿®èŸçåã¯çåæã§ãããšããŠåé¡ãããè±ææ³åŠã§ã¯ããã®ãããªåé¡ã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããšããããè±æã®ææ«ãã¯ãšã¹ãã§ã³ã?ãã§ããããããã°ããšãããããã®æã¯åœ¢åŒçã«ã¯çåæã§ãããšåé¡ããŠæ§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é Œã¿ããšãããéãåœä»€æã®èšãåãã®ããšã«ãwill you? ã can you? ãªã©ãã€ããŠãçåæã®åœ¢åŒã«ããŠã確èªãªã©ã®ããã«ãè¯å®ãŸãã¯åŠå®ã®å¹³åæã®ãããã« do you? ãŸã㯠don't you? ã are you? ã would you? ãªã©ãã€ããèšãåããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã®ãä»å çåãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããæ«å°Ÿã« don't you? ã aren't you? ãã€ããå ŽåãçŽèš³ãããšããããæ¥æ¬èªã®ãåèªã衚çŸã®èš³ã®ããã«ãªãããããããä»å çåã§ã¯åå¯Ÿã®æå³ãã»ã®ããããããªæå³åãã¯ãããŸãç¡ã(åèæžã§ã¯ç¹ã«èšåãããŠãªã)ãè±ææ³ã®çåæã§åå¯Ÿã®æå³ãã»ã®ãããæå³åããããèãæ¹ã¯ã(ä»å çåã§ã¯ãªã)ä¿®èŸçåã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»å çåã¯ã確èªãåæãæ±ããã®ã«äœ¿ãã®ãäžè¬çã§ãããæ¥æ¬èªã®åèªã«ã²ãã¥ãããªãããã«æ³šæã®ããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "確èªäºé
ãšããŠã®ä»å çåã§ã¯ãçãããå
容ã®ã»ããçå圢åŒã«ããããã®ãããè¯å®æã®å¹³åæã®åŸãã«ã€ããäžå¯çåã¯åŠå®çåã«ãªããåŠå®æã®å¹³åæã®åŸãã«ã€ãã€ã®ã¯ãè¯å®åœ¢åŒã®ä»å çåã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»å çåãçºé³ããéã®èª¿å(ã€ã³ãã-ã·ã§ã³)ã¯ãèªä¿¡ãããå Žåã¯ææ«ã®çºé³ãäžé調 () ã«ãããèªä¿¡ãç¡ãã確èªãæ±ãããå Žåã«ã¯ãææ«ã®çºé³ãäžæèª¿ () ã«ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ææ«ã« do you ã don't you ã®ä»£ããã«ã ,right?ã ã䜿ãå Žåããã(æ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã»ããææ«ã«ä»£ããã« OK ã䜿ãå Žåããã(æ¡å)ãä»å çåãšããŠã® right ã¯å¿µãæŒãç®çãªã©ã§äœ¿ããã(æ¡å)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããä»å çåã«å¯Ÿããè¿äºã¯ã質åã®åè©ãåºæºã«ããã®åè©ã®è¯å®åœ¢ãçããªãYes ã§çããåè©ã®åŠå®åœ¢ãçããªã No ã§çãã(æ¡å)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãããã質åã®åè©ã be åè©ã§äž»èªã it ãªãã質åã®æ«å°Ÿãã is it ?ãã§ããisn't it?ãã§ããçãããããit isn't.ãã®å
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容ãªãã Yes, it isããšçããããšã«ãªããåè©ãåºæºã«èããã°è¯ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How ã䜿ã£ãèšãåããšãwhatã䜿ã£ãèšãåãã®2çš®é¡ãããããšãã«ææ«ã¯ã!ãã§çµããã圢容è©ã ãã匷調ãããªã How, åè©ãšåœ¢å®¹è©ã匷調ãããªã what ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How + 圢容è©(ãŸãã¯å¯è©)+S+V !",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What +åœ¢å®¹è© + åè© +S+V !",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®èªé ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How ã䜿ãã»ãã®èšãåãã¯çŸä»£ã§ã¯ããå€é¢šãªèšãåããšãããŠãããã髿 ¡è±èªã倧åŠå
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"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What ã§æåããå Žåã圢容è©ããªããŠãæèãã倿ã§ããèšãåããªãã圢容è©ãçç¥ããŠ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What + åè© +S+V !",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«èšã£ãŠãè¯ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãSVãçç¥ããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What a surprise! ãã³ã£ãããããªããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããæ
£çšè¡šçŸããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ãæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããå©åè© may ã䜿ã£ãŠã~ããŸãããã«ããšããç¥é¡ããããããç¥é¡æããææ«ãã!ããªããåŠè
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"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ä»ã«ãæç« ã®èªé ãçåæã ãææ«ãã!ãã§èªèª¿ãæåã®ãããªãªãºã ãšã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã®èšãåããããè¡šçŸæ¹æ³ãè±èªã«ãããã髿 ¡è±èªãè¶
ããã®ã§ãã以äžã¯ç޹ä»ããªãã",
"title": ""
}
]
| null | === æã®çš®é¡ ===
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å€ãã®åè©ãSVOæåã«è©²åœããã®ã§ãèŠãããªããä»ã®æåãšééãããããã®ãèŠãããšè¯ãã
ããšãã°ãè°è«ãããdiscussã¯ãããééãã§about ãä»ããããå Žåããããããããaboutã䜿ããã«SVOæåã§disucussã¯äœ¿ãåè©ã§ããã
discuss ã¯ããšããšãç²ã
ã«ããããšãããããªæå³ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±å)ãããã転ããŠã話ãåè§£ãããããªæå³ã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããªã®ã§about ã¯ã€ããªãã
ãã®ãããªãå眮è©ãã€ããªãä»åè©ãåæãããšã
approach(~ã«è¿ã¥ã)ãattend (~ã«åºåžãã), discuss(~ã«ã€ããŠè©±ãåã)ãenter(~ã«å
¥ã)ãjoin (~ã«åå ãã)ãmarry(~ãšçµå©ãã)ãresemble(~ã«äŒŒãŠãã)ãvisit (~ã蚪åãã)
ãªã©ããåèæžã§ã¯ä»£è¡šçã§ããã
ã»ãã«ãå眮è©ãã€ããªãåè©ã®äŸãšããŠã¯
contact (~ãšé£çµ¡ããšã)â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã
mention (~ãè¿°ã¹ã)â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã
oppose (~ã«å察ãã)â»ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
ãªã©ãããã
éã«æ¬æ¥ãªãå眮è©ãå¿
èŠãªã®ã«ãããå¿ããããåè©ãšããŠã¯
agree with ~(人) ã~ã«è³æãããã â» ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
agree to æ¡ ã<æ¡>ã«è³æããããâ» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
complain to 人 about é¢å¿äº ã<人>ã«<é¢å¿äº>ã«ã€ããŠäžå¹³ãèšãã â» ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
complain ã®ãto 人ãã¯çç¥ããŠãæ§ããªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
apologize to ~(人) ã~ã«è¬çœªãããã
ããšãã°
You should apologize to her. ããã¿ã¯åœŒå¥³ã«è¬çœªããã¹ãã ããã â» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
I must apologize to her. ãç§ã¯åœŒå¥³ã«è¬çœªããªããã°ãªããªãããâ» éãã£ãŒã
suggest æ
å ± to 人 ã<人>ã«<æ
å ±>ãæç€ºãããã
åæ§ã« introduce ãã
introduce 人1 to 人2 ã<人2>ã«<人1>ã玹ä»ããã
ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã<人1>ã®ã»ãã玹ä»ãããæ
å ±ã«ãªãã
ã»ãã
graduate from åŠæ ¡ã<åŠæ ¡>ã忥ããã â»æ¥æ¬èªã®ãåŠæ ¡ããããã«åŒãããã㊠from ãå¿ããçåŸãå€ããšèšãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãªã©ããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãã®ã»ãã
She lived a happy life. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ãã
ã®ããã«ãåè©ãšé¢é£ã®æ·±ãç®çèªãåãäŸããã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãã ãæ®éã¯ã
She lived happily.
ã®ããã«èšãå Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
smile a happy smile ããããããã«ç¬ããã
dream a strange dream ããã¿ãããªå€¢ãèŠããã
ãªã©ã®è¡šçŸããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
äžèšã®ããã«ãåè©ãšç®çèªã§èªæºãåãåèªã ã£ãã䌌ãæå³ã®åèªã®å Žåããããã®ç®çèªã®ããšãåæç®çèªãšããã
She lived a happy life. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ã.ã (èªæºãåã)â» éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
They fought a fierce battle. ã圌ãã¯æ¿ããæŠã£ã.ã(䌌ãæå³)â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³
ãªããlive ã¯æ®æ®µã¯èªåè©ãªã®ã§ç®çèªããšããªããããããåæç®çèªã®å Žåãä»åè©ãšããŠç®çèªããšãããšãã§ããã
ãã®ããã«åæç®çèªããšãåè©ã§ã¯äŸå€çã«ããµã ãã¯èªåè©ã§ãç®çèªããšãããšãã§ããå Žåãããã
èšãæã衚çŸãšããŠã
She lived happily. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ã.
They fought fiercely. ã圌ãã¯æ¿ããæŠã£ã.ã
ã®ããã«ãåæç®çèªã䜿ããªããŠãå¯è©ã䜿ã£ãŠèšãæããããšãã§ããã
SVOOæåãšã¯ã
äž»èª + åè© + ç®çèª1 + ç®çèª2
ã§ããããªãã
äž»èª + åè© + 鿥ç®çèª + çŽæ¥ç®çèª
ã®ããã«ãèšãåèæžãå€ãã
ã~(人ãªã©)ã«ââ(ç©ãªã©)ãäžããããšããæå³ã®åºæ¬çãªåè©ã«ã¯ãSVOOæåã®çšæ³ããã€ãã®ãå€ãã
å
žåçãªã®ã¯ giveã§ãã give O1 O2 ã§ãO1ã«O2ãäžãããã ãããã®ã»ãã«ã hand (ææž¡ã)ããoffer (ææž¡ã)ãªã©ãåèš³äžã§ã¯ãäžããããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãæå€ãšæ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãããsell ã売ããããã®ã°ã«ãŒãã§ããã
ãã®ã»ããç©ççã«ã¯ç©ãæž¡ããªããŠããteach O1 O2 (O1ã«O2ãæãã)ã ãtell O1 O2 (O1ã«O2ã話ã)ã write O1 O2 (O1ã«O2(æçŽãªã©)ãæžã)ãšãã£ããçžæã®ããšã«æ
å ±ãå±ãããã®ã«ããSVOOæåã®çšæ³ãããã
ãã®ãçžæã®ããšã«äœããå±ããã°ã«ãŒãã®ãã®ã¯ãåçœ®è© to ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã§ãããšãã° give the money to him ã®ããã«è¡šçŸã§ãããã®ãå€ãã
åæãããšã
give(äžãã) , lend (貞ã), hand (ææž¡ã), offer (æäŸãã), show (èŠãã), send (éã), tell (äŒããã»è©±ã), write ((æçŽãªã©ã)æžã),
ãªã©ãããã
ã»ããä»äººã®ããã«äœãããããŠãããããšããæå³ã®åè©ã«ããSVOOæåã®ãã®ãå€ãã
å
·äœçã«ã¯ãbuy ãè²·ã£ãŠãããããcook ãæçãäœã£ãŠããããã find ãèŠã€ããŠããããããget O1 O2 (O1ã®ããã«O2ãæã«å
¥ãã), make (äœã£ãŠããã)ãšããçšæ³ããã€åè©ããSVOOæåã®çšæ³ããã€ã
ãã®ããããŠããããã°ã«ãŒãã®åè©ã¯ãå眮è©ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã§ã¯ãto ã§ã¯ãªã for ã®ã»ããé©åãªå Žåãå€ãã
buy a new bike for him. ãæ°ããèªè»¢è»ãè²·ã£ãŠãããã
ãªã©ã®ããã«ã
buy (è²·ã), cook(æçãã), make(äœã), play(æŒå¥ãã), sing (æã)ããã
ããå眮è©ã§èšãæãããªããã®forã®ã»ããé©åãªã°ã«ãŒãã§ããã
bringãæã£ãŠããã ãšleaveãæ®ããã¯ãto ã§ã for ã§ããSVOOã§ããã©ãã§ã䜿ããã
bringã®å Žåã§ãå眮è©ã䜿ãå Žåã¯ãæèãã to ã for ãããé©åãªã»ãã倿ããã
leave ã®å Žåãæ
£çšçã«ã財ç£ãæ®ããŠæ»ã¬å Žå㯠to ããã±ãŒããã¯ãããŒãªã©ãäººã«æ®ããŠããã®ã¯ for ã§ããã
I left some cake for him. ãç§ã¯åœŒã«ã±ãŒããå°ãæ®ããŠããããã
He left a fortune to his wife. ã圌ã¯åŠ»ã«è²¡ç£ãæ®ããŠæ»ãã ãã
cost, envy(ããããŸããæã), save(ç¯çŽãã), spare(çã) , ã¯ãSVOOæåã®çšæ³ã¯ãããããããäžè¬ã« to ã for ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã¯åºæ¥ãªããããŸããã®ããO1ãšO2ã®èªé ãå€ããããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ã
ãŸããaskããããããããã®æå³ã§ã¯ãããŸãèªé ãå€ããªã(ãã€ã€ã«)ããªããask~of ã¯ã©ã¡ãããšãããšãé Œããã®æå³ã§äœ¿ãããšãå€ã(ãã€ã€ã«)ããªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãaskã¯ããããããã®æå³ã§ã¯èªé ãå€ããªããšããŠããããããããã€ã€ã«ã§ã¯ããããŸã§æèšããŠããªãã
äž»èª+åè©+ç®çèª+è£èª
SVOCæåã§ã¯ãO = C ã®é¢ä¿ãæç«ããã
make O C ãOãCã«ãããããSVOCã®äžäŸã§ããã
call ã~ãšåŒã¶ãã nameã~ãšåã¥ããããªã©ãäœããåŒã¶è¡šçŸãSVOCã§ããã
ã»ããelect O C ã§ ãOãCã«éžã¶ãã ãããããé¡çŸ©èªã® choose ã¯äŒçµ±çã«ã¯SVOCæåã«ã¯ãªããªãäºã«æ³šæããå¿
èŠãããããã ããæè¿ã¯äºæ
ãç°ãªãã choose ã§ã SVOCæåãåãå Žåãããã®ã§(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãè€éã§ããã
leaveãæ®ããŠãããã keepã~ã«ããŠããããªã©ãçŸç¶ç¶æã®æå³ã®åè©ã§ããçšæ³ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ SVOC ã®å Žåãããã
ãã®ã»ããã~ãã»ã»ã»ãšæããã°ã«ãŒããšããŠãbelieveãOãCãšä¿¡ããããconsiderãOãCãšèŠãªãã, findãOãCã ãšåããã, think ãOãCãšæãããªã©ãããã
I believe him a great artist. ãç§ã¯åœŒãå倧ãªèžè¡å®¶ã ãšæããã
I consider him a great artist. ãç§ã¯åœŒãå倧ãªèžè¡å®¶ã ãšã¿ãªããŠããã
ãªããregard ãèŠãªããã¯ããã®ã¿ã€ãã§ã¯ãªããåçœ®è© as ãå¿
èŠã§ãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãã倧修通ç·åè±èª)ã
regard A as B ã§ããAãBã ãšèŠãªãã
ããšãã°ã regard her as our leader ã§ãã圌女ãç§ãã¡ã®ãªãŒããŒã ãšã¿ãªããã§ããã
I have my teeth cleaned.(ç§ã¯æ¯ã磚ããŠããã£ãŠãã)
ããã§ã¯ãhave=ããã(äŸé Œ)ã§ãããäž»èª(I)ãšè¿°èªåè©(cleaned)ã察å¿ããŠããé¢ä¿ã«ãªã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããI cleaned ãšãããµãã«çµã¿åãããŠææ³çã«æ£è§£ã§ããã°ããã®have éå»åè©ã®æ§æã¯æ£è§£ã§ããã
There is ~ ã There are ~ ãšãã£ããããããthereæ§æã¯ããããSVæåãšã¿ãè§£éãšãSVCæåãšã¿ãè§£éãšãããã
åé ã® there ãS ãšè§£éããã° SVCæåãšããè§£éã«ãªãã
åé ã® there ã M(修食èª)ãšè§£éããã°ãSVæåãšããè§£éã«ãªãã
ãã®ãããthere æ§æã¯5æåã«ããåé¡ããã¯ç¬ç«ããç¹æ®ãªæ§æã§ãããšèããããŠããã
ã»ããit seems ã~ã®ããã«èŠããããªã©åœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã䜿ã£ãæç« ããäŸå€çãªãã®ã ãšããŠãæåã®åé¡ããã¯é€å€ãããããšãå€ãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã®æåã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯ãäžèšã®5éãã«åãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã第1æåããšåŒã¶ä»£ããã«ãSVæåãã第2æåãšåŒã¶ä»£ããã«ãSVCæåãã®ããã«ããå Žåãããããªã®ã§ã髿 ¡çãšããŠã¯ãã©ã®æåãäœçªã ã£ãããŸã§ã¯èŠããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæåã®æ°ã®è¡šèš(ãç¬¬â¡æåãã®åè§ã®ã¶ã¶ã)ãç®çšæ°åãããŒãæ°åãã¯ãã©ãã§ããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠãç°ãªãããšãã«çµ±äžã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èª + åè©",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» æªèšè¿°.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èª + åè© + è£èª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãSVCæåã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "第2æåã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "SVCæåãåãå
žåçãªåè©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "become(ãªã)ã turn(å€åããŠ~ã«ãªã), go (~(æªãç¶æ
ã«)ãªã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ã~ã«ãªããšããæå³ã®åè©ã«å€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The leaves turn red in the fall. ãç§ã«ãªããšãæšã®èã¯èµ€ããªããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "leavesã¯å¿
ãããæš¹æšã®èãšã¯éãããèã®èã®å Žåããããããããåžè²©ã®åèæžãªã©ã§ã¯ãããã§ãéããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The milk has gone bad. ããã®çä¹³ã¯è
ã£ãŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã§ãããgo ã¯å®äºåœ¢ã§äœ¿ãããšãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããbeåè©ããå€èŠçãªæ§åããããã look(ã®ããã«èŠãã), appear(~ã®ããã«èŠãã)ãseem (~ã®ããã«èŠãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãå
žåçã«SVCæåã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She is happy. ã圌女ã¯ããããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She looks happy. ã圌女ã¯ããããããã«èŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She appears happy. ã圌女ã¯ããããããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She seems happy. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªããã«èŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¥èŠã衚ããfeel(æãããã), smell(ã«ããããã), sound(èããã),taste(å³ããã)ããªã©ããå
žåçãªç¬¬2æåããšãããšã®å€ãåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããçèª be fond of ~ ã~ã奜ãã§ãããã be sure of ~ã~ã確信ããŠãããã®ããã«ã圢åŒçã«ã¯SVCæåã ããç¶ã修食èªããªããšæå³ããªããªãèšãåãããããã䟿å®çã«ãããã£ãçèªè¡šçŸã§ã圢åŒçã«SVCæåã§ããããããããã°ãåé¡äžã¯SVCæåãšããŠåé¡ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããæè²äžã®æ³šæãšããŠããã䟿å®çã«S = Cãšçå·ã䜿ã£ãŠæ¯å©çã«æè²ãããå Žåããããããããæ°åŠã®çå·ãšã¯ç°ãªããäžè¬ã«SãšCã®åèªã®ããããã®äœçœ®ã¯äº€æã§ããªãããšã«æè²è
ã¯æ°ãã€ããŠããå¿
èŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èª + åè© + ç®çèª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®æåãSVOæåã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ææ³äžã¯ãäžè¬ã«SVOæåãåãåè©ã¯éåžžãä»åè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ãã®åè©ãSVOæåã«è©²åœããã®ã§ãèŠãããªããä»ã®æåãšééãããããã®ãèŠãããšè¯ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãè°è«ãããdiscussã¯ãããééãã§about ãä»ããããå Žåããããããããaboutã䜿ããã«SVOæåã§disucussã¯äœ¿ãåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "discuss ã¯ããšããšãç²ã
ã«ããããšãããããªæå³ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±å)ãããã転ããŠã話ãåè§£ãããããªæå³ã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããªã®ã§about ã¯ã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªãå眮è©ãã€ããªãä»åè©ãåæãããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "approach(~ã«è¿ã¥ã)ãattend (~ã«åºåžãã), discuss(~ã«ã€ããŠè©±ãåã)ãenter(~ã«å
¥ã)ãjoin (~ã«åå ãã)ãmarry(~ãšçµå©ãã)ãresemble(~ã«äŒŒãŠãã)ãvisit (~ã蚪åãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããåèæžã§ã¯ä»£è¡šçã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã«ãå眮è©ãã€ããªãåè©ã®äŸãšããŠã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "contact (~ãšé£çµ¡ããšã)â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mention (~ãè¿°ã¹ã)â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "oppose (~ã«å察ãã)â»ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éã«æ¬æ¥ãªãå眮è©ãå¿
èŠãªã®ã«ãããå¿ããããåè©ãšããŠã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "agree with ~(人) ã~ã«è³æãããã â» ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "agree to æ¡ ã<æ¡>ã«è³æããããâ» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "complain to 人 about é¢å¿äº ã<人>ã«<é¢å¿äº>ã«ã€ããŠäžå¹³ãèšãã â» ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "complain ã®ãto 人ãã¯çç¥ããŠãæ§ããªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "apologize to ~(人) ã~ã«è¬çœªãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You should apologize to her. ããã¿ã¯åœŒå¥³ã«è¬çœªããã¹ãã ããã â» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I must apologize to her. ãç§ã¯åœŒå¥³ã«è¬çœªããªããã°ãªããªãããâ» éãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "suggest æ
å ± to 人 ã<人>ã«<æ
å ±>ãæç€ºãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã« introduce ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "introduce 人1 to 人2 ã<人2>ã«<人1>ã玹ä»ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã<人1>ã®ã»ãã玹ä»ãããæ
å ±ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "graduate from åŠæ ¡ã<åŠæ ¡>ã忥ããã â»æ¥æ¬èªã®ãåŠæ ¡ããããã«åŒãããã㊠from ãå¿ããçåŸãå€ããšèšãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She lived a happy life. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãåè©ãšé¢é£ã®æ·±ãç®çèªãåãäŸããã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãæ®éã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She lived happily.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«èšãå Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "smile a happy smile ããããããã«ç¬ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "dream a strange dream ããã¿ãããªå€¢ãèŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®è¡šçŸããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ããã«ãåè©ãšç®çèªã§èªæºãåãåèªã ã£ãã䌌ãæå³ã®åèªã®å Žåããããã®ç®çèªã®ããšãåæç®çèªãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She lived a happy life. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ã.ã (èªæºãåã)â» éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They fought a fierce battle. ã圌ãã¯æ¿ããæŠã£ã.ã(䌌ãæå³)â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããlive ã¯æ®æ®µã¯èªåè©ãªã®ã§ç®çèªããšããªããããããåæç®çèªã®å Žåãä»åè©ãšããŠç®çèªããšãããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«åæç®çèªããšãåè©ã§ã¯äŸå€çã«ããµã ãã¯èªåè©ã§ãç®çèªããšãããšãã§ããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšãæã衚çŸãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She lived happily. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ã.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They fought fiercely. ã圌ãã¯æ¿ããæŠã£ã.ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãåæç®çèªã䜿ããªããŠãå¯è©ã䜿ã£ãŠèšãæããããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "SVOOæåãšã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èª + åè© + ç®çèª1 + ç®çèª2",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èª + åè© + 鿥ç®çèª + çŽæ¥ç®çèª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãèšãåèæžãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~(人ãªã©)ã«ââ(ç©ãªã©)ãäžããããšããæå³ã®åºæ¬çãªåè©ã«ã¯ãSVOOæåã®çšæ³ããã€ãã®ãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªã®ã¯ giveã§ãã give O1 O2 ã§ãO1ã«O2ãäžãããã ãããã®ã»ãã«ã hand (ææž¡ã)ããoffer (ææž¡ã)ãªã©ãåèš³äžã§ã¯ãäžããããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãæå€ãšæ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãããsell ã売ããããã®ã°ã«ãŒãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããç©ççã«ã¯ç©ãæž¡ããªããŠããteach O1 O2 (O1ã«O2ãæãã)ã ãtell O1 O2 (O1ã«O2ã話ã)ã write O1 O2 (O1ã«O2(æçŽãªã©)ãæžã)ãšãã£ããçžæã®ããšã«æ
å ±ãå±ãããã®ã«ããSVOOæåã®çšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãçžæã®ããšã«äœããå±ããã°ã«ãŒãã®ãã®ã¯ãåçœ®è© to ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã§ãããšãã° give the money to him ã®ããã«è¡šçŸã§ãããã®ãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæãããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "give(äžãã) , lend (貞ã), hand (ææž¡ã), offer (æäŸãã), show (èŠãã), send (éã), tell (äŒããã»è©±ã), write ((æçŽãªã©ã)æžã),",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããä»äººã®ããã«äœãããããŠãããããšããæå³ã®åè©ã«ããSVOOæåã®ãã®ãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
·äœçã«ã¯ãbuy ãè²·ã£ãŠãããããcook ãæçãäœã£ãŠããããã find ãèŠã€ããŠããããããget O1 O2 (O1ã®ããã«O2ãæã«å
¥ãã), make (äœã£ãŠããã)ãšããçšæ³ããã€åè©ããSVOOæåã®çšæ³ããã€ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããããŠããããã°ã«ãŒãã®åè©ã¯ãå眮è©ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã§ã¯ãto ã§ã¯ãªã for ã®ã»ããé©åãªå Žåãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "buy a new bike for him. ãæ°ããèªè»¢è»ãè²·ã£ãŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®ããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "buy (è²·ã), cook(æçãã), make(äœã), play(æŒå¥ãã), sing (æã)ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããå眮è©ã§èšãæãããªããã®forã®ã»ããé©åãªã°ã«ãŒãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "bringãæã£ãŠããã ãšleaveãæ®ããã¯ãto ã§ã for ã§ããSVOOã§ããã©ãã§ã䜿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "bringã®å Žåã§ãå眮è©ã䜿ãå Žåã¯ãæèãã to ã for ãããé©åãªã»ãã倿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "leave ã®å Žåãæ
£çšçã«ã財ç£ãæ®ããŠæ»ã¬å Žå㯠to ããã±ãŒããã¯ãããŒãªã©ãäººã«æ®ããŠããã®ã¯ for ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I left some cake for him. ãç§ã¯åœŒã«ã±ãŒããå°ãæ®ããŠããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He left a fortune to his wife. ã圌ã¯åŠ»ã«è²¡ç£ãæ®ããŠæ»ãã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cost, envy(ããããŸããæã), save(ç¯çŽãã), spare(çã) , ã¯ãSVOOæåã®çšæ³ã¯ãããããããäžè¬ã« to ã for ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã¯åºæ¥ãªããããŸããã®ããO1ãšO2ã®èªé ãå€ããããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããaskããããããããã®æå³ã§ã¯ãããŸãèªé ãå€ããªã(ãã€ã€ã«)ããªããask~of ã¯ã©ã¡ãããšãããšãé Œããã®æå³ã§äœ¿ãããšãå€ã(ãã€ã€ã«)ããªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãaskã¯ããããããã®æå³ã§ã¯èªé ãå€ããªããšããŠããããããããã€ã€ã«ã§ã¯ããããŸã§æèšããŠããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èª+åè©+ç®çèª+è£èª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "SVOCæåã§ã¯ãO = C ã®é¢ä¿ãæç«ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "make O C ãOãCã«ãããããSVOCã®äžäŸã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "call ã~ãšåŒã¶ãã nameã~ãšåã¥ããããªã©ãäœããåŒã¶è¡šçŸãSVOCã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããelect O C ã§ ãOãCã«éžã¶ãã ãããããé¡çŸ©èªã® choose ã¯äŒçµ±çã«ã¯SVOCæåã«ã¯ãªããªãäºã«æ³šæããå¿
èŠãããããã ããæè¿ã¯äºæ
ãç°ãªãã choose ã§ã SVOCæåãåãå Žåãããã®ã§(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãè€éã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "leaveãæ®ããŠãããã keepã~ã«ããŠããããªã©ãçŸç¶ç¶æã®æå³ã®åè©ã§ããçšæ³ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ SVOC ã®å Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããã~ãã»ã»ã»ãšæããã°ã«ãŒããšããŠãbelieveãOãCãšä¿¡ããããconsiderãOãCãšèŠãªãã, findãOãCã ãšåããã, think ãOãCãšæãããªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I believe him a great artist. ãç§ã¯åœŒãå倧ãªèžè¡å®¶ã ãšæããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I consider him a great artist. ãç§ã¯åœŒãå倧ãªèžè¡å®¶ã ãšã¿ãªããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããregard ãèŠãªããã¯ããã®ã¿ã€ãã§ã¯ãªããåçœ®è© as ãå¿
èŠã§ãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãã倧修通ç·åè±èª)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "regard A as B ã§ããAãBã ãšèŠãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã regard her as our leader ã§ãã圌女ãç§ãã¡ã®ãªãŒããŒã ãšã¿ãªããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have my teeth cleaned.(ç§ã¯æ¯ã磚ããŠããã£ãŠãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ãhave=ããã(äŸé Œ)ã§ãããäž»èª(I)ãšè¿°èªåè©(cleaned)ã察å¿ããŠããé¢ä¿ã«ãªã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããI cleaned ãšãããµãã«çµã¿åãããŠææ³çã«æ£è§£ã§ããã°ããã®have éå»åè©ã®æ§æã¯æ£è§£ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "There is ~ ã There are ~ ãšãã£ããããããthereæ§æã¯ããããSVæåãšã¿ãè§£éãšãSVCæåãšã¿ãè§£éãšãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åé ã® there ãS ãšè§£éããã° SVCæåãšããè§£éã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åé ã® there ã M(修食èª)ãšè§£éããã°ãSVæåãšããè§£éã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããthere æ§æã¯5æåã«ããåé¡ããã¯ç¬ç«ããç¹æ®ãªæ§æã§ãããšèããããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããit seems ã~ã®ããã«èŠããããªã©åœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã䜿ã£ãæç« ããäŸå€çãªãã®ã ãšããŠãæåã®åé¡ããã¯é€å€ãããããšãå€ãã",
"title": ""
}
]
| null | === æå ===
è±èªã®æåã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯ãäžèšã®5éãã«åãããã
ã第1æåããšåŒã¶ä»£ããã«ãSVæåãã第2æåãšåŒã¶ä»£ããã«ãSVCæåãã®ããã«ããå Žåãããããªã®ã§ã髿 ¡çãšããŠã¯ãã©ã®æåãäœçªã ã£ãããŸã§ã¯èŠããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã
ãªããæåã®æ°ã®è¡šèšïŒãç¬¬â¡æåãã®åè§ã®ã¶ã¶ãïŒãç®çšæ°åãããŒãæ°åãã¯ãã©ãã§ããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠãç°ãªãããšãã«çµ±äžã¯ç¡ãã
==== SV(第1æå) ====
äž»èª ïŒ åè©
â» æªèšè¿°.
==== SVC(第2æå) ====
äž»èª ïŒ åè© ïŒ è£èª
ãSVCæåã§ããã
第2æåã¯
# Mary ''is'' '''happy'''.
# John ''became'' '''a doctor'''.
ãªã©ã§ããã
SVCæåãåãå
žåçãªåè©ãããã
becomeïŒãªãïŒã turnïŒå€åããŠïœã«ãªãïŒ, go ïŒïœïŒæªãç¶æ
ã«ïŒãªãïŒ
ã®ããã«ãïœã«ãªããšããæå³ã®åè©ã«å€ãã
The leaves turn red in the fall. ãç§ã«ãªããšãæšã®èã¯èµ€ããªããã
leavesã¯å¿
ãããæš¹æšã®èãšã¯éãããèã®èã®å Žåããããããããåžè²©ã®åèæžãªã©ã§ã¯ãããã§ãéããŠããã
The milk has gone bad. ããã®çä¹³ã¯è
ã£ãŠãããã
ãªã©ã§ãããgo ã¯å®äºåœ¢ã§äœ¿ãããšãå€ãã
ã»ããbeåè©ããå€èŠçãªæ§åããããã lookïŒã®ããã«èŠããïŒ, appearïŒïœã®ããã«èŠããïŒãseem ïŒïœã®ããã«èŠããïŒ
ãªã©ãå
žåçã«SVCæåã§ããã
She is happy. ã圌女ã¯ããããã ãã
She looks happy. ã圌女ã¯ããããããã«èŠãããã
She appears happy. ã圌女ã¯ããããããã ãã
ãªã©ã§ããã
She seems happy. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªããã«èŠãããã
ç¥èŠã衚ããfeelïŒæããããïŒ, smellïŒã«ãããããïŒ, soundïŒèãããïŒ,tasteïŒå³ãããïŒããªã©ããå
žåçãªç¬¬2æåããšãããšã®å€ãåè©ã§ããã
ãã®ã»ããçèª be fond of ïœ ãïœã奜ãã§ãããã be sure of ïœãïœã確信ããŠãããã®ããã«ã圢åŒçã«ã¯SVCæåã ããç¶ã修食èªããªããšæå³ããªããªãèšãåãããããã䟿å®çã«ãããã£ãçèªè¡šçŸã§ã圢åŒçã«SVCæåã§ããããããããã°ãåé¡äžã¯SVCæåãšããŠåé¡ããã
ã»ããæè²äžã®æ³šæãšããŠããã䟿å®çã«<nowiki>S = C</nowiki>ãšçå·ã䜿ã£ãŠæ¯å©çã«æè²ãããå Žåããããããããæ°åŠã®çå·ãšã¯ç°ãªããäžè¬ã«SãšCã®åèªã®ããããã®äœçœ®ã¯äº€æã§ããªãããšã«æè²è
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==== SVO(第3æå) ====
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ææ³äžã¯ãäžè¬ã«SVOæåãåãåè©ã¯éåžžãä»åè©ã§ããã
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ããšãã°ãè°è«ãããdiscussã¯ãããééãã§about ãä»ããããå Žåããããããããaboutã䜿ããã«SVOæåã§disucussã¯äœ¿ãåè©ã§ããã
discuss ã¯ããšããšãç²ã
ã«ããããšãããããªæå³ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åïŒãããã転ããŠã話ãåè§£ãããããªæå³ã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããªã®ã§about ã¯ã€ããªãã
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approachïŒïœã«è¿ã¥ãïŒãattend ïŒïœã«åºåžããïŒ, discussïŒïœã«ã€ããŠè©±ãåãïŒãenterïŒïœã«å
¥ãïŒãjoin ïŒïœã«åå ããïŒãmarryïŒïœãšçµå©ããïŒãresembleïŒïœã«äŒŒãŠããïŒãvisit ïŒïœã蚪åããïŒ
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contact ïŒïœãšé£çµ¡ããšãïŒâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã
mention ïŒïœãè¿°ã¹ãïŒâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã
oppose ïŒïœã«å察ããïŒâ»ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
ãªã©ãããã
éã«æ¬æ¥ãªãå眮è©ãå¿
èŠãªã®ã«ãããå¿ããããåè©ãšããŠã¯
agree with ïœïŒäººïŒããïœã«è³æãããããâ» ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
agree to æ¡ ãïŒæ¡ïŒã«è³æããããâ» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
complain to 人 about é¢å¿äº ãïŒäººïŒã«ïŒé¢å¿äºïŒã«ã€ããŠäžå¹³ãèšãããâ» ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
complain ã®ãto 人ãã¯çç¥ããŠãæ§ããªãïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒïŒã
apologize to ïœïŒäººïŒ ãïœã«è¬çœªãããã
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You should apologize to her. ããã¿ã¯åœŒå¥³ã«è¬çœªããã¹ãã ããã â» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
I must apologize to her. ãç§ã¯åœŒå¥³ã«è¬çœªããªããã°ãªããªãããâ» éãã£ãŒã
suggest æ
å ± to 人 ãïŒäººïŒã«ïŒæ
å ±ïŒãæç€ºãããã
åæ§ã« introduce ãã
introduce 人1 to 人2 ãïŒäºº2ïŒã«ïŒäºº1ïŒã玹ä»ããã
ã§ããïŒéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒãïŒäºº1ïŒã®ã»ãã玹ä»ãããæ
å ±ã«ãªãã
ã»ãã
graduate from åŠæ ¡ãïŒåŠæ ¡ïŒã忥ããããâ»æ¥æ¬èªã®ãåŠæ ¡ããããã«åŒãããã㊠from ãå¿ããçåŸãå€ããšèšãããŠããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãªã©ãããïŒéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒã
ãã®ã»ãã
She '''lived''' a happy '''life'''. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ãã
ã®ããã«ãåè©ãšé¢é£ã®æ·±ãç®çèªãåãäŸãããïŒéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãã ãæ®éã¯ã
She lived happily.
ã®ããã«èšãå Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
smile a happy smile ããããããã«ç¬ããã
dream a strange dream ããã¿ãããªå€¢ãèŠããã
ãªã©ã®è¡šçŸãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
;åæç®çèª
äžèšã®ããã«ãåè©ãšç®çèªã§èªæºãåãåèªã ã£ãã䌌ãæå³ã®åèªã®å Žåããããã®ç®çèªã®ããšã'''åæç®çèª'''ãšããã
She '''lived''' a happy '''life'''. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ã.ã ïŒèªæºãåãïŒâ» éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
They '''fought''' a fierce '''battle'''. ã圌ãã¯æ¿ããæŠã£ã.ãïŒäŒŒãæå³ïŒâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³
ãªããlive ã¯æ®æ®µã¯èªåè©ãªã®ã§ç®çèªããšããªããããããåæç®çèªã®å Žåãä»åè©ãšããŠç®çèªããšãããšãã§ããã
ãã®ããã«åæç®çèªããšãåè©ã§ã¯äŸå€çã«ããµã ãã¯èªåè©ã§ãç®çèªããšãããšãã§ããå Žåãããã
èšãæã衚çŸãšããŠã
She lived happily. ã圌女ã¯ãããããªç掻ãéã£ã.
They fought fiercely. ã圌ãã¯æ¿ããæŠã£ã.ã
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==== SVOO(第4æå) ====
SVOOæåãšã¯ã
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å
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å ±ãå±ãããã®ã«ããSVOOæåã®çšæ³ãããã
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åæãããšã
giveïŒäžããïŒ , lend ïŒè²žãïŒ, hand ïŒææž¡ãïŒ, offer ïŒæäŸããïŒ, show ïŒèŠããïŒ, send ïŒéãïŒ, tell ïŒäŒããã»è©±ãïŒ, write ïŒïŒæçŽãªã©ãïŒæžãïŒ,
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·äœçã«ã¯ãbuy ãè²·ã£ãŠãããããcook ãæçãäœã£ãŠããããã find ãèŠã€ããŠããããããget O1 O2 ïŒO1ã®ããã«O2ãæã«å
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ãã®ããããŠããããã°ã«ãŒãã®åè©ã¯ãå眮è©ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã§ã¯ãto ã§ã¯ãªã for ã®ã»ããé©åãªå Žåãå€ãã
buy a new bike for him. ãæ°ããèªè»¢è»ãè²·ã£ãŠãããã
ãªã©ã®ããã«ã
buy ïŒè²·ãïŒ, cookïŒæçããïŒ, makeïŒäœãïŒ, playïŒæŒå¥ããïŒ, sing ïŒæãïŒããã
ããå眮è©ã§èšãæãããªããã®forã®ã»ããé©åãªã°ã«ãŒãã§ããã
;ãã®ã»ãã®ã°ã«ãŒã
bringãæã£ãŠããã ãšleaveãæ®ããã¯ãto ã§ã for ã§ããSVOOã§ããã©ãã§ã䜿ããã
bringã®å Žåã§ãå眮è©ã䜿ãå Žåã¯ãæèãã to ã for ãããé©åãªã»ãã倿ããã
leave ã®å Žåãæ
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I left some cake for him. ãç§ã¯åœŒã«ã±ãŒããå°ãæ®ããŠããããã
He left a fortune to his wife. ã圌ã¯åŠ»ã«è²¡ç£ãæ®ããŠæ»ãã ãã
;to ã for ã§èšãæãã§ããªãã°ã«ãŒã
cost, envyïŒããããŸããæãïŒ, saveïŒç¯çŽããïŒ, spareïŒçãïŒ , ã¯ãSVOOæåã®çšæ³ã¯ãããããããäžè¬ã« to ã for ã䜿ã£ãèšãæãã¯åºæ¥ãªããããŸããã®ããO1ãšO2ã®èªé ãå€ããããªãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
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==== SVOC(第5æå) ====
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call ãïœãšåŒã¶ãã nameãïœãšåã¥ããããªã©ãäœããåŒã¶è¡šçŸãSVOCã§ããã
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ãã®ã»ãããïœãã»ã»ã»ãšæããã°ã«ãŒããšããŠãbelieveãOãCãšä¿¡ããããconsiderãOãCãšèŠãªãã, findãOãCã ãšåããã, think ãOãCãšæãããªã©ãããã
I believe him a great artist. ãç§ã¯åœŒãå倧ãªèžè¡å®¶ã ãšæããã
I consider him a great artist. ãç§ã¯åœŒãå倧ãªèžè¡å®¶ã ãšã¿ãªããŠããã
ãªããregard ãèŠãªããã¯ããã®ã¿ã€ã'''ã§ã¯ãªã'''ãåçœ®è© as ãå¿
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regard A as B ã§ããAãBã ãšèŠãªãã
ããšãã°ã regard her as our leader ã§ãã圌女ãç§ãã¡ã®ãªãŒããŒã ãšã¿ãªããã§ããã
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I have a friend who lived in Boston. ãç§ã«ã¯ãã¹ãã³ã«äœãã§ããå人ããããã
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I have a friend whom I respect. ãç§ã«ã¯ãç§ãå°æ¬ããŠããå人ããããã
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This is the house which I lived in. ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã
ã®ããã«ã å眮è©ã®ãããã«åè©ãäœãæ¥ãªãæç« ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãçšããæç« ã§ã¯ãããã(äžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãŠãããããããªãã)ã
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This is the house in which I lived. ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã
ã® in which ã®ãã㪠<å眮è©+which> ã®èšãåããããããå
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This is the house that I lived in . ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã
ãšèšããªããã°ãªããªãã
å
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Boston is the city which I love. ãç§ã®å¥œããªéœåžã¯ãã¹ãã³ã§ããã
ã®ããã«ããæãããlove ã®ç®çèªã®å Žåãããšãæã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãå Žæã§ãã£ãŠããäžèšè±æã®é¢ä¿è©ã¯å¯è©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ which ã«ãªãã
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Boston is the city which I visited. ããã¹ãã³ã¯ç§ã蚪ããéœåžã§ããã
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ã€ãŸããããåè©ãšç®çèªã®å Žæã®ããã ã«å眮è©ãæ¥ãªããªããwhere ã¯äœ¿ããªãã®ãååã§ããã®ã§ãwhich ã䜿ãããšã«ãªãã
é¢ä¿å¯è© how ã¯ããã®é¢ä¿å¯è©èªäœã«å
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What worries me ã§ãç§ãäžå®ã«ãããã®ã¯ãã®æå³(ãšã)ã
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anything ã whatever ã®èšãæããªã®ã whichever ã®èšãæããªã®ãã¯ãæèãã倿ããã
ãanything that ããšthatãå ããŠããããã€ãŸãäŸæ
You can choose anything that you like. ãã©ãã§ã奜ããªã®ãéžãã§ãããã
ã®ããã«ãªãã
é¢ä¿å¯è© where , when ã®æ«å°Ÿã« ever ãã€ããèªããè€åé¢ä¿å¯è©ããšãããå
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å
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wherever ã¯ãããæã¯ã©ãã§ã ãã®æå³ã®å¯è©ç¯ãäœãã
whenever ã¯ãã~ããæã¯ãã€ã§ããã®æå³ã®å¯è©ç¯ãäœãã
wherever ãããæã¯ã©ãã§ã ã
ããšãã°ã wherever you like ã奜ããªæã©ãã§ãã
ãŸãã¯åæ§ã®æå³ã§ wherever you want to ã奜ããªæã©ãã§ãã
wherever 㯠anywhere ã䜿ã£ãŠããããã§ããã
anywhere you like ã奜ããªæã©ãã§ãããŸã㯠anywhere you want to
whenever ã¯ãã~ããæã¯ãã€ã§ããã®æå³ã
whoever ã«ã¯ãã誰ã~ããããšããã®æå³ãããã
whichever ã«ã¯ããã©ã¡ãã~ããããšããã®æå³ãããã
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Whichever you choose,
ã§ãã©ã¡ããéžãŒããšããã®æå³ã
whatever happens,
ã§ãäœãèµ·ããããšããã®æå³ã
ãŸããhappens ã®æ«å°Ÿ sããåããããã«ãwhatever ã¯äžäººç§°åæ°ãšããŠæ±ãããã®ã§ãããçŸåšåœ¢ãªãåè©ã®æ«å°Ÿã«sãã€ãã
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ãWhichever you choose,ãã¯èšãæãã§ã
No matter which you choose,
èš³ãã©ã¡ããéžãŒããšãããšãèšãæãã§ããã
åæ§ãwhatever ã no matter who ã§èšãæãã§ãããã€ãŸã
No matter what happens , ãäœãèµ·ããããšãã
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Wherever you are, I'll be thinking of you.
åãã©ãã«ããããšããç§ã¯åã®ããšãèããŠãããã
Wherever ã¯è²æ©ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãã©ãã«ããããšãã(= no matter where)ã®æå³ã
ã~ãããšãããªããã©ãã§ãã(= at any place where)ã®æå³ãããã
whereverãã©ã¡ãã®æå³ãã¯ãæèããèãã(ãã€ã€ã«ãæ¡å)ã
whenever you come, ãããªãããã€æ¥ãŠãã
wheneverã¯è²æ©ã®æå³ã§ã¯ããã€~ããŠããã®æå³ã
however ã¯è²æ©ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãã©ããªã«~ããŠããã®æå³ã
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ã®2æã«åããããšãåºæ¥ããããã§ãäžã®æã®Heã¯ãäžã®æã®a personã衚ãããŠãããããã§ãHeãwhoã«çœ®ãæããŠã§ããæãpersonã®åŸã«äžŠã¹ãäºã§ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãçšããæãäœæããããšãåºæ¥ãã®ã§ããã ãã®æé¢ä¿ä»£åè©whoã¯åã®æã§ã¯ç®çèªa personãšåãæå³ãæã¡ãæ¬¡ã®æã§ã¯ãäž»èªHeãšåãæå³ãæã€ããšã«æ³šæãå¿
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è¡è©ã®çŽåŸã«ããããã«ãæé ã«åãããŠããããã ããwhoseã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããããæææ Œã§ããã®ã§çŽåŸã«whoseããããåè©ãåãå¿
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ã®2æã«åããããããå¯è©thereãin the houseã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšãããthereãé¢ä¿å¯è©whereã«å€ãããŸãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã察å¿ããå
è¡è©the houseã®çŽåŸã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãå¿
èŠãããããšãããwhereãæé ã«åããã2ã€ã®æãæ¥ç¶ããã®ã§ããã äžã®æã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichãçšããŠã
ãšæžãæããããšãåºæ¥ãããã®æã§ã¯ãwhichã¯the houseã«å¯Ÿå¿ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããããç¹ã«å眮è©inã«ç¶ããŠå¯è©å¥ã«ãªãçšæ³ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ãinãšãŸãšããŠæé ã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãçšæ³ã§ãããããã§ã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ããå¯è©å¥in whichãšé¢ä¿å¯è©whereãåãæ§ã«æ±ãããŠããã ãã ããäžã®æã§in whichãšããçšæ³ã¯ãã圢åŒçã§ããã
ã®ããã«é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichã ããæé ã«æã£ãŠè¡ãããšããç¹ã«å£èªçãªå Žé¢ã§ã¯ããçšããããã
é¢ä¿å¯è©whereã¯å Žæã衚ããèªã«å¯ŸããŠããçšããããšãåºæ¥ãªããä»ã®é¢ä¿å¯è©ãšããŠã¯
ãªã©ããããäŸæãšããŠã¯
ãªã©ããããããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a friend who lived in Boston. ãç§ã«ã¯ãã¹ãã³ã«äœãã§ããå人ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªæç« ã§ã®ãwho ã¯ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ããšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããé¢ä¿è©ãã¯ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ããšãé¢ä¿å¯è©ãã®2çš®é¡ã«åé¡ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã¯ããããäžåŠã§ãé¢ä¿è©ããªããŠèšèãç¿ã£ãŠãªãã!ããšæããããããªã(ãã®æä»£ã®ã«ãªãã¥ã©ã ã«ãã)ãããäžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãŠãªãå Žåãåã«äžèšã®ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ããšãé¢ä¿å¯è©ããããããŠãé¢ä¿è©ããšåŒã¶ããšãæã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ããšãé¢ä¿å¯è©ãã®éãã¯åã«ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ããšã¯who, what, which , that ããã³ãwhoããæ Œå€åãšããŠæŽŸçãã whose ã whom ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is the house which I lived in. ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã® which ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is the house where lived. ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã® where ãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®ãããã«ä¿®é£Ÿã®ããã«çœ®ããã when ã where ã why ã how ããé¢ä¿å¯è©ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬èªã®ãå¯è©ãã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«åŒãã¥ããããšãwhyãå¿ããã¡ã§ãã®ã§ãæ°ãã€ããŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã§ã¯åé¡åã®æ ¹æ ã¯ç¹ã«åŒ·èª¿ãããŠã¯ããªãããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ããã who , which, that ã¯ãåèæžã«ããããäžå¿ã®èª¬æãšããŠã¯ãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®äžããèŠãå Žåã«ã¯ä»£åè©çã«åè©æ ŒãšããŠwho,which,thatã䜿ãããŠããã®ã§ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ããšããŠã®åé¡ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãwhere ã§å Žæã修食ãããã when ã§ææã修食ããã®ããé¢ä¿å¯è©ãã§ãããwhere ã when ããé¢ä¿å¯è©ããšããŠåŒã°ããçç±ãåã«ãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®ãªãã§ã¯å¯è©ãšããŠäœ¿ãããŠããã®ã§ããé¢ä¿å¯è©ããšåŒã°ããŠãããšããçç±ãããã¡ããã¯åèæžã«ããæžããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» äŒçµ±çã«ãå¹³ææä»£ä»¥éã®æ¥æ¬ã®äžåŠã»é«æ ¡ã®è±èªæè²ã§ã¯ãäžåŠã§ã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãŸã§(äž3ããã)ã髿 ¡ã§ã¯é¢ä¿å¯è©ããã€ããããšããã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã§ãããå°ãªããšã2020幎代ã®çŸä»£ãªããäžåŠã§é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãç¿ã£ãŠãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãé¢ä¿å¯è©ããå
±éããŠãåŸããã修食ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬èªã®ä¿®é£Ÿèªã¯åºæ¬çã«åããåè©ãªã©ã修食ãããããããå€åœèªã¯å¿
ããããããšã¯éããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã«ãããããå€åœèªã«ã¯ãåŸãããåè©ã修食ããææ³ããããããèšèªåŠã§ã¯ããã®ããã«åŸãããåè©ã修食ããææ³ã®ããšããããšãã°ãåŸçœ®ä¿®é£Ÿããªã©ãšããããããå¥ã«èŠããªããŠããã(ãã ãããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãããé¢ä¿å¯è©ããªã©ã®èªå¥ã¯ã髿 ¡è±èªã®å
容ãªã®ã§èŠããããšãå
¥è©Šã«ã¯åºãªããã) ãªããåèæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããåŸçœ®ä¿®é£Ÿããšããèªå¥ãé¢ä¿è©ã®ã³ã©ã ç¯ã»ãã§ç޹ä»ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãåŸçœ®ä¿®é£Ÿã§ã¯åœç¶ãªããã修食ããã察象ã®åè©ãååšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ãããŠãäžèšäŸæã® friend ã®ããã«ãé¢ä¿è©ã®åã«æ¥ã修食察象ã®åè©ã®ããšããå
è¡è©ããšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a friend who lived in Boston. ãç§ã«ã¯ãã¹ãã³ã«äœãã§ããå人ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ãããŠãfriend ããå
è¡è©ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããåŸãéåŽã®ç¯ã®ããšããé¢ä¿è©ç¯ããšãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã€ãŸãããwho lived in Bostonã ãããã¯ãlived in Bostonã ã®éšåãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã§ãããwho ãå«ããã©ããã¯ããŸãæ¬è³ªçã§ãªãã®ã§ãæ°ã«ããªããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯å¥ã«äž»æ Œã§ãªããŠãããŸãããæææ Œãç®çæ Œã§ãè¯ããããšãã°äžèšã«ç®çæ Œã®äŸãããããš",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have a friend whom I respect. ãç§ã«ã¯ãç§ãå°æ¬ããŠããå人ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªã(éãã£ã®äŸæã«ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãçµã¿åãããwikiãªãªãžãã«äŸæ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ç®çæ Œã®äŸæã®ããã«ãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®ãªãã§ã¯ãåè©ã®åŸãã«ã¯ãªãã®åè©ãæ¥ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããwho I respect ã®ãããã«ããã£ã㊠who ãšã whom ãšã him ãšã her ãšããæžããŠã¯ãããªãããããæžãããããã§ããã(äžåŠã§ãç¿ã£ãŠãããããããªãããããŸãäžåŠã§è©³ããææ³ãç¿ããªããã髿 ¡åèæžã§ãããææãããŠããã®ã§å¿µã®ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®èŠåã®ãããããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is the house which I lived in. ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ã å眮è©ã®ãããã«åè©ãäœãæ¥ãªãæç« ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãçšããæç« ã§ã¯ãããã(äžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãŠãããããããªãã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» åèæžã§ã¯èª¬æã®éœåäžã倪åãæãäœã«ãããŠããããåœç¶ã ããå®éã«è±èªãæžãæã«ã¯ãããããæãã«ããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ããã倪åã«ããå¿
èŠãç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã®ææ³ã¯ãèŠããªããã°ãããªãããšå¥œããªåºåŸããããããããäžèšã®ããã«ææ³ã©ãããçµã³ã€ããã£ãŠããã®ã§ãäžžæèšã®è² æ
ã¯å°ãªãã§ããããªãã¹ããææ³ç¥èããäºãã«é¢é£ã¥ããŠèŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is the house in which I lived. ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã® in which ã®ãã㪠<å眮è©+which> ã®èšãåããããããå
ã衚çŸã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããthat ã䜿ãå Žåãå眮è©ã®åŸãã«thatã眮ããŠã¯ãããªã(ãšããŒ)ãã€ãŸããå¿
ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is the house that I lived in . ããããç§ã®äœãã§ããå®¶ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšèšããªããã°ãªããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
è¡è©ã somewhere ã anywhere ã®å Žåãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã¯ that ã«ãªãããããã¯ãsomewhere ãªã©ã®ããšã®é¢ä¿å¯è©ã¯çç¥ããŠããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿å¯è©ã® where ã¯ãçšæ³çã«ã¯ at which ãŸã㯠in which ã«è¿ã(ãšããŒãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Boston is the city which I love. ãç§ã®å¥œããªéœåžã¯ãã¹ãã³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ããæãããlove ã®ç®çèªã®å Žåãããšãæã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãå Žæã§ãã£ãŠããäžèšè±æã®é¢ä¿è©ã¯å¯è©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ which ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "love ãæãããã®ããšã«ã¯ãå眮è©ã䜿ããã«çŽæ¥çã«ç®çèªãæ¥ãã®ã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ãã蚪ããã visit ããå眮è©ã䜿ããã«çŽåŸã«ç®çå°ãæžãåè©ãªã®ã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Boston is the city which I visited. ããã¹ãã³ã¯ç§ã蚪ããéœåžã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªã(ãšããŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããããåè©ãšç®çèªã®å Žæã®ããã ã«å眮è©ãæ¥ãªããªããwhere ã¯äœ¿ããªãã®ãååã§ããã®ã§ãwhich ã䜿ãããšã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿å¯è© how ã¯ããã®é¢ä¿å¯è©èªäœã«å
è¡è©ãå«ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "how ã®æå³åãã¯ãthe way in which ãšã»ãŒåã(éãã£ãŒãããšããŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããin which ã¯ããçç¥ãããããªã®ã§åèæžã«ã¯ the way (in which) ã®ããã«äžžã«ãã³ã§æãããŠããå Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãŒãã®è¡šèšããã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããé¢ä¿å¯è© why ã¯ãå
è¡è©ã« the reason ãªã©ããã£ãŠãããããå
è¡è©ããªããŠãè¯ãããªã®ã§ãwhyã¯å Žåã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãwhyèªäœã«å
è¡è©ãå«ãããšèŠãªãããšãåºæ¥ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããwhyã«ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is why ãããããããã§ãã That's why ãããããããã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®æ
£çšå¥ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "that ã«æææ Œã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšã㊠that ã奜ãŸããå ŽåãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
è¡è©ã«æäžçŽã®åœ¢å®¹è©ããã第äžã®ã the first ãã第äºã®ãthe second ~ ãªã©ã®åºæ°è©ãã€ããŠããå Žåã®é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ã¯ãthatã奜ãŸããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
è¡è©ã the same ~ (åã~)ã®å Žåãã the only ~ (ãã ã²ãšã€ã®)ã the very ~(ãŸãã«ãã®)ãšãã£ãéå®ã®æå³ã®åŒ·ãçšèªã®å Žåãthat ã奜ãŸããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
è¡è©ã« all, every , any , no ãã€ããŠããå Žåãthatã奜ãŸããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããå
è¡è©ã 人+äººä»¥å€ ã®çµã¿åããã§ããå Žåãthatã奜ãŸããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
è¡è©ãçåè©ã® who, which ã®å Žåãã€ã¥ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ã¯ that ã奜ãŸããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "who ã2ã€ç¶ããšå£èª¿ãæªãã®ã§(éãã£ãŒã)ãåœç¶ã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠã® what ã¯ããèªäœãå
è¡è©ãå«ã¿ãã~ããŠããããšãã~~ããŠãããã®ãã®æå³ã§ãããåè©ç¯ãã€ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What worries me is the result of the exam. ãç§ãäžå®ã«ãããã®ã¯ã詊éšã®æçžŸã®ããšã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What worries me ã§ãç§ãäžå®ã«ãããã®ã¯ãã®æå³(ãšã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "what worries me ã®éšåãäž»èªã«äœ¿ãããŠããããã®ããã«æé ã what ã ãããšãã£ãŠãçåæãšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãæ©åç¹ããªãããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã(â» wiki泚)çŽèš³ããã°ãwhat worries me ãç§ãå¿é
ãããŠãããã®ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®äœ¿ããæ¹ã®ããã«ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠã® what ã¯åè©ç¯ãã€ããã(ããã§ã® what ã¯ã圢容è©ã§ã¯ãªãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã®äŸãã»ãã®åèæžã§ãèŠãŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I believed what he said. ãç§ã¯åœŒãèšã£ãäºãä¿¡ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ããwhat ãåè©ç¯ãšããŠäœ¿ãããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "what ã®åè©ç¯ã¯ãæå
šäœã®äž»èªãç®çèªãè£èªãšããŠäœ¿ããã(ãšããé)ãããŸãæèšã®å¿
èŠã¯ãªããåè©ãäž»èªãç®çèªãè£èªãšããŠäœ¿ãããã®ã ããããããšåæ§ã«what ã®åè©ç¯ãäž»èªãç®çèªãè£èªãšããŠäœ¿ãããã®ã ãšçè§£ããã°æžãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®åèš³ã®ããã«ãæ¥æ¬èªãšããŠãšãã«äžèªç¶ã§ãªããã°ãæ©æ¢°çã«ã~ããŠããããšãã~ããŠãããã®ããšèš³ãã°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããwhat ã«ã¯ã圢容è©çã« ã(å€ãã¯ãªãã)~(ãã)ãã¹ãŠã®ããšããæå³ã®çšæ³ããããããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "what ( little ) money he had ã圌ããã£ãŠããå
šãŠã®ãéã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãããµãã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäžèšã®äŸã§ã¯ money ã¯æ°ããããªãã®ã§ little ã«ãªã£ãŠãããæ°ããããåè©ã®å Žåãªã few ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "little ã few ãçããŠãããã€ãŸã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "what money he had",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãå¯(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'll give you what help you need. ãã§ããã ããããªãã®åã«ãªããŸããâãç§ã®äžããããæŽå©ãã¹ãŠããããªãã«ãããŸãã â» ãšãã°ãªãéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã¹ãŠã®ãã®æå³ã® what ãèšãæããå Žåã all ~ that (ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãŸã㯠any ~ that ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
è¡è©ãšé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®éã«ã«ã³ã( , )ããããã©ããã§ãæå³ãå€ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãéå®çšæ³ããšãç¶ç¶çšæ³ã(éå¶éçšæ³)ãªã©ãšæžããŠããã®ã¯ããã®ã«ã³ãã®æç¡ã«ããæå³ã®ã¡ããã®ããšã詳ããã¯åèæžãèªãããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããšãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã ãããéå¶éçšæ³ããšããèšãåãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ã³ãã®ç¡ãã»ãããéå®çšæ³ã§ãããå
è¡è©ã®å
容ãéå®ããã®ã§ãéå®çšæ³ãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãã«ã³ãããããšãã«ã³ãåŸã®é¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®æå³åãã¯è£è¶³èª¬æã«ãªããããããç¶ç¶çšæ³ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He has two son who works at the bank. ã圌ã«ã¯éè¡ã«å€ããŠããæ¯åã2人ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ãéå®çšæ³ã§ããã2人以å€ã®æ¯åããããã¯äžæã(ã€ãŸããéè¡ã«å€ããŠããªã3人ç®ã®æ¯åãããå¯èœæ§ãããã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He has two son, who works at the bank. ã圌ã«ã¯æ¯åã¯2人ããã®ã ãã2人ã¯éè¡ã«å€ããŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ¯åã¯2人ã ãã ãšåããããããç¶ç¶çšæ³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ã³ãã®çްããªããšãèŠãããããããããããã«ã³ããããå Žåãèªè
ã¯ããã®çŽåã§ãããŸã§ã«èªãã æé¢ããããšããããã®çµè«ãåºããŠããããšããäºã«æ°ã¥ãã¹ãã§ãããããããè±èªã®ã«ã³ããæ¥æ¬èªã®èªç¹(ããã)ã¯ãããããµãã«äœ¿ã£ãŠæç« ãäœæããã¹ããªã®ã§ããã(ãããããããããµãã«æç« ãæžããªããªããšã瀟äŒãäŒç€Ÿ(å€åå
)ãªã©ã§ã¯ãæªæããšãããå Žåãå€ãã®ã宿
ããè±ææ³æè²ã®æ¬åœã®ç®çããæ¥æ¬èªã®è«ççãªæç« ã®æžãæ¹ã®æè²ã§ããããªã©ãšãæããæè²è©è«ã§ã¯ãããèšãããããšã§ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã ãã§ãªãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã§ãåæ§ã«ãç¶ç¶çšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããäž»èªãè€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žåãããã®ãã¡ã®ãã¹ãŠãã®æå³ã§ãã«ã³ãã®ããšã« which ã®ä»£ããã« all of which ã䜿ãããšããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã€ãŸããã«ã³ããå«ããèªé ã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": ", all of which ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®èªé ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èªã人éã®å Žåã§ããã®ãã¡ã®å
šå¡ãããšèšãããå Žåãwho ã®ä»£ããã« all of whom ã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªé ã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": ", all of whom ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã倿®µãè²»çšãªã©ãè£è¶³çã«èª¬æããå Žåã for which ã䜿ã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã§ã®åè©ã®çš®é¡ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": ", with whom",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã,in which city ããã , in which case ãçã®ããã«å眮è©ã«å ããŠããã«åœ¢å®¹è©çã« which ã䜿ããããšããå Žåãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããå
ãæžãèšèã§ãããšã®ããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®ç¶ç¶çšæ³ã¯ãç®çæ Œã®å Žåã§ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãçç¥ã§ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãâ» ã»ãã®åèæžã§ã¯åçŽãããŠããããæè²çãªåªå
床ã¯äœããšã¿ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿å¯è© when ã®ç¶ç¶çšæ³ã¯ãããããã(~ãããã~ããã)ããšããæå³ã®çšæ³ã®å Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãã€ãŸããå
ã«èµ·ããäº, when åŸã«èµ·ããäºãã®èªé ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã»ã»ã» , when ~ãã§ããã»ã»ã»ãããŠããããã(éãããŸã眮ããã«)~ãããããšããé åºãããã when ã®ç¶ç¶çšæ³ã¯ãand then ãŸã㯠but then ãªã©ã§èšãæãã§ããããã®ããããããã®æå³ã®å Žåãwhenç¯ã®ãŸãŸã§çµããã®ãæ®éã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããå¿
ãããããããããã®æå³ãšã¯éãããwhen ç¯ã§çµããå Žåã§ããåã«å
è¡è©ã®æ§è³ªã«ã€ããŠ(ããšãã°ããã®ãšãã¯~ã§ãã£ããã®ããã«)説æããŠããã ãã®å Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®äŸæ He was born in , when Heisei era began. )ããããããããããã®ãšãã¯~ã§ãããããã©ã¡ãã®æå³ãªã®ãã¯æèãã倿ããããšã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯ he was born 以äžç¥ã®äŸæã§ããããããã®æå³ã ãšè§£èª¬ããŠããããããã解説å
容ãšäŸæãåèŽããŠãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "when ã ãã§ãªã where ã§ãããå
ã«èµ·ããäº, where åŸã«èµ·ããäºããšããããããããã®é åºã説æã§ãããåã«ããå
ã«èµ·ããäºãã®æ«å°Ÿãå Žæã®åè©ãªã where ãç¶ãã ãããããå
ã«èµ·ããäºãã®æ«å°Ÿãæéã®åè©ãªã when ãç¶ãã ãã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãæäžã«whenç¯ãæ¿å
¥ãããå Žåã¯ããããã£ãé åºé¢ä¿ã¯ç¹ã«ç¡ã(äžèšã®ãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®æ¿å
¥ãã«ã€ããŠã®åå
ãåç
§ãã)ãåºå¥ã®ä»æ¹ã¯ã圢åŒçã«ã¯ whenç¯ã®çµããã«ã«ã³ãããããã©ããçã§å€å¥ã§ããããã ããæèãã倿ããã»ãã確å®ã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã¯å¥ã«ãæäžã«è£è¶³ç説æãã«ã³ããååŸã«ãšããªã£ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãªã©ã§æ¿å
¥ããæ¹æ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸæããªããšèª¬æãã¥ããã®ã§ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããæäœéã®åŒçšããããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Jennifer, who I met the party, is very attractive. ããžã§ããã¡ãŒã¯ããŒãã£ã§åºäŒã£ãã®ã ãããšãŠãé
åçã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªäŸæãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®å Žåã®ååŸã«ã³ãããšããªãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®æ¿å
¥ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ããç¶ç¶çšæ³ã§ããããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã§ã¯ç¶ç¶çšæ³ã®ããšããéå¶éçšæ³ããšèªãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããããããåºæåè©ã«ã€ããŠã®è£è¶³ç説æãšããŠãäžè¿°ã®ããã«ååŸã«ã«ã³ãããšããªã£ãé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã®æ¿å
¥ããããšãã®ãšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®ã»ããéãã£ãŒãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãããã®ãããªã«ã³ããšé¢ä¿è©ç¯ã«ããæ¿å
¥ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã説æããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã ãã§ãªãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã§ãåæ§ã«ãæ¿å
¥ã®çšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åè±èªã«æžããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸæãªãã§èª¬æãé£ããã®ã§ããããã®åèæžãèªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çåè©ã®æ«å°Ÿã« -ever ãã€ãããã®ãè€åé¢ä¿è©ãšèšããã~ãªãäœã§ããã®ãããªæå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "詳ããã¯äžèšãåç
§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You can choose whichever you like. ãã©ã¡ãã§ã奜ããªã»ããéžãã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You can choose whatever you like. ãã©ãã§ã奜ããªã®ãéžãã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è€åé¢ä¿è©ã¯ãè€åé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãŸãã¯è€åé¢ä¿å¯è©ã«åé¡ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããé¢ä¿å¯è©ãšã¯ãwhen , where, why, how ã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è€åé¢ä¿å¯è©ãšã¯ãäžè¿°ã®é¢ä¿å¯è©ã®æ«å°Ÿã« -ever ãã€ãããã®ã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããthat ã«-ever ãã€ãã圢ã®ãã®ã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whichever ã¯ãããã€ãéžæè¢ããã£ãŠãããã®äžããã©ãã§ãããšããæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããwhatever ã¯ãç¹ã«éžæè¢ã¯åæãšããŠããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whichever ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©çã«äœ¿ãããšãå¯èœã§ãããäžèšã®ããã«äœ¿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You can buy whichever books you like. ãã©ã¡ãã®æ¬ã§ã奜ããªæ¹ãè²·ã£ãŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãwhoever ~ ãã¯ãã~ãªã誰ã§ããã®æå³ã§ãããäž»æ ŒãŸãã¯ç®çæ Œã«ãªãããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç®çæ Œã®å Žåã ã whomever ãšããèšãæ¹ããããããããå€ãèšãæ¹(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "anything ã«ããã¹ãŠã®ãã®ãã®æå³ãããã®ã§ãããã䜿ã£ãŠ whichever ã whatever ãèšãæãããããšãå¯èœã§ãã(æ¡å)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°äŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You can choose anything you like. ãã©ãã§ã奜ããªã®ãéžãã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "anything ã whatever ã®èšãæããªã®ã whichever ã®èšãæããªã®ãã¯ãæèãã倿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãanything that ããšthatãå ããŠããããã€ãŸãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You can choose anything that you like. ãã©ãã§ã奜ããªã®ãéžãã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿å¯è© where , when ã®æ«å°Ÿã« ever ãã€ããèªããè€åé¢ä¿å¯è©ããšãããå
·äœçã«ã¯ wherever ãã㌠whenever ã®äºãèšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è€åé¢ä¿å¯è©ã¯ãå¯è©ç¯ã«ãªãããã®ãããè€åé¢ä¿å¯è©ç¯ã¯ãäž»æ Œãç®çæ Œã«ã¯æ®éããªããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
·äœçã«ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wherever ã¯ãããæã¯ã©ãã§ã ãã®æå³ã®å¯è©ç¯ãäœãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whenever ã¯ãã~ããæã¯ãã€ã§ããã®æå³ã®å¯è©ç¯ãäœãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wherever ãããæã¯ã©ãã§ã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã wherever you like ã奜ããªæã©ãã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯åæ§ã®æå³ã§ wherever you want to ã奜ããªæã©ãã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wherever 㯠anywhere ã䜿ã£ãŠããããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "anywhere you like ã奜ããªæã©ãã§ãããŸã㯠anywhere you want to",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whenever ã¯ãã~ããæã¯ãã€ã§ããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whoever ã«ã¯ãã誰ã~ããããšããã®æå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whichever ã«ã¯ããã©ã¡ãã~ããããšããã®æå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Whichever you choose,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã©ã¡ããéžãŒããšããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 171,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whatever happens,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 172,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãäœãèµ·ããããšããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 173,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããhappens ã®æ«å°Ÿ sããåããããã«ãwhatever ã¯äžäººç§°åæ°ãšããŠæ±ãããã®ã§ãããçŸåšåœ¢ãªãåè©ã®æ«å°Ÿã«sãã€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 174,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ãwhoeverãäžäººç§°åæ°ãšããŠæ±ãããã®ã§ãçŸåšåœ¢ãªãåè©ã®æ«å°Ÿã«sãã€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 175,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãWhichever you choose,ãã¯èšãæãã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 176,
"tag": "p",
"text": "No matter which you choose,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 177,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èš³ãã©ã¡ããéžãŒããšãããšãèšãæãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 178,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ãwhatever ã no matter who ã§èšãæãã§ãããã€ãŸã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 179,
"tag": "p",
"text": "No matter what happens , ãäœãèµ·ããããšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 180,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 181,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Wherever you are, I'll be thinking of you.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 182,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åãã©ãã«ããããšããç§ã¯åã®ããšãèããŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 183,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Wherever ã¯è²æ©ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãã©ãã«ããããšãã(= no matter where)ã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 184,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ãããšãããªããã©ãã§ãã(= at any place where)ã®æå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 185,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whereverãã©ã¡ãã®æå³ãã¯ãæèããèãã(ãã€ã€ã«ãæ¡å)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 186,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 187,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whenever you come, ãããªãããã€æ¥ãŠãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 188,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wheneverã¯è²æ©ã®æå³ã§ã¯ããã€~ããŠããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 189,
"tag": "p",
"text": "however ã¯è²æ©ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãã©ããªã«~ããŠããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 190,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšã¯ã2ã€ã®æãæ¥ç¶ãããšããåã®æäžã®åè©ã説æããããšã§æãæ¥ç¶ããèªã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã®äºã§ãããäŸãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 191,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãçšããæã§ããããã®æäžã§ã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯whoã«å¯Ÿå¿ããã ãã®æã®æå³ã¯ã'ç§ã¯ãã®ãã³ãè²·ã£ã人ãèŠã'ãšãªããããã®ããšããåããéãããã®æã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 192,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®2æã«åããããšãåºæ¥ããããã§ãäžã®æã®Heã¯ãäžã®æã®a personã衚ãããŠãããããã§ãHeãwhoã«çœ®ãæããŠã§ããæãpersonã®åŸã«äžŠã¹ãäºã§ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãçšããæãäœæããããšãåºæ¥ãã®ã§ããã ãã®æé¢ä¿ä»£åè©whoã¯åã®æã§ã¯ç®çèªa personãšåãæå³ãæã¡ãæ¬¡ã®æã§ã¯ãäž»èªHeãšåãæå³ãæã€ããšã«æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ããã ãŸããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æãããåè©ããç¹ã«å
è¡è©ãšåŒã¶ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 193,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whoã¯å
è¡è©ã人ã§ãããšãã«ããçšããããšãåºæ¥ãªãã å
è¡è©ã人ã§ãªãç©äœãªã©ã§ãããšãã«ã¯ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠwhichãçšããããã ãŸããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®thatã¯ãå
è¡è©ã人ã§ãã£ãŠã人以å€ã®ãã®ã§ãã£ãŠãçšããããšãåºæ¥ãããwhoãwhichã䜿ããããå°ãã ããã ããèšãæ¹ã«ãªãããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 194,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãåŸã®æã®äž»èªãšãªãçšæ³ã解説ãããããããã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãåŸã®æã®äž»èªä»¥å€ã®èªãšãªãçšæ³ã解説ãããäŸãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 195,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªæãããããã®æã¯ãç§ãæšæ¥è²·ã£ããã³ãåœŒã«æž¡ãããããšããæå³ã ãããã®æã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 196,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã2ã€ã®æãåãããæã§ãããããã§ã2ã€ãã®æã®ç®çèªã§ããitãwhichã«å€ããŠé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®æãäœãã®ã§ããããéåžžé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯å
è¡è©ã®çŽåŸã«çœ®ããããwhichã®å Žæã2ã€ãã®æã®æé ã«åãããŠãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®æãäœãã®ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 197,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ç®çèªçãªé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠwhichãçšããããããã¯äººä»¥å€ã®å
è¡è©ã修食ãããšãã«ããçšããããªãã人ã修食ãããšãã«ã¯ãéåžžwhomãçšããã ãã ããwhomã䜿ã£ãæç« ãããå€ãèšãæ¹ã«åãããããã圢åŒçã§ãªãæç« ã§ã¯whoãçšããããšãè¡ãªãããããã§ããã ãŸããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©thatã¯ãç®çèªã®é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠçšããããšãã§ãã人ãå
è¡è©ã®ãšãã«ã人以å€ã®ãã®ãå
è¡è©ã®ãšãã«ãçšããããšãåºæ¥ãã ãŸããwhichãthatãç®çèªã«å¯Ÿããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ãªããšãã«ã¯ããããã®é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯ãã°ãã°çç¥ããããå®éã®æäžã§ã¯æ£ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãè£ããªããèªãããšãå¿
èŠã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 198,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŽã«ãæææ Œãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšãªãå Žåãããã®ã§ããã§è§£èª¬ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 199,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãæææ Œé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®äŸã§ããããã®æã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 200,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®2æã«åããããšãåºæ¥ãããäžã®æã®Itsãthe house'sã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããã®ã§ããã®éšåãwhoseã«çœ®ãæãããŸãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãå
è¡è©ã®çŽåŸã«ããããã«ãæé ã«åãããŠããããã ããwhoseã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããããæææ Œã§ããã®ã§çŽåŸã«whoseããããåè©ãåãå¿
èŠãããããã察å¿ããåè©ãæé ã«åãããŠããã whoseã¯äººã«å¯ŸããŠãã人以å€ã®ãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãçšããããšãåºæ¥ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 201,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯å
è¡è©ã®æ§åã衚ããæã§ã代åè©ã®åããããèªã修食ããŠããã é¢ä¿å¯è©ã¯å
è¡è©ã®æ§åã衚ããæäžã§ãå¯è©ã®åããããèªã修食ããæã§ããã äŸãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 202,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããé¢ä¿å¯è©ãçšããæã§ããããã®æã§ã¯whereãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã§ãããäžã®æã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 203,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®2æã«åããããããå¯è©thereãin the houseã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšãããthereãé¢ä¿å¯è©whereã«å€ãããŸãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã察å¿ããå
è¡è©the houseã®çŽåŸã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãå¿
èŠãããããšãããwhereãæé ã«åããã2ã€ã®æãæ¥ç¶ããã®ã§ããã äžã®æã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichãçšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 204,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšæžãæããããšãåºæ¥ãããã®æã§ã¯ãwhichã¯the houseã«å¯Ÿå¿ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããããç¹ã«å眮è©inã«ç¶ããŠå¯è©å¥ã«ãªãçšæ³ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ãinãšãŸãšããŠæé ã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãçšæ³ã§ãããããã§ã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ããå¯è©å¥in whichãšé¢ä¿å¯è©whereãåãæ§ã«æ±ãããŠããã ãã ããäžã®æã§in whichãšããçšæ³ã¯ãã圢åŒçã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 205,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichã ããæé ã«æã£ãŠè¡ãããšããç¹ã«å£èªçãªå Žé¢ã§ã¯ããçšããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 206,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ä¿å¯è©whereã¯å Žæã衚ããèªã«å¯ŸããŠããçšããããšãåºæ¥ãªããä»ã®é¢ä¿å¯è©ãšããŠã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 207,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããããäŸæãšããŠã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 208,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããããããã",
"title": ""
}
]
| null | === é¢ä¿è© ===
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å
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ããã§ã¯ç®çèªçãªé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠwhichãçšããããããã¯äººä»¥å€ã®å
è¡è©ã修食ãããšãã«ããçšããããªãã人ã修食ãããšãã«ã¯ãéåžžwhomãçšããã
ãã ããwhomã䜿ã£ãæç« ãããå€ãèšãæ¹ã«åãããããã圢åŒçã§ãªãæç« ã§ã¯whoãçšããããšãè¡ãªãããããã§ããã
ãŸããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©thatã¯ãç®çèªã®é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšããŠçšããããšãã§ãã人ãå
è¡è©ã®ãšãã«ã人以å€ã®ãã®ãå
è¡è©ã®ãšãã«ãçšããããšãåºæ¥ãã
ãŸããwhichãthatãç®çèªã«å¯Ÿããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ãªããšãã«ã¯ããããã®é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯ãã°ãã°çç¥ããããå®éã®æäžã§ã¯æ£ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãè£ããªããèªãããšãå¿
èŠã«ãªãã
æŽã«ãæææ Œãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãšãªãå Žåãããã®ã§ããã§è§£èª¬ããã
I left the house whose roof I don't like very much.
ãªã©ãæææ Œé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®äŸã§ããããã®æã¯ã
I left the house.
I don't like its roof very much.
ã®2æã«åããããšãåºæ¥ãããäžã®æã®Itsãthe house'sã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããã®ã§ããã®éšåãwhoseã«çœ®ãæãããŸãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãå
è¡è©ã®çŽåŸã«ããããã«ãæé ã«åãããŠããããã ããwhoseã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããããæææ Œã§ããã®ã§çŽåŸã«whoseããããåè©ãåãå¿
èŠãããããã察å¿ããåè©ãæé ã«åãããŠããã
<!--
åè©ã«ããã修食èªãå€ããšãæé ã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãéšåãå€ããªãããšããã
ãã®æã¯ç¹ã«ã€ã³ãã©ãŒãã«ãªæã§ã¯ãããŸã奜ãŸããªãããã§ããã
michael swan
practical english usage
ãã
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whoseã¯äººã«å¯ŸããŠãã人以å€ã®ãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãçšããããšãåºæ¥ãã
==== é¢ä¿å¯è© ====
é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã¯å
è¡è©ã®æ§åã衚ããæã§ã代åè©ã®åããããèªã修食ããŠããã
é¢ä¿å¯è©ã¯å
è¡è©ã®æ§åã衚ããæäžã§ãå¯è©ã®åããããèªã修食ããæã§ããã
äŸãã°ã
I like the house where I live.
ããé¢ä¿å¯è©ãçšããæã§ããããã®æã§ã¯whereãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã§ãããäžã®æã¯
I like the house.
I live there.
ã®2æã«åããããããå¯è©thereãin the houseã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšãããthereãé¢ä¿å¯è©whereã«å€ãããŸãé¢ä¿å¯è©ã察å¿ããå
è¡è©the houseã®çŽåŸã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãå¿
èŠãããããšãããwhereãæé ã«åããã2ã€ã®æãæ¥ç¶ããã®ã§ããã
äžã®æã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichãçšããŠã
I like the house in which I live.
ãšæžãæããããšãåºæ¥ãããã®æã§ã¯ãwhichã¯the houseã«å¯Ÿå¿ããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããããç¹ã«å眮è©inã«ç¶ããŠå¯è©å¥ã«ãªãçšæ³ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ãinãšãŸãšããŠæé ã«æã£ãŠæ¥ãçšæ³ã§ãããããã§ã¯é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ããå¯è©å¥in whichãšé¢ä¿å¯è©whereãåãæ§ã«æ±ãããŠããã
ãã ããäžã®æã§in whichãšããçšæ³ã¯ãã圢åŒçã§ããã
I like the house which I live in.
ã®ããã«é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichã ããæé ã«æã£ãŠè¡ãããšããç¹ã«å£èªçãªå Žé¢ã§ã¯ããçšããããã
é¢ä¿å¯è©whereã¯å Žæã衚ããèªã«å¯ŸããŠããçšããããšãåºæ¥ãªããä»ã®é¢ä¿å¯è©ãšããŠã¯
when: æéã衚ããèª
why: çç±ã衚ããèª
how<del>(the way)</del>: æ¹æ³ã衚ããèªïŒthe way ã¯å¿
ãçç¥ïŒ
ãªã©ããããäŸæãšããŠã¯
I lived there at the time when he came.
I don't see the reason why Tom didn't stop.
It isn't an easy task to see how he did that.
ãªã©ããããããã
[[ã«ããŽãª:è±èªææ³]] | null | 2022-11-25T04:04:03Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:ã³ã©ã "
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95/%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E8%A9%9E |
35,054 | 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/æ¯èŒ | oldã®æ¯èŒçŽã«ã¯ã2çš®é¡ããã
elder ãšããã®ããããå
åŒå§åйã®å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ããŠã幎äžã®ããšããæå³ã§ããã
åã«å¹Žäžãªã ããããããã¯ç©ãäºãå€ãã ãã®å Žå㯠old ã§ããããªã®ã§ãåã«å¹Žäžã§ããããšã older ã§èšã£ãŠãããããªã®ã§ãäžåŠã§ã¯ elder ã¯äžè¬ã«ç¿ããªãã®ã劥åœã§ããã
old(å€ãã幎ããšã£ã) - older(ããå€ãã(åã«)幎äžã®) - oldest(æãå€ããæã幎äžã®)
old - elder(å
åŒå§åйã«ãããŠå¹Žäžã®) -eldest (å
åŒå§åŠ¹ã§æå¹Žé·ã®)
ã§ããã
late(æéã«é¢ããŠé
ããŠãã) - later(ããé
ãã) - latest(ãã£ãšãé
ãã)
late(é åºãåŸã®ã»ãã®) -latter (åŸåã®)- last(æåŸã®)
ã§ããã
far(è·é¢ãé ã) - farther - farthest
far(çšåºŠãããã£ããã)- further - furthest
ãªããelder 㯠elder brother ã elder sister ã®ããã«åè©ã修食ããçšæ³ã§ããçšããããªã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã
ã€ãŸãã beåè© + elder (Ã)ã¿ãããªèšãæ¹ã¯ããªãã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã ãšãå
åŒå§åйã§ãå
㯠older sister ãŸã㯠big brother ãšèšããå§ãåæ§ã« older sister ãŸã㯠big sister ã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãelder ã«ãã衚çŸã¯å€é¢šã ãšæããããŠãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã
Mary is as tall as Bob (is).
ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã¯ãããšåããããã®èº«é·ã ã
åŠå®åœ¢ã®æ§æã¯ãnot as åçŽ as
as åçŽ a åè© as ~
â» æªèšè¿°
I'm not as well as you. ãç§ã¯ããªãã»ã©äžæã§ã¯ãªãã
åæ°è¡šçŸã¯ã X times as åçŽ as ~
ããšãã°ã
four times as åçŽ as ~
ãªããã~ã®4åãã»ã»ã»ã§ãããã®æå³ã
This rooms is four times as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®å€§ããã ãã
å°ãããªãå Žåãtimes ã®ä»£ããã«ãå¥ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ãå
¥ãã
This rooms is half as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®ååã®å€§ããã ãã
2åã®1ã®å Žå㯠half , 3åã®1ã®å Žå㯠one-third , 4åã®1ã®å Žå㯠a quarter ãŸã㯠one quarter ã§ããã
This rooms is one-third as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®3åã®1ã®å€§ããã ãã
This rooms is a quarter as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®1ã®å€§ããã ãã
ãªããçåæã§ãäœåã®å€§ããã§ãã?ããšåœãšãã¯ã How many times larger ~? ãšæ¯èŒçŽã«ãªããçåæã§ã¯ã as ~ as ã¯äœ¿ããªã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
ããŠãå¹³åæã®è©±é¡ã«æ»ãã
ãas åçŽ as ~ ãã®ä»£ããã«ãthe åè© of ~ ãã«ãã£ãŠè¡šçŸããæ¹æ³ãããã
This rooms is four times the size of that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®å€§ããã ãã
the åè© of ã®åè©ãã©ã®åèªã«ãªããã¯ãæ¯èŒãããéã®çš®é¡ã«ãã£ãŠå€ãããããšãã° size(äœç©ãªã©ã®å€§ãã) ã®ã»ã amount(é) , length(é·ã) , height(é«ã) , number(æ°) , weight (éã)ããªã©ãããã
ãã®ã»ããæ
£çšè¡šçŸãšããŠã as soon as possible ã§ãã§ããã ãæ©ããã®æå³ã as soon as S can ã®å Žåããã(Sã¯ãã®åäœãããäž»èªã®äºº)ãåœä»€æã®å ŽåãS ã¯youã«ãªãã(ã€ãŸã as soon as you can ã«ãªãã)
ãªããäž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã®å Žåãæå¶ã®äžèŽã«ãã as soon as S could ã«ãªãã
æèã«ãã£ãŠ soon ã®ä»£ããã« fast ã early ã®å Žåããã(æ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©)ã ã€ãŸãã as early as possible ã as fast as possible ãªã©ã
æäžçŽã¯ãäžçªçšåºŠã®é«ããã®ã ãã§ãªããsecond ã third ãªã©ããããªãããšã«ãããââçªç®ã«çšåºŠã®é«ããã®ãããããããšãã§ããã
He is the second tallest boy in the class. ã圌ã¯ãã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã§2çªç®ã«èãé«ãç·åã§ããã
åæ§ã«ã3çªç®ã«èãé«ããªã the third tallest boy ã«ãªã, 4çªç®ã«èãé«ããªã the fourth tallest boy ã«ãªãã
ãªããããã£ãšã~ã§ãªãããããšãã°ãæãé·ããªã(=äžçªçã)ãã¯ã the least long ã®ããã«ãªãã long ã§ãªã least ã®ã»ããæäžçŽã§ãããlittleã®æäžçŽãleast ã§ããã ãthe least +åçŽ ãã§ããã
ãªããæŽ»çšã¯
little - less -least
ã§ããã
ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªãå£èªãªã©ã§ããšãã«æ¯èŒçŽã§ littler ã least ãªã©ã®åèªãããã®ãå®éã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«)ããã ãããããã¯ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãéãããã®ã§ãäºæ
ãç¥ããªãæ¥æ¬äººã¯äœ¿ããªãã»ããè¯ã
ã©ãã³èªãããã圢容è©ã«ã¯ senior(幎äžã®),junior(幎äžã®),superior(åªãã),inferior(å£ã£ã),,, ãªã©ããããããããã®æ¯èŒã®çšæ³ã®æ§æã§ã¯ than ã®ä»£ããã« to ãçšãããŸãã修食èªãšã㊠much ã far ã䜿ãã
ããã senior ãªã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã¯ãããèªäœã«æ¯èŒã®æå³ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ããã®ããšããããæ¯èŒçŽãæäžçŽã¯å€åããªãããŸããto ã®ããšã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ãæ¥ãå Žåã¯ç®çæ Œã«ãã(ãã€ã€ã«ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã
He is three years senior to me. ã圌ã¯ç§ããäžæ³äžã ãã
= He is three years older than I.
æ¬æ¥ããæäžããšã¯ååçã«äžã€ã§ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããããè±èªã§ã¯æäžçŽã䜿ã£ãæ§æã§ããone o the æäžçŽãã§ããã®æ§è³ªãé«ãçšåºŠã«ããã°ã«ãŒãã®ã²ãšã€ã衚ãçšæ³ããããåèš³ã§ã¯ããããæã~ãªãã¡ã®ã²ãšã€ããšèš³ãããã
æäžçŽããã¯ããã«ãããã£ãšãã®æå³ã§åŒ·èª¿ãããå Žåã by far ã much ã䜿ããäœçœ®ã¯ the ã®åã«ãªãã
ã€ãŸããããšãã° the best player ã匷調ãããªãã
by far the best player ãŸã㯠much the best player ã®ããã«ãªãã
ãã£ãœããvery ã§åŒ·èª¿ããå Žåã
the very best player
ã«ãªãã
è±èªã® ãmore than Aã ããæ¯èŒçŽ than Aãã¯ãAããçšåºŠã®å€§ãããã®ã§ãããšãã衚çŸã§ãããAãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ã¯å«ãŸãªããã€ãŸã äžçå·ã䜿ãã° >A ã§ãããšãã衚çŸã§ãã(æ¡å)ã
äžæ¹ã not more than A ã not æ¯èŒçŽ than A ã¯ãA ãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãå«ããã€ãŸããâŠA ã§ããã
ããã¯æ°åŠã§ãåãã§ãããæ°åŠã§ã >A ã®åŠå®ã¯ âŠA ã§ããã
ã§ã¯ãã~以äžããšèšãããå Žåãã©ãèšãã®ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããã¯ãã髿 ¡è±èªã®ç¯å²å€ã§ãããäžè¬çãªé«æ ¡åèæžã«ã¯ç¡ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã«ã¯æžããŠããã)
ãall the +æ¯èŒçŽ + for ~(çç±)ãã§ãã~ãªã®ã§ããŸããŸãã»ã»ã»ã«ãªã£ããã®æå³ã
for ã䜿ãå Žåã¯åŸãã«åè©å¥ã䜿ãã
for ã®ä»£ããã« because ã§ãããããã®å Žåã¯åŸãã¯æç« ã«ãªãã
ãnone the +æ¯èŒçŽ + for ~(çµéšãåºæ¥äº)ãã§ãã~ã ãããšãã£ãŠãã»ã»ã»ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã
ãªããnoneã®å ŽåãåŸåã«becauseã¯ããŸã䜿ãããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
è±èªæè²ã®æ¯èŒã®åå
ã«ãããŠãã絶察æ¯èŒçŽããšã絶察æäžçŽããšããã®ãããã
ã絶察æ¯èŒçŽããšã絶察æäžçŽããšã¯ç°ãªãã
ã絶察æ¯èŒçŽãã¯ãæ¯èŒçŽãçšããŠããããã°ããããšçšåºŠãé«ãããšã瀺ã衚çŸã§ãããå
šäœã2ã€ã«åããå Žåã«çšåºŠã®é«ãã»ãã«å±ãããšããçšåºŠã®è¡šçŸã§ããã äŸãšããŠäžèšã®ãããªãã®ãããã
the younger generation ãè¥ãäžä»£ãã
the upper class ãäžæµéçŽãã the lower class ãäžæµéçŽãã
higher education ãé«çæè²ãã
ãªã©(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
絶察æäžçŽã¯ãæäžçŽãçšããŠããããåã«çšåºŠãéåžžã«é«ãããšã瀺ã衚çŸã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãå
·äœçãªæ¯èŒã®å¯Ÿè±¡ããããªã(ãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãvery ãããã«åŒ·èª¿ãããããªèšãæ¹ã§ãã(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã
ããšãã°ãclever (ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã important (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãkind(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãhappy(éãã£)ãªã©äœã§ãããããåæ°åœ¢ã®å Žåã¯
a most åœ¢å®¹è© åè©
ã®ããã«å è©ã a ã«ãªãã
ããšãã°
a most clever ~(åè©) (ãšãŠãå©å£ãª~(åè©))
ã§ããã
ãµã€ããæåŸã«åè©ãæ¥ã(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)ã
ããšãã°ã a most clever person ãšã§ããªãããã
å®å è© the ã¯äœ¿ããªãããšãå€ã(éãã£)ã
ããšãã°
Tom is a most clever person. ããã ã¯ãšãŠãå©å£ãªäººã .ã
æèã«ãã£ãŠã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ãªããšãè€æ°åœ¢ã§ãæ§ããªã(ãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã€ãŸããè€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žåã¯
most åœ¢å®¹è© åè©
ã®èªé ã«ãªã(ãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ããšãã°
They are most kind people. ã圌ãã¯ãšãŠã芪åãªäººãã¡ã .ã
絶察æäžçŽã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ãããæ¬æ¥ãªãæäžçŽã®èªåœ¢å€åã -est ã®èªã§ãã£ãŠãäŸå€çã« most ã§åŒ·èª¿ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã)ããã ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«ãèŠãŠããããŸã§æžãããŠããããå
¥è©Šã§ã¯ãããŸã§åããã¥ããã ããã
more or less å€ããå°ãªãã
sooner or later é
ããæ©ãã(ããã€ãã¯ãã®æå³)
â» ãšãã°ãªãŒã³ã«ããã€ãã¯ãã®æå³ã玹ä»ãããŠããã
know better than ~(to äžå®è©ãªã©) ã~ããã»ã©éŠ¬é¹¿ã§ã¯ãªãã
I know better than go to ~(äžå®è©) ãç§ã¯~ããã»ã©ã®éŠ¬é¹¿ã§ã¯ãªããã
You should know better. ããã¿ã¯ãã£ãšåå¥ãæã€ã¹ãã ã
not even ââ, much less ~ ãââãããªã(/ã§ããªã/ããªã)ã®ã ããããŸããŠã~ãªã¯ãããªãã
ãas åçŽ as ââ ãã¯åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãââãšåããããã« ~ ã§ãããã®æå³ã
ãããäŸå€çã« any ãã€ããŠãas åçŽ as anyãã«ãªããšãããã¯çšåºŠãé«ãããšããããã衚çŸã«ãªãã
ãanyãã«ã¯ãããã¹ãŠã®ããšããæå³ããããæ¡åã¯ãããçšããŠèª¬æããŠãããã ããäžçäžã«ååšãããã¹ãŠã®ãã®ãšåãã ãšããŠããã ã£ããäžçå
šäœã§å¹³ååãããã¯ããªããã§ããã¯ãäŸå€çã«æ±ãã®ãæ£ããã ããã
ãã ããããšã®ãåãããããã®æå³ãåŒããã£ãŠããæå®çã§ã¯ãªããšããããããããããçšåºŠãé«ããªãããããããåãããããããããªãããšããè¥å¹²æ§ãããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
åèš³ã®éã¯ãè¯å®åœ¢ã§èš³ãããšããæ¥æ¬èªã«ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ããè¯å®ã®èšãåããç¡ãã®ã§ãæå·§çã§ã¯ããããåŠå®åœ¢ã§ãä»ã®ãã®ã«å£ããªããããã~ã§ããããšèš³ãã®ãè¯ãã ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæäžçŽã®æå³ã衚ãããªã©ãšæžããŠããããããããå³å¯ã«ã¯ãæäžçŽã®å¯èœæ§ãããããæ§æã ããããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®åå
åã§ã¯ãåçŽã䜿ã£ãŠæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ã衚ããã§ããã
åæ§ã«ãè«ççã§ãªãäŸå€çãªè¡šçŸã ãã
ãas åçŽ as ever lived ãã§ã倿¥ãŸããªã»ã©ã« ~ ã§ãããã®æå³ã«ãªããããã¯æåŠçãªè¡šçŸã§ããã®ã§(ãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãããŸãè«ççã«èããŠã仿¹ãç¡ãã
ãªãããããšçŽããããããlived ç¡ãã®ãas åçŽ as everãã¯ããããããã~ã§ãããã®æå³ã
ãã¡ãã®ã»ãã¯è«ççã«å°ãããever ã¯çµéšã衚ãåèªã§ããã
芳å¯è
ã®èè
ã»çè
ãªã©ãéå»ã«èгå¯ããçµéš(ever)ãšåã(as åçŽ as)ããã§ãããšããããšããããããããããããšèšã衚ããã
than any other
ããšãã°ã
Bob is taller than any other in the class. ãããã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã§ã»ãã®èª°ãããèãé«ãã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
ãã®ããã«ã than any other ã¯ãä»ã®ã©ã®ââããã~ã§ãããã§ãããããã¯ãany ãããã¹ãŠã®ããšè§£éããã°ãè«ççã«å°ããã
ãNo other A ã»ã»ã» æ¯èŒçŽ than B ãã¯ãã»ãã®ã©ã®AãBãã~ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããããªããBããäžã¯ããªããšèšã£ãŠãã ãã§ãããBãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãããå¯èœæ§ã¯æ®ãããŠããã
ãã£ãœãã ãNo other A ã»ã»ã» as åçŽ as B ãã¯ãã©ã®AãBã»ã©~ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããã
åèæžã§ã¯ç¹ã«èšåãããŠããªããããã®å Žåã¯ãåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãæ®ãããŠããå¯èœæ§ã¯ããã®æ§æã®å Žåã¯ç¡ããšèããããŠããã
ãA beåè©(is,are ãªã©)æ¯èŒçŽ than any other B ãã¯ãAã¯ã»ãã®ã©ã®Bããã~ã§ãããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããã
åäžäººç©ãåäžäºç©å
ã§ã®æäžçŽãèšãå ŽåãæäžçŽå€åãã圢容è©ã»å¯è©ã«ã¯ the ã¯ã€ããªãã
The lake is deepest here. ããã®æ¹ã¯ãããäžçªæ·±ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãª)
The lake is deepest at this point. (éãã£ãŒã)ã§ãå¯
I'm happiest when I'm with my family. ãç§ã¯å®¶æãšãããšããäžçªããããã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª with my friends å人ãã¡ãšããã¬ã€ã¯ with her 圌女ãš)
ãªããthe ãã€ããªãããšãããšãtheã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯åè©ã®åã«ã€ããã¹ããã®ã§ããããåäžäººç©ã»åäžäºç©ã§ã¯åè©ãè£ãããšãã§ããªããããã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ããšãã°ãªãéãã£ãŒã)ãšèããããŠããã(â»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ç޹ä»ãã)
ãã£ãœãã
The lake is the deepest in Japan. ããã®æ¹ã¯æ¥æ¬ã§äžçªæ·±ãã
ã¯ãåäžã®æ¹å
ã§ã®æ¯èŒã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãtheãã€ããããã¯åã«ãthe deepest lake in Japan ã®ãã¡åè© lake ãçç¥ããããã®ãšèããããšãã§ããã
no longer ã§ããã¯ã~ãªããã®æå³ã
He is no longer here. ã圌ã¯ãããããã«ã¯ããªãã
She lives no longer here. ã圌女ã¯ãããããã«ã¯äœãã§ããªãã
åèæžã§ã¯ãéãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããæ¯èŒã®åå
ã§ãã€ãã£ãŠããã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæ¯èŒçŽã®åå
ã§ã¯ãªãæ¥ç¶è©ãåŠå®ã®åå
ã§ãã€ãã£ãŠãããåœwikiã§ã¯ 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/æ¥ç¶è© ã§ã no longer ãçŽ¹ä»æžã¿ã
to say the least of it, ãæ§ããã«ãã£ãŠããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãäžå®è©ã®åå
ã§ãç¬ç«äžå®è©ãšããŠãto say the least of it, ãã玹ä»ããŠãã(ãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒã)ã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "oldã®æ¯èŒçŽã«ã¯ã2çš®é¡ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "elder ãšããã®ããããå
åŒå§åйã®å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ããŠã幎äžã®ããšããæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åã«å¹Žäžãªã ããããããã¯ç©ãäºãå€ãã ãã®å Žå㯠old ã§ããããªã®ã§ãåã«å¹Žäžã§ããããšã older ã§èšã£ãŠãããããªã®ã§ãäžåŠã§ã¯ elder ã¯äžè¬ã«ç¿ããªãã®ã劥åœã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "old(å€ãã幎ããšã£ã) - older(ããå€ãã(åã«)幎äžã®) - oldest(æãå€ããæã幎äžã®)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "old - elder(å
åŒå§åйã«ãããŠå¹Žäžã®) -eldest (å
åŒå§åŠ¹ã§æå¹Žé·ã®)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "late(æéã«é¢ããŠé
ããŠãã) - later(ããé
ãã) - latest(ãã£ãšãé
ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "late(é åºãåŸã®ã»ãã®) -latter (åŸåã®)- last(æåŸã®)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "far(è·é¢ãé ã) - farther - farthest",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "far(çšåºŠãããã£ããã)- further - furthest",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããelder 㯠elder brother ã elder sister ã®ããã«åè©ã修食ããçšæ³ã§ããçšããããªã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãã beåè© + elder (Ã)ã¿ãããªèšãæ¹ã¯ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã ãšãå
åŒå§åйã§ãå
㯠older sister ãŸã㯠big brother ãšèšããå§ãåæ§ã« older sister ãŸã㯠big sister ã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãelder ã«ãã衚çŸã¯å€é¢šã ãšæããããŠãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Mary is as tall as Bob (is).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã¯ãããšåããããã®èº«é·ã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŠå®åœ¢ã®æ§æã¯ãnot as åçŽ as",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as åçŽ a åè© as ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» æªèšè¿°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm not as well as you. ãç§ã¯ããªãã»ã©äžæã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ°è¡šçŸã¯ã X times as åçŽ as ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "four times as åçŽ as ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã~ã®4åãã»ã»ã»ã§ãããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This rooms is four times as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®å€§ããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°ãããªãå Žåãtimes ã®ä»£ããã«ãå¥ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ãå
¥ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This rooms is half as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®ååã®å€§ããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2åã®1ã®å Žå㯠half , 3åã®1ã®å Žå㯠one-third , 4åã®1ã®å Žå㯠a quarter ãŸã㯠one quarter ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This rooms is one-third as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®3åã®1ã®å€§ããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This rooms is a quarter as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®1ã®å€§ããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããçåæã§ãäœåã®å€§ããã§ãã?ããšåœãšãã¯ã How many times larger ~? ãšæ¯èŒçŽã«ãªããçåæã§ã¯ã as ~ as ã¯äœ¿ããªã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãå¹³åæã®è©±é¡ã«æ»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãas åçŽ as ~ ãã®ä»£ããã«ãthe åè© of ~ ãã«ãã£ãŠè¡šçŸããæ¹æ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This rooms is four times the size of that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®å€§ããã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the åè© of ã®åè©ãã©ã®åèªã«ãªããã¯ãæ¯èŒãããéã®çš®é¡ã«ãã£ãŠå€ãããããšãã° size(äœç©ãªã©ã®å€§ãã) ã®ã»ã amount(é) , length(é·ã) , height(é«ã) , number(æ°) , weight (éã)ããªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããæ
£çšè¡šçŸãšããŠã as soon as possible ã§ãã§ããã ãæ©ããã®æå³ã as soon as S can ã®å Žåããã(Sã¯ãã®åäœãããäž»èªã®äºº)ãåœä»€æã®å ŽåãS ã¯youã«ãªãã(ã€ãŸã as soon as you can ã«ãªãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã®å Žåãæå¶ã®äžèŽã«ãã as soon as S could ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æèã«ãã£ãŠ soon ã®ä»£ããã« fast ã early ã®å Žåããã(æ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©)ã ã€ãŸãã as early as possible ã as fast as possible ãªã©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æäžçŽã¯ãäžçªçšåºŠã®é«ããã®ã ãã§ãªããsecond ã third ãªã©ããããªãããšã«ãããââçªç®ã«çšåºŠã®é«ããã®ãããããããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is the second tallest boy in the class. ã圌ã¯ãã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã§2çªç®ã«èãé«ãç·åã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ã3çªç®ã«èãé«ããªã the third tallest boy ã«ãªã, 4çªç®ã«èãé«ããªã the fourth tallest boy ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããããã£ãšã~ã§ãªãããããšãã°ãæãé·ããªã(=äžçªçã)ãã¯ã the least long ã®ããã«ãªãã long ã§ãªã least ã®ã»ããæäžçŽã§ãããlittleã®æäžçŽãleast ã§ããã ãthe least +åçŽ ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæŽ»çšã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "little - less -least",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªãå£èªãªã©ã§ããšãã«æ¯èŒçŽã§ littler ã least ãªã©ã®åèªãããã®ãå®éã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«)ããã ãããããã¯ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãéãããã®ã§ãäºæ
ãç¥ããªãæ¥æ¬äººã¯äœ¿ããªãã»ããè¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ãã³èªãããã圢容è©ã«ã¯ senior(幎äžã®),junior(幎äžã®),superior(åªãã),inferior(å£ã£ã),,, ãªã©ããããããããã®æ¯èŒã®çšæ³ã®æ§æã§ã¯ than ã®ä»£ããã« to ãçšãããŸãã修食èªãšã㊠much ã far ã䜿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã senior ãªã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã¯ãããèªäœã«æ¯èŒã®æå³ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ããã®ããšããããæ¯èŒçŽãæäžçŽã¯å€åããªãããŸããto ã®ããšã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ãæ¥ãå Žåã¯ç®çæ Œã«ãã(ãã€ã€ã«ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is three years senior to me. ã圌ã¯ç§ããäžæ³äžã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "= He is three years older than I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬æ¥ããæäžããšã¯ååçã«äžã€ã§ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããããè±èªã§ã¯æäžçŽã䜿ã£ãæ§æã§ããone o the æäžçŽãã§ããã®æ§è³ªãé«ãçšåºŠã«ããã°ã«ãŒãã®ã²ãšã€ã衚ãçšæ³ããããåèš³ã§ã¯ããããæã~ãªãã¡ã®ã²ãšã€ããšèš³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æäžçŽããã¯ããã«ãããã£ãšãã®æå³ã§åŒ·èª¿ãããå Žåã by far ã much ã䜿ããäœçœ®ã¯ the ã®åã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããããšãã° the best player ã匷調ãããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by far the best player ãŸã㯠much the best player ã®ããã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããvery ã§åŒ·èª¿ããå Žåã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the very best player",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã® ãmore than Aã ããæ¯èŒçŽ than Aãã¯ãAããçšåºŠã®å€§ãããã®ã§ãããšãã衚çŸã§ãããAãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ã¯å«ãŸãªããã€ãŸã äžçå·ã䜿ãã° >A ã§ãããšãã衚çŸã§ãã(æ¡å)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ã not more than A ã not æ¯èŒçŽ than A ã¯ãA ãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãå«ããã€ãŸããâŠA ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯æ°åŠã§ãåãã§ãããæ°åŠã§ã >A ã®åŠå®ã¯ âŠA ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ã¯ãã~以äžããšèšãããå Žåãã©ãèšãã®ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããã¯ãã髿 ¡è±èªã®ç¯å²å€ã§ãããäžè¬çãªé«æ ¡åèæžã«ã¯ç¡ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã«ã¯æžããŠããã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãall the +æ¯èŒçŽ + for ~(çç±)ãã§ãã~ãªã®ã§ããŸããŸãã»ã»ã»ã«ãªã£ããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã䜿ãå Žåã¯åŸãã«åè©å¥ã䜿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã®ä»£ããã« because ã§ãããããã®å Žåã¯åŸãã¯æç« ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãnone the +æ¯èŒçŽ + for ~(çµéšãåºæ¥äº)ãã§ãã~ã ãããšãã£ãŠãã»ã»ã»ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããnoneã®å ŽåãåŸåã«becauseã¯ããŸã䜿ãããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªæè²ã®æ¯èŒã®åå
ã«ãããŠãã絶察æ¯èŒçŽããšã絶察æäžçŽããšããã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã絶察æ¯èŒçŽããšã絶察æäžçŽããšã¯ç°ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã絶察æ¯èŒçŽãã¯ãæ¯èŒçŽãçšããŠããããã°ããããšçšåºŠãé«ãããšã瀺ã衚çŸã§ãããå
šäœã2ã€ã«åããå Žåã«çšåºŠã®é«ãã»ãã«å±ãããšããçšåºŠã®è¡šçŸã§ããã äŸãšããŠäžèšã®ãããªãã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the younger generation ãè¥ãäžä»£ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the upper class ãäžæµéçŽãã the lower class ãäžæµéçŽãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "higher education ãé«çæè²ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "絶察æäžçŽã¯ãæäžçŽãçšããŠããããåã«çšåºŠãéåžžã«é«ãããšã瀺ã衚çŸã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãå
·äœçãªæ¯èŒã®å¯Ÿè±¡ããããªã(ãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãvery ãããã«åŒ·èª¿ãããããªèšãæ¹ã§ãã(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãclever (ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã important (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãkind(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãhappy(éãã£)ãªã©äœã§ãããããåæ°åœ¢ã®å Žåã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a most åœ¢å®¹è© åè©",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«å è©ã a ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a most clever ~(åè©) (ãšãŠãå©å£ãª~(åè©))",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãµã€ããæåŸã«åè©ãæ¥ã(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã a most clever person ãšã§ããªãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®å è© the ã¯äœ¿ããªãããšãå€ã(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom is a most clever person. ããã ã¯ãšãŠãå©å£ãªäººã .ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æèã«ãã£ãŠã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ãªããšãè€æ°åœ¢ã§ãæ§ããªã(ãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã€ãŸããè€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žåã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "most åœ¢å®¹è© åè©",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®èªé ã«ãªã(ãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They are most kind people. ã圌ãã¯ãšãŠã芪åãªäººãã¡ã .ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "絶察æäžçŽã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ãããæ¬æ¥ãªãæäžçŽã®èªåœ¢å€åã -est ã®èªã§ãã£ãŠãäŸå€çã« most ã§åŒ·èª¿ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã)ããã ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«ãèŠãŠããããŸã§æžãããŠããããå
¥è©Šã§ã¯ãããŸã§åããã¥ããã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "more or less å€ããå°ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sooner or later é
ããæ©ãã(ããã€ãã¯ãã®æå³)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» ãšãã°ãªãŒã³ã«ããã€ãã¯ãã®æå³ã玹ä»ãããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "know better than ~(to äžå®è©ãªã©) ã~ããã»ã©éŠ¬é¹¿ã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I know better than go to ~(äžå®è©) ãç§ã¯~ããã»ã©ã®éŠ¬é¹¿ã§ã¯ãªããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You should know better. ããã¿ã¯ãã£ãšåå¥ãæã€ã¹ãã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not even ââ, much less ~ ãââãããªã(/ã§ããªã/ããªã)ã®ã ããããŸããŠã~ãªã¯ãããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãas åçŽ as ââ ãã¯åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãââãšåããããã« ~ ã§ãããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããäŸå€çã« any ãã€ããŠãas åçŽ as anyãã«ãªããšãããã¯çšåºŠãé«ãããšããããã衚çŸã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãanyãã«ã¯ãããã¹ãŠã®ããšããæå³ããããæ¡åã¯ãããçšããŠèª¬æããŠãããã ããäžçäžã«ååšãããã¹ãŠã®ãã®ãšåãã ãšããŠããã ã£ããäžçå
šäœã§å¹³ååãããã¯ããªããã§ããã¯ãäŸå€çã«æ±ãã®ãæ£ããã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããããšã®ãåãããããã®æå³ãåŒããã£ãŠããæå®çã§ã¯ãªããšããããããããããçšåºŠãé«ããªãããããããåãããããããããªãããšããè¥å¹²æ§ãããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèš³ã®éã¯ãè¯å®åœ¢ã§èš³ãããšããæ¥æ¬èªã«ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ããè¯å®ã®èšãåããç¡ãã®ã§ãæå·§çã§ã¯ããããåŠå®åœ¢ã§ãä»ã®ãã®ã«å£ããªããããã~ã§ããããšèš³ãã®ãè¯ãã ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæäžçŽã®æå³ã衚ãããªã©ãšæžããŠããããããããå³å¯ã«ã¯ãæäžçŽã®å¯èœæ§ãããããæ§æã ããããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®åå
åã§ã¯ãåçŽã䜿ã£ãŠæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ã衚ããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ãè«ççã§ãªãäŸå€çãªè¡šçŸã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãas åçŽ as ever lived ãã§ã倿¥ãŸããªã»ã©ã« ~ ã§ãããã®æå³ã«ãªããããã¯æåŠçãªè¡šçŸã§ããã®ã§(ãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãããŸãè«ççã«èããŠã仿¹ãç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããããšçŽããããããlived ç¡ãã®ãas åçŽ as everãã¯ããããããã~ã§ãããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ãã®ã»ãã¯è«ççã«å°ãããever ã¯çµéšã衚ãåèªã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "芳å¯è
ã®èè
ã»çè
ãªã©ãéå»ã«èгå¯ããçµéš(ever)ãšåã(as åçŽ as)ããã§ãããšããããšããããããããããããšèšã衚ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "than any other",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Bob is taller than any other in the class. ãããã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã§ã»ãã®èª°ãããèãé«ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ã than any other ã¯ãä»ã®ã©ã®ââããã~ã§ãããã§ãããããã¯ãany ãããã¹ãŠã®ããšè§£éããã°ãè«ççã«å°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãNo other A ã»ã»ã» æ¯èŒçŽ than B ãã¯ãã»ãã®ã©ã®AãBãã~ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããããªããBããäžã¯ããªããšèšã£ãŠãã ãã§ãããBãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãããå¯èœæ§ã¯æ®ãããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœãã ãNo other A ã»ã»ã» as åçŽ as B ãã¯ãã©ã®AãBã»ã©~ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã§ã¯ç¹ã«èšåãããŠããªããããã®å Žåã¯ãåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãæ®ãããŠããå¯èœæ§ã¯ããã®æ§æã®å Žåã¯ç¡ããšèããããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãA beåè©(is,are ãªã©)æ¯èŒçŽ than any other B ãã¯ãAã¯ã»ãã®ã©ã®Bããã~ã§ãããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åäžäººç©ãåäžäºç©å
ã§ã®æäžçŽãèšãå ŽåãæäžçŽå€åãã圢容è©ã»å¯è©ã«ã¯ the ã¯ã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The lake is deepest here. ããã®æ¹ã¯ãããäžçªæ·±ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãª)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The lake is deepest at this point. (éãã£ãŒã)ã§ãå¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm happiest when I'm with my family. ãç§ã¯å®¶æãšãããšããäžçªããããã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª with my friends å人ãã¡ãšããã¬ã€ã¯ with her 圌女ãš)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããthe ãã€ããªãããšãããšãtheã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯åè©ã®åã«ã€ããã¹ããã®ã§ããããåäžäººç©ã»åäžäºç©ã§ã¯åè©ãè£ãããšãã§ããªããããã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ããšãã°ãªãéãã£ãŒã)ãšèããããŠããã(â»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ç޹ä»ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The lake is the deepest in Japan. ããã®æ¹ã¯æ¥æ¬ã§äžçªæ·±ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ãåäžã®æ¹å
ã§ã®æ¯èŒã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãtheãã€ããããã¯åã«ãthe deepest lake in Japan ã®ãã¡åè© lake ãçç¥ããããã®ãšèããããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "no longer ã§ããã¯ã~ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is no longer here. ã圌ã¯ãããããã«ã¯ããªãã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She lives no longer here. ã圌女ã¯ãããããã«ã¯äœãã§ããªãã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã§ã¯ãéãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããæ¯èŒã®åå
ã§ãã€ãã£ãŠããã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæ¯èŒçŽã®åå
ã§ã¯ãªãæ¥ç¶è©ãåŠå®ã®åå
ã§ãã€ãã£ãŠãããåœwikiã§ã¯ 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/æ¥ç¶è© ã§ã no longer ãçŽ¹ä»æžã¿ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to say the least of it, ãæ§ããã«ãã£ãŠããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãäžå®è©ã®åå
ã§ãç¬ç«äžå®è©ãšããŠãto say the least of it, ãã玹ä»ããŠãã(ãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
}
]
| null | === æ¯èŒ ===
oldã®æ¯èŒçŽã«ã¯ã2çš®é¡ããã
elder ãšããã®ããããå
åŒå§åйã®å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ããŠã幎äžã®ããšããæå³ã§ããã
åã«å¹Žäžãªã ããããããã¯ç©ãäºãå€ãã ãã®å Žå㯠old ã§ããããªã®ã§ãåã«å¹Žäžã§ããããšã older ã§èšã£ãŠãããããªã®ã§ãäžåŠã§ã¯ elder ã¯äžè¬ã«ç¿ããªãã®ã劥åœã§ããã
oldïŒå€ãã幎ããšã£ãïŒ - olderïŒããå€ããïŒåã«ïŒå¹Žäžã®ïŒ - oldestïŒæãå€ããæã幎äžã®ïŒ
old - elderïŒå
åŒå§åйã«ãããŠå¹Žäžã®ïŒ -eldest ïŒå
åŒå§åŠ¹ã§æå¹Žé·ã®ïŒ
ã§ããã
lateïŒæéã«é¢ããŠé
ããŠããïŒ - laterïŒããé
ããïŒ - latestïŒãã£ãšãé
ããïŒ
lateïŒé åºãåŸã®ã»ãã®ïŒ -latter ïŒåŸåã®ïŒ- lastïŒæåŸã®ïŒ
ã§ããã
farïŒè·é¢ãé ãïŒ - farther - farthest
farïŒçšåºŠãããã£ãããïŒ- further - furthest
ãªããelder 㯠elder brother ã elder sister ã®ããã«åè©ã修食ããçšæ³ã§ããçšããããªãïŒæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
ã€ãŸãã beåè© + elder ïŒÃïŒã¿ãããªèšãæ¹ã¯ããªãã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã ãšãå
åŒå§åйã§ãå
㯠older sister ãŸã㯠big brother ãšèšããå§ãåæ§ã« older sister ãŸã㯠big sister ã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãelder ã«ãã衚çŸã¯å€é¢šã ãšæããããŠããïŒæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
==== as åçŽ as ====
Mary is as tall as Bob (is).
ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã¯ãããšåããããã®èº«é·ã ã
åŠå®åœ¢ã®æ§æã¯ãnot as åçŽ as
as åçŽ a åè© as ïœ
â» æªèšè¿°
I'm not as well as you. ãç§ã¯ããªãã»ã©äžæã§ã¯ãªãã
åæ°è¡šçŸã¯ã X times as åçŽ as ïœ
ããšãã°ã
four times as åçŽ as ïœ
ãªãããïœã®4åãã»ã»ã»ã§ãããã®æå³ã
This rooms is four times as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®å€§ããã ãã
å°ãããªãå Žåãtimes ã®ä»£ããã«ãå¥ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ãå
¥ãã
This rooms is half as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®ååã®å€§ããã ãã
2åã®1ã®å Žå㯠half , 3åã®1ã®å Žå㯠one-third , 4åã®1ã®å Žå㯠a quarter ãŸã㯠one quarter ã§ããã
This rooms is one-third as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®3åã®1ã®å€§ããã ãã
This rooms is a quarter as large as that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®1ã®å€§ããã ãã
ãªããçåæã§ãäœåã®å€§ããã§ããïŒããšåœãšãã¯ã How many times larger ïœïŒ ãšæ¯èŒçŽã«ãªããçåæã§ã¯ã as ïœ as ã¯äœ¿ããªãïŒãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ïŒã
ããŠãå¹³åæã®è©±é¡ã«æ»ãã
ãas åçŽ as ïœ ãã®ä»£ããã«ãthe åè© of ïœ ãã«ãã£ãŠè¡šçŸããæ¹æ³ãããã
This rooms is '''four times the size of''' that one. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãã®éšå±ã®4åã®å€§ããã ãã
the åè© of ã®åè©ãã©ã®åèªã«ãªããã¯ãæ¯èŒãããéã®çš®é¡ã«ãã£ãŠå€ãããããšãã° sizeïŒäœç©ãªã©ã®å€§ããïŒ ã®ã»ã amountïŒéïŒ , lengthïŒé·ãïŒ , heightïŒé«ãïŒ , numberïŒæ°ïŒ , weight ïŒéãïŒããªã©ãããã
ãã®ã»ããæ
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==== ãã®ä» ====
æäžçŽã¯ãäžçªçšåºŠã®é«ããã®ã ãã§ãªããsecond ã third ãªã©ããããªãããšã«ãããââçªç®ã«çšåºŠã®é«ããã®ãããããããšãã§ããã
He is the second tallest boy in the class. ã圌ã¯ãã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã§ïŒçªç®ã«èãé«ãç·åã§ããã
åæ§ã«ã3çªç®ã«èãé«ããªã the third tallest boy ã«ãªã, 4çªç®ã«èãé«ããªã the fourth tallest boy ã«ãªãã
ãªããããã£ãšãïœã§ãªãããããšãã°ãæãé·ããªãïŒïŒäžçªçãïŒãã¯ã the least long ã®ããã«ãªãã long ã§ãªã least ãã®ã»ããæäžçŽã§ãããlittleã®æäžçŽãleast ã§ããã ãthe least ïŒåçŽ ãã§ããã
ãªããæŽ»çšã¯
little - less -least
ã§ããã
ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªãå£èªãªã©ã§ããšãã«æ¯èŒçŽã§ littler ã least ãªã©ã®åèªãããã®ãå®éã§ããïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒããã ãããããã¯ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãéãããã®ã§ãäºæ
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ã©ãã³èªãããã圢容è©ã«ã¯ seniorïŒå¹Žäžã®ïŒ,juniorïŒå¹Žäžã®ïŒ,superiorïŒåªããïŒ,inferiorïŒå£ã£ãïŒ,,, ãªã©ããããããããã®æ¯èŒã®çšæ³ã®æ§æã§ã¯ than ã®ä»£ããã« to ãçšãããŸãã修食èªãšã㊠much ã far ã䜿ãã
ããã senior ãªã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã¯ãããèªäœã«æ¯èŒã®æå³ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒããã®ããšããããæ¯èŒçŽãæäžçŽã¯å€åããªãããŸããto ã®ããšã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ãæ¥ãå Žåã¯ç®çæ Œã«ããïŒãã€ã€ã«ããã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒã
He is three years senior to me. ã圌ã¯ç§ããäžæ³äžã ãã
ïŒ He is three years older than I.
;one of the æäžçŽ
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;by far ãš much ãªã©æäžçŽã®åŒ·èª¿
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ã€ãŸããããšãã° the best player ã匷調ãããªãã
by far the best player ãŸã㯠much the best player ã®ããã«ãªãã
ãã£ãœããvery ã§åŒ·èª¿ããå Žåã
the very best player
ã«ãªãã
;äžçå·
è±èªã® ãmore than Aã ããæ¯èŒçŽ than Aãã¯ãAããçšåºŠã®å€§ãããã®ã§ãããšãã衚çŸã§ãããAãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ã¯å«ãŸãªããã€ãŸã äžçå·ã䜿ãã° ïŒA ã§ãããšãã衚çŸã§ããïŒæ¡åïŒã
äžæ¹ã not more than A ã not æ¯èŒçŽ than A ã¯ãA ãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãå«ããã€ãŸããâŠA ã§ããã
ããã¯æ°åŠã§ãåãã§ãããæ°åŠã§ã ïŒA ã®åŠå®ã¯ âŠA ã§ããã
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;all the æ¯èŒçŽ
ãall the ïŒæ¯èŒçŽ + for ïœïŒçç±ïŒãã§ããïœãªã®ã§ããŸããŸãã»ã»ã»ã«ãªã£ããã®æå³ã
for ã䜿ãå Žåã¯åŸãã«åè©å¥ã䜿ãã
for ã®ä»£ããã« because ã§ãããããã®å Žåã¯åŸãã¯æç« ã«ãªãã
ãnone the ïŒæ¯èŒçŽ + for ïœïŒçµéšãåºæ¥äºïŒãã§ããïœã ãããšãã£ãŠãã»ã»ã»ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã
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äŸãšããŠäžèšã®ãããªãã®ãããã
the younger generation ãè¥ãäžä»£ãã
the upper class ãäžæµéçŽãã the lower class ãäžæµéçŽãã
higher education ãé«çæè²ãã
ãªã©ïŒãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
===== 絶察æäžçŽ =====
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ããšãã°ãclever ïŒãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ïŒã important ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãkindïŒãã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒãhappyïŒéãã£ïŒãªã©äœã§ãããããåæ°åœ¢ã®å Žåã¯
a most åœ¢å®¹è© åè©
ã®ããã«å è©ã a ã«ãªãã
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a most clever ïœïŒåè©ïŒ ïŒãšãŠãå©å£ãªïœïŒåè©ïŒïŒ
ã§ããã
ãµã€ããæåŸã«åè©ãæ¥ãïŒéãã£ããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
ããšãã°ã a most clever person ãšã§ããªãããã
å®å è© the ã¯äœ¿ããªãããšãå€ãïŒéãã£ïŒã
ããšãã°
Tom is a most clever person. ããã ã¯ãšãŠãå©å£ãªäººã .ã
æèã«ãã£ãŠã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ãªããšãè€æ°åœ¢ã§ãæ§ããªãïŒãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãã€ãŸããè€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žåã¯
most åœ¢å®¹è© åè©
ã®èªé ã«ãªãïŒãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ããšãã°
They are most kind people. ã圌ãã¯ãšãŠã芪åãªäººãã¡ã .ã
絶察æäžçŽã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ãããæ¬æ¥ãªãæäžçŽã®èªåœ¢å€åã -est ã®èªã§ãã£ãŠãäŸå€çã« most ã§åŒ·èª¿ããïŒãã©ã¬ã¹ããéãã£ãŒãïŒããã ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«ãèŠãŠããããŸã§æžãããŠããããå
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===== æ¯èŒçŽã䜿ã£ããã®ä»ã®è¡šçŸ =====
more or less å€ããå°ãªãã
sooner or later é
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â» ãšãã°ãªãŒã³ã«ããã€ãã¯ãã®æå³ã玹ä»ãããŠããã
know better than ïœïŒto äžå®è©ãªã©ïŒ ãïœããã»ã©éŠ¬é¹¿ã§ã¯ãªãã
I know better than go to ïœïŒäžå®è©ïŒ ãç§ã¯ïœããã»ã©ã®éŠ¬é¹¿ã§ã¯ãªããã
You should know better. ããã¿ã¯ãã£ãšåå¥ãæã€ã¹ãã ã
not even ââ, much less ïœ ãââãããªãïŒ/ã§ããªã/ããªãïŒã®ã ããããŸããŠãïœãªã¯ãããªãã
==== åçŽã»æ¯èŒçŽã䜿ã£ãŠæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ã衚ã圢 ====
===== åçŽã䜿ã£ãŠæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ã衚ã圢 =====
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šäœã§å¹³ååãããã¯ããªããã§ããã¯ãäŸå€çã«æ±ãã®ãæ£ããã ããã
ãã ããããšã®ãåãããããã®æå³ãåŒããã£ãŠããæå®çã§ã¯ãªããšããããããããããçšåºŠãé«ããªãããããããåãããããããããªãããšããè¥å¹²æ§ãããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
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ãas åçŽ as ever lived ãã§ã倿¥ãŸããªã»ã©ã« ïœ ã§ãããã®æå³ã«ãªããããã¯æåŠçãªè¡šçŸã§ããã®ã§ïŒãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãããŸãè«ççã«èããŠã仿¹ãç¡ãã
ãªãããããšçŽããããããlived ç¡ãã®ãas åçŽ as everãã¯ãããããããïœã§ãããã®æå³ã
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芳å¯è
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===== æ¯èŒçŽã䜿ã£ãŠæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ã衚ã圢 =====
than any other
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Bob is taller than any other in the class. ãããã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã§ã»ãã®èª°ãããèãé«ãã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
ãã®ããã«ã than any other ã¯ãä»ã®ã©ã®ââãããïœã§ãããã§ãããããã¯ãany ãããã¹ãŠã®ããšè§£éããã°ãè«ççã«å°ããã
===== no other æ =====
ãNo other A ã»ã»ã» æ¯èŒçŽ than B ãã¯ãã»ãã®ã©ã®AãBããïœã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããããªããBããäžã¯ããªããšèšã£ãŠãã ãã§ãããBãšåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãããå¯èœæ§ã¯æ®ãããŠããã
ãã£ãœãã
ãNo other A ã»ã»ã» as åçŽ as B ãã¯ãã©ã®AãBã»ã©ïœã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããã
åèæžã§ã¯ç¹ã«èšåãããŠããªããããã®å Žåã¯ãåçšåºŠã®ãã®ãæ®ãããŠããå¯èœæ§ã¯ããã®æ§æã®å Žåã¯ç¡ããšèããããŠããã
ãA beåè©ïŒis,are ãªã©ïŒæ¯èŒçŽ than any other B ãã¯ãAã¯ã»ãã®ã©ã®Bãããïœã§ãããã®æå³ã§ãããæäžçŽã«è¿ãæå³ãããããã
===== åäžã®ãã®ã«ãããæäžçŽ =====
åäžäººç©ãåäžäºç©å
ã§ã®æäžçŽãèšãå ŽåãæäžçŽå€åãã圢容è©ã»å¯è©ã«ã¯ the ã¯ã€ããªãã
The lake is deepest here. ããã®æ¹ã¯ãããäžçªæ·±ãããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãªïŒ
The lake is deepest at this point. ïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã§ãå¯
I'm happiest when I'm with my family. ãç§ã¯å®¶æãšãããšããäžçªããããã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª with my friends å人ãã¡ãšããã¬ã€ã¯ with her 圌女ãšïŒ
ãªããthe ãã€ããªãããšãããšãtheã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯åè©ã®åã«ã€ããã¹ããã®ã§ããããåäžäººç©ã»åäžäºç©ã§ã¯åè©ãè£ãããšãã§ããªããããã§ããïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ããšãã°ãªãéãã£ãŒãïŒãšèããããŠãããïŒâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ç޹ä»ããïŒ
ãã£ãœãã
The lake is the deepest in Japan. ããã®æ¹ã¯æ¥æ¬ã§äžçªæ·±ãã
ã¯ãåäžã®æ¹å
ã§ã®æ¯èŒã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãtheãã€ããããã¯åã«ãthe deepest lake in Japan ã®ãã¡åè© lake ãçç¥ããããã®ãšèããããšãã§ããã
== ã»ã ==
no longer ã§ããã¯ãïœãªããã®æå³ã
He is no longer here. ã圌ã¯ãããããã«ã¯ããªãã
She lives no longer here. ã圌女ã¯ãããããã«ã¯äœãã§ããªãã
åèæžã§ã¯ãéãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããæ¯èŒã®åå
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ã§ãã€ãã£ãŠãããåœwikiã§ã¯ [[髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/æ¥ç¶è©]] ã§ã no longer ãçŽ¹ä»æžã¿ã
to say the least of it, ãæ§ããã«ãã£ãŠããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãäžå®è©ã®åå
ã§ãç¬ç«äžå®è©ãšããŠãto say the least of it, ãã玹ä»ããŠããïŒãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒãïŒã
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æ¶²äœã¯ã¹ã€ã«é£²æåºãªããŠãããŸããªãã ããšãã°ãã¬ãœãªã³ãgasoline ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã
a gallon of gasoline ãšã a liter of gasoline ã®ããã«æ°ããã
ãªãã飲æãšããŠã® water ã milk ãªã©ãæ°ããå Žåã¯ã
容åšã«æ³šç®ããa glass of water ã a cup of water ã a bottle of milk ã®ããã«å®¹åšåäœã§æ°ããã
ããã§ãã a glass ãšã¯ãã¬ã©ã¹è£œã³ãããšããæå³ã§ããã
æè³ªãšããŠã®ã¬ã©ã¹ glass ã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ãããæ°ããããªãã
æ¥æ¬äººã®æèŠãšã¯éããè±èªã§ã¯ãäžèšã®ãã®ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã
è±èªã§ã¯ããçŽãpaper ãããã³ã bread ã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã
çŽã¯ a peace of paper ãŸã㯠a sheet of paper (1æã®çŽ)ã®ããã«æ°ããã
ãã³ã¯ã a slice of bread (äžåãã®ãã³)ãŸã㯠a loaf of bread (äžæ€(ãã£ãã)ã®ãã³)ã®ããã«æ°ããã
ãã¿ãŒ butter ãããŒãº cheese ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã
a pound of butter (1ãã³ãã®ãã¿ãŒ)ã®ããã«æ°ããã
money (ãé)ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã
å€é¡ã®éããããããšãã« much ã䜿ãã®ãšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèŠããã°ãmoney ãæ°ããããªãããšãèŠããããã ããã
è±èªã§ã¯ãçŽå¹£ bill ã硬貚 coin ã¯æ°ãããããããéãã®ãã®ã¯æ°ããããªããšããŠèããŠããã
éš rain ããåé¡äžã¯ãç©è³ªåè©ãšããŠããåèæžãå€ãã
ãªããrains ãšèšãå Žåã豪éšãé·éšãªã©ãããå¥ã®æå³ã«ãªã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
ãã®ã»ããwood(æšè³ª)ã¯æè³ªãšããŠã®æšæã»æšé ã衚ãå Žåã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ãããã ããã»ãã«ããäžæ¬ã®æšãã®ããšã wood ãšããçšæ³ãããããã®çšæ³ã®å Žåã¯æ®éåè©ã§ããã(ãã®ãããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ wood ãç©è³ªåè©ã®é
ç®ã§ã¯ç޹ä»ãããŠããªãå Žåãããã)
åæ§ã«ããç³ãstone ããæè³ªãšããŠã®ãç³ããç³é ãããªãstoneã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ãããããããæã§ããŠãçšåºŠã®äžåã®ç³ãèšãå Žåã¯æ®éåè©ã§ãããè€æ°åããã° stones ã®ããã«ãèšããã
ããã§ç޹ä»ããåè©ä»¥å€ã«ããå€ãã®ç©è³ªåè©ããããå€ãããŠåèæžã§ã玹ä»ããããŠããããåèæžããšã«ç޹ä»ããåè©ãéãææ§ãªã®ã§ããã£ããŠçã£ç«¯å°Ÿããäžžæèšã®å¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã
代衚çãªç©è³ªåè©ãšããã®æ°ãæ¹ãäœ¿ãæ¹ããããã°ååã§ããã
æœè±¡åè©ãšã¯ãããšãã° happiness (幞çŠ)ãbeauty (çŸ)ãªã©ã§ããããªããfun(楜ãã¿)ãæœè±¡åè©ã
information(æ
å ±)ãadvice(å¿ åãå©èš)ãnews(ãã¥ãŒã¹)ãªã©ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ããã
speech(èšè«)ãwar(æŠäº)ãªã©è¡åãå
·äœçã«ååšãããã®ã§ãã£ãŠããspeechãªã©ãããã®åè©ã¯æœè±¡åè©ã§ããããªãããå¹³åã peace ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ããã
ãã®ã»ããkindness (芪å)ã homework (宿é¡)ãªã©ãããåèæžã§ã¯æœè±¡åè©ãšããŠç޹ä»ãããã
æœè±¡åè©ã®çšåºŠãããããå Žåãå€ãå Žåã»å€§ããå Žå㯠much ãŸã㯠a lot of ã䜿ããæœè±¡åè©ã®çšåºŠãå°ãªãã»å°ããå Žåã¯ã a little of ã䜿ãã
many , few, a few ã¯äœ¿ããªãã
news ã advice ã¯ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ã¯ããããæ°ãæ°ããæ¹æ³ãããã
a piece of news (1ã€ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹)ã a piece of advice (1ã€ã®ã¢ããã€ã¹)ã®ããã«ããŠæ°ããããã
ã»ããã of + æœè±¡åè© ãã§ã圢容è©çãªæå³ã«ãªãã
This map is use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠåœ¹ã«ãã€ã
This map is of no use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠåœ¹ã«ç«ããªãã
åŠå®ã®å Žåã¯ãã of no æœè±¡åè© ãã«ãªãã
This book is of great use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠå€§å€ã«åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ã â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
of great use ã§ã倧å€åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ãã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
This information is of importance to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã ã
This information is of value to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠäŸ¡å€ãããã
This information is of no importance to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã§ãªãã
This information is of no value to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠäŸ¡å€ããªãã
é¢é£ããŠãåçœ®è© of ã«ã¯ofã«ã¯ãæ§è³ªãã®æå³ãããã
a man of ability ãæèœãªäººã(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)
a man of courage ã忢ãªäººã(ãã¡ã¯ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)
ã®ãããªçšæ³ãããã
He is a man if ability. ãåœŒã¯æèœãªäººã ã(ãšãã°ãª)
with care ã§ å¯è© carefully ãæ³šææ·±ãããšåãæå³ã
äžè¬ã« ãwith +æœè±¡åè©ãã§å¯è©çã¯åãããã(ãžãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
with ease ãªã easily ãšåãã§ãç°¡åã«ãã®æå³ã
Tom did it with ease. ããã ã¯ããããããããšãã£ãã(éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
You can read this book with ease. ããã®æ¬ã¯ç°¡åã«èªããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã«åãäŸæ)
Tom did it with care. ããã ã¯ãããæ³šææ·±ãè¡ã£ãã(éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
ãTom did it with ease. ãã
Tom did it easily.
ãšèšã£ãŠãæå³ã¯åããåæ§ã«
Tom did it with care.
= Tom did it carefully.
ã§ããã
è±èªã®åè©ã䜿ãå Žåãåæ°åœ¢ã䜿ããè€æ°åœ¢ã䜿ããã¯ããã€ãã£ãã§ã¯ãªãç§ãã¡æ¥æ¬äººã«ã¯é£ããåé¡ã§ãããã ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããããè¿·ã£ããè€æ°åœ¢ã䜿ãã°å®çšäžã¯æžãå Žåãå€ãããšã®ããšã§ããã
a novelist and poet ãå°èª¬å®¶ã§ãã詩人ã§ããã1人ã®äººã
a novelist and a poet ã1人ã®å°èª¬å®¶ãš1人ã®è©©äººã(åèš2人)
a knife and fork ããã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯ã
ãã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯ã¯ãè±ç±³ã§ã®é£äºã§ã¯ãéåžžã¯1ã»ããã§äœ¿ãã
åæ§ã«
a cup and saucer ãç¿ã€ãã«ããã
ãªã©ã®è¡šçŸãããã
åè©ã®æ§å¥ã«ã€ããŠã¯äžåŠæ ¡ã§ç¿ã£ããšããã
髿 ¡ã§ãšãã«æ°ããèŠããããšã¯ãªãããã®ãããåèæžã§ã¯åè©ã®æ§å¥ã«ã€ããŠã玹ä»ããŠãªãåèæžãå€ãã
éãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããåè©ã®æ§å¥(gender ãžã£ã³ããŒ)ã«ã€ããŠç޹ä»ããŠãããâ» éãã£ãŒããã gender ããšããåèªã玹ä»ã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠãæ§å¥ã®åé¡ãå°ãéãã
éãã£ãŒãã§ã¯ãç·æ§åè©ã女æ§åè©ãäžæ§åè©ãéæ§åè©ãã®4åé¡ã
ã€ã³ã¹ã€ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãç·æ§åè©ã女æ§åè©ãäžæ§åè©ãã®3åé¡ã
ãŸããéãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®å
±éç¹ãšããŠã
boy, brother ,man ,father ã¯ç·æ§åè©ã§ããã代åè©ã¯ he ã§åããã
girl ã sister ã lady ã woman ã mother, ã¯å¥³æ§åè©ã§ããã代åè©ã¯ she ã§åããã
man ãæ¬åœã«ç·æ§åè©ãã¯ãè人ã old man ãšãã£ãããšçåããããããããªããã髿 ¡è±èªã®åèæžçã«ã¯man ã¯ç·æ§åè©ã§ããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããã
äžèšã®boy ãªã©ã®äŸã®ããã«ãçŸå®äžçã§ã¯äººéã§ããäœããçŸãåèªã§ã¯ããã®äººéã®èªç¶çã§ã®æ§å¥(sex)ãšãåèªã®æ§å¥(gender)ãšã¯äžèŽããã
è±èªã§ã¯ãçŸå®äžçã®æ§å¥ã®ãªããã®ã¯ããšãã«ç·æ§åè©ã§ããªã女æ§åè©ã§ããªãã®ãäžè¬çã§ããããã£ãŠãäžæ§ãåè©ãŸãã¯ãéæ§ãåè©ãªã©ãšåŒã°ããåé¡ãããã(éãã£ãŒã)ããã ããæåŠç衚çŸãªã©ã§ãè¥å¹²ã®äŸå€ãããããåŸè¿°ããã
baby ã person ã®ããã«ãåèªã ãã§ã¯æ§å¥ãäžæãªå Žåã¯ããšãããã代åè©ã¯ it ã§åãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ããã ãæèãªã©ããæ§å¥ãå€å®ã§ããå Žåãhe ã she ã«çœ®ãæãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
åç©ã»ããããªã©ã¯æ®é㯠it ã§åããããå®éã®æ§å¥ã«åãã㊠he ãŸã㯠she ã§åããããšãå¯èœã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
star ã flower ãªã©ã®ä»£åè©ã¯åæ°ã¯it ã§ãè€æ°ã¯ they ã§åããã
çŸä»£ã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãäžæ§ããšãã衚çŸãããããã女æ§çãªèŠããã®ç·æ§ããŸãã¯ç·æ§çãªèŠããã®å¥³æ§ãªã©ã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãããšãããã
ãããè±ææ³ã§ãããäžæ§ãã¯ããããšã¯æå³ãéããè±ææ³ã§ãããäžæ§ããšã¯ãç¡çç©ã® star(æ) ã flower(è±)ã®ããã«ãæ§å¥ããªãåè©ã®ããšã§ããã
ããŠãéãã£ãŒãããã³ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã§ã¯ãbaby ã person ã®ããã«ããµã€ãã¯äººéã®ç·æ§ã女æ§ãã®ã©ã¡ããã§ã¯ããã¯ãã ããåèªã ãã§ã¯æ§å¥ã決å®ã§ããªãåè©ã®ããšããéæ§ããšããŠããã
äžæ¹ãstar ã flower ãªã©ã¯ãäžæ§ãåè©ã§ãããšããŠããããit ã§åããã
ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãéæ§ãã®èªã玹ä»ããããstar ã flower ãªã©ã¯ãäžæ§ãåè©ã§ãããšããŠããããit ã§åãããšããŠããã
ãåœãã¯æ¬æ¥ãitã§åãããã ããæåŠãŸãã¯äœããã®äºæ
ã«ããããåœããshe ã§åããããšãããã
åæ§ãè¹ãæè»(éãã£ãŒã)ãªã©ã®ä¹ãç©ã she ã§åããããšããã(éãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ã»ããmoon, sea ã she ã§åããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
sun, river ã he ã§åããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
actor ãç·åªã
actress ã女åªã
god ã(ç·ã®)ç¥ã
goddess ã女ç¥ã
prince ãçåã
princess ãç女ã
ã®ããã«ãããã€ãã®åè©ã§ã¯ ess ãèªå°Ÿã«ã€ããšå¥³æ§åè©ã«ãªãããŸããäžèšã®ããã«èªå°Ÿã«essã®ã€ããŠãªã圢ãããããã®åè©ã®ç·æ§åè©ã§ããã
ãã ããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ actor ãç·åªã«éå®ããã®ã¯æ§å·®å¥ã ãšããã女åªããµãããŠç·åªã女åªãã俳åªã㯠actor ãšããåŸåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
åæ§ã«ããã€ãŠã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ãªã©ã®ãŠã§ã€ã¿ãŒã«ã€ããŠã
waiter ç·ã®ãŠã§ã€ã¿ãŒ
waitress ãŠã§ã€ãã¬ã¹(女æ§)
ã ã£ãããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ç·å¥³ãšã waiter ã§è¡šãããã«ãªã£ãŠããŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã waitperson ãšããå Žåããããç·å¥³ãšã waitperson ã§åãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãªããæ
客èªç©ºæ©ã®ã¹ãã¥ã¯ãŒãã¹ stewardess ã¯å¥³æ§åè©ã§ããããããç·æ§åè©ã«ãããš steward ã¹ãã¥ã¯ãŒãã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
ãããè¿å¹Žã¯ãflight attendant ãŸã㯠cabin attendant ã客宀ä¹åå¡ããšããå¥ã®åèªã«çœ®ãæãã£ãŠãããç·å¥³ãšãã«ããã䜿ãã
man ãšããåèªã¯æ§å·®å¥çã§ãããšãããè±ç±³ã§ã¯å¥ã®åèªã«èšãæããŠããåŸåã倧ããã
(æ¶é²å£«) fireman â firefighter
(è°é·) chairman â chairperson
(販売å¡) salesman â salesperson ãŸãã¯åºè販売å¡ãªã shop assistant (éãã£)ãªã©
(èŠå¯å®) policeman â police officer
ãªã©ã
è±èªã®å€èªã§ã¯ãèªç¶ã®æ§å¥ããããªãæœè±¡åè©ãç©è³ªåè©ãªã©ã«ããç·æ§ãŸãã¯å¥³æ§ã®æ§å¥(ãææ³äžã®æ§ã)ãå²ãåœãŠãããŠããéå»ããã£ãããçŸä»£ã§ã¯å€§éšåãæ¶å€±ããŠããã®ã§(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã髿 ¡çã¯èŠããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã髿 ¡ã®ç¯å²ã倧ããè¶
ããŠããã倧åŠã®è±èªåŠç ç©¶ã®ç¯å²ã
ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«ãããææ³äžã®æ§ããšã¯ãäžèšã®ãããªè±èªã®å€èªãªã©ã«ãã£ãæœè±¡åè©ãç©è³ªåè©ãªã©ã®æ§å¥ã®ããšã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããäžåŠã§ãç¿ãããã«ãããšãã°äººå Tom ãšããåœå America ãšã USA ã¿ãããªã®ããåºæåè©ãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯è¯ããšããŠãåé¡ã¯ãã以å€ã®åè©ãã©ãåé¡ãããã§ãåŠè
ã«ãã£ãŠãããæµåãåãããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éåžžãåºæåè©ä»¥å€ã®åè©ããŸãšããŠèšãããå Žåããæ®éåè©ããšèšã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããææ³åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããéååè©ãããç©è³ªåè©ããæœè±¡åè©ããšã¯å¥ã«ãæ®éåè©ããšããåé¡ãèšããŠããæžç±ããã(ããšãã°ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åè±èªããæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãæžç±ã«ãã£ãŠåé¡ã埮åŠã«ç°ãªããäžèŽããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è£ãè¿ãã°ã倧åŠå
¥è©Šã«ããããåé¡ãåºãããšã¯ç¡ãã®ã§ãå®å¿ããŠãã(ããåºé¡ããããããã®å€§åŠã®èŠèãçãããããäºåæ ¡ãªã©ãã倧åŠãçæ¹å€ãããã ãã§ãã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«åé¡ã®ç°ãªãæ®éåè©ãããããã£ãšéèŠãªå顿³ãšããŠããå¯ç®åè©ããšãäžå¯ç®åè©ãã®åé¡ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãå¯ç®åè©ããšã¯ãæ°ããããåè©ã®ããšã§ãããšãã° dog â dogs ã®ããã«åæ°åœ¢ãšè€æ°åœ¢ãšã®åºå¥ã®ããåè©ã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãtea(è¶) ã milk (çä¹³)ãªã©ã¯ãåæ°åœ¢ãšè€æ°åœ¢ã®åºå¥ããªããããããã®ããäžå¯ç®åè©ããšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããå®éã«ã¯ã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ãªã©ã§ã¯ã泚æã®åäœãšã㊠tea ã milk ãåæ°åœ¢æ±ãããŠãäžæ¯ã®è¶ãªã a tea ã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åè±èª), 2æ¯ã®è¶ãªã two teas ã®ããã«èšãå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åè±èª)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããpaper ã¯ããçŽããšããæå³ã§ã¯äžå¯ç®åè©ã ãããæ°èãã®æå³ã§ã¯paper ã¯å ç®åè©ã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãéååè©ããšã¯ããå®¶æã family ã®ããã«ã人ãªã©æ§æèŠçŽ ã®ãŸãšãŸããã®ãã®ãåè©ãšãããã®ã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1ã€ã®å®¶æãèšãããå Žåã¯ãããšããã®å®¶æã4人家æã ãããåæ°åœ¢ã§ family ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããã5äžåž¯ããšãèšãããå Žå㯠five families ã®ããã«è€æ°åœ¢ã«ãªãããŸãããç§ãã¡ã¯5人家æã§ãããã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "We are a family of five.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«èšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "familyã¿ã€ãã®éååè©ãåèšãããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "audience(èŽè¡), class(ã¯ã©ã¹) , club(ã¯ã©ã) , committee(å§å¡äŒ) , crew(ä¹çµå¡) , crowd(矀é) , family(å®¶æ) , government(æ¿åº) , jury(éªå¯©å¡å£) , staff(è·å¡) , team(ããŒã ) ,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããpoliceã¿ã€ãã®éååè©ããããpoliceã¯ãã€ãã«åæ°åœ¢ã®è¡šèšã ããæå³çã«ã¯ã€ãã«è€æ°çãªæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããä»éãã be åè©ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ãªã police are ã®ããã«ãªãããåè©ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ãªããäŸãã° police have ã®ããã«ãªã(hasã«ããŠã¯ãããªã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã® police ã¿ã€ãã®éååè©ãåæãããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cattle(çç), clergy(èè·è
), people(人ã
), personnel(è·å¡ã瀟å¡), police(èŠå¯)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®åé¡ãšããŠãæ°ãããšãã« a piece of ~ ãšã two pieces of ~ ãšãã§æ°ããªããã°ãããªãåè©ããããfurniture (å®¶å
·)ãªã©ã®ã°ã«ãŒããããã§ãããäžå¯ç®åè©ã§ãããåè©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ã piece 以å€ã®åè©ã§æ°ããå Žåãããããã®æ
å ±ãå¿
èŠãªå Žåã詳ããã¯èŸæžãªã©ãåèã«ãã(åžè²©ã®ææ³åèæžã§ã¯ãæ·±å
¥ãããŠããªã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "furniture ã¿ã€ãã®éååè©ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "baggage(æè·ç©),luggage,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "clothing(è¡£é¡)ãfurniture(å®¶å
·)ãmachinery(æ©æ¢°é¡) ãpoetry(è©©)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ°ããå Žåã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a piece of furniture ã two piece of furniture ã®ããã«æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸã㯠two beds ã®ããã«å
·äœçã«å®¶å
·åã§æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããæ³šæãã¹ãéååè©ãšããŠãfishãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åãçš®é¡ã®éãªããäœå¹ã§ã fish ã§ãããã ããè€æ°ã®çš®é¡ã®éã®äºãèšãå Žåãfishes ãšè€æ°åœ¢ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hair ã¯ãé 髪å
šäœãèšãå Žåãaãã€ããã« hair ãšãããéååè©ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã a hair ã¯ãäžæ¬ã®é«ªã®æ¯ãã®æå³ã®æ®éåè©ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæç©ãfruitã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãã«ãŒããšãããããããè±èªã§ã¯æ®éã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ fruit ã§èšãå Žåãã»ãšãã©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çš®é¡ã«æ³šç®ããå Žåã ããfruits ãšè€æ°åœ¢ã§èšãå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããªããããäžåŠè±èªãªã©ã§ å ç®åè©ãšããŠã® a chicken ã¯é³¥ãšããŠã®äžå¹ã®ãã¯ããªã ãã ãé¶èãã«ãªããš chicken ã«ãªããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããããããããã®ã¯å¥ã«é¶èã«ããã£ã話ã§ã¯ãªããããšãã°ã¿ããã® an onion ãã調çããŠå»ãã ãã¹ãŒãã«ãããããã°äžå ç®åè© onion ã«ãªããšã®ããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¯é³ãå€åãããã®",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "man âmen",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "woman â women (ãªãwomenã®çºé³ã¯ãŠã€ãã³)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "foot (è¶³)â feet",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "goose (ã¬ãã§ãŠ)âgeese",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mouse (ããºã)â mice",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "tooth (æ¯)â teeth",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "child (ãã©ã)â children",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ox (éç)â oxen",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ãã³èªãã®ãªã·ã£èªã«ç±æ¥ããåè©ã®è€æ°åœ¢ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a â ae",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "us âi",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "um, on â a",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ex,ix â ices",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸ:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "analysis (åæ)â analyses",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crisis (屿©)â crises",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "datum (ããŒã¿)â data",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "medium(ã¡ãã£ã¢) â media",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "phenomenon â phenomena (çŸè±¡)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "focus â foci",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "formula â formulae",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "appendix â appendices",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "data ã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã ããçŸä»£ã§ã¯ãdataãåæ°åœ¢ã®ããã«äœ¿ãçšäŸãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mediaã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "deer ã·ã«ãsheep ãããžãcarp ã³ã€(éã®ã³ã€)ããªã©ãããã€ãã®åç©ã¯ãåæ°åœ¢ãšè€æ°åœ¢ãåãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããè€æ°åœ¢ã§ããããšãç¹ã«åŒ·èª¿ãããå Žåã«ã¯ deers ã sheeps ã®ããã«èšããããæžããããããããšãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããäžèšã®ããã«åæ°åœ¢ã®ãæ«å°Ÿãsãããã«è¿ãã¹ãã«åèªã®ããã€ãã§ãåè€å圢ã®äŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
·äœçã«ã¯ãJapanese ã Chinese ã®ããã« -ese ã§çµããåœæ°ããå圢ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "-ese ã§ã¯ãªãããã¹ã€ã¹äºº Swiss ãåæ°åœ¢ãšè€æ°åœ¢ãå圢(åè€å圢)ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããmeans(ææ®µ)ãã·ãªãŒãº series ãçš® species ãã®ããã«åæ°åœ¢ãããšããsã§çµãã幟ã€ãã®åèªããåè€å圢ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããyen (åãæ¥æ¬å)ãåè€å圢ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¥èªã®è€æ°åœ¢ã«ã¯ãs ãŸã㯠's ãã€ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "CD â CDs ãŸã㯠CD's",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ãã¹ãããã£ãŒãçç¥ããsã ãã€ããã®ãçŸä»£ã§ã¯æ®éã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "DVD â DVDs ãŸã㯠DVD's",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2010s ãŸã㯠2010's",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã2010幎代ãã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è€ååè©ã®äžéšã«ã¯ãè€æ°åœ¢ã§ã¯æ«å°Ÿã§ã¯ãªã第äžã®èŠçŽ ã«sãã€ããã®ããããããã¯ãã®ç¬¬äžã®èŠçŽ ããã®åèªã®äž»èŠçŽ ã ããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "passer-by (éè¡äºº)â passers-by",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããè€ååè©ã§ãã£ãŠããæ«å°Ÿã®èŠçŽ ãäž»èŠçŽ ãªããè€æ°åœ¢ã§ã¯ãã®æ«å°Ÿã«sãã€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "college student (倧åŠç)â college students",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°çŒé¡(ããã)ã¯ãå·Šå³ã®ã¬ã³ãºã§åèš2ã€ã§1ã»ããã ããè±èªã§ã¡ã¬ã㯠glasses ãšãããµãã«ãåžžã«è€æ°åœ¢ã§èšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ãéŽäž socksããéŽ boots ããã㯠shoes ãæè¢ gloves ããåºæ¬çã«ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã§äœ¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããéŽãéŽäžãªã©2ã€ã«åãããããã®ã®ãã¡ãå·Šå³ã®ã©ã¡ããçæ¹ã ããèšãããå Žåã¯ãsock ã shoe ãªã©ã®ããã«åæ°åœ¢ã§èšãå Žåããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããããµã scissors ãªã©ããåæ§ã«ã€ãã«è€æ°åœ¢ã§äœ¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®åèªãæ°ãããå Žåã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a pair of socks ã two pairs of socks ã®ããã«ãã»ããåäœã§æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãããºãã³ãæå³ãã pants (ç±³åœè±èªã§ã¹ãã³ã®æå³)ãtrousers (ã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªã§ãºãã³)ããåæ§ã«å¿
ãè€æ°åœ¢ã§çšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒã³ãº jeans ããå¿
ãè€æ°åœ¢ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¯èŒçæ°ããåèªã§ã¯ã ãã³ã³ã¿ã¯ãã¬ã³ãºã contact lens ãå¿
ãè€æ°åœ¢ã ãšãããåèæžã§ç޹ä»ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã察ã®ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯è¡åäœæ³ã¯ãããŒã ããè±èªã§ã¯ manners ãšåžžã«è€æ°åœ¢ã§ããããªããåæ°åœ¢ manner ã¯ããæ¹æ³ããšããæå³ã§ãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ããã®ããã«ãåæ°åœ¢ãšè€æ°åœ¢ãšã§æå³ãç°ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã瀺ããæå³ã§ã¯åæ°åœ¢ãååšããäžè¬ã«è€æ°åœ¢æ±ãã®ãã®ãšããŠã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "clothes (è¡£æ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "riches (財ç£)ãmeans(財ç£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããããã©ã³ããcards,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç
åã®ãã¯ããã measles ,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã衚èšã ãã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã ããä»éããåè©ã¯äžè¬ã«åæ°æ±ã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ãæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ãã®åèæžã§ç޹ä»ãããå
žåçãªãã®ã瀺ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "air 空æ°ãairs æ°åã£ãæ
床",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "arm è
ãarms æŠåš",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "custom ç¿æ
£ãcustoms çšé¢",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "day æ¥ãdays æä»£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "force åãforces è»é",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "glass ã¬ã©ã¹ãglasses çŒé¡",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "good åãgoods åå",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "letter æåã»æçŽãletters æåŠ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "pain èŠçãpains 骚æã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "玹ä»ããªãã£ããäžèšã®ä»ã«ããè²ã
ãªåè©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäžè¿°ã®æŠåš arms ãªã©ããã€ãã®åèªã¯ãæå³çã«ã¯åæ°ã§ãã£ãŠããæç« ã®åœ¢åŒã§ã¯äžè¬ã«è€æ°åœ¢ãšããŠæ±ããåè©ãªã©ãè€æ°åœ¢ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãçšé¢ customs ã¯ãåè©ãåæ°åœ¢ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®ãšè€æ°åœ¢ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®ãšã®äž¡æ¹ããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ã察å¿ããåè©ã®ãã€ããã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããŸãèŠåçã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã髿 ¡çã¯ãããŸã§æ·±å
¥ãããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããåæ°åœ¢ custom ãšè€æ°åœ¢ customs ãšã§æå³ãéããšããäºãåããçšåºŠã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äœè«ã ãããæŠåšã arms ã®èªæºã¯ãæ¬æ¥ã¯ãè
ãarm ãšã¯å¥ã ãšããããšãè±èªåŠã»èšèªåŠãªã©ã§ã¯ç¥ãããŠãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çµæžåŠ economics ã æ°åŠ mathematics ãç©çåŠ physics ãªã©ã¯ãèªåœ¢ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã®ããã«èŠããããåæ°åœ¢æ±ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Physics is difficult. ãç©çåŠã¯é£ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "statics ã¯ããçµ±èšåŠãã®æå³ã§ã¯åæ°æ±ããããŠãåè©ãªã©ãåæ°åœ¢ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®ã«ãªããã ãããè€æ°ã®çµ±èšããšããæå³ã§ statics ã䜿ãçšæ³ã®å Žåãè€æ°åœ¢æ±ãããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®è€æ°åœ¢ã䜿ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸãçèªã¯å€æ°ããããããåèæžã§ç޹ä»ããããã®ãããããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãé»è»ãä¹ãæããã change trains",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ãšåéã«ãªããmake friends with ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ãšæ¡æããã shake hands with ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æææ Œã®sã¯ãè€æ°ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãªãããåèæžã§ã¯èª¬æã®éœåäžããããè€æ°åœ¢ã®åå
ã«ãŠæææ Œã®è§£èª¬ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠããAã®Bããšããæå³ãæžãããå Žåã ã¢ãã¹ãããã£( ' )ã®æå³ãåé¡ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "As' B",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "A's B",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšæžããã¯ãåè©Aã®çš®é¡ã«ãã£ãŠåããããã€",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "girls' school ã女ååŠæ ¡ãã®ããã«ãè€æ°åœ¢ãããšããšæ«å°Ÿã«sãä»ãå Žå(ãã®å Žåã¯ããšããšgirls)ãsã®ããšã«ã¢ãã¹ãããã£ãæ¥ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãè€æ°åœ¢ã®èªå°Ÿã -en ã®å Žåã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "children's toy ãåäŸã®ããã¡ããã®ããã«ã ã A's ãã®äžŠã³ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãã女å倧åŠã women's college ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæææ Œããšã¯èšããã®ã®ãææä»¥å€ã®æå³ã衚ããããšãã°ã察象è
ãç®çèªãæææ Œã§è¡šãå Žåããããããšãã°äžè¿°ã® girls' school ãããã§ããã å¥ã«å¥³åçåŸãåŠæ ¡ãææããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããäœå®¶ãäœè
ãªã©ãæææ Œã§ãããããšãã° Soseki's novel ãæŒ±ç³ã®å°èª¬ãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããmen's wear (玳士çšè¡£æ)ãªã©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç®çèªã®ã»ãã«ããæå³äžã®äž»èªãæææ Œã§è¡šãå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom's absence of school ãªããããã ãåŠæ ¡ãæ¬ åžããããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããäŸãã° mother's education ãšèšã£ãå Žåãæ¯èŠªã«ããåãžã®æè²ãªã®ãããããšãæ¯èŠªãžã®æè²ãªã®ãã¯ãæèãªã©ãã倿ããããšã«ãªã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æéã»éé¡ã»è·é¢ã»éããªã©ãå®éçãªè¡šçŸãå¯èœãªãã®ãã圢容è©çã«åè©ã®åãã修食ããå Žåãæææ Œã䜿ãå Žåãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã10åã®äŒæ¯ã ten minutes' break",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã仿¥ã®æ°èã today's newspaper",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãææ¥ã®å€©æ°ã tomorrow's weather",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã3ãã€ã«ã®è·é¢ã three miles' distance",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã4ããã°ã©ã ã®éãã four kilograms' weight",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããåœãå°åãªã©ã®åè©ã圢容è©çã«äœ¿ãå Žåãæææ Œã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ°åã Japan's climate",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæ¥æ¬ã®æŽå²ã Japan's history",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãäžçã®äººå£ã the world's population",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããclimateãšweatherã®éããšããŠãclimate ã¯å¹ŽéãéããŠã®æ°åãweather ã¯äžæ¥åäœã®å€©æ°ã®ããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºæåè©ã®æ«å°Ÿãsã®ãšãã-sesã-susã-sasãªããäžèšã®ããã«æåŸã«ã¢ãã¹ãããã£ãã€ããã ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Jesus' teaching ãã€ãšã¹ã®æããâ» éãã£ã Jesus' life ãã€ãšã¹ã®äººçã â»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããããã§ãªãå Žåã¯ãããšãæ«å°Ÿãsã§ãã 's ã远å ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Dickens's novel ããã£ã±ã³ãºã®å°èª¬ã â» éãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Henry James's novel ããã³ãªãŒã»ãžã§ãŒã ãºã®å°èª¬ã â» ãã¬ã€ã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Keats's poem ãããŒãã®è©©ã â» ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºæåè©ã¯æäžã§ã倧æåã§æžãå§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããMt.Fuji ãªã©ã®ãããªå Žåã¯ãMt. ãš Fuji ã®ããããã倧æåã«ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºæåè©ã«ã¯ãäžå®å è© a ãã€ããªãããªããa ãã€ãããšãããšãã° a Lincoln ã§ããªã³ã«ãŒã³ã®ãããªäººããšããæ¯å©çãªæå³ã«ãªããããããã¯ããªã³ã«ãŒã³å®¶ã®åºèº«ã®äººããšããåºèº«ã®æå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®å è© the ãã€ããªãå Žåãå€ãããäŸå€çã«ã€ããåºæåè©ãå°ãªããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the ãã€ããåºæåè©ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 171,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° the Alps(ã¢ã«ãã¹å±±è)ã®ããã«è€æ°åœ¢ã®å±±èã®åºæåè©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 172,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¹è¶ the Titanic (ã¿ã€ã¿ããã¯å·)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 173,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ°èã»éèª the Washington Post (ãã¯ã·ã³ãã³ãã¹ãã)ãthe Economist (ããšã³ããã¹ãã)ãthe New York Times(ããã¥ãŒy-ã¯ã¿ã€ã ãºã) â» ãªããæ°èåãéèªåã®è¡šèšã¯éåžžãã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœ(æäœ)ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 174,
"tag": "p",
"text": "of ããšããªãåºæåè© the sea of Japan(æ¥æ¬æµ·)ãthe University of Washington(ã¯ã·ã³ãã³å€§åŠ)ãthe University of Chicago (ã·ã«ãŽå€§åŠ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 175,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç±³åœãã¯ã€ãããŠã¹ the White House,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 176,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ªå¹³æŽ the Pacific Ocean",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 177,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 178,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã倧åŠã ãããšãã£ãŠtheãã€ãããšã¯éãããããšãã°ãªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒãå€§åŠ Oxford University ã«ã¯ the ãã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 179,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœåãšããŠã®ãæ¥æ¬ã Japan ã«ããthe ãã€ããªãã®ãæ®éã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 180,
"tag": "p",
"text": "gold (é)ã iron(é) ãªã©ã®ç©è³ªåã¯éåžžãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 181,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãç©è³ªåè©ããšãããã®ã®ãå¿
ãããç©è³ªã ãã§ãªããã»ãã«ããç©äœãšããŠååšããŠãããã®ã®ç¹å®ã®åœ¢ç¶ããããªãæ¶²äœãç
(smoke)ãªã©ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 182,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããããããç©äœãšããŠååšããªããå¹³åããªã©ã®æœè±¡æŠå¿µã¯ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ã¯ãªããæœè±¡åè©ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 183,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠããšãããç©è³ªåè©ã®äŸãšããŠã¯ããŸã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 184,
"tag": "p",
"text": "water ã milk ã coffee ã wine ãªã©ã®æ¶²äœã飲æã®ç©è³ªã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 185,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sugar ãªã©ã®ç²äœã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 186,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 187,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããsugar ãæ°ããå Žåãããšãã° a spoonful of sugar (ã¹ããŒã³äžæ¯ã®ç ç³)ã®ããã«æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 188,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¶²äœã¯ã¹ã€ã«é£²æåºãªããŠãããŸããªãã ããšãã°ãã¬ãœãªã³ãgasoline ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 189,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a gallon of gasoline ãšã a liter of gasoline ã®ããã«æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 190,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã飲æãšããŠã® water ã milk ãªã©ãæ°ããå Žåã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 191,
"tag": "p",
"text": "容åšã«æ³šç®ããa glass of water ã a cup of water ã a bottle of milk ã®ããã«å®¹åšåäœã§æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 192,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ãã a glass ãšã¯ãã¬ã©ã¹è£œã³ãããšããæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 193,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æè³ªãšããŠã®ã¬ã©ã¹ glass ã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ãããæ°ããããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 194,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬äººã®æèŠãšã¯éããè±èªã§ã¯ãäžèšã®ãã®ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 195,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 196,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã§ã¯ããçŽãpaper ãããã³ã bread ã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 197,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŽã¯ a peace of paper ãŸã㯠a sheet of paper (1æã®çŽ)ã®ããã«æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 198,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã³ã¯ã a slice of bread (äžåãã®ãã³)ãŸã㯠a loaf of bread (äžæ€(ãã£ãã)ã®ãã³)ã®ããã«æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 199,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¿ãŒ butter ãããŒãº cheese ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 200,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a pound of butter (1ãã³ãã®ãã¿ãŒ)ã®ããã«æ°ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 201,
"tag": "p",
"text": "money (ãé)ãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 202,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€é¡ã®éããããããšãã« much ã䜿ãã®ãšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèŠããã°ãmoney ãæ°ããããªãããšãèŠããããã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 203,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã§ã¯ãçŽå¹£ bill ã硬貚 coin ã¯æ°ãããããããéãã®ãã®ã¯æ°ããããªããšããŠèããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 204,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éš rain ããåé¡äžã¯ãç©è³ªåè©ãšããŠããåèæžãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 205,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããrains ãšèšãå Žåã豪éšãé·éšãªã©ãããå¥ã®æå³ã«ãªã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 206,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããwood(æšè³ª)ã¯æè³ªãšããŠã®æšæã»æšé ã衚ãå Žåã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ãããã ããã»ãã«ããäžæ¬ã®æšãã®ããšã wood ãšããçšæ³ãããããã®çšæ³ã®å Žåã¯æ®éåè©ã§ããã(ãã®ãããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ wood ãç©è³ªåè©ã®é
ç®ã§ã¯ç޹ä»ãããŠããªãå Žåãããã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 207,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ããç³ãstone ããæè³ªãšããŠã®ãç³ããç³é ãããªãstoneã¯ç©è³ªåè©ã§ãããããããæã§ããŠãçšåºŠã®äžåã®ç³ãèšãå Žåã¯æ®éåè©ã§ãããè€æ°åããã° stones ã®ããã«ãèšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 208,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ç޹ä»ããåè©ä»¥å€ã«ããå€ãã®ç©è³ªåè©ããããå€ãããŠåèæžã§ã玹ä»ããããŠããããåèæžããšã«ç޹ä»ããåè©ãéãææ§ãªã®ã§ããã£ããŠçã£ç«¯å°Ÿããäžžæèšã®å¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 209,
"tag": "p",
"text": "代衚çãªç©è³ªåè©ãšããã®æ°ãæ¹ãäœ¿ãæ¹ããããã°ååã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 210,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æœè±¡åè©ãšã¯ãããšãã° happiness (幞çŠ)ãbeauty (çŸ)ãªã©ã§ããããªããfun(楜ãã¿)ãæœè±¡åè©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 211,
"tag": "p",
"text": "information(æ
å ±)ãadvice(å¿ åãå©èš)ãnews(ãã¥ãŒã¹)ãªã©ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 212,
"tag": "p",
"text": "speech(èšè«)ãwar(æŠäº)ãªã©è¡åãå
·äœçã«ååšãããã®ã§ãã£ãŠããspeechãªã©ãããã®åè©ã¯æœè±¡åè©ã§ããããªãããå¹³åã peace ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 213,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããkindness (芪å)ã homework (宿é¡)ãªã©ãããåèæžã§ã¯æœè±¡åè©ãšããŠç޹ä»ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 214,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æœè±¡åè©ã®çšåºŠãããããå Žåãå€ãå Žåã»å€§ããå Žå㯠much ãŸã㯠a lot of ã䜿ããæœè±¡åè©ã®çšåºŠãå°ãªãã»å°ããå Žåã¯ã a little of ã䜿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 215,
"tag": "p",
"text": "many , few, a few ã¯äœ¿ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 216,
"tag": "p",
"text": "news ã advice ã¯ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ã¯ããããæ°ãæ°ããæ¹æ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 217,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a piece of news (1ã€ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹)ã a piece of advice (1ã€ã®ã¢ããã€ã¹)ã®ããã«ããŠæ°ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 218,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 219,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããã of + æœè±¡åè© ãã§ã圢容è©çãªæå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 220,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This map is use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠåœ¹ã«ãã€ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 221,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This map is of no use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠåœ¹ã«ç«ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 222,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŠå®ã®å Žåã¯ãã of no æœè±¡åè© ãã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 223,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This book is of great use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠå€§å€ã«åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ã â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 224,
"tag": "p",
"text": "of great use ã§ã倧å€åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ãã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 225,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 226,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This information is of importance to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 227,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This information is of value to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠäŸ¡å€ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 228,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This information is of no importance to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã§ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 229,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This information is of no value to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠäŸ¡å€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 230,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 231,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢é£ããŠãåçœ®è© of ã«ã¯ofã«ã¯ãæ§è³ªãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 232,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a man of ability ãæèœãªäººã(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 233,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a man of courage ã忢ãªäººã(ãã¡ã¯ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 234,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªçšæ³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 235,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is a man if ability. ãåœŒã¯æèœãªäººã ã(ãšãã°ãª)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 236,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 237,
"tag": "p",
"text": "with care ã§ å¯è© carefully ãæ³šææ·±ãããšåãæå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 238,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¬ã« ãwith +æœè±¡åè©ãã§å¯è©çã¯åãããã(ãžãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 239,
"tag": "p",
"text": "with ease ãªã easily ãšåãã§ãç°¡åã«ãã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 240,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom did it with ease. ããã ã¯ããããããããšãã£ãã(éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 241,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You can read this book with ease. ããã®æ¬ã¯ç°¡åã«èªããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã«åãäŸæ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 242,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom did it with care. ããã ã¯ãããæ³šææ·±ãè¡ã£ãã(éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 243,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãTom did it with ease. ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 244,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom did it easily.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 245,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšèšã£ãŠãæå³ã¯åããåæ§ã«",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 246,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom did it with care.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 247,
"tag": "p",
"text": "= Tom did it carefully.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 248,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 249,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã®åè©ã䜿ãå Žåãåæ°åœ¢ã䜿ããè€æ°åœ¢ã䜿ããã¯ããã€ãã£ãã§ã¯ãªãç§ãã¡æ¥æ¬äººã«ã¯é£ããåé¡ã§ãããã ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããããè¿·ã£ããè€æ°åœ¢ã䜿ãã°å®çšäžã¯æžãå Žåãå€ãããšã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 250,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a novelist and poet ãå°èª¬å®¶ã§ãã詩人ã§ããã1人ã®äººã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 251,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a novelist and a poet ã1人ã®å°èª¬å®¶ãš1人ã®è©©äººã(åèš2人)",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 252,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a knife and fork ããã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 253,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯ã¯ãè±ç±³ã§ã®é£äºã§ã¯ãéåžžã¯1ã»ããã§äœ¿ãã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 254,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 255,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a cup and saucer ãç¿ã€ãã«ããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 256,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®è¡šçŸãããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 257,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®æ§å¥ã«ã€ããŠã¯äžåŠæ ¡ã§ç¿ã£ããšããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 258,
"tag": "p",
"text": "髿 ¡ã§ãšãã«æ°ããèŠããããšã¯ãªãããã®ãããåèæžã§ã¯åè©ã®æ§å¥ã«ã€ããŠã玹ä»ããŠãªãåèæžãå€ãã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 259,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããåè©ã®æ§å¥(gender ãžã£ã³ããŒ)ã«ã€ããŠç޹ä»ããŠãããâ» éãã£ãŒããã gender ããšããåèªã玹ä»ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 260,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠãæ§å¥ã®åé¡ãå°ãéãã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 261,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã§ã¯ãç·æ§åè©ã女æ§åè©ãäžæ§åè©ãéæ§åè©ãã®4åé¡ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 262,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ã€ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãç·æ§åè©ã女æ§åè©ãäžæ§åè©ãã®3åé¡ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 263,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããéãã£ãŒããšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®å
±éç¹ãšããŠã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 264,
"tag": "p",
"text": "boy, brother ,man ,father ã¯ç·æ§åè©ã§ããã代åè©ã¯ he ã§åããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 265,
"tag": "p",
"text": "girl ã sister ã lady ã woman ã mother, ã¯å¥³æ§åè©ã§ããã代åè©ã¯ she ã§åããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 266,
"tag": "p",
"text": "man ãæ¬åœã«ç·æ§åè©ãã¯ãè人ã old man ãšãã£ãããšçåããããããããªããã髿 ¡è±èªã®åèæžçã«ã¯man ã¯ç·æ§åè©ã§ããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 267,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®boy ãªã©ã®äŸã®ããã«ãçŸå®äžçã§ã¯äººéã§ããäœããçŸãåèªã§ã¯ããã®äººéã®èªç¶çã§ã®æ§å¥(sex)ãšãåèªã®æ§å¥(gender)ãšã¯äžèŽããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 268,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã§ã¯ãçŸå®äžçã®æ§å¥ã®ãªããã®ã¯ããšãã«ç·æ§åè©ã§ããªã女æ§åè©ã§ããªãã®ãäžè¬çã§ããããã£ãŠãäžæ§ãåè©ãŸãã¯ãéæ§ãåè©ãªã©ãšåŒã°ããåé¡ãããã(éãã£ãŒã)ããã ããæåŠç衚çŸãªã©ã§ãè¥å¹²ã®äŸå€ãããããåŸè¿°ããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 269,
"tag": "p",
"text": "baby ã person ã®ããã«ãåèªã ãã§ã¯æ§å¥ãäžæãªå Žåã¯ããšãããã代åè©ã¯ it ã§åãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ããã ãæèãªã©ããæ§å¥ãå€å®ã§ããå Žåãhe ã she ã«çœ®ãæãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 270,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åç©ã»ããããªã©ã¯æ®é㯠it ã§åããããå®éã®æ§å¥ã«åãã㊠he ãŸã㯠she ã§åããããšãå¯èœã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 271,
"tag": "p",
"text": "star ã flower ãªã©ã®ä»£åè©ã¯åæ°ã¯it ã§ãè€æ°ã¯ they ã§åããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 272,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 273,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸä»£ã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãäžæ§ããšãã衚çŸãããããã女æ§çãªèŠããã®ç·æ§ããŸãã¯ç·æ§çãªèŠããã®å¥³æ§ãªã©ã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãããšãããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 274,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããè±ææ³ã§ãããäžæ§ãã¯ããããšã¯æå³ãéããè±ææ³ã§ãããäžæ§ããšã¯ãç¡çç©ã® star(æ) ã flower(è±)ã®ããã«ãæ§å¥ããªãåè©ã®ããšã§ããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 275,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãéãã£ãŒãããã³ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã§ã¯ãbaby ã person ã®ããã«ããµã€ãã¯äººéã®ç·æ§ã女æ§ãã®ã©ã¡ããã§ã¯ããã¯ãã ããåèªã ãã§ã¯æ§å¥ã決å®ã§ããªãåè©ã®ããšããéæ§ããšããŠããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 276,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãstar ã flower ãªã©ã¯ãäžæ§ãåè©ã§ãããšããŠããããit ã§åããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 277,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãéæ§ãã®èªã玹ä»ããããstar ã flower ãªã©ã¯ãäžæ§ãåè©ã§ãããšããŠããããit ã§åãããšããŠããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 278,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåœãã¯æ¬æ¥ãitã§åãããã ããæåŠãŸãã¯äœããã®äºæ
ã«ããããåœããshe ã§åããããšãããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 279,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ãè¹ãæè»(éãã£ãŒã)ãªã©ã®ä¹ãç©ã she ã§åããããšããã(éãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 280,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããmoon, sea ã she ã§åããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 281,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sun, river ã he ã§åããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 282,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 283,
"tag": "p",
"text": "actor ãç·åªã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 284,
"tag": "p",
"text": "actress ã女åªã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 285,
"tag": "p",
"text": "god ã(ç·ã®)ç¥ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 286,
"tag": "p",
"text": "goddess ã女ç¥ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 287,
"tag": "p",
"text": "prince ãçåã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 288,
"tag": "p",
"text": "princess ãç女ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 289,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãããã€ãã®åè©ã§ã¯ ess ãèªå°Ÿã«ã€ããšå¥³æ§åè©ã«ãªãããŸããäžèšã®ããã«èªå°Ÿã«essã®ã€ããŠãªã圢ãããããã®åè©ã®ç·æ§åè©ã§ããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 290,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ actor ãç·åªã«éå®ããã®ã¯æ§å·®å¥ã ãšããã女åªããµãããŠç·åªã女åªãã俳åªã㯠actor ãšããåŸåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 291,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ããã€ãŠã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ãªã©ã®ãŠã§ã€ã¿ãŒã«ã€ããŠã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 292,
"tag": "p",
"text": "waiter ç·ã®ãŠã§ã€ã¿ãŒ",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 293,
"tag": "p",
"text": "waitress ãŠã§ã€ãã¬ã¹(女æ§)",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 294,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ã£ãããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ç·å¥³ãšã waiter ã§è¡šãããã«ãªã£ãŠããŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã waitperson ãšããå Žåããããç·å¥³ãšã waitperson ã§åãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 295,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ
客èªç©ºæ©ã®ã¹ãã¥ã¯ãŒãã¹ stewardess ã¯å¥³æ§åè©ã§ããããããç·æ§åè©ã«ãããš steward ã¹ãã¥ã¯ãŒãã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 296,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããè¿å¹Žã¯ãflight attendant ãŸã㯠cabin attendant ã客宀ä¹åå¡ããšããå¥ã®åèªã«çœ®ãæãã£ãŠãããç·å¥³ãšãã«ããã䜿ãã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 297,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 298,
"tag": "p",
"text": "man ãšããåèªã¯æ§å·®å¥çã§ãããšãããè±ç±³ã§ã¯å¥ã®åèªã«èšãæããŠããåŸåã倧ããã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 299,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(æ¶é²å£«) fireman â firefighter",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 300,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(è°é·) chairman â chairperson",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 301,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(販売å¡) salesman â salesperson ãŸãã¯åºè販売å¡ãªã shop assistant (éãã£)ãªã©",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 302,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(èŠå¯å®) policeman â police officer",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 303,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 304,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã®å€èªã§ã¯ãèªç¶ã®æ§å¥ããããªãæœè±¡åè©ãç©è³ªåè©ãªã©ã«ããç·æ§ãŸãã¯å¥³æ§ã®æ§å¥(ãææ³äžã®æ§ã)ãå²ãåœãŠãããŠããéå»ããã£ãããçŸä»£ã§ã¯å€§éšåãæ¶å€±ããŠããã®ã§(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã髿 ¡çã¯èŠããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã髿 ¡ã®ç¯å²ã倧ããè¶
ããŠããã倧åŠã®è±èªåŠç ç©¶ã®ç¯å²ã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 305,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«ãããææ³äžã®æ§ããšã¯ãäžèšã®ãããªè±èªã®å€èªãªã©ã«ãã£ãæœè±¡åè©ãç©è³ªåè©ãªã©ã®æ§å¥ã®ããšã",
"title": "åè©ãšæ§å¥"
}
]
| null | === åè©ã®åé¡ ===
==== åºæ¬ ====
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water ã milk ã coffee ã wine ãªã©ã®æ¶²äœã飲æã®ç©è³ªã
sugar ãªã©ã®ç²äœã
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ãªããsugar ãæ°ããå Žåãããšãã° a spoonful of sugar ïŒã¹ããŒã³äžæ¯ã®ç ç³ïŒã®ããã«æ°ããã
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a gallon of gasoline ãšã a liter of gasoline ã®ããã«æ°ããã
ãªãã飲æãšããŠã® water ã milk ãªã©ãæ°ããå Žåã¯ã
容åšã«æ³šç®ããa glass of water ã a cup of water ã a bottle of milk ã®ããã«å®¹åšåäœã§æ°ããã
ããã§ãã a glass ãšã¯ãã¬ã©ã¹è£œã³ãããšããæå³ã§ããã
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a pound of butter ïŒ1ãã³ãã®ãã¿ãŒïŒã®ããã«æ°ããã
money ïŒãéïŒãç©è³ªåè©ã§ããã
å€é¡ã®éããããããšãã« much ã䜿ãã®ãšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèŠããã°ãmoney ãæ°ããããªãããšãèŠããããã ããã
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informationïŒæ
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many , few, a few ã¯äœ¿ããªãã
news ã advice ã¯ãæœè±¡åè©ã§ã¯ããããæ°ãæ°ããæ¹æ³ãããã
a piece of news ïŒïŒã€ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ïŒã a piece of advice ïŒ1ã€ã®ã¢ããã€ã¹ïŒã®ããã«ããŠæ°ããããã
ã»ããã of ïŒ æœè±¡åè© ãã§ã圢容è©çãªæå³ã«ãªãã
This map is use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠåœ¹ã«ãã€ã
This map is of no use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠåœ¹ã«ç«ããªãã
åŠå®ã®å Žåã¯ãã of no æœè±¡åè© ãã«ãªãã
This book is of great use to me. ããã®å°å³ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠå€§å€ã«åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
of great use ã§ã倧å€åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ãã®æå³ïŒã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
This information is of importance to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã ã
This information is of value to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠäŸ¡å€ãããã
This information is of no importance to me. ããã®æ
å ±ã¯ç§ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠã§ãªãã
This information is of no value to me. ããã®æ
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é¢é£ããŠãåçœ®è© of ã«ã¯ofã«ã¯ãæ§è³ªãã®æå³ãããã
a man of ability ãæèœãªäººãïŒãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒ
a man of courage ã忢ãªäººãïŒãã¡ã¯ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒ
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He is a man if ability. ãåœŒã¯æèœãªäººã ãïŒãšãã°ãªïŒ
with care ã§ å¯è© carefully ãæ³šææ·±ãããšåãæå³ã
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with ease ãªã easily ãšåãã§ãç°¡åã«ãã®æå³ã
Tom did it with ease. ããã ã¯ããããããããšãã£ããïŒéãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒ
You can read this book with ease. ããã®æ¬ã¯ç°¡åã«èªãããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãã«åãäŸæïŒ
Tom did it with care. ããã ã¯ãããæ³šææ·±ãè¡ã£ããïŒéãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒ
ãTom did it with ease. ãã
Tom did it easily.
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Tom did it with care.
ïŒ Tom did it carefully.
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a novelist and poet ãå°èª¬å®¶ã§ãã詩人ã§ãããïŒäººã®äººã
a novelist and a poet ãïŒäººã®å°èª¬å®¶ãšïŒäººã®è©©äººãïŒåèš2人ïŒ
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a cup and saucer ãç¿ã€ãã«ããã
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prince ãçåã
princess ãç女ã
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[[ã«ããŽãª:è±èªææ³]] | null | 2022-11-25T04:03:31Z | []
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E |
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a ããã³ an ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãã1ã€ã®ãã§ããã
Rome was not built in a day. ãããŒãã¯äžæ¥ã«ããŠãªããã â»ãã€ã€ã«ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ
a ã an ã®ã©ã¡ãã䜿ããã¯ãçºé³ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸãã(èªã®ã€ã¥ãã§ã¯ãªã)
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ãã¡ãã an apple ã an egg ãªã©ãçºé³ãã€ã¥ããæ¯é³ã®ãã®ã¯ãäžå®å è©ãanã«ãªãã
æç« äžãäŒè©±ãªã©ã§ããããŸã§è©±é¡ã«åºãŠããªãã£ããåããŠè©±é¡ã«åºãŠããåè©ã«ã€ããŠã1ã€ã®åè©ãªãå è©ã¯ a ãŸã㯠an ã§ãã(éãã£ããšããŒ)ã ãªãã話é¡ã§2åç®ä»¥éã«åºãŠãããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãç¹å®ã§ããèªã®å è©ãšã㊠the ãã€ããã®ãäžè¬ç(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
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An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ã1æ¥1åã®ããããé£ã¹ãã°å»è
ã¯ãããªãã(ããšãã)
once a day ã1æ¥ã«1åã
twice a day ã1æ¥ã«2åãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ
These apples are 1,000 yen a box. ããã®ãªã³ãŽã¯äžç®±1000åã§ããâ»éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
These apples are 600 yen a box. ããã®ãªã³ãŽã¯äžè¢600åã§ããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
ããã~ã®ã(= a certain)ãšããæå³ãããã
in a sense ãããæå³ã§ã¯ã
It is a true in a sense. ãããæå³ã§ã¯ãããã¯æ£ããã â» ãã€ã€ã«ã«åãäŸæãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
ãa ~(人å)ãã§ãã~ã®ãããªäººãã®æå³ãããã
He is a Edison. ã圌ã¯ãšãžãœã³ã®ãããªäººã ãã
aã«ã¯ãããããã®ããšããæå³ããããsome ã«è¿ãæå³ã§ããã
from a distance ãŸã㯠in a distance ã§ãããããé¢ããŠãã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ããããã®æå³ã®a ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšå¥ãšããŠã
at a distance (ããããé¢ããŠ)
after a while ããã°ããããŠã
once in a while ãææ(ãšããã)ã
ãªã©ããã(éãã£ã)ã
ãã®ä»ãã»ãã®æå³ã® a ãå«ããã°ã a ãŸã㯠an ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšå¥ãšããŠ
at a loss ãéæ¹ã«ãããŠã
in a hurry ãæ¥ãã§ã
come to an end ãçµããã
all of a sudden ãçªç¶ã
ãªã©ãå ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
倩äœãšããŠã®ãæã moon ã¯ã²ãšã€ããååšããªãã®ã§ãthe moon ãšå è©ãã€ããŠããã
ãããããåæã㯠a half moon ã§ããã
ããã¯ããæºæããæ°æããåæããäžæ¥æããªã©ãæã®ããã€ãããç¶æ
ã®ãã¡ã®äžã€ãšããæå³ã§ãa ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
å®å è© the ãäžå®å è© a/an ã䜿ããªãã®ããç¡å è©ãšããã
ç©è³ªåè©ãæœè±¡åè©ãªã©ãããšããšå è©ã䜿ããã«äœ¿ãçš®é¡ã®åè©ã¯ããããã®çš®é¡ã®åè©ãäžè¬çãªæå³ã§äœ¿ãããŠããå Žåã¯ç¡å è©ã§ããã
ãªã®ã§ãinformation ãæ
å ±ãããããéãmoney ããéãgold ãªã©ããç¡å è©ã§ããã
ãã ããwater ã¯ãthe water ã§ãæµ·ãããŒã«ãæ± ãªã©ã倧éã®æ°Žã®ããŸã£ãŠããå Žæãšããæå³ã«ãªãã
ãé»è»ã§ãby train, ãé£è¡æ©ã§ãby plane ãªã©äº€éææ®µã¯ç¡å è©ã§ãããby bicycle ã®ããã«ãèªåã®è¶³ã§åããä¹ãç©ã§ãåæ§(ãã¬ã€ã¯)ã
ãã ãããããã®ããšããšã®åèª(train ã plane ãªã©)ã¯ç¡å è©ã®åè©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã©ã¡ãããšãããšãè«ççãªãã®ãšãããããæ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ããã
ãŸãããåŸæ©ã§ãon foot ã®ããã«ãç§»åææ®µãç¡å è©ãæ®éããªããåŸæ©ã®å Žåãbyã§ã¯ãªãonã«ãªãããšã«æ³šæã
by sea (ãæµ·è·¯ã§ã)ã by air (ã空路ã§ã)ã by land (ãéžè·¯ã§ã)ã®ããã«çµè·¯ãç¡å è©(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã
äº€éææ®µã«éããããé»è©±ã§ãby phone ããeã¡ãŒã«ã§ãby email ãç¡å è©ã§ããã
ãªããeã¡ãŒã«ã¯ email ã®ã»ã e-mail ãšãã€ãã³ãã€ããŠæžããŠãããã
ãã®ã»ããgo to bed ã go to school ãªã©ã«ããã bed ã schoolãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸäžã®åè©ã«ç¡å è©ã®ãã®ãããã
ããã¯ãbedã®å Žæãããå¯ãããšãæå³ã®éç¹ã§ãã£ãããschoolã®å Žæãããããã§å匷ããããšãæå³ã®éç¹ã§ãããšãèããããããæçµçã«ã¯æ
£çšè¡šçŸãšããŠèŠããã¹ãã§ãããã
åèæžã§ã¯ãgo to bed ã go to school ãªã©ã®ç¡å è©ã®èª¬æã§ããããæ©èœããã圹å²ãã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãå Žåã§ããããªã©ãšãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãgo to church ãæäŒã«è¡ãããåæ§ãç¡å è©ã§ããããŸã瀌æãªã©ãããããã«(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)è¡ã£ãŠããããšãæã«ç€ºããŠããã
ã ãå®éãéè¡ã«ããå Žåã go to the bank ã go a bank ãšããã®ãéåžžã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
ãã®ããã«ãgo to bed ã go to school ã¯åãªãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã«éãããããŸãè«ççãªæ ¹æ ãããããã§ã¯ãªããåèæžã®çå±ãéµåã¿ã«ããããŠã¯ãããªãããããªã®ã¯ãæç§ççãªå»ºåã§ããã
after school ãæŸèª²åŸã(éãã£)ã
lie in bed ããããã§æšªã«ãªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)
(be) in bed ãå°±å¯äžã§ã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ããbeã ã¯wikiåŽã§è¿œèš
ãªã©ãããã
ãªãããå
¥é¢äžãã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯ (be) in hospital ã§ç¡å è©ã ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ (be) in the hospital ãšå è©ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
建ç©ã§ã¯ãªãããplay soccer ã play tennis ã play chess (ãã§ã¹ããã)ã play baseball ã®ããã«playãšãã£ããã«äœ¿ãããã¹ããŒããã²ãŒã ã®å Žåãplay ãªã©ã®åè©ãšãã£ããã«äœ¿ããããªããç¡å è©ã§ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãç¡å è©ã§ããçç±ã¯ãåè©çãªæå³åãã䜿ãããããšèããããŠãã(éãã£)ã
ãã ããæ¥œåšã®å Žå㯠the ãå¿
èŠ(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
é£äºã§ã¯ have lunch ã eat lunch ã eat breakfast ã skip breakfast ã®ããã«é£äºãåè©ãšäžç·ã«äœ¿ããšããç¡å è©(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã
ãã ãã
The dinner was good .
ã®ããã«èšãå Žåãå è©ãå¿
èŠ(éãã£)ã
ã»ããa late lunch ãé
ããæŒé£ãã®ããã«èšãå Žåãa ãå¿
èŠ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ã»ãããæ°åŠãmathematics ããæŽå²ç§ç®ã history ã®ããã«åŠæ ¡ã®æç§åã¯ç¡å è©(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã
study mathematics ãæ°åŠãå匷ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
I like history. ãç§ã¯æŽå²(ç§ç®)ã奜ãã â»ãã€ã€ã«
ã®ããã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã
ãã®ã»ããã倧統é ãpresident, ãææãprofessor ãã(å»è
ãåå£«ã®æå³ã§ã®)å
çãdoctor ãªã©åœ¹è·ã®åã«ã¯ãå è©ã¯ã€ããªãã
ã»ãã
at noon (æ£åã«)ãby accident(å¶ç¶ã«), in fact (å®éã«)
ãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ã¯å è©ãã€ããªãã
ã»ããfrom door to door ãäžè»äžè»ã(â»ãšãã°ãªãéãã£)ããfrom beginning to end ãå§ãããçµãããŸã§ã(â»ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã®ããã«ãfrom ~ to ã»ã»ã» ã®è¡šçŸã¯ç¡å è©ã«ãªãã
husband and wife ã倫婊ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«
day and night ãæŒå€ã
day after day ãæ¯æ¥æ¯æ¥ã
hand in hand ãæãã€ãªãã§ã
side by side ã䞊ãã§ãâ»ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£
ãªã©ãç¡å è©ãšãªãæ
£çšè¡šçŸãè²ã
ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã
å£ç¯(summer ã winter ãªã©)ã¯ãthe ãä»ããªããŠãããããã€ããŠããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã
ãã ãã the spring of 2001 ã®ããã« of ãã€ããŠç¹å®ãããå Žåã¯å£ç¯ã«ã theãã€ãã®ãéåžžã
éãã£ãŒãããã
day by day,(æ¥ããšã«)
day after day,(æ¥ãæ¥ãæ¥ãæ¥ã) â»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£
arm in arm,(è
ãçµãã§)
young and old(èããè¥ãã)
face to face(åããåã£ãŠ)
ãªã©ãããã
ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããã
from time to time (ãšãã©ã)
step by step (äžæ©äžæ©)
ãªã©ã
ãã®ä»ãçèªç衚çŸã§ç¡å è©ã®ãã®ãããã
at noon (æ£åã«)ãby accident(å¶ç¶ã«), in fact (å®éã«)
ãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ã¯å è©ãã€ããªãã
ã€ã³ã¹ãããã
by chance ãå¶ç¶ã«ãã
by mistake ã誀ã£ãŠãm
catch sight of ~ ã~ãèŠã€ããã
at hand ãæå
ã«ãã
éãã£ãŒãããã
take part in ã~ã«åå ããã
take place ãèµ·ãããå¬ãããã â»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã. ã€ã³ã¹ãã§ã¯ãèµ·ããã
ãªã©ã
ã»ããæ°èã®èŠåºããªã©ã§ãå è©ãçç¥ãããããšãããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãåèæžçéã§ã¯ãã€ã€ã«ä»¥å€ã¯ç޹ä»ããŠããªãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å è©ã® a ããã³ an ãäžå®å è©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a ããã³ an ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãã1ã€ã®ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Rome was not built in a day. ãããŒãã¯äžæ¥ã«ããŠãªããã â»ãã€ã€ã«ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a ã an ã®ã©ã¡ãã䜿ããã¯ãçºé³ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸãã(èªã®ã€ã¥ãã§ã¯ãªã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®æåã®çºé³ãæ¯é³ãªããäžå®å è©ã¯anã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ã an hour ã1æéãã an SOS ã®ããã«ãäžå®å è©ã®ããšã®ã€ã¥ããæ¯é³ã§ãªããŠããçºé³ãæ¯é³ãªã®ã§å è©ã an ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ãã an apple ã an egg ãªã©ãçºé³ãã€ã¥ããæ¯é³ã®ãã®ã¯ãäžå®å è©ãanã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æç« äžãäŒè©±ãªã©ã§ããããŸã§è©±é¡ã«åºãŠããªãã£ããåããŠè©±é¡ã«åºãŠããåè©ã«ã€ããŠã1ã€ã®åè©ãªãå è©ã¯ a ãŸã㯠an ã§ãã(éãã£ããšããŒ)ã ãªãã話é¡ã§2åç®ä»¥éã«åºãŠãããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãç¹å®ã§ããèªã®å è©ãšã㊠the ãã€ããã®ãäžè¬ç(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æéãéããéãåæ°ãªã©ã®åäœãšãšãã«çšããŠã1~ã«ã€ããã®æå³ããã(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ã1æ¥1åã®ããããé£ã¹ãã°å»è
ã¯ãããªãã(ããšãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "once a day ã1æ¥ã«1åã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "twice a day ã1æ¥ã«2åãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "These apples are 1,000 yen a box. ããã®ãªã³ãŽã¯äžç®±1000åã§ããâ»éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "These apples are 600 yen a box. ããã®ãªã³ãŽã¯äžè¢600åã§ããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã~ã®ã(= a certain)ãšããæå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in a sense ãããæå³ã§ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is a true in a sense. ãããæå³ã§ã¯ãããã¯æ£ããã â» ãã€ã€ã«ã«åãäŸæãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãa ~(人å)ãã§ãã~ã®ãããªäººãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is a Edison. ã圌ã¯ãšãžãœã³ã®ãããªäººã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "aã«ã¯ãããããã®ããšããæå³ããããsome ã«è¿ãæå³ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "from a distance ãŸã㯠in a distance ã§ãããããé¢ããŠãã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã®æå³ã®a ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšå¥ãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at a distance (ããããé¢ããŠ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "after a while ããã°ããããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "once in a while ãææ(ãšããã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããã(éãã£ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»ãã»ãã®æå³ã® a ãå«ããã°ã a ãŸã㯠an ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšå¥ãšããŠ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at a loss ãéæ¹ã«ãããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in a hurry ãæ¥ãã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "come to an end ãçµããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all of a sudden ãçªç¶ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãå ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倩äœãšããŠã®ãæã moon ã¯ã²ãšã€ããååšããªãã®ã§ãthe moon ãšå è©ãã€ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããåæã㯠a half moon ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ããæºæããæ°æããåæããäžæ¥æããªã©ãæã®ããã€ãããç¶æ
ã®ãã¡ã®äžã€ãšããæå³ã§ãa ã«ãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®å è© the ãäžå®å è© a/an ã䜿ããªãã®ããç¡å è©ãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç©è³ªåè©ãæœè±¡åè©ãªã©ãããšããšå è©ã䜿ããã«äœ¿ãçš®é¡ã®åè©ã¯ããããã®çš®é¡ã®åè©ãäžè¬çãªæå³ã§äœ¿ãããŠããå Žåã¯ç¡å è©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãinformation ãæ
å ±ãããããéãmoney ããéãgold ãªã©ããç¡å è©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããwater ã¯ãthe water ã§ãæµ·ãããŒã«ãæ± ãªã©ã倧éã®æ°Žã®ããŸã£ãŠããå Žæãšããæå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãé»è»ã§ãby train, ãé£è¡æ©ã§ãby plane ãªã©äº€éææ®µã¯ç¡å è©ã§ãããby bicycle ã®ããã«ãèªåã®è¶³ã§åããä¹ãç©ã§ãåæ§(ãã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãããããã®ããšããšã®åèª(train ã plane ãªã©)ã¯ç¡å è©ã®åè©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã©ã¡ãããšãããšãè«ççãªãã®ãšãããããæ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããåŸæ©ã§ãon foot ã®ããã«ãç§»åææ®µãç¡å è©ãæ®éããªããåŸæ©ã®å Žåãbyã§ã¯ãªãonã«ãªãããšã«æ³šæã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by sea (ãæµ·è·¯ã§ã)ã by air (ã空路ã§ã)ã by land (ãéžè·¯ã§ã)ã®ããã«çµè·¯ãç¡å è©(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äº€éææ®µã«éããããé»è©±ã§ãby phone ããeã¡ãŒã«ã§ãby email ãç¡å è©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããeã¡ãŒã«ã¯ email ã®ã»ã e-mail ãšãã€ãã³ãã€ããŠæžããŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããgo to bed ã go to school ãªã©ã«ããã bed ã schoolãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸäžã®åè©ã«ç¡å è©ã®ãã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ãbedã®å Žæãããå¯ãããšãæå³ã®éç¹ã§ãã£ãããschoolã®å Žæãããããã§å匷ããããšãæå³ã®éç¹ã§ãããšãèããããããæçµçã«ã¯æ
£çšè¡šçŸãšããŠèŠããã¹ãã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã§ã¯ãgo to bed ã go to school ãªã©ã®ç¡å è©ã®èª¬æã§ããããæ©èœããã圹å²ãã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãå Žåã§ããããªã©ãšãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãgo to church ãæäŒã«è¡ãããåæ§ãç¡å è©ã§ããããŸã瀌æãªã©ãããããã«(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)è¡ã£ãŠããããšãæã«ç€ºããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãå®éãéè¡ã«ããå Žåã go to the bank ã go a bank ãšããã®ãéåžžã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãgo to bed ã go to school ã¯åãªãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã«éãããããŸãè«ççãªæ ¹æ ãããããã§ã¯ãªããåèæžã®çå±ãéµåã¿ã«ããããŠã¯ãããªãããããªã®ã¯ãæç§ççãªå»ºåã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "after school ãæŸèª²åŸã(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "lie in bed ããããã§æšªã«ãªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(be) in bed ãå°±å¯äžã§ã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ããbeã ã¯wikiåŽã§è¿œèš",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããå
¥é¢äžãã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯ (be) in hospital ã§ç¡å è©ã ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ (be) in the hospital ãšå è©ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "建ç©ã§ã¯ãªãããplay soccer ã play tennis ã play chess (ãã§ã¹ããã)ã play baseball ã®ããã«playãšãã£ããã«äœ¿ãããã¹ããŒããã²ãŒã ã®å Žåãplay ãªã©ã®åè©ãšãã£ããã«äœ¿ããããªããç¡å è©ã§ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãç¡å è©ã§ããçç±ã¯ãåè©çãªæå³åãã䜿ãããããšèããããŠãã(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããæ¥œåšã®å Žå㯠the ãå¿
èŠ(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é£äºã§ã¯ have lunch ã eat lunch ã eat breakfast ã skip breakfast ã®ããã«é£äºãåè©ãšäžç·ã«äœ¿ããšããç¡å è©(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The dinner was good .",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«èšãå Žåãå è©ãå¿
èŠ(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããa late lunch ãé
ããæŒé£ãã®ããã«èšãå Žåãa ãå¿
èŠ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããæ°åŠãmathematics ããæŽå²ç§ç®ã history ã®ããã«åŠæ ¡ã®æç§åã¯ç¡å è©(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "study mathematics ãæ°åŠãå匷ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I like history. ãç§ã¯æŽå²(ç§ç®)ã奜ãã â»ãã€ã€ã«",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããã倧統é ãpresident, ãææãprofessor ãã(å»è
ãåå£«ã®æå³ã§ã®)å
çãdoctor ãªã©åœ¹è·ã®åã«ã¯ãå è©ã¯ã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at noon (æ£åã«)ãby accident(å¶ç¶ã«), in fact (å®éã«)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ã¯å è©ãã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããfrom door to door ãäžè»äžè»ã(â»ãšãã°ãªãéãã£)ããfrom beginning to end ãå§ãããçµãããŸã§ã(â»ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã®ããã«ãfrom ~ to ã»ã»ã» ã®è¡šçŸã¯ç¡å è©ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "husband and wife ã倫婊ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "day and night ãæŒå€ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "day after day ãæ¯æ¥æ¯æ¥ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hand in hand ãæãã€ãªãã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "side by side ã䞊ãã§ãâ»ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãç¡å è©ãšãªãæ
£çšè¡šçŸãè²ã
ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å£ç¯(summer ã winter ãªã©)ã¯ãthe ãä»ããªããŠãããããã€ããŠããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãã the spring of 2001 ã®ããã« of ãã€ããŠç¹å®ãããå Žåã¯å£ç¯ã«ã theãã€ãã®ãéåžžã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "day by day,(æ¥ããšã«)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "day after day,(æ¥ãæ¥ãæ¥ãæ¥ã) â»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "arm in arm,(è
ãçµãã§)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "young and old(èããè¥ãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "face to face(åããåã£ãŠ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "from time to time (ãšãã©ã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "step by step (äžæ©äžæ©)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»ãçèªç衚çŸã§ç¡å è©ã®ãã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at noon (æ£åã«)ãby accident(å¶ç¶ã«), in fact (å®éã«)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ã¯å è©ãã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by chance ãå¶ç¶ã«ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by mistake ã誀ã£ãŠãm",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "catch sight of ~ ã~ãèŠã€ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at hand ãæå
ã«ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "take part in ã~ã«åå ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "take place ãèµ·ãããå¬ãããã â»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã. ã€ã³ã¹ãã§ã¯ãèµ·ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããæ°èã®èŠåºããªã©ã§ãå è©ãçç¥ãããããšãããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãåèæžçéã§ã¯ãã€ã€ã«ä»¥å€ã¯ç޹ä»ããŠããªãã",
"title": ""
}
]
| null | === å è© ===
==== äžå®å è© ====
å è©ã® a ããã³ an ãäžå®å è©ã§ããã
a ããã³ an ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãã1ã€ã®ãã§ããã
Rome was not built in a day. ãããŒãã¯äžæ¥ã«ããŠãªããããâ»ãã€ã€ã«ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ
a ã an ã®ã©ã¡ãã䜿ããã¯ãçºé³ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸããïŒèªã®ã€ã¥ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒ
åè©ã®æåã®çºé³ãæ¯é³ãªããäžå®å è©ã¯anã«ãªãã
ãªã®ã§ã an hour ã1æéãã an SOS ã®ããã«ãäžå®å è©ã®ããšã®ã€ã¥ããæ¯é³ã§ãªããŠããçºé³ãæ¯é³ãªã®ã§å è©ã an ã«ãªãã
ãã¡ãã an apple ã an egg ãªã©ãçºé³ãã€ã¥ããæ¯é³ã®ãã®ã¯ãäžå®å è©ãanã«ãªãã
æç« äžãäŒè©±ãªã©ã§ããããŸã§è©±é¡ã«åºãŠããªãã£ããåããŠè©±é¡ã«åºãŠããåè©ã«ã€ããŠã1ã€ã®åè©ãªãå è©ã¯ a ãŸã㯠an ã§ããïŒéãã£ããšããŒïŒã
ãªãã話é¡ã§ïŒåç®ä»¥éã«åºãŠãããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãç¹å®ã§ããèªã®å è©ãšã㊠the ãã€ããã®ãäžè¬çïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
;ãã®ä»ã® a ã®çšæ³
æéãéããéãåæ°ãªã©ã®åäœãšãšãã«çšããŠãïŒïœã«ã€ããã®æå³ãããïŒéãã£ïŒã
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ãïŒæ¥ïŒåã®ããããé£ã¹ãã°å»è
ã¯ãããªããïŒããšããïŒ
once a day ãïŒæ¥ã«1åã
twice a day ã1æ¥ã«2åãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ
These apples are 1,000 yen a box. ããã®ãªã³ãŽã¯äžç®±1000åã§ããâ»éãã£ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
These apples are 600 yen a box. ããã®ãªã³ãŽã¯äžè¢600åã§ããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
ãããïœã®ãïŒïŒ a certainïŒãšããæå³ãããã
in a sense ãããæå³ã§ã¯ã
It is a true in a sense. ãããæå³ã§ã¯ãããã¯æ£ããããâ» ãã€ã€ã«ã«åãäŸæãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ
ãa ïœïŒäººåïŒãã§ããïœã®ãããªäººãã®æå³ãããã
He is a Edison. ã圌ã¯ãšãžãœã³ã®ãããªäººã ãã
aã«ã¯ãããããã®ããšããæå³ããããsome ã«è¿ãæå³ã§ããã
from a distance ãŸã㯠in a distance ã§ãããããé¢ããŠãã®æå³ïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
ããããã®æå³ã®a ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšå¥ãšããŠã
at a distance ïŒããããé¢ããŠïŒ
after a while ããã°ããããŠã
once in a while ãææïŒãšãããïŒã
ãªã©ãããïŒéãã£ãïŒã
ãã®ä»ãã»ãã®æå³ã® a ãå«ããã°ã a ãŸã㯠an ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšå¥ãšããŠ
at a loss ãéæ¹ã«ãããŠã
in a hurry ãæ¥ãã§ã
come to an end ãçµããã
all of a sudden ãçªç¶ã
ãªã©ãå ããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
==== å®å è© ====
倩äœãšããŠã®ãæã moon ã¯ã²ãšã€ããååšããªãã®ã§ãthe moon ãšå è©ãã€ããŠããã
ãããããåæã㯠a half moon ã§ããã
ããã¯ããæºæããæ°æããåæããäžæ¥æããªã©ãæã®ããã€ãããç¶æ
ã®ãã¡ã®äžã€ãšããæå³ã§ãa ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
==== ç¡å è© ====
å®å è© the ãäžå®å è© a/an ã䜿ããªãã®ããç¡å è©ãšããã
ç©è³ªåè©ãæœè±¡åè©ãªã©ãããšããšå è©ã䜿ããã«äœ¿ãçš®é¡ã®åè©ã¯ããããã®çš®é¡ã®åè©ãäžè¬çãªæå³ã§äœ¿ãããŠããå Žåã¯ç¡å è©ã§ããã
ãªã®ã§ãinformation ãæ
å ±ãããããéãmoney ããéãgold ãªã©ããç¡å è©ã§ããã
ãã ããwater ã¯ãthe water ã§ãæµ·ãããŒã«ãæ± ãªã©ã倧éã®æ°Žã®ããŸã£ãŠããå Žæãšããæå³ã«ãªãã
ãé»è»ã§ãby train, ãé£è¡æ©ã§ãby plane ãªã©äº€éææ®µã¯ç¡å è©ã§ãããby bicycle ã®ããã«ãèªåã®è¶³ã§åããä¹ãç©ã§ãåæ§ïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ïŒã
ãã ãããããã®ããšããšã®åèªïŒtrain ã plane ãªã©ïŒã¯ç¡å è©ã®åè©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã©ã¡ãããšãããšãè«ççãªãã®ãšãããããæ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ããã
ãŸãããåŸæ©ã§ãon foot ã®ããã«ãç§»åææ®µãç¡å è©ãæ®éããªããåŸæ©ã®å Žåãbyã§ã¯ãªãonã«ãªãããšã«æ³šæã
by sea ïŒãæµ·è·¯ã§ãïŒã by air ïŒã空路ã§ãïŒã by land ïŒãéžè·¯ã§ãïŒã®ããã«çµè·¯ãç¡å è©ïŒã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ïŒã
äº€éææ®µã«éããããé»è©±ã§ãby phone ããeã¡ãŒã«ã§ãby email ãç¡å è©ã§ããã
ãªããeã¡ãŒã«ã¯ email ã®ã»ã e-mail ãšãã€ãã³ãã€ããŠæžããŠãããã
ãã®ã»ããgo to bed ã go to school ãªã©ã«ããã bed ã schoolãªã©ãäžéšã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸäžã®åè©ã«ç¡å è©ã®ãã®ãããã
ããã¯ãbedã®å Žæãããå¯ãããšãæå³ã®éç¹ã§ãã£ãããschoolã®å Žæãããããã§å匷ããããšãæå³ã®éç¹ã§ãããšãèããããããæçµçã«ã¯æ
£çšè¡šçŸãšããŠèŠããã¹ãã§ãããã
åèæžã§ã¯ãgo to bed ã go to school ãªã©ã®ç¡å è©ã®èª¬æã§ããããæ©èœããã圹å²ãã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãå Žåã§ããããªã©ãšããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åããã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒãgo to church ãæäŒã«è¡ãããåæ§ãç¡å è©ã§ããããŸã瀌æãªã©ãããããã«ïŒãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ïŒè¡ã£ãŠããããšãæã«ç€ºããŠããã
ã ãå®éãéè¡ã«ããå Žåã go to the bank ã go a bank ãšããã®ãéåžžã§ããïŒãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ïŒã
ãã®ããã«ãgo to bed ã go to school ã¯åãªãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã«éãããããŸãè«ççãªæ ¹æ ãããããã§ã¯ãªããåèæžã®çå±ãéµåã¿ã«ããããŠã¯ãããªãããããªã®ã¯ãæç§ççãªå»ºåã§ããã
after school ãæŸèª²åŸãïŒéãã£ïŒã
lie in bed ããããã§æšªã«ãªããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
ïŒbeïŒ in bed ãå°±å¯äžã§ãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒããbeã ã¯wikiåŽã§è¿œèš
ãªã©ãããã
ãªãããå
¥é¢äžãã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯ (be) in hospital ã§ç¡å è©ã ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ (be) in the hospital ãšå è©ããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
建ç©ã§ã¯ãªãããplay soccer ã play tennis ã play chess ïŒãã§ã¹ãããïŒã play baseball ã®ããã«playãšãã£ããã«äœ¿ãããã¹ããŒããã²ãŒã ã®å Žåãplay ãªã©ã®åè©ãšãã£ããã«äœ¿ããããªããç¡å è©ã§ããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒïŒãç¡å è©ã§ããçç±ã¯ãåè©çãªæå³åãã䜿ãããããšèããããŠããïŒéãã£ïŒã
ãã ããæ¥œåšã®å Žå㯠the ãå¿
èŠïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
é£äºã§ã¯ have lunch ã eat lunch ã eat breakfast ã skip breakfast ã®ããã«é£äºãåè©ãšäžç·ã«äœ¿ããšããç¡å è©ïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ïŒã
ãã ãã
The dinner was good .
ã®ããã«èšãå Žåãå è©ãå¿
èŠïŒéãã£ïŒã
ã»ããa late lunch ãé
ããæŒé£ãã®ããã«èšãå Žåãa ãå¿
èŠïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
ã»ãããæ°åŠãmathematics ããæŽå²ç§ç®ã history ã®ããã«åŠæ ¡ã®æç§åã¯ç¡å è©ïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
study mathematics ãæ°åŠãå匷ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
I like history. ãç§ã¯æŽå²ïŒç§ç®ïŒã奜ãã â»ãã€ã€ã«
ã®ããã«ãªãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
ãã®ã»ããã倧統é ãpresident, ãææãprofessor ããïŒå»è
ãåå£«ã®æå³ã§ã®ïŒå
çãdoctor ãªã©åœ¹è·ã®åã«ã¯ãå è©ã¯ã€ããªãã
ã»ãã
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catch sight of ïœ ãïœãèŠã€ããã
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take part in ãïœã«åå ããã
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The plane leaves at 10:30. ããã®é£è¡æ©ã¯10æ30åã«åºçºãããã
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I'm visiting Sapporo tomorrow. ãç§ã¯ææ¥ãæå¹ã«è¡ãäºå®ã§ããã
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be about to ~ ããŸãã«~ãå§ãŸãããšããŠããã
be about to ã¯ãããè¿ãæªæ¥ã«èµ·ããããšããŠããäœããããããšããŠããäºã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãã®ã§ããªã®ã§ãtomorrow ãšã next week ãšãã®æªæ¥ã衚ãå¯è©å¥ã¯äŒŽããªãã®ãæ®é(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ãnow ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããšã¯å¯èœ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
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be on the point of ~ing
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be going to ~(äžå®è©)
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be going to go ãšããã®ããå£èª¿ãæªããšèãã人ãããŠããã®å Žå㯠to go ãçç¥ãããããšããã(ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
be going on a picnic ããã¯ããã¯ã«è¡ãã€ããã ãâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
ã»ãããæ¥ãã€ããã going to come ã®ä»£ããã«ãcomingããšèšãå Žåããã(â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
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I'll get a new one today. ããã仿¥ãè²·ã£ãŠããããã â» çä¹³ããªãããšã«ãå®¶æã«èšãããŠåããŠæ°ã¥ãã
I'm going to get a new one. ããããªãã仿¥è²·ãã€ããã ããã â» çä¹³ããªããªãããšãäºåã«äºæ³ããŠãããæ¢ã«ç¥ã£ãŠãããããŠã賌å
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The moon goes around the earth. ãæã¯å°çã®ãŸãããåã£ãŠãããã
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Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. ãæ°Žã¯æ°ŽçŽ ãšé
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All roads lead to Rome. ããã¹ãŠã®éã¯ããŒãã«éããâ» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
Practice makes perfect. ãç¿ãããæ
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Rome was not built in a day. ãããŒãã¯äžæ¥ã«ããŠãªãããâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
John pass the ball to Mike. He kicks to the goal. ããžã§ã³ãããŒã«ããã€ã¯ã«ãã¹ããã€ã¯ããŽãŒã«ãžã·ã¥ãŒããã
â» éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã
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æ when(~ã®ãšã), after(~ããŠãã), before(~ã®åã«), until /till (~ãŸã§ã«), as soon as(~ãããšããã«),
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ãŸãããããšã¯å¥ã«ã cough (å³ããã)ãªã©ç¬æã§çµããåäœã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã®åäœãäžåéãã§ã¯ãªãäœåºŠãç¹°ãè¿ããŠè¡ãããŠããå Žåã«ã¯ coughing ã®ããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããšããããããŸã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯)ãnod(ããªã¥ã)ãé²è¡åœ¢ nodding ã®å Žåã«ããç¹°ãè¿ãããªã¥ããŠããããšããæå³ã§ã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯)ã
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è±èªã® repeatedly (ç¹°ãè¿ããŠ)ã always(ãã€ã)ãconstantly(ããã)ã all the time(çµå§) ã«ã¯ã 話ãæãæžãæãäžæºããã£ãŠãããšãã«ãããã®å¯è©ã䜿ãããããšããçšæ³ããããŸã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããéãã£ãŒã)ã
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be living ã¯ãäžæçã«äœãã§ããå Žåã«ã ã䜿ã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
He is living in Tokyo. ãåœŒã¯æ±äº¬ã«äžæçã«äœãã§ãããã
ãã®ããã«ãäžææ§ã匷調ããããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã䜿ãããå Žåãããã
ãªããå®äºåœ¢ã§ He has lived in Tokyo for ten years. ãåœŒã¯æ±äº¬ã«10幎éäœãã§ãããã®ããã«èšãã®ã¯æ§ããªãããå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã He has been living in Tokyo for ten years. ãšãèšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
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ããšãã° be resembling ã¯ãé²è¡äžã®ã䌌ãŠããŠããããšããå Žåã«ã ã䜿ãã
He is resembling his father more and more. ã圌ã¯ã©ãã©ãç¶èŠªã«äŒŒãŠããŠãããã
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He resembles his mother.ãåœŒã¯æ¯ã«äŒŒãŠãããã
ã§ããããã®æ¯ã«äŒŒãŠããã®æç« ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããã¡(éãã£ãŒã)ããªããªã resemble ã®å Žåã«é²è¡åœ¢ã¯ã(æéã®çµéãšãšãã«)ãã©ãã©ã䌌ãŠããŠããããšããæšç§»ã衚ãå Žåã«ãã䜿ããªãããã§ããã
resemble ã¯ã䌌ãŠããããšããç¶æ
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beåè© resemble ãªã©ãç¶æ
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wear ãåèæžã®ããããäŸ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
He always(ãŸãã¯usualy) wears a red sweater. ã圌ã¯ãã€ã(ãŸãã¯ãããã)èµ€ãã»ãŒã¿ãŒãçãŠãããã
He is wearing a red sweater. ã圌ã¯èµ€ãã»ãŒã¿ãŒãçãŠãããšããã ãã
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ãªã©ããããã like, love ,hate, want, hope,forget , , ãªã©ããã€ãã®åè©ã¯ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšã)ã
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ã»ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã I'm just Loving it. ãã奜ãã§ããŸããªããã®ããã«ãæ¬æ¥ãªãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããªãloveã§ã匷調ã®ããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããšãããã®ãå®éãšã®ããš(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã ããä»ã®åèæžã§ã¯èšè¿°ãèŠã€ãããªãã
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I've been waiting here for an hour. ãç§ã¯ããã§äžæéãåŸ
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How long have you been waiting for the train? ãã©ããããé»è»ãåŸ
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He has been running for an hour. ã圌ã¯äžæéãã£ãšãã©ã³ãã³ã°ãç¶ããŠããã
â» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãªã©
ãªãããHe has been running for an hour.ã ã¯ãçŸæç¹ã§ã©ã³ãã³ã°ãçµäºããŠãæ§ããªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãã ãããšãã£ãŠãå¿
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åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯åè©ã running ã§ã¯ãªã jogging ã®å Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
He has been jogging for an hour. ã圌ã¯äžæéãã£ãšããžã§ã®ã³ã°ãç¶ããŠããã
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It has been raining for days. ãäœæ¥ãéšãéãç¶ããŠãããã â» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ
It has been raining all day. ã1æ¥äžéšãéãç¶ããŠãããã â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã ãªãã1æ¥äžãã®1ã¯ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ç®çšæ°åã
ãªããå®äºåœ¢ã§ He has lived in Tokyo for ten years. ãåœŒã¯æ±äº¬ã«10幎éäœãã§ãããã®ããã«èšãã®ã¯æ§ããªãããå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã He has been living in Tokyo for ten years. ãšãèšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
live ã®äŸã§ãåããããã«ãç¿æ
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ããšãã°ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãç§ãã¡ã¯6幎éãã£ãšè±èªãå匷ããŠããŸãããhave been studying ããã³ have studied ã§èª¬æããŠããã
ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã§ã¯ããç§ãã¡ã¯5幎éè±èªã®å匷ãããŠããŸããã
We have studied English for five years.
We have been studying English for five years.
ã§èª¬æããŠãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãã»ãŒåæ§ã®äŸæã§ five ã six ã«ãªã£ãã ã)ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããã(çŸåšå®äºåœ¢ãš)ãçŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ãšã®æå³ã®éãã¯ããããããç¡èŠã§ããã»ã©ãããã§ããããšã¯ãããé·æã«æž¡ã£ãŠå®å®ããç¶æ
ã衚ãå Žåã«ã¯ãçŸåšå®äºåœ¢ã奜ãŸãããããšããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ããšãªãŒã¯10æ³ã®æããæ¥èšãã€ã¥ããŠããããã has been keeping a diary ã§èª¬æããŠããã
ãŸããè±èªä»¥å€ã®ããšã6幎éå匷ããŠããªãäºã¯åžžèçã«èãããªãããåžžèçã«ãšãªãŒãæ¥èšä»¥å€ã®åäœãããŠããã®ã ãããããã€ãŸãäžèšã®äŸæã¯ç¿æ
£ã®æå³ã ãã(åèæžã§ã¯æèšãããŠããªã)ã
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ãããšäŒŒãŠããããããã«ãhear(~ãèã), forget(~ãå¿ãã), find(~ãšããã), understand(~ãããã)ãlearn, come ãªã©ããã€ãã®åè©ã§ã¯ãçŸåšåœ¢ã§å®äºã®æå³ã衚ãå Žåããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã learn ãš come ã¯ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã玹ä»ã
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I forget his name. ã圌ã®ååãå¿ããŠããŸã£ããã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããããããå®äºåœ¢ã§è¡šããŠãæ§ããªããã€ãŸãã
I have forgotten his name.
ãšãèšããã
hear, forget ã®ä»¶ã«ã€ããŠãéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©ä»ã®åèæžã¯ãããŸã§ç޹ä»ããŠããªãã
äžéšã®åèæžã«ããæžãããŠãªã现ããªç¥èãããããŸãã¯ãæå¶ã®äžèŽããªã©å
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決ã§ãããäžéšã®åèæžã«ãã話é¡ã¯ãç¥èã®è£åŒ·ãšããŠæŽ»çšããã°ããã ããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã«ããå
žåçãªäŸæã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãç§ã¯ã圌ãå¿ãããšæãã I think that he is busy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãç§ã¯ã圌ãå¿ãããšæã£ãã I thought that he was busy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããåæããããäž»ç¯ããæã£ãããšéå»åœ¢ã«ãªããšãè±èªã§ã¯ãåŸå±ç¯ã®æå³ããå¿ããããšçŸåšåœ¢ã§ãã£ãŠããäž»ç¯ã«ããã㊠he was busy ã®ããã«åè©ãéå»åœ¢ã«ãªããŸãããã®ãããªçŸè±¡ããæå¶ã®äžèŽã(ãããã®ãã£ã¡)ãšèšããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æå¶ã®äžèŽãèµ·ããã®ã¯ãäž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ãŸãã¯éå»å®äºåœ¢ã®å Žåã ãã§ããããªããéå»å®äºåœ¢ã«ã€ããŠã¯é«æ ¡ã§ç¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããçŸåšåœ¢ã»çŸåšé²è¡åœ¢ã»çŸåšå®äºåœ¢ããã³æªæ¥ã»æªæ¥å®äºåœ¢ã§ã¯ãæå¶ã®äžèŽã¯èµ·ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããåŸå±ç¯ãããšããéå»å®äºã®å Žåãäž»ç¯ãçŸåšåœ¢ããéå»åœ¢ã«å€ãã£ãŠãã(â»wikiè¿œèš : ãã¯ããã以äžã¯åŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ãå€ãã¯ã§ããªãã®ã§ã)åŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ã®å€åã¯ãããåŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ã¯éå»å®äºã®ãŸãŸã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããéå»ããèŠãéå»ãèšã衚ãå Žåã¯ãåŸå±ç¯ã¯éå»åœ¢ã®ãŸãŸããããã¯éå»å®äº(倧éå»)ã«ãªããåèæžã§ã¯ãã¡ãã¡åæããªããããæå¶ã®äžèŽãã®èгç¹ããããã倧éå»ããèããããšãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŸå±ç¯ãæªæ¥ç³»ã§ãã£ãŠããäž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã§ããããããã°ãæå¶ã®äžèŽã¯èµ·ãããããšãã°äŸæã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã圌ã~ããã ãããšæãã I think he will ~.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã圌ãé
ããã ãããšæã£ããã I thought he would ~.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "åŸå±ç¯ã§ãæ°Žã¯100åºŠã§æ²žéš°ããããšããå
ã¯é³ãããéãäŒããããªã©ã®ç©çæ³åãç¿ã£ããšãæãã£ãããšããªã©ãšå Žåã¯ãç¿ã£ãæç¹ãéå»ã§ãã£ãŠããåŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«æºããŠããæŽå²çäºå®ãç¿ã£ããç¥ã£ããããå Žåãªã©ã¯ããã®äºå®ãç¿ã£ããããæç¹ãéå»ã§ãã£ãŠããåŸå±ç¯ããã£ããŠéå»å®äºåœ¢ã«ãã(倧éå»ã«ãã)ãåŸå±ç¯ã¯åãªãéå»åœ¢ã«ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããåœŒã¯æ¯æ¥æ£æ©ãããããšããåœŒã¯æ¯æ¥ãžã§ã®ã³ã°ãããããªã©ãçŸåšãéçšããŠããç¿æ
£ã衚ãå ŽåãåŸå±ç¯ãéå»ã«ããçŸåšåœ¢ã«ããã®ãæ®éã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããç¿æ
£ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå¿
ãããåŸå±ç¯ãå¿
ãçŸåšåœ¢ã«ããªããšãããªãããã§ã¯ãªããæ°æ§çã«äž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ãªãåŸå±ç¯ãã²ãã¥ãããŠéå»åœ¢ã«ããããšãå®éã«ã¯ããããã®ãçŸå®ã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããç¿æ
£ã®å
容ã®åŸå±ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã«ããå ŽåãæãããŠçŸåšããã®ç¿æ
£ãç¶ããŠãããåãããªãããšããè§£éããããããããããããªã®ã§é«æ ¡çåãã®è±ææ³åèæžãªã©ã§ã¯ãç¿æ
£ã«ã€ããŠã¯æå¶ã®äžèŽã®äŸå€ãšããŠçŸåšåœ¢ã«ãããšããæè²ã奜ãŸããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "仮宿³ã®å Žåããæå¶ã®äžèŽã®äŸå€ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå®çŸããªãã£ã顿ã衚ãæå³ã§ã®ä»®å®æ³ã¯åºæ¬ã仮宿³éå»ãŸãã¯ä»®å®æ³éå»å®äºã®ã©ã¡ããçæ¹ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã¯å¥ã«ã仮宿³çŸåšããšããã®ããããã顿ã®è¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªãããã€ãŠã¯æ¡ä»¶æãªã©ã§ä»®å®æ³çŸåšã䜿ãããŠããæŽå²ããã£ããããããå€é¢šãªè¡šçŸæ¹æ³ã§ããããªã®ã§21äžçŽã§ã¯ããŸã䜿ãããªããå€é¢šãªæäœãæå³çã«æžãå Žåãªã©ã§ã仮宿³çŸåšãçšããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æªæ¥ã®åºæ¥äºã§ãã£ãŠããäº€éæ©é¢ã®æå»è¡šã«ããšã¥ãåºæ¥äºããã«ã¬ã³ããŒã«ããšã¥ãè¡äºãªã©ã¯ã確å®çãªæªæ¥ã§ãããšããŠãåè©ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ã§è¡šãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The flight leaves at 10:30. ããã®é£è¡æ©ã¯10æ30åã«åºçºãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããé£è¡æ©ãã¯ã§ãã£ãŠããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The plane leaves at 10:30. ããã®é£è¡æ©ã¯10æ30åã«åºçºãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããçŸåšé²è¡åœ¢ã§ãæ¯èŒçè¿ããèªèº«ãªã©ã®äºå®ã衚ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm leaving for Sapporo tomorrow. ãç§ã¯ææ¥ãæå¹ã«è¡ãäºå®ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm visiting Sapporo tomorrow. ãç§ã¯ææ¥ãæå¹ã«è¡ãäºå®ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¿°ã®çŸåšé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããäºå®ã®è¡šçŸã«ã¯ãçŸåšãã®æºåãæé
ãå
·äœçã«æŽããŠãããšããå«ã¿ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be about to ~ ããŸãã«~ãå§ãŸãããšããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be about to ã¯ãããè¿ãæªæ¥ã«èµ·ããããšããŠããäœããããããšããŠããäºã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãã®ã§ããªã®ã§ãtomorrow ãšã next week ãšãã®æªæ¥ã衚ãå¯è©å¥ã¯äŒŽããªãã®ãæ®é(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ãnow ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããšã¯å¯èœ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éå»åœ¢ was about to ã were about to ã§äœ¿ãããšãå¯èœã§ããããã®å Žåã¯ã~ããããšããŠãããšããã ã£ããã®æå³ã«ãªãå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããå®çŸããããšããŠããå®çŸããªãã£ãããšã«äœ¿ãçšæ³ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã»ãšãã©åãæå³ã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be on the point of ~ing",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããã®ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠã§ãç¿ã£ãããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be going to ~(äžå®è©)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ããã€ããã ãã§ããããããèããŠããæªæ¥ã®äºå®ã»æ¯æ°æªã衚ãã®ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ãéåžžã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãäŸå€çã«ããè¡ãäºå®ã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be going to go ãšããã®ããå£èª¿ãæªããšèãã人ãããŠããã®å Žå㯠to go ãçç¥ãããããšããã(ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be going on a picnic ããã¯ããã¯ã«è¡ãã€ããã ãâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããæ¥ãã€ããã going to come ã®ä»£ããã«ãcomingããšèšãå Žåããã(â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããwill ã¯ããã®å Žã§èããæå¿ã«ããšã¥ãæªæ¥ã®äºæ³ã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãå®¶æã«ãå·èµåº«ã«çä¹³ããªããããšããæèšãå£ããããšãèšãããŠããã®è¿äºãšããŠäžèšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'll get a new one today. ããã仿¥ãè²·ã£ãŠããããã â» çä¹³ããªãããšã«ãå®¶æã«èšãããŠåããŠæ°ã¥ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm going to get a new one. ããããªãã仿¥è²·ãã€ããã ããã â» çä¹³ããªããªãããšãäºåã«äºæ³ããŠãããæ¢ã«ç¥ã£ãŠãããããŠã賌å
¥èšç»ããã§ã«ç«ãŠãŠãã£ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®éãããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãããbe to åè©ã®å圢ãã€ãŸã ãbe toäžå®è©ãã§ãå
¬çãªäºå®ã衚ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The earth goes around the sun. ãå°çã¯å€ªéœã®ãŸãããåã£ãŠãããã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãæéã®çµéã«ããå€åããªãççã»äžè¬çäºå®ã¯ãçŸåšåœ¢ã§ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The moon goes around the earth. ãæã¯å°çã®ãŸãããåã£ãŠãããã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. ãæ°Žã¯æ°ŽçŽ ãšé
žçŽ ããæãããâ»ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããã€ã€ã«",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããããšãããçŸåšåœ¢ãæ®éã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "All roads lead to Rome. ããã¹ãŠã®éã¯ããŒãã«éããâ» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Practice makes perfect. ãç¿ãããæ
£ããã â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The earky bird catches the worm. ãæ©èµ·ãã®é³¥ã¯è«ãæããããã(ãæ©èµ·ãã¯äžæã®åŸãã«çžåœ)â»éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããããŒãã¯äžæ¥ã«ããŠãªãããã¯éå»åœ¢ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Rome was not built in a day. ãããŒãã¯äžæ¥ã«ããŠãªãããâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "John pass the ball to Mike. He kicks to the goal. ããžã§ã³ãããŒã«ããã€ã¯ã«ãã¹ããã€ã¯ããŽãŒã«ãžã·ã¥ãŒããã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã宿³æŸéã§ã¯ãé²è¡ã®é çªã©ããã«èª¬æããŠããã®ãæ®é(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæŽå²ççŸåšããšèšããå°èª¬ãªã©ã§ãéå»ã®åºæ¥äºã§ãããŸãã§ç®ã®åã§èµ·ããŠãããã®ããã«ãçŸåšåœ¢ã§è¡šãè¡šçŸææ³ãããã(â» éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã)",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããå€äººã®èšèãåŒçšãããšããã~ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšèšã£ãŠããããšçŸåšæå¶ says ãçšããããšããããé廿å¶ã§ãè¯ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æã»æ¡ä»¶ã衚ãå¯è©ç¯ã«ãããŠã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡ä»¶ if(ãã~ãªãã°), unless(ãã~ã§ãªããã°),",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ when(~ã®ãšã), after(~ããŠãã), before(~ã®åã«), until /till (~ãŸã§ã«), as soon as(~ãããšããã«),",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã§å§ãŸãå¯è©ç¯ã®äžã§ã¯ãæªæ¥ã®å
容ã§ãã£ãŠããåè©ã®çŸåšåœ¢ã䜿ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çŸåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é²è¡åœ¢ã®çšæ³ã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯ãç¶ç¶äžã®åäœã衚ãããã®çšæ³ã§ãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãããã»ãã«ãã die (æ»ã¬)ã®é²è¡åœ¢ dying (æ»ã«ãããŠãã)ã®ããã«ãç¶æ
ãç§»ããããŠããæäžã§ãããšããçšæ³ããããŸã(éãã£ãŒã)ã begin, stop end, open, die, sink ãªã©ã®é²è¡åœ¢ã¯ãããããã~ããããŠãããã~ããããšããŠãããã®æå³ã§ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããããšã¯å¥ã«ã cough (å³ããã)ãªã©ç¬æã§çµããåäœã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã®åäœãäžåéãã§ã¯ãªãäœåºŠãç¹°ãè¿ããŠè¡ãããŠããå Žåã«ã¯ coughing ã®ããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããšããããããŸã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯)ãnod(ããªã¥ã)ãé²è¡åœ¢ nodding ã®å Žåã«ããç¹°ãè¿ãããªã¥ããŠããããšããæå³ã§ã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãããšãã°ããã€ããäœãã«ãããããããšããããã€ã~ã°ããããŠãããã®ããã«æ¹å€ããããšããããŸããè±èªã§ãåæ§ã®ããçããããŸãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã® repeatedly (ç¹°ãè¿ããŠ)ã always(ãã€ã)ãconstantly(ããã)ã all the time(çµå§) ã«ã¯ã 話ãæãæžãæãäžæºããã£ãŠãããšãã«ãããã®å¯è©ã䜿ãããããšããçšæ³ããããŸã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããalwaysãããæã ãããšãã£ãŠéé£ãšã¯éãããæèã«ãã£ãŠã¯ç¹ã«éé£ã¯ãªãã£ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãå Žåã«ãã£ãŠã¯è³è³ã®å Žåãããã®ã§(éãã£ãŒã)ãæ©åç¹ããªãããšã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be living ã¯ãäžæçã«äœãã§ããå Žåã«ã ã䜿ã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is living in Tokyo. ãåœŒã¯æ±äº¬ã«äžæçã«äœãã§ãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãäžææ§ã匷調ããããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã䜿ãããå Žåãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå®äºåœ¢ã§ He has lived in Tokyo for ten years. ãåœŒã¯æ±äº¬ã«10幎éäœãã§ãããã®ããã«èšãã®ã¯æ§ããªãããå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã He has been living in Tokyo for ten years. ãšãèšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®è©±ã¯ãå®äºåœ¢ã§ãªãéåžžã®çŸåšåœ¢ã§ã®é²è¡åœ¢(ã€ãŸãåãªãçŸåšé²è¡åœ¢)ã®ã¯ãªãã§ãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»ã®å ŽåãšããŠã¯ãæšç§»äžã®çŸè±¡ã衚ãã®ã«é²è¡åœ¢ã䜿ãããå Žåãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° be resembling ã¯ãé²è¡äžã®ã䌌ãŠããŠããããšããå Žåã«ã ã䜿ãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is resembling his father more and more. ã圌ã¯ã©ãã©ãç¶èŠªã«äŒŒãŠããŠãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He resembles his mother.ãåœŒã¯æ¯ã«äŒŒãŠãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããããã®æ¯ã«äŒŒãŠããã®æç« ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããã¡(éãã£ãŒã)ããªããªã resemble ã®å Žåã«é²è¡åœ¢ã¯ã(æéã®çµéãšãšãã«)ãã©ãã©ã䌌ãŠããŠããããšããæšç§»ã衚ãå Žåã«ãã䜿ããªãããã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "resemble ã¯ã䌌ãŠããããšããç¶æ
ã衚ãã®ã§ãã ãã resemble ã¯ãç¶æ
åè©ããšãããã®ã«åé¡ãããã®ãäžè¬çã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beåè© resemble ãªã©ãç¶æ
åè©ã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããéãã£ãŒãã¯ãç¶æ
åè©ãã®çšèªãæ¡çšããŠããªããã¹ã€ã«ãã®çšèªããªããŠã説æã§ããã®ã§ãèªè
ã¯ãŸãé ã®çé
ã«ããŸã£ãŠããã°ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãç¶æ
åè©ãã®æŠå¿µãæ¡çšããŠããåèæžã§ã¯æ®éãåè©ããããŸãã«ãåäœåè©ãããç¶æ
åè©ããã«äºåããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã¯ãåäœåè©ãããç¶æ
åè©ããæ¡çšããŠããªããããããã®æŠå¿µãç¥ããªããŠãå
¥è©Šã«ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããç¶æ
åè©ããªã©ãæ¡çšããŠããã®ã§ã調ã¹ããå Žåã¯ãããã®åèæžã調ã¹ãã°ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã®åèªãç¶æ
åè©ãªã®ãããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠåŸ®åŠã«éãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãããããéãã£ãŒããããããç©äºã®æ§æãé¢ä¿ã衚ãåè©ã(=ã»ãŒä»æžã®ãç¶æ
åè©ãã«çžåœ)ã¯æ®éãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªããªãå Žåãå€ããšã®ããšã§ãããå
·äœçã«ã¯",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "belong to (æå±ããŠãã)ã resemble (䌌ãŠãã)ãdiffer (ç°ãªã£ãŠãã)ãdepend on (~ã«äŸåããŠãã)ãconsist of (~ããæãç«ã£ãŠãã)ãcontain (~ãå«ãã§ãã)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããååãšããŠé²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªããªãããšã®ããš(éãã£ãŒã)ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«ãããç¶æ
ãç©äºã®æ§æãé¢ä¿ã衚ãåè©ã¯é²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªããªãããšãããbelong, consist, deffer, resemble ãäŸã«ãããŠããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãšæçã«èšãã°ããç¶æ
ã衚ãåè©ã¯é²è¡åœ¢ã«ã§ããªããã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãP83 èªåè©ãšä»åè©)ãããã§ãããç¶æ
ãã«ã¯ãçãæå³ã§ã®ç¶æ
ã®ã»ãããç©äºã®æ§æãé¢ä¿ããªã©ãåºãæå³ã§ã®ç¶æ
ã«å«ããŠããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãç¶æ
åè©ãã®èª¬æã®äŸãšããŠãç¶æ
ã衚ãåè©ãã ãšèª¬æããã®ã¯ãå矩å埩ã§ããé ãæªããã§ããããããšæ¯ã¹ããšãéãã£ãŒãã®èª¬æã¯åªããŠããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããåäœåè©ã¯ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããšãã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãP83)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè© have ã«ã€ããŠããæã€ããšããåäœã®æå³ã§ã¯ãåäœåè©ããšããåé¡ã§ãããäžæ¹ããæã£ãŠããããšããæå³ã§ãªã have ã¯ãç¶æ
åè©ãã§ããããã®ããã«ãåãåèªã§ããã©ã®æå³ã§èãããã«ãã£ãŠåäœåè©ãªã®ãç¶æ
åè©ãªã®ããç°ãªãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã have a breakfast ãæé£ããšãããªã©ã® have ããããããã¯è¡çºããããã衚çŸãªã®ã§é²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªãå Žåããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wear ãåèæžã®ããããäŸ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He always(ãŸãã¯usualy) wears a red sweater. ã圌ã¯ãã€ã(ãŸãã¯ãããã)èµ€ãã»ãŒã¿ãŒãçãŠãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is wearing a red sweater. ã圌ã¯èµ€ãã»ãŒã¿ãŒãçãŠãããšããã ãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¥èŠã衚ãåè© see ã have ãªã©ã¯ç¶æ
åè©ã«åé¡ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¥èŠã衚ã see(èŠãã) , hear(èããã), smell(ã«ããããã) ,taste (å³ããã),ãªã©ã¯ããµã€ããçŸåšåœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã«ãããçŸåšãèŠããŠããæäžã§ãããããšãèšãããå Žåãseeã§ã¯ãªããlooking ã watching ã䜿ã(éãã£ãŒãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãªã©)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããsee ã«ã¯ãäŒããã®æå³ããããäŒã£ãŠããæäžãªãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªãå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ãã€ãŸãããäŒããã®æå³ã§ã® see ã¯åäœåè©ã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãèãããŠããæäžã§ãããå Žåãªããhear ã§ã¯ãªããlistening ã䜿ã(ãšã)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "smellãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ãããšãã«ãããããã§ããããšãããããå¥ã®æå³ã®åè©ã«ãªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ããã«ãããããŠããã(Ã)ãšããããã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be tasting ã ãšãå³èŠãããããšãã«äœ¿ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ããã®ããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã ãšæå³ãéãå Žåãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããææ
ãå¿çã衚ãåè©ããç¶æ
åè©ã«åé¡ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãå¿ãææ
ãªã©ããããã like, love ,hate, want, hope,forget , , ãªã©ããã€ãã®åè©ã¯ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ãªããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšã)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããæ®éã¯é²è¡åœ¢ã«ããªãåè©ã§ããäŸå€çã«äžæçãªåäœãäžæçãªç¶æ
ã§ããããšãªã©ã匷調ãããå Žåãã€ãŸãäžææ§ã匷調ãããå Žåã«ã¯ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããåèªã®ã¹ãã«ã¯åãã§ããéãè€æ°ã®æå³ããã€å Žåãããããã®ãããªå Žåã«æå³ã«ãã£ãŠã¯é²è¡åœ¢ã«ãã¹ããã©ããããããããéã£ãŠããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã I'm just Loving it. ãã奜ãã§ããŸããªããã®ããã«ãæ¬æ¥ãªãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ããªãloveã§ã匷調ã®ããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã«ããããšãããã®ãå®éãšã®ããš(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã ããä»ã®åèæžã§ã¯èšè¿°ãèŠã€ãããªãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããåè©ãç¶æ
åè©ã§ãããã©ããã®ç®å®ãšããŠãç¶ç¶çã§ããäºãå€ãå
容ãªããæ®éã¯ç¶æ
åè©ã§ããå Žåãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãbelong (æå±ãã)ã resemble (䌌ãŠãã)ãªã©ã¯ç¶æ
åè©ã§ããããããã«ç¶ç¶çã§ãããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããåäœåè©ã¯ãç¶æ
åè© see (åã«ç®ã«æ ã£ãŠãã)ãšåäœåè© look (èŠãããšããŠãèŠãã)ã®éããªã©ãæå¿ãšé¢ä¿ããããšãå€ãããšãææããåèæžãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯)ãã ããææã ãã ãšãææ
(like ãªã©)ã®ç¶æ
åè©ãšã®åºå¥ããã¥ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããrain (éšãéã)ãblow(颚ããµã)ãªã©ç¡çç©ã®åè©ã§ãåäœåè©ã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããææã®æç¡ã«ãã£ãŠåé¡ããããšããã®ã¯ãããŸãåççã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãããããããåã«ã like ã love ã¯é²è¡åœ¢ã§ã¯äœ¿ããªãããšã§ãèŠããã»ããè¯ãã ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããknow (ç¥ã)ãé²è¡åœ¢ã«ã¯ã§ããªãããªã®ã§ know ãlike ã love ãªã©ãšåæ§ã«ç¶æ
åè©ã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããknowããææ
ããå¿çããšè§£éããã®ã¯ãããé£èºçã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããããç¥ã£ãŠããæäžã(?)ã¿ãããªè¡šçŸãããªãã®ã§ãknowã¯é²è¡åœ¢ã«ã¯ãªããªãããšèŠããã»ããè¯ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "think ã¯ã(ã»ã»ã»ã~ã§ãããš)æããã®æå³ã§ã¯ç¶æ
åè©ã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããthink ã¯ãèããŠãããã®æå³ã§ã¯ What are you thinking about? ãããªãããäœãèããŠãã®ã§ãã?ãã®ããã«é²è¡åœ¢ã䜿ãã®ã§(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ããèããŠããæäžããšãèšãã®ã§ããŸããæäžãåé¡ã¯å®çšçã§ã¯ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¶æ
åè©ã«åé¡ãããã®ã¯ãäž»ã«äžèšã®3ã€",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ææãæå±ã衚ãåè©(belongãªã©)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¥èŠã衚ãåè©(hear ã see ãªã©)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ææ
ãããããåè©(love ã like ãªã©)ã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "é²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšå®äºã«ã¯ãäžåŠæ ¡ã§ç¿ã£ãåºæ¬ã®çšæ³ã®ãå®äº(ã»çµæ)ãã»ãç¶ç¶ãã»ãçµéšãã®3ã€ã®çšæ³ã®ã»ãã«ãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çµãã£ãã°ããã®è¡çºã»ç¶æ
ã衚ãã®ã«äœ¿ãããšããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ãããããç¶ç¶ãçšæ³ã®æŽŸçã®äžçš®ã ãšèããŠãããäžæ¹ãæ¡åã¯ãããã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã®çè«ç«ãŠã¯ãåãªãéå»åœ¢ã¯ãããæéçã«é¢ããéå»ãèšãã®ã«äœ¿ããšããäºã§ãããå®äºåœ¢ã¯çŽè¿ã®éå»ã䜿ãçšæ³ããããšããçè«ç«ãŠããªããæ¡åã¯ããããå®äºãã®çšæ³ã«åé¡ããŠããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäžèšã®ããã«ãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠãåãçšæ³ã§ãããå®äºãã«åé¡ããããç¶ç¶ãã«åé¡ããããšéã£ãŠããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããå®äºããšããŠåé¡ããŠãããããããçè«ç«ãŠã®ä»æ¹ãæ¡åãšã¯éããéãã£ãŒãããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-ã§ã¯åã«å®äºããã§ã«~ããŠããŸã£ãããšããå
žåçãªçšæ³ã®ãšãªãã«ãããããªããã¡ããã©~ãããšããã ããšããèš³ãèŒããŠããã ãã§ããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããã®çµãã£ãã°ããã®è¡çºã»ç¶æ
ãšããŠã®å®äºã®çšæ³ã§ã¯ just (ã¡ããã©)ãšããå¯è©ã䜿ãå Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ããnow (ãã£ãä»)ã®å Žåããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºåœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é²è¡åœ¢ã§ãªãåãªãçŸåšå®äºåœ¢ã«ã¯ãç¶æ
ã®ç¶ç¶ã®çšæ³ãããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãåäœã®ç¶ç¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãçŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§èšãããšãå€ãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I've been waiting here for an hour. ãç§ã¯ããã§äžæéãåŸ
ã¡ç¶ããŠãããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How long have you been waiting for the train? ãã©ããããé»è»ãåŸ
ã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He has been running for an hour. ã圌ã¯äžæéãã£ãšãã©ã³ãã³ã°ãç¶ããŠããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãªã©",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããHe has been running for an hour.ã ã¯ãçŸæç¹ã§ã©ã³ãã³ã°ãçµäºããŠãæ§ããªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãã ãããšãã£ãŠãå¿
ãããçŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã¯çŸæç¹ã§ã©ã³ãã³ã°çµäºãšãéããªãã®ã§(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãæå®ããªãããã«ãçŽåãŸã§ã®åäœãçµäºããŠããå ŽåãšããŸã çµäºæå®ãªãå Žåãšã®ãäž¡æ¹ã®å Žåããããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯åè©ã running ã§ã¯ãªã jogging ã®å Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He has been jogging for an hour. ã圌ã¯äžæéãã£ãšããžã§ã®ã³ã°ãç¶ããŠããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãåèæžã§ã¯ã倩åããçŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ããèšãããäŸæãå€ãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It has been raining for days. ãäœæ¥ãéšãéãç¶ããŠãããã â» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It has been raining all day. ã1æ¥äžéšãéãç¶ããŠãããã â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã ãªãã1æ¥äžãã®1ã¯ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ç®çšæ°åã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå®äºåœ¢ã§ He has lived in Tokyo for ten years. ãåœŒã¯æ±äº¬ã«10幎éäœãã§ãããã®ããã«èšãã®ã¯æ§ããªãããå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã He has been living in Tokyo for ten years. ãšãèšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "live ã®äŸã§ãåããããã«ãç¿æ
£ãå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§èšã£ãŠãæ§ããªãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãç§ãã¡ã¯6幎éãã£ãšè±èªãå匷ããŠããŸãããhave been studying ããã³ have studied ã§èª¬æããŠããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã§ã¯ããç§ãã¡ã¯5幎éè±èªã®å匷ãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "We have studied English for five years.",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "We have been studying English for five years.",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§èª¬æããŠãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãã»ãŒåæ§ã®äŸæã§ five ã six ã«ãªã£ãã ã)ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããã(çŸåšå®äºåœ¢ãš)ãçŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ãšã®æå³ã®éãã¯ããããããç¡èŠã§ããã»ã©ãããã§ããããšã¯ãããé·æã«æž¡ã£ãŠå®å®ããç¶æ
ã衚ãå Žåã«ã¯ãçŸåšå®äºåœ¢ã奜ãŸãããããšããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ããšãªãŒã¯10æ³ã®æããæ¥èšãã€ã¥ããŠããããã has been keeping a diary ã§èª¬æããŠããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããè±èªä»¥å€ã®ããšã6幎éå匷ããŠããªãäºã¯åžžèçã«èãããªãããåžžèçã«ãšãªãŒãæ¥èšä»¥å€ã®åäœãããŠããã®ã ãããããã€ãŸãäžèšã®äŸæã¯ç¿æ
£ã®æå³ã ãã(åèæžã§ã¯æèšãããŠããªã)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããç¿æ
£ã®ç¶ç¶ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãå¥ã«å®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§ããåãªãå®äºåœ¢ã§ããã©ã¡ãã§ãããããšããäžèšã®äŸæããåãã(åèæžã§ã¯æèšãããŠããªã)ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšäŒŒãŠããããããã«ãhear(~ãèã), forget(~ãå¿ãã), find(~ãšããã), understand(~ãããã)ãlearn, come ãªã©ããã€ãã®åè©ã§ã¯ãçŸåšåœ¢ã§å®äºã®æå³ã衚ãå Žåããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã learn ãš come ã¯ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã玹ä»ã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I forget his name. ã圌ã®ååãå¿ããŠããŸã£ããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããããããå®äºåœ¢ã§è¡šããŠãæ§ããªããã€ãŸãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 171,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have forgotten his name.",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 172,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãèšããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 173,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hear, forget ã®ä»¶ã«ã€ããŠãéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©ä»ã®åèæžã¯ãããŸã§ç޹ä»ããŠããªãã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 174,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžéšã®åèæžã«ããæžãããŠãªã现ããªç¥èãããããŸãã¯ãæå¶ã®äžèŽããªã©å
¥è©Šå®çªã®æŠå¿µãçè§£ããŠäœ¿ãããªããããã«ããã®ãå
決ã§ãããäžéšã®åèæžã«ãã話é¡ã¯ãç¥èã®è£åŒ·ãšããŠæŽ»çšããã°ããã ããã",
"title": "çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢"
}
]
| null |
=== æå¶ã®äžèŽãšè©±æ³ ===
==== æå¶ã®äžèŽ ====
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ãç§ã¯ã圌ãå¿ãããšæãã I think that he is busy.
ãç§ã¯ã圌ãå¿ãããšæã£ãã I thought that he was busy.
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ã圌ãïœããã ãããšæãã I think he will ïœ.
ã圌ãé
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Tomorrow, It will be rainy. ãææ¥ã¯éšã ããã
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== çŸåš ==
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The earth goes around the sun. ãå°çã¯å€ªéœã®ãŸãããåã£ãŠãããã
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=== ããšãã ===
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All roads lead to Rome. ããã¹ãŠã®éã¯ããŒãã«éããâ» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
Practice makes perfect. ãç¿ãããæ
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We have studied English for five years.
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I have forgotten his name.
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容ãäžéšåŒçšããŠããŸãã
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äŸãã°ã P ( n ) {\displaystyle P(n)} ãšããæ§è³ªã¯ãã n {\displaystyle n} åã®æ°ãä¿æããéãäœãããšãã§ããããšããæã§ãããšããŸããããã¯èªç¶æ°ã®æ§è³ªã§ããã n {\displaystyle n} ã®ç¹å®ã®å€ã§æãæå³ããªãããã§ãã
é·ã5ã100ã100äžã®ãã§ãŒã³ãäœæã§ããããšã蚌æãã代ããã«ãäžè¬çãªã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ã P ( n ) {\displaystyle P(n)} ã蚌æããããšæããŸãã äžèšã®ã¹ããã2ã¯ãåž°çŽç仮説ããšåŒã°ããŸãã ããã蚌æã§ããããšã瀺ããŸããã:
Step 3 above is called the Base Case, let's show that we can prove it:
äžã®æé 3ãåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹( Base Case )ãšåŒã³ãŸãããããã蚌æã§ããããšã瀺ããŸãããã
P ( 1 ) {\displaystyle P(1)} ãæç«ããããšã瀺ãå¿
èŠããããŸããã€ãŸãã1ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãããªãé£éãäœãããšãã§ããããšã瀺ãã
åž°çŽæ³ã®åçã¯ãã n {\displaystyle n} èŠçŽ ã®éã n ⥠1 {\displaystyle n\geq 1} ã®ãã¹ãŠã®å€ã«å¯ŸããŠäœãããšãã§ããããšã蚌æããããšããããšã§ããã©ãããŠãããªãã®ã§ãããããåž°çŽæ³ãèããã®ã«æãè¯ãæ¹æ³ã¯ãå®ã¯ç¡éã®èšŒæãèšè¿°ããããã®å
¬åŒãäœãæ¹æ³ã§ãããšããããšã§ããããããŒã¹ã±ãŒã¹ã§ãã P ( 1 ) {\displaystyle P(1)} ã«å¯ŸããŠæãæãç«ã€ããšã蚌æãããããã®äºå®ã«åž°çŽç仮説ãé©çšã㊠P ( 2 ) {\displaystyle P(2)} ãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ãããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã P ( 2 ) {\displaystyle P(2)} ãæãç«ã€ããšãããã£ãã®ã§ãåã³åž°çŽç仮説ãé©çšã㊠P ( 3 ) {\displaystyle P(3)} ãæãç«ã€ã¯ãã§ããããšã瀺ãã°ããããã®åçã¯ããã®ãããªããšãç¹°ãè¿ããŠãæ¢ããããªãã®ã§ããã¹ãŠã®å Žåã«ã€ããŠæãç«ã€ãšèããã¹ãã ãšãããã®ã§ãã
åž°çŽæ³ã¯å¥åŠãªèšŒææ¹æ³ã®ããã«èããããããããŸããããéåžžã«æçšãªãã¯ããã¯ã§ãããã®ãã¯ããã¯ã䟿å©ãªã®ã¯ãããã¹ãŠã® n ⥠1 {\displaystyle n\geq 1} ã«å¯Ÿã㊠P ( n ) {\displaystyle P(n)} ãæãç«ã€ããšã蚌æããããšãããããªé£ããããªæããããå°ãããŠèšŒæããããäºã€ã®æã«åå²ã§ããç¹ã§ããäžè¬ã«ãåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹ã¯äžè¬çãªæã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã蚌æã¯ç°¡åã§ãã蚌æäœæ¥ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯éåžžãåž°çŽç仮説ã«ããã n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} ã±ãŒã¹ã®èšŒæã«ããã£ã€ãããããã«ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ããåå®åŒåããå·§åŠãªæ¹æ³ããã°ãã°å¿
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ããŒãã®å«ãŸããå€ãåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹ãšããããŒãã®æ¬¡ã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãåž°çŽç仮説ãšèããããšãã§ããŸããæ°åŠã®åž°çŽæ³ã®ããã«ãä»»æã®æ°ã®èŠçŽ ãæ ŒçŽãããšããé£ããåé¡ãã1ã€ã®èŠçŽ ã ããæ ŒçŽããããã«å¥ã®èŠçŽ ã«ã¢ã¿ããããæ©æ§ãæã€ãšããç°¡åãªåé¡ã«åè§£ããããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã
次ã«èããåž°çŽæ³ã®äŸã¯ããã代æ°çãªæ§è³ªãæã£ãŠããŸãã
f r a c ( n ) ( n + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle frac{(n)(n+1)}{2}} ãšããå
¬åŒãäžãããããã®å
¬åŒãæåã® n {\displaystyle n} åã®æ°ã®åãäžããããšã蚌æããããšããŸããããæåã®è©Šã¿ãšããŠãããã1ã«ã€ããŠæ£ããããšã ãã瀺ãããšãããããããŸããã
2 ã«ã€ããŠ
3 ã«ã€ããŠ
ãããããã®èšŒæãšåŒã°ãããã®ã¯ãæžãåºããšç¡éã«é·ããªãããšã«ããã«æ°ãã€ãã§ãããããã®èšŒæãå®è¡ããæåã®10ååã®æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠæ£ããããšã瀺ãããšããŠããããã10åãš1åããããã¯1ååã®æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠæ£ãããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ããããã¯ãåž°çŽæ³ãæå¹ã§ããããšã匷ã瀺åããŠããŸãã
äžããããå
¬åŒãæ¬åœã«æåã®nåã®æ°ã®åãäžããããšããåž°çŽæ³ãçšããŠèšŒæããããšããŸãããŸããåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹ã蚌æããŸããã€ãŸããn = 1ã®ãšãã«çã§ããããšã瀺ããªããã°ãªããŸãããããã¯æ¯èŒçç°¡åã§ã倿°nã«1ã代å
¥ããã°ã( t y p r a c ( 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) 2 = 1 {\displaystyle typrac{(1)(1+1)}{2}=1} )ãåŸãããn = 1ã®ãšãã«ãã®åŒãæ£ããããšãããããŸãã
ããŠã次ã¯åž°çŽçãªã¹ãããã§ãããã®åŒãjã«ã€ããŠæãç«ã€ãªããj+1ã«ã€ããŠãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ããªããã°ãªããŸãããå¥ã®èšãæ¹ãããã°ã1ãã(j)ãŸã§ã®åã f r a c ( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle frac{((j))((j)+1)}{2}} ã§ããããšããã§ã«èšŒæãããšä»®å®ããŠã1ãã(j+1)ãŸã§ã®åã f r a c ( ( j + 1 ) ) ( ( j + 1 ) + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle frac{((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}} ã§ããããšã蚌æãããã®ã§ãããªãããã®2ã€ã®åŒã¯ãnããããã(j)ãš(j+1)ã«çœ®ãæããã ãã§åºãŠãããã®ã§ãã
ãã®åž°çŽçã¹ãããã蚌æããããã«ããŸãã1ããj+1ãŸã§ã®åãèšç®ããã«ã¯ã1ããjãŸã§ã®åãèšç®ããããã«j+1ãå ããã°ããããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã1ããjãŸã§ã®åãæ±ããåŒãæ¢ã«ããã®ã§ãããã«j+1ãå ãããšããã®ãããªæ°ããåŒãåŸãããŸãã T h r e s h o l d ( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 + ( j + 1 ) {\displaystyle Threshold{((j))((j)+1)}{2}+(j+1)} ãšãªããŸããã§ããããå®éã«èšŒæã宿ãããã«ã¯ã < f r a c ( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 + ( j + 1 ) = ( ( j + 1 ) ) ( ( j + 1 ) + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle <frac{((j))((j)+1)}{2}+(j+1)={\frac {((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}}} ã瀺ãã°è¯ãã®ã§ãã
äžã®åŒãæ£ããããšã¯ãããã€ãã®ç°¡ç¥åããæé ã§ç€ºãããšãã§ããŸãã
( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 + ( j + 1 ) = ( ( j + 1 ) ) ( ( j + 1 ) + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {((j))((j)+1)}{2}}+(j+1)={\frac {((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}}}
( j ) ( j + 1 ) 2 + j + 1 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 1 + 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {(j)(j+1)}{2}}+j+1={\frac {(j+1)(j+1+1)}{2}}}
( j ) ( j + 1 ) 2 + 2 ( j + 1 ) 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {(j)(j+1)}{2}}+{\frac {2(j+1)}{2}}={\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}
( j ) ( j + 1 ) + 2 ( j + 1 ) 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {(j)(j+1)+2(j+1)}{2}}={\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}
j 2 + j + 2 j + 2 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {j^{2}+j+2j+2}{2}}={\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}
j 2 + 3 j + 2 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {j^{2}+3j+2}{2}}={\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}
( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}={\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}
ã¯ããã«(è±)- 挞è¿èšæ³(è±)- é
å(è±)- ãªã¹ãæ§é ãšã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒ(è±) ã¹ã¿ãã¯ãšãã¥ãŒ(è±)- æšæ§é (è±)- æå°ããŒããšæå€§ããŒã(è±)- ã°ã©ã(è±) ããã·ã¥ããŒãã«(è±)- éå(è±)- ãã¬ãŒããªã(è±) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ããã«(è±)- 挞è¿èšæ³(è±)- é
å(è±)- ãªã¹ãæ§é ãšã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒ(è±) ã¹ã¿ãã¯ãšãã¥ãŒ(è±)- æšæ§é (è±)- æå°ããŒããšæå€§ããŒã(è±)- ã°ã©ã(è±) ããã·ã¥ããŒãã«(è±)- éå(è±)- ãã¬ãŒããªã(è±)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒã¿æ§é ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãèšå€§ãªããŒã¿ãåŠçã»ä¿åããããã«çšãã圢åŒçãªæ§é ã§ããããã°ã©ãã¯ãããŒã¿æ§é ãå©çšããŠã倧éã®ããŒã¿ãæŠå¿µçã«ç®¡çå¯èœãªé¢ä¿ã«ç²Ÿç¥çã«æ§é åããããšãã§ããŸããäŸãã°ãããŒã¿ã®æ€çŽ¢ããœãŒããé«éã«è¡ãããã«ããŒã¿æ§é ã䜿çšããããšããããŸããã¹ã¿ãã¯ãšããæŠå¿µã¯ãããäžè¬çãªããŒã¿æ§é ã®éå®ããã圢ã§ãããã®ãããªå¶éãèšããããšã§ãããã°ã©ã ã®æšè«ã容æã«ããããšãã§ããŸãããŸããããŒã¿æ§é ã¯ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®è€éããä¿èšŒãããã®ã§ããããŸãããã£ãŠãè¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãæžãããã«ã¯ããã®ä»äºã«é©ããããŒã¿æ§é ãéžæããããšãéèŠã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒã¿æ§é ã¯ããªã¹ãã«é
ç®ã远å ãããããã¥ãŒã§æãåªå
床ã®é«ãé
ç®ãæ€çŽ¢ãããªã©ãããŒã¿ã°ã«ãŒãã«å¯ŸããæäœãæäŸããŸãããŸããããŒã¿æ§é ãæäœãæäŸããå Žåããã®ããŒã¿æ§é ããæœè±¡ããŒã¿å(ADT)ããšåŒã¶ããšãã§ããŸããæœè±¡ããŒã¿åã¯ãã³ãŒãã®äŸåé¢ä¿ãæå°éã«æããããšãã§ãããããã³ãŒãã倿Žããå¿
èŠãããå Žåã«éèŠã§ããäœã¬ãã«ã®è©³çްããæœè±¡åãããŠãããããããããŒã¿æ§é ãšå¥ã®ããŒã¿æ§é ã«å
±éãã髿¬¡ã®å
±éç¹ã®ããã€ããå©çšããŠãäžæ¹ã仿¹ã«çœ®ãæããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã«ã¯ãæŽæ°ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªã©ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®ããã»ããµãŒããã€ãã£ãã«ãµããŒãããããŒã¿ãªããžã§ã¯ããæ±ãããã®çµã¿èŸŒã¿åãçšæãããŠããŸããçµã¿èŸŒã¿åã¯ãããã»ããµãŒãå®éã«æäŸãããã®ãæœè±¡åãããã®ã§ããã®å®è¡ãå¶éã«é¢ãã詳现ãé ãããŠããããã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã䜿ãå Žåãäž»ã«ãã®å€ãšé©çšã§ããæŒç®ã«é¢å¿ããããŸããäŸãã°ãæèŸºã®é·ããèšç®ããããšãèããŠã¿ãŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšããçæãããæ©æ¢°èªã³ãŒãã¯ããããã®å€ã®èšç®ãšçµæã®ç©ç®ã«å
±éã®ãã¿ãŒã³ã䜿çšããããšã«ãªããŸããå®éããããã®ãã¿ãŒã³ã¯éåžžã«ç¹°ãè¿ããå€ãã®ã§ããã®åé·æ§ãé¿ããããã°ã©ãããã©ã®ããã«ãèšç®ãããã§ã¯ãªããã©ã®ãããªãå€ãèšç®ãããããèããããšãã§ããããã«ãé«çŽèšèªãäœãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã2ã€ã®äŸ¿å©ã§é¢é£ããæŠå¿µãç»å ŽããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã¯ãæ©æ¢°ã®æœè±¡åã§ãããšåæã«ãæ©æ¢°ã®å
éšã®è©³çްãã«ãã»ã«åããããã®ããŒã«ã§ããããŸããäŸãã°ãããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§æžãããããã°ã©ã ã¯ããã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããŠãŒã¶ãŒã1ã€ã®ãã·ã³ããååã«é ãããããšãã§ããã°ãè€æ°ã®ç°ãªããã·ã³ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬æžã§ã¯ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãæäŸããæœè±¡åãã«ãã»ã«åãæŽã«é²ããããŒã¿æ§é ã玹ä»ããŸããã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãè€éã«ãªããšãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®æœè±¡åã ãã§ã¯äœã¬ãã«ãããŠç®¡çã§ããªããªããŸããããã§ãäœã¬ãã«ã®æ§æèŠçŽ ã®äžã«ç¬èªã®æœè±¡åãæ§ç¯ãããã®äžã«æŽã«æœè±¡åãéããããšãã§ããŸããããããæœè±¡åãé²ããã»ã©ã«äœã¬ãã«ã®å®è£
ã®è©³çްã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããªããªããŸãããã®ãããªã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã®åªå€±ã¯æªããã¬ãŒããªããšèãããŸãããå®éã«ã¯éåžžã«æçã§ããç§ãã¡ã¯ãç®ã®åã®åé¡ã解決ããããšã第äžã«èããæ£æçãªå€æããããããåªå
ããŸãããã髿¬¡å
ã§èããããšãã§ããã°ããã®ãããªéè·ããè§£æŸãããã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬æžã§æ±ãããŒã¿æ§é ã¯ãå€ã®éåãšããã®å€ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã倿Žãè¡ãæäœã®éåãæã€äžã€ã®ãŠããããšããŠèããããšãã§ããŸããããŒã¿æ§é èªäœã¯ãæäœãšåæäœã®ç¹æ§(å
容ãæèŠæéãªã©)ã®éåãšããŠçè§£ã§ããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã°ã»ãªãŒè¡šèšæ³ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã³ãŒãã®æ§èœã衚çŸããäžè¬çãªæ¹æ³ã§ãããã®è¡šèšæ³ã§ã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªå
ã®é
ç®æ°ãšé¢æ°ã®å¹³åæ§èœã®é¢ä¿ãçãŸããŸããããšãã°ãnåã®ã¢ã€ãã ã®ã»ããã«å¯ŸããŠãO(n)ã¯ãç¹å®ã®é¢æ°ãå¹³åããŠnåã»ããäžã§åäœããããšã瀺ããŸããO(1)ã¯ã颿°ãé
ç®ã®æ°ã«é¢ä¿ãªãåžžã«äžå®ã®æ°ã®æŒç®ãè¡ãããšã瀺ããŸãããã®è¡šèšæ³ã¯ãã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®è€éãã衚çŸããã ãã§ããã颿°ã¯ããå€ãã®æŒç®ãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãããnã®å®æ°åã¯æ
£ç¿çã«åé€ãããŸããèšå· O ã¯ãã€ãèªã®Ordnungã®é åã«ã¡ãªã¿ãŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåã«ç¢ºèªããããŒã¿ãŒæ§é ã¯ããŒãæ§é ( node structure )ã§ããããŒãã¯ãå€ã®åãªãã³ã³ããã§ããããæ¬¡ã®ãããŒã(nullã®å ŽåããããŸã)ãžã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã§ãã",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã¯æ§é ã®æœè±¡åã§ã:",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžéšã®èšèªã§ã¯ãæ§é ã¯ã¬ã³ãŒããŸãã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ãšåŒã°ããŸããä»ã®èšèªã®äžã«ã¯ãæ§é ãçŽæ¥ãµããŒãããŠããªããã®ããããŸããã代ããã«ãä»ã®æ§é (ã¿ãã«ããªã¹ããªã©)ããæ§é ãæ§ç¯ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ãããŒãã«äœããã®åœ¢åŒã®å€ãå«ãŸããŠããããšã ããèæ
®ããŠãããããã¿ã€ãã¯éèŠã§ã¯ãªãããããã®ã¿ã€ãã¯ãèŠçŽ ãã§ãããšåçŽã«èšããŸããäžéšã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãã¿ã€ããæå®ããå¿
èŠã¯ãããŸãã(SchemeãSmalltalkãPythonãªã©ã®åçã«åä»ããããèšèªã®ããã«)ãä»ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãåãæŽæ°ãŸãã¯æååã«å¶éããå¿
èŠãããå ŽåããããŸã(Cã®ãããªéçã«åä»ããããèšèªã®ããã«)ãããã«ä»ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãå«ãŸããŠããèŠçŽ ã®åã®æ±ºå®ã¯ããã®åãå®éã«äœ¿çšããããŸã§é
ãããããšãã§ããŸã(C++ãJavaãªã©ã®ãžã§ããªãã¯åããµããŒãããèšèªã®ããã«)ããããã®ãããã®å Žåã§ããæ¬äŒŒã³ãŒããç¬èªã®èšèªã«ç¿»èš³ããã®ã¯æ¯èŒçç°¡åã§ãã",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æå®ãããåããŒãæäœã¯ãéåžžã«ç°¡åã«å®è£
ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºæ¬çã«ãæã
ã¯æ§é ãã®ãã®ãäœã¬ãã«ã®å®è£
ããããæäœãå®è£
æŠç¥ã«é¢å¿ããããŸããäŸãã°ãæã
ã¯æå®ãããæéèŠä»¶ã«é¢å¿ããããããã¯ãã¹ãŠã®æäœã O ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle O(1)} ã§ããæéãèŠãããšãããã®ã§ããäžèšã®å®è£
ã¯ãåæäœã«ãããæéã®é·ããäžå®ã§ããããããã®æ¡ä»¶ãæºãããŠããŸãã宿°æéæŒç®ãèããããäžã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãè§£æãã©ã®å€æ°ã«ãäŸåããªãæŒç®ãšèããããšã§ã( O ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle O(1)} ãšãã衚èšã¯æ¬¡ç« ã§æ°åŠçã«å®çŸ©ãããŸããä»ã®ãšãããããã¯åã«äžå®æéãæå³ãããšèããŠãã)ã",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒããšã¯å€ã®ã³ã³ããã§ãããä»ã®ããŒããžã®ãã€ã³ã¿ã®ã³ã³ããã§ããããããããŒãã®ããŒã¿ãŒæ§é èªäœ(ãšãã®å®è£
)ãããã«åçŽã§ãããã¯é©ãã«ã¯ããããªãã§ãããã",
"title": "ããŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒãæ§é ã¯åçŽã§ãããå®ã¯åºå®ãµã€ãºã®æŽæ°ã ãã§ã¯èšç®ã§ããªãã£ãããšãèšç®ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããã®åã«ãããŒãã䜿ãå¿
èŠã®ãªãããã°ã©ã ãèŠãŠã¿ãã.次ã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãå
¥åã¹ããªãŒã (ãŠãŒã¶ãŒããã§ããã¡ã€ã«ããã§ããã)ããããã¡ã€ã«ã®çµç«¯ã«éãããŸã§äžé£ã®æ°å€ãèªã¿èŸŒã¿ãæå€§ã®æ°å€ãšãã¹ãŠã®æ°å€ã®å¹³åãåºåãããã®ã§ãã.",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ã€ã«ã®çµç«¯ã«éãããŸã§äžé£ã®æ°å€ãèªã¿èŸŒãã§ãæå€§ã®æ°å€ãšããã®æ°å€ãåçã«å²ã£ãæ°å€ã®å¹³åãåºåããã®ã§ãããã®åé¡ã¯ãæå€§ã®æ°åãæåŸã«å
¥åããããã®ã§ããå¯èœæ§ãããç¹ãç°ãªããŸãããã®æ°åãé€ãããã¹ãŠã®æ°åã®å¹³åãèšç®ããã®ã§ããã°ããã¹ãŠã®æ°åãäœããã®æ¹æ³ã§èšæ¶ããŠããããšãå¿
èŠã§ãã倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠåã®æ°åãèšæ¶ããããšãã§ããŸããã倿°ãåé¡ãè§£ãã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã®ã¯ãå
¥åãããæ°åãããŸãå€ããªãå Žåã ãã§ãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ããŠãŒã¶ãŒãå
¥åããç¶æ
ãä¿æããããã«ã200åã®å€æ°ãçšæãããšããŸããããã«ã200åã®å€æ°ããããã64ãããã§ãã£ããšããŸããããšãããã°ã©ã ãéåžžã«å·§åŠã§ãã£ããšããŠãã 2 64 â
200 {\\displaystyle 2^{64\\cdot 200}} ç°ãªãã¿ã€ãã®å
¥åã«å¯ŸããŠã®ã¿çµæãèšç®ããããšãã§ããŸããããã¯éåžžã«å€ãã®çµã¿åããã§ããã300åã®64ãããæ°ã®ãªã¹ãã§ã¯ãé©åã«ãšã³ã³ãŒãããããã«ããã«å€ãã®çµã¿åãããå¿
èŠã«ãªããŸãã(äžè¬ã«ããã®åé¡ã¯ç·åœ¢ç©ºéãå¿
èŠãšãããšèšãããŠããŸããæéåã®å€æ°ããå¿
èŠãšããªãããã°ã©ã ã¯ããã¹ãŠã宿°ç©ºéãã§è§£ãããšãã§ããŸã)ã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãè€éã«ããå¶é(倿°ã®æ°ãäžå®ã§ããããšãªã©)ãçµã¿èŸŒã代ããã«ãããŒãã®æœè±¡åã®ç¹æ§ãå©çšããã°ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãä¿æã§ããæ°ã®æ°åãèšæ¶ããããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã§ããã n åã®æŽæ°ãæ£åžžã«èªã¿èŸŒãŸããå Žåã make-node ã n ååŒã³åºãããšã«ãªããŸããããã«ã¯nåã®ããŒããå¿
èŠã§ãã(åããŒãã®valueãšnextãã£ãŒã«ããä¿æããååãªã¹ããŒã¹ãšå
éšã¡ã¢ãªç®¡çã®ãªãŒããŒããããå¿
èŠ)ãã¡ã¢ãªèŠæ±ã¯ O ( n ) {\\displaystyle O(n)} ãªãŒããŒã«ãªããŸããåæ§ã«ããã®ããŒãã®éãæ§ç¯ããåã³ãã®éãå埩ããããã«ã¯ã O ( n ) {\\displaystyle O(n)} ã¹ããããå¿
èŠãšãªããããã« O ( n ) {\\displaystyle O(n)} ã¹ããããå¿
èŠãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããé£éã®äžã®æ°åãå埩ãããšããå®éã«ã¯éé ã«èŠãŠããŸããäŸãã°ããã®ããã°ã©ã ã«å
¥åãããæ°åã4ã7ã6ã30ã15ã§ãããšããŸããEOFã«å°éããåŸãnodesãã§ãŒã³ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªé£éã¯äžè¬ã«ãªã³ã¯ãªã¹ã( linked-lists )ãšåŒã°ããŸããããããç§ãã¡ã¯äžè¬çã«ãªã¹ã( lists )ãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹( sequences )ãšããèšèã§èããããšã奜ãã§ããŸãããªã¹ãã¯ãã§ã€ã³ã§äœãããšãã§ããŸãããæ¬æžã§ã¯ãã以å€ã«ãããã€ãã®äœãæ¹ã玹ä»ããŸããä»ã®ãšãããæã
ã¯ããŒãã®äœ¿ç𿹿³ã®äžã€ããããããŒãã®æœè±¡åèœåã®ã»ãã«é¢å¿ããããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã§ã¯ãmake-nodeãget-valueãget-nextã®å颿°ã®ã¿ã䜿çšããŸããset-nextã䜿ãã°ã(é åºãé転ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªã)å
ã®é åºãä¿ã€ããã«ãé£éãçæããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã倿Žããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO: ãã®ããã®æ¬äŒŒã³ãŒãããŸããTODO;ããããã説åŸåã®ãããŸããããããããŸãé«åºŠã§ã¯ãããŸãããset-valueã®äœ¿ãæ¹ãèããå¿
èŠããããŸãã]",
"title": "ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒãããæ§ç¯ã§ããé£éã¯ãæ°åŠçåž°çŽæ³ã®åçãå®èšŒãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ã P ( n ) {\\displaystyle P(n)} ãšããæ§è³ªã¯ãã n {\\displaystyle n} åã®æ°ãä¿æããéãäœãããšãã§ããããšããæã§ãããšããŸããããã¯èªç¶æ°ã®æ§è³ªã§ããã n {\\displaystyle n} ã®ç¹å®ã®å€ã§æãæå³ããªãããã§ãã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é·ã5ã100ã100äžã®ãã§ãŒã³ãäœæã§ããããšã蚌æãã代ããã«ãäžè¬çãªã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ã P ( n ) {\\displaystyle P(n)} ã蚌æããããšæããŸãã äžèšã®ã¹ããã2ã¯ãåž°çŽç仮説ããšåŒã°ããŸãã ããã蚌æã§ããããšã瀺ããŸããã:",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Step 3 above is called the Base Case, let's show that we can prove it:",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžã®æé 3ãåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹( Base Case )ãšåŒã³ãŸãããããã蚌æã§ããããšã瀺ããŸãããã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "P ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle P(1)} ãæç«ããããšã瀺ãå¿
èŠããããŸããã€ãŸãã1ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãããªãé£éãäœãããšãã§ããããšã瀺ãã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åž°çŽæ³ã®åçã¯ãã n {\\displaystyle n} èŠçŽ ã®éã n ⥠1 {\\displaystyle n\\geq 1} ã®ãã¹ãŠã®å€ã«å¯ŸããŠäœãããšãã§ããããšã蚌æããããšããããšã§ããã©ãããŠãããªãã®ã§ãããããåž°çŽæ³ãèããã®ã«æãè¯ãæ¹æ³ã¯ãå®ã¯ç¡éã®èšŒæãèšè¿°ããããã®å
¬åŒãäœãæ¹æ³ã§ãããšããããšã§ããããããŒã¹ã±ãŒã¹ã§ãã P ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle P(1)} ã«å¯ŸããŠæãæãç«ã€ããšã蚌æãããããã®äºå®ã«åž°çŽç仮説ãé©çšã㊠P ( 2 ) {\\displaystyle P(2)} ãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ãããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã P ( 2 ) {\\displaystyle P(2)} ãæãç«ã€ããšãããã£ãã®ã§ãåã³åž°çŽç仮説ãé©çšã㊠P ( 3 ) {\\displaystyle P(3)} ãæãç«ã€ã¯ãã§ããããšã瀺ãã°ããããã®åçã¯ããã®ãããªããšãç¹°ãè¿ããŠãæ¢ããããªãã®ã§ããã¹ãŠã®å Žåã«ã€ããŠæãç«ã€ãšèããã¹ãã ãšãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åž°çŽæ³ã¯å¥åŠãªèšŒææ¹æ³ã®ããã«èããããããããŸããããéåžžã«æçšãªãã¯ããã¯ã§ãããã®ãã¯ããã¯ã䟿å©ãªã®ã¯ãããã¹ãŠã® n ⥠1 {\\displaystyle n\\geq 1} ã«å¯Ÿã㊠P ( n ) {\\displaystyle P(n)} ãæãç«ã€ããšã蚌æããããšãããããªé£ããããªæããããå°ãããŠèšŒæããããäºã€ã®æã«åå²ã§ããç¹ã§ããäžè¬ã«ãåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹ã¯äžè¬çãªæã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã蚌æã¯ç°¡åã§ãã蚌æäœæ¥ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯éåžžãåž°çŽç仮説ã«ããã n + 1 {\\displaystyle n+1} ã±ãŒã¹ã®èšŒæã«ããã£ã€ãããããã«ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ããåå®åŒåããå·§åŠãªæ¹æ³ããã°ãã°å¿
èŠã«ãªãããšããããŸãã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒãã®å«ãŸããå€ãåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹ãšããããŒãã®æ¬¡ã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãåž°çŽç仮説ãšèããããšãã§ããŸããæ°åŠã®åž°çŽæ³ã®ããã«ãä»»æã®æ°ã®èŠçŽ ãæ ŒçŽãããšããé£ããåé¡ãã1ã€ã®èŠçŽ ã ããæ ŒçŽããããã«å¥ã®èŠçŽ ã«ã¢ã¿ããããæ©æ§ãæã€ãšããç°¡åãªåé¡ã«åè§£ããããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "èªå°ã®åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã«èããåž°çŽæ³ã®äŸã¯ããã代æ°çãªæ§è³ªãæã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "f r a c ( n ) ( n + 1 ) 2 {\\displaystyle frac{(n)(n+1)}{2}} ãšããå
¬åŒãäžãããããã®å
¬åŒãæåã® n {\\displaystyle n} åã®æ°ã®åãäžããããšã蚌æããããšããŸããããæåã®è©Šã¿ãšããŠãããã1ã«ã€ããŠæ£ããããšã ãã瀺ãããšãããããããŸããã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2 ã«ã€ããŠ",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "3 ã«ã€ããŠ",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããã®èšŒæãšåŒã°ãããã®ã¯ãæžãåºããšç¡éã«é·ããªãããšã«ããã«æ°ãã€ãã§ãããããã®èšŒæãå®è¡ããæåã®10ååã®æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠæ£ããããšã瀺ãããšããŠããããã10åãš1åããããã¯1ååã®æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠæ£ãããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ããããã¯ãåž°çŽæ³ãæå¹ã§ããããšã匷ã瀺åããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžããããå
¬åŒãæ¬åœã«æåã®nåã®æ°ã®åãäžããããšããåž°çŽæ³ãçšããŠèšŒæããããšããŸãããŸããåºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹ã蚌æããŸããã€ãŸããn = 1ã®ãšãã«çã§ããããšã瀺ããªããã°ãªããŸãããããã¯æ¯èŒçç°¡åã§ã倿°nã«1ã代å
¥ããã°ã( t y p r a c ( 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) 2 = 1 {\\displaystyle typrac{(1)(1+1)}{2}=1} )ãåŸãããn = 1ã®ãšãã«ãã®åŒãæ£ããããšãããããŸãã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠã次ã¯åž°çŽçãªã¹ãããã§ãããã®åŒãjã«ã€ããŠæãç«ã€ãªããj+1ã«ã€ããŠãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ããªããã°ãªããŸãããå¥ã®èšãæ¹ãããã°ã1ãã(j)ãŸã§ã®åã f r a c ( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 {\\displaystyle frac{((j))((j)+1)}{2}} ã§ããããšããã§ã«èšŒæãããšä»®å®ããŠã1ãã(j+1)ãŸã§ã®åã f r a c ( ( j + 1 ) ) ( ( j + 1 ) + 1 ) 2 {\\displaystyle frac{((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}} ã§ããããšã蚌æãããã®ã§ãããªãããã®2ã€ã®åŒã¯ãnããããã(j)ãš(j+1)ã«çœ®ãæããã ãã§åºãŠãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®åž°çŽçã¹ãããã蚌æããããã«ããŸãã1ããj+1ãŸã§ã®åãèšç®ããã«ã¯ã1ããjãŸã§ã®åãèšç®ããããã«j+1ãå ããã°ããããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ããã1ããjãŸã§ã®åãæ±ããåŒãæ¢ã«ããã®ã§ãããã«j+1ãå ãããšããã®ãããªæ°ããåŒãåŸãããŸãã T h r e s h o l d ( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 + ( j + 1 ) {\\displaystyle Threshold{((j))((j)+1)}{2}+(j+1)} ãšãªããŸããã§ããããå®éã«èšŒæã宿ãããã«ã¯ã < f r a c ( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 + ( j + 1 ) = ( ( j + 1 ) ) ( ( j + 1 ) + 1 ) 2 {\\displaystyle <frac{((j))((j)+1)}{2}+(j+1)={\\frac {((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}}} ã瀺ãã°è¯ãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžã®åŒãæ£ããããšã¯ãããã€ãã®ç°¡ç¥åããæé ã§ç€ºãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "( ( j ) ) ( ( j ) + 1 ) 2 + ( j + 1 ) = ( ( j + 1 ) ) ( ( j + 1 ) + 1 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {((j))((j)+1)}{2}}+(j+1)={\\frac {((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "( j ) ( j + 1 ) 2 + j + 1 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 1 + 1 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {(j)(j+1)}{2}}+j+1={\\frac {(j+1)(j+1+1)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "( j ) ( j + 1 ) 2 + 2 ( j + 1 ) 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {(j)(j+1)}{2}}+{\\frac {2(j+1)}{2}}={\\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "( j ) ( j + 1 ) + 2 ( j + 1 ) 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {(j)(j+1)+2(j+1)}{2}}={\\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "j 2 + j + 2 j + 2 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {j^{2}+j+2j+2}{2}}={\\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "j 2 + 3 j + 2 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {j^{2}+3j+2}{2}}={\\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 = ( j + 1 ) ( j + 2 ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}={\\frac {(j+1)(j+2)}{2}}}",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ããã«(è±)- 挞è¿èšæ³(è±)- é
å(è±)- ãªã¹ãæ§é ãšã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒ(è±) ã¹ã¿ãã¯ãšãã¥ãŒ(è±)- æšæ§é (è±)- æå°ããŒããšæå€§ããŒã(è±)- ã°ã©ã(è±) ããã·ã¥ããŒãã«(è±)- éå(è±)- ãã¬ãŒããªã(è±)",
"title": "ç·åã®åž°çŽæ³"
}
]
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let ''c'' := sqrt(''a'' * ''a'' + ''b'' * ''b'')
äžèšããçæãããæ©æ¢°èªã³ãŒãã¯ããããã®å€ã®èšç®ãšçµæã®ç©ç®ã«å
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== ããŒã ==
æåã«ç¢ºèªããããŒã¿æ§é ã¯ããŒãæ§é ( ''node structure'' )ã§ããããŒãã¯ãå€ã®åãªãã³ã³ããã§ããããæ¬¡ã®ãããŒãïŒnullã®å ŽåããããŸãïŒãžã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã§ãã
äžèšã¯æ§é ã®æœè±¡åã§ãïŒ
äžéšã®èšèªã§ã¯ãæ§é ã¯ã¬ã³ãŒããŸãã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ãšåŒã°ããŸããä»ã®èšèªã®äžã«ã¯ãæ§é ãçŽæ¥ãµããŒãããŠããªããã®ããããŸããã代ããã«ãä»ã®æ§é ïŒã¿ãã«ããªã¹ããªã©ïŒããæ§é ãæ§ç¯ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ããã§ã¯ãããŒãã«äœããã®åœ¢åŒã®å€ãå«ãŸããŠããããšã ããèæ
®ããŠãããããã¿ã€ãã¯éèŠã§ã¯ãªãããããã®ã¿ã€ãã¯ãèŠçŽ ãã§ãããšåçŽã«èšããŸããäžéšã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãã¿ã€ããæå®ããå¿
èŠã¯ãããŸããïŒ[[Scheme]]ã[[Smalltalk]]ã[[Python]]ãªã©ã®åçã«åä»ããããèšèªã®ããã«ïŒãä»ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãåãæŽæ°ãŸãã¯æååã«å¶éããå¿
èŠãããå ŽåããããŸãïŒ[[Cèšèª|C]]ã®ãããªéçã«åä»ããããèšèªã®ããã«ïŒãããã«ä»ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãå«ãŸããŠããèŠçŽ ã®åã®æ±ºå®ã¯ããã®åãå®éã«äœ¿çšããããŸã§é
ãããããšãã§ããŸãïŒ[[C++]]ã[[Java]]ãªã©ã®ãžã§ããªãã¯åããµããŒãããèšèªã®ããã«ïŒããããã®ãããã®å Žåã§ããæ¬äŒŒã³ãŒããç¬èªã®èšèªã«ç¿»èš³ããã®ã¯æ¯èŒçç°¡åã§ãã
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// ''Create a new node, with v as its contained value and next as''
// ''the value of the next pointer''
function '''make-node'''(''v'', node ''next''): node
let ''result'' := new node {''v'', ''next''}
return ''result''
end
''// Returns the value contained in node n''
function '''get-value'''(node ''n''): element
return ''n''.value
end
''// Returns the value of node n's next pointer''
function '''get-next'''(node ''n''): node
return ''n''.next
end
''// Sets the contained value of n to be v''
function '''set-value'''(node ''n'', ''v'')
''n''.value := ''v''
end
''// Sets the value of node n's next pointer to be new-next''
function '''set-next'''(node ''n'', ''new-next'')
''n''.next := ''new-next''
return ''new-next''
end
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== ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã ==
ããŒãæ§é ã¯åçŽã§ãããå®ã¯åºå®ãµã€ãºã®æŽæ°ã ãã§ã¯èšç®ã§ããªãã£ãããšãèšç®ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã
ãããããã®åã«ãããŒãã䜿ãå¿
èŠã®ãªãããã°ã©ã ãèŠãŠã¿ããïŒæ¬¡ã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãå
¥åã¹ããªãŒã ïŒãŠãŒã¶ãŒããã§ããã¡ã€ã«ããã§ãããïŒããããã¡ã€ã«ã®çµç«¯ã«éãããŸã§äžé£ã®æ°å€ãèªã¿èŸŒã¿ãæå€§ã®æ°å€ãšãã¹ãŠã®æ°å€ã®å¹³åãåºåãããã®ã§ããïŒ
program(input-stream ''in'', output-stream ''out'')
let ''total'' := 0
let ''count'' := 0
let ''largest'' := <math>-\infty</math>
while has-next-integer(''in''):
let ''i'' := read-integer(''in'')
''total'' := ''total'' + ''i''
''count'' := ''count'' + 1
''largest'' := max(''largest'', ''i'')
repeat
println ''out'' "Maximum: " ''largest''
if ''count'' != 0:
println ''out'' "Average: " (''total'' / ''count'')
fi
end
ãã¡ã€ã«ã®çµç«¯ã«éãããŸã§äžé£ã®æ°å€ãèªã¿èŸŒãã§ãæå€§ã®æ°å€ãšããã®æ°å€ãåçã«å²ã£ãæ°å€ã®å¹³åãåºåããã®ã§ãããã®åé¡ã¯ãæå€§ã®æ°åãæåŸã«å
¥åããããã®ã§ããå¯èœæ§ãããç¹ãç°ãªããŸãããã®æ°åãé€ãããã¹ãŠã®æ°åã®å¹³åãèšç®ããã®ã§ããã°ããã¹ãŠã®æ°åãäœããã®æ¹æ³ã§èšæ¶ããŠããããšãå¿
èŠã§ãã倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠåã®æ°åãèšæ¶ããããšãã§ããŸããã倿°ãåé¡ãè§£ãã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã®ã¯ãå
¥åãããæ°åãããŸãå€ããªãå Žåã ãã§ãã
äŸãã°ããŠãŒã¶ãŒãå
¥åããç¶æ
ãä¿æããããã«ã200åã®å€æ°ãçšæãããšããŸããããã«ã200åã®å€æ°ããããã64ãããã§ãã£ããšããŸããããšãããã°ã©ã ãéåžžã«å·§åŠã§ãã£ããšããŠãã<math>2^{64\cdot 200}</math>ç°ãªãã¿ã€ãã®å
¥åã«å¯ŸããŠã®ã¿çµæãèšç®ããããšãã§ããŸããããã¯éåžžã«å€ãã®çµã¿åããã§ããã300åã®64ãããæ°ã®ãªã¹ãã§ã¯ãé©åã«ãšã³ã³ãŒãããããã«ããã«å€ãã®çµã¿åãããå¿
èŠã«ãªããŸãã(äžè¬ã«ããã®åé¡ã¯''ç·åœ¢ç©ºé''ãå¿
èŠãšãããšèšãããŠããŸããæéåã®å€æ°ããå¿
èŠãšããªãããã°ã©ã ã¯ããã¹ãŠã宿°ç©ºéãã§è§£ãããšãã§ããŸã)ã
ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãè€éã«ããå¶éïŒå€æ°ã®æ°ãäžå®ã§ããããšãªã©ïŒãçµã¿èŸŒã代ããã«ãããŒãã®æœè±¡åã®ç¹æ§ãå©çšããã°ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãä¿æã§ããæ°ã®æ°åãèšæ¶ããããšãã§ããã®ã§ãã
program(input-stream ''in'', output-stream ''out'')
let ''largest'' := <math>-\infty</math>
let ''nodes'' := null
while has-next-integer(''in''):
let ''i'' := read-integer(''in'')
''nodes'' := '''make-node'''(''i'', ''nodes'') ''// contain the value i,''
''// and remember the previous numbers too''
''largest'' := max(''largest'', ''i'')
repeat
println ''out'' "Maximum: " ''largest''
''// now compute the averages of all factors of largest''
let ''total'' := 0
let ''count'' := 0
while ''nodes'' != null:
let ''j'' := '''get-value'''(''nodes'')
if ''j'' divides ''largest'':
''total'' := ''total'' + ''j''
''count'' := ''count'' + 1
fi
''nodes'' := '''get-next'''(''nodes'')
repeat
if ''count'' != 0:
println ''out'' "Average: " (''total'' / ''count'')
fi
end
äžèšã§ããã ''n'' åã®æŽæ°ãæ£åžžã«èªã¿èŸŒãŸããå Žåã '''make-node''' ã ''n'' ååŒã³åºãããšã«ãªããŸããããã«ã¯''n''åã®ããŒããå¿
èŠã§ããïŒåããŒãã®''value''ãš''next''ãã£ãŒã«ããä¿æããååãªã¹ããŒã¹ãšå
éšã¡ã¢ãªç®¡çã®ãªãŒããŒããããå¿
èŠïŒãã¡ã¢ãªèŠæ±ã¯<math>O(n)</math>ãªãŒããŒã«ãªããŸããåæ§ã«ããã®ããŒãã®éãæ§ç¯ããåã³ãã®éãå埩ããããã«ã¯ã<math>O(n)</math>ã¹ããããå¿
èŠãšãªããããã«<math>O(n)</math>ã¹ããããå¿
èŠãšãªããŸãã
ãªããé£éã®äžã®æ°åãå埩ãããšããå®éã«ã¯éé ã«èŠãŠããŸããäŸãã°ããã®ããã°ã©ã ã«å
¥åãããæ°åã4ã7ã6ã30ã15ã§ãããšããŸããEOFã«å°éããåŸã''nodes''ãã§ãŒã³ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
[[File:DataStructuresLinkedListofN.svg|ja wikibooks ããŒã¿æ§é /ããŒããããã§ãŒã³ãæ§ç¯ãã ã®è§£èª¬å³]]
ãã®ãããªé£éã¯äžè¬ã«''ãªã³ã¯ãªã¹ã( linked-lists )''ãšåŒã°ããŸããããããç§ãã¡ã¯äžè¬çã«''ãªã¹ã( lists )''ã''ã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹( sequences )''ãšããèšèã§èããããšã奜ãã§ããŸãããªã¹ãã¯ãã§ã€ã³ã§äœãããšãã§ããŸãããæ¬æžã§ã¯ãã以å€ã«ãããã€ãã®äœãæ¹ã玹ä»ããŸããä»ã®ãšãããæã
ã¯ããŒãã®äœ¿ç𿹿³ã®äžã€ããããããŒãã®æœè±¡åèœåã®ã»ãã«é¢å¿ããããŸãã
äžèšã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã§ã¯ãmake-nodeãget-valueãget-nextã®å颿°ã®ã¿ã䜿çšããŸããset-nextã䜿ãã°ãïŒé åºãé転ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒå
ã®é åºãä¿ã€ããã«ãé£éãçæããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã倿Žããããšãã§ããŸãã
[TODO: ãã®ããã®æ¬äŒŒã³ãŒãããŸããTODO;ããããã説åŸåã®ãããŸããããããããŸãé«åºŠã§ã¯ãããŸãããset-valueã®äœ¿ãæ¹ãèããå¿
èŠããããŸãã]
program (input-stream ''in'', output-stream ''out'')
let ''largest'' := <math>-\infty</math>
let ''nodes'' := null
let ''tail_node'' := null
while has-next-integer (''in''):
let ''i'' := read-integer (''in'')
if (''nodes'' == null)
''nodes'' := '''make-node'''(''i'', null) ''// construct first node in the list''
''tail_node'' := ''nodes'' ''//there is one node in the list=> first and last are the same''
else
''tail_node'' := '''set-next''' (''tail_node'', '''make-node''' (''i'', null)) ''// append new node to the end of the list''
''largest'' := max(''largest'', ''i'')
repeat
println ''out'' "Maximum: " ''largest''
''// now compute the averages of all factors of largest''
let ''total'' := 0
let ''count'' := 0
while ''nodes'' != null:
let ''j'' := '''get-value'''(''nodes'')
if ''j'' divides ''largest'':
''total'' := ''total'' + ''j''
''count'' := ''count'' + 1
fi
''nodes'' := '''get-next'''(''nodes'')
repeat
if ''count'' != 0:
println ''out'' "Average: " (''total'' / ''count'')
fi
end
== èªå°ã®åç ==
ããŒãããæ§ç¯ã§ããé£éã¯ãæ°åŠçåž°çŽæ³ã®åçãå®èšŒãããã®ã§ãã
{|
|style="background-color: #FFFFEE; border: solid 1px #FFC92E; padding: 1em;" valign=top|
; æ°åŠçåž°çŽæ³
:# æ°å <math>P(n)</math> ã®ããæ§è³ªããããšããŸãã
:# <math>P(n)</math> ãæãç«ã€ãšã <math>P(n+1)</math> ãæãç«ã€ã¯ãã ãšèšŒæã§ããã®ãªã
:# ãã¹ãŠã®èªç¶ãª<math>n</math>ã«å¯ŸããŠ<math>P(n)</math>ãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ãããã«ã<math>P(1)</math>ãæãç«ã€ããšã蚌æããã°ããã
|}
äŸãã°ã<math>P(n)</math>ãšããæ§è³ªã¯ãã<math>n</math>åã®æ°ãä¿æããéãäœãããšãã§ããããšããæã§ãããšããŸããããã¯èªç¶æ°ã®æ§è³ªã§ããã<math>n</math>ã®ç¹å®ã®å€ã§æãæå³ããªãããã§ãã
* 5åã®æ°ãä¿æããéãäœãããšãã§ããŸãã
* 100åã®æ°ãä¿æããéãäœãããšãã§ããŸãã
* 1,000,000åã®æ°ãä¿æããéãäœãããšãã§ããŸãã
é·ã5ã100ã100äžã®ãã§ãŒã³ãäœæã§ããããšã蚌æãã代ããã«ãäžè¬çãªã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ã<math>P(n)</math>ã蚌æããããšæããŸãã äžèšã®ã¹ããã2ã¯ãåž°çŽç仮説ããšåŒã°ããŸãã ããã蚌æã§ããããšã瀺ããŸãããïŒ
* <math>P(n)</math>ãæãç«ã€ãšä»®å®ããŸãã ã€ãŸãã<math>n</math>èŠçŽ ã®ãã§ãŒã³ãäœæã§ããŸãã ããã§ã<math>P(n+1)</math>ãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ããªããã°ãªããŸããã
* <code>''chain''</code>ã<math>n</math>èŠçŽ ãã§ãŒã³ã®æåã®ããŒãã§ãããšæ³å®ããŸãã <code>''i''</code>ã¯ã<math>n+1</math>ã®é·ãã®ãã§ãŒã³ãäœæããããã«ãã§ãŒã³ã«è¿œå ãããæ°å€ã§ãããšæ³å®ããŸãã
*次ã®ã³ãŒãã§ãããå®çŸã§ããŸãã
let ''bigger-chain'' := '''make-node'''(''i'', ''chain'')
*ããã«ãæ°ããçªå·<code>''i''</code> ããããŸããããã¯ã<code>''bigger-chain''</code>ã®æåã®ãªã³ã¯ã«å«ãŸããå€ã«ãªããŸãã <code>''chain''</code>ã«<math>n</math>èŠçŽ ãããå Žåã<code>''bigger-chain''</code>ã«ã¯<math>n+1</math>èŠçŽ ãå¿
èŠã§ãã
Step 3 above is called the '''Base Case''', let's show that we can prove it:
äžã®æé 3ã'''åºæ¬ã±ãŒã¹'''( Base Case )ãšåŒã³ãŸãããããã蚌æã§ããããšã瀺ããŸãããã
<math>P(1)</math>ãæç«ããããšã瀺ãå¿
èŠããããŸããã€ãŸãã1ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãããªãé£éãäœãããšãã§ããããšã瀺ãã
* 以äžã®ã³ãŒãããããå®çŸããŠãããŸãã
let ''chain'' := '''make-node'''(''i'', null)
åž°çŽæ³ã®åçã¯ãã<math>n</math>èŠçŽ ã®éã<math>n\ge 1</math>ã®ãã¹ãŠã®å€ã«å¯ŸããŠäœãããšãã§ããããšã蚌æããããšããããšã§ããã©ãããŠãããªãã®ã§ãããããåž°çŽæ³ãèããã®ã«æãè¯ãæ¹æ³ã¯ãå®ã¯ç¡éã®èšŒæãèšè¿°ããããã®å
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<math>\frac{((j))((j)+1)}{2}+(j+1) = \frac{((j+1))((j+1)+1)}{2}</math>
<math>\frac{(j)(j+1)}{2}+j+1 = \frac{(j+1)(j+1+1)}{2}</math>
<math>\frac{(j)(j+1)}{2}+\frac{2(j+1)}{2} = \frac{(j+1)(j+2)}{2}</math>
<math>\frac{(j)(j+1)+2(j+1)}{2} = \frac{(j+1)(j+2)}{2}</math>
<math>\frac{j^2+j+2j+2}{2} = \frac{(j+1)(j+2)}{2}</math>
<math>\frac{j^2+3j+2}{2} = \frac{(j+1)(j+2)}{2}</math>
<math>\frac{(j+1)(j+2)}{2} = \frac{(j+1)(j+2)}{2}</math>
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ãªåå¿ã瀺ããŸãããã®æã广åšãåããŸããåºæ¿ã«å¯Ÿããéåžžã®åå¿ã¯éåã§ãããçèãç¹æ¯ã鿝ãªã©ã¯ãã®ããã®å¹æåšã§ãã黿°ãå
ãåºãç¹æ®ãªå¹æåšãæã£ãŠããåç©ãããŸãããŸããè²çŽ èãåæ³è
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"text": "èæ€åç©ã®çèã«ã¯ã暪çŽçãšå¹³æ»çã®2çš®é¡ããããŸããæšªçŽçã¯é¡åŸ®é¡ã§èŠãæã«èŠããŸããæšªçŽçã¯å€§ãããªã£ããå°ãããªã£ããããã®ãæ©ãã倧ããªåãåºãã®ãç¹åŸŽã§ããéªšæ Œçãå¿èã®çè(å¿ç)ãæšªçŽçã§ããéªšæ Œçã¯éªšã«ä»ããŠããŠãäœãåããããæ£ããäœçœ®ã«ä¿ã£ããããŠããŸããå¹³æ»çã¯ãäœå
ã®è¡ç®¡ãèåšã«ããçèã§ãã",
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"text": "ç¥çµçæšæ¬ã¯ãã«ãšã«ã®ããã«éªšæ Œçã«éåç¥çµãã€ãªãã£ãŠããå®éšçšåç©ããæ¡åããŸããã«ãšã«ã®ãµããã¯ãã®çè(è
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šåŒ·çž®ã瀺ããŸãããã®ãããååçž®ãéãªãåã£ãã®ã¶ã®ã¶ã®åçž®æ²ç·ã«ãªããŸããé »åºŠãé«ããªããšãå®å
šåŒ·çž®ã瀺ãã倧ããæ»ããã«åçž®ããæ²ç·ã«ãªããŸãã",
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"text": "ççµç¹ãäœã£ãŠããã®ã¯ç现èãšããé·ã现èã§ãçç¹ç¶ãšãåŒã°ããŸããéªšæ Œçã®ç现èã¯ãå€ãã®çްèãéãŸã£ãŠã§ããŠãããããããã®çްèã«ã¯æ°çŸåã®æ žããããŸããç现èã¯ã现èã®é·è»žã«æ²¿ã£ãŠçåç¹ç¶ãããããšäžŠãã§ããŸããçåç·ç¶ã¯ãµã«ã³ã¡ã¢(çç¯)ã§åºæ¥ãŠããŸãã䞡端ã¯Zèã§ä»åããããµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ã¯é·è»žæ¹åã«äœåºŠãã€ãªãã£ãŠããŸãããµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ã®çãäžã®å°ãæãèŠããéšåãæåž¯ãZèã«è¿ãéšåã¯æããèŠããã®ã§æåž¯ãšãããŸããããªã·ã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ããšã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãã¯ããµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ã®çåç·ç¶ã®é·è»žã«æ²¿ã£ãŠèŠåæ£ãã䞊ãã§ããŸããããªã·ã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãã¯ããªã·ã³ååã®æãããããéãŸã£ãŠåºæ¥ãŠãããããªã·ã³ååã®é ãããããé£ã³åºããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çè"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "暪çŽçãåçž®ãããšãæåž¯ãšåŒã°ããæããè²ã®éšåã®é·ãã ããå€åãããµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ã®å¹
ã¯å°ãããªããŸããæåž¯ã«ã¯ã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãããããæåž¯ã«ã¯ããªã·ã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãããããŸããçèã¯ãããªã·ã³ãšã¢ã¯ãã³ã飿ºããŠãåçž®ããŸããããªã·ã³ååã®é ã«ATPãä»çããŠããªãæã¯ãé ã¯ã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãã«åŸããç¶æ
ã§ä»çããŠããŸããATPãããªã·ã³ååã®é éšã«çµåããŠãããšãé éšã¯ã¢ã¯ãã³ããé¢ããŸããADPãé éšããæŸåºããããšåæã«ãé éšã¯åã³åŸããŸãããã®ãããé éšã¯ã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãããé¢ããŸãããã®åãã«ãã£ãŠãã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãã¯ãµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ã®äžå€®éšã«åãã£ãŠç§»åããŸãããã®åããäœåºŠãç¹°ãè¿ããšããµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ã®é·ããçããªããçèãåçž®ããŸãããµã«ã³ã¡ã¢ãçããªã£ãŠããããªã·ã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ããã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ããé·ãã¯å€ãããŸãããã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ããããªã·ã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãã®éãããæãããšãçèã¯åçž®ããŸãããã®ãããªä»çµã¿ãæ»ã説ãšãããŸãããªããããªã·ã³ã¯ãçèãåçž®ããããåŒç·©ããããããã®ã§ãã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãšåŒã°ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çè"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "çèãç¥çµç³»ã®åãåããŠåãããŠããŸãã骚ã®äžã«ããçèã¯éåç¥çµã«ãã£ãŠèª¿ç¯ããã奜ããªæã«åçž®åºæ¥ãŸãããã®ãããªçèãéæçãšãããŸãããã®ä»ãå¹³æ»çãå¿èã®ããã«ãèªåŸç¥çµç³»ãåãæ¹ã調ç¯ããŠããå ŽåããããŸããèé«ããã®è奮ãéåç¥çµçްèãäŒãã£ãŠè»žçŽ¢æ«ç«¯ã«éãããšãã·ããã¹å°èããã¢ã»ãã«ã³ãªã³ãšããç¥çµäŒéç©è³ªãã·ããã¹ééã«æŸåºãããŸããã¢ã»ãã«ã³ãªã³ãçç¹ç¶ã®ãªã¬ã³ãäŸåæ§ã€ãªã³ãã£ãã«ã«çµåãããšããã£ãã«ãéãããããªãŠã ã€ãªã³ãæµã蟌ã¿ãŸãããã®çµæãç¥çµçްèãšåãããã«çç¹ç¶ã«æŽ»åé»äœãçºçããŸãã",
"title": "çè"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "çå°èäœã¯ãçç¹ç¶ã®çåç·ç¶ãå
ãè¢ã®ãããªæ§é ãããŠããŸããçç¹ç¶ã®èãè奮ãããšãèããå
åŽã«äŒžã³ãŠããTå管ããçå°èäœã«è奮ãéãããŸãããããŠãçå°èäœã«èããããŠããã«ã«ã·ãŠã ã€ãªã³ãæŸåºãããŸããããããã³ãšãããããªã·ã³ã¯ãã¢ã¯ãã³ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãã«ä»çããã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªã§ããã«ã«ã·ãŠã ã€ãªã³ãå°ãªããªããšãããªã·ã³é éšãã¢ã¯ãã³ã«ä»çããªããªããããçèãåŒç·©ããŸããçå°èäœããã®ã«ã«ã·ãŠã ã€ãªã³ãããããã³ã«çµåãããšããããããªã·ã³ã®åœ¢ãå€åããŸããããã«ãããããªã·ã³é éšãã¢ã¯ãã³ã«çµåããçèãåçž®ããŸãã",
"title": "çè"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ç现èã¯ãATPãADPã«ãªãæã«åçž®ããŸãããããç现èã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã«ãªããŸããç现èã¯ATPãããŸãæã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãã°ãªã³ãŒã²ã³ãšãã圢ã§ãšãã«ã®ãŒãèããŠããŸããåŒåžãšè§£ç³ã«ãã£ãŠã°ãªã³ãŒã²ã³ãåè§£ãããATPãäœãããŸãããŸããç现èã¯ã¯ã¬ã¢ãã³ãªã³é
žã®åœ¢ã§ãšãã«ã®ãŒãèããŠãããæ¿ããéåã§ATPãå¿
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žãäœãçŽãããã«ã䜿ãããŸãã",
"title": "çè"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "åç©ãå€çã®ãã®ã«åå¿ããã®ã¯ãçèã ãã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»ã®å¹æåš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "埮现ãªçç©ã粟åã¯ãç¹æ¯ã鿝ã䜿ã£ãŠæ³³ãã§ããŸããçèã¯çްèå
šäœãåçž®ãããŠåããŸããäžæ¹ãç¹æ¯ã鿝ã¯ã现èã®è¡šé¢ã«çããŠããå°ããªåãæ¯ã§ããæ°Žãåããããã«ããã®æ¯ãåããŸãã1ã€ã®çްèã«ã¯ããããã®ç¹æ¯ãããã现èãæ³³ãæã«ãæ³¢æã€ããã«åããŸããæµ·ã«äœãåç©ã®å¹Œçã¯ããç¹æ¯ã䜿ã£ãŠæ³³ããŸããé·ãç¹æ¯ã¯éæ¯ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "ãã®ä»ã®å¹æåš"
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "æ±è
ºãä¹³è
ºãåŸè
ºãªã©ã®å¹æåšã¯ãåºæ¿ã«åå¿ããŠç©è³ªãéãåºãåç©ã®éšåã§ãããããã®è
ºã¯ããã®äžã®çްèãåæ³ããç©è³ªã管ç¶ã®æåºç®¡ãéã£ãŠå€ã«åºããããå€åæ³è
ºãšåŒã°ããŸããç²ç¶è
ºã¯å
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ºã®äžçš®ãªã®ã§ãæåºç®¡ãéããã«è¡æ¶²äžã«ãã«ã¢ã³ãéã蟌ã¿ãŸããäžæ¢ç¥çµç³»ããã®èªåŸç¥çµããã«ã¢ã³ã¯ãå€ãã®è
ºçµç¹ãå¶åŸ¡ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ãã®ä»ã®å¹æåš"
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¡ãã«ã®äœã®è²ã¯ãèæ¯ã®æããã«ãã£ãŠå€åããŸããè²çŽ èãšã¯ãé±ç²ã®äžã«è²çŽ ã®åå®äœãããããæã£ãŠãã现èã§ããè²çŽ èãè²ãå€ããã®ã¯ã现èã®äžã®åå®äœãç§»åããããã§ããåå®äœã现èå
šäœã«ãããšè²ãã€ããããã«èŠããŸããã现èã®çãäžã«éãŸããšéæã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "ãã®ä»ã®å¹æåš"
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¿ã«ã®è
¹éšã«ã¯å
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"text": "â» ãã®è§£èª¬ã¯ã æ§çç©IBãæ§çç©IIãäžåŠæ ¡çç§ã®Wikibooks ãæ¬äœã«çŽãããã®ã§ãããã®ãããçŸåšã®é«æ ¡ã倧åŠåéšã§ã¯ãäžé©åãªå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã",
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"text": "é£ç©é£éã¯ããªã«ãæ°Žäžã®çãç©ã ãã§ãªããéžäžã®çãç©ã«ãåœãŠã¯ãŸãèãæ¹ã§ãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"paragraph_id": 12,
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"text": "æ€ç©ãªã©ãå
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"text": "ãã£ãœããèé¡(ãããã)ã现èé¡(ãããããã)ã®ããã«ã(èœã¡èã åç©ã®æ»ãã ã åç©ã®ç³å°¿(ãµãã«ãã)ãªã©ã®)忀ç©ã®éºäœãææ³ç©ãªã©ã®ææ©ç©ãåè§£ããŠç¡æ©ç©ã«ããçç©ãåè§£è
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "现èé¡ãšã¯ãäŸãã°ã倧è
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"text": "ããããèé¡ã现èé¡ã¯ãæ®éã¯ãèç·äœãæã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãå
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"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"text": "èé¡ã®æ é€ã®åãæ¹ã¯ãã«ãã»ããã³ãšãã«ãè糞ãã®ã°ããŠãèœã¡èãåç©ã®æ»éªžãªã©ãããé€åãåžåããŠããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
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"text": "äžè¬çã«ãé·æçã«èŠãã°ãäžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
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ãããå¢ããŠããé£ã¹ç©ã®æ€ç©ãè¶³ããã«äžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã¯æ»ãã§ããŸãããã§ããåæ§ã«ãäºæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã®åäœæ°ã¯ãäžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ãããå°ãããŸããã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãæ¬ããŒãžã®å³ã®ããã«ãçç£è
ã®åäœæ°ãšäžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã»äºæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã»äžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã» ... ã®åäœæ°ãç©ã¿äžããŠãããšãäžè§åœ¢ã®ãã©ãããåã®å³ã«ãªããŸãããã®ãããªåäœæ°ãçç£è
ã»äžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã»äºæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã» ... ãšç©ã¿äžããå³ãåäœæ°ãã©ããããšãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ãçç©éã«ã€ããŠãç©ã¿äžããå³ãçç©éãã©ããã ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åäœæ°ãã©ããããçç©éãã©ãããããŸãšããŠãçæ
ãã©ããããšãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®ãã©ãããã®ããã«ãçæ
ç³»ãæ§æããçç©ããçç£è
ãåºèŸºãšããŠãäžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã»äºæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã» ... ãšé£ç©é£éã®æ®µéã«ãã£ãŠæ®µéçã«åããããšãã§ãããããæ é€æ®µé(ãããã ã ããã)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ é€ã¯ãããããã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãããµãã«ãç§»åããŠãããŸãããããŠãæ¶è²»è
ãäžçã®ææã«ã¯æ»ã¬ãããæ»ãã§åè§£ãããã®ã§ãæ é€ã¯åè§£è
ãžãšç§»åããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ é€çŽ ãšããŠé£ã¹ãããç©è³ªãããã®ããã«åŸªç°ããŠãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç©è³ªã¯ãçç©ã©ããã§ã¯äžèšã®é£ç©é£éã®ããã«åŸªç°ãããŸãããããããšãã«ã®ãŒã¯åŸªç°ãããæçµçã«ã¯å°çå€(å®å®ç©ºé)ã«ç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒãªã©ãšããŠåºãŠè¡ããŸã(â» æ±äº¬æžç±ãæ°ç åºçã宿åºçãåæé€šã®èŠè§£)ã (⻠第äžåŠç¿ç€Ÿã®æç§æžãçŽå€±ããã®ã§ã第äžã¯åãããŸããã)",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç©ã®å©çšãããšãã«ã®ãŒã®ããããšã¯ãã»ãšãã©ã倪éœããã®å
ãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ãã®ã§ãå
ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå
åæãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠææ©ç©ã«å€ãããããªã©ããŠååŠãšãã«ã®ãŒãšããŠå€æãããæ¶è²»ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒãšããŠæåºããŠããã®ç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå®å®ã«æŸåºãããŠããããšãããããªåºæ¥äºã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãããšãã«ã®ãŒã¯çæ
ç³»ã®äžã埪ç°ã¯ããŠããŸããã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªããšãããæ€å®æç§æžã§ã¯ããšãã«ã®ãŒã¯çæ
ç³»ã®å€ã«æŸåºãããããšãããšãã«ã®ãŒã¯çæ
ç³»å€ã«åºãŠããããªã©ã®ããã«èª¬æããŠããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããçæ
ç³»ã®äžå®é¢ç©å
ã«ãããŠãäžå®æéã«ãããŠçç£è
ãå
åæããææ©ç©ã®ç·éãç·çç£é(ãã ããããããã)ãšãããŸããçç£è
ã§ããæ€ç©ã¯ãèªèº«ã®çç£ããææ©ç©ã®äžéšããèªèº«ã®åŒåžã§æ¶è²»ããŠããŸããåŒåžã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿ãããææ©ç©ã®éãåŒåžéãšãããŸãã ç·çç£éããåŒåžéãå·®ãåŒããéããçŽçç£é(ãã
ã ããããããã)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŽçç£éã®äžéšã¯ãèœã¡èãšãªã£ãŠæ¯ãèœã¡ãã( æ¯æ»éã(ããããããã) )ããããã¯äžææ¶è²»è
ã«ãã£ãŠæé£ãããããã( 被é£éã(ãã²ããããããã) )ã®ã§ãçç£è
ã®æé·ã«äœ¿ããéã¯ãçŽçç£éãããäœããªããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŽçç£éãããæ¯æ»éãšè¢«é£éãå·®ãåŒããéããæé·é(ããã¡ããããã)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ€ç©ãæé·ã«äœ¿ããææ©ç©ã®ç·éããæé·éã§ãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¶è²»è
ã§ããåç©ã¯ãé£ã¹ãææ©ç©ã®äžéšããæ¶åã»åžåããã«ææ³ããŸããé£ã¹ãææ©ç©ã®ç·éãæé£é(ãã£ãããããã)ãšãããŸããæ¶ååžåããã«æåºããã¶ãã®éããäžæ¶åæåºé(ãµãããã ã¯ããã
ã€ããã)ãšãããŸãã æ¶è²»è
ã®ååéã¯ãæé£éããäžæ¶åæåºéãå·®ãåŒããéã§ãã®ã§ã次ã®åŒã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãããåç©ã®çŸ€ãããéå£å
šäœã§èŠããšããã®çŸ€ãã®äžéšã®åäœã¯ãé£ç©é£éã§ãããäžäœã®åäœã«ãã£ãŠæé£ãããŸãããªã®ã§ã矀ãã®æé·ã«äœ¿ããææ©ç©ã®ç·éããã被é£éãå·®ãåŒããã°ããªããŸãããããã«ãåç©ã«ã¯å¯¿åœããããããªãããã€ãã¯æ»æ»
ããŸããæ»æ»
ããã¶ãã®éãæ»æ»
éã§ãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããèæ
®ãããšãæ¶è²»è
ã®æé·éã¯ã次ã®åŒã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããç°å¢ã«ãããŠãçç£è
ã®è¢«é£éã¯ãäžæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã®æé£éãšçããã åæ§ã«ãäžææ¶è²»è
ã®è¢«é£éã¯ãäºæ¬¡æ¶è²»è
ã®æé£éãšçããã",
"title": "é£ç©é£é"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é£ç©é£éã§çç©éãç§»åããç©è³ªã¯æ é€çŽ ã ãã§ã¯ãªããçåœã«ã¯æãŸãããªãæå®³ç©ããé£ç©é£éãç§»åããŠãããŸãã äŸãã°ããã€ãŠèŸ²è¬ãšããŠäœ¿çšãããŠããDDTã¯ãèªç¶çã§ã¯åè§£ããã«ãããèèªã«èç©ããããããã®ããé£ç©é£éãéããŠé«æ¬¡ã®æ¶è²»è
ãžãåã蟌ãŸããåç©ã«å®³ãããã°ããŸããã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç©å
ã§åè§£ã»æåºã§ããªãç©è³ªã¯ãäœå
ã«èç©ãããããšããç¹åŸŽããããŸããããã«ããã®çç©ãé£ã¹ãæ¶è²»è
ã®äœã«ã¯ããã£ãšå€ãèç©ããããããã®ãããçæ
ãã©ãããã§äžäœã®çç©ã»ã©ã髿¿åºŠã§ããã®ç©è³ªãååšããŠãããšããçŸè±¡ãèµ·ãããã®çŸè±¡ãçç©æ¿çž®(ããã¶ã€ ã®ããã
ããbiological concentration)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¯æ§ã®ããç©è³ªã§ãçç©æ¿çž®ãèµ·ããç©è³ªã«ãã£ãŠã髿¬¡ã®æ¶è²»è
ãæ»äº¡ããããã髿¬¡ã®æ¶è²»è
ã®çåœãè
ããããäºäŸãéå»ã«èµ·ããŸããŸããã çç©æ¿çž®ãèµ·ãããå±éºç©è³ªã¯ãDDTã®ã»ããPCB(ããªå¡©åããã§ãã«)ãææ©æ°Žéãªã©ã§ãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšãã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã³æ¥æ¬ãªã©ã§ã¯ãDDTã®äœ¿çšã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äœããã®çç±ã§ãçç£éãã©ãããäžã§ã®ãããçç©ã®åäœæ°ã®æ¯çãå€ãã£ãŠããæéãçµãŠã°ãããšã©ããã«è¿ã¥ããŠãããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«ãå
éãã«è¿ã¥ããŠãããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»ã®å ŽåãèããŠã¿ãŸãããã ã€ãããã®ç¶æ
ããããªãããã®çç±ã§ãèé£åç©ãå¢ããå Žåãèããããä»®ã«ããã®ç¶æ
ãã(èé£åç©=å¢)ããšæžããšããŸãããã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãé£ç©é£éãéããŠãåäœæ°ã®æ¯çã¯èª¿ç¯ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(â» ç»åãåéäžãã«ããã§ã®ããªãªã€ããã³(æé£è
)ãšã«ã³ãžããŠãµã®(被é£è
)ã®åäœæ°ã®ã°ã©ããªã©ãäœæããŠãã ããã)",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç°å¢ç Žå£ã森æäŒæ¡ãªã©ã§ãããå°åã§ãå€§èŠæš¡ã«æ£®æãç Žå£ãããŠããŸããšãçç£éãã©ãããã®æäžæ®µã®çç£è
ãæžã£ãŠããŸãã®ã§ãäžã®æ®µã®æ¶è²»è
ã®åç©ãããã®å°åã§ã¯çããããªããªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人工çãªç°å¢ç Žå£ã®ã»ãã«ããç«å±±ã®åŽç«ãå±±ããããæŽªæ°Žãªã©ã®èªç¶çœå®³ã§ãçç©ã®éã倧å¹
ã«æžãå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšã®æ¥æ¬ã«çæ¯ããŠãã ãã©ãã¯ãã¹ã®äžçš®(ãªãªã¯ããã¹) ã ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¶ãªã¬ã ããã«ãŒã®ã« ãªã©ã¯ãããšããšã®çæ¯ç°å¢ã¯å€åœã§ããã人éã®æŽ»åã«ãã£ãŠæ¥æ¬åœå
ã«æã¡èŸŒãŸããæ¥æ¬ã«å®çããçç©ã§ãããã®ãããªå€éšãããããçæ
ç³»ã«æã¡èŸŒãŸããçç©ãã倿¥çç©(ãããã ããã¶ã€)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããçæ
ç³»ã«ãé ãé¢ããå¥ã®å Žæããæã¡èŸŒãŸãã倿¥çç©ãå
¥ã£ãŠããŠããŸããšã(倩æµãããªãçã®çç±ã§å€æ¥çç©ãå€§ç¹æ®ããããããã®çµæã)æã¡èŸŒãŸããå
ã®å Žæã®çæ
ç³»ã®å®å®ã厩ããŸãããªããªãããã®å€æ¥çç©ã®å€©æµãšãªãçç©ãããŸã ãæã¡èŸŒãŸããå
ã®å Žæã«ã¯ãããªãããã§ãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã倿¥çç©ãæã¡èŸŒãŸããå Žæã§ã¯ã倿¥çç©ãå¢ããŠããŸããåŸæ¥ã®çç©ã§æé£å¯Ÿè±¡ãªã©ã«ãªã£ãçç©ã¯æžå°ããŠããå Žåãå€ããããŸãã ãã®çµæã倿¥çç©ã«ãã£ãŠ(æé£å¯Ÿè±¡ãªã©ã«ãªã£ã)åŸæ¥ã®çç©ãåã«æžãã ãã§ãªããçµ¶æ»
ã¡ããã«ãŸã§åŸæ¥ã®çç©ã倧å¹
ã«æ¿æžããå ŽåããããŸãã(â» æ€å®æç§æžã§ã¯ãããŸã§æžããŠããŸããããå
±éãã¹ãã§ãããŸã§ã®ç¥èãèŠæ±ããŸãã)",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倿¥çç©ã®äŸãšããŠããªãªã¯ããã¹(ãã©ãã¯ãã¹ã®äžçš®) ã ãã«ãŒã®ã« ãšããèé£ã®éã®äŸãããããããèé£ã®å€æ¥çç©ã®éãåšæ¥ã®éã®çšéãé£ã¹ãŠããŸãã®ã§ãåšæ¥ã®éã®åäœæ°ãæžå°ããŠããŸããšããåé¡ãèµ·ããŠããŸãã äžèª¬ã§ã¯ãæ¹æ²Œã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããªãªã¯ããã¹ããã«-ã®ã«ãªã©ã®ç¹æ®ããæ¹æ²Œã«ãŠåŸæ¥ã®éãæ¿æžããŠãããšãã(â» æ°ç åºçã®æç§æžããã®èŠè§£)ã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "瀟äŒå¶åºŠãšããŠã¯ãäžè¿°ã®ããã«å€æ¥çç©ãåŸæ¥ã®çç©ã«å€å€§ãªæªåœ±é¿ãåãŒããããªãã®ã§ãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯æ³åŸã§å€æ¥çç©ã®æèŸŒã¿ãèŠå¶ãããŠããŸããçæ
ç³»ãä¹±ãæãã®ç¹ã«é«ãçç©çš®ããç¹å®å€æ¥çç©ãã«æå®ããŠã飌è²ãæ œå¹ã»èŒžå
¥ãªã©ãèŠå¶ããããä»ã«ãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯çç©å€æ§æ§æ¡çŽã®æ¹åãåããŠæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ãçç©å€æ§æ§åœå®¶æŠç¥ããªã©ã®æ§æ³ãæã¡ç«ãŠããããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ€ç©ã§ããã»ã€ã¿ã«ã¢ã¯ãããœãŠ ã ã»ã€ãšãŠã¿ã³ãã ãªã©ã®å€æ¥çç©ããããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ²çžã®ãã³ã°ãŒã¹(ãžã£ã¯ãã³ã°ãŒã¹)ã倿¥çç©ã§ãããã®æç²ã®ç®çã§æ²çžãžãšæã¡èŸŒãŸããããããããã以å€ã®çç©ãæé£ããŠããŸãããªããã¯ã®åºæçš®ã®ã¢ãããã¯ããŠãµã®ãã€ã³ãã«ã¯ã€ããªã©ãããã³ã°ãŒã¹ãæé£ããŠããŸããšããåé¡ãèµ·ãããŸããããŸããããã¯å€è¡æ§ã§ããã®ãããã³ã°ãŒã¹ãšã¯è¡åæéãäžèŽãããããæç²ã®å¹æãäœãããšãåãããŸããã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšãç°å¢çã¯ã察çãšããŠãæ²çžã§ãã³ã°ãŒã¹ãæç²ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã®å€æ¥çç©ã«ã¯ããããã®ã»ããã¢ã©ã€ã°ããã«ãããã¬ã¡ããŠã·ã¬ãšã«ãã»ã€ãšãŠãªãªãã«ãããããªã©ã倿¥çç©ã§ãã",
"title": "çç©æ¿çž®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°é¢šãå±±ç«äºãåç 厩ããåŽç«ãªã©ãç°å¢ã«å€åãäžããçŸè±¡ã æªä¹±(ãããããããä¹±) ãšãããŸãã ããšãã°ãå°é¢šã§ãç±åž¯ã®ãµã³ãŽç€ãå·ä»ãã®ãæªä¹±ã§ãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çš®ã®å€æ§æ§ã«ã€ããŠããã¡ã°ã倿§æ§ãå€ãããæªä¹±ã®èŠæš¡ã¯ãæªä¹±ãäžçšåºŠã®å Žåã§ããã®çè«ã äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬(ã¡ã
ãã㌠ãããããã€) ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ç±åž¯ã®ãµã³ãŽç€ã§ã¯ãäžèŠæš¡ã®å°é¢šãèµ·ããæ¹ãããµã³ãŽã®çš®ã®å€æ§æ§ãé«ãŸãããšãç¥ãããŠããŸãããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã®ããã³å³¶ã§ã®ãµã³ãŽç€ã®èª¿æ»ã§ããã®ãããªäžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬ã©ããã®äºäŸãç¥ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°å³ã®å³ã®ãããªå°åã®å Žåã30%ãããã®è¢«åºŠã§ããã£ãšãçš®æ°ãå€ããªããŸãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æªä¹±ã匷ããããšãæªä¹±ã«åŒ·ãçš®ããçãæ®ããããŸããã æªä¹±ã匱ããããšãéåžžæã®ç«¶äºã«åŒ·ãçš®ãããçãæ®ããããŸããã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人éãæ£®æãäŒæ¡ããããããªã©ã®ã人çºçãªããšãæªä¹±ã§ãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "森æã®å Žåãæªä¹±ããªããšãé°æš¹ã°ããã«ãªããŸããæªä¹±ãèµ·ããŠãåŽç«ãªã©ã§ããã£ããæš¹æšãçŒãæããããšããã®ããšã®å°ã«ã¯ããŸãéœæš¹ãçããŠããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éå±±(ããšããŸ)ãªã©ã人éã¡ããã®æ£®æã§ã¯ããã€ãŠã¯äººã
ãææ¥ãªã©ã§æšæãšããŠæ£®æè³æºãå©çšããŠãã®ã§ãããä¹±ãé©åºŠã«è¡ãããŠããŸãããã§ãããæè¿ã§ã¯ææ¥ã®åŸç¶è
äžè¶³ãçµå¶é£ãªã©ã§æŸçœ®ãããæ£®æãå¢ããŠããããã®ããæšæãšããŠäŒæ¡ãããªããªããæªä¹±ãããªããªã£ãã®ã§ãçš®ã®å€æ§æ§ãäœäžããŠãããšäž»åŒµããè
ãããŸããçš®ã®å€æ§æ§ç¢ºä¿ã®ãããé©åºŠã«æšæãªã©ã®æ£®æè³æºãç容ãã¹ãã ãšäž»åŒµããè
ããããæ¥æ¬åœã§ã®å°äžé«ã®å
¬æè²ã§ã®æ€å®æç§æžãªã©ãããã®ãããªç«å Žã«ç«ã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "äžèŠæš¡æªä¹±èª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çµ¶æ»
ã®ãããã®ããçç©çš®ãçµ¶æ»
äžå®çš®(ãã€ãã€ãããã
ãan endangered species )ãšãããŸããçµ¶æ»
äžå®çš®ã®ãªã¹ããã¬ãããªã¹ããšããããããããŸãšããæ¬ãã¬ããããŒã¿ããã¯ãšãããŸãã äžçååœã®æ¿åºãç°å¢å£äœãªã©ã¯ãçµ¶æ»
ãé²ãããã®åãçµã¿ãšããŠãã¬ããããŒã¿ããã¯ããŸãšããŠããŸããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãç°å¢çã«ããã¬ããããŒã¿ããã¯ãäœæãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ã¬ããããŒã¿ããã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "忀ç©ãžã®ä¹±ç²ãªã©ã«ããçµ¶æ»
ãé²ããããçµ¶æ»
äžå®çš®ã®ååŒãèŠå¶ããæ¡çŽãšããŠã¯ã·ã³ãã³æ¡çŽãªã©ããããŸãã",
"title": "ã¬ããããŒã¿ããã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¹²æœã¯ãæž¡ãé³¥ã®çæ¯å°ã«ãªã£ãŠããããè²ãªã©ã®çæ¯å°ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããçŸåšã§ã¯ãå¹²æœã¯èªç¶ä¿è·ã®èгç¹ãããç°å¢ä¿è·ããããŠããŸããã ãæã¯ãå¹²æœã¯ãããªãããã®å€ãå ŽæãšèããããŠããããã®ãããå¹²æãåç«ãŠå·¥äºãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠãå€ãã®å¹²æœãæ¶å€±ããŸããã",
"title": "çç©å€æ§æ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã€ãŠå·èµåº«ãªã©ã®å·åªãšããŠå©çšãããŠããããã³ã¬ã¹ãšããç©è³ªãåå ã§ããªãŸã³å±€ãç Žå£ããæžå°ããŠããããšã1980幎代ã«åãããŸããã ãªãŸã³å±€ã¯çŽ«å€ç·ãåžåããæ§è³ªãããã®ã§ããªãŸã³å±€ãç Žå£ããããšãå°äžã«ãµãããã玫å€ç·ãå¢ããçç©ã被害ãåããã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧æ°äžã§äºé
žåççŽ ã®æ¿åºŠãäžãããšãå°çã®æ°æž©ãäžæãããšèããããŠããŸãã倧æ°äžã®äºé
žåççŽ ã«ã¯ãèµ€å€ç·ãåžåããæ§è³ªãããã®ã§ããã®çµæãç±ãåžåããåãããããŸãããªã®ã§ãäºé
žåççŽ ãå¢ãããšãå°äžã®ç±ãå®å®ã«éããå°çã®åšå²ã«éã蟌ããããã®ã§ãå°äžã®æ°æž©ãäžããããšèããããŠããŸããããããæž©æåã®åå ãšèããããŠããŸãããŸãã倧æ°äžã®äºé
žåççŽ ããç±ãéã蟌ããäœçšã®ããšã æž©å®€å¹æ(ããã〠ããã) ãšèšããŸããäºé
žåççŽ ãªã©ãç±ãéã蟌ããæž©å®€å¹æã®ããæ°äœã®ããšãæž©å®€å¹æã¬ã¹ãšèšããŸãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°çæž©æå(ã¡ãã
ã ããã ãã) ã®äž»ãªåå ã¯ãç³æ²¹ãªã©ã®åç³çæ(ããã ããããã)ã®å€§é䜿çšã«ãã£ãŠãææ°ã«ãµããŸããäºé
žåççŽ (ã«ãããããã)ã«ããã空æ°äžã®äºé
žåççŽ ãå¢å ãããããšèããããŠããŸããä»ã«ããæ£®æäŒæ¡ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå
åæã«ãã£ãŠåºå®ãããççŽ ã®ç·éãäœäžããçµæãå«ãŸããããšããèãããããŸãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããæž©æåãé²è¡ããŠã忥µã®å€§éžäžã®æ°·ãæ°·æ²³ã®æ°·ã溶ããã°ãæµ·é¢äžæããŸããäœå°ã氎没ããŸããæµ·æã®äœãããã«ãã¢ã«ãã£ããããªãã¹ã®åœã¯ãæµ·æ°Žé¢ãäžããã°ãåœåã®å€ããæ°Žæ²¡ããŠããŸãæãããããŸãã ãªãã忥µã®æ°·ã溶ããŠããããšããšåæ¥µæµ·ã«æµ®ããã§ããæ°·ãæ°Žã«å€ããã ããªã®ã§ãæµ·é¢ã¯äžæããããŸããã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããæž©æåã«ãã£ãŠãç±åž¯ã§çæ¯ããŠããèã®ååžåãåºããããšãå¿é
ãããŠããŸãããã©ãªã¢ãåªä»ããèã®ãããã©ã«ã®çæ¯åãåºããæããæãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é
žæ§éšã®åå ã¯ãåç³çæã®ææ°ã«ãµããŸããçªçŽ é
žåç©ãªã©ã®ç©è³ªããéšã®é
žæ§åã®åå ãšèããããŠããŸããé
žæ§éšã«ãããæ£®æãæ¯ããããæ¹ãå·ã®éãæ»ãã ãããå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èäœãå·¥æ¥çšå°åãäœå®
å°åãç®çã«ããæ£®æäŒæ¡ãªã©ã§ãäžççã«æ£®æé¢ç©ãæžå°ããŠããŸããæ£®æã®æžå°ã«ããå
åæéãæžãã®ã§ãæž©æåã®åå ã«ããªã£ãŠãããšèããããŠããŸãããŸããåç©ã®çæ¯åãæžãã®ã§ãçæ
ç³»ã®ä¿è·ã®èгç¹ããããæ£®æç Žå£ãåé¡ã§ãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæž©æåã®åç³çæä»¥å€ã®ä»ã®åå ãšããŠã森æäŒæ¡ãªã©ã«ããæ£®æã®æžå°ã«ãã£ãŠãæ€ç©ã®å
åæã«ããäºé
žåççŽ ã®åžåéãæžã£ãã®ãçç±ã®äžã€ã§ã¯ããšãã説ããããŸãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããéåºŠã®æ£®æäŒæ¡ãªã©ã«ãããåå£ã®ä¿æ°Žæ§ã倱ãããããã«ããã®åå°ã§æ€ç©ãè²ããªããªãç æŒ å(ãã°ãã)ãèµ·ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ç°å¢åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ€ç©ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã«ããå
åæéãšæ¶è²»éã®ã€ãããæ°Žæ·±ã®ããšãè£å深床(ã»ããã ããã©)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "â» æ°Žç³»ã®ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è£å深床ã¯ã倿Žã§æ°Žæ·±100ã¡ãŒãã«ãŸã§ã«ååšããŠããŸãã",
"title": "â» æ°Žç³»ã®ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¹ã®æ°Žè³ªã§çªçŽ ããªã³ãªã©ã®æ¿åºŠã®é«ããªããšãç¡é
žå¡©ããªã³ã¯æ€ç©ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã®æ é€ã§ãããã®ã§ãæ€ç©ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã®æ é€ã«å¯ãã æ¹ã«ãªãã®ã§ããã®ãããªçªçŽ ããªã³ã®æ¿åºŠã®é«ãæ¹ã®äºã坿 逿¹(ãµãããã ã)ãšãããŸããçæŽ»ææ°Žã蟲æ¥å»æ°Žãªã©ã«å«ãŸãããªã³ãçªçŽ (ã¡ã£ã)ååç©ãªã©ã®æåã®æµå
¥ã«ãã£ãŠã坿 逿¹ã«ãªã£ãŠããå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããæ¹ãæµ·ãªã©ãããã®ããã«çªçŽ ããªã³ãªã©ã®æ¿åºŠã®é«ã氎質ã«ãªãäºã坿 é€å(ãµ ããããã, entrophication)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãçªçŽ ããªã³ãªã©ã®æ¿åºŠã®äœãæ¹ã®ããšã¯ãè²§æ 逿¹ã(ã²ã ããããã)ãšãã(â» æ°ç ã®æç§æžã§ç޹ä»)ã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠããæ é€ããšèããšãããããã«èãããããããã¯ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã®æ é€ãšããæå³ã§ãã®ã§ãæ°Žäžã®æ°Žèãéãªã©ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ããã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã®å¢å€§ã害ã«ãªã£ãŠããå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããªãããã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã«ããæ¥ç
§ãããããããã®ã§(æ€ç©ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã¯å
ã®å±ãæ°Žé¢è¿ãã«ããã®ã§)ãæ¹ã®åºã«ããæ°Žèã¯å
åæãã§ããªããªããŸãã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªç¶çã®æ²³å·ãæµ·æ°Žã«ããæ é€ã溶ããŠããããããã¯æ°Žäžã®çç©ã®çåã«ãå¿
èŠãªå Žåããããããã©ã³ã¯ãã³ãå°ãªãããŠãããããé£ã¹ãéä»é¡ãå¢ããªã(â» æ°ç ã®èŠè§£ )ããŸãã埮çç©ããããæ°Žäžã®çªçŽ ããªã³ãæ¶è²»ãããªã©ããŠãããçšåºŠã®ç¯å²å
ãªãçªçŽ ããªã³ãªã©ã¯èªç¶ã«åè§£æ¶è²»ãããŠãã(èªç¶æµå)",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããæ é€ãéå°ã«ãªãããããšããã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã®å€§éçºçãªã©ã«ããæ°Žç³»ã®çæ
ç³»ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ã厩ããæ°Žèã®çŸè±¡ãéä»é¡ã®å€§éæ»ãªã©ã®åå ã«ããªããŸããéå»ã«ã¯ãéå°ã«å¯æ é€åããæ¹ãæ²¿å²žãªã©ã§ãéä»é¡ã®å€§éæ»ãçºèŠãããå ŽåããããŸããã(â» æ°ç ã®ãçç©åºç€ãã«èšè¿°ããã)",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "赀朮(ãããããred tide)ãšããæµ·æ°Žé¢ã®èµ€ããªãçŸè±¡ã®åå ããæ°Žè³ªã®å¯æ é€åã§ãã(â» æ°ç ã®ãçç©åºç€ãã«èšè¿°ããã)",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ·¡æ°Žã§ã¯ã坿 é€åã«ãã(赀朮ã§ã¯ãªã)æ°Žé¢ã®éç·è²ã«ãªããæ°Žã®è¯ã(ã¿ãã®ã¯ãª)ãçºçãã(ãã¢ãªã³ããšããã)ã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããã©ã³ã¯ãã³ãšã¯ãæ°Žäžãæµ®éãã埮çç©ã®ç·ç§°ã§ããã®ãã¡å
åæããããã®ãæ€ç©ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ãšããŠåé¡ãããŠããŸããæ°Žäžã®ãå
åæããªãæµ®é埮çç©ã¯åç©ãã©ã³ã¯ãã³ã«åé¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "坿 é€å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ææ©ç©ã«ããæ°Žè³ªã®æ±æã®å
·åãå®éçã«æž¬å®ããããã®ææšãšããŠãBODããã³CODãšããã®ããããŸãã",
"title": "BODããã³COD"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "BODã¯ãçç©åŠçé
žçŽ èŠæ±éãšãããã®ã§ããã®æ°Žã®åäœéãããã®ææ©ç©ãåè§£ããã®ã«ãæ°Žäžã®åŸ®çç©ãå¿
èŠãšããé
žçŽ éããã©ã®çšåºŠããšãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "BODããã³COD"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãCODã¯ãååŠçé
žçŽ èŠæ±éãšãããã®ã§ããã®æ°Žã®ææ©ç©ãé
žåå€ã§é
žååè§£ããã®ã«å¿
èŠãªãååŠèšç®ã«æç®ããéã®é
žçŽ éã®ããšããããŸãã",
"title": "BODããã³COD"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "BODããã³CODã¯ãæ°å€ã倧ããã»ã©ãææ©ç©ã«ããæ±æãã²ã©ãäºã衚ããŸãã",
"title": "BODããã³COD"
}
]
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[[ã«ããŽãª:çç©åŠ]] | 2022-07-08T19:37:08Z | 2024-02-05T01:12:44Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Substub",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Clear",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:ã³ã©ã ",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:-"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB |
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{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããå°åã«äœãåçš®ã®åäœ(indvidual)ã®çŸ€ããåäœçŸ€(ããããããpopulation)ãšãããŸãããŸãŠã®çŸ€ãã§ããŠãã®çŸ€ãã§ããããšã®çŸ€ãã§ããåçš®ã®åäœã®çŸ€ãã§ããããã°ãåäœçŸ€ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã·ã§ãŠãžã§ãŠããšã®éãšéãšã®ã€ãããããšãµã®è¶³ãã飌è²ãã³ãªã©ã®äžã§é£Œè²ãããšãåãã¯åäœæ°ãæ¥æ¿ã«å¢å ããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããšãµãéããªãè±å¯ã«ãããå±
äœç©ºéãåºããã°ãã©ãã©ãå¢ããŠããããšã«ãªããŸããããããå®éã«ã¯ããšãµã«ã¯éãããããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããç°å¢ã«ãããŠãåäœæ°ã®å¯åºŠãé«ãŸããšãé£ã¹ç©ã®äžè¶³ããå±
äœç©ºéã®æžå°ãæåºç©ã®å¢å ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠãçæŽ»ç©ºéãæªåããŸãããã®çµæãçãŸããŠããåãæžã£ããããããã¯çåç«¶äºãæ¿ãããªã£ãŠæ»äº¡çãå¢ãããªã©ããŠãåäœæ°ã®å¢å ãæããããŸãããã®ãããåäœæ°ã®æéã«ã€ããŠã®ã°ã©ããæžããšãå³ã®ããã«Sååã«ãªããŸãããã®ã°ã©ãã®ããã«ãåäœçŸ€ã«ãããåäœæ°ã®æšç§»ãæããã°ã©ããåäœçŸ€ã®æé·æ²ç·(ããã¡ããããããããgrowth curve)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åç©ã§ãæ€ç©ã§ãããã®ãããªçŸè±¡ãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããç°å¢ã«ãããŠã®ãåäœæ°ã®æå€§æ°ãç°å¢å容å(ããããã ãã
ãããããããcarrying capacity)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããå¯åºŠã«ãã£ãŠãåäœã®æé·ãçºè²ãªã©ãå€åããããšãå¯åºŠå¹æ(ã¿ã€ã© ããããdensity effect)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ€ç©ã§ãå¯åºŠå¹æã¯ãããŸãã ãã€ãºã§ã¯ãçš®ããŸãããšãã®å¯åºŠã«é¢ãããæçµçãªåäœé¢ç©ãããã®ç·ééããã»ãŒåãå€ã«ãªããŸãã ãããæçµåéäžå®ã®æ³å(ãããã
ããã
ãããã ãã£ãŠã ã® ã»ããããlaw of constant final yield)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããµãããã¿ã§ã¯ãå¹Œè«æã®å¯åºŠã§ãæè«ã«ãªã£ããšãã®æ§åãå€ããã å¹Œè«æã«å¯åºŠãäœããšãæè«ã¯å€ç¬çž(ãã©ããããsolitarious phase)ã«ãªããŸããåã«ã¯éºäŒããããŸããã",
"title": "çžå€ç°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ç¬çž",
"title": "çžå€ç°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããå¹Œè«æã«å¯åºŠãé«ããšãæè«ã¯çŸ€ççž(ãããããã)ã«ãªããŸããåã«ã¯éºäŒããããŸããã",
"title": "çžå€ç°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "矀ççž",
"title": "çžå€ç°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç§»åèœåã®é«ãã¯ãæ°ããç°å¢ãæ¢ãããã®ãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "çžå€ç°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãåäœçŸ€å¯åºŠã«ãã£ãŠãåãçš®ã®åœ¢æ
ãè¡åã«éããåºãããšãçžå€ç°(ãããžãã)ãšãããŸããã¢ãã©ã ã·ããšããŠã¬ã§ãçžå€ç°ãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "çžå€ç°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åç©ã®ãããåäœçŸ€ã§ãåäœã®çåæ°ãæ°è¡šã«ãããã®ãçåœè¡š(ããããã²ãããlife table)ãšãããçåœè¡šã®å
容ãã°ã©ãã«ãããã®ãçåæ²ç·(survival curve)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çš®ã«ãã£ãŠçåæ²ç·ã¯éããäž»ã«3ã€ã®åã«åãããŸãã",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ©æ»åãšæ©æ»åãšå¹³ååãšãã3ã€ã§ãã æ©æ»åã¯ãæ»æã寿åœã®è¿ãã§ããæ©æ»åã¯ãçãŸããŠãããããã«æ»ã¬åäœãå€ããããŸããå¹³ååã¯ãææã«ãããæ»äº¡çããã»ãŒäžå®ã§ãã",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éé¡ãªã©ãç£åµæ°ã®å€ãçç©ã¯ãåè²ãŠãããããã®ããæ©æ»åãå€ããããŸãã ãã£ãœãã倧åã®åºä¹³é¡ã¯ãæ©æ»åã§ãã",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é³¥é¡ã»ç¬è«é¡ãªã©ã¯å¹³ååã§ãã",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "çåæ²ç·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã¢ãªãã·ãã¢ãªãªã©ã§ã¯ãåçš®ã®åäœãå¯éããŠç掻ããã³ãããŒãšãã°ãã矀ãã圢æããŠããŸãããããã®æè«(ãããã¢ãªãã·ãã¢ãª)ã¯ãç€ŸäŒæ§æè«ãšåŒã°ããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã·ãã¢ãªã®å Žåãç£åµãè¡ãåäœã¯ããµã€ãã¯1å¹ã«éãããŸãããã®ç£åµãè¡ãã¢ãªãã女çã¢ãªã§ãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "女çã¢ãªä»¥å€ã®ã¡ã¹ã¯äžåŠã§ãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "女ç以å€ã®ã¢ãªã«ã¯ãã¯ãŒã«ãŒãå
µã¢ãªãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ãŒã«ãŒãšã¯ããããããã¯ãããã¢ãªãã®ããšã§ãé£ç©ã®éæ¬ã幌è«ã®äžè©±ãªã©ã®ä»äºãããåäœã®ããšã§ãã ã·ãã¢ãªã®ã¯ãŒã«ãŒãå
µã¢ãªã«ã¯çæ®èœåãç¡ãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããåæ§ã«ã女çãããã¯ãŒã«ãŒãããŸããããã§ããç£åµãè¡ãã®ã¯å¥³çããã®ã¿ã§ãã¯ãŒã«ãŒãå
µããã«ã¯çæ®èœåãç¡ãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(ã»ãã〠ãŠãããã©)",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ããªãããã³ã¶ã«ããªãªã«ããªã©ã§ãããèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ããªã®å ŽåãäœçŸœããæª»(ãã)ã®äžã§è²·ããšãã€ã€ããããããŠé äœã決ãŸããé äœã®é«ãã»ãããã€ã€ããé äœã®ã²ããã»ãããã€ã€ãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã³ã¶ã«ã®å Žåãé äœã®é«ãåäœã®ã»ãããé äœã®äœãåäœã®å°»ã®äžã«ä¹ã£ããããããããŠã³ãã£ã³ã°ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "åäœçŸ€å
ã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããçš®ã®åäœçŸ€ã«ã€ããŠãå¿
èŠãšããè³æºã®ç¹åŸŽããæŽ»åæéãªã©ã®ããã«ãçæ
ç³»ã®äžã§å ããŠããå°äœãçæ
çå°äœ(ããããniche)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç°çš®ã®åäœçŸ€ã®ãããã䌌ãŠããå Žåããããã奪ãåã£ãŠç«¶äºãèµ·ããå Žåãå€ãã®ã§ããã®ãããªãããã®äŒŒãŠããç°çš®åäœçŸ€ãå
±åããã®ã¯é£ããã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãŸãŠãªã ã·(P.caudatum)ãšãã¡ãŸãŠãªã ã·(P.aurelia)ã¯ããšãã«çްèãé£ç©ãšãããããããã䌌ãŠããããã£ãŠå
±åã¯é£ããã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããã¿ã«ãšãã¯ããŠã¯ãé£ã¹ç©ã䌌ãŠããŸãããæŽ»åæéãéããããèªç¶çãªãå
±åã¯å¯èœã§ãã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãŠãªã ã·ãšãã¡ãŸãŠãªã ã·ã®ããã«ãç°çš®ããããã奪ãåã£ãŠç«¶äºããããšãçš®éç«¶èµ°(ãã
ãã ããããããinterspecific competition)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ãŸãŠãªã ã·ã®ã»ããäœãå°ãããã®ãããå°ãªã飿ã§ããã¡ãŸãŠãªã ã·ã¯æå©ã§ãããªã®ã§ããã¡ãŸãŠãªã ã·ãšãŸãŠãªã ã·ããããšãã°çã容åšãªã©ã«å
¥ããŠç«¶èµ°ããããšããŸãŠãªã ã·ãç«¶äºã«ãã¶ããŠæžå°ãããããŠãŸãŠãªã ã·ã¯çµ¶æ»
ãããšããå Žåãå€ããããŸãã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãç°çš®ãç«¶äºããŠãã©ã¡ãããçµ¶æ»
ããããšãç«¶èµ°çæé€(ããããããŠã ã¯ããããcompetitive exclusion)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããç°ãªã£ãŠããã°ãåãå Žæã§ãã£ãŠããç°çš®ã®åäœçŸ€ãå
±åã§ããå ŽåããããŸãã ããšãã°ãããªãŸãŠãªã ã·ãšãŸãŠãªã ã·ã¯ããããã埮åŠã«ç°ãªã£ãŠããããã®ããå
±åããããããããªãŸãŠãªã ã·ã¯å
åæã§ãšãã«ã®ãŒãçç£åºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "ç°çš®åäœçŸ€éã®é¢ä¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çžåŒµã(ããªããªãŒ)",
"title": "å·çäºå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã·ãžã¥ãŠã«ã©ã¯äžå€«äžåŠ»å¶ã",
"title": "å·çäºå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ãªãšã¢ãã©ã ã·",
"title": "å·çäºå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãµã¡ãšã³ãã³ã¶ã¡",
"title": "å·çäºå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "å·çäºå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¯çè
ã宿䞻(ãã
ããã
)",
"title": "å·çäºå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¯å·å°ã»ã©ãäœã倧ååã ãããã§ã¯ã°ã(倧ãã)ãšããããã¯ã°ã(å°ãã )ãšã®é¢ä¿ãªã©ã",
"title": "ãã«ã¯ãã³ã®æ³åãã¢ã¬ã³ã®æ³å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¯å·å°ã®åç©ã¯ãè³ãªã©ã®çªèµ·ç©ãå°åã§ããå¯å·å°ã§ããã»ã©ãçªèµ·ç©ãå°ååããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ãã«ã¯ãã³ã®æ³åãã¢ã¬ã³ã®æ³å"
}
]
| null | {{substub}}
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== èæ³š == | null | 2022-07-08T20:29:15Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Substub",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:See also",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:-",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Math"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9/%E5%80%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%BE%A4%E3%81%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E9%9B%86 |
35,068 | HAML | HAML(HTML Abstraction Markup Language)ã¯ãRubyã§æžãããããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèªã§ããHAMLã¯ãHTMLã®ä»£ããã«ãã³ã³ãã¯ãã§èªã¿ãããã人éãäœæããã®ãç°¡åãªæ§æãæäŸããŸãããã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ã¯ãHAMLã®åºç€ãåŠã³ãç°¡åãªHAMLããŒãžãäœæããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã
HAMLã䜿çšããã«ã¯ãRubyãå¿
èŠã§ããRubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããªãå Žåã¯ããŸãRubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠãã ããã
Rubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããå Žåã¯ãHAMLãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã以äžã®ã³ãã³ããå®è¡ããŠãHAMLãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãã
HAMLã®æ§æã¯ãã€ã³ãã³ãã«åºã¥ããŠãããããèªã¿ãããããã¹ããããèŠçŽ ã衚çŸããã®ã«é©ããŠããŸããHAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æã以äžã«ç€ºããŸãã
ããšãã°ãHTMLã®<div>èŠçŽ ãäœæããã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«æžããŸãã
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
屿§ã远å ããã«ã¯ã屿§åãšå€ãæå®ããŸãã
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
ã¯ã©ã¹ã远å ããã«ã¯ã.ã䜿çšããŸãã
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
IDã远å ããã«ã¯ã#ã䜿çšããŸãã
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã³ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå€æ°ãå®çŸ©ãããããHAMLã§äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã倿°ã¯ã=èšå·ã䜿çšããŠHAMLã«æž¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã
倿°ã䜿çšããã«ã¯ãHAMLå
ã§å€æ°ã宣èšããRubyã®ã³ãŒããåã蟌ã¿ãŸããæ¬¡ã«ãHAMLã§å€æ°ã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã
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HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ã䜿çšããŠãç¹å®ã®æ¡ä»¶ã«åºã¥ããŠHAMLãçæããããšãã§ããŸãã
次ã«ãHAMLã§æ¡ä»¶åå²ã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã®eachã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçãè¡ããŸãã以äžã¯ãé
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠãªã¹ããäœãäŸã§ãã
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%ulèŠçŽ ã®äžã§eachã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠã['apple', 'banana', 'orange']ã®é
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%lièŠçŽ ã®äžã§fruit倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠãåèŠçŽ ã衚瀺ããŠããŸãã
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ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%tableèŠçŽ ã®äžã§ããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%theadèŠçŽ ã®äžã§è¡šã®èŠåºããã%tbodyèŠçŽ ã®äžã§å®éã®è¡šãäœæããŠããŸããããã·ã¥ã®åèŠçŽ ã¯key倿°ãšvalue倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠååŸãã%tdèŠçŽ ã«è¡šç€ºããŠããŸãã
以äžã§ãHAMLã®åºç€ãåŠã³ãç°¡åãªHAMLããŒãžãäœæããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸããã
HAMLã¯ãHTMLã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããç°¡åã§èªã¿ãããããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèªã§ãããRubyã§æžãããŠãããããRubyã®ç¥èãããã°ç°¡åã«åŠã¶ããšãã§ããŸãã
HAMLã䜿çšãããšã次ã®ãããªã¡ãªããããããŸãã
以äžã¯ãHAMLã®äžè¬çãªãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã§ãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAML(HTML Abstraction Markup Language)ã¯ãRubyã§æžãããããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèªã§ããHAMLã¯ãHTMLã®ä»£ããã«ãã³ã³ãã¯ãã§èªã¿ãããã人éãäœæããã®ãç°¡åãªæ§æãæäŸããŸãããã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ã¯ãHAMLã®åºç€ãåŠã³ãç°¡åãªHAMLããŒãžãäœæããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã",
"title": "ã¯ããã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã䜿çšããã«ã¯ãRubyãå¿
èŠã§ããRubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããªãå Žåã¯ããŸãRubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠãã ããã",
"title": "HAMLã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Rubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããå Žåã¯ãHAMLãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã以äžã®ã³ãã³ããå®è¡ããŠãHAMLãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã®æ§æã¯ãã€ã³ãã³ãã«åºã¥ããŠãããããèªã¿ãããããã¹ããããèŠçŽ ã衚çŸããã®ã«é©ããŠããŸããHAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æã以äžã«ç€ºããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãHTMLã®<div>èŠçŽ ãäœæããã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«æžããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "屿§ã远å ããã«ã¯ã屿§åãšå€ãæå®ããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ã©ã¹ã远å ããã«ã¯ã.ã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "IDã远å ããã«ã¯ã#ã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã³ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå€æ°ãå®çŸ©ãããããHAMLã§äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã倿°ã¯ã=èšå·ã䜿çšããŠHAMLã«æž¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®å€æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倿°ã䜿çšããã«ã¯ãHAMLå
ã§å€æ°ã宣èšããRubyã®ã³ãŒããåã蟌ã¿ãŸããæ¬¡ã«ãHAMLã§å€æ°ã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®å€æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®å€æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã§ã¯ãã³ã¡ã³ããæ¿å
¥ããããšãã§ããŸããã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ã-#èšå·ã䜿çšããŠæ¿å
¥ããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®ã³ã¡ã³ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®ã³ã¡ã³ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ã䜿çšããŠãç¹å®ã®æ¡ä»¶ã«åºã¥ããŠHAMLãçæããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®æ¡ä»¶åå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã«ãHAMLã§æ¡ä»¶åå²ã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®æ¡ä»¶åå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®æ¡ä»¶åå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã®eachã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçãè¡ããŸãã以äžã¯ãé
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠãªã¹ããäœãäŸã§ãã",
"title": "ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã®åºæ¬çãªæžãæ¹"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%ulèŠçŽ ã®äžã§eachã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠã['apple', 'banana', 'orange']ã®é
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%lièŠçŽ ã®äžã§fruit倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠãåèŠçŽ ã衚瀺ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã®åºæ¬çãªæžãæ¹"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã®äžã§ãçŸåšã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹çªå·ã䜿ãããå ŽåããããŸãããã®å Žåã¯ãRubyã®each_with_indexã¡ãœããã䜿ããŸãã以äžã¯ãé
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠçªå·ä»ãã®ãªã¹ããäœãäŸã§ãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ä»ãã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%olèŠçŽ ã®äžã§each_with_indexã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠã['apple', 'banana', 'orange']ã®é
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%lièŠçŽ ã®äžã§ãi倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠçŸåšã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹çªå·ã衚瀺ããfruit倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠåèŠçŽ ã衚瀺ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ä»ãã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é
åã ãã§ãªããããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã§ããŸãã以äžã¯ãããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ããŠè¡šãäœãäŸã§ãã",
"title": "ããã·ã¥ã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%tableèŠçŽ ã®äžã§ããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%theadèŠçŽ ã®äžã§è¡šã®èŠåºããã%tbodyèŠçŽ ã®äžã§å®éã®è¡šãäœæããŠããŸããããã·ã¥ã®åèŠçŽ ã¯key倿°ãšvalue倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠååŸãã%tdèŠçŽ ã«è¡šç€ºããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ããã·ã¥ã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã§ãHAMLã®åºç€ãåŠã³ãç°¡åãªHAMLããŒãžãäœæããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸããã",
"title": "ããã·ã¥ã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã¯ãHTMLã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããç°¡åã§èªã¿ãããããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèªã§ãããRubyã§æžãããŠãããããRubyã®ç¥èãããã°ç°¡åã«åŠã¶ããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã·ã¥ã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "HAMLã䜿çšãããšã次ã®ãããªã¡ãªããããããŸãã",
"title": "HAMLã®ã¡ãªãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã¯ãHAMLã®äžè¬çãªãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã§ãã",
"title": "HAMLã®ãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹"
}
]
| null | == ã¯ããã« ==
HAMLïŒHTML Abstraction Markup LanguageïŒã¯ãRubyã§æžãããããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèªã§ããHAMLã¯ãHTMLã®ä»£ããã«ãã³ã³ãã¯ãã§èªã¿ãããã人éãäœæããããæ§æãæäŸããŸãããã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ã¯ãHAMLã®åºç€ãåŠã³ãç°¡åãªHAMLããŒãžãäœæããæé ã説æããŸãã
== HAMLã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã« ==
HAMLã䜿çšããã«ã¯ãRubyãå¿
èŠã§ããRubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããªãå Žåã¯ããŸãRubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠãã ããã
{{Main|Ruby#rubyã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒã®æºå}}
Rubyãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããå Žåã¯ãHAMLãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã以äžã®ã³ãã³ããå®è¡ããŠãHAMLãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=shell>
% gem install haml
</syntaxhighlight>
== HAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æ ==
HAMLã®æ§æã¯ãã€ã³ãã³ãã«åºã¥ããŠãããããèªã¿ãããããã¹ããããèŠçŽ ã衚çŸããã®ã«é©ããŠããŸããHAMLã®åºæ¬æ§æã以äžã«ç€ºããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%èŠçŽ å 屿§1=å€1 屿§2=å€2 ...
åèŠçŽ 1
åèŠçŽ 2
...
</syntaxhighlight>
ããšãã°ãHTMLã®<nowiki><div></nowiki>èŠçŽ ãäœæããã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«æžããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%div
%p ããã¯æ®µèœã§ãã
%p ããã¯å¥ã®æ®µèœã§ãã
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html5>
<div>
<p>ããã¯æ®µèœã§ãã</p>
<p>ããã¯å¥ã®æ®µèœã§ãã</p>
</div>
</syntaxhighlight>
屿§ã远å ããã«ã¯ã屿§åãšå€ãæå®ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%img(src="image.png" alt="ç»å")
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html5>
<img src="image.png" alt="ç»å">
</syntaxhighlight>
ã¯ã©ã¹ã远å ããã«ã¯ã.ã䜿çšããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%div.container
%p ããã¯ã³ã³ããå
ã®æ®µèœã§ãã
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html5>
<div class="container">
<p>ããã¯ã³ã³ããå
ã®æ®µèœã§ãã</p>
</div>
</syntaxhighlight>
IDã远å ããã«ã¯ã#ã䜿çšããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%div#header
%h1 ããããŒ
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html5>
<div id="header">
<h1>ããããŒ</h1>
</div>
</syntaxhighlight>
HTML5ã®ããŒã¯ã¢ããäŸã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
!!! 5
%html{ lang: "ja" }
%head
%meta{ charset: "UTF-8" }
%title ã¿ã€ãã«
%link{ rel: "stylesheet", href: "styles.css" }
%body
%header
%h1 ããããŒ
%nav
%ul
%li
%a{ href: "#" } ããŒã
%li
%a{ href: "#" } ãµãŒãã¹
%li
%a{ href: "#" } ãåãåãã
%main
%section
%h2 ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¿ã€ãã«
%p ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®å
容
%section
%h2 å¥ã®ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³
%p å¥ã®å
容
%footer
%p ããã¿ãŒæ
å ±
%script{ src: "scripts.js" }
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html5>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="ja">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ã¿ã€ãã«</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>ããããŒ</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">ããŒã </a></li>
<li><a href="#">ãµãŒãã¹</a></li>
<li><a href="#">ãåãåãã</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<main>
<section>
<h2>ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¿ã€ãã«</h2>
<p>ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®å
容</p>
</section>
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<h2>å¥ã®ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³</h2>
<p>å¥ã®å
容</p>
</section>
</main>
<footer>
<p>ããã¿ãŒæ
å ±</p>
</footer>
<script src="scripts.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
</syntaxhighlight>
{{ã³ã©ã |ã€ã³ãã³ãæåã®èšèª|2=ã€ã³ãã³ãæåã®èšèªã¯ãããã¹ããã¡ã€ã«ã«ãããŠã€ã³ãã³ãïŒåäžãïŒãå©çšããŠãæ§é ã衚çŸããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ããšãæããŸããããã§ã¯ãYAMLãHAMLãSASSãPythonãCaffeScript ã®ããããã«ã€ããŠãã³ãŒãäŸãšãšãã«è§£èª¬ããŠãããŸãã
;YAML
:YAMLã¯ã人éã«ãšã£ãŠèªã¿æžããããããã©ãŒããããæäŸããããšãç®çãšããŠããããŒã¿åœ¢åŒã§ãäž»ã«èšå®ãã¡ã€ã«ãªã©ã«å©çšãããŸãã
:以äžã¯ãYAMLã®äŸã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=yaml>
# YAML Example
name: John Doe
age: 30
address:
street: 123 Main St
city: Anytown
state: CA
zip: 12345
</syntaxhighlight>
:ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>name</code>ã<code>age</code>ã<code>address</code>ãšããããŒããããããããã«å¯ŸããŠå€ãèšå®ãããŠããŸãããŸãã<code>address</code>ã®å€ã¯ãã€ã³ãã³ããããŠããããšã§ã<code>street</code>ã<code>city</code>ã<code>state</code>ã<code>zip</code>ãšãããµãããŒãæã€ããšãããããŸãã
:;é·æ
:* 人éã«ãšã£ãŠèªã¿æžãããããã
:* ã·ã³ãã«ã§ãèŠèŠçã«ãåããããã
:;çæ
:* äžè¬çãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãšæ¯ã¹ããšã衚çŸåãå¶éãããŠãã
:* ããã°ã©ã ã³ãŒãã衚çŸããã®ã«ã¯é©ããŠããªã
; HAML
: HAMLã¯ãHTMLãç°¡ç¥åããèšèªã§ãã€ã³ãã³ãã«ãã£ãŠHTMLã®èŠçŽ å士ã®å
¥ãåé¢ä¿ã衚çŸããŸããHAMLã®äž»ãªç®çã¯ãHTMLã®èšè¿°éãåæžããããšã§ãã
: 以äžã¯ãHAMLã®äŸã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
-# HAML Example
%html
%head
%title My HAML Page
%body
%h1 Welcome to my HAML page!
%p This is a paragraph of text.
</syntaxhighlight>
:ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>html</code>ã<code>head</code>ã<code>title</code>ã<code>body</code>ã<code>h1</code>ã<code>p</code>ãšããèŠçŽ ããããããããã«å¯ŸããŠã€ã³ãã³ãã«ãã£ãŠèŠªåé¢ä¿ã衚çŸãããŠããŸãã
; é·æ
:* HTMLãèšè¿°ããéã®èšè¿°éãåæžã§ãã
:* èŠèŠçã«ãåããããã
; çæ
:* Rubyã§æžããããã³ãã¬ãŒããšã³ãžã³ã§ãããããRubyã®ç¥èãå¿
èŠ
:* éçãªã³ã³ãã³ãã®çæã«é©ããŠããããåçãªã³ã³ãã³ãã®çæããå Žåã¯è¿œå ã®ç¥èãå¿
èŠ
; SASS
: SASSã¯CSSã®æ¡åŒµèšèªã§ã倿°ã颿°ããã¹ããªã©ã®æ©èœã远å ããããšã§ãCSSã®èšè¿°ãç°¡ç¥åããä¿å®æ§ãé«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
: ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã倿°ãå®çŸ©ããŠãã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®äžã§äœ¿çšããŠããŸãããŸãã<code>.container</code>ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžã«ã<code>h1</code>ã<code>p</code>ããã¹ããããŠãããããèŠèŠçã«èŠããããªã£ãŠããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=sass>
// 倿°ãå®çŸ©
$primary-color: #ff0000;
$secondary-color: #00ff00;
// ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®å®çŸ©
.container
width: 960px
margin: 0 auto
padding: 20px
h1
font-size: 24px
color: $primary-color
p
font-size: 16px
color: $secondary-color
</syntaxhighlight>
:; é·æ
:* 倿°ã颿°ããã¹ããªã©ã®æ©èœã«ãããã³ãŒãã®èšè¿°ãç°¡ç¥åãããä¿å®æ§ãé«ãŸãã
:* CSSãšã®äºææ§ãé«ããæ¢åã®CSSã³ãŒããSASSã«å€æããããšã容æã
:* ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«ãã£ãŠããã©ãŠã¶ã§å®è¡å¯èœãªCSSã«å€æã§ããã
:; çæ
:* ååŠè
ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãåŠç¿ã³ã¹ããé«ãã
:* ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã®ããã®ããŒã«ãå¿
èŠã§ãããããæè»œã«å©çšã§ããªãã
;Python
: Pythonã¯ãã€ã³ãã³ãã«ãã£ãŠã³ãŒããããã¯ãåºåãããšãç¹åŸŽçãªã€ã³ãã³ãæåã®èšèªã§ãã
:以äžã«ãPythonã§FizzBuzzåé¡ãè§£ãã³ãŒãäŸã瀺ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=python3>
for i in range(1, 101):
if i % 3 == 0 and i % 5 == 0:
print("FizzBuzz")
elif i % 3 == 0:
print("Fizz")
elif i % 5 == 0:
print("Buzz")
else:
print(i)
</syntaxhighlight>
:äžèšã®ã³ãŒãã§ã¯ãforã«ãŒãã®äžã«if-elif-elseæãå«ãŸããŠããŸããPythonã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãã³ãã4ã€ã®ç©ºçœæåã§è¡šãããããšãå€ãããã®äŸã§ã¯ããã䜿çšããŠããŸããã€ã³ãã³ããäžèŽããŠããªãå Žåããšã©ãŒãçºçããŸãã
:;é·æ:Pythonã®ã€ã³ãã³ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽçãªé·æã¯ãå¯èªæ§ã®é«ãã³ãŒããæžããããããšã§ããPythonã®ææ³ã¯ã·ã³ãã«ã§èªç¶ãªè±èªã«è¿ããããåå¿è
ã§ãåŠç¿ãããããšããã¡ãªããããããŸãã
:;çæ:äžæ¹ãã€ã³ãã³ãã®èšè¿°ã«ãŒã«ã«åŸããªããšãšã©ãŒãçºçãããããä»ã®èšèªãšæ¯ã¹ãŠæžãæ¹ã«æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãã
;CaffeScript
: CaffeScriptã¯ãJavaScriptã®æ§æã«äŒŒãã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ãæã€ã€ã³ãã³ãæåã®èšèªã§ãã
: 以äžã«ãCaffeScriptã§FizzBuzzåé¡ãè§£ãã³ãŒãäŸã瀺ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=caffescript>
for i in [1..100]
if i % 3 == 0 and i % 5 == 0
console.log("FizzBuzz")
else if i % 3 == 0
console.log("Fizz")
else if i % 5 == 0
console.log("Buzz")
else
console.log(i)
</syntaxhighlight>
:äžèšã®ã³ãŒãã§ã¯ãforã«ãŒãã®äžã«if-else if-elseæãå«ãŸããŠããŸããCaffeScriptã§ã¯ãã»ãã³ãã³ãäžæ¬åŒ§ãçç¥ããããšãã§ãããããã³ãŒãã®èšè¿°éãå°ãªããŠæžããšããã¡ãªããããããŸãããŸããCaffeScriptã¯ãJavaScriptã«æ¯ã¹ãŠããå³å¯ãªææ³ãã§ãã¯ãè¡ãããããšã©ãŒãå°ãªããªããŸãã
:;é·æ:CaffeScriptã®ã€ã³ãã³ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽçãªé·æã¯ãJavaScriptã«äŒŒãææ³ãæã¡ãªãããããã·ã³ãã«ãªèšè¿°ãã§ããããšã§ãããŸããCaffeScriptã¯ãCoffeeScriptãšåããJavaScriptã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããããããã©ãŠã¶ã§å®è¡ããéã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãåäžããŸãã
:;çæ:äžæ¹ãJavaScriptãšã®ææ³ã®éãã«æ
£ããå¿
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}}
== HAMLã®å€æ° ==
HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã³ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå€æ°ãå®çŸ©ãããããHAMLã§äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã倿°ã¯ã=èšå·ã䜿çšããŠHAMLã«æž¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã
倿°ã䜿çšããã«ã¯ãHAMLå
ã§å€æ°ã宣èšããRubyã®ã³ãŒããåã蟌ã¿ãŸããæ¬¡ã«ãHAMLã§å€æ°ã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
- title = "ç§ã®ããŒãž"
%div
%h1= title
%p ããã¯ã#{title}ã§ãã
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html>
<div>
<h1>ç§ã®ããŒãž</h1>
<p>ããã¯ãç§ã®ããŒãžã§ãã</p>
</div>
</syntaxhighlight>
== HAMLã®ã³ã¡ã³ã ==
HAMLã§ã¯ãã³ã¡ã³ããæ¿å
¥ããããšãã§ããŸããã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ã-#èšå·ã䜿çšããŠæ¿å
¥ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
-# ããã¯ã³ã¡ã³ãã§ãã
%div
%p ããã¯æ®µèœã§ãã
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html>
<div>
<p>ããã¯æ®µèœã§ãã</p>
</div>
</syntaxhighlight>
:HAMLã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãHTMLã®ã³ã¡ã³ãïŒ<code><!-- ã³ã¡ã³ã --></code>ïŒãšã¯ç°ãªããHTMLåºåããã¯èžçºããŸãã
== HAMLã®æ¡ä»¶åå² ==
HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ã䜿çšããŠãç¹å®ã®æ¡ä»¶ã«åºã¥ããŠHAMLãçæããããšãã§ããŸãã
次ã«ãHAMLã§æ¡ä»¶åå²ã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%div
- if true
%p ããã¯çã§ãã
- else
%p ããã¯åœã§ãã
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã¯ã次ã®HTMLã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=html>
<div>
<p>ããã¯çã§ãã</p>
</div>
</syntaxhighlight>
== ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã®åºæ¬çãªæžãæ¹ ==
HAMLã§ã¯ãRubyã®eachã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçãè¡ããŸãã以äžã¯ãé
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠãªã¹ããäœãäŸã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%ul
- ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'].each do |fruit|
%li= fruit
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%ulèŠçŽ ã®äžã§eachã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠã['apple', 'banana', 'orange']ã®é
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%lièŠçŽ ã®äžã§fruit倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠãåèŠçŽ ã衚瀺ããŠããŸãã
== ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ä»ãã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç ==
ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã®äžã§ãçŸåšã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹çªå·ã䜿ãããå ŽåããããŸãããã®å Žåã¯ãRubyã®each_with_indexã¡ãœããã䜿ããŸãã以äžã¯ãé
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠçªå·ä»ãã®ãªã¹ããäœãäŸã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%ol
- ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'].each_with_index do |fruit, i|
%li= "#{i + 1}. #{fruit}"
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%olèŠçŽ ã®äžã§each_with_indexã¡ãœããã䜿ã£ãŠã['apple', 'banana', 'orange']ã®é
åãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%lièŠçŽ ã®äžã§ãi倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠçŸåšã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹çªå·ã衚瀺ããfruit倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠåèŠçŽ ã衚瀺ããŠããŸãã
== ããã·ã¥ã®ç¹°ãè¿ãåŠç ==
é
åã ãã§ãªããããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ãåŠçã§ããŸãã以äžã¯ãããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ããŠè¡šãäœãäŸã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
%table
%thead
%tr
%th Key
%th Value
%tbody
- { 'apple' => 100, 'banana' => 200, 'orange' => 150 }.each do |key, value|
%tr
%td= key
%td= value
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã%tableèŠçŽ ã®äžã§ããã·ã¥ãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãã%theadèŠçŽ ã®äžã§è¡šã®èŠåºããã%tbodyèŠçŽ ã®äžã§å®éã®è¡šãäœæããŠããŸããããã·ã¥ã®åèŠçŽ ã¯key倿°ãšvalue倿°ã䜿ã£ãŠååŸãã%tdèŠçŽ ã«è¡šç€ºããŠããŸãã
以äžã§ãHAMLã®åºç€ãåŠã³ãç°¡åãªHAMLããŒãžãäœæããæ¹æ³ã説æããŸããã
HAMLã¯ãHTMLã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããç°¡åã§èªã¿ãããããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèªã§ãããRubyã§æžãããŠãããããRubyã®ç¥èãããã°ç°¡åã«åŠã¶ããšãã§ããŸãã
== HAMLã®ã¡ãªãã ==
HAMLã䜿çšãããšã次ã®ãããªã¡ãªããããããŸãã
# ã³ãŒããç°¡çŽ åãããå¯èªæ§ãåäžããŸãã
# HTMLã³ãŒãã®ã¿ã€ãæ°ãæžããã³ãŒãã®åå©çšæ§ãåäžããŸãã
# HTMLã³ãŒããçŽæ¥æžããããéãæžãããšãã§ããŸãã
== HAMLã®ãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ ==
以äžã¯ãHAMLã®äžè¬çãªãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã§ãã
*ã€ã³ãã³ããæ£ãã䜿ã
*ã³ãŒããDRYã«ä¿ã€
*: D - Don't
*: R â Repeat
*: Y â Yourself
*ã»ãã³ãã£ãã¯ã§åŠ¥åœãªHTMLãçæ
*ã³ã¡ã³ãã䜿çšããŠã³ãŒããããã¥ã¡ã³ãå
== ä»é² ==
;HTML5ã®èŠçŽ å
šéšèŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=haml>
!!! 5
%html
%head
%title My Awesome Webpage
%link(rel='stylesheet' href='style.css')
%body
%header
%h1 Welcome to My Website
%main
%section
%h2 About Me
%p Hi, my name is John and I'm a web developer. I enjoy coding and creating awesome websites.
%ul
- ["Ruby on Rails", "JavaScript", "HTML/CSS"].each do |tech|
%li= tech
%section
%h2 My Projects
%article
%h3 Project 1
%p This is a description of my first project. It was built using Ruby on Rails and has a lot of cool features.
%a(href='#') Read More
%article
%h3 Project 2
%p This is a description of my second project. It was built using JavaScript and has a lot of interactive elements.
%a(href='#') Read More
%section
%h2 My Table
%table
%thead
%tr
- %w(Name Age Gender).each do |field|
%th= field
%tbody
- [ { name: "John", age: 32, gender: "Male" }, { name: "Jane", age: 27, gender: "Female" } ].each do |person|
%tr
%td= person[:name]
%td= person[:age]
%td= person[:gender]
%section
%h2 Contact Me
%form(action='/submit-form' method='POST')
%label(for='name') Name
%input(type='text' id='name' name='name')
%label(for='email') Email
%input(type='email' id='email' name='email')
%label(for='message') Message
%textarea(id='message' name='message')
%button(type='submit') Send Message
%footer
%p Copyright © 2023
</syntaxhighlight>
== ããŒã¯ã¢ããäŸ ==
* [[JavaScript/Canvas#HAMLãœãŒã¹|JavaScript/Canvas#HAMLãœãŒã¹]]
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
* http://haml.info/
[[Category:HAML|*]]
[[Category:ããŒã¯ã¢ããèšèª]] | 2022-07-08T23:41:53Z | 2024-01-06T04:41:35Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Main",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:ã³ã©ã "
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/HAML |
35,071 | äžåŠæ°åŠ1幎 | äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿ > äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠ > äžåŠæ°åŠ1幎 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿ > äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠ > äžåŠæ°åŠ1幎",
"title": ""
}
]
| äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿Â > äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠÂ > äžåŠæ°åŠ1幎 | {{pathnav|äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿|äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠ}}
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| ---
|}
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! A æ°ãšåŒ
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! C 颿°
! D ããŒã¿ã®æŽ»çš
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| [[äžåŠæ°åŠ2幎 å³åœ¢ã®èª¿ã¹æ¹|å³åœ¢ã®èª¿ã¹æ¹]] {{鲿|50%|2008-4-27}}
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35,074 | äžåŠæ°åŠ3幎 | äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿ > äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠ > äžåŠæ°åŠ3幎 | [
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"text": "äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿ > äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠ > äžåŠæ°åŠ3幎",
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| äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿Â > äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠÂ > äžåŠæ°åŠ3幎 | {{pathnav|äžåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿|äžåŠæ ¡æ°åŠ}}
{{é²æç¶æ³}}
{| class="wikitable"
! A æ°ãšåŒ
! B å³åœ¢
! C 颿°
! D ããŒã¿ã®æŽ»çš
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"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:é²æç¶æ³",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:鲿",
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35,109 | é«çåŠæ ¡ çç©åºç€/çç©å
±éã®åäœïŒçްèïŒ | æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ã现èã«é¢ããåŠèª¬ãšçްèã«é¢ããåºæ¬æ§é ã«ã€ããŠåŠã³ãŸãã
â»çްèã«é¢ããåŠèª¬ã®äººç©ã¯æ£åŒåç§°ã§æŒãããŠãããŸãããã
现èã¯ã1665幎ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãããŒãã»ããã¯ã«ãã£ãŠçºèŠãããŸããã 圌ã¯ãèªäœã®é¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããŠã軜ããŠåŒŸåã®ããã³ã«ã¯ã®èçã芳å¯ãããšããã 倿°ã®äžç©ºã®æ§é ãããããšãç¥ããŸããããããä¿®éé¢ã®å°éšå±(cellãã»ã«)ã«ã¿ããŠã现è(cell)ãšåŒã³ãŸããã 圌ã芳å¯ããã®ã¯ãæ»ãã æ€ç©çްèã®çްèå£(ãããŒããžããcell wall)ã§ãããã ãã®åŸã1674幎ããªã©ã³ãã®ã¢ã³ããã»ãã¡ã³ã»ã¬ãŒãŠã§ã³ããã¯ã«ããåããŠçãã现èã®çްèã芳å¯ãããŸããã
19äžçŽã«å
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šãŠã®çç©ã¯çްèããæãç«ã€ããšãã现è説(cell theory)ãæå±ããŸããã
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šãŠã®çްèã¯ä»ã®çްèã«ç±æ¥ããããšããèãã«ããã现èèª¬ã¯æµžéããŠãããŸããã
现èã®å€§ããã¯ãã®ã»ãšãã©ãããŸãèçŒã§ã¯èŠããŸãããé¡åŸ®é¡ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠèгå¯åºæ¥ãåè§£èœãé«ãŸãã现èã®å
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ã«æããã«ãªã£ãŠãããŸããã
现èã¯çç©ã®çš®é¡ãäœã®éšäœã«ãã£ãŠæ§ã
ãªå€§ããã§ååšããŠããŸãã 以äžã«é¡åŸ®é¡ã®åè§£èœãšçްèãªã©ã®å€§ãããæããŸãã
çç©ã®çްèã«ã¯ãæ žããããªãåæ žçްèãšãæ žããã€çæ žçŽ°èãšããããŸãã 现èã®èŠãç®ãåãã¯æ§ã
ã§ãããåºæ¬çãªæ©èœãæ§é ã¯åãã§ãã 现èã¯æ ž(ãããnucleus)ãšçްè質(ãããŒããã€ãcytoplasm)ãããããå²ã现èè(ãããŒããŸããcell membrane)ãããªããŸãã现èèã«å
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éšã®ç©è³ªã®ãã¡ããæ žãé€ããéšåã®ããšã现è質ãšãããŸãã ãŸããæ žãšçްè質ãåãããŠå圢質(ãããããã€ãprotoplasm)ãšãåŒã³ãŸããã€ãŸãã现èèã«å
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éšã®ç©è³ªã®ããšãå圢質ãšãããŸãããã£ãŠå圢質ã«ã¯æ žãå«ãŸããŸãã 现è質ã«ã¯ãæ žãå§ããšããŠãããã³ã³ããªã¢ãªã©ãæ§ã
ãªæ©èœãšæ§é ããã€å°ããªåšå®ãããããããã现èå°åšå®(ãããŒããããããããorganelle)ãšåŒã³ãŸãã 现èå°åšå®å士ã®éã¯ãæ°Žã»ã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãªã©ã§æºããããŠãããããã现è質åºè³ª(ãããŒãã〠ããã€ãcytoplasmic matrix)ãšåŒã³ãŸãããã®çްè質åºè³ªã«ã¯ãé
µçŽ ãªã©ã®ã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãã¢ããé
žãã°ã«ã³ãŒã¹ãªã©ãå«ãŸããŠããŸãã
现èèã¯åç©ã«ãããããŸãããåç©çްèå
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现èå£ã¯æ€ç©ã«ãããããŸãããæ€ç©çްèå
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æ žã¯ã1ã€ã®çްèãæ®é1ã€ãã£ãŠãããæ žã®è¡šé¢ã«ã¯æ žè(ãããŸããnuclear membrane)ãæ žã®å
éšã«æè²äœ(chromosome)ããããŸãã
ãæè²äœããšããååã®ç±æ¥ã¯é
¢é
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žãªã«ã»ã€ã³æ¶²ãªã©ã§æè²åºæ¥ãçŸè±¡ããã§ãã
ãæè²äœãã®éãæ žæ¶²(nuclear sap)ãæºãããŠããŸãã
æè²äœã¯ãDNAãšã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãããªããŸãã
ããã³ã³ããªã¢(mitochondria)ã¯åç©ãšæ€ç©ã®çްèã«ååšããé·ã1ÎŒm~æ°ÎŒmãå¹
0.5ÎŒmçšåºŠã®ç²ç¶ã®çްèå°åšå®ã§ãååŠåå¿ã«ãã£ãŠé
žçŽ ãæ¶è²»ããŠææ©ç©ãåè§£ããšãã«ã®ãŒãåŸãåŒåž(respiration)ãè¡ããŸãã
èç·äœ(chloroplast)ã¯æ€ç©ã®çްèã«ååšããçŽåŸ5~10ÎŒmãåã2~3ÎŒmã®åžã¬ã³ãºåœ¢ã®åšå®ã§ãå
ãšãã«ã®ãŒã䜿ã£ãŠæ°Žãšäºé
žåççŽ ããçæ°Žåç©ãåæããå
åæ(photosynthesis)ãè¡ããŸãã
ãŸããèç·äœã¯ã¯ãããã£ã«(chlorophyll)ãšããç·è²ã®è²çŽ ãå«ãã§ããŸããèç·äœã¯ãããã³ã³ããªã¢ãšåãããã«ç¬èªã®DNAãæã£ãŠããŸãã
æ¶²è(ããã»ããvacuole)ã¯äž»ã«æ€ç©çްèã«ã¿ãããç©è³ªã貯èµãããæµžéå§ã調ç¯ãããããŸãã
äžéã®æ¶²èèã§å
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äžéšã®æ€ç©çްèã¯ã¢ã³ãã·ã¢ã³(anthocyan)ãšåŒã°ããè²çŽ ãå«ã¿ãŸãã
倧è
žèãªã©ã®çްèé¡ãããŠã¬ã¢ãªã©ã®ã·ã¢ããã¯ããªã¢(ã©ã³è»é¡)ã®çްèã¯ãæ žãæã¡ãŸããã
ãããã®çç©ã®çްèãæè²äœãšããã«å«ãŸããDNAã¯ãã£ãŠããŸããããããå
ãæ žèããã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãæ žããããŸããã
ãã®ãããªãæ žã®ãªã现èã®ããšãåæ žçްè(prokaryotic cell)ãšåŒã³ãŸããåæ žçްèã¯ãçæ žçްèãããå°ããã§ãã
ãŸããåæ žçްèã§åºæ¥ãçç©ãåæ žçç©(prokaryote)ãšåŒã³ãŸãã
ã·ã¢ããã¯ããªã¢ã¯ãããã³ã³ããªã¢ãšèç·äœãæããªãåæ žçç©ã§ãããå
åæãè¡ããŸãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ã现èã«é¢ããåŠèª¬ãšçްèã«é¢ããåºæ¬æ§é ã«ã€ããŠåŠã³ãŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â»çްèã«é¢ããåŠèª¬ã®äººç©ã¯æ£åŒåç§°ã§æŒãããŠãããŸãããã",
"title": "现è"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "现èã¯ã1665幎ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãããŒãã»ããã¯ã«ãã£ãŠçºèŠãããŸããã 圌ã¯ãèªäœã®é¡åŸ®é¡ãçšããŠã軜ããŠåŒŸåã®ããã³ã«ã¯ã®èçã芳å¯ãããšããã 倿°ã®äžç©ºã®æ§é ãããããšãç¥ããŸããããããä¿®éé¢ã®å°éšå±(cellãã»ã«)ã«ã¿ããŠã现è(cell)ãšåŒã³ãŸããã 圌ã芳å¯ããã®ã¯ãæ»ãã æ€ç©çްèã®çްèå£(ãããŒããžããcell wall)ã§ãããã ãã®åŸã1674幎ããªã©ã³ãã®ã¢ã³ããã»ãã¡ã³ã»ã¬ãŒãŠã§ã³ããã¯ã«ããåããŠçãã现èã®çްèã芳å¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "现è"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "19äžçŽã«å
¥ããšã现èãšçåœæŽ»åã®é¢é£æ§ãæ°ä»ããå§ããŸããã ãŸã1838幎ããã€ãã®ããã£ã¢ã¹ã»ã€ã³ãã»ã·ã¥ã©ã€ãã³ãæ€ç©ã«ã€ããŠã ç¿1839幎ããã€ãã®ããªããŒã«ã»ã·ã¥ã¯ã³ãåç©ã«ã€ããŠã ãå
šãŠã®çç©ã¯çްèããæãç«ã€ããšãã现è説(cell theory)ãæå±ããŸããã",
"title": "现è"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«åŸããã€ãã®ã«ãŒãã«ãã»ã«ãŒããŽã£ãã»ã«ãŒã«ã»ãã£ã«ãã§ãŠã®ãå
šãŠã®çްèã¯ä»ã®çްèã«ç±æ¥ããããšããèãã«ããã现èèª¬ã¯æµžéããŠãããŸããã",
"title": "现è"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "现èã®å€§ããã¯ãã®ã»ãšãã©ãããŸãèçŒã§ã¯èŠããŸãããé¡åŸ®é¡ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠèгå¯åºæ¥ãåè§£èœãé«ãŸãã现èã®å
éšæ§é ãåŸã
ã«æããã«ãªã£ãŠãããŸããã",
"title": "现è"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "现èã¯çç©ã®çš®é¡ãäœã®éšäœã«ãã£ãŠæ§ã
ãªå€§ããã§ååšããŠããŸãã 以äžã«é¡åŸ®é¡ã®åè§£èœãšçްèãªã©ã®å€§ãããæããŸãã",
"title": "现è"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "现èã®åºæ¬æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç©ã®çްèã«ã¯ãæ žããããªãåæ žçްèãšãæ žããã€çæ žçŽ°èãšããããŸãã 现èã®èŠãç®ãåãã¯æ§ã
ã§ãããåºæ¬çãªæ©èœãæ§é ã¯åãã§ãã 现èã¯æ ž(ãããnucleus)ãšçްè質(ãããŒããã€ãcytoplasm)ãããããå²ã现èè(ãããŒããŸããcell membrane)ãããªããŸãã现èèã«å
ãŸããå
éšã®ç©è³ªã®ãã¡ããæ žãé€ããéšåã®ããšã现è質ãšãããŸãã ãŸããæ žãšçްè質ãåãããŠå圢質(ãããããã€ãprotoplasm)ãšãåŒã³ãŸããã€ãŸãã现èèã«å
ãŸããå
éšã®ç©è³ªã®ããšãå圢質ãšãããŸãããã£ãŠå圢質ã«ã¯æ žãå«ãŸããŸãã 现è質ã«ã¯ãæ žãå§ããšããŠãããã³ã³ããªã¢ãªã©ãæ§ã
ãªæ©èœãšæ§é ããã€å°ããªåšå®ãããããããã现èå°åšå®(ãããŒããããããããorganelle)ãšåŒã³ãŸãã 现èå°åšå®å士ã®éã¯ãæ°Žã»ã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãªã©ã§æºããããŠãããããã现è質åºè³ª(ãããŒãã〠ããã€ãcytoplasmic matrix)ãšåŒã³ãŸãããã®çްè質åºè³ªã«ã¯ãé
µçŽ ãªã©ã®ã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãã¢ããé
žãã°ã«ã³ãŒã¹ãªã©ãå«ãŸããŠããŸãã",
"title": "现èã®åºæ¬æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "现èèã¯åç©ã«ãããããŸãããåç©çްèå
éšãå®ãããã«ãããŸãã",
"title": "现èã®åºæ¬æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "现èå£ã¯æ€ç©ã«ãããããŸãããæ€ç©çްèå
éšãå®ãããã«ãããŸãã",
"title": "现èã®åºæ¬æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ žã¯ã1ã€ã®çްèãæ®é1ã€ãã£ãŠãããæ žã®è¡šé¢ã«ã¯æ žè(ãããŸããnuclear membrane)ãæ žã®å
éšã«æè²äœ(chromosome)ããããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæè²äœããšããååã®ç±æ¥ã¯é
¢é
žã«ãŒãã³ãé
¢é
žãªã«ã»ã€ã³æ¶²ãªã©ã§æè²åºæ¥ãçŸè±¡ããã§ãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæè²äœãã®éãæ žæ¶²(nuclear sap)ãæºãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æè²äœã¯ãDNAãšã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãããªããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã³ã³ããªã¢(mitochondria)ã¯åç©ãšæ€ç©ã®çްèã«ååšããé·ã1ÎŒm~æ°ÎŒmãå¹
0.5ÎŒmçšåºŠã®ç²ç¶ã®çްèå°åšå®ã§ãååŠåå¿ã«ãã£ãŠé
žçŽ ãæ¶è²»ããŠææ©ç©ãåè§£ããšãã«ã®ãŒãåŸãåŒåž(respiration)ãè¡ããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èç·äœ(chloroplast)ã¯æ€ç©ã®çްèã«ååšããçŽåŸ5~10ÎŒmãåã2~3ÎŒmã®åžã¬ã³ãºåœ¢ã®åšå®ã§ãå
ãšãã«ã®ãŒã䜿ã£ãŠæ°Žãšäºé
žåççŽ ããçæ°Žåç©ãåæããå
åæ(photosynthesis)ãè¡ããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããèç·äœã¯ã¯ãããã£ã«(chlorophyll)ãšããç·è²ã®è²çŽ ãå«ãã§ããŸããèç·äœã¯ãããã³ã³ããªã¢ãšåãããã«ç¬èªã®DNAãæã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¶²è(ããã»ããvacuole)ã¯äž»ã«æ€ç©çްèã«ã¿ãããç©è³ªã貯èµãããæµžéå§ã調ç¯ãããããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžéã®æ¶²èèã§å
ãŸããå
éšãçŽ°èæ¶²(cell sap)ãæºãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžéšã®æ€ç©çްèã¯ã¢ã³ãã·ã¢ã³(anthocyan)ãšåŒã°ããè²çŽ ãå«ã¿ãŸãã",
"title": "çæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧è
žèãªã©ã®çްèé¡ãããŠã¬ã¢ãªã©ã®ã·ã¢ããã¯ããªã¢(ã©ã³è»é¡)ã®çްèã¯ãæ žãæã¡ãŸããã",
"title": "åæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®çç©ã®çްèãæè²äœãšããã«å«ãŸããDNAã¯ãã£ãŠããŸããããããå
ãæ žèããã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãæ žããããŸããã",
"title": "åæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªãæ žã®ãªã现èã®ããšãåæ žçްè(prokaryotic cell)ãšåŒã³ãŸããåæ žçްèã¯ãçæ žçްèãããå°ããã§ãã",
"title": "åæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããåæ žçްèã§åºæ¥ãçç©ãåæ žçç©(prokaryote)ãšåŒã³ãŸãã",
"title": "åæ žçްè"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã·ã¢ããã¯ããªã¢ã¯ãããã³ã³ããªã¢ãšèç·äœãæããªãåæ žçç©ã§ãããå
åæãè¡ããŸãã",
"title": "åæ žçްè"
}
]
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|journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
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never ã¯å®äºåœ¢have ãšãã£ããã«have never (ãŸã㯠has never)ãšãã圢ã§äœ¿ãããããšããããhave never ã¯ãäžåºŠã~ããããšããªããã®æå³ã§äœ¿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
never ã®èªæºãšæå³åãã¯ãnot ever ã§ããã
ã Nothing will ever åè© ãã®æ§æã®ããã«ãäžèŠãããš never ã®åèªãç¡ããŠãããåŠå®ã®èªå¥ + ever ããšããæ§æãªãããã®æå³åãã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯ never ãšåãã§ããå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒãã®ç¡çç©äž»èªã®åå
)ã
ã©ãã®åèæžã«ãããäŸæã§(æ¡åã倧修通)ã
I have no money with me. ããéã®æã¡åãããå°ãããããŸãããã
no ã¯åŒ·ãåŠå®ã衚ãã
He is no genius. ã圌ã¯å€©æãªãããããªãã(=銬鹿ã )
He is no gentleman. ã圌ã¯ç޳士ãªãããããªãã
ãno 圢容è©ãã§ããã®éã®æå³ã§ããããšã衚ããåèš³ã®éã¯ãåã«ã決ããŠã»ã»ã»ã§ãªãããšèš³ãã°åå(æ¡åã倧修通)ã
ãno åè©ãã¯ãã~ãã²ãšã€ããªãããšããæå³ã衚ãçšæ³ãããã
ãã®å Žåãç¶ãåè©ãåæ°åœ¢ãè€æ°åœ¢ãã¯ãä»ã®äžè¬çãªå Žåã«åæ°ã§ããããšã®å€ãåè©ãªãnoã«ç¶ãåè©ãåæ°åœ¢ã«ãåæ§ã«äžè¬çã«è€æ°ã§ããããšã®å€ãåè©ãªãnoã«ç¶ãåè©ãããããŠè€æ°åœ¢ã«ããã
not ã no ã¯ãæãå®å
šã«åŠå®ããã
ãã£ãœããå®å
šãªåŠå®ã§ã¯ãªãããã»ãšãã©ãªããããããŸããªãããšãã£ãçšåºŠãé »åºŠãå°ãªãããšãããããèªã®ããšããæºåŠå®èªããšãã(éãã£ãŒããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
hardly ã scarcely ãseldom ã rarely, few ã little ãªã©ãæºåŠå®èªã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãªããæäžã§ã®ãããã®æºåŠå®èªã®äœçœ®ã¯ãnever ã not ãªã©ãšåãã§ãããå
·äœçã«èšãã° äžè¬åè©ã®å/ beåè©ã»å©åè©ã®åŸã ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
hardly, scarcely ã¯çšåºŠããã»ãšãã©ã»ã»ã»ãªããããšã瀺ãã
hardlyãªã©ã®äœçœ®ã¯ãæ®éãäžè¬åè©ã®åãbeåè©/å©åè©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãã
scarcely ã¯åºãèªã§ããã
seldom, rarely ã¯é »åºŠãäœãããšã瀺ããåèš³ã®éã¯ããããã£ãã«ã»ã»ã»ãªãããšèš³ãããã
seldom ãªã©ã®äœçœ®ã¯ãæ®éãäžè¬åè©ã®åãbeåè©/å©åè©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãã
ãªããhardly ever ãŸã㯠scarcely ever ã§é »åºŠã®äœãã瀺ãããšãã§ãã(æ¡åã倧修通)ã
few ã little ã¯æ°ãéããã»ãšãã©~ãªããããšã瀺ãã
few ã¯æ°ããããåè©(å¯ç®åè©)ã®å Žåã«ãããŠãã»ãšãã©ãªããå Žåã瀺ãã
ããšãã° ãfew people ~ãã§ãã~ãªäººã¯ã»ãšãã©ããªããã®æå³ã
little ã¯æ°ããããªãåè©(äžå ç®åè©)ã®å Žåã«ãããŠãã»ãšãã©ãªããå Žåã瀺ãã
ãã®ããã« few ã little ã¯ãããåŠå®ã®æå³ã匱ãŸã£ãŠããã
ãªã a few ã a little ã®ããã«äžå®å è© a ãã€ããšãåŠå®ã®æå³ãããã«åŒ±ãŸãããå°ãã¯ãããã®æå³ã«ãªãã
ãããããŸãããããããšã«ã
only a few ããã³ only a little ã¯ããã»ãšãã©~ãªããã®æå³ã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«ã倧修通)ã
ãªããonly a few ããã³ only a little ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©çã«åè©ã修食ããã®ã«äœ¿ãã®ãäžè¬çã§ãããåèæžã§ã¯ç¹ã«èšåãããŠãªãããäŸæãããã§ããã
not ã»ã»ã» all ã¯ããã¹ãŠãã»ã»ã»ãšããããã§ã¯ãªããã®ãããªæå³ãªã®ã§ãå°ãã¯ã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ãããããšããå«ã¿ãããããŸãããã®ãããªåŠå®ã®ä»æ¹ããéšååŠå®ãšããã
ãªããnot always ããã€ã~ãªããã¯ãªãããéšååŠå®ã§ãããã€ãŸããäŸã® not always ã®å Žåãªãæã
ã¯~ãªå Žåãããã
not ã»ã»ã» any ã¯ãã²ãšã€ãã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ã¯ãªããã®ãããªæå³ã§ããããŸããã®ãããªåŠå®ã®ããããå
šåŠå®ãšããã
ãã ããall ~notãéšååŠå®ãå
šåŠå®ãã¯æèã«ãã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã
ãŸããnobody ãŸã㯠no ~ ãåæ§ã«å
šåŠå®ã
not ~ both ã¯ãäž¡æ¹ãšã~ãªããã§ã¯ãªãããšããéšååŠå®ã
not ~ neither ã¯å
šåŠå®ã
éšååŠå®ãäœãèªã¯ã次ã®ãããªãã®ããããäžè¬ã«åŠå®èªãšãšãã«æ¬¡ã®èªãçšãããããšéšååŠå®ã«ãªãã
always(ãã€ã), altogether(å
šã), every(ãã¹ãŠã®),
necessarily(å¿
ã), wholly ,
entirely(å®å
šã«), completely(å®å
šã«),
ãããã®èªã®å€ãã¯ããå
šéšãããå®å
šããªã©ã®æå³ããã€å¯è©ã»åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããããããåŠå®ããããšã¯ãå
šéšãããã§ããããšããäºãåŠå®ããŠããã«ãããããäžéšã«ã¯ããã§ãªããã®ãããããããšããå«ã¿ãããã
not necessarily ã¯ãå¿
ããã~ãšããããã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã
ãnot many åè©ãã¯ããããŸãå€ããªããã®æå³ã
ãnot muchãã¯ãããŸã~ã§ãªããã®æå³ã
ãboth ~ not ãããã³ã not ~ both ãã¯éšååŠå®ã§ãããäž¡æ¹ãšãã»ã»ã»ãšã¯éããªããã®æå³ã ããå
šåŠå®ãšæ··åããããã«ããšãããã䜿çšã¯é¿ããããŠãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
all ~ not ã every ~ not ãåæ§ãéšååŠå®ãå
šåŠå®ãã¯ã圢ããã¯å€å¥ã§ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ãall ~ not ã®èªé ã¯é¿ããã¹ãã ãšããŠããããªããalways ~ not ã every ~notãªã©ãåæ§(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)
ãã ããæ¬¡ã®æ
£çšå¥
All that glitters is not gold. ãå
ããã®ã¯å¿
ãããéãªãã.ã(éšååŠå®)
ã¯éšååŠå®ã ãšåãã£ãŠããã
ããã蟺ã®åå
ã¯çŽããããã®ã§ãå
¥éçãªåèæž(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããªã©)ã§ã¯æ·±å
¥ãããŠãªãäºé
ã§ããã
ãªããnot all ã¯éšååŠå®ã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã£ãœãã none ã¯å
šåŠå®ã§ããã
æèšãšããŠã¯ãnot all éšååŠå®ããšã§ãnot all ã®ã»ãã ããã»ããã§èŠããŠãèŠããŠãªãã»ãã¯ã䜿çšãé¿ããããŠãããããæèšå¯Ÿè±¡ããå€ããŠããããšããäºã ããèŠããã®ãè¯ãã ããã
ããšãã°
It's not unusual ~ ã~ããã®ã¯ããããããããšã§ã¯ãªãã
ã®ãããªè¡šçŸããäºéåŠå®ãšããã
unusual ã¯ãusual(æ®éã§ãã)ãåŠå®ããèªã§ããã
ããã« not unusual ãšnotã§åŠå®ããŠããã®ã§ãã€ãŸãæçµçã«ã¯è¯å®ã®æå³ã«è¿ããªããããããäºéåŠå®ã¯è¯å®ãšãŸã£ããåããšã¯èšãããäºéåŠå®ã«ã¯è¥å¹²ã®ãããããæ§ãããªæ°æã¡ããã(倧修通ããã€ã€ã«)ã
ãã®ããããäºéåŠå®ã®æã®åèš³ã®éã«ã¯ãããããããããšã§ã¯ãªããã®ããã«èš³ãåããã®ãäžè¬(ãã€ã€ã«ã倧修通)ã
never ã»ã»ã» without ~ ã~ãªãã§ã»ã»ã»ããããšã¯æ±ºããŠãªãã
nobody ã nothing ã no one ãªã©ã¯æ®éãäºéåŠå®ã«ã¯ããªãã®ã§ãã€ãŸã not ã never ãšã¯äœµçšããªã(ãã€ã€ã«ãæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã
You cannot be too careful when ~ ã~ããæã¯ãããæ°ãã€ããŠãæ°ãã€ããããããšã¯ãªãã
cannot help ~ing ã~ããã«ã¯ããããªãã
ããã§ã® help ã¯ã~ãé¿ãããã®æå³ã
not ~ until ã»ã»ã» ãã»ã»ã»ããŠå§ããŠ~ãããã®æå³ã
no longer ã(ä»ã§ã¯)ãã¯ã~ã§ã¯ãªããã(ä»ã§ã¯)ãã~ã§ã¯ãªãã
not any longer ã§ãèšãæãã§ããã
no sooner ã»ã»ã» than ~ ãã»ã»ã»ãããšããã«~ã
åŠå®ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã¯å€æ°ããã®ã§ã玹ä»ããããªããåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠç޹ä»ãããŠãã衚çŸãããããã§ããã
ãdo nothing but ~(åè©ã®åå)ãã¯ã~ããŠã°ãããããã~ã°ããããŠãããã®æå³ã
ãã®butã¯ã~ãé€ããŠãã®æå³ã§ããããããé€ããšäœãããªããªãã®ã ãããã€ãŸãããããããŠããªããšããæå³ã«ãªãã®ã§ãäžè¿°ã®ãããªæå³ã«ãªãã
ãtoo ~ to ã»ã»ã»ãã¯ã~ãããŠã»ã»ã»ã§ããªããã®æå³ãçŽèš³ãããšãã»ã»ã»ããã«ã¯~ããããã®æå³ããã®çŽèš³ã®ã»ããåèš³ãšããŠç޹ä»ããŠããåèæžãããã®ã§ãçŽèš³ã§ãééãã§ã¯ãªãã
ãbe the last person to ~åè©ã®ååãã¯ãããã£ããŠ~ããªã人ã§ãããã®æå³ãäž»èªãheãªãpersonã®éšåãmanã®ããšãããã
He is the last man to ~. ã圌ã¯ãã£ããŠ~ããç·ã§ã¯ãªããã
fail to ~(äžå®è©)ãããªãããã§ããªãã
ã¯ãæ¬æ¥ãªãèµ·ããã¹ãäºãèµ·ãããªãã£ãå Žåã«äœ¿ãã
far from ~ ã~ããçšé ãã=ããã£ããŠ~ãšã¯èšããªããããå°ãã~ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã
far from ã®åŸãã«ã¯åè©ã®å Žåã®ã»ãã«ãã圢容è©ãæ¥ãå Žåãããã
free from ~ ã~ããªãã
free from ã¯ãæçžãããã®ããªããšããæå³ãªã®ã§ãæå³çã«ãã£ãããªãã®ãåŸãã«ç¶ããå«ãªãã®ãå¿é
ãèŠçãªã©(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãã~ãã®éšåã«æ¥ãã
ããšãã°ã
be free from air pollution ãå€§æ°æ±æããªãã(ãã€ã€ã«ãæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)
å眮è©ã« fromã®ä»£ããã«of ãæ¥ãããšãããã
free of ~ ã~ããªãã
anything but ~ ããã£ããŠ~ã§ã¯ãªãã
but ã¯ã~ãé€ããŠãã~以å€ãã®æå³ãanything ã¯ãäœã§ããã®æå³ã
ãanything but ~ãã§çŽèš³ããã°ã~以å€ã¯äœã§ããã®æå³ã ããè±èªã§ã¯ããã£ããŠ~ã§ã¯ãªããã®ããã«åŠå®ã®åŒ·èª¿ãšããŠäœ¿ãããã®ã§ãåèš³ã®éã«ã¯ããã£ããŠ~ã§ã¯ãªãããšãã颚ã«èš³ãã
ãã®ä»ãåçœ®è© beyond ~ ã¯ã~ãè¶
ããŠãã®æå³ã§ããããæèã«ãã£ãŠã¯åŠå®ã®æå³ã«ãªãäºãããã
ããšãã°ãbeyond my understanding ãç§ã®çè§£ãè¶
ããŠãâãç§ã«ã¯çè§£ã§ããªããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)
beyond description ãæåãè¶
ããŠãããâ(åããããããŠ)ãæåãããããªãã
ãªã©ãbeyond ã®åŸãã«äººãããè¡åã®åè©ãªã©ãæ¥ããšãã~ãã§ããç¯å²ãè¶
ããŠãããâã~ã§ããªããã®ãããªæå³ã«ãªãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã¯ãé »åºŠã«ã€ããŠãäžåºŠã~ãªãã(çµéšãããªãã)ããæ±ºããŠ~ãªãããšããæå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæ±ºããŠ~ãªããã®æå³ã®å Žåãnever ã¯æ±ºããŠåã« not ã®åŒ·èª¿èªã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã®ã決ããŠ~ãªããã®æå³ã¯ãçŸåšã®ç¿æ
£ãšããŠãæ¯èŒçã«é·æã®æéã«ããã£ãŠã確å®ã«ããªããããšã®æå³ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãçæã®éã ãããªããå Žåã«ã¯ never ã¯çšããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã¯ãå©åè©ã§ã¯ãªã(don't ãªã©ãšã¯éã)ããªã®ã§ãnever ã®ããšã®åè©ã¯ãäž»èªãæå¶ã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢ãå€ãããã(éãã£ãŒã)ãããšãã°ãããäž»èªã it ã he ã she ãªã©äžåçŸãªããneverã®ãããã®åè©ã«ã¯äžåçŸã® s ãã€ãããŸãŸ(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©åè©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãwill never ãªã©ã®ããã«å©åè©ãšäœµçšããããšãå¯èœ(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã ããwill never ã¯ã(ä»åŸã)~ããããšã¯ãªãã ãããã®æå³ã衚ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã¯å®äºåœ¢have ãšãã£ããã«have never (ãŸã㯠has never)ãšãã圢ã§äœ¿ãããããšããããhave never ã¯ãäžåºŠã~ããããšããªããã®æå³ã§äœ¿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã®èªæºãšæå³åãã¯ãnot ever ã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã Nothing will ever åè© ãã®æ§æã®ããã«ãäžèŠãããš never ã®åèªãç¡ããŠãããåŠå®ã®èªå¥ + ever ããšããæ§æãªãããã®æå³åãã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯ never ãšåãã§ããå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒãã®ç¡çç©äž»èªã®åå
)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ãã®åèæžã«ãããäŸæã§(æ¡åã倧修通)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I have no money with me. ããéã®æã¡åãããå°ãããããŸãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "no ã¯åŒ·ãåŠå®ã衚ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is no genius. ã圌ã¯å€©æãªãããããªãã(=銬鹿ã )",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is no gentleman. ã圌ã¯ç޳士ãªãããããªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãno 圢容è©ãã§ããã®éã®æå³ã§ããããšã衚ããåèš³ã®éã¯ãåã«ã決ããŠã»ã»ã»ã§ãªãããšèš³ãã°åå(æ¡åã倧修通)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãno åè©ãã¯ãã~ãã²ãšã€ããªãããšããæå³ã衚ãçšæ³ãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®å Žåãç¶ãåè©ãåæ°åœ¢ãè€æ°åœ¢ãã¯ãä»ã®äžè¬çãªå Žåã«åæ°ã§ããããšã®å€ãåè©ãªãnoã«ç¶ãåè©ãåæ°åœ¢ã«ãåæ§ã«äžè¬çã«è€æ°ã§ããããšã®å€ãåè©ãªãnoã«ç¶ãåè©ãããããŠè€æ°åœ¢ã«ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ã no ã¯ãæãå®å
šã«åŠå®ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããå®å
šãªåŠå®ã§ã¯ãªãããã»ãšãã©ãªããããããŸããªãããšãã£ãçšåºŠãé »åºŠãå°ãªãããšãããããèªã®ããšããæºåŠå®èªããšãã(éãã£ãŒããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hardly ã scarcely ãseldom ã rarely, few ã little ãªã©ãæºåŠå®èªã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæäžã§ã®ãããã®æºåŠå®èªã®äœçœ®ã¯ãnever ã not ãªã©ãšåãã§ãããå
·äœçã«èšãã° äžè¬åè©ã®å/ beåè©ã»å©åè©ã®åŸã ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hardly, scarcely ã¯çšåºŠããã»ãšãã©ã»ã»ã»ãªããããšã瀺ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hardlyãªã©ã®äœçœ®ã¯ãæ®éãäžè¬åè©ã®åãbeåè©/å©åè©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "scarcely ã¯åºãèªã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "seldom, rarely ã¯é »åºŠãäœãããšã瀺ããåèš³ã®éã¯ããããã£ãã«ã»ã»ã»ãªãããšèš³ãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "seldom ãªã©ã®äœçœ®ã¯ãæ®éãäžè¬åè©ã®åãbeåè©/å©åè©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããhardly ever ãŸã㯠scarcely ever ã§é »åºŠã®äœãã瀺ãããšãã§ãã(æ¡åã倧修通)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "few ã little ã¯æ°ãéããã»ãšãã©~ãªããããšã瀺ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "few ã¯æ°ããããåè©(å¯ç®åè©)ã®å Žåã«ãããŠãã»ãšãã©ãªããå Žåã瀺ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° ãfew people ~ãã§ãã~ãªäººã¯ã»ãšãã©ããªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "little ã¯æ°ããããªãåè©(äžå ç®åè©)ã®å Žåã«ãããŠãã»ãšãã©ãªããå Žåã瀺ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã« few ã little ã¯ãããåŠå®ã®æå³ã匱ãŸã£ãŠããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã a few ã a little ã®ããã«äžå®å è© a ãã€ããšãåŠå®ã®æå³ãããã«åŒ±ãŸãããå°ãã¯ãããã®æå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããŸãããããããšã«ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "only a few ããã³ only a little ã¯ããã»ãšãã©~ãªããã®æå³ã§ãã(ãã€ã€ã«ã倧修通)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããonly a few ããã³ only a little ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©çã«åè©ã修食ããã®ã«äœ¿ãã®ãäžè¬çã§ãããåèæžã§ã¯ç¹ã«èšåãããŠãªãããäŸæãããã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ã»ã»ã» all ã¯ããã¹ãŠãã»ã»ã»ãšããããã§ã¯ãªããã®ãããªæå³ãªã®ã§ãå°ãã¯ã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ãããããšããå«ã¿ãããããŸãããã®ãããªåŠå®ã®ä»æ¹ããéšååŠå®ãšããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããnot always ããã€ã~ãªããã¯ãªãããéšååŠå®ã§ãããã€ãŸããäŸã® not always ã®å Žåãªãæã
ã¯~ãªå Žåãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ã»ã»ã» any ã¯ãã²ãšã€ãã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ã¯ãªããã®ãããªæå³ã§ããããŸããã®ãããªåŠå®ã®ããããå
šåŠå®ãšããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããall ~notãéšååŠå®ãå
šåŠå®ãã¯æèã«ãã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããnobody ãŸã㯠no ~ ãåæ§ã«å
šåŠå®ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ~ both ã¯ãäž¡æ¹ãšã~ãªããã§ã¯ãªãããšããéšååŠå®ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ~ neither ã¯å
šåŠå®ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éšååŠå®ãäœãèªã¯ã次ã®ãããªãã®ããããäžè¬ã«åŠå®èªãšãšãã«æ¬¡ã®èªãçšãããããšéšååŠå®ã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "always(ãã€ã), altogether(å
šã), every(ãã¹ãŠã®),",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "necessarily(å¿
ã), wholly ,",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "entirely(å®å
šã«), completely(å®å
šã«),",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®èªã®å€ãã¯ããå
šéšãããå®å
šããªã©ã®æå³ããã€å¯è©ã»åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããããããåŠå®ããããšã¯ãå
šéšãããã§ããããšããäºãåŠå®ããŠããã«ãããããäžéšã«ã¯ããã§ãªããã®ãããããããšããå«ã¿ãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not necessarily ã¯ãå¿
ããã~ãšããããã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãnot many åè©ãã¯ããããŸãå€ããªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãnot muchãã¯ãããŸã~ã§ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãboth ~ not ãããã³ã not ~ both ãã¯éšååŠå®ã§ãããäž¡æ¹ãšãã»ã»ã»ãšã¯éããªããã®æå³ã ããå
šåŠå®ãšæ··åããããã«ããšãããã䜿çšã¯é¿ããããŠãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all ~ not ã every ~ not ãåæ§ãéšååŠå®ãå
šåŠå®ãã¯ã圢ããã¯å€å¥ã§ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ãall ~ not ã®èªé ã¯é¿ããã¹ãã ãšããŠããããªããalways ~ not ã every ~notãªã©ãåæ§(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããæ¬¡ã®æ
£çšå¥",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "All that glitters is not gold. ãå
ããã®ã¯å¿
ãããéãªãã.ã(éšååŠå®)",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯éšååŠå®ã ãšåãã£ãŠããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã蟺ã®åå
ã¯çŽããããã®ã§ãå
¥éçãªåèæž(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããªã©)ã§ã¯æ·±å
¥ãããŠãªãäºé
ã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããnot all ã¯éšååŠå®ã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã£ãœãã none ã¯å
šåŠå®ã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æèšãšããŠã¯ãnot all éšååŠå®ããšã§ãnot all ã®ã»ãã ããã»ããã§èŠããŠãèŠããŠãªãã»ãã¯ã䜿çšãé¿ããããŠãããããæèšå¯Ÿè±¡ããå€ããŠããããšããäºã ããèŠããã®ãè¯ãã ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It's not unusual ~ ã~ããã®ã¯ããããããããšã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªè¡šçŸããäºéåŠå®ãšããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unusual ã¯ãusual(æ®éã§ãã)ãåŠå®ããèªã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã« not unusual ãšnotã§åŠå®ããŠããã®ã§ãã€ãŸãæçµçã«ã¯è¯å®ã®æå³ã«è¿ããªããããããäºéåŠå®ã¯è¯å®ãšãŸã£ããåããšã¯èšãããäºéåŠå®ã«ã¯è¥å¹²ã®ãããããæ§ãããªæ°æã¡ããã(倧修通ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããããäºéåŠå®ã®æã®åèš³ã®éã«ã¯ãããããããããšã§ã¯ãªããã®ããã«èš³ãåããã®ãäžè¬(ãã€ã€ã«ã倧修通)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã»ã»ã» without ~ ã~ãªãã§ã»ã»ã»ããããšã¯æ±ºããŠãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "nobody ã nothing ã no one ãªã©ã¯æ®éãäºéåŠå®ã«ã¯ããªãã®ã§ãã€ãŸã not ã never ãšã¯äœµçšããªã(ãã€ã€ã«ãæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You cannot be too careful when ~ ã~ããæã¯ãããæ°ãã€ããŠãæ°ãã€ããããããšã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot help ~ing ã~ããã«ã¯ããããªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã® help ã¯ã~ãé¿ãããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ~ until ã»ã»ã» ãã»ã»ã»ããŠå§ããŠ~ãããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "no longer ã(ä»ã§ã¯)ãã¯ã~ã§ã¯ãªããã(ä»ã§ã¯)ãã~ã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not any longer ã§ãèšãæãã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "no sooner ã»ã»ã» than ~ ãã»ã»ã»ãããšããã«~ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŠå®ã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã¯å€æ°ããã®ã§ã玹ä»ããããªããåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠç޹ä»ãããŠãã衚çŸãããããã§ããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãdo nothing but ~(åè©ã®åå)ãã¯ã~ããŠã°ãããããã~ã°ããããŠãããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®butã¯ã~ãé€ããŠãã®æå³ã§ããããããé€ããšäœãããªããªãã®ã ãããã€ãŸãããããããŠããªããšããæå³ã«ãªãã®ã§ãäžè¿°ã®ãããªæå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãtoo ~ to ã»ã»ã»ãã¯ã~ãããŠã»ã»ã»ã§ããªããã®æå³ãçŽèš³ãããšãã»ã»ã»ããã«ã¯~ããããã®æå³ããã®çŽèš³ã®ã»ããåèš³ãšããŠç޹ä»ããŠããåèæžãããã®ã§ãçŽèš³ã§ãééãã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãbe the last person to ~åè©ã®ååãã¯ãããã£ããŠ~ããªã人ã§ãããã®æå³ãäž»èªãheãªãpersonã®éšåãmanã®ããšãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is the last man to ~. ã圌ã¯ãã£ããŠ~ããç·ã§ã¯ãªããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "fail to ~(äžå®è©)ãããªãããã§ããªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ãæ¬æ¥ãªãèµ·ããã¹ãäºãèµ·ãããªãã£ãå Žåã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "far from ~ ã~ããçšé ãã=ããã£ããŠ~ãšã¯èšããªããããå°ãã~ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "far from ã®åŸãã«ã¯åè©ã®å Žåã®ã»ãã«ãã圢容è©ãæ¥ãå Žåãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "free from ~ ã~ããªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "free from ã¯ãæçžãããã®ããªããšããæå³ãªã®ã§ãæå³çã«ãã£ãããªãã®ãåŸãã«ç¶ããå«ãªãã®ãå¿é
ãèŠçãªã©(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãã~ãã®éšåã«æ¥ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be free from air pollution ãå€§æ°æ±æããªãã(ãã€ã€ã«ãæ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮è©ã« fromã®ä»£ããã«of ãæ¥ãããšãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "free of ~ ã~ããªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "anything but ~ ããã£ããŠ~ã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "but ã¯ã~ãé€ããŠãã~以å€ãã®æå³ãanything ã¯ãäœã§ããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãanything but ~ãã§çŽèš³ããã°ã~以å€ã¯äœã§ããã®æå³ã ããè±èªã§ã¯ããã£ããŠ~ã§ã¯ãªããã®ããã«åŠå®ã®åŒ·èª¿ãšããŠäœ¿ãããã®ã§ãåèš³ã®éã«ã¯ããã£ããŠ~ã§ã¯ãªãããšãã颚ã«èš³ãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»ãåçœ®è© beyond ~ ã¯ã~ãè¶
ããŠãã®æå³ã§ããããæèã«ãã£ãŠã¯åŠå®ã®æå³ã«ãªãäºãããã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãbeyond my understanding ãç§ã®çè§£ãè¶
ããŠãâãç§ã«ã¯çè§£ã§ããªããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond description ãæåãè¶
ããŠãããâ(åããããããŠ)ãæåãããããªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãbeyond ã®åŸãã«äººãããè¡åã®åè©ãªã©ãæ¥ããšãã~ãã§ããç¯å²ãè¶
ããŠãããâã~ã§ããªããã®ãããªæå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŠå®"
}
]
| null | == åŠå® ==
=== never ===
never ã¯ãé »åºŠã«ã€ããŠãäžåºŠãïœãªããïŒçµéšãããªããïŒããæ±ºããŠïœãªãããšããæå³ã
ãæ±ºããŠïœãªããã®æå³ã®å Žåãnever ã¯æ±ºããŠåã« not ã®åŒ·èª¿èªã§ã¯ãªãã
never ã®ã決ããŠïœãªããã®æå³ã¯ãçŸåšã®ç¿æ
£ãšããŠãæ¯èŒçã«é·æã®æéã«ããã£ãŠã確å®ã«ããªããããšã®æå³ã§ããïŒéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãªã®ã§ãçæã®éã ãããªããå Žåã«ã¯ never ã¯çšããªãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒãïŒã
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ã§ç޹ä»ãããã
either ã¯ããAãBãã®ã©ã¡ããããšããæå³ã§ããã
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ãªããneither A nor B ãäž»èªã®å Žåãåè©ã¯Bã®æå¶ã«äžèŽããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããŸããnor ã®çŽåŸã®æç« ã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ããã
neither ã¯åºæ¬ãA,Bã®2ã€ãã䜿ããªãã3ã€ä»¥äžã§ã¯äœ¿ããªãã®ãååã ãããããç±³è±ã«ã¯ååã«åããŠ3ã€ä»¥äžã§äœ¿ã人ãããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ãå
¥è©Šã«ã¯ãããŸã§åºãªãã ããããŸããneither ã§ nor ã®ä»£ããã«ååã«åã㊠or ã䜿ã人ããããšã®ããš(ãã€ã€ã«)ãå
¥è©Šã§ã¯ååçãªå Žåã ããèããã°ããã ããã
ãneitherããšã¯ not either ã®æå³ã ããããšããã®ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã®èŠè§£ã
nor ã¯ã neither ã®ããæã§ãªããŠã䜿ãããå Žåããã(æ¡åããã€ã€ã«)ã
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or ã«ã¯ãããŸãã¯ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããããªãã¡ããèšãæããã°ããšããããèªãå¥ã®èªã§èšãæããçšæ³ã®æå³ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«ãèšãæããã°ãã¢ãª)ãã©ã¡ãã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããããŸããor ã«ã¯ãåœä»€æã®ããšã«äœ¿ããããå Žåã«ã¯ãããããªããã°ãã®æå³ã«ãªããããã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã
ãªãããããªãã¡ããèšãæããã°ãã®æå³ã§ or ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠäœ¿ãããå Žåãorã®åã«ãµã€ãã¯ã«ã³ã(,)ãæ¥ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã¥ãªãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã
æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ã¯ã <åºæ¥äºâçµæ> ã®èªé ãšããŠãçç±ã®æãso çµæã®æãã®ããã«çç±ãåã«ãçµæãåŸãã«æžãããã»ã»ã»ãªã®ã§~ããã»ã»ã»ã ãã~ããšããæå³ã«ãªããçç±ãšããã»ã©æçœãªå æé¢ä¿ã§ãªããŠããæ¯èŒçã«é¢é£æ§ã®é«ã2ã€ã®åºæ¥äºã«ãããŠããããåºæ¥äº, so åºæ¥äºã®çµæããšããçšæ³ã§ãè¯ãã ãŸãããã®å Žåã® so ã®çŽåã«ã¯ã«ã³ãã , ãã眮ãã®ãæ®é(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã
äœè«ã ããæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ãš for ã¯ãããããç¯ãšç¯ã ãçµã³ã€ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã€ãŸããèªãšèªãå¥ãšå¥ãèªãšå¥ãªã©ã¯çµã³ä»ããªãã
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ãèšãåããšããŠçç±ã説æãããå£èªã§çšããããšã¯ããŸãç¡ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã»ãã for ã¯ãforã®åè¿°ã®åºæ¥äºã«å¯ŸããŠããã®çç±ãè¿°ã¹ãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã
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ãã€ã€ãã®åè©ã and ã§çµã°ããŠããå Žåãåºæ¬çã«ã¯å
šäœãšããŠã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€æããã
Tom, Bob and John are students of this school.
ããããäžèšã®ããã«äŸå€ãããã
Ham and eggs is my favorite breakfast. ããã ã¢ã³ããšãã°ã¯ãç§ã®å¥œããªæé£ã ãâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããåãäŸæ
ãHam and eggs ãã§1ã»ããã®é£åãªã®ã§ãããã¯åæ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€å®ããã
åæ§ã«ã
curry and rice (ã«ã¬ãŒã©ã€ã¹)
a cup of saucer (ç¿ã€ããã°ã«ãã)
a knife and fork (ãã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯) â»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹
bread and butter (ãã¿ãŒã€ããã³)
body and mental (èäœãšç²Ÿç¥) â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
ã¯1ã»ããã®åè©ãšã¿ãªãã®ã§ããããã§åæ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€å®ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ãªããa cup of saucer ã® ãaãã¯ãa ãcup of saucer ããšããããšã§ããcup of saucer ãã®ã»ãããã²ãšã€ãšããæå³(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããªã®ã§ãåŸãåŽã® saucer ã«ã¯ a ãã€ããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãã£ããŠã1ã€ã®ã«ãããšããã€ãã®ç¿ã§ã¯ãªãã
a knife and fork ãåæ§ã aãknife and forkã ãšããæå³ãªã®ã§ããknife and forkãã®ã»ãããäžã€ã®æå³(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãŸããand ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã確èªãããã
and ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯äžŠåãããã³ãããšãã®æå³ã ããããã²ãšã€ãåäœã»æéã®é åºãšããæå³ãããããå
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ããšãã° come and see ã¯ãå
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ããã«ãand ãå æé¢ä¿ãããããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ãæ®éãæç« ã§ã¯ãå
ã«è¡ã£ãã玹ä»ããåäœããããšã®åäœã®çç±ã«ãªãã®ã§ãandã§å æé¢ä¿ã衚ãã®ãèªç¶ã§ãããã
äžæ¹ãåè©ç¯ãå°ãããã«äœ¿ããã that ããã³whether(~ãã©ãã) ãš if(~ãã©ãã) ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããthat ã whether ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠè§£éããèããããã
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ãŸããwhether or not (~ãã©ãã)ãšããæå¥ã¯ããäžæ¹ãifã«ã¯ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ã»ãããwhether to ~(åè©)ãã§ã~ãã¹ããã©ããããšããtoäžå®è©ã®çšæ³ã¯ããããifã«ã¯äžå®è©ãç¶ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ãªãã whether to go ãè¡ãã¹ããã©ããããšããèªããåèæžã«ããããå
žåäŸã§ãããããã«ã whether to go or not (éãã£ãŒã)ãè¡ãã¹ããã©ãããã whether to go or stay (ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãè¡ãã¹ãããšã©ãŸãã¹ãããã®ããã«ãªãå Žåãããã
ããã«ãå©åè© should ã䜿ã£ãŠãã¹ããã匷調ãã whether we should go or stay ãè¡ãã¹ããæ®ãã¹ããããšãã衚çŸããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
whether we should go or not ã®ããã«ãwhether ã®çŽåŸã§ã¯ãªãåç¯ã®æåŸã« or not ãã€ããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãŸããwhether ã¯å眮è©ã®ç®çèªã«ãªãããšãããããifã¯ãªããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
The question whether we should go or stay ã®ããã«åè©ãšåæ Œã®ç¯ãã¿ã¡ã³ãããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãŸãã¯å眮è©ã®ããã«ãèŠãããããããªããããããã©ã®åèæžããé¢ä¿è©ãå眮è©ãšããŠã§ã¯ãªããåè©ãšåæ Œã®ç¯ããšããæŠå¿µã§èª¬æããŠãããäžæ¹ãif ã«ã¯ãåè©ãšåæ Œã®çšæ³ã¯ç¡ãã
if ã®æ¬æ¥ã®çšæ³ã¯ãããã~ãã§ãããã~ãã©ãããã®æå³ã¯æŽŸççãªæå³ã«ãããªãããšèããã®ãè¯ãã ããã
ã»ããif ã¯å£èªçãwhether ã¯æèªçã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£-ãããšãã°ãª)ã
depends on whether ã
ãªã©ãåè©å¥ depends on ãšwhether ãšã®çµã¿åãããæ±ºãŸã£ãŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãdepends on ãš if ãšã®çµã¿åããã¯çŠæ¢ããªã depends on ã¯ãå眮è©ã®ç®çèªã«whether ãæ¥ãäŸã«ããªã£ãŠããã
wonder ãš ask ã¯ãif ã§ã whether ã§ããã©ã¡ãã§ãè¯ã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ã»ãã I wonder if ~ ã§ã~ãã©ãããªãšæããã®æå³ã
ããŠãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã®å
žåçãªæã§
The fact is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãäºå®ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã
The trouble is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãå°ã£ãããšã«ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã
The truth is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãçå®ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã
The reason is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãçç±ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã
ãªã©ãããã
ãã®ããã«ãåè©ç¯ãå°ã that ã¯ããã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ããã®æå³ã«ãªãã
that ã¯äž»èªã»è£èªã»ç®çèªã«ãªã(äžèšã® the reason is that ãªã©ã®äŸæã®å Žåã¯ãthat ãè£èªã«ãªã£ãŠãã)ã
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ã»ããthatç¯ã know,say ,think, tell, hope ãªã©äžè¬çãªåè©ã®ç®çèªã«ãªã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ãthatãçç¥ããããšãå€ã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãã ãã圢åŒç®çèªã® that ã¯çç¥ã§ããªã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã圢åŒç®çèªãšã¯ã
He made it clear that ~ . ã圌ã¯~ã§ããããšãæããã«ãããã
ã®ãã㪠it ãä»®ã®ç®çèªãšããæç« ã®ããšã
that ç¯ã¯æ®éã¯å眮è©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãããããšãªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãäŸå€çã« in that(~ãšããç¹ã§ã~ã ãã) ãš except that(~ãé€ããŠ)ãšããçšæ³ãããã
ãªãã in that ã«ã¯æå³ã®ç°ãªãã~ãšããç¹ã§ããšããçšæ³ãšãããã²ãšã€ã~ã ãããã~ã§ãããããšããå¥ã®çšæ³ãããããšã«æ³šæ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ in that ã¯å眮è©ã®é
ç®ã«æžããŠããå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
ã»ããNow that ã§ããä»ã~ã ããããšãã衚çŸãã§ãããå£èªã§ã¯ããthatãçç¥ãããNow ã ãã«ãªãã
å
žåçãªäŸæã¯
Now (that) he is eighteen, he can vote. ãä»ã圌ã¯18æ³ãªã®ã ãããåœŒã¯æç¥šã§ãããã
ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ãã®ã»ãã玹ä»ããŠããåèæžã¯å°ãªãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãåè©æ§æã® Seeing that ~ã~ã§ãããããã~ã ããããæ¥ç¶è©çã«çšããããçšæ³ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
I'm glad that you have come to meet us. ãããªãããè¿ãã«ããŠãããŠãããããæããŸãã(éãã£ãŒã)
ã®ãããªäŸæãããããã
I'm glad that ~ ã~ã§ããŠãããããã§ãã
ã®ããã«ããææ
ãçŸãåœ¢å®¹è© + that ãã® that ãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
afraid, disappointed, sad, sorry, glad, happy, angry, surprised , upset ãªã©ããã®ãããªåœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã®å Žåã® that ã¯çç¥ãããããšãå€ãããªãããã®å Žåã®ææ
ã«ç¶ã that 以äžã®å
容ã¯ãçç±ãã衚ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
We are sorry that you cannot come. ãããªããããããªãã®ã¯æ®å¿µã§ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)
ãã®å Žåã® sorry ã¯è¬çœªã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§æ³šæã
sure ã確信ããŠãããã¯æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ææ
ãšã¯èšãã¥ããããéãã£ãŒãã¯ãããææ
ã«å«ããŠããããã ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯sureãäžæ¡çšã
ãªããsure ã¯ææ
ã®ããã« I'm sure that ~ ãšäž»èªã人称代åè©ãšããã®ãæ®éãèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãèŠãããit ãäž»èªã«ãã sure ã¯èŠã€ãããªãã£ãã
ãã£ãœããcertain ã¯ã It is certain that ~ ã I'm certain ããšãã«èš±ãããã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãã« I'm certain ããããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã« it is certain)
ãªãã確信ã§ã¯ãªããçãããããšæã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ã
It is doubtful whether (ãŸãã¯if)~ ã~ãã©ããã¯çãããã
ã®ããã«ã æ¥ç¶è©ã¯ whether ãŸã㯠if ã«ãªãããã®å Žåã® whether ã if ãåè©ç¯ã§ããã I'm doubtful whether(if) ã®ããã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ã§èšã£ãŠããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãããã«ã圢容è©ã§ã¯ãªãåè© doubt ã§ I doubt whether (if) ~ ã§èšãããšãå¯èœ(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãªãã確信ãããŠããå ŽåãI'm sure ã¯ã確信ããŠãããã®ãä¿¡ãããã®æåãããæ³åãã€ãããã«ãåè© believe ã§
I believe that ãšçްããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãç¡èŠããã°èšãæããã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ã»ãã確信ããŠããªãå Žåã¯ãã€ãŸã確信㫠not ãã€ãå Žåã¯ãthat ããã whether ã if ã®ã»ãã奜ãŸãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãã€ãŸã
I'm not sure whether(ãŸãã¯if) ~
ã®ããã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
ãªããåè©ã§ãä¿¡ããŠããªãããšããå Žåãã€ãŸã don't believe ã®å Žåã I didn't believe what ~ ã®ããã« whether ã§ã¯ãªã what ã«ãªãã®ã«æ³šæ(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ã»ãã(ããšãã°å¹³åæã®ãªãã§)å¯è©ç¯ãå°ãããããã«äœ¿ããã when (~ã®ãšãã)ã where (~ã®å Žæ)ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã
before , after ããã³ since ã until ãªã©ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã
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It will not long before ~ ã¯ããŸããªã~ããã ãããã®æå³ã§ãããçŽèš³ããã°ã~ãããŸã§ã«é·ãã¯ãªããã ã(éãã£ãŒã)ãè±èªã§ã¯ããŸããªã~ããã ãããã®æå³ã§ããã
It is not until ~ that ã»ã»ã» ã§ã~ããŠåããŠã»ã»ã»ãããã®æå³ã§ãããçŽèš³ããã°ãã»ã»ã»ãŸã§~ããªããã ã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãå®éã«ã¯ãããŸã§åŠå®ã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã¯ç¡ãã(ãšãã«åºå
žãªã)ããŸãéå»åœ¢ã§ã It was not until ~ that ã»ã»ã» ãšããŠäœ¿ããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
å
žåçãªæç« ã¯ãç
æ°ã«ãªã£ãŠåããŠå¥åº·ã®ããããããåãããã ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠè±æã埮åŠã«éãã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯
It was not until I became ill that I realized the value of health.
ã§ããã
ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯ã
It is not until we fail ill that we appreciate the value of good health.
ã§ããã
äžèšã®ããã«ãåããããªåèš³ã®èšãåãã§ããæç®ã«ããè±æã埮åŠã«éãã®ã§ãæèšã®å¿
èŠã¯ãªããããæèšãããæè²è
ãããã°æå¡ãšããŠã®èŠèäžè¶³ãçãããã ãã§ããã
ãin case ~(æ)ãã¯ã~ã®å Žåã«ããªããŠãã®æå³ã§ãããåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ããããã®å Žåã¯æ®éã¯äž»ç¯ã®ããšã« in case ~ ã眮ããã(ãã©ã¬ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
in case ~ ã®å
žåçãªäŸæã¯ã
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. ãéšãéããšãããªãããããããæã£ãŠãããªãããã â» æ°ç éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹
take ã®ä»£ããã« bring ã®å ŽåãããããŸãããã®åããã£ãŠããäŸæã®å Žåãªã with you ã¯çç¥å¯èœãäžèšäŸæã®åºå
žã®åèæžã«ã with you ãã€ããŠãªããã®ãããã
Bring an umbrella in case it rains. ãéšãéããšãããªãããããããæã£ãŠãããªãããã â» ãã¡ã¯ãããã¯
åœä»€åœ¢ã§ã¯ãªãå¹³åæã®å Žåããããäžèšã®ãããªäŸæãããã
I'll take an umbrella with me in case it rains. ãéšãéããšãããªãããããããæã£ãŠããããã â» ãã©ã¬ã¹ã
with me ã¯çç¥å¯èœãèªåã§æã£ãŠããã®ã§ with me ã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
ãin case ~ ãã®å¯è©ç¯ã« it should rain. ã®ããã« should ã䜿ãããå Žåãããããããã¯å¯èœæ§ãäœããšè©±ãæã»æžãæãæã£ãŠããæå³ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
ãªããin case ã¯äžèšã®ã~ãããšãããªããããã~ããªãããã«ãã®çšæ³ã®ä»ã«ããcase ãæ¡ä»¶ãã®æåéãã~ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§ãã®æå³ã§ in case ã䜿ãå Žåãã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªã§ã¯èŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ããã®å Žå㯠if ã§ãèšãæãã§ããã
èšãæã衚çŸã§ãã~ãããšãããªããããã~ããªãããã«ãçšæ³ã® in case ãšåãæå³ã¯ãfor fear that A ~ãããlest A (should) ~ãã§ãèšããã
for fear ã lest ãããšãã«åºã衚çŸã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ä»¥å€ã®åèæžã®å€ãã¯ãfor fear ãåºã衚çŸã§ããããšãåãäžããŠããªãã
for fear ~ã§ã lest ~ã§ããã€ã¥ãã~ãã®éšåã«ã¯ not ãã€ããªããæ¥æ¬èªã«åŒãã¥ãã㊠not ãã€ããªãããã«æ³šæã
è±åèŸå
žãèŠãã° fear ã¯ãæãããäžå®ããªã©ã®æå³ãæžããŠããããšãããæ³åãã€ãããã«ãfor fear ã®ããšã«ã¯ãããããŠããå
å®¹ãæžãã®ã§ãã€ãŸããå®çŸããŠã»ãããªãããšãè¯å®åœ¢ã§æžãããšã«ãªãã®ãåœç¶ã§ãããã
ããŠãlest ã«ã€ããŠããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã lest ã¯åºãèšãæ¹ãªã ãã§ãããé »åºŠèªäœã¯ for fear ããã lest ã®ã»ããé«ããšããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯äž»åŒµããŠããã
lest ã®should ãçç¥ãããå Žåãããããªããshouldãçç¥ãããå Žåã«ã¯ãç¶ãåè©ã«ã¯ååœ¢ãæ¥ããlest ã®should çç¥æã®åè©ã®å圢ãã€ããããšã仮宿³çŸåšãšããŠè§£éããæµåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
ã»ããææ³æè²çã«ã¯ããŸã泚ç®ãããªããã
so that ~ ã~ã®ããã«ããšãåŠå® not ãçµã¿åãããŠãããšãã° ãso that A won't ~ãã«ããã~ããªãããã«ããšããèšãæããå¯èœã§ãããwon't ã®å€ããã« can't ã®å Žåããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
ãã®ä»ãas far as ã as long as ãªã©ç¯å²ã衚ã衚çŸããã«ã³ããªã©ãè£ãããŠãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã
ãas far as I know,ã ã§ãç§ã®ç¥ãéãã§ã¯ããã®æå³ãas far as ã®ä»£ããã« so far as ãšããããšããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã
ããããå
žåæã¯
As far as I know, he is ~. ãç§ã®ç¥ããããã圌ã¯~ãªäººã ã
ã§ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ããã®ã»ãã
As far as I'm concerned, ~ ãç§ã«é¢ããéããã
ãšãã衚çŸããããšãã°ãç§ã«é¢ããéããããã§çµæ§ã§ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ãšããç§ã«é¢ããéããäžæºã¯ãããŸãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã®ãããªæç« ã§äœ¿ãããã
ãã®ããã« as ã»ã»ã» as ã¯ç¯å²ã衚ãããšãããã
ãã®ã»ããå¥ã®çšæ³ã§ as far as ã§ãèªåã®æèŠãèšãçšæ³ããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãããšãã°ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãããããç§ã®æèŠã§ã¯ãå·åé£åã¯ãããããªãããšããåãªãæè«ã«ã as far as ã䜿ã£ãŠããäŸæãããã
as long as ã«ã¯çšæ³ã2çš®é¡ãããã²ãšã€ã®çšæ³ã¯ã~ããéããšããæéçãªç¯å²ã衚ãçšæ³ã§ãããããã²ãšã€ã®çšæ³ã¯æäœéã®æ¡ä»¶ã衚ã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãã~ãããããã°ããªã©ãšèš³ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãas long as ã®ä»£ããã« so long as ãšããããšããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãã~ããéãã¯ããšèš³ãããå Žåããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã
æ
£çšçãªããããèšãåããšããŠããas long as I live ãã§ãç§ãçããŠããéããã®æå³(ãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
I will never forget your kindness as long as I live. ãç§ãçããŠããããããããªãã®ã芪åãå¿ããŸãããã
ã®ãããªæç« ãããåèæžã«ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ãªããã¹ã€ã«neverã䜿ãããšãã
I won't forget your kindness as long as I live. ãç§ãçããŠããããããããªãã®ã芪åãå¿ããŸãããã
ã®ãããªæç« ããããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ã~ããããã°ãã® as long as ã¯ãèšãæããšããŠãif only ãŸã㯠only if ã§èšãæãããããšãã§ããã
ç®çã衚ãã so that ~ããæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããin order that ãåæ§ãç®çãè¡šãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããããªããso that ~ ã«ã€ããŠãå£èªã§ã¯ thatãçç¥ãããããšãå€ããã€ãŸã so ã ãã§ç®çã®æ¥ç¶è©ã«ãªãããšããã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
so that ç¯ã®äžã§ã¯ãcan ã will ã may ãã€ããã®ãæ®é(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãªãããso ~(圢容è©ãªã©) that ã»ã»ã»ãã¯çšåºŠãããããæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã
in order that ~ ã¯å
ã衚çŸãin order that ç¯ã®äžã§ã¯ãcan ã will ã may ãã€ããã®ãæ®é(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
as ãæ¥ç¶è©ã®çšæ³ããã(ãã€ã€ã«ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã
ãã®ä»ã«ããããŸããŸãªæ¥ç¶è©ããã
suppose ã supposed ã providing ã provided (ã©ããããã~ãªãã°ãã®æå³)ãªã©ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ããããšããã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªãšèªãå¥ãšå¥ãç¯ãšç¯ããªã©ãææ³äžå¯Ÿçã®ãã®ãçµã³ã€ããã®ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã",
"title": "æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããåŸå±ç¯ãäž»ç¯ãšçµã³ã€ããã®ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãåŸäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšã¯ãand, or, but ã®ããã«ææ³äžçãããã®ãçµã³ã€ããæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããäžèšã®ã»ãã«ããnor , so, for ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "both A and B ã either A or B ãªã©ã䟿å®çã«ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããããŸãã not A but B ã not only A but (also) B ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "䟿å®çã«ãnot only A but also B ãšåãæå³ãã〠as well as ããåèæžã§ã¯åãåå
ã§ç޹ä»ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "either ã¯ããAãBãã®ã©ã¡ããããšããæå³ã§ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "neither A nor B ã¯ãAãBãäž¡æ¹ãšãåŠå®ãã衚çŸã§ãããã€ãŸããAãšBã®ã©ã¡ãã~ãªããã®æå³ã§ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããneither A nor B ãäž»èªã®å Žåãåè©ã¯Bã®æå¶ã«äžèŽããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããŸããnor ã®çŽåŸã®æç« ã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "neither ã¯åºæ¬ãA,Bã®2ã€ãã䜿ããªãã3ã€ä»¥äžã§ã¯äœ¿ããªãã®ãååã ãããããç±³è±ã«ã¯ååã«åããŠ3ã€ä»¥äžã§äœ¿ã人ãããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ãå
¥è©Šã«ã¯ãããŸã§åºãªãã ããããŸããneither ã§ nor ã®ä»£ããã«ååã«åã㊠or ã䜿ã人ããããšã®ããš(ãã€ã€ã«)ãå
¥è©Šã§ã¯ååçãªå Žåã ããèããã°ããã ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãneitherããšã¯ not either ã®æå³ã ããããšããã®ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã®èŠè§£ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "nor ã¯ã neither ã®ããæã§ãªããŠã䜿ãããå Žåããã(æ¡åããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŠå®èªã® not ã don't ãªã©ã®ããšã ãnot A, nor BããŸãã¯ãdon't A(åè©) nor B(åè©) ãã§ãAãBãç¡ãããšããæå³ã§ãneitherãªãã§ nor ã not ãªã©ã®åŠå®èªãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããå Žåãããã ã«ã³ããç¡ãå Žåããã(ãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ããã®å Žåã§ããA nor B ã®ããšã«åè©ãæ¥ãå Žåããã®æã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãAãBãã©ã¡ãã~ãªãããšåŠå®ã®å
容ã䞊åããããå Žåãandã§ã¯ãªãnorã䜿ã(æ¡å)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãand ã«ã¯ãåœä»€æã®ããšã«äœ¿ããããå Žåã«ã¯ããããããã°ãã®æå³ã«ãªããããã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "or ã«ã¯ãããŸãã¯ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããããªãã¡ããèšãæããã°ããšããããèªãå¥ã®èªã§èšãæããçšæ³ã®æå³ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«ãèšãæããã°ãã¢ãª)ãã©ã¡ãã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããããŸããor ã«ã¯ãåœä»€æã®ããšã«äœ¿ããããå Žåã«ã¯ãããããªããã°ãã®æå³ã«ãªããããã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããããªãã¡ããèšãæããã°ãã®æå³ã§ or ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠäœ¿ãããå Žåãorã®åã«ãµã€ãã¯ã«ã³ã(,)ãæ¥ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã¥ãªãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ã¯ã <åºæ¥äºâçµæ> ã®èªé ãšããŠãçç±ã®æãso çµæã®æãã®ããã«çç±ãåã«ãçµæãåŸãã«æžãããã»ã»ã»ãªã®ã§~ããã»ã»ã»ã ãã~ããšããæå³ã«ãªããçç±ãšããã»ã©æçœãªå æé¢ä¿ã§ãªããŠããæ¯èŒçã«é¢é£æ§ã®é«ã2ã€ã®åºæ¥äºã«ãããŠããããåºæ¥äº, so åºæ¥äºã®çµæããšããçšæ³ã§ãè¯ãã ãŸãããã®å Žåã® so ã®çŽåã«ã¯ã«ã³ãã , ãã眮ãã®ãæ®é(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äœè«ã ããæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ãš for ã¯ãããããç¯ãšç¯ã ãçµã³ã€ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã€ãŸããèªãšèªãå¥ãšå¥ãèªãšå¥ãªã©ã¯çµã³ä»ããªãã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããfor ã¯ã <çµæâåºæ¥äº> ã®èªé ãšããŠããçµæ, for çç±ã®ç« ãã®æ§æã§ãå
ãèšãåããšããŠçç±ã説æãããå£èªã§çšããããšã¯ããŸãç¡ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã»ãã for ã¯ãforã®åè¿°ã®åºæ¥äºã«å¯ŸããŠããã®çç±ãè¿°ã¹ãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãæ®é㯠for ã®çŽåã«ã¯ã«ã³ãã , ããæ¥ãã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® for ã¯çäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããfor ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ã¯ãªãçã®çç±ã§(ãã€ã€ã«)ãbecause ã®ããã«äž»ç¯ã®åã«åºãããšã¯ã§ããªãããªãããã For ãæé ã«çœ®ãããŠããå Žåãããã¯ããã®çŽåã®æã®çç±ã説æããŠãã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã€ã€ãã®åè©ã and ã§çµã°ããŠããå Žåãåºæ¬çã«ã¯å
šäœãšããŠã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€æããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom, Bob and John are students of this school.",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããäžèšã®ããã«äŸå€ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ham and eggs is my favorite breakfast. ããã ã¢ã³ããšãã°ã¯ãç§ã®å¥œããªæé£ã ãâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããåãäŸæ",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãHam and eggs ãã§1ã»ããã®é£åãªã®ã§ãããã¯åæ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€å®ããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã«ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "curry and rice (ã«ã¬ãŒã©ã€ã¹)",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a cup of saucer (ç¿ã€ããã°ã«ãã)",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a knife and fork (ãã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯) â»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "bread and butter (ãã¿ãŒã€ããã³)",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "body and mental (èäœãšç²Ÿç¥) â»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯1ã»ããã®åè©ãšã¿ãªãã®ã§ããããã§åæ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€å®ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããa cup of saucer ã® ãaãã¯ãa ãcup of saucer ããšããããšã§ããcup of saucer ãã®ã»ãããã²ãšã€ãšããæå³(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããªã®ã§ãåŸãåŽã® saucer ã«ã¯ a ãã€ããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ããŠã1ã€ã®ã«ãããšããã€ãã®ç¿ã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a knife and fork ãåæ§ã aãknife and forkã ãšããæå³ãªã®ã§ããknife and forkãã®ã»ãããäžã€ã®æå³(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããand ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã確èªãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "and ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯äžŠåãããã³ãããšãã®æå³ã ããããã²ãšã€ãåäœã»æéã®é åºãšããæå³ãããããå
ã«èµ·ããããš and ãã®çŽåŸã«èµ·ããããšãã®ãããªèªé ã§ and ã䜿ãããšãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åäœãæéã®é åºã®and ã¯ãããããŠããã~ããŠããã®æå³ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° come and see ã¯ãå
ã«æ¥ãŠããããŠèŠã(èŠã)ãã®æå³ã§ãããã€ãŸãäžå®è©ã®çµæçšæ³ come to see ãšåãæå³ã§ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãåæ§ã®è¡šçŸãšããŠã go and see ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãand ãå æé¢ä¿ãããããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ãæ®éãæç« ã§ã¯ãå
ã«è¡ã£ãã玹ä»ããåäœããããšã®åäœã®çç±ã«ãªãã®ã§ãandã§å æé¢ä¿ã衚ãã®ãèªç¶ã§ãããã",
"title": "çäœæ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãåè©ç¯ãå°ãããã«äœ¿ããã that ããã³whether(~ãã©ãã) ãš if(~ãã©ãã) ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããthat ã whether ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠè§£éããèããããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã®åè©ç¯ãå°ã if ã¯ãã~ãã©ãããã®æå³ã§ã® if ã§ãããããã~ãªãã°ããã® if ã®ããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸããããããã® if ãšã®æ··åãããããããæé ã§ã¯åè©ç¯ã® if ã¯äœ¿ããªã(ãã¡ã¯ãããã¯)ããã®ã~ãã©ãããã®æå³ã® if ã®æ§è³ªã«ã€ããŠèšãæ¹ãå€ãããªããã€ãŸã if ã¯åè©ã®ç®çèªãšããŠãã䜿ããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒããã»ã倿°)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããwhether or not (~ãã©ãã)ãšããæå¥ã¯ããäžæ¹ãifã«ã¯ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããwhether to ~(åè©)ãã§ã~ãã¹ããã©ããããšããtoäžå®è©ã®çšæ³ã¯ããããifã«ã¯äžå®è©ãç¶ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã whether to go ãè¡ãã¹ããã©ããããšããèªããåèæžã«ããããå
žåäŸã§ãããããã«ã whether to go or not (éãã£ãŒã)ãè¡ãã¹ããã©ãããã whether to go or stay (ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãè¡ãã¹ãããšã©ãŸãã¹ãããã®ããã«ãªãå Žåãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãå©åè© should ã䜿ã£ãŠãã¹ããã匷調ãã whether we should go or stay ãè¡ãã¹ããæ®ãã¹ããããšãã衚çŸããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whether we should go or not ã®ããã«ãwhether ã®çŽåŸã§ã¯ãªãåç¯ã®æåŸã« or not ãã€ããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããwhether ã¯å眮è©ã®ç®çèªã«ãªãããšãããããifã¯ãªããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The question whether we should go or stay ã®ããã«åè©ãšåæ Œã®ç¯ãã¿ã¡ã³ãããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãŸãã¯å眮è©ã®ããã«ãèŠãããããããªããããããã©ã®åèæžããé¢ä¿è©ãå眮è©ãšããŠã§ã¯ãªããåè©ãšåæ Œã®ç¯ããšããæŠå¿µã§èª¬æããŠãããäžæ¹ãif ã«ã¯ãåè©ãšåæ Œã®çšæ³ã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "if ã®æ¬æ¥ã®çšæ³ã¯ãããã~ãã§ãããã~ãã©ãããã®æå³ã¯æŽŸççãªæå³ã«ãããªãããšèããã®ãè¯ãã ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããif ã¯å£èªçãwhether ã¯æèªçã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£-ãããšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "depends on whether ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãåè©å¥ depends on ãšwhether ãšã®çµã¿åãããæ±ºãŸã£ãŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãdepends on ãš if ãšã®çµã¿åããã¯çŠæ¢ããªã depends on ã¯ãå眮è©ã®ç®çèªã«whether ãæ¥ãäŸã«ããªã£ãŠããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wonder ãš ask ã¯ãif ã§ã whether ã§ããã©ã¡ãã§ãè¯ã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã I wonder if ~ ã§ã~ãã©ãããªãšæããã®æå³ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã®å
žåçãªæã§",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The fact is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãäºå®ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The trouble is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãå°ã£ãããšã«ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The truth is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãçå®ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The reason is (that)ã»ã»ã» ãçç±ã¯ã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãåè©ç¯ãå°ã that ã¯ããã»ã»ã»ãšããããšã ããã®æå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "that ã¯äž»èªã»è£èªã»ç®çèªã«ãªã(äžèšã® the reason is that ãªã©ã®äŸæã®å Žåã¯ãthat ãè£èªã«ãªã£ãŠãã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã It is åœ¢å®¹è© that ã»ã»ã» ãšãã圢åŒäž»èªã®æç« 㧠䜿ããã that ã¯æ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ )ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããthatç¯ã know,say ,think, tell, hope ãªã©äžè¬çãªåè©ã®ç®çèªã«ãªã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ãthatãçç¥ããããšãå€ã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãã圢åŒç®çèªã® that ã¯çç¥ã§ããªã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã圢åŒç®çèªãšã¯ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He made it clear that ~ . ã圌ã¯~ã§ããããšãæããã«ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãã㪠it ãä»®ã®ç®çèªãšããæç« ã®ããšã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "that ç¯ã¯æ®éã¯å眮è©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãããããšãªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãäŸå€çã« in that(~ãšããç¹ã§ã~ã ãã) ãš except that(~ãé€ããŠ)ãšããçšæ³ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã in that ã«ã¯æå³ã®ç°ãªãã~ãšããç¹ã§ããšããçšæ³ãšãããã²ãšã€ã~ã ãããã~ã§ãããããšããå¥ã®çšæ³ãããããšã«æ³šæ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ in that ã¯å眮è©ã®é
ç®ã«æžããŠããå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããNow that ã§ããä»ã~ã ããããšãã衚çŸãã§ãããå£èªã§ã¯ããthatãçç¥ãããNow ã ãã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªäŸæã¯",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Now (that) he is eighteen, he can vote. ãä»ã圌ã¯18æ³ãªã®ã ãããåœŒã¯æç¥šã§ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãã玹ä»ããŠããåèæžã¯å°ãªãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãåè©æ§æã® Seeing that ~ã~ã§ãããããã~ã ããããæ¥ç¶è©çã«çšããããçšæ³ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm glad that you have come to meet us. ãããªãããè¿ãã«ããŠãããŠãããããæããŸãã(éãã£ãŒã)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªäŸæãããããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm glad that ~ ã~ã§ããŠãããããã§ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ããææ
ãçŸãåœ¢å®¹è© + that ãã® that ãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "afraid, disappointed, sad, sorry, glad, happy, angry, surprised , upset ãªã©ããã®ãããªåœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã®å Žåã® that ã¯çç¥ãããããšãå€ãããªãããã®å Žåã®ææ
ã«ç¶ã that 以äžã®å
容ã¯ãçç±ãã衚ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "We are sorry that you cannot come. ãããªããããããªãã®ã¯æ®å¿µã§ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®å Žåã® sorry ã¯è¬çœªã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§æ³šæã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sure ã確信ããŠãããã¯æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ææ
ãšã¯èšãã¥ããããéãã£ãŒãã¯ãããææ
ã«å«ããŠããããã ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯sureãäžæ¡çšã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããsure ã¯ææ
ã®ããã« I'm sure that ~ ãšäž»èªã人称代åè©ãšããã®ãæ®éãèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãèŠãããit ãäž»èªã«ãã sure ã¯èŠã€ãããªãã£ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããcertain ã¯ã It is certain that ~ ã I'm certain ããšãã«èš±ãããã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãã« I'm certain ããããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã« it is certain)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã確信ã§ã¯ãªããçãããããšæã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is doubtful whether (ãŸãã¯if)~ ã~ãã©ããã¯çãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ã æ¥ç¶è©ã¯ whether ãŸã㯠if ã«ãªãããã®å Žåã® whether ã if ãåè©ç¯ã§ããã I'm doubtful whether(if) ã®ããã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ã§èšã£ãŠããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãããã«ã圢容è©ã§ã¯ãªãåè© doubt ã§ I doubt whether (if) ~ ã§èšãããšãå¯èœ(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã確信ãããŠããå ŽåãI'm sure ã¯ã確信ããŠãããã®ãä¿¡ãããã®æåãããæ³åãã€ãããã«ãåè© believe ã§",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I believe that ãšçްããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãç¡èŠããã°èšãæããã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã確信ããŠããªãå Žåã¯ãã€ãŸã確信㫠not ãã€ãå Žåã¯ãthat ããã whether ã if ã®ã»ãã奜ãŸãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ãã€ãŸã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm not sure whether(ãŸãã¯if) ~",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããåè©ã§ãä¿¡ããŠããªãããšããå Žåãã€ãŸã don't believe ã®å Žåã I didn't believe what ~ ã®ããã« whether ã§ã¯ãªã what ã«ãªãã®ã«æ³šæ(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã(ããšãã°å¹³åæã®ãªãã§)å¯è©ç¯ãå°ãããããã«äœ¿ããã when (~ã®ãšãã)ã where (~ã®å Žæ)ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "before , after ããã³ since ã until ãªã©ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as soon as ã once ãããã«å«ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããéå»åœ¢ã§ It was not ling before ~ ãªããããã«~ã§ãããã®æå³ã§ãããå¯è© soon ã§èšãæãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "after ã«ã€ããŠãååŸé¢ä¿ãæèããæçœãªå Žåã¯ãäž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã®ãšãã§ããæ¬æ¥ãªãafterç¯ã¯(äž»ç¯ãããåã®åºæ¥äºãªã®ã§ãafterç¯ã)éå»å®äºåœ¢ã«ãªãã¯ãã ããå®éã«ã¯(äž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã§ããã®ã«åãããŠ)afterç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã®ãŸãŸã§æžãŸããããšãèš±ãããããã¡ãããafterç¯ãéå»å®äºåœ¢ã«ããŠãè¯ããafterç¯ãéå»å®äºã¬ãããšååŸé¢ä¿ã匷調ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããbeforeã®å Žåã¯ãéå»ã®ããåºæ¥äºãããå(before)ã®åºæ¥äºã«ã€ããŠèšåãããå Žåãå Žåã«ãã£ãŠå®äºåœ¢ã«ãªãã¯ããªã®ã¯äž»ç¯ã®ã»ãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãbeforeã®å Žåããæ¬æ¥ãªãäž»ç¯ãéå»å®äºã«ãªãå Žåã§ãã(beforeç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã§ããã®ã«åãããŠ)äž»ç¯ãéå»åœ¢ã®ãŸãŸã«ããããšãèš±ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beforeç¯ã®äžèº«ã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ãããã€ãŸããbeforeç¯ã«ã¯åŠå®åœ¢ã眮ããªã(ãšãã°ãª)ãã©ãããŠãbeforeã䜿ã£ãŠãå¿ããªããã¡ã«ããšããããå Žåããå¿ããåã«ããšè³å
ã§åèš³ãèšãæããbefore you forget ã®ããã«èšãæããå¿
èŠããã(ãã€ã€ã«ããšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããsince ã~ããŠãããã~ããŠä»¥æ¥ãã®å Žåãããã¯ç¶ç¶ã®èµ·ç¹ã衚ãæå³ã®ã~ããŠãããã ããäž»ç¯ã¯å®äºåœ¢ã§ããã®ãååã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãsinceãçšããŠçŸåšç¶ç¶äžã®äºãèšãå Žåãäž»ç¯ã¯çŸåšå®äºåœ¢ãsinceç¯ã¯éå»åœ¢ããšãããã¿ãŒã³ãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "since ã®ç¯ã«åŠå®ã¯çšããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ It's been ~ since ã®åå
)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãuntil ~ãã¯ãã~ãã®ç¬éãŸã§åäœãç¶ç¶ããŠãããšãã«äœ¿ããã~ãããŸã§(ãã£ãš)ãã®æå³ã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«ããã£ãšã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãç¶ç¶ããªãå Žåã§ããã®æãŸã§ã«åäœãå®äºããŠããå Žåã«ã¯ãuntilã§ã¯ãªãby the time ã~ãã(æ)ãŸã§ã«ãã䜿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããuntil ãš by the time ã®äž¡æ¹ãšããå
å®¹ãæªæ¥ã®è©±ã§ãã£ãŠãåŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããäž»ç¯ã®ã»ãã¯ãuntil ã®äž»ç¯ã¯æªæ¥ã®å
容ã§ãçŸåšæå¶ã ããããã by the time ã®äž»ç¯ã¯æªæ¥ã®ã»ããªãæªæ¥è¡šçŸ(will)ã«ãªããšããéãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as well as ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãªã®ã« as soon as ãåŸå±ãªã®ã¯ã¢ã¬ã ãããŸãã©ã®åèæžã§ãããããåé¡ã«ãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as soon as ã¯èšãæãã§ãthe moment ã the instant ã no sooner ã»ã»ã» than ~ ãªã©ã®èšãæã衚çŸãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã no sooner ã»ã»ã» than ~ ã¯åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããæ¥ç¶è©ãã®åå
ã§ã¯ãªããæ¯èŒãã®åå
ã«ç¯ã«æžããŠãã(éãã£ãŒããªã©)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããããimmediately ãã~ãããšããã«ãã ããã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªãšã®ããšã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "no sooner ã»ã»ã» than ~ ã®èšãåãã¯æé ã«ããå Žåãããããã®éã«å眮ã«ãã£ãŠäž»èªãšå©åè©ã®èªé ãéã«ãªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããå©åè©ã« had ã䜿ã£ãŠãããªãããšããããäž»èªãIãšãããªã(ã¹ã€ã« he ã§ã she ã§ãæ§ããªã)ãå眮ã®å Žåã¯",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "No sooner had I + éå»åè©ã»ã»ã» than ~ ã®èªé ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããå©åè© had ã«ããéå»å®äºåœ¢ã䜿ãããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ããããå¥ã«å©åè© did ã«ããåãªãéå»åœ¢ã§ãæ§ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ§æã®æå³ã¯åŸ®åŠã«éããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hardly(ãŸãã¯scarcely) ã»ã»ã» when(ãŸãã¯before) ~ ã~ãããããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæé ã«ããå眮ãããã°äž»èªãšè¿°èªã®åè©ãé転ããã®ã§ããã no sooner ã®æ§æãšãã£ããã«åèæžã§ã¯ç޹ä»ãããããšãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮ããå Žåãäžè¿°ã®æ§æã®èªé ã¯ããšããããäž»èªã he ãšãããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Hardly had he éå»åè© when ã»ã»ã»",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®èªé ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããno longer ããã~ã§ã¯ãªããããã¯ã~ã§ã¯ãªããã¯ç¹ã«å眮ã¯èµ·ãããåèæžã§ãç¹ã«å眮ã«ã€ããŠã¯èšåã¯ãããŠããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããäŸæãããå®å®æ
è¡ã¯(æãžã®æ
è¡ã¯)ãã¯ã倢ã§ã¯ãªããã®ãããªäŸæã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ãããšãã°",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Traveling into space is no longer a dream. ãå®å®ãžã®æ
è¡ã¯ãã¯ã倢ã§ã¯ãªããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "A trip to the moon is no longer a dream. ãæãžã®æ
è¡ã¯ãã¯ãåãªã倢ã§ã¯ãªããã(éãã£ãŒã)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããno longer ã¯çŸåšæå¶ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããããšãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ãäžè¿°ã®äŸæãçŸåšæå¶ã«ãªã£ãŠããããšã«æ³šç®ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "no longer ~ ã¯ãnot ~ any longer ã§ãèšãæãã§ããã©ã®åèæžã§ãèšåãããŠããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Traveling into space is not a dream any longer. ãå®å®ãžã®æ
è¡ã¯ãã¯ã倢ã§ã¯ãªããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã¯any longer ã®èšãæããããŠãªãããããèšãæããããªããäžèšã®ããã«ãªãã ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "A trip to the moon is not a dream any longer. ãæãžã®æ
è¡ã¯ãã¯ãåãªã倢ã§ã¯ãªããã (wikiãªãªãžãã«)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I cannot stand ~ any longer. ããããã以äžã~ã«ææ
¢ã§ããªããã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
¥è©Šã«ã¯ãã£ãã«åºãªããããã€ã¯ä»ã«ãèšãæã衚çŸãšã㊠not ~ any more ã not ~ anymore ãªã©ããã(éãã£ãŒãæ¯èŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹æ¥ç¶è©)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæ¥ç¶è©ãã®åå
ã§ã¯ãªãåŠå®ã®åå
ã«æãããŠããããšãå€ãããno ã not ãªã©ã®åŠå®ã®èªå¥ãã€ãã£ãæ¥ç¶è©çãªå
å®¹ã®æ§æãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãcannot help ~ing ããš ãhave no choice but to ~(toäžå®è©)ããšã®äœ¿ãåãããéèŠã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot help ~ing ã¯ã~ããã«ã¯ããããªãããæãã~ããŠããŸããã®æå³ãcannot help ~ing ã¯ææ
ãããããããã«(éãã£ãŒã)ãæããäœããããŠããŸãæã«äœ¿ã衚çŸã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Cannot help laughing ãç¬ããã«ã¯ããããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããcannot help but åè©ã®åå ããšããèšãæ¹ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot help but laugh",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãèªåã®ææ
ã«åããŠãå€éšçãªäºæ
ãªã©ã§ã~ããããåŸãªããå Žåã«ã¯ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "have no choice but to åè©ã®å圢(toäžå®è©)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã䜿ã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "She had no choice to give up her job. ã圌女ã¯ä»äºããããããåŸãªãã£ããã(éãã£ãŒããæ¹å€)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I had no choice to quit my job. ãç§ã¯ä»äºããããããåŸãªãã£ããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "once ã¯ããã£ãã~ãããšãã®æå³ãonce ãã©ãåé¡ããããåèæžããšã«éãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifãunlessãªã©ãšåæ§ã«ãæ¡ä»¶ããšã㊠once ãåé¡ããåèæžãããã°(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã beforeãafterãsinceãªã©ãšåæ§ã®ãèµ·ç¹ããšã㊠once ãåé¡ããåèæžããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããas soon as ãš once ããªããåãç« ç¯ã§ç޹ä»ãããåèæžãå€ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ãããããæå³ãéãæ¥ç¶è©ãªã®ã§æ··åããªãããã«ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "if~ ã¯å
å®¹ãæªæ¥ã§ãã£ãŠãçŸåšåœ¢ã䜿ãããas soon as ~ ãåŸç¶ã®æã§ã¯å
å®¹ãæªæ¥ã§ãã£ãŠãçŸåšåœ¢ã䜿ãã®ã§ããããããããã®çç±ã§onceããæ¡ä»¶ããšããŠåé¡ãããŠããã®ãããããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããas soon as ~ ãšåæ§ã«ãonce ~ ãåŸç¶ã®æã®å
å®¹ãæªæ¥ã§ãã£ãŠãçŸåšåœ¢ã䜿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãããããå
±éç¹ããããäžç·ã«ãèµ·ç¹ããšããŠç޹ä»ãããã®ãããããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããåã«åé¡ãåãã ãã§ããã once 㯠as soon as ãšã¯æå³ããŸã£ããéãã®ã§ãæ··åããªãããã«ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æéã®è¡šçŸã ãã§ãªããbecause ã since (since ã«ã¯çç±ã®æå³ããã)ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "because ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãªã®ã§ããã£ãŠäž»ç¯ãªãã§",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãBecause ~ .ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã£ãBecause ã ãã®ç¯ãã€ããããšã¯ååã誀çšã ãšã¿ãªããã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãäŸå€çã«ã\"Why ~?\" ãšãã£ã Why ã䜿ã£ã質åæã«å¯ŸããŠãè§£çã§\"Because ~\" ãš because ã ãã®ç¯ã®æç« ãèš±ãããŠãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "because ã¯ãçžæããŸã ç¥ããªãæ
å ±ãçç±ãšããŠãããã®ã«äœ¿ããããŸãäž»ç¯ã®ããšã«becauseç¯ã眮ãããã®ãäžè¬çã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "since ã¯åºæ¬ãçžæãæ¢ç¥ã®è©±é¡ã«ã€ããŠã®çç±ã説æãããšãã«äœ¿ãã®ã§(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãsinceç¯ã®æå¶ã¯éå»åœ¢ã«ãªãäºãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ããŸããäžèšã®äºæ
ã®ãããsinceã®ã€ããå¯è©ç¯ã¯æé ãåæ¹ã«çœ®ãããããšãå€ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ããããsinceãæé ã«çœ®ããªããŠãæ£ããè±èªã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as ãssince ãšåæ§ãçžæããã§ã«ç¥ã£ãŠããæ
å ±ãçç±ãšããŠãããéã«äœ¿ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããasã¯ããã€ãæå³ãããã®ã§ãããŸãæå³ãã¯ã£ããããªãã®ã§ãã¯ã£ãã説æãããå Žåã«ã¯asã®äœ¿çšãé¿ããããå Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç±ã®å æé¢ä¿ã®åŒ·èª¿ã®é åºãšããŠã¯ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(å æé¢ä¿ã匷ãåŽ)because > since > as (匱ãåŽ)",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®é ã«å æé¢ä¿ã匷ã(éãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããforã§çç±ãè¿°ã¹ãçšæ³ãããããæèªèª¿ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãforã«ã€ããŠã¯ç޹ä»ããŠããåèæžãå°ãªãã®ã§çç¥ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 171,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãso ~(圢容è©) that ã»ã»ã»(æ)ã ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 172,
"tag": "p",
"text": "so ã«çäœæ¥ç¶è©ã®çšæ³ãããããããã ãso åœ¢å®¹è© that æãã§çµã³ã€ããããŠãã圢容è©ãšthatåŸç¶ã®æã¯å¯Ÿçã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã®ã»ããé©åã§ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 173,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸæã¯èäœæš©ã®ããçç¥ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 174,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãè²æ©ãã®æå³ã§ãããthough ã although ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 175,
"tag": "p",
"text": "though ããã although ã®ã»ããå
ãèšãåãã§ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 176,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããè±ææ³ã®æ¥ç¶è©ã®åå
ã§ãããè²æ©ãã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®æ¥åžžèªã®ãè²æ©ããšã¯æå³ãããéããæ¥åžžèªã®ãè²æ©ããšã¯ãèªåãšçžæã»ä»äººã®äž»åŒµã察ç«ãããå Žåã«ãçžæã®æèŠãèãå
¥ãããæã«ã¯åŸãããšã«éç¹ã眮ãããã®ãæ¥åžžèªã®è²æ©ã§ãã(åºèŸèãäžçå æ°æè§£)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 177,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããã®æ¥ç¶è©ã®è±ææ³ã§ãããè²æ©ããšã¯ãçžæã®äž»åŒµã®äžéšãäºå®ã§ã¯ãããšèªããäžã§ãããã§ãèªåã®äž»åŒµã«äºå®æ§ãªã©ãããããšã䞻匵ããŠããã®ããè±ææ³ã®æ¥ç¶è©ã®åéã§ã®ãè²æ©ãã§ãã(æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 178,
"tag": "p",
"text": "even if ~ ã even though ~ ããããšã ~ ã ãšããŠãããšããè²æ©ã®æå³ãããããäžèšã®ãããªéããããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 179,
"tag": "p",
"text": "even though ~ ã¯ãthough ã®åŸã«äºå®ãããŠã話ãæã¯äºå®ãç¥ã£ãŠããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 180,
"tag": "p",
"text": "even if ~ ã¯ãif ã®ããšã«ä»®å®ãããŠããã®ä»®å®ãäºå®ãã©ããã話ããŠã¯ç¥ããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 181,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯ãeven ããªãå Žåã® ifç¯ ã thoughç¯ ã«ãããäºå®é¢ä¿ãšåæ§ã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 182,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬èªã ãšãããšã~ã ãšããŠãããšèããšããªããšãªãåŒ·ãæ±ºå¿ã確信ã匷ãã®åœä»€ãªã©ãç¶ãããã«æãããã¡ã ãããããè±èªã®even if ã even thoutgh ã¯å¥ã«ãããã£ã決å¿ã確信ãªã©ã§ã¯ãªããšãã䜿ããããããšãã°éãã£ãŒãã«ã圌ã¯è¥ãã£ãããåªããæèœãæã£ãŠãããããšèšãæç« ã§ Even though ãçšããŠãã(éãã£)ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã§ã¯ã圌ã¯ã±ã¬ãããŠããã«ããããããããã¬ãŒãç¶ããããšããéå¢ã匷調ããæã§ even though ãçšããŠããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 183,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ãããæ±ºå¿ã確信ãåœä»€ãªã©ã匷調ããããã« even if ã even though ãçšããããããšããããããå€ãã®åèæžã®äŸæããããªã£ãŠãã(æèšã¯ããŠããªãã)ãâ»éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 184,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã¯å¥ã«ã even if ~ ã§ if ã®ããšã仮宿³éå»ã«ãªãå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 185,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºæ¬çã«ã¯ãeven if ã even though ããevenã¯åã«çŽåŸã®èªã匷調ããŠããã ãã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã ifããã~ã ã®ããšãäºå®ãã©ããã話ãæãç¥ããªãã®ãifã®äžæ®éã®çšæ³ã ããthough ã~ã«ããããããããéåžžã¯è©±ãæã¯äºå®ãåæã«ããŠããããã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 186,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åã« even 㯠if ã though ã«è²æ©ã®æå³ãã€ããããããè²æ©ã匷調ãããããŠããã ãã«ãããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 187,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡ä»¶ã衚ãif ããã³ unless ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 188,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unless ã¯ãããã~ã§ãªããã°ããšããæå³ã§ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«)ãã~ã§ãªãéããããšèš³ãããå Žåãå€ã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ããªããunless ã®çŽåŸã®æã¯åŠå®åœ¢ã«ã¯ãªãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã€ãŸã unless ã®çŽåŸã®æã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 189,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unless ã¯ããåŠå®ã®æ¡ä»¶ãã§ãããšããæ§è³ªã«å ããŠãããã«åºæ¬çã«ãå¯äžã®æ¡ä»¶ããšããæ§è³ªããã(éãã£ãŒã)ããèµ·ããŠã»ãããªãäºãé¿ããããã«ã¯ãunless 以éã®å
容ãå®è¡ãããããªãããšããæå³ã§ã®å¯äžæ§ã®äž»åŒµã unless ã«ã¯ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 190,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããšãªã©ããã unless ~ã®æã if ã»ã»ã» not ~ ã®æç« ã«æžãæãã§ããäžæ¹ã§(unless â if not ã¯å¯èœãªå Žåãå€ã)ãããã if not â unless ã®æžãæããç¡çãªå Žåãå€ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 191,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unless ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶ã®æ unless äºæ³ãããçµæã®æãã®èªé ãunless ã«ãããŠã«ã³ããªã©ã¯äžèŠã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 192,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unless ã®èªé ã¯ããäºæ³ãããçµæ« unless çµæ«ãæãç«ããªããªãæ¡ä»¶ãã§ããããªããunlessã®äž»ç¯(â» äºæ³ãããçµæ«ã®ã»ã)ã«ã¯ãwillãªã©ã®æªæ¥è¡šçŸã䜿ãã®ãæ®éãäžæ¹ãifããã³unless ã§ã¯åŸå±ç¯ã®å
容ãããšãæªæ¥ã«ãããå
容ã§ãã£ãŠãåŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ã«ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæ¡åããã€ã€ã«ã§ã¯åŸå±ç¯ã®æå¶ã¯ãšãã«è§£èª¬ã§ã¯æèšãããŠããªãããäŸæã®æå¶ãèŠãã°ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšåæ§ã«æ¡åãªã©ã§ãunlessã®åŸå±ç¯ã¯çŸåšåœ¢ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 193,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããæ¥ç¶è©ãã®åå
ã§ã¯ãªãããåŠå®ãã®åå
ã§äžèšã玹ä»ãããŠããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 194,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It will not long before ~ ã¯ããŸããªã~ããã ãããã®æå³ã§ãããçŽèš³ããã°ã~ãããŸã§ã«é·ãã¯ãªããã ã(éãã£ãŒã)ãè±èªã§ã¯ããŸããªã~ããã ãããã®æå³ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 195,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is not until ~ that ã»ã»ã» ã§ã~ããŠåããŠã»ã»ã»ãããã®æå³ã§ãããçŽèš³ããã°ãã»ã»ã»ãŸã§~ããªããã ã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãå®éã«ã¯ãããŸã§åŠå®ã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã¯ç¡ãã(ãšãã«åºå
žãªã)ããŸãéå»åœ¢ã§ã It was not until ~ that ã»ã»ã» ãšããŠäœ¿ããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 196,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªæç« ã¯ãç
æ°ã«ãªã£ãŠåããŠå¥åº·ã®ããããããåãããã ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠè±æã埮åŠã«éãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 197,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 198,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It was not until I became ill that I realized the value of health.",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 199,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 200,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 201,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is not until we fail ill that we appreciate the value of good health.",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 202,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 203,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ããã«ãåããããªåèš³ã®èšãåãã§ããæç®ã«ããè±æã埮åŠã«éãã®ã§ãæèšã®å¿
èŠã¯ãªããããæèšãããæè²è
ãããã°æå¡ãšããŠã®èŠèäžè¶³ãçãããã ãã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 204,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãin case ~(æ)ãã¯ã~ã®å Žåã«ããªããŠãã®æå³ã§ãããåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ããããã®å Žåã¯æ®éã¯äž»ç¯ã®ããšã« in case ~ ã眮ããã(ãã©ã¬ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 205,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in case ~ ã®å
žåçãªäŸæã¯ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 206,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. ãéšãéããšãããªãããããããæã£ãŠãããªãããã â» æ°ç éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 207,
"tag": "p",
"text": "take ã®ä»£ããã« bring ã®å ŽåãããããŸãããã®åããã£ãŠããäŸæã®å Žåãªã with you ã¯çç¥å¯èœãäžèšäŸæã®åºå
žã®åèæžã«ã with you ãã€ããŠãªããã®ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 208,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Bring an umbrella in case it rains. ãéšãéããšãããªãããããããæã£ãŠãããªãããã â» ãã¡ã¯ãããã¯",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 209,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœä»€åœ¢ã§ã¯ãªãå¹³åæã®å Žåããããäžèšã®ãããªäŸæãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 210,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'll take an umbrella with me in case it rains. ãéšãéããšãããªãããããããæã£ãŠããããã â» ãã©ã¬ã¹ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 211,
"tag": "p",
"text": "with me ã¯çç¥å¯èœãèªåã§æã£ãŠããã®ã§ with me ã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 212,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãin case ~ ãã®å¯è©ç¯ã« it should rain. ã®ããã« should ã䜿ãããå Žåãããããããã¯å¯èœæ§ãäœããšè©±ãæã»æžãæãæã£ãŠããæå³ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 213,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããin case ã¯äžèšã®ã~ãããšãããªããããã~ããªãããã«ãã®çšæ³ã®ä»ã«ããcase ãæ¡ä»¶ãã®æåéãã~ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§ãã®æå³ã§ in case ã䜿ãå Žåãã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªã§ã¯èŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ããã®å Žå㯠if ã§ãèšãæãã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 214,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšãæã衚çŸã§ãã~ãããšãããªããããã~ããªãããã«ãçšæ³ã® in case ãšåãæå³ã¯ãfor fear that A ~ãããlest A (should) ~ãã§ãèšããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 215,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for fear ã lest ãããšãã«åºã衚çŸã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ä»¥å€ã®åèæžã®å€ãã¯ãfor fear ãåºã衚çŸã§ããããšãåãäžããŠããªãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 216,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for fear ~ã§ã lest ~ã§ããã€ã¥ãã~ãã®éšåã«ã¯ not ãã€ããªããæ¥æ¬èªã«åŒãã¥ãã㊠not ãã€ããªãããã«æ³šæã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 217,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±åèŸå
žãèŠãã° fear ã¯ãæãããäžå®ããªã©ã®æå³ãæžããŠããããšãããæ³åãã€ãããã«ãfor fear ã®ããšã«ã¯ãããããŠããå
å®¹ãæžãã®ã§ãã€ãŸããå®çŸããŠã»ãããªãããšãè¯å®åœ¢ã§æžãããšã«ãªãã®ãåœç¶ã§ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 218,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãlest ã«ã€ããŠããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã lest ã¯åºãèšãæ¹ãªã ãã§ãããé »åºŠèªäœã¯ for fear ããã lest ã®ã»ããé«ããšããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯äž»åŒµããŠããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 219,
"tag": "p",
"text": "lest ã®should ãçç¥ãããå Žåãããããªããshouldãçç¥ãããå Žåã«ã¯ãç¶ãåè©ã«ã¯ååœ¢ãæ¥ããlest ã®should çç¥æã®åè©ã®å圢ãã€ããããšã仮宿³çŸåšãšããŠè§£éããæµåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 220,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããææ³æè²çã«ã¯ããŸã泚ç®ãããªããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 221,
"tag": "p",
"text": "so that ~ ã~ã®ããã«ããšãåŠå® not ãçµã¿åãããŠãããšãã° ãso that A won't ~ãã«ããã~ããªãããã«ããšããèšãæããå¯èœã§ãããwon't ã®å€ããã« can't ã®å Žåããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 222,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»ãas far as ã as long as ãªã©ç¯å²ã衚ã衚çŸããã«ã³ããªã©ãè£ãããŠãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 223,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãas far as I know,ã ã§ãç§ã®ç¥ãéãã§ã¯ããã®æå³ãas far as ã®ä»£ããã« so far as ãšããããšããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 224,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããå
žåæã¯",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 225,
"tag": "p",
"text": "As far as I know, he is ~. ãç§ã®ç¥ããããã圌ã¯~ãªäººã ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 226,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ããã®ã»ãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 227,
"tag": "p",
"text": "As far as I'm concerned, ~ ãç§ã«é¢ããéããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 228,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã衚çŸããããšãã°ãç§ã«é¢ããéããããã§çµæ§ã§ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ãšããç§ã«é¢ããéããäžæºã¯ãããŸãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã®ãããªæç« ã§äœ¿ãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 229,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã« as ã»ã»ã» as ã¯ç¯å²ã衚ãããšãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 230,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããå¥ã®çšæ³ã§ as far as ã§ãèªåã®æèŠãèšãçšæ³ããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãããšãã°ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãããããç§ã®æèŠã§ã¯ãå·åé£åã¯ãããããªãããšããåãªãæè«ã«ã as far as ã䜿ã£ãŠããäŸæãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 231,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 232,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as long as ã«ã¯çšæ³ã2çš®é¡ãããã²ãšã€ã®çšæ³ã¯ã~ããéããšããæéçãªç¯å²ã衚ãçšæ³ã§ãããããã²ãšã€ã®çšæ³ã¯æäœéã®æ¡ä»¶ã衚ã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãã~ãããããã°ããªã©ãšèš³ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãas long as ã®ä»£ããã« so long as ãšããããšããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ãã~ããéãã¯ããšèš³ãããå Žåããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 233,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ
£çšçãªããããèšãåããšããŠããas long as I live ãã§ãç§ãçããŠããéããã®æå³(ãã€ã€ã«ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 234,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I will never forget your kindness as long as I live. ãç§ãçããŠããããããããªãã®ã芪åãå¿ããŸãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 235,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªæç« ãããåèæžã«ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 236,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã¹ã€ã«neverã䜿ãããšãã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 237,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I won't forget your kindness as long as I live. ãç§ãçããŠããããããããªãã®ã芪åãå¿ããŸãããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 238,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªæç« ããããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 239,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ããããã°ãã® as long as ã¯ãèšãæããšããŠãif only ãŸã㯠only if ã§èšãæãããããšãã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 240,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç®çã衚ãã so that ~ããæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããin order that ãåæ§ãç®çãè¡šãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããããªããso that ~ ã«ã€ããŠãå£èªã§ã¯ thatãçç¥ãããããšãå€ããã€ãŸã so ã ãã§ç®çã®æ¥ç¶è©ã«ãªãããšããã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 241,
"tag": "p",
"text": "so that ç¯ã®äžã§ã¯ãcan ã will ã may ãã€ããã®ãæ®é(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 242,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããso ~(圢容è©ãªã©) that ã»ã»ã»ãã¯çšåºŠãããããæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 243,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in order that ~ ã¯å
ã衚çŸãin order that ç¯ã®äžã§ã¯ãcan ã will ã may ãã€ããã®ãæ®é(ãã©ã¬ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 244,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as ãæ¥ç¶è©ã®çšæ³ããã(ãã€ã€ã«ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 245,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»ã«ããããŸããŸãªæ¥ç¶è©ããã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 246,
"tag": "p",
"text": "suppose ã supposed ã providing ã provided (ã©ããããã~ãªãã°ãã®æå³)ãªã©ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ããããšããã(ãã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©"
}
]
| null | == æ¥ç¶è© ==
èªãšèªãå¥ãšå¥ãç¯ãšç¯ããªã©ãææ³äžå¯Ÿçã®ãã®ãçµã³ã€ããã®ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã
ãã£ãœããåŸå±ç¯ãäž»ç¯ãšçµã³ã€ããã®ãåŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒãåŸäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšãããïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒã
== çäœæ¥ç¶è© ==
=== æŠèŠ ===
'''çäœæ¥ç¶è©'''ãšã¯ãand, or, but ã®ããã«ææ³äžçãããã®ãçµã³ã€ããæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããäžèšã®ã»ãã«ããnor , so, for ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã
both A and B ã either A or B ãªã©ã䟿å®çã«ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããããŸãã not A but B ã not only A but (also) B ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã
䟿å®çã«ãnot only A but also B ãšåãæå³ãã〠as well as ããåèæžã§ã¯åãåå
ã§ç޹ä»ãããã
either ã¯ããAãBãã®ã©ã¡ããããšããæå³ã§ããã
neither A nor B ã¯ãAãBãäž¡æ¹ãšãåŠå®ãã衚çŸã§ãããã€ãŸããAãšBã®ã©ã¡ããïœãªããã®æå³ã§ããã
ãªããneither A nor B ãäž»èªã®å Žåãåè©ã¯Bã®æå¶ã«äžèŽãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããŸããnor ã®çŽåŸã®æç« ã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ããã
neither ã¯åºæ¬ãA,Bã®2ã€ãã䜿ããªãã3ã€ä»¥äžã§ã¯äœ¿ããªãã®ãååã ãããããç±³è±ã«ã¯ååã«åããŠ3ã€ä»¥äžã§äœ¿ã人ããããïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒãå
¥è©Šã«ã¯ãããŸã§åºãªãã ããããŸããneither ã§ nor ã®ä»£ããã«ååã«åã㊠or ã䜿ã人ããããšã®ããšïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒãå
¥è©Šã§ã¯ååçãªå Žåã ããèããã°ããã ããã
ãneitherããšã¯ not either ã®æå³ã ããããšããã®ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã®èŠè§£ã
nor ã¯ã neither ã®ããæã§ãªããŠã䜿ãããå ŽåãããïŒæ¡åããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
åŠå®èªã® not ã don't ãªã©ã®ããšã ãnot A, nor BããŸãã¯ãdon't AïŒåè©ïŒ nor BïŒåè©ïŒ ãã§ãAãBãç¡ãããšããæå³ã§ãneitherãªãã§ nor ã not ãªã©ã®åŠå®èªãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããå Žåãããã ã«ã³ããç¡ãå ŽåãããïŒãã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ïŒããã®å Žåã§ããA nor B ã®ããšã«åè©ãæ¥ãå Žåããã®æã¯è¯å®åœ¢ã§ããã
ãAãBãã©ã¡ããïœãªãããšåŠå®ã®å
容ã䞊åããããå Žåãandã§ã¯ãªãnorã䜿ãïŒæ¡åïŒã
ããŠãand ã«ã¯ãåœä»€æã®ããšã«äœ¿ããããå Žåã«ã¯ããããããã°ãã®æå³ã«ãªããããã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã
or ã«ã¯ãããŸãã¯ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããããªãã¡ããèšãæããã°ããšããããèªãå¥ã®èªã§èšãæããçšæ³ã®æå³ããããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«ãèšãæããã°ãã¢ãªïŒãã©ã¡ãã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããããŸããor ã«ã¯ãåœä»€æã®ããšã«äœ¿ããããå Žåã«ã¯ãããããªããã°ãã®æå³ã«ãªããããã®æå³ã®å Žåã§ãçäœæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããã
ãªãããããªãã¡ããèšãæããã°ãã®æå³ã§ or ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠäœ¿ãããå Žåãorã®åã«ãµã€ãã¯ã«ã³ãïŒ,ïŒãæ¥ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã¥ãªãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒã
{{ã³ã©ã |æ°åŠã®éåè«ãšã®éã|
ãå€ãå¬ãäž¡æ¹ãšã奜ããã¯è±èªã§ã¯ã I like summer and winter. ãã§ããïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒã
ãå€ãå¬ãäž¡æ¹ãšã奜ãã§ã¯ãªããã¯è±èªã§ã¯neither ã䜿ãããšãã
I don't like summer or winter.
ã§ããããŠããã®å Žåã¯æ¥ç¶è©ã or ã«ãªã£ãŠããããšã«æ³šæïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒã
äžèŠãããšãæ°åŠã®éåæŒç®ã«ãããåŠå®æŒç®ã§ã®ç©éåãâ©ããåéåãâªããªã©ã®æŒç®åã®å転ã®ããã«èŠãããããããå®ã¯ãæ°åŠã®éåã®çè«ïŒãã³å³ãªã©ã®çè«ã®ããšïŒãšã¯éãã
ãŸããè±èªã«ãããŠã A and B ãæ°åŠã§ããåéåïŒæŒç®åâªïŒãç©éåïŒæŒç®åã¯â©ïŒãã¯æèã«ããããæ
å ±ãç§ãªã©ã§ç¿ããããããªãããŒã«ä»£æ°ã®andèšç®ã¯ç©éåã ãããããå®éã®è±èªã®å Žåã¯ãããšã¯éããªãã®ã§æ³šæã
ãŸããããããèãããšãæ°åŠã§ã¯ãç©éåãâ©ïŒ¢ãã®åŠå® not (Aâ©B )ã¯ã (not ) ⪠(not B) ã§ããã
ã€ãŸããæ°åŠã§ã¯ãåã« not ãã€ãã ãã§ã¯éåæŒç®åã¯å€ãããªããèŠçŽ ãã¹ãŠã« not ãã€ããŠãããã«ãã®not ãå æ°åè§£çã«ã²ãšãŸãšãã«ãããæ®µéã«ãªã£ãŠãããããéåæŒç®åãå転ããã®ããæ°åŠçãªèŠåã§ããã
ãããè±èªã§ã¯ãnot ãã€ããã ãã®æ®µéã®æç¹ã§ãæ¥ç¶è©ã and ãã or ã«å転ããŠããŸã£ãŠããã
ãã®ããã«ãéåã®æ°åŠããšãè±èªã®and/orã®ææ³ã¯ã䌌ãŠããã埮åŠã«éãã®ã§ãæ··åããªãããã«ã
ãšããããæ°åŠã§ã¯ãnot ã§ããã£ãããéåã®æŒç®åã¯å転ããïŒâªããâ©ã«ããŸãã¯â©ããâªã«ïŒããããè±èªã§ã¯ãããããæ°åŠçèŠåã¯ç¡èŠãããŠããã
ã ãããneither ã®äŸæãããšã«èŠããã»ããæ©ããå®å
šã§ããã
åã«ã neither A nor B ã®ããã« don't A or B ã®ããã«èšãããšã§ãèŠãããããªããèªåŠã¯ãããããæèšç§ç®ã§ããã
}}
=== so/ for ===
æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ã¯ããïŒåºæ¥äºâçµæïŒãã®èªé ãšããŠãçç±ã®æãso çµæã®æãã®ããã«çç±ãåã«ãçµæãåŸãã«æžãããã»ã»ã»ãªã®ã§ïœããã»ã»ã»ã ããïœããšããæå³ã«ãªããçç±ãšããã»ã©æçœãªå æé¢ä¿ã§ãªããŠããæ¯èŒçã«é¢é£æ§ã®é«ãïŒã€ã®åºæ¥äºã«ãããŠããããåºæ¥äº, so åºæ¥äºã®çµæããšããçšæ³ã§ãè¯ãã
ãŸãããã®å Žåã® so ã®çŽåã«ã¯ã«ã³ãã , ãã眮ãã®ãæ®éïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒã
äœè«ã ããæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® so ãš for ã¯ãããããç¯ãšç¯ã ãçµã³ã€ããïŒãã©ã¬ã¹ãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒãã€ãŸããèªãšèªãå¥ãšå¥ãèªãšå¥ãªã©ã¯çµã³ä»ããªãã
ãã£ãœããfor ã¯ããïŒçµæâåºæ¥äºïŒãã®èªé ãšããŠããçµæ, for çç±ã®ç« ãã®æ§æã§ãå
ãèšãåããšããŠçç±ã説æãããå£èªã§çšããããšã¯ããŸãç¡ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒãã»ãã for ã¯ãforã®åè¿°ã®åºæ¥äºã«å¯ŸããŠããã®çç±ãè¿°ã¹ãæ¥ç¶è©ã§ããã
ãªã®ã§ãæ®é㯠for ã®çŽåã«ã¯ã«ã³ãã , ããæ¥ãã
æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã® for ã¯çäœæ¥ç¶è©ã§ãããfor ã¯åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ã§ã¯ãªãçã®çç±ã§ïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒãbecause ã®ããã«äž»ç¯ã®åã«åºãããšã¯ã§ããªãããªãããã For ãæé ã«çœ®ãããŠããå Žåãããã¯ããã®çŽåã®æã®çç±ã説æããŠããïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒã
=== and ===
ãã€ã€ãã®åè©ã and ã§çµã°ããŠããå Žåãåºæ¬çã«ã¯å
šäœãšããŠã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€æããã
Tom, Bob and John are students of this school.
ããããäžèšã®ããã«äŸå€ãããã
Ham and eggs is my favorite breakfast. ããã ã¢ã³ããšãã°ã¯ãç§ã®å¥œããªæé£ã ãâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããåãäŸæ
ãHam and eggs ãã§ïŒã»ããã®é£åãªã®ã§ãããã¯åæ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€å®ããã
åæ§ã«ã
curry and rice ïŒã«ã¬ãŒã©ã€ã¹ïŒ
a cup of saucer ïŒç¿ã€ããã°ã«ããïŒ
a knife and fork ïŒãã€ããšãã©ãŒã¯ïŒãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹
bread and butter ïŒãã¿ãŒã€ããã³ïŒ
body and mental ïŒèäœãšç²Ÿç¥ïŒãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
ã¯ïŒã»ããã®åè©ãšã¿ãªãã®ã§ããããã§åæ°åœ¢ãšããŠå€å®ããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
ãªããa cup of saucer ã® ãaãã¯ãa ãcup of saucer ããšããããšã§ããcup of saucer ãã®ã»ãããã²ãšã€ãšããæå³ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããªã®ã§ãåŸãåŽã® saucer ã«ã¯ a ãã€ããªãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãã£ããŠã1ã€ã®ã«ãããšããã€ãã®ç¿ã§ã¯ãªãã
a knife and fork ãåæ§ã aãknife and forkã ãšããæå³ãªã®ã§ããknife and forkãã®ã»ãããäžã€ã®æå³ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãŸããand ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã確èªãããã
;䞊åãšé åº
and ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯äžŠåãããã³ãããšãã®æå³ã ããããã²ãšã€ãåäœã»æéã®é åºãšããæå³ãããããå
ã«èµ·ããããš and ãã®çŽåŸã«èµ·ããããšãã®ãããªèªé ã§ and ã䜿ãããšãããã
åäœãæéã®é åºã®and ã¯ãããããŠãããïœããŠããã®æå³ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
ããšãã° come and see ã¯ãå
ã«æ¥ãŠããããŠèŠãïŒèŠãïŒãã®æå³ã§ãããã€ãŸãäžå®è©ã®çµæçšæ³ come to see ãšåãæå³ã§ããïŒãã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒãåæ§ã®è¡šçŸãšããŠã go and see ãããã
;å æé¢ä¿
ããã«ãand ãå æé¢ä¿ãããããå ŽåãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã€ã€ã«ïŒãæ®éãæç« ã§ã¯ãå
ã«è¡ã£ãã玹ä»ããåäœããããšã®åäœã®çç±ã«ãªãã®ã§ãandã§å æé¢ä¿ã衚ãã®ãèªç¶ã§ãããã
{{ã³ã©ã |and ãªã®ã«éæ¥?|
äžèšã§ and ã¯å æé¢ä¿ã衚ãå Žåããããšãã£ãããããã人çã§ã¯ãå¿
ãããåã«èµ·ããåäœã®æåŸ
ã©ããã«åŸã®çµæãèµ·ãããšã¯éããªãå Žåãå€ã
ãããã®ã§ããããã®ãããand ããããã but ã®ãããªéæ¥çãªæå³ãã®ããã«èŠããè±æãçããå Žåãããã
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åèæžã«ããããã®ã¯ under construction ãå·¥äºäžãã§ãã(ãšããŒãæ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ã ããä»ã«ã under discussion ãè°è«äžããšããã®ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæäžã®ãã® under ãéèŠããã«ç޹ä»ããŠããªãåèæžããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã§ã¯é玹ä»)ã
å眮è©ãšããŠã®out of ã«ã¯ãå
åŽããå€åŽãžãã®æå³ãããã
into ã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªã§ããã
ãã£ãšããout of order ãæ
éäžããšãã衚çŸãããããããã§ã® out ã¯(å眮è©ãšãããããã¯)åè©ã§ãããã
ãããšã¯å¥ã«ãout of ã§ãé¢ããŠããããšããæå³ãããã
He is now out of work. ã圌ã¯ããŸå€±æ¥äžã ã
ãšããå
žåçãªäŸæããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹åèæžããžãŒãã¢ã¹èŸæž)ã
beyond ã¯ã~ãè¶
ããŠãã®æå³ã®å眮è©ã
The house is beyond the river. ããã®å®¶ã¯å·ã®åããåŽã«ãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
The house is beyond the hill. ããã®å®¶ã¯äžã®åããåŽã«ãããã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
æ¯å©çã«äœ¿ãããŠãéçãè¶
ããŠã®ãããªæå³ã衚ãããšãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæ
£çšçã«ã¯
beyond description (èšèã§ã¯èšã衚ããªããããã«)âãçèã«å°œãããããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã
beyond belief (ä¿¡ããããªããããã«)ã
beyond doubt (çãããã®ãªã)
beyond one's understanding (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãŸã㯠beyond comprehension (æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã§ãçè§£ãè¶
ããŠãâãçè§£äžèœãªã
ã®ãããªäœ¿ããæ¹ãããããšãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
ãã®ã»ããèœåãè¶
ããŠäžå¯èœãªããšãããããã®ã«ã䜿ãããã
ããšãã°
beyond repair ãä¿®çäžå¯èœãªã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)
beyond my reach ãç§ã®æã®å±ãç¯å²ãè¶
ããŠãããâãç§ã®æã«è² ããªãã(ãšããŒ)ã
beyond ã¯å¿
ãããåŠå®çãªæå³ãšã¯éããªããããšãã° beyond description ã¯ãåèš³ãããèšèã§ã¯èšã衚ããªããã ããå®éã«ã¯çšåºŠã倧ããã»é«ãããšãæ¯å©çã«åŒ·èª¿ããããã®è¡šçŸã§ããã
ãŸããbeyond exception ãæåŸ
以äžã«ãã¯(ãšããŒ)ãã¹ã€ã«æåŸ
ã¯ããã§ã¯ãªãã
ãã®ããã« beyond ã¯å¿
ãããåŠå®çãªæå³ãšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãæ©åç¹ããªãããã«ã
ãããŸã§ãè¶
ããŠãã beyond ã®æå³ã§ãããåŠå®ããã¬ãã¯ãbeyond ã®æŽŸççãªæå³ã®ã²ãšã€ã«ãããªãã
ä¹ãç©ã®è¡ãå
ã«ã¯æ®é for ã䜿ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
Is this the train for Shinjuku? ãããã¯æ°å®¿è¡ãã®é»è»ã§ãã?ã
The train already left for Osaka. ããã®é»è»ã¯ãã§ã«å€§éªã«åããŠåºçºãããã (ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
ãªãããã for ã§ã¯ãªã to ã䜿ã£ãå Žå(ã€ãŸã ãThe train went to Osaka.ã ãšããå Žå)ãç®çå°ã®å€§éªã«å°çãããšèšããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãå«ã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
for ã«ã¯ãæéãããããçšæ³ãããã for three weeks ãäžé±éã®ããã ãã®ããã«ãã®æéã®é·ããããããã®ã«äœ¿ãå¹Žã»æã»æ¥ãªã©ã®æéãããããã®ã«äœ¿ã(éãã£ãŒã)ããã®for ã¯ãã°ãã°çç¥ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
äžæ¹ãduring ã¯æéã衚ãã®ã«äœ¿ãããduringã®çŠç¹ã¯ãã®æéããã€ããšããããšã«çŠç¹ããããããšãã° during the summer ãå€ã®éãã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
during ã«ã¯ã2ã€ã®çšæ³ãããããæéäžã®ããæãã衚ãçšæ³ãšããæéäžãã£ãšãã®çšæ³ã§ããã
They come during my absence. ã圌ãã¯ç§ã®çå®äžã«æ¥ããã(æéäžã®ããæ) â»ã€ã³ã¹ã
Please take my place during my absence. ãçå®äžãç§ã®ä»£ãããããŠãã ãããã(æéäžãã£ãš) â»éãã£
äžèšã®ããã«ãåã during my absence ã§ãæå³ã埮åŠã«éãã®ã§ãæèããçšæ³ãã©ã¡ããªã«ãã倿ããããšã«ãªãã
ãªããããã®ä»äºã¯äžæ¥ã§ã§ããŸãã?ãã®ããã«äœãã«èŠããæéãããããå Žå㯠in a day ã®ããã«åçœ®è© in ã䜿ã(ãšããŒ)ãã圌ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ãäžé±éã§èŠãããã in three weeks ã§ãã(ãšããŒ)ã
for ages ã§ãé·ã(幎æã®)éãã®æå³(ãšããŒã°ãª-ã³)ã
ãããšã¯å¥ã« for ã«ã¯ãfor one's age ã幎(幎霢)ã®å²ã«ã¯ããšããæ
£çšçãªè¡šçŸããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
He looks old for his age. ã圌ã¯å¹Žã®å²ã«ã¯ãµããŠã¿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«åãäŸæã)
è·é¢ã«ãfor ã䜿ãããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ãåèæžããæç« ã®äžéšãæç²ãããšã
run for ten miles ã10ãã€ã«èµ°ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)
go straight for about 200 meters ã200ã¡ãŒãã«ã»ã©ãŸã£ããé²ãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)
å
šæã¯è²·ã£ãŠèªãã(èäœæš©ã®çç±)ã
for ã«ã¯ä»£çã»ä»£çšã®æå³ããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
take 人A for 人B ã人Aã人BãšèŠééããã
ã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
They take Tom for his brother. ã圌ãã¯ãã ã圌ã®ãå
ãããšèŠééããã
for ã«ã¯ã代衚ãã®æå³ãããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããããç§ã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã®å
šå¡ã代衚ããŠçºèšããŸãããã§ã speak for everyone in our class (æç²)ã
for ã®äº€æã»ä»£äŸ¡ã®æå³ãã代çã»ä»£çšããæŽŸçããæå³ã ãšèããããšãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
I bought this shoes for 2,000 yen. ããã®éŽã2000åã§è²·ã£ãã(ãžãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸ)
I paid 2000 yen for his shoes. ããã®éŽãè²·ãã®ã«2000åãæã£ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
äžèšã®ããã«ãè²·ãç©ãããå Žåã§ãfor ã®ããšãäŸ¡æ Œãšã¯éããªãã
buy ã ãã§ãªã sell ã§ãåæ§
ãsell A for äŸ¡æ Œãã®èªé ãæ®é(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-ãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ãŸããfor ã§ã¯ãªã at ã§äŸ¡æ Œã衚ãå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã詳ããã¯éãã£ãŒããåç
§ããã
exchange A for B ã§ãAãBãšäº€æãããã§ãã(ãšããŒãéãã£)ã
ãªããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«ã¯ãfor ã®ä»£çã»ä»£çšã®çšæ³ã®èª¬æãèŠåœãããªãã
for ã«ã¯ãè³æãã®æå³ããããå
žåçãªäŸæã§
Are you for or against this pan? ãããªãã¯ãã®èšç»ã«è³æã§ãããå察ã§ããã(ãžãŒããæ¡å)
ãªãã against ã¯ãå察ããŠãã®æå³ã®å眮è©ã
Are you for her proposal? ãããªãã¯åœŒå¥³ã®ææ¡ã«è³æã§ãã?ã()
I'm for the plan. ãç§ã¯ãã®èšç»ã«è³æã ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)
for ã§ã¯ãªã in favor of ã§ãè³æãã衚ãå Žåãããã
I'm in favor of the plan. ããã®èšç»ã«è³æã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)
äžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãããã« for ã«ã¯ãç®çãã®æå³ãããã
We work for our living. ãæã
ã¯çèšãåŸãããã«åãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)
for ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãç®çããçšéãã®æå³ã§ãããããããé»è»ããã¹ãªã©ã®ç®çå°ã®çšæ³ã掟ççã«å°ãããããé£èºæ°å³ã ããã亀æããªã©ã®çšæ³ããå
¥æãšããç®çã®ããã®ææ®µãšããè§£éãå¯èœã§ã¯ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãæçµçã«ã¯èŠãããããªãã
for ã«ã¯ããçç±ãã®æå³ããããæ
£çšçã«ã¯
be famous for ~ ã~ã§æåã
for this reason ããã®çç±ã§ã
ãªã©ããã(ãšããŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
æ
£çšå¥ä»¥å€ã«ãã
cannot see anything for the fog ãé§ã®ããã§äœãèŠããªãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããæç²)
ãªã©ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããã
ãããŠãã®åèæžã§ã¯ of ã¯ãæå±ãã»ãææãããéšåãã®æå³ã§ãããšç¬¬äžã«ç޹ä»ããŠãããäžåŠã®è±èªæç§æžããã®ãããªç«å Žã§ããã
ã ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã³æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã§ã¯ãofã®åºæ¬ã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯ãåé¢ãã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããããããofã®èªæºã®æå³ã¯ãåé¢ãã®æå³ã§ãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
He rubbed me of my money. ã圌ã¯ç§ãããéã奪ã£ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
deprive A of B ãAããBã奪ããã be independent of ã~ããç¬ç«ããŠããã
cure A of B ãAã®B(ç
æ°ãªã©)ãæ²»ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)
ãªã©ã®çèªã® of ã¯ãåé¢ã® of ã§ããã
ãããŠãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããããéšåãããåãåºããªã©ã®åé¢ã«ãã£ãŠçãããšããŠããŸããéšåã¯ããšããšãã¯åé¢å
ã«ãæå±ãããŠãããšããŠãããŸããŸãªæå³ãçãããšããŠããã
æå±ã® of ãšã¯ãããšãã°
He is a member of the baseball club. ã圌ã¯éçéšã®äžå¡ã§ããã
ã®ãããªãã®(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšããŒãæ¡å)ããªãæ¡åã§ã¯ãã¬ãŒããŒã«éš
掟ççã«ããof ã«ã¯åéã®æå³ãããã
ç±³(ãã)3ãã three kilos of rice (ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
a cup of tea ããã£ã±ãã®è¶ãã®ofãããåéãã®ofã§ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã
ç
æ»ã«ã€ããŠã
He died of cancer. ã圌ã¯ããã§æ»ãã ã(ãšããŒã)
He died of heart disease. ã圌ã¯å¿èç
ã§æ»ãã ã(ãžãŒã)
ã®ããã«ã die of ç
åãã§ãã~(ç
æ°)ã§æ»ã¬ãã®æå³ã
æå±ãªã©ã説æããããšã¯æ§è³ªã®èª¬æã«ãã€ãªããããšããããofã«ã¯ãæ§è³ªãã®æå³ããããŸãã
a man of ability ãæèœãªäººã(ãšããŒ)
a man of courage ã忢ãªäººã(ãã¡ã¯ã)
ã®ãããªçšæ³ããæ§è³ªã® of ã§ãããã
ãof æœè±¡åè©ãã§ã圢容è©çãªæå³ã«ãªããŸã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ããã ãå眮è©ãªã®ã§åŸçœ®ã§ããã
The matter is of no importance. ããã®åé¡ã¯éèŠã§ã¯ãªããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
ãããæ§è³ªã® of ã®æŽŸçã§ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ã~ã«ã€ããŠãã¯äžåŠã§ã¯ about ã§ç¿ããã ãéãã£ãŒãããããof, about, on, with ãªã©è²ã
ãšãããšèšã£ãŠãããon ã¯å°éçãªè©±é¡ã«ã€ããŠäœ¿ãããããšãå€ãã
remind A of B ãAã«Bãæãåºããããããé¢é£ã® of ã®çšæ³(æ¡å)ã
except ã~ãé€ããŠããå眮è©ã§ããã®ã ããéãã£ãŒãããã³èŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åãèŸæžã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åãªã©ã«ã¯ç¢ºãã« except ã«å眮è©ã®çšæ³ãããããšãæžããŠããã®ã ãããããå€ãã®åèæžã«ã¯ãªããå眮è©ãšããŠã® except ã®èª¬æãç¡ãã
æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«ã¯ããå眮è©ä»¥å€ã«ãå眮è©ã®åããããèªå¥ãå€ããããŸãããšããŠçŸ€å眮è©ãšãã£ããã« except ã玹ä»ããŠãããããããèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©ã«ã¯å眮è©ãšããŠexceptã玹ä»ããŠããã
ãªããexcept ã«ã¯æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ããããéãã£ãŒã以å€ã®ä»ç€Ÿã®æ¬ã«ã¯æ¥ç¶è©ã®ç« ã§ except ã玹ä»ãããŠãããã®ããã(åèæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åè±èªããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã except that~ ã§ã~ãšããããšãé€ããŠã¯ãã®æå³ã
ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãåŠå®ãã®nothing but (~ã ã)ã®é
ç®ã« except ãããã
but ã«ãã~ãé€ããŠããšããå眮è©çãªæå³ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ããªããnothing but (~ã ã)㯠only ã®æå³ã
å眮è©ãšããŠã® but ãš except ã¯ãã»ãŒåãæå³(éãã£ãŒã)ã
To my disappoint, ãç§ã倱æããããšã«ã¯ã
To my surprise, ãç§ãé©ããããšã«ã¯ã
ãªã©ããto one's +ææ
ã®åè©ãã§ããç§ã~ããããšã«ã¯ãã®æå³ã«ãªããå¯è©çãªåããããã
ã¹ã€ã« my ã ãã§ãªããããšãã°
To her surprise, ã圌女ãé©ããããšã«ã¯ãâ» éãã£
To his parent's joy, ã圌女ã®äž¡èŠªãåãã ããšã«ã¯ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
ãªã© my 以å€ãå¯èœããããã®è¡šçŸã䜿ãå Žåã¯ãµã€ããæé ã§ãTo one's ææ
ã®åè©ãã䜿ãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮è©ã¯ååãåè©ããã³ä»£åè©ããã®èªã®åãã修食ãããã®ã§ããã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "察象ãåè©ã代åè©ã§ããããããã°ããã®åè©ãäž»èªã§ãã£ãŠãç®çèªã§ãã£ãŠããã©ã¡ãã§ãè¯ãã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãäžèšã®äŸæã«ãããåè©ã¯ãäž»èªãç®çèªãã®éããããããã©ã¡ãã§ãå眮è©ã䜿ãããšãã§ããã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The book on the desk in mine. ãæºã®äžã®æ¬ã¯ç§ã®ã§ããã(äž»èªãå眮è©ã§ä¿®é£Ÿ)",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "There is a book on the desk. ãæºã®äžã«æ¬ããããŸããã(ç®çèªãå眮è©ã§ä¿®é£Ÿ)",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "There is æ§æã®äž»èªãç®çèªãäœããšããè«äºãããããããã§ã¯çœ®ããšãã説æã®éœåäžãã»ãã®äžè¬ã®æç« ãšåæ§ã«ãæé ã«ãã There ãäž»èªã ææ«ã«è¿ã a book 以äžãç®çèªã ãšä»®å®ããŠããã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮è©ã§ãfor long ã from abroad ãªã©äŸå€çã«åè©ã§ã¯ãªã圢容è©ãå¯è©ã修食ããèšãåããããããæ
£çšå¥çã«ããäžéšã®èšãåãã«éãããã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "圢容è©ã修食ããäŸ for long (é·ãããã )ã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¯è©ã修食ããäŸ from abroad (å€åœãã)",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ»äº¡ãªã©ã®éããã®åå ãç
æ°ãªã©å
å çãªåå ã®å Žåãofã䜿ãã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be died of cancer ããããåå ã§äº¡ããªãã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãè² å·ãªã©ãåå ã®å Žå㯠from ã䜿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããæè¿die ã«ã€ããŠã¯åºå¥ããã«ã©ã®å Žåã die of ã§èšãäºäŸãå€ããšã®ããš(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã蟺ã®äœ¿ãåãã¯ããŸãèŠåçã§ã¯ãªããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æãéããããšãã°æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãã§ã¯ãçŽæ¥çãªåå ãªã of ã鿥çãªåå ãªã from ãšããŠããã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäžè¬ã«åå ã衚ãå眮è©ã«ã¯ãäžèšã® of ãš from ã®ã»ãã«ãã by ãªã©ãåå ã衚ãã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã²ãšç®ã§ææãåãããªã of ã䜿ããå å·¥ããããªã©ããŠå€èŠã ãã§ã¯åãããªããªã from ã䜿ãããªããå å·¥ãããŠãããããªãããªã©åãããªãå Žåãååçã« from ã䜿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªäŸæã§ã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Wine is made from grapes. ãã¯ã€ã³ã¯ãããŠããäœããããã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮è©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããŸãè«ççã»èŠåçã«èª¬æã§ãããåèæžã§ãçŸ
åçã«è²ã
ãªå眮è©ã®è²ã
ãªçšæ³ããããã玹ä»ããŠãããèŠãããããªãã",
"title": "æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã§ã¯ãin front of ãªã©ã説æã®éœåäžãå眮è©ãšããŠåé¡ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããã®ããã«2èªä»¥äžã®åèªããã€ãŸã£ãŠå眮è©ãšããŠã®åããããèªå¥ã®ããšã矀å眮è©ãšããã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "according to ã instead of ã because of ãªã©ã矀å眮è©ã§ããã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã®èªå¥ã矀å眮è©ãšãããã¯åèæžããšã«å€å°ã®å·®ç°ããããããšãã°as far as ããã©rã¹ãã¯çŸ€å眮è©ãšããŠæ¡çšããŠãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯äžæ¡çšã§ããã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã®åèæžã§ã矀å眮è©ãšãããèªå¥ã¯ã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2èªã®ãã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "according to ~ (~ã«ããã°)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "as for ~(~ ã«ã€ããŠèšãã°)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "because of ~(~ãåå ã§ã~ã ãã)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "instead of ~(~ã®ä»£ããã«)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "thanks to ~(~ã®ãããã§)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "up to ~(~ãŸã§)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããaccording to ~ ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãä¿¡é Œã§ããä»è
ã®å®¢èгçãªæ
å ±ãæ ¹æ ãšããŠç޹ä»ãããšãã«äœ¿ãããªã®ã§èªåã®æèŠã«ã¯äœ¿ããªããèªåã®æèŠãèšãå Žåã¯ãã In my opinion, ã(ç§ã®æèŠã§ã¯~)ãšãã衚çŸã䜿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "3èªä»¥äžã®ãã®ã¯ã",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at the cost of ~(~ã®å±éºãããããŠ)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by means of ~(~ã«ãã£ãŠ(ææ®µã»æ¹æ³))",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by way of ~(~çµç±ã§)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for the sake of ~(~ã®ããã«)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in case of ~(~ã®å Žåã«ã¯)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in spite of ~(~ã«ãããããã)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "on account of ~ (~ã®ããã«(çç±))",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "with regard to ~ (~ã«é¢ããŠ)",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "矀å眮è©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåã«ããåã®ããšããæå³ã®åçœ®è© before ããã³ in front of ã«ã€ããŠãéåžžã¯ãæéçãªååŸã«ããããåã㯠before ã䜿ããç©ççãªäœçœ®ã®ãåã㯠in front of ã䜿ãããšããã®ããµã€ãã§ããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããå®ã¯ææ³çã«ã¯ãç©ççãªãåãã« before ã䜿ã£ãŠããããã¬ã€ã§ã¯ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãšããç©ççãªãåãã« before ã䜿ãå Žåã«ã¯ããã©ããã匷ãæåŸ
ãªã©ã®ææ
ã®ããã¶ãã蟌ããããŠããå Žåã«äœ¿ãã®ãæ®é(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§éåžžã¯ãäžè¬çãªåèæžã®èª¬æã®ããã« in front of ã§ç©ççãªãåããããããã®ãè¯ãã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããåã®ãªãã§ã®ãåããbefore ã§è¡šãããšãã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "under ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãäžã«ãã ããã»ãã«ããæäžã®(æªå®æã§)ããšããæå³ãããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ããããã®ã¯ under construction ãå·¥äºäžãã§ãã(ãšããŒãæ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããä»ã«ã under discussion ãè°è«äžããšããã®ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãæäžã®ãã® under ãéèŠããã«ç޹ä»ããŠããªãåèæžããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã§ã¯é玹ä»)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮è©ãšããŠã®out of ã«ã¯ãå
åŽããå€åŽãžãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "into ã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªã§ããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãšããout of order ãæ
éäžããšãã衚çŸãããããããã§ã® out ã¯(å眮è©ãšãããããã¯)åè©ã§ãããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã¯å¥ã«ãout of ã§ãé¢ããŠããããšããæå³ãããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is now out of work. ã圌ã¯ããŸå€±æ¥äžã ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããå
žåçãªäŸæããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹åèæžããžãŒãã¢ã¹èŸæž)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond ã¯ã~ãè¶
ããŠãã®æå³ã®å眮è©ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The house is beyond the river. ããã®å®¶ã¯å·ã®åããåŽã«ãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The house is beyond the hill. ããã®å®¶ã¯äžã®åããåŽã«ãããã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¯å©çã«äœ¿ãããŠãéçãè¶
ããŠã®ãããªæå³ã衚ãããšãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæ
£çšçã«ã¯",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond description (èšèã§ã¯èšã衚ããªããããã«)âãçèã«å°œãããããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond belief (ä¿¡ããããªããããã«)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond doubt (çãããã®ãªã)",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond one's understanding (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãŸã㯠beyond comprehension (æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã§ãçè§£ãè¶
ããŠãâãçè§£äžèœãªã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªäœ¿ããæ¹ãããããšãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããèœåãè¶
ããŠäžå¯èœãªããšãããããã®ã«ã䜿ãããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond repair ãä¿®çäžå¯èœãªã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond my reach ãç§ã®æã®å±ãç¯å²ãè¶
ããŠãããâãç§ã®æã«è² ããªãã(ãšããŒ)ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beyond ã¯å¿
ãããåŠå®çãªæå³ãšã¯éããªããããšãã° beyond description ã¯ãåèš³ãããèšèã§ã¯èšã衚ããªããã ããå®éã«ã¯çšåºŠã倧ããã»é«ãããšãæ¯å©çã«åŒ·èª¿ããããã®è¡šçŸã§ããã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããbeyond exception ãæåŸ
以äžã«ãã¯(ãšããŒ)ãã¹ã€ã«æåŸ
ã¯ããã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã« beyond ã¯å¿
ãããåŠå®çãªæå³ãšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãæ©åç¹ããªãããã«ã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ãè¶
ããŠãã beyond ã®æå³ã§ãããåŠå®ããã¬ãã¯ãbeyond ã®æŽŸççãªæå³ã®ã²ãšã€ã«ãããªãã",
"title": "â» æªåé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¹ãç©ã®è¡ãå
ã«ã¯æ®é for ã䜿ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Is this the train for Shinjuku? ãããã¯æ°å®¿è¡ãã®é»è»ã§ãã?ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The train already left for Osaka. ããã®é»è»ã¯ãã§ã«å€§éªã«åããŠåºçºãããã (ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããã for ã§ã¯ãªã to ã䜿ã£ãå Žå(ã€ãŸã ãThe train went to Osaka.ã ãšããå Žå)ãç®çå°ã®å€§éªã«å°çãããšèšããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãå«ã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã«ã¯ãæéãããããçšæ³ãããã for three weeks ãäžé±éã®ããã ãã®ããã«ãã®æéã®é·ããããããã®ã«äœ¿ãå¹Žã»æã»æ¥ãªã©ã®æéãããããã®ã«äœ¿ã(éãã£ãŒã)ããã®for ã¯ãã°ãã°çç¥ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãduring ã¯æéã衚ãã®ã«äœ¿ãããduringã®çŠç¹ã¯ãã®æéããã€ããšããããšã«çŠç¹ããããããšãã° during the summer ãå€ã®éãã®ããã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "during ã«ã¯ã2ã€ã®çšæ³ãããããæéäžã®ããæãã衚ãçšæ³ãšããæéäžãã£ãšãã®çšæ³ã§ããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They come during my absence. ã圌ãã¯ç§ã®çå®äžã«æ¥ããã(æéäžã®ããæ) â»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Please take my place during my absence. ãçå®äžãç§ã®ä»£ãããããŠãã ãããã(æéäžãã£ãš) â»éãã£",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ããã«ãåã during my absence ã§ãæå³ã埮åŠã«éãã®ã§ãæèããçšæ³ãã©ã¡ããªã«ãã倿ããããšã«ãªãã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããããã®ä»äºã¯äžæ¥ã§ã§ããŸãã?ãã®ããã«äœãã«èŠããæéãããããå Žå㯠in a day ã®ããã«åçœ®è© in ã䜿ã(ãšããŒ)ãã圌ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ãäžé±éã§èŠãããã in three weeks ã§ãã(ãšããŒ)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ages ã§ãé·ã(幎æã®)éãã®æå³(ãšããŒã°ãª-ã³)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã¯å¥ã« for ã«ã¯ãfor one's age ã幎(幎霢)ã®å²ã«ã¯ããšããæ
£çšçãªè¡šçŸããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He looks old for his age. ã圌ã¯å¹Žã®å²ã«ã¯ãµããŠã¿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«åãäŸæã)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è·é¢ã«ãfor ã䜿ãããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ãåèæžããæç« ã®äžéšãæç²ãããšã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "run for ten miles ã10ãã€ã«èµ°ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "go straight for about 200 meters ã200ã¡ãŒãã«ã»ã©ãŸã£ããé²ãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
šæã¯è²·ã£ãŠèªãã(èäœæš©ã®çç±)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã«ã¯ä»£çã»ä»£çšã®æå³ããã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "take 人A for 人B ã人Aã人BãšèŠééããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They take Tom for his brother. ã圌ãã¯ãã ã圌ã®ãå
ãããšèŠééããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã«ã¯ã代衚ãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããããç§ã¯ã¯ã©ã¹ã®å
šå¡ã代衚ããŠçºèšããŸãããã§ã speak for everyone in our class (æç²)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã®äº€æã»ä»£äŸ¡ã®æå³ãã代çã»ä»£çšããæŽŸçããæå³ã ãšèããããšãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I bought this shoes for 2,000 yen. ããã®éŽã2000åã§è²·ã£ãã(ãžãŒãã«äŒŒãäŸ)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I paid 2000 yen for his shoes. ããã®éŽãè²·ãã®ã«2000åãæã£ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ããã«ãè²·ãç©ãããå Žåã§ãfor ã®ããšãäŸ¡æ Œãšã¯éããªãã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "buy ã ãã§ãªã sell ã§ãåæ§",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãsell A for äŸ¡æ Œãã®èªé ãæ®é(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããfor ã§ã¯ãªã at ã§äŸ¡æ Œã衚ãå Žåããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã詳ããã¯éãã£ãŒããåç
§ããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "exchange A for B ã§ãAãBãšäº€æãããã§ãã(ãšããŒãéãã£)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«ã¯ãfor ã®ä»£çã»ä»£çšã®çšæ³ã®èª¬æãèŠåœãããªãã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã«ã¯ãè³æãã®æå³ããããå
žåçãªäŸæã§",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Are you for or against this pan? ãããªãã¯ãã®èšç»ã«è³æã§ãããå察ã§ããã(ãžãŒããæ¡å)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã against ã¯ãå察ããŠãã®æå³ã®å眮è©ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Are you for her proposal? ãããªãã¯åœŒå¥³ã®ææ¡ã«è³æã§ãã?ã()",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm for the plan. ãç§ã¯ãã®èšç»ã«è³æã ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã§ã¯ãªã in favor of ã§ãè³æãã衚ãå Žåãããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm in favor of the plan. ããã®èšç»ã«è³æã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåŠã§ç¿ã£ãããã« for ã«ã¯ãç®çãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "We work for our living. ãæã
ã¯çèšãåŸãããã«åãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãç®çããçšéãã®æå³ã§ãããããããé»è»ããã¹ãªã©ã®ç®çå°ã®çšæ³ã掟ççã«å°ãããããé£èºæ°å³ã ããã亀æããªã©ã®çšæ³ããå
¥æãšããç®çã®ããã®ææ®µãšããè§£éãå¯èœã§ã¯ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãæçµçã«ã¯èŠãããããªãã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for ã«ã¯ããçç±ãã®æå³ããããæ
£çšçã«ã¯",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be famous for ~ ã~ã§æåã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for this reason ããã®çç±ã§ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããã(ãšããŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ
£çšå¥ä»¥å€ã«ãã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot see anything for the fog ãé§ã®ããã§äœãèŠããªãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããæç²)",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããã",
"title": "for"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŠãã®åèæžã§ã¯ of ã¯ãæå±ãã»ãææãããéšåãã®æå³ã§ãããšç¬¬äžã«ç޹ä»ããŠãããäžåŠã®è±èªæç§æžããã®ãããªç«å Žã§ããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã³æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã§ã¯ãofã®åºæ¬ã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯ãåé¢ãã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããããããofã®èªæºã®æå³ã¯ãåé¢ãã®æå³ã§ãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He rubbed me of my money. ã圌ã¯ç§ãããéã奪ã£ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "deprive A of B ãAããBã奪ããã be independent of ã~ããç¬ç«ããŠããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cure A of B ãAã®B(ç
æ°ãªã©)ãæ²»ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã®çèªã® of ã¯ãåé¢ã® of ã§ããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŠãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããããéšåãããåãåºããªã©ã®åé¢ã«ãã£ãŠçãããšããŠããŸããéšåã¯ããšããšãã¯åé¢å
ã«ãæå±ãããŠãããšããŠãããŸããŸãªæå³ãçãããšããŠããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æå±ã® of ãšã¯ãããšãã°",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is a member of the baseball club. ã圌ã¯éçéšã®äžå¡ã§ããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªãã®(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšããŒãæ¡å)ããªãæ¡åã§ã¯ãã¬ãŒããŒã«éš",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "掟ççã«ããof ã«ã¯åéã®æå³ãããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç±³(ãã)3ãã three kilos of rice (ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a cup of tea ããã£ã±ãã®è¶ãã®ofãããåéãã®ofã§ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç
æ»ã«ã€ããŠã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He died of cancer. ã圌ã¯ããã§æ»ãã ã(ãšããŒã)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He died of heart disease. ã圌ã¯å¿èç
ã§æ»ãã ã(ãžãŒã)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ã die of ç
åãã§ãã~(ç
æ°)ã§æ»ã¬ãã®æå³ã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æå±ãªã©ã説æããããšã¯æ§è³ªã®èª¬æã«ãã€ãªããããšããããofã«ã¯ãæ§è³ªãã®æå³ããããŸãã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a man of ability ãæèœãªäººã(ãšããŒ)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a man of courage ã忢ãªäººã(ãã¡ã¯ã)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªçšæ³ããæ§è³ªã® of ã§ãããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãof æœè±¡åè©ãã§ã圢容è©çãªæå³ã«ãªããŸã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ããã ãå眮è©ãªã®ã§åŸçœ®ã§ããã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The matter is of no importance. ããã®åé¡ã¯éèŠã§ã¯ãªããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããæ§è³ªã® of ã®æŽŸçã§ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "of"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ã«ã€ããŠãã¯äžåŠã§ã¯ about ã§ç¿ããã ãéãã£ãŒãããããof, about, on, with ãªã©è²ã
ãšãããšèšã£ãŠãããon ã¯å°éçãªè©±é¡ã«ã€ããŠäœ¿ãããããšãå€ãã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "remind A of B ãAã«Bãæãåºããããããé¢é£ã® of ã®çšæ³(æ¡å)ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "except ã~ãé€ããŠããå眮è©ã§ããã®ã ããéãã£ãŒãããã³èŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åãèŸæžã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åãªã©ã«ã¯ç¢ºãã« except ã«å眮è©ã®çšæ³ãããããšãæžããŠããã®ã ãããããå€ãã®åèæžã«ã¯ãªããå眮è©ãšããŠã® except ã®èª¬æãç¡ãã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«ã¯ããå眮è©ä»¥å€ã«ãå眮è©ã®åããããèªå¥ãå€ããããŸãããšããŠçŸ€å眮è©ãšãã£ããã« except ã玹ä»ããŠãããããããèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©ã«ã¯å眮è©ãšããŠexceptã玹ä»ããŠããã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããexcept ã«ã¯æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ããããéãã£ãŒã以å€ã®ä»ç€Ÿã®æ¬ã«ã¯æ¥ç¶è©ã®ç« ã§ except ã玹ä»ãããŠãããã®ããã(åèæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ç·åè±èªããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã except that~ ã§ã~ãšããããšãé€ããŠã¯ãã®æå³ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã§ã¯ãåŠå®ãã®nothing but (~ã ã)ã®é
ç®ã« except ãããã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "but ã«ãã~ãé€ããŠããšããå眮è©çãªæå³ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ããªããnothing but (~ã ã)㯠only ã®æå³ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å眮è©ãšããŠã® but ãš except ã¯ãã»ãŒåãæå³(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "To my disappoint, ãç§ã倱æããããšã«ã¯ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "To my surprise, ãç§ãé©ããããšã«ã¯ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããto one's +ææ
ã®åè©ãã§ããç§ã~ããããšã«ã¯ãã®æå³ã«ãªããå¯è©çãªåããããã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¹ã€ã« my ã ãã§ãªããããšãã°",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "To her surprise, ã圌女ãé©ããããšã«ã¯ãâ» éãã£",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "To his parent's joy, ã圌女ã®äž¡èŠªãåãã ããšã«ã¯ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": "ã»ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã© my 以å€ãå¯èœããããã®è¡šçŸã䜿ãå Žåã¯ãµã€ããæé ã§ãTo one's ææ
ã®åè©ãã䜿ãã",
"title": "ã»ã"
}
]
| null | {{substub}}
== æªåé¡ ==
å眮è©ã¯ååãåè©ããã³ä»£åè©ããã®èªã®åãã修食ãããã®ã§ããã
察象ãåè©ã代åè©ã§ããããããã°ããã®åè©ãäž»èªã§ãã£ãŠãç®çèªã§ãã£ãŠããã©ã¡ãã§ãè¯ãã
ããšãã°ãäžèšã®äŸæã«ãããåè©ã¯ãäž»èªãç®çèªãã®éããããããã©ã¡ãã§ãå眮è©ã䜿ãããšãã§ããã
The book on the desk in mine. ãæºã®äžã®æ¬ã¯ç§ã®ã§ãããïŒäž»èªãå眮è©ã§ä¿®é£ŸïŒ
There is a book on the desk. ãæºã®äžã«æ¬ããããŸãããïŒç®çèªãå眮è©ã§ä¿®é£ŸïŒ
There is æ§æã®äž»èªãç®çèªãäœããšããè«äºãããããããã§ã¯çœ®ããšãã説æã®éœåäžãã»ãã®äžè¬ã®æç« ãšåæ§ã«ãæé ã«ãã There ãäž»èªã ææ«ã«è¿ã a book 以äžãç®çèªã ãšä»®å®ããŠããã
å眮è©ã§ãfor long ã from abroad ãªã©äŸå€çã«åè©ã§ã¯ãªã圢容è©ãå¯è©ã修食ããèšãåããããããæ
£çšå¥çã«ããäžéšã®èšãåãã«éãããã
圢容è©ã修食ããäŸ for long ïŒé·ãããã ïŒã
å¯è©ã修食ããäŸ from abroad ïŒå€åœããïŒ
;åå
æ»äº¡ãªã©ã®éããã®åå ãç
æ°ãªã©å
å çãªåå ã®å Žåãofã䜿ãã
be died of cancer ããããåå ã§äº¡ããªãã
äžæ¹ãè² å·ãªã©ãåå ã®å Žå㯠from ã䜿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããæè¿die ã«ã€ããŠã¯åºå¥ããã«ã©ã®å Žåã die of ã§èšãäºäŸãå€ããšã®ããšïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ããã蟺ã®äœ¿ãåãã¯ããŸãèŠåçã§ã¯ãªããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æãéããããšãã°æ¡åãã©ã¬ã¹ãã§ã¯ãçŽæ¥çãªåå ãªã of ã鿥çãªåå ãªã from ãšããŠããã
ãªããäžè¬ã«åå ã衚ãå眮è©ã«ã¯ãäžèšã® of ãš from ã®ã»ãã«ãã by ãªã©ãåå ã衚ãã
;ææã«ã€ããŠ
ã²ãšç®ã§ææãåãããªã of ã䜿ããå å·¥ããããªã©ããŠå€èŠã ãã§ã¯åãããªããªã from ã䜿ãããªããå å·¥ãããŠãããããªãããªã©åãããªãå Žåãååçã« from ã䜿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
å
žåçãªäŸæã§ã
Wine is made from grapes. ãã¯ã€ã³ã¯ãããŠããäœããããã
å眮è©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããŸãè«ççã»èŠåçã«èª¬æã§ãããåèæžã§ãçŸ
åçã«è²ã
ãªå眮è©ã®è²ã
ãªçšæ³ããããã玹ä»ããŠãããèŠãããããªãã
== 矀åçœ®è© ==
åèæžã§ã¯ãin front of ãªã©ã説æã®éœåäžãå眮è©ãšããŠåé¡ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã©ã¬ã¹ãïŒã
ãªãããã®ããã«2èªä»¥äžã®åèªããã€ãŸã£ãŠå眮è©ãšããŠã®åããããèªå¥ã®ããšã矀å眮è©ãšããã
according to ã instead of ã because of ãªã©ã矀å眮è©ã§ããã
ã©ã®èªå¥ã矀å眮è©ãšãããã¯åèæžããšã«å€å°ã®å·®ç°ããããããšãã°as far as ããã©ïœã¹ãã¯çŸ€å眮è©ãšããŠæ¡çšããŠãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯äžæ¡çšã§ããã
ã©ã®åèæžã§ã矀å眮è©ãšãããèªå¥ã¯ã
2èªã®ãã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯
according to ïœ ïŒïœã«ããã°ïŒ
as for ïœïŒïœ ã«ã€ããŠèšãã°ïŒ
because of ïœïŒïœãåå ã§ãïœã ããïŒ
instead of ïœïŒïœã®ä»£ããã«ïŒ
thanks to ïœïŒïœã®ãããã§ïŒ
up to ïœïŒïœãŸã§ïŒ
ãªããaccording to ïœ ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãä¿¡é Œã§ããä»è
ã®å®¢èгçãªæ
å ±ãæ ¹æ ãšããŠç޹ä»ãããšãã«äœ¿ãããªã®ã§èªåã®æèŠã«ã¯äœ¿ããªããèªåã®æèŠãèšãå Žåã¯ãã In my opinion, ãïŒç§ã®æèŠã§ã¯ïœïŒãšãã衚çŸã䜿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
3èªä»¥äžã®ãã®ã¯ã
at the cost of ïœïŒïœã®å±éºãããããŠïŒ
by means of ïœïŒïœã«ãã£ãŠïŒææ®µã»æ¹æ³ïŒïŒ
by way of ïœïŒïœçµç±ã§ïŒ
for the sake of ïœïŒïœã®ããã«ïŒ
in case of ïœïŒïœã®å Žåã«ã¯ïŒ
in spite of ïœïŒïœã«ããããããïŒ
on account of ïœ ïŒïœã®ããã«ïŒçç±ïŒïŒ
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ã®åè©ãã䜿ãã | null | 2022-08-21T03:43:38Z | [
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ããããShebangã¯150幎以äžåãããthe whole shebangããšãã衚çŸã§æ®éã«äœ¿ãããŠããããããããã¢ããã³ããç©è³ªããšèš³ãããŠããŸããããã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ååæŠäºæ«æã«éåä¿å°æ ¡( quartermaster )ã®æèã§çãŸãã衚çŸãrunning the whole shebangãã«ç±æ¥ããŠããããã§ãã
Unix ã®æèã§ã¯ sharp bang ãŸã㯠hash bang ã®ç瞮圢ãšããŠè§£éããã2ã€ã®é æåãæããUnix ã®çšèªã§ã¯ãæå笊㯠bang ãšåŒã°ããããã«ã¯ã㹠㯠hash ãŸã㯠sharp ãšãåŒã°ããŸãã
ãã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã¯ãã·ã§ã«ã¹ã¯ãªãããã¡ã€ã«ãç°ãªãUnixã·ã§ã«ã®ãshããšãcshããåºå¥ããããã«å°å
¥ãããŸããã ãã¡ã€ã«ã®æåã®æåããã:ããŸãã¯ã#ãã®ã倿ããããã«äœ¿ãããŸããã ããããã®ã¹ã¯ãªããèšèªã§ãã:ãã¯ç©ºã®é¢æ°(NOP)ã®åŒåºãã衚ããã#ãã¯ã³ã¡ã³ãã衚ãã®ã§ãã¹ã¯ãªããã®æ©èœã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããšãªããã¡ã€ã«ã«å«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
Shebangã¯ããã«ç ç©¶æã®UnixããŒãžã§ã³7ãš8ã®éã®æéã«Dennis Ritchieã«ãã£ãŠå°å
¥ãããŸãããåææã«BSD Unixã«æ¡çšããããUnixããŒãžã§ã³8ããã¯ãã«ç ãããªãªãŒã¹ãããªããªã£ãã®ã§ãShebangã¯BSDãéããŠåºãç¥ãããããã«ãªã£ãã
Shebangæåã¯ãASCIIæåã»ããã§å®è¡å¯èœãªããã°ã©ã ã®ããžãã¯ãã³ããŒã人éãèªãã圢ã«ãããã®ã§ãããžãã¯ã¹ããªã³ã°( Magic string )ã¯16鲿°ã®0x23 0x21ã«çžåœããŸãã ããã«ããããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã«ãŒãã«ã¯ãã¡ã€ã«ãã¹ã¯ãªãããšããŠèªèããæå®ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒã§å®è¡ã§ããŸãã ãã®ããã«ãã¹ã¯ãªããã¯ã»ãŒæ¬æ Œçãªããã°ã©ã ã§ãããšèŠãªããããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã§ãã®ããã«åŒã³åºãããšãã§ããŸãã
å
žåçãªShebangã®è¡ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªãã®ã§ãã
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Shebang è¡ #!/bin/cat ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã (åœã®) ã¯ã¯ã€ã³ã«ãããã®ååã cat ããã°ã©ã ã«æž¡ãããšã§ããã®å
å®¹ãæšæºåºåã«åºåããŸãã
ããã€ãã®å Žæã¯Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ã§æ£èŠåãããŠããã®ã§ãFHSã«æºæ ããUnixç³»ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ã察å¿ããããã°ã©ã ããŸãã¯ããããžã®ã·ã³ããªãã¯ãªã³ã¯ãæ£èŠåããããã¹ã«ä¿æããªããã°ãªããŸããããããã£ãŠãPOSIXäºæã®Unixã·ã§ã«ã¯ãåžžã«/bin/shã®äžã«ãããŸãããããããã¹ãŠã®Unix掟ç補åãFHSã«æºæ ããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããä»ã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã®äœçœ®ã¯æ£èŠåãããŠããŸããããã®ãããã¹ã¯ãªãããããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããå¥ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã«ã³ããŒããéã«ãshebangè¡ã倿Žããå¿
èŠãããå ŽåããããŸãã
ãããæ¹åããããã«ãenvããã°ã©ã ã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
env ã¯ããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã èšå®ã®æšæºç°å¢å€æ°ãã€ãŸãç°å¢å€æ° PATH ãèªã¿èŸŒãã§ãç®çã®ããã°ã©ã (ããã§ã¯ python)ããã®å Žæã«é¢ä¿ãªãèµ·åãããããã®ããã°ã©ã ãã¹ã®äžãã python ããã°ã©ã ãæ¢ããŸãããã®ããã«ããã®äŸã§ã¯/usr/bin/pythonã®äžã«Pythonã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãèŠã€ããŸããããããenvã¯ãã¹ãŠã®ã·ã¹ãã ã«ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããå¿
ãããåžžã«åãå Žæã«ããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã
å Žæãäžæãªå Žåã¯ãã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã®ã³ãã³ã type ãš which ã圹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸãã
WindowsãShebangãèªèããŸãããããããWindowsãšUnixã®äž¡æ¹ã§éçºãããããã°ã©ã ããã±ãŒãžãWindowsã§ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããå Žåãããã°ã©ã ã®äžéšãShebangãè§£éããŠããŸãããšããããããŸããäŸãã°ãWebãµãŒããŒã®Apacheã¯ãCGIã¹ã¯ãªãããåŒã³åºããšãã«Shibangããçè§£ãããŸãã以äžã¯ãPythonã¹ã¯ãªãããApacheããåŒåºãããäŸãšããŠèãããããã®ã§ãã
shebangã䜿ãããšã§ãçè«çã«ã¯ã©ããªã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã§ãåŒåºãããšãã§ãããã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã«ã¹ã¯ãªããå
šäœãæž¡ããŠåŠçãããããšãã§ããŸãããã ããShebangãã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã®åŒã³åºããšããŠäœ¿ãã®ã¯ãShebangã«ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒãã®ãã®ã«å¯Ÿããåœä»€ãå«ãŸããŠããªããããã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒãShebangãç¡èŠããå Žåã®ã¿å¯èœã§ããããã«ã¯ãã¹ã®ãããå€ãã®ã¹ã¯ãªããèšèªã§ã¯shebangã¯ã³ã¡ã³ããšããŠè©äŸ¡ãããç¡èŠãããŸãããããã¯ãã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã¯åžžã«æåã®è¡ãã¹ãããããããšãã§ããŸãã
RubyãPerlãPythonãPHPãªã©ã®äžè¬çãªèšèªã§ã¯ãè¡ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ããã«ã¯ãã¹ã䜿çšããããããã®ãããªã±ãŒã¹ã«ãªããŸããããããä»ã®èšèªã§ã¯ã(è¡)ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ã¯ä»ã®æåã䜿ãããŸããäŸãã°REXXã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã¯ãäžè¬ã«ãã®æåãã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ãšã©ãŒãšèŠãªããŸãããã®ããããã¹ãŠã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒãShebangçµç±ã§ã®åŒã³åºãã«é©ããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã
Shebangãããªããã»ããµãŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®è¡ãè©äŸ¡ããŠåé€ããæ®ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã«æž¡ãããšããããŸããäŸãã°ãæ§ã
ãªOSäžã§Free Pascalã«ããPascalã¹ã¯ãªããã®å®è¡ãå¯èœã«ããã³ãã³ããInstantFPCãããã§ããã Pascalã¯ã³ã¡ã³ãåºåããšããŠã#ãæåã䜿çšããŸããããInstantFPCã¯Shebangè¡ãåé€ããŠä»ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæœåºããã®ã§ã¹ã¯ãªããã¯ãšã©ãŒãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ãããŸããããŒãžã§ã³0.9.31ã§ã¯ãLazarusã¯shebangè¡ãèªèããŸã Lispã®æ¹èšSchemeãDèšèªã§ã¯ãããã«ã¯ãã¹ã¯äžè¬ã«ã³ã¡ã³ãã§ã¯ãããŸããããshebangè¡ã¯ç¹ã«æåã®è¡ãšããŠã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã«ç¡èŠãããŸãã
ã¹ã¯ãªãããã¡ã€ã«ã«ã¯ããã¹ããå«ãŸããŠãããããã¹ããã¡ã€ã«ãšããŠåé¡ãããŸãã Unicodeã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããããããã¹ããã¡ã€ã«ã¯ãå€ãã®å Žåããã€ãé ããŒã¯(BOM)ã§å§ãŸããŸãã ãã®ãããªBOMãã¹ã¯ãªãããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
é ã«ããå Žåãã€ãŸãShebangæ§æã®åã«ããå ŽåãShebangæ§æã¯èªèãããªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸã(å®çŸ©äžããããå
é ã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸã)ã ãããã£ãŠãShebangã䜿çšããã¹ã¯ãªããã§ã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
é ã«BOMãå«ããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Shebang ãŸã㯠Hash-Bang ãšã¯ãã¹ã¯ãªããããã°ã©ã ã®å
é ã®ãææžåå®çŸ©( Dokumenttypdefinition ; DTD )ã«äŒŒãæåã®çµåãã #! ã®ããšãæããUnixã®å Žåããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ãåŒã³åºããããšãã«ãå®è¡ãã¡ã€ã«ã®å
é ããããã«ã¯ãã¹ãšãšã¯ã¹ã¯ã©ã¡ãŒã·ã§ã³ããŒã¯ã®å Žåã#!以éã®ã³ãã³ããåŸç¶ãããã¹ãŠã®åŒæ°ãšå®è¡ãã¡ã€ã«èªèº«ãåŒæ°ãšãå®è¡ãããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "shebang ãšããèšèã¯ã19äžçŽã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§çãŸããã®ã¯ã»ãŒééããããŸãããå
ã
ã¯å°å±ãé¿é£æããããã¯ãã³ããæå³ããç¡èš±å¯ã§é
ã飲ãå Žæ( irisch Shebeen )ã®å¯èœæ§ããããŸãããã ãã19äžçŽåã°ããã¯éЬè»ãæãããšããããŸã(äŸãã°ããŒã¯ã»ããŠã§ã€ã³ã䜿çšãã)ã",
"title": "èªæº"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããShebangã¯150幎以äžåãããthe whole shebangããšãã衚çŸã§æ®éã«äœ¿ãããŠããããããããã¢ããã³ããç©è³ªããšèš³ãããŠããŸããããã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ååæŠäºæ«æã«éåä¿å°æ ¡( quartermaster )ã®æèã§çãŸãã衚çŸãrunning the whole shebangãã«ç±æ¥ããŠããããã§ãã",
"title": "èªæº"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Unix ã®æèã§ã¯ sharp bang ãŸã㯠hash bang ã®ç瞮圢ãšããŠè§£éããã2ã€ã®é æåãæããUnix ã®çšèªã§ã¯ãæå笊㯠bang ãšåŒã°ããããã«ã¯ã㹠㯠hash ãŸã㯠sharp ãšãåŒã°ããŸãã",
"title": "èªæº"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã¯ãã·ã§ã«ã¹ã¯ãªãããã¡ã€ã«ãç°ãªãUnixã·ã§ã«ã®ãshããšãcshããåºå¥ããããã«å°å
¥ãããŸããã ãã¡ã€ã«ã®æåã®æåããã:ããŸãã¯ã#ãã®ã倿ããããã«äœ¿ãããŸããã ããããã®ã¹ã¯ãªããèšèªã§ãã:ãã¯ç©ºã®é¢æ°(NOP)ã®åŒåºãã衚ããã#ãã¯ã³ã¡ã³ãã衚ãã®ã§ãã¹ã¯ãªããã®æ©èœã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããšãªããã¡ã€ã«ã«å«ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "æ¥æŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Shebangã¯ããã«ç ç©¶æã®UnixããŒãžã§ã³7ãš8ã®éã®æéã«Dennis Ritchieã«ãã£ãŠå°å
¥ãããŸãããåææã«BSD Unixã«æ¡çšããããUnixããŒãžã§ã³8ããã¯ãã«ç ãããªãªãŒã¹ãããªããªã£ãã®ã§ãShebangã¯BSDãéããŠåºãç¥ãããããã«ãªã£ãã",
"title": "æ¥æŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Shebangæåã¯ãASCIIæåã»ããã§å®è¡å¯èœãªããã°ã©ã ã®ããžãã¯ãã³ããŒã人éãèªãã圢ã«ãããã®ã§ãããžãã¯ã¹ããªã³ã°( Magic string )ã¯16鲿°ã®0x23 0x21ã«çžåœããŸãã ããã«ããããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã«ãŒãã«ã¯ãã¡ã€ã«ãã¹ã¯ãªãããšããŠèªèããæå®ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒã§å®è¡ã§ããŸãã ãã®ããã«ãã¹ã¯ãªããã¯ã»ãŒæ¬æ Œçãªããã°ã©ã ã§ãããšèŠãªããããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã§ãã®ããã«åŒã³åºãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "å®è£
"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªShebangã®è¡ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "äœ¿çšæ¹æ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®è¡ã¯ããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã«ããã®ãã¡ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒããã°ã©ã /bin/sh(ãã®å Žåã¯æšæºçãªUnixã·ã§ã«)ã§å®è¡ããããã«æç€ºããŸãã",
"title": "äœ¿çšæ¹æ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Shebang è¡ #!/bin/cat ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã (åœã®) ã¯ã¯ã€ã³ã«ãããã®ååã cat ããã°ã©ã ã«æž¡ãããšã§ããã®å
å®¹ãæšæºåºåã«åºåããŸãã",
"title": "äœ¿çšæ¹æ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã€ãã®å Žæã¯Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ã§æ£èŠåãããŠããã®ã§ãFHSã«æºæ ããUnixç³»ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ã察å¿ããããã°ã©ã ããŸãã¯ããããžã®ã·ã³ããªãã¯ãªã³ã¯ãæ£èŠåããããã¹ã«ä¿æããªããã°ãªããŸããããããã£ãŠãPOSIXäºæã®Unixã·ã§ã«ã¯ãåžžã«/bin/shã®äžã«ãããŸãããããããã¹ãŠã®Unix掟ç補åãFHSã«æºæ ããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããä»ã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã®äœçœ®ã¯æ£èŠåãããŠããŸããããã®ãããã¹ã¯ãªãããããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããå¥ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã«ã³ããŒããéã«ãshebangè¡ã倿Žããå¿
èŠãããå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããæ¹åããããã«ãenvããã°ã©ã ã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "env ã¯ããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã èšå®ã®æšæºç°å¢å€æ°ãã€ãŸãç°å¢å€æ° PATH ãèªã¿èŸŒãã§ãç®çã®ããã°ã©ã (ããã§ã¯ python)ããã®å Žæã«é¢ä¿ãªãèµ·åãããããã®ããã°ã©ã ãã¹ã®äžãã python ããã°ã©ã ãæ¢ããŸãããã®ããã«ããã®äŸã§ã¯/usr/bin/pythonã®äžã«Pythonã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãèŠã€ããŸããããããenvã¯ãã¹ãŠã®ã·ã¹ãã ã«ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããå¿
ãããåžžã«åãå Žæã«ããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å Žæãäžæãªå Žåã¯ãã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã®ã³ãã³ã type ãš which ã圹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸãã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "WindowsãShebangãèªèããŸãããããããWindowsãšUnixã®äž¡æ¹ã§éçºãããããã°ã©ã ããã±ãŒãžãWindowsã§ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããå Žåãããã°ã©ã ã®äžéšãShebangãè§£éããŠããŸãããšããããããŸããäŸãã°ãWebãµãŒããŒã®Apacheã¯ãCGIã¹ã¯ãªãããåŒã³åºããšãã«Shibangããçè§£ãããŸãã以äžã¯ãPythonã¹ã¯ãªãããApacheããåŒåºãããäŸãšããŠèãããããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "shebangã䜿ãããšã§ãçè«çã«ã¯ã©ããªã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã§ãåŒåºãããšãã§ãããã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã«ã¹ã¯ãªããå
šäœãæž¡ããŠåŠçãããããšãã§ããŸãããã ããShebangãã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã®åŒã³åºããšããŠäœ¿ãã®ã¯ãShebangã«ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒãã®ãã®ã«å¯Ÿããåœä»€ãå«ãŸããŠããªããããã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒãShebangãç¡èŠããå Žåã®ã¿å¯èœã§ããããã«ã¯ãã¹ã®ãããå€ãã®ã¹ã¯ãªããèšèªã§ã¯shebangã¯ã³ã¡ã³ããšããŠè©äŸ¡ãããç¡èŠãããŸãããããã¯ãã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã¯åžžã«æåã®è¡ãã¹ãããããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "RubyãPerlãPythonãPHPãªã©ã®äžè¬çãªèšèªã§ã¯ãè¡ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ããã«ã¯ãã¹ã䜿çšããããããã®ãããªã±ãŒã¹ã«ãªããŸããããããä»ã®èšèªã§ã¯ã(è¡)ã³ã¡ã³ãã«ã¯ä»ã®æåã䜿ãããŸããäŸãã°REXXã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒã¯ãäžè¬ã«ãã®æåãã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ãšã©ãŒãšèŠãªããŸãããã®ããããã¹ãŠã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãŒãShebangçµç±ã§ã®åŒã³åºãã«é©ããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Shebangãããªããã»ããµãŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®è¡ãè©äŸ¡ããŠåé€ããæ®ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã«æž¡ãããšããããŸããäŸãã°ãæ§ã
ãªOSäžã§Free Pascalã«ããPascalã¹ã¯ãªããã®å®è¡ãå¯èœã«ããã³ãã³ããInstantFPCãããã§ããã Pascalã¯ã³ã¡ã³ãåºåããšããŠã#ãæåã䜿çšããŸããããInstantFPCã¯Shebangè¡ãåé€ããŠä»ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæœåºããã®ã§ã¹ã¯ãªããã¯ãšã©ãŒãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ãããŸããããŒãžã§ã³0.9.31ã§ã¯ãLazarusã¯shebangè¡ãèªèããŸã Lispã®æ¹èšSchemeãDèšèªã§ã¯ãããã«ã¯ãã¹ã¯äžè¬ã«ã³ã¡ã³ãã§ã¯ãããŸããããshebangè¡ã¯ç¹ã«æåã®è¡ãšããŠã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã«ç¡èŠãããŸãã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¹ã¯ãªãããã¡ã€ã«ã«ã¯ããã¹ããå«ãŸããŠãããããã¹ããã¡ã€ã«ãšããŠåé¡ãããŸãã Unicodeã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããããããã¹ããã¡ã€ã«ã¯ãå€ãã®å Žåããã€ãé ããŒã¯(BOM)ã§å§ãŸããŸãã ãã®ãããªBOMãã¹ã¯ãªãããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
é ã«ããå Žåãã€ãŸãShebangæ§æã®åã«ããå ŽåãShebangæ§æã¯èªèãããªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸã(å®çŸ©äžããããå
é ã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸã)ã ãããã£ãŠãShebangã䜿çšããã¹ã¯ãªããã§ã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
é ã«BOMãå«ããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã",
"title": "æ¢ç¥ã®åé¡"
}
]
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é ã®ãææžåå®çŸ©( Dokumenttypdefinition ; DTD )ã«äŒŒãæåã®çµåãã #! ã®ããšãæããUnixã®å Žåããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ãåŒã³åºããããšãã«ãå®è¡ãã¡ã€ã«ã®å
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=== Windows ===
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:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
#!C:\Program Files\Python 2.8\bin\python.exe
</syntaxhighlight>
=== ã¹ã¯ãªããèšèªã«ãããã³ã¡ã³ãã®ç¹æ®ãªåœ¢åŒãšããŠã®Shebang ===
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Shebangãããªããã»ããµãŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®è¡ãè©äŸ¡ããŠåé€ããæ®ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã«æž¡ãããšããããŸããäŸãã°ãæ§ã
ãªOSäžã§Free Pascalã«ããPascalã¹ã¯ãªããã®å®è¡ãå¯èœã«ããã³ãã³ããInstantFPCãããã§ãã<ref name="instantfpcdoc">[https://wiki.freepascal.org/InstantFPC/de Deutsche Dokumentation zu InstantFPC]</ref>ã Pascalã¯ã³ã¡ã³ãåºåããšããŠã#ãæåã䜿çšããŸããããInstantFPCã¯Shebangè¡ãåé€ããŠä»ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãæœåºããã®ã§ã¹ã¯ãªããã¯ãšã©ãŒãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ãããŸããããŒãžã§ã³0.9.31ã§ã¯ãLazarusã¯shebangè¡ãèªèããŸã<ref name="instantfpcdoc"/> [[Lisp]]ã®æ¹èš[[Scheme]]ã[[Dèšèª]]ã§ã¯ãããã«ã¯ãã¹ã¯äžè¬ã«ã³ã¡ã³ãã§ã¯ãããŸããããshebangè¡ã¯ç¹ã«æåã®è¡ãšããŠã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã«ç¡èŠãããŸã<ref>[https://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-22/ SRFI-22]</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|autor=The D Language Foundation
|url=https://dlang.org/dlangspec.pdf
|title=D Programming Language Specification
|accessdate=2017-10-17
|seiten=5
|format=PDF, 1,46 MB
|lang=en
}}</ref>ã
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== åç
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== åèæç® ==
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== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
* [https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/shebang/ ããŸããŸãªUnixãã¬ãŒããŒã®Shebangã¡ã«ããºã ã®è©³çް]ïŒè±èªïŒ
* ãžã£ãŒãŽã³ãã¡ã€ã«ããïŒ[http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/S/shebang.html shebang]ïŒè±èªïŒ
* Webster's Dictionaryã®åèªã®å®çŸ©ïŒ[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shebang shebang]ïŒè±èªïŒ
* [https://homepages.cwi.nl/~aeb/std/hashexclam.html #! - ç§ãç¥ãéãã®ãUnixã®çå®ã]-Shebangã«é¢ããå
æ¬çãªèšäºïŒè±èªïŒ
[[Category:ããã°ã©ãã³ã°]] | null | 2022-07-15T23:42:27Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒ",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Cite web"
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| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/Shebang |
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{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬æžã¯ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªZigã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ãã Zigã¯ãå
ç¢ã§æé©ãã€åå©çšå¯èœãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãç¶æããããã®æ±çšã·ã¹ãã ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããã³ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ãã Zigã¯ãã¢ã³ããªã¥ãŒã»ã±ãªãŒ( Andrew Kelley )ã«ãã£ãŠèšèšãããéçã§åŒ·ãåä»ãã§åæšè«ãšãžã§ããªãã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ããµããŒãããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ã2016幎2æã«çºè¡šãããæ¯èŒçè¥ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã2024幎2æ10æ¥çŸåšã®ææ°ããŒãžã§ã³ã¯ 0.11.0 ã§ãpre-release ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠããŸãããã®ãã Hello world ã§ãããããŒãžã§ã³éã§äºææ§ããªããªãããšããããä»åŸããªãªãŒã¹ããŒãžã§ã³ãŸã§ã¯èšèªä»æ§ãã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒããã³ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã®ä»æ§ã倿Žãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã",
"title": "æŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ã¡ã¢ãªå®å
šæ§ãé«éãªãã«ãããããŠæå¿«ãªèšèªèšèšãç¹é·ãšããæ°ããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ãã",
"title": "æŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã®Zigã®ã¯ã€ãã¯ãã¢ãŒã§ã¯ãåºæ¬çãªæŠå¿µãšã³ãŒãäŸã玹ä»ããŸãã",
"title": "æŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ãZigã®åºæ¬çãªæ§æãšã³ã³ã»ãããç°¡åã«ç޹ä»ããŸããã",
"title": "æŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zig Language Referenceã®ãHello worldã®å€é·(æ°ããé )ã",
"title": "æŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®å
šã§é«éãªã·ã¹ãã ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ãã以äžã«ãZigã®äž»ãªç¹åŸŽã詳ãã説æããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžããZigã®äž»ãªç¹åŸŽã®ããã€ãã§ãããããã®ç¹åŸŽã«ãããZigã¯é«éãã€å®å
šãªã·ã¹ãã ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãå¯èœã«ããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžãåå¥ã®èŠçŽ ã«èšåããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®éã«Zigã§æžãããã®ã³ãŒããèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ruby#ãŠãŒã¶ãŒå®çŸ©ã¯ã©ã¹ã®éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢ãæ±ããã¡ãœããã远å ããäŸããZigã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ã€ã«ãéããŠå
容ãã¢ãã±ãŒããããããã¡ã«èªåºãæšæºåºåã«åºåããäŸã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãæå®ããã絶察ãã¹ã«ãããã¡ã€ã«(ãã®å Žåã¯\"/etc/hosts\")ãéããŠããã®å
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"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãæå®ããããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
容ãèªã¿åãããã®å
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"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžã§ããªãã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã䜿ã£ãè€çŽ æ°åãå®è£
ããŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒã®ãœãŒãæ©èœã®äœ¿çšäŸã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯©ããè¥å¹² Zig ãããæžããŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Java/æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããäŸã顿ã«ãZigã«ã¯ãªãæœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ä»£æ¿ã®ã³ãŒãäŸãæžããŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ç¯å²åããªãã®ã§ä»£æ¿ã®ã³ãŒãäŸãæžããŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:æžãã¹ãé
ç®ã䞊ã¹ãŠã¿ãŸããããäŸãã°ãå€ãšåãã ãã§ãç¶²çŸ
çã«æžããŠãããšã³ã³ãã³ãã®åéãççºããã®ãç®ã«èŠããŠããã®ã§ãéå°ã«ãªã£ãããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ç¯ã«ç§»åãããªã©ã®æ¹æ³ã§ãåç¯ã¯ã³ã³ãã¯ãããå¿ãããã]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ã颿° mainããšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ãã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã«ãããªãããã°ã©ã ã¯ãã®æ§ã«ãªããŸããããšã©ãŒéååãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ããããšãã¯",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšæ»å€ã®åã void ãã !void ã«ä»£ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã«é¢ããåºæ¬çãªãã€ã³ããèŠçŽããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãã³ãŒãã®ææžåãšçè§£ã容æã«ããããã®åŒ·åãªããŒã«ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ã// ããè¡æ«ãŸã§ãã³ã¡ã³ãã§ãã Cèšèªã® /* ... */ ã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®è€æ°è¡ã«æž¡ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãããŸããã ããã¯ãã³ãŒãã®åè¡ãæèã«é¢ä¿ãªãããŒã¯ã³åã§ããããã«ããããã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ã/// ããå§ãŸãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ç¹å¥ãªã³ã¡ã³ãã§ãDocã³ã¡ã³ã( Doc comments )ãšåŒã°ããŸãã Docã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ç¹å®ã®å Žæã«ããèš±ãããŸãããåŒã®éäžãéDocã³ã¡ã³ãã®çŽåãªã©ãäºæ³å€ã®å Žæã«docã³ã¡ã³ãããããšãã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:ãµã³ãã«ã³ãŒããšæŽåœ¢çµæ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ã//! ããå§ãŸãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ç¹å¥ãªã³ã¡ã³ãã§ããããã¬ãã«Docã³ã¡ã³ã( Top-Level Doc Comments )ãšåŒã°ããŸãã ã³ã³ããã¬ãã«ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã®ããã«ãçŽåŸã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã«å±ããªããŠãŒã¶ãŒããã¥ã¡ã³ãã«ããããã¬ãã«Docã³ã¡ã³ãã䜿ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:ãµã³ãã«ã³ãŒããšæŽåœ¢çµæ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Docã³ã¡ã³ãããã³ãããã¬ãã«Docã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã« zig build-exe -femit-docs ãœãŒã¹ãã¡ã€ã«.zig ã®æ§ã«ã-femit-docs ããããããšã docs/ 以äžã«ããã¥ã¡ã³ããçæãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®å€ãšåã«é¢ããåºæ¬çãªãã€ã³ããèŠçŽããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®å€ãšåã®ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãæç¢ºã§æè»ãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°ããµããŒãããå®å
šãªã³ãŒãã®äœæãä¿é²ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TOD0:æŽæ°ã»æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã»boolã»æååã»unionã»structã»enumã»é
åã»ãã¯ãã«ã»ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã»ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã»ãŒãããããªå, é¢é£ããçµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:master/lib/std/fmt.zigãèŠ³ãŠæžããŠããŸããåç
§ãã¹ãæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ããåºæ¥ãã/仿§ãå®å®ãããèŠçŽã]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æååãªãã©ã«ã¯ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ãé
åãžã®å®æ°ååäžé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã§ããæååãªãã©ã«ã®åã¯ãé·ããšãã«çµç«¯ã§ãããšããäºå®ã®äž¡æ¹ãã³ãŒãåããŠãããããã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãšãã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®äž¡æ¹ã«åŒ·å¶ããããšãå¯èœã§ããæååãªãã©ã«ãååç
§ãããšé
åã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ãããæååã®ãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ãäºå®äžUTF-8ã§ãããšä»®å®ãããŠããŸããZigã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã¯UTF-8ã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããããŠããã®ã§ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã®æååãªãã©ã«å
ã«çŸããéASCIIãã€ãã¯ããã®UTF-8ã®æå³ãZigã®ããã°ã©ã å
ã®æååã®å
容ã«åŒãç¶ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒããã®ãã€ããä¿®æ£ããããšã¯ãããŸããããã ããUTF-8以å€ã®ãã€ããæååãªãã©ã«ã«åã蟌ãããšã¯å¯èœã§ããã®å Žå㯠\\xNN èšæ³ã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Unicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã®å㯠comptime_int ã§æŽæ°ãªãã©ã«ãšåãã§ãããã¹ãŠã®ãšã¹ã±ãŒãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹ã¯ãæååãªãã©ã«ãš Unicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã®äž¡æ¹ã«ãããŠæå¹ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»ã®å€ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãUnicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã¯ãæåãªãã©ã«ããšåŒã°ããŸããããããUnicode仿§ã®æè¿ã®ããŒãžã§ã³(Unicode 13.0æç¹)ã§ã¯ããæåãã®æ£ç¢ºãªæè¡çå®çŸ©ã¯ååšããŸãããZigã§ã¯ãUnicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã¯ãUnicodeã®ã³ãŒããã€ã³ãã®å®çŸ©ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã«ãã©ã€ã³æååãªãã©ã«ã¯ããšã¹ã±ãŒããå¿
èŠãªããè€æ°ã®è¡ã«ããã£ãŠèšè¿°ããããšãã§ããŸãããã«ãã©ã€ã³æååãªãã©ã«ãå§ããã«ã¯ã\\\\ ããŒã¯ã³ã䜿çšããŸããã³ã¡ã³ããšåæ§ã«ãæååãªãã©ã«ã¯è¡ã®æ«å°ŸãŸã§ç¶ããŸããè¡æ«ã¯æååãªãã©ã«ã«å«ãŸããŸããããã ããæ¬¡ã®è¡ã \\\\ ã§å§ãŸãå Žåãæ¹è¡ã远å ãããæååãªãã©ã«ãç¶ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ããã代å
¥ã«é¢ãã説æã®èŠæšã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
·äœçãªã³ãŒãäŸã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ã³ãŒããå®è¡ãããšãããããã®å€æ°ã宿°ã®æåã確èªã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "comptimeã¯ãZigèšèªã«ãããŠã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«åŒãè©äŸ¡ãããããšã瀺ããŸãããã®æŠå¿µã¯ããžã§ããªãã¯ã宿°åŒã®è©äŸ¡ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®æé©åãããã³ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®éçè§£æã«ãããŠéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã«ãcomptimeã®è©³çްã説æããŸã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "comptimeã®äœ¿çšã«ãããZigèšèªã§ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«é«åºŠãªéçè§£æãå®è¡ãããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã®åäžãã³ãŒãã®å®å
šæ§ã確ä¿ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®æå³ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããZigã§ã¯é
åã®é·ããªã©ã®å®æ°å€ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è§£æ±ºã§ããå¿
èŠããããŸãããã®ããã颿°ã®æ»ãå€ã®ããã«å®è¡æã«æ±ºå®ãããå€ã宿°ã®åæå€ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "C++ã§ããã°ãconstexpr ãé©çšãªã±ãŒã¹ã§ãããZigã§ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªè§£æ±ºæ¹æ³ãåããŸããäžèšã³ãŒãã¯ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ãèšèªä»æ§ãšããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã®äž¡æ¹ã§ãã¹ãããµããŒãããŠããŸãã Zigã®ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ããã¹ããå®è¡ããã¢ãµãŒã·ã§ã³ãè©äŸ¡ããã«ãã¬ããžã¬ããŒããçæããããã®æ©èœãæäŸããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã¯ãZigã®ãã¹ãã«é¢ããæŠèŠã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ãã³ãŒãã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ãåäžãããéçºããã»ã¹ãå¹çåããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãããã¹ãã¯ããã°ãæ©æã«çºèŠããã³ãŒãã®å®å®æ§ã確ä¿ããã®ã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªèŠçŽ ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®Zigã®ãã¹ãã³ãŒãã¯ã if åŒãš if æã®æ¯ãèãããã¹ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¹ãçµæã¯ãäž¡æ¹ã®ãã¹ããæåããæåŸ
éãã®çµæãåŸãããããšã瀺ããŠããŸããã€ãŸããæ¡ä»¶åŒãæ£ããè©äŸ¡ãããããã«åºã¥ããŠé©åãªæäœãè¡ãããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãZigã®ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã䜿çšããããšã§ãããŸããŸãªæ¡ä»¶äžã§ã®ããã°ã©ã ã®æ¯ãèããèªåçã«ãã¹ãããã³ãŒãã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ãé«ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãZigèšèªã§ fdiv-inf-nan.zig ãšãããã¡ã€ã«ã«èšè¿°ããããã¹ãã³ãŒãã瀺ãããŠããŸãããã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãfdiv 颿°ã«å¯Ÿãã3ã€ã®ãã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ãå«ãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¹ããå®è¡ãããšã2ã€ã®ãã¹ãããã¹ãã1ã€ã®ãã¹ãã倱æããŸãã倱æãããã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ã¯ \"fdiv 3\" ã§ãããã®ãã¹ãã¯ã fdiv(0.0, 0.0) ã nan ãšçãããã©ãããæ€èšŒããŸãããå®éã«ã¯ããã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®å€±æã¯ãæåŸ
ãããçµæãšå®éã®çµæãäžèŽããªãã£ãããšã瀺ããŠããŸãããã®æ
å ±ãå
ã«ãfdiv 颿°ã®å®è£
ããã¹ãã³ãŒãã忀èšããããšã§ããã®åé¡ãä¿®æ£ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¿®æ£ããã fdiv-inf-nan-FIX.zig ãã¡ã€ã«ã§ã¯ã3çªç®ã®ãã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ãä¿®æ£ãããŠããŸãããã®å€æŽç®æãšçµæã«ã€ããŠè§£èª¬ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä¿®æ£ã§ã¯ãfdiv(0.0, 0.0) ã®çµæã nan ã§ãããã©ããã確èªããããã«ã std.math.isNan 颿°ã䜿çšããŠããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯ãäžããããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãéæ° (nan) ã§ãããã©ãããå€å®ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¿®æ£åŸã®ã³ãŒããå®è¡ãããšãå
šãŠã®ãã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ãæåããæåŸ
éãã®çµæãåŸãããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä¿®æ£ã«ãããfdiv 颿°ãéæ° (nan) ãè¿ãå Žåã«æ£åžžã«ãã¹ããéãããã«ãªããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ã倿°ã¯ååãæã£ãé£ç¶ããã¡ã¢ãªãŒé åã§ãåãæã¡ãŸãã 倿°ã¯ã宣èšãå¿
èŠã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigèšèªã§ã¯ããããã®å€æ°ã®ã¿ã€ããã¹ã³ãŒããå©çšããŠãå¹ççã§å®å
šãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãå¯èœã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯åã«ååãä»ããããã«ã倿°ã䜿ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒã¯ãŒã const ã§å®£èšããã倿°ã¯ãå¿
ãåæåãå¿
èŠã§ã宣èšä»¥éã¯å€ã倿Žããããšã¯ã§ããŸãã(ã€ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«)ã const 倿°ã®å®£èšã®ãšãåãçç¥ããããšãåæå€ããåãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã決ããŠãããŸã(åæšè«)ã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãconst ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿ã£ãŠå®æ°ã宣èšãããã®å€ãåºåããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã«ããã®ã³ãŒãã®åéšåã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒã¯ãŒã var ã§å€æ°ã宣èšãããšããåæåã¯å¿
é ã§ãããŸããã€ã§ãå€ã倿Žããããšã¯ã§ããŸãã var 倿°ã®å®£èšã§ã¯ãåãçç¥ããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãvar ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå¯å€ã®å€æ°ã宣èšãããã®å€ã倿ŽããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã«ããã®ã³ãŒãã®åéšåã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倿°ã¯ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã®å€æ°ãã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°ããããšã¯èš±ãããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžã«ããã°ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã§å®£èšããã x ãããŒã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒãã§å床宣èšãããããããšã©ãŒãçºçããããšãããããŸããZigã§ã¯ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã®å€æ°ãã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°ããããšã¯èš±ãããŠããªãããããã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èå¥åã¯è±æ°åãã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ã§å§ãŸããè±æ°åãã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ãããã€ã§ãç¶ãããšãã§ããŸãããŸããããŒã¯ãŒããšéãªã£ãŠã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€éšã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒãšã®ãªã³ã¯ãªã©ããããã®èŠä»¶ã«é©åããªãååãå¿
èŠãªå Žåã¯ã@\"\"æ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãZigã§èå¥åã«ã¹ããŒã¹ãå«ãŸããå Žåããæ°åã§å§ãŸãèå¥åã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ãããã³å€éšC颿°ã«èå¥åãä»ããæ¹æ³ã瀺ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã«ãåéšåã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãZigã§ã¯èå¥åã«ã¹ããŒã¹ãæ°åãå«ããããšãã§ãããŸãèå¥åãå€éšC颿°ã«ä»ããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããç°ãªãååä»ãèŠåãæã€ã©ã€ãã©ãªã颿°ãZigã®ã³ãŒããã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªæŽæ°ãªãã©ã«ã®è¡šçŸããµããŒããããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŽæ°ãªãã©ã«ã«ã¯ãµã€ãºå¶éããªããäžæãªåäœãçºçããå Žåã«ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãããããã£ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããæŽæ°å€ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã¯äžæã§ããå Žåããµã€ãºã倿ããŠããå¿
èŠããããæªå®çŸ©ã®åäœã®åœ±é¿ãåããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªé¢æ°ã§ã¯ãå€ a ãš b ã¯å®è¡æã®ã¿ã«å€æããããããã®é€ç®æäœã¯æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒããŒãé€ç®ã®åœ±é¿ãåããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŽæ°æŒç®ã§ã¯ã+ ã - ãªã©ã®æŒç®åã¯æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒã«å¯ŸããŠæªå®çŸ©ã®åäœãåŒãèµ·ãããŸãã代ããã«ããã¹ãŠã®ã¿ãŒã²ããã«å¯ŸããŠã©ããã³ã°ããã³ãµãã¥ã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°æŒç®ãè¡ãããã®ä»£æ¿æŒç®åãæäŸãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ä»»æã®ãããå¹
ã®æŽæ°ããµããŒããããŠãããi ãŸã㯠u ã®åŸã«æ°åãç¶ãèå¥åã䜿çšããŠåç
§ãããŸããããšãã°ãi7 ã¯7ãããã®ç¬Šå·ä»ãæŽæ°ã瀺ããŸãã笊å·ä»ãæŽæ°åã®å ŽåãZigã§ã¯2ã®è£æ°è¡šçŸã䜿çšãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®Zigã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãç°ãªããããå¹
ã®æŽæ°åã䜿çšãããããã®æ¯ãèãã瀺ããŠããŸãã以äžã«ã³ãŒãã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã°ã©ã ã®å®è¡çµæãããi ã®å€ããªãŒããŒãããŒããæªå®çŸ©ã®æ¯ãèããçºçããŸããããã㯠i5 åã®æŽæ°ãç¯å²ãè¶
ããããã§ãããã®ãããªå ŽåãZigã¯æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒãæ€åºããŠããã°ã©ã ããããã¯ãããŸããäžæ¹ã§ãj ã®å€ã¯ã©ããã³ã°æŒç®åã«ããç¯å²å€ã«ãªãããšãªããk ã®å€ã¯é£œåæŒç®åã«ããæå€§å€ã§é£œåããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ã以äžã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åããµããŒããããŠããŸã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ã¯ãcomptime_floatåãæã¡ãæå€§ã®ä»ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°å(f128)ãšåãç²ŸåºŠãšæäœãä¿èšŒããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ã¯ãä»»æã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åããã³æŽæ°å(å°æ°ç¹ä»¥äžããªãå Žå)ã«å€æãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "NaNãç¡é倧ãè² ã®ç¡é倧ã®ããã®æ§æã¯ãããŸããããããã®ç¹æ®ãªå€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã䜿çšããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã©ã«ãã§ã¯ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®æŒç®ã¯Strictã¢ãŒãã䜿çšããŸããããããã¯ããšã«Optimizedã¢ãŒãã«åãæ¿ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®äŸã§ã¯ãæŒç®ãStrictã¢ãŒããšOptimizedã¢ãŒãã§æ¯èŒããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®æŒç®åã®æŠèŠã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŒç®åã®è©³çްã¯ãZigã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ãåç
§ããŠãã ããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ããã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠãããå€ãã®æ§æãå€ãæã¡ãŸãã Zigã®å¶åŸ¡æ§é ã®å€ãã¯åŒæ§æãšææ§æãæã¡ãŸã(äŸå€ã¯ #switch ã§åŒæ§æãããããŸãã)ã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžãKotlin#åå²ãããäžéšã®äŸãç§»æ€ããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ã#if ãš #switch ã®2ã€ã®å岿§æããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ãif ã¯å€ãåå²ãã ifåŒ ãšãããã¯ãåå²ãã ifæ ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifåŒã§ãæ¡ä»¶ãæç«ããelseãçç¥ããããšããåŒã®å€ã¯ void ãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ã¯ãªãã·ã§ãã«å( ?T )ã䜿ãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãããã®å Žåã¯ãéåžžã®å€ã®ã»ã null ãæ³å®ã§ããnull ã«åºäŒã£ãå Žå㯠else ç¯ãå®è¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:ã³ãŒãäŸ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ã¯ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å( !T )ã䜿ãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãããã®å Žåã¯ãéåžžã®å€ã®ã»ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒããæ³å®ã§ãããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã«åºäŒã£ãå Žå㯠else |err| ç¯ãå®è¡ãããerr ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:ã³ãŒãäŸ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ãswitch ã¯åŒã§å€ãè¿ããŸããswitchæã¯ãããŸãããswitch-prong(åå²å
)ã®å€ã®åã¯äžèŽããŠããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ã#while ãš #for ã®2ã€ã®ååŸ©æ§æããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whileã¯æ¡ä»¶ãæç«ããŠããéãç¹°ãè¿ããè¡ããŸããæ¡ä»¶ããããã¯å
ã§è©äŸ¡ãããæ¡ä»¶ãåœã«ãªããŸã§ç¶ããŸããwhileã«ã¯elseç¯ããããã«ãŒãå®äºåŸã«å®è¡ãããŸãããŸããã©ãã«ãä»ããŠãã¹ãããã«ãŒãããã®breakãcontinueãå¯èœã§ãããªãã·ã§ãã«åããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã®æ¡ä»¶ãåãä»ãããããã®å€ããã£ããã£ã§ããŸããã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åãå¯èœã§ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®æé©åãåã®å©çšãå¯èœã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whileã«ãŒãã«ã©ãã«ãä»ãããšããã¹ãããã«ãŒãå
ããã®breakãcontinueããåç
§ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifãšåãããã«ãwhileã«ãŒãã¯æ¡ä»¶ãšããŠãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å€ãåãåãããã€ããŒãããã£ããã£ããããšãã§ããŸããnull ã«ééããå Žåãã«ãŒãã¯çµäºããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "while åŒã« |x| æ§æãããå Žåãwhile æ¡ä»¶ã¯ãªãã·ã§ãã«å(ãããã¯æ¬¡ã§è¿°ã¹ããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å)ã§ãªããã°ãªããŸãã(ãã® x ããã£ããã£ããããã€ããŒãã§ã)ã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifãšåãããã«ãwhileã«ãŒãã¯æ¡ä»¶ãšããŠãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã®å€ãåãåãããã€ããŒãããã£ããã£ããããšãã§ããŸãããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã«ééããå Žåãã«ãŒãã¯çµäºããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "while åŒã« |x| æ§æãããå Žåãwhile æ¡ä»¶ã¯ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å(ãããã¯åã§è¿°ã¹ããªãã·ã§ãã«å)ã§ãªããã°ãªããŸãã(ãã® x ããã£ããã£ããããã€ããŒãã§ã)ã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "while åŒã« else |x| æ§æãããå Žåãwhile æ¡ä»¶ã«ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åãå¿
èŠã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "whileã«ãŒãã¯ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åããããšãã§ãããããã«ãããã«ãŒããå±éãããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ããã§ããªãããšãäŸãã°ãåããã¡ãŒã¹ãã¯ã©ã¹ã®å€ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãªã©ãã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:ã³ãŒãäŸ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®forã«ãŒãã¯ãã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãé
åãã€ãã¬ãŒãããéã«æè»æ§ãæäŸããŸããèŠçŽ ããšã«åŠçãè¡ããcontinueãbreakã䜿çšããŠå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãæäœã§ããŸããã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãè€æ°ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®åæã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåç
§ã«ããã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãªã©ãå€åœ©ãªæ©èœãæã¡ãŸãããŸããforã«ãŒããåŒãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãå¯èœã§ãelseç¯ã䜿ã£ãŠã«ãŒããå®äºããéã«ç¹å®ã®åŠçãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸããã©ãã«ä»ãã«ãŒããã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åããµããŒããããå¹ççãªã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãå®çŸããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ãã«ä»ãfor( Labeled for )ãšã¯ãã©ãã«ã䌎ã£ã for ã«ãŒãã§ã©ãã«ã for æ§æã®äžéšã§ããfor ã«ãŒãã«ã©ãã«ãä»ãããšããã¹ãããã«ãŒãå
ããã®breakãcontinueããåç
§ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Forã«ãŒãã¯ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããã«ãŒããå±éãããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ããã§ããªãããšãäŸãã°ãåããã¡ãŒã¹ãã¯ã©ã¹ã®å€ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãªã©ãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åãããforã«ãŒãã®ãã£ããã£å€ãšã€ãã¬ãŒã¿å€ã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«ææ¢ç¥ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®é¢æ°ã¯ãããã°ã©ã å
ã§åå©çšå¯èœãªã³ãŒããããã¯ã衚ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®é¢æ°ã®åŒæ°ã¯ãconst ã§å®£èšããã倿°ãšåããã€ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«ã§ãã ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«ã«ããæ¹æ³ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®é¢æ°ã¯ãæè»æ§ããããããŸããŸãªç®çã«äœ¿çšã§ããŸãã颿°ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã®æ§é åãšåå©çšæ§ãé«ããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªèŠçŽ ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ããšã©ãŒ( Errors )ã1ã€ã®åã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãŒéåå( Error Set Type )ã¯ãenum ã®ãããªãã®ã§ããåããšã©ãŒåãè€æ°å宣èšããããšã¯å¯èœã§ã宣èšããå Žåã¯åãæŽæ°å€ãå²ãåœãŠãããŸãã ã³ã³ãã€ã«å
šäœã®ãŠããŒã¯ãªãšã©ãŒå€ã®æ°ãããšã©ãŒéååã®ãµã€ãºã決å®ããã¯ãã§ããããããããŸã¯ u16 ã«ãªãããã«ããŒãã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãããŠããŸãã ãµãã»ããããã¹ãŒããŒã»ãããžãšã©ãŒã匷å¶ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãŒéååãããŒãžããã«ã¯ã|| æŒç®åã䜿çšããŸãã çµæãšããŠåŸããããšã©ãŒéååã«ã¯ãäž¡æ¹ã®ãšã©ãŒéååã®ãšã©ãŒãå«ãŸããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "anyerror ã¯ãã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåãåç
§ããŸããããã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«ãŠãããå
šäœã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãšã©ãŒãå«ããšã©ãŒéåã§ããããã¯ä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãšã©ãŒéåã®ã¹ãŒããŒã»ããã§ãã©ã®ãšã©ãŒéåã®ãµãã»ããã§ããããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»»æã®ãšã©ãŒéåãã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã«åŒ·å¶ããããšãã§ããã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã®ãšã©ãŒãéã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã«æç€ºçã«ãã£ã¹ãããããšãã§ããŸãããã®å Žåãèšèªã¬ãã«ã®ã¢ãµãŒããæ¿å
¥ããããšã©ãŒå€ãå®å
ã®ãšã©ãŒéåã«å®éã«å«ãŸããŠããããšã確èªãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã©ã®ãããªãšã©ãŒãèµ·ããããããç¥ãããšãã§ããªããããäžè¬ã«é¿ããã¹ãã§ããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãšã©ãŒéåãç¥ã£ãŠããæ¹ããçæãããããã¥ã¡ã³ããæçšãªãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãž(äŸãã° switch ã§èµ·ãããããšã©ãŒå€ãå¿ããŠããŸããªã©)ã«æå©ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãŒéååãšæ£åžžåãäºé
æŒç®å ! ã§çµåããŠããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å( Error Union Type )ã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã¯ããšã©ãŒéåååäœãããé »ç¹ã«äœ¿çšãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ãæŒç®åã®ãªãŒããŒããŒãã¯ãããŸããã Zigã®ããã°ã©ã ã«æŒç®åãèŠããšãããããæ¬¡ã®äžèŠ§è¡šã«ç€ºããã®ã§ããã以å€ã®ãã®ã§ãªãããšãä¿èšŒãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ãååæŒç®ãªã©ã®æŒç®åã¯ãã£ãã©ã«ãã§ãªãŒããŒãããŒãæ€åºããŸãããããšã¯å¥ã«ã(Cèšèªãªã©ã®ããã«)ã©ããã³ã°ãè¡ãæŒç®åãå¥ã«çšæãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ãååæŒç®ãªã©ã®æŒç®åã«é£œåæŒç®( Saturation calculation )ããŒãžã§ã³ãçšæãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é«",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äœ",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ããªãã·ã§ãã«åã( optional type )ãšãéãªãã·ã§ãã«åãããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ã«ç޹ä»ãã倿°ããã³å®æ°ã®åã¯éãªãã·ã§ãã«åã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å€æ°ããã³å®æ°ã¯å®£èšã®ãšãã« ?åå ãšæžããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®åŒããåºåºåã®å€ãåç
§ããããšãã¢ã³ã©ãããåŒã³ãŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®é
åã¯ã次ã®ãããªç¹åŸŽãæã¡ãŸã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®é
åã¯æè»ã§å¹ççãªããŒã¿æ§é ã§ãããæ§ã
ãªã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§äœ¿çšãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é
åã«ã¯ãç¹æãªæŒç®åã2ã€ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倿¬¡å
é
å( Multidimensional Arrays )ã¯ããã¹ãããé
åã§çæããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å( Sentinel Terminated Arrays )ã¯ãæååã®ããã«ç¹æ®ãªå€(ã»ã³ããã«( sentinel;çªå
µ ))ã§çµç«¯ããé
åã§ãã æååã®å Žåã®ã»ã³ããã«ã¯ â\\0â ã§ãããæ§æ [é
åé·:x]èŠçŽ å ã® x ã§ä»»æã®å€ãã»ã³ããã«ã«ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ãã«ã¯ãboolãæŽæ°ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®ã°ã«ãŒãã§ãå¯èœã§ããã°SIMDåœä»€ã䜿ã£ãŠäžŠåã«æäœãããŸãããã¯ãã«åã¯ãçµèŸŒã¿é¢æ° @Vector ã§äœæããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ãã«ã¯ãåºæ¬åãšåãçµã¿èŸŒã¿æŒç®åããµããŒãããŠããŸãããããã®æŒç®ã¯èŠçŽ ããšã«è¡ãããå
¥åãã¯ãã«ãšåãé·ãã®ãã¯ãã«ãè¿ããŸããããã«ã¯ä»¥äžãå«ãŸããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¹ã«ã©ãŒ(åã
ã®æ°å€)ãšãã¯ãã«ãæ··åšããŠããå Žåã«æ°åŠæŒç®åã䜿çšããããšã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠããŸããZigã§ã¯ãã¹ã«ã©ãŒãããã¯ãã«ãžã®å€æã容æã«ããããã«çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°@splatãçšæãããŠããããã¯ãã«ããã¹ã«ã©ãŒãžã®å€æã«ã¯çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°@reduceãšé
åã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ã®æ§æããµããŒããããŠããŸãããã¯ãã«ã¯ãé·ããæ¢ç¥ã®åºå®é·ã®é
åãšã®éã®ä»£å
¥ããµããŒãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯,çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°@shuffleãšçµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°@selectãæäŸã,ãã¯ãã«å
ããã¯ãã«éã®èŠçŽ ã®äžŠã¹æ¿ããè¡ããŸã.",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¿ãŒã²ãããã·ã³ã®ãã€ãã£ã SIMD ãµã€ãºããçããã¯ãã«ã«å¯Ÿããæäœã¯ãéåžžã¯åäžã® SIMD åœä»€ã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããŸããããæŒç®ãã¿ãŒã²ããã»ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã§ SIMD ããµããŒãããŠããªãå Žåãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã¯ããã©ã«ãã§åãã¯ãã«èŠçŽ ã«å¯ŸããŠäžåºŠã« 1 ã€ãã€æŒç®ããŸããZig ã¯ã2 ãŸã§ã®æ¢ç¥ã®ãã¯ãã«é·ããµããŒãããŠããŸããã2 ã®çޝä¹(2-64)ãæãäžè¬çã§ãããã ããçŸåšã® Zig ã§ã¯ãé·ããããã¯ãã«é· (äŸãã° 2) ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãã¯ã©ãã·ã¥ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:é
åãšã®çžäºå€æ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ã¯ãåäžé
ç®ãšå€é
ç®ã®2çš®é¡ã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®åã¯ãé
åãã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãšå¯æ¥ã«é¢ä¿ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãåŸãã«ã¯ã&xã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒããšã¹ãã¢ã¯ãå¯äœçšããªãããšãåæã§ããMMIO (Memory Mapped Input/Output) ã®ããã«ãããŒããã¹ãã¢ãå¯äœçšãæã€ã¹ãå Žå㯠volatile ã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã®åã«ã¯ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ã( Alignment )ãããããã®åã®å€ãã¡ã¢ãªãŒããããŒããããããã¡ã¢ãªãŒã«ã¹ãã¢ãããããããšããã¡ã¢ãªãŒã¢ãã¬ã¹ããã®æ°ã§åçã«å²ãåãããããªãã€ãæ°ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããã®å€ã¯çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ° @alignOf ã䜿ã£ãŠç¥ãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã©ã€ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯CPUã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã«äŸåããŸãããåžžã«2ã®ã¹ãä¹ã§ããã1 << 29 ããå°ããå€ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒåã¯ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ãå€ãæã£ãŠããŸãããã®å€ãåºç€ãšãªãåã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããšçããå Žåããã®åã¯çç¥ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "align ã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããæå®ããããã«äœ¿çšããŸãããŸãã倿°ã颿°ã®å®£èšã®åŸã«äœ¿çšããŠããã®å€æ°ã颿°ãžã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããæå®ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "allowzeroãã€ã³ã¿ãŒå±æ§ã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ããŒãã§ããããšãèš±å¯ããŸããããã¯ãã¢ãã¬ã¹ãŒãããããã³ã°å¯èœãªç¬ç«åOSã¿ãŒã²ããã§ã®ã¿å¿
èŠãšãããŸããnullãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã衚çŸãããå Žåã¯ã代ããã«ãªãã·ã§ãã«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã䜿çšããŸããallowzeroãæã€ãªãã·ã§ãã«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãšåããµã€ãºã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "constãã€ã³ã¿ãŒå±æ§ã¯ã(ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã§ã¯ãªã)ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãåç
§ããå€ã倿Žã§ããªãããšã瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ( Sentinel Terminated Pointers )ã æ§æ [*:x]T ã¯ãã»ã³ããã«å€ã«ãã£ãŠé·ããæ±ºå®ããããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãèšè¿°ããŸããããã«ããããããã¡ãªãŒããŒãããŒããªãŒããŒãªãŒãããä¿è·ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¹ã©ã€ã¹( Slices )ã¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãšé·ãã§ããé
åãšã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã®éãã¯ãé
åã®é·ããåã®äžéšã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã®é·ãã¯å®è¡æã«ãããããšã§ããã©ã¡ãã len ããããã£ã§ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹( Sentinel-Terminated Slices )ã æ§æ[:x]Tã¯ãå®è¡æã«æ¢ç¥ã®é·ããæã¡ããŸãé·ãã§ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãããèŠçŽ ã§ ã»ã³ããã«å€ãä¿èšŒããã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã§ãããã®åã¯ããã以åã«ã»ã³ããã«èŠçŽ ããªãããšãä¿èšŒãããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸãããã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã¯lenã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãžã®ãšã¬ã¡ã³ãã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãå¯èœã«ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãããŒ(Containers)ãšã¯ã倿°ã颿°ã®å®£èšãä¿æããåå空éãšããŠæ©èœããæ§æäžã®æ§é ã§ããã³ã³ãããŒã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åå¯èœãªåå®çŸ©ã§ããããŸããstructãenumãunionãšopaque ãããŠZigã®ãœãŒã¹ãã¡ã€ã«èªäœããã³ã³ãããŒã®äŸã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãããŒã¯ãå®çŸ©ãå²ãããã«æ³¢æ¬åŒ§ã䜿çšããŸããããããã¯ã颿°ãšã¯ç°ãªããŸããã³ã³ãããŒã«ã¯æãå«ãŸããŠããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:std.containerã«ã€ããŠ]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "struct(æ§é ãããã¯æ§é å)ã¯ããŒã¿ã®éåãå®çŸ©ããããã®æ§æã§ããããã£ãŒã«ãã«ã¯ããã©ã«ãå€ãã¡ãœãããæãããããšãã§ããŸããpacked structãextern structãšãã£ãç¹æ®ãªåœ¢åŒãæäŸãããã¡ã¢ãªã¬ã€ã¢ãŠããå¶åŸ¡ããŸãã颿°å
ã§ã®structã®çæããžã§ããªãã¯ãªæ§é äœã®å®çŸ©ããµããŒããããŠããŸããããã«ã颿°ããstructãè¿ãããšãå¯èœã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "struct ã¯ã¡ãœãã( Methods )ãæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã ã¡ãœããã¯ç¹å¥ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããåå空éãæã€ã ãã§ãã ãããã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹(ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å.ã¡ãœããå)ã§åŒã³åºãããšãã§ãã颿°ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°@This]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ãstructãªãã©ã«ã®åã¯èå¥åãšçµã³ã€ããŠããå¿
èŠã¯ãããŸãããçµæã匷å¶ãããå Žåãstructãªãã©ã«ã¯ã³ããŒãªãã§çµæã®å ŽæãçŽæ¥ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åããŸãã ãã®æ§ã«ãèå¥åãšçµã³ã€ããŠããªãstructãªãã©ã«ããå¿åstructãªãã©ã«( Anonymous Struct Literals )ãããã¯ã¿ãã«( Tuple )ãšåŒã³ãŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 171,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®enumã¯åæåãå®çŸ©ããããã®æ§æã§ãããç°ãªãå€ãã°ã«ãŒãåããŸãã å€ã®é åºãæå®ããã«åæåã宣èšããããšãã§ããä»»æã®æŽæ°åãæå®ããŠã¿ã°åãå¶åŸ¡ã§ããŸãã ã¿ã°åãæå®ããªãå Žåãèªåçã«æŽæ°åãå²ãåœãŠããã0ããå§ãŸãé£ç¶ããå€ãäžããããŸãã åæåã«ã¯ã¡ãœããã远å ããããšãã§ããswitchæã䜿çšããŠå€ãåãæ¿ããããšãã§ããŸãã ãŸããåæåãªãã©ã«ã䜿çšããŠãç¹å®ã®åæå€ãæå®ããããšãå¯èœã§ãã Zigã®enumã¯æè»æ§ãé«ããCã®ABIãšã®äºææ§ãä¿ã€ããã®æ©èœãæäŸãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 172,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®unionã¯ãå€ãåãããå¯èœãªåã®ã»ããããã£ãŒã«ãã®ãªã¹ããšããŠå®çŸ©ããŸããã äžåºŠã«1ã€ã®ãã£ãŒã«ãããã¢ã¯ãã£ãã«ã§ããŸããã 裞ã®Unionã®ã¡ã¢ãªè¡šçŸã¯ä¿èšŒãããŠããããã¡ã¢ãªãåè§£éããããã«ã¯@ptrCastã䜿çšããããä¿èšŒãããã¡ã¢ãªã¬ã€ã¢ãŠããæã€extern unionãŸãã¯packed unionã䜿çšããå¿
èŠããããŸãã éã¢ã¯ãã£ããªãã£ãŒã«ããžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯å®å
šæ§ã確èªãããŠããããæªå®çŸ©ã®åäœã«ãªããŸãã Unionå
šäœãå²ãåœãŠãããšã§ä»ã®ãã£ãŒã«ããã¢ã¯ãã£ãã«ã§ããŸãã ãŸããSwitchæã䜿çšããããã«ã¯ãUnionã«enumã¿ã°åãä»ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã ããã«ãããSwitchåŒã§Unionã®ãã€ããŒãã倿Žããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã Unionã«ã¯enumã¿ã°åãæšè«ãããããšãã§ãããŸãstructãenumãšåæ§ã«ã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 173,
"tag": "p",
"text": "union ã¯enumã¿ã°ã¿ã€ãã䌎ã£ãŠå®£èšããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãã unionã¯ãã¿ã°ä»ãunion( Tagged union )ã«ãªããswitchåŒã§äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã¿ã°ä»ãunionã¯ããã®ã¿ã°åã«åŒ·å¶ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 174,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ§ææšãèããŠã¿ãŸããããCã§å®è£
ãããšããŒãã®çš®å¥ãšçš®å¥ããšã®ãã€ããŒãã®å
±çšäœã«ãªããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããäžè¬åããŠã¿ã°ä»ãunion1ã€ã§å®è£
ããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã ã¿ã°ä»ãunionã䜿ããšç¶²çŸ
æ§ã®ä¿èšŒãã§ããå€ãã®ç¹æ§ãã¡ãœãããšããŠèšè¿°ã§ããŸããããšãã°ããŒã¯ãŒããæŒç®åã远å ããå Žåã察å¿ããswitchã®ãã¿ãŒã³ããªããšãšã©ãŒã«ãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«äºåã«å€æŽå¿
èŠç®æã確èªã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 175,
"tag": "p",
"text": "switchåŒã§ã¿ã°ä»ãunionã®ãã€ããŒãã倿Žããã«ã¯ã倿°åã®åã«*ã眮ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã«ããŸã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 176,
"tag": "p",
"text": "union ãä»ã®ã³ã³ãããŒãšåæ§ã«ã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 177,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãZigã®Unionã«ã¡ãœããã远å ãããã®ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠå
±çšäœã®å€ãæäœããæ¹æ³ã瀺ããŠããŸãããŸããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãstd.math.signbit ã䜿çšããŠç¬Šå·ãå€å®ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 178,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããNumber ãšããUnionãå®çŸ©ãããŠããŸãããã®Unionã¯ãInt ãã£ãŒã«ããš Float ãã£ãŒã«ããæã¡ãããããæŽæ°åãšæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã®å€ãä¿æããŸãããŸããconst Self = @This() ã䜿çšããŠãã¡ãœããå
ã§å
±çšäœã®åãåç
§ã§ããããã«ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 179,
"tag": "p",
"text": "次ã«ãå
±çšäœã« isPositive ã¡ãœããã远å ãããŠããŸãããã®ã¡ãœããã¯ãå
±çšäœãä¿æããå€ãæ£ã®å€ãã©ãããå€å®ããŸããæŽæ°åã®å Žåã¯ãåçŽã«å€ã0ãã倧ãããã©ããã確èªããŠããŸããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã®å Žåã¯ãstd.math.signbit ã䜿çšããŠãå€ã®ç¬Šå·ãå€å®ããŠããŸãã笊å·ãæ£ã®å Žåã¯ãå€ãæ£ã®æ°ã§ãããšå€æããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 180,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåŸã«ãmain 颿°ã§ã¯ãæŽæ°ãšæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®å
±çšäœãäœæããããããã® isPositive ã¡ãœãããåŒã³åºããŠãå
±çšäœãä¿æããå€ãæ£ã®å€ãã©ããã確èªããŠããŸããçµæã¯æšæºåºåã«åºåãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 181,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®è¡çµæã§ã¯ãæŽæ°ãæ£ã®å€ã§ãããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãè² ã®å€ã§ããããã\"i.isPositive() = true\" ãš \"f.isPositive() = false\" ãšããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã衚瀺ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 182,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®opaqueã¯ããµã€ãºãšã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããäžæ(ãã ããŒãã§ã¯ãªã)ãªæ°ããåã宣èšããŸããstructãunionãenumãšåæ§ã«ã宣èšãå«ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 183,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯ãæ§é ã®è©³çްãå
¬éããªãCã³ãŒããšããåãããéã®åå®å
šæ§ã®ããã«äžè¬çã«äœ¿çšãããŸããäŸãã°:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 184,
"tag": "p",
"text": "opaqueã䜿ããšãfoo颿°å
ã§bar颿°ãåŒã³åºãéã«åã®å®å
šæ§ãä¿èšŒãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 185,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã¯(Blocks)ã¯ãããã°ã©ã å
ã§è€æ°ã®æãã°ã«ãŒãåããæ§é ã§ãäž»ã«å€æ°ã®ã¹ã³ãŒããå¶éããå¯èªæ§ãåäžãããŸãããããã¯å
ã§å®£èšããã倿°ã¯ããã®ãããã¯ã®å€éšããã¯ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ãããååã®è¡çªãé²ããŸãããŸããæ¡ä»¶åå²ãã«ãŒãã®æ¬äœãšããŠäœ¿çšãããå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãæç¢ºã«ããŸããããã«ãã©ãã«ä»ããããã¯ã§ã¯breakæã䜿ã£ãŠå€ãè¿ãããããããã¯ããè±åºãããããããšãã§ããŸãã空ã®ãããã¯ã¯ããã°ã©ã ã®æ§é ãæŽçããããã«äœ¿çšãããæå¹ãªæ§é åèŠçŽ ãšããŠæ©èœããŸãããããã¯ã¯ã³ãŒãã®æ§é åã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãããããã°ã©ã ã®çè§£ãšä¿å®æ§ãåäžãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 186,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã¯ã¯åŒã§ããã©ãã«ãä»ãããšãbreak ã¯ãããã¯ããå€ãè¿ãããã«äœ¿ãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 187,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èå¥åã¯ãåãååã䜿çšããŠä»ã®èå¥åã \"é ã\"ããšã¯æ±ºããŠèš±ãããŸããã ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã¯ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã§æ¢ã«äœ¿ãããŠããèå¥åãããããã¯å
ã§äœ¿ããšãšã©ãŒã«ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 188,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããZigã®ã³ãŒããèªããšãã«ã¯ããã®èå¥åãå®çŸ©ãããã¹ã³ãŒãå
ã§ã¯åžžã«åãæå³ã§ããããšã確èªããããšãã§ããŸãããã ããã¹ã³ãŒããåãããŠããå Žå(å
¥ãåé¢ä¿ã«ãªãå Žå)ã«ã¯åãååã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 189,
"tag": "p",
"text": "defer ã¯ãã¹ã³ãŒããæãããšãã«å®è¡ãããåŒãŸãã¯ãããã¯ãç»é²ããŸãã è€æ°ã® defer æã§ç»é²ãããå Žåãç»é²ãããéã®é åºã«å®è¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 190,
"tag": "p",
"text": "errdefer ã¯ããšã©ãŒãåå ã§ã¹ã³ãŒããæãããšãã«å®è¡ãããåŒãŸãã¯ãããã¯ãç»é²ããŸãã è€æ°ã® errdefer æã§ç»é²ãããå Žåãç»é²ãããéã®é åºã«å®è¡ãããŸãã errdefer ã¯ãã¹ã³ãŒããæããåå ãšãªã£ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãããã£ããã£ãŒã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 191,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ããã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã°ã¯äžã€ã®åããå¥ã®åãžã®æç€ºçãªå€æãæããŸãããã®æ©èœã¯ãç°ãªãåéã§ã®ããŒã¿ã®å€æãæäœãå¯èœã«ããããã°ã©ã ã®æè»æ§ãé«ããŸããZigã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªçš®é¡ã®ãã£ã¹ããããããããããç¹å®ã®ç®çã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 192,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã§ã¯ãZigã®ãã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã°ã«ã€ããŠè©³çްã«èª¬æããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 193,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®ãã£ã¹ãæ©èœã¯ãZigã®æè»æ§ãšå®å
šæ§ãåäžãããç°ãªãåéã§ã®ããŒã¿ã®å€æãæäœã容æã«ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 194,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®æ©èœã¯ãZigèšèªã«ãããŠåã®æè»ãªæäœãšå®å
šãªå€æãå¯èœã«ããã³ãŒãã®è¡šçŸåãé«ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 195,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã«ãããå匷å¶(Type Coercion)ã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãåã®äžäžèŽãè§£æ¶ããããã«è¡ãèªåçãªå倿ã®ããã»ã¹ãæããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããã€ãã®å Žé¢ã§å匷å¶ãè¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 196,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®å匷å¶ã¯ãå®å
šãªå€æã®ã¿ãè¡ãããšãç®æããŠãããæœåšçãªããŒã¿ã®æå€±ãäžæ£ç¢ºãªçµæãé²ãããã«æ³šææ·±ãèšèšãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 197,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æç€ºçãã£ã¹ã(Explicit Casts)ã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«å¯ŸããŠç¹å®ã®åãžã®æç€ºçãªå€æãæç€ºããææ®µã§ããããã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«ãã£ãŠèªåçã«åŠçãããå匷å¶ãšã¯ç°ãªããããã°ã©ããæå³çã«åã®å€æãæå®ããå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªçš®é¡ã®æç€ºçãã£ã¹ããæäŸãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 198,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã¯ãZigã§äœ¿çšã§ããäž»ãªæç€ºçãã£ã¹ãã®äŸã§ã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 199,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®æç€ºçãªãã£ã¹ãã¯ãããã°ã©ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«å¯ŸããŠç¹å®ã®å倿ãæå®ããå¿
èŠãããå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸãããã ãã䜿çšããéã«ã¯æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãããäžé©åãªãã£ã¹ããããã°ã©ã ã®å®å
šæ§ãæ£ç¢ºæ§ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããå¯èœæ§ããããããæ
éã«æ€èšããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 200,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®ãã¢å解決(Peer Type Resolution)ã¯ãè€æ°ã®ãªãã©ã³ãã®åãããããããå
±éããŠåãå
¥ãå¯èœãªåãæ±ºå®ããããã»ã¹ã§ãããã®ããã»ã¹ã¯ãéåžžãswitchãifãªã©ã®æ¡ä»¶åŒããŸãã¯forãwhileãªã©ã®ã«ãŒãã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã§äœ¿çšãããŸãããã¢å解決ã¯ããããã®åŒã§äœ¿çšãããåãæ±ºå®ããããã«ãäžããããè€æ°ã®åã®éã§æãé©åãªå
±éåãèŠã€ããããšãç®çãšããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 201,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
·äœçã«ã¯ããã¢å解決ã¯ä»¥äžã®å Žé¢ã§çºçããŸã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 202,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¢å解決ã§ã¯ãè€æ°ã®åã®éã§å
±éã®åãèŠã€ããããã«ã次ã®ãããªã«ãŒã«ãé©çšãããŸã:",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 203,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãããZigã®ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯ãç°ãªãåãæã€è€æ°ã®ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠæãé©åãªå
±éã®åãæ±ºå®ããåã®æŽåæ§ã確ä¿ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 204,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŒããããå( Zero Bit Types )ãå®éã«ã¯ããŒã¿ãä¿æããªãåã®ããšãæããŸãããããã®åã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªå
ã®é åãå æããªãããããµã€ãºããŒããããã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 205,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ããŒããããåã¯äž»ã«åã·ã¹ãã ã®æè»æ§ãšåå®å
šæ§ãé«ããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãããããã®åã¯ãå®è¡æã®ã¡ã¢ãªäœ¿çšéãããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã«ã¯åœ±é¿ããŸããããã³ãŒãã®æç¢ºããšä¿å®æ§ãåäžãããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 206,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:æè¬ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³ã¢ã»ã³ã©]",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 207,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã§ã¯ãããŒã¯ãŒã async ã䌎ã£ãŠé¢æ°ãŸãã¯ã¡ãœãããåŒã³åºããšããã®é¢æ°ãŸãã¯ã¡ãœããã®åŠçãäŒæ¢ãåéããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 208,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®unreachableã¯ãå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãç¹å®ã®äœçœ®ã«å°éããªãããšãæç€ºããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸããå
·äœçã«ã¯ããã®éšåã«å°éããããšãããã°ã©ã ã®äžæ£ãªåäœã§ããããšã衚æããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 209,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Debug ãš ReleaseSafe ã¢ãŒããããã³ zig test ã䜿çšããå Žåãunreachable ã¯å°éäžèœãªã³ãŒãã«å°éããã¡ãã»ãŒãžãšãšãã« panic ãžã®åŒã³åºããåºããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 210,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ReleaseFast ã¢ãŒãã§ã¯ããªããã£ãã€ã¶ãŒã¯å°éäžèœãªã³ãŒãã¯æ±ºããŠãããããªããšããä»®å®ã䜿çšããŠæé©åãå®è¡ããŸããããããReleaseFastã¢ãŒãã§ãzigãã¹ãã¯unreachableãpanicãžã®åŒåºããšããŠåºåããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 211,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unreachableã®åã¯noreturnã§ãã @TypeOf(unreachable)ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«å€±æããŸãã unreachableåŒã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªãããã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 212,
"tag": "p",
"text": "noreturnã¯ãã€ãæã®åã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 213,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifç¯ãswitchã®åå²å
( prongs )ãªã©ãåãäžç·ã«è§£æ±ºããå Žåãnoreturnåã¯ä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®åãšäºææ§ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 214,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°( Builtin Functions )ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«ãã£ãŠæäŸãããæ¥é èŸã« @ ãä»ããããŸãã ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã«ã€ããŠã® comptime ããŒã¯ãŒãã¯ããã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ¢ç¥ã§ããå¿
èŠãããããšãæå³ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 215,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®ãã«ãã¢ãŒãã¯ãããã°ã©ã ããã«ãããéã®ç¹å®ã®èšå®ãšãªãã·ã§ã³ã®çµã¿åãããæå®ãããã®ã§ããZigã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®4ã€ã®ãã«ãã¢ãŒãããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 216,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã®ãã«ãã¢ãŒãã¯ãç°ãªãç®çã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸããäŸãã°ããããã°äžã«ã¯å®è¡æã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ããããããã°ãããããå®å
šæ§ãéèŠã§ããããªãªãŒã¹æã«ã¯å®è¡æã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ããã€ããªãµã€ãºã®æé©åãåªå
ãããããšããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 217,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã«ãã¢ãŒããæå®ããã«ã¯ãzig build-exeã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããŸããäŸãã°ãReleaseFastã¢ãŒãã§ããã°ã©ã ããã«ãããã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 218,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åãã«ãã¢ãŒãã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 219,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®ãã«ãã¢ãŒãã¯ããããžã§ã¯ãã®ããŒãºãèŠä»¶ã«å¿ããŠé©åãªãã®ãéžæããããšãéèŠã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 220,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒç®¡çã®åºç€ã«ã€ããŠãéèŠãªãã€ã³ããèŠçŽããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 221,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªãŒç®¡çã«é¢ããæè»æ§ãšå¶åŸ¡ãæäŸããããã°ã©ããŒããã®ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®ããŒãºã«åãããŠæé©ãªã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒãéžæã§ããããã«ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 222,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigèšèªã¯ããã°ã©ããŒã«ä»£ãã£ãŠã¡ã¢ãªãŒç®¡çãè¡ãããšã¯ãããŸããããã®ãããZigã«ã¯ã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ããªããZigã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãªã¢ã«ã¿ã€ã ã»ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãOSã«ãŒãã«ãçµèŸŒã¿æ©åšãäœé
å»¶ãµãŒããŒãªã©ãå€ãã®ç°å¢ã§ã·ãŒã ã¬ã¹ã«åäœããŸãããã®çµæãZigã®ããã°ã©ããŒã¯åžžã«æ¬¡ã®ãããªåãã«çããããªããã°ãªããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 223,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigãšåæ§ãCèšèªãã¡ã¢ãªãŒç®¡çãæåã§è¡ã£ãŠããŸããããããZigãšã¯ç°ãªããCèšèªã«ã¯mallocãreallocãfreeãšããããã©ã«ãã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒããããŸããlibc ãšãªã³ã¯ãããšããZig ã¯ãã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒã std.heap.c_allocator ã§å
¬éããŸããããããæ
£ç¿ãšããŠãZig ã«ã¯ããã©ã«ãã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒã¯ãããŸããã代ããã«ãå²åœãŠãå¿
èŠãªé¢æ°ã¯ Allocator ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãåãåããŸããåæ§ã«ãstd.ArrayList ã®ãããªããŒã¿æ§é ããã®åæå颿°ã§ Allocator ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãåãä»ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 224,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®äŸã§ã¯ãã¹ã¿ãã¯äžã® 100 ãã€ãã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã FixedBufferAllocator ã®åæåã«äœ¿ãããããã颿°ã«æž¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 225,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©äŸ¿æ§ã®ããã« std.testing.allocator ã§ã°ããŒãã«ãª FixedBufferAllocator ãçšæãããŠãããåºæ¬çãªãªãŒã¯æ€åºãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 226,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zig ã«ã¯ std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator ã§ã€ã³ããŒãå¯èœãªæ±çšã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒããããŸãããããããã¯ããã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒã®éžã³æ¹ã®æéã«åŸãããšãæšå¥šãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 227,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒã䜿ããã¯ãæ§ã
ãªèŠå ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸããŸãã以äžã¯ã倿ã®ããã®ãããŒãã£ãŒãã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 228,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Where are the bytes?",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 229,
"tag": "p",
"text": "âfooâ ã®ãããªæååãªãã©ã«ã¯ãã°ããŒãã«å®æ°ããŒã¿ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³( global constant data section )ã«ãããŸãããã®ãããæååãªãã©ã«ããã¥ãŒã¿ãã«ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã«æž¡ããšãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 230,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æååãªãã©ã«ãšåæ§ã«ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å€ãåãã£ãŠããconst宣èšã¯ãã°ããŒãã«å®æ°ããŒã¿ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«æ ŒçŽãããŸãããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã«æå€æ°ãã°ããŒãã«å®æ°ããŒã¿ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«æ ŒçŽãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 231,
"tag": "p",
"text": "颿°å
ã®var宣èšã¯ããã®é¢æ°ã®ã¹ã¿ãã¯ãã¬ãŒã ã«æ ŒçŽãããŸãã颿°ããæ»ããšã颿°ã®ã¹ã¿ãã¯ãã¬ãŒã ã«ãã倿°ãžã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã¯ç¡å¹ãªåç
§ãšãªãããã®åç
§è§£é€ã¯æªç¢ºèªã®æªå®çŸ©åäœãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 232,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zig ããã°ã©ããŒã¯ Allocator ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ãŒã¹ãæºããããšã§ãèªåèªèº«ã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒãå®è£
ããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ããã«ã¯ãstd/mem.zig ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ããããèªãã§ãallocFn ãš resizeFn ãæå®ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 233,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåŸãããã«ãå€ãã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ã®äŸãèŠãããšãã§ããŸããstd/heap.zig ãš std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator ãèŠãŠãã ããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 234,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãããŒãå²ãåœãŠã«å€±æããå Žåãç¡æ¡ä»¶ã«ã¯ã©ãã·ã¥ããããšã§å¯ŸåŠããããšã«ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 235,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zig ã®ããã°ã©ãã¯ãæ
£ç¿ãšããŠããããæºè¶³ã®ãã解決çã§ãããšã¯èããŠããŸããã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 236,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»£ãããerror.OutOfMemoryã¯ããŒãå²ãåœãŠã®å€±æã衚ããZigã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒã¯ããŒãå²ãåœãŠã®å€±æã§åŠçãæ£åžžã«å®äºããªãã£ããšãã¯ãã€ã§ããã®ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒããè¿ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 237,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Linuxãªã©ã®äžéšã®OSã§ã¯ãããã©ã«ãã§ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã®ãªãŒããŒã³ããããæå¹ã«ãªã£ãŠãããããããŒãå²ãåœãŠã®å€±æãåŠçããããšã¯ç¡æå³ã§ãããšäž»åŒµãã人ãããŸãããã®çç±ã«ã¯å€ãã®åé¡ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 238,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååž°( Recursion )ã¯ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãã¢ããªã³ã°ããéã®åºæ¬çãªããŒã«ã§ãããããããååž°ã«ã¯ãã°ãã°èŠèœãšãããã¡ãªåé¡ããããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 239,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååž°ã¯Zigã§æŽ»çºã«å®éšãããŠããåéã§ãããããã«ããææžã¯æçµçãªãã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã0.3.0ã®ãªãªãŒã¹ããŒãã§ãååž°ã®ç¶æ³ãèŠçŽããŠèªãããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 240,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç°¡åã«ãŸãšãããšãçŸåšã®ãšããååž°ã¯æåŸ
éãã«åäœããŠããŸããZigã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãŸã ã¹ã¿ãã¯ãªãŒããŒãããŒããä¿è·ãããŠããŸããããZigã®å°æ¥ã®ããŒãžã§ã³ã§ã¯ãZigã®ã³ãŒãããã®ããçšåºŠã®ååãå¿
èŠã§ããããã®ãããªä¿è·ãæäŸããããšãäºå®ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 241,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãæããŠããã¡ã¢ãªãŒãå©çšã§ããªããªã£ããšãã«ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããªãããã«ããã®ã¯ãZigã®ããã°ã©ããŒã®è²¬ä»»ã§ããã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã¯ãä»ã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒãåç
§ãããšããç¹ã§ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®äžçš®ã§ããããšã«æ³šæããŠãã ãã ã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 242,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã°ãé²ãããã«ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãæ±ããšãã«åŸããšäŸ¿å©ãªèŠåããããŸããäžè¬ã«ã颿°ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãè¿ãå Žåããã®é¢æ°ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã§ã¯ã誰ããã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããææãããŠãããã説æããå¿
èŠããããŸãããã®æŠå¿µã¯ãããã°ã©ããŒããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãè§£æŸããããšãé©åã§ããå Žåããã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ã倿ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 243,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ã颿°ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã«ãè¿ãããã¡ã¢ãªãŒã¯åŒã³åºãå
ãææããããšæžãããŠããå Žåããã®é¢æ°ãåŒã³åºãã³ãŒãã¯ããã€ãã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒãè§£æŸããããšããèšç»ãæã£ãŠããªããã°ãªããŸããããã®ãããªå Žåããããã颿°ã¯ Allocator ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãåãåããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 244,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æã«ã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®å¯¿åœã¯ãã£ãšè€éãªå ŽåããããŸããäŸãã°ãstd.ArrayList(T).items ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã¯ãæ°ããèŠçŽ ã远å ãããªã©ããŠãªã¹ãã®ãµã€ãºã次ã«å€æŽããããŸã§æå¹ã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 245,
"tag": "p",
"text": "颿°ãããŒã¿æ§é ã®APIããã¥ã¡ã³ãã§ã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®æææš©ãšæå¹æéã«ã€ããŠçްå¿ã®æ³šæãæã£ãŠèª¬æããå¿
èŠããããŸããæææš©ãšã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãåç
§ããã¡ã¢ãªãŒãè§£æŸãã責任ã誰ã«ããããšããããšã§ããã寿åœãšã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªãŒãã¢ã¯ã»ã¹äžèœã«ãªãæç¹(æªå®çŸ©åäœãçºçããªãããã«)ãæ±ºããããšã§ãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 246,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯Cèšèªããç¬ç«ããŠãããä»ã®å€ãã®èšèªãšã¯ç°ãªãlibcã«äŸåããŸããããZigã¯æ¢åã®Cèšèªã§æžããããšã®çžäºäœçšã®éèŠæ§ãèªããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 247,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯Cèšèªãšã®çžäºéçšã容æã«ããããã«ãããã€ãã®æ¹æ³ãçšæããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 248,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã«ç€ºãZigã®åã¯Cèšèªãšã®ABIäºææ§ãä¿èšŒãããŠãããä»ã®åãšåæ§ã«äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 249,
"tag": "p",
"text": "C ã® void åãšçžäºéçšããå Žå㯠anyopaque ã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 250,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ° @cImport ã䜿çšãããšã.h ãã¡ã€ã«ããã·ã³ãã«ãçŽæ¥ã€ã³ããŒãããããšãã§ããŸãã @cImport 颿°ã¯ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãšããŠåŒãååããŸãããã®åŒã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ãããããªããã»ããµãŒæä»€ã®å¶åŸ¡ãè€æ°ã®.hãã¡ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¯ã«ãŒãããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã",
"title": "åºç€ç¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 251,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigã¯ã2024幎2æ10æ¥æç¹ã§ pre-release ã®æ®µéã«ãããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«æé ãäœåºŠãå€ãã£ãŠããã®ã§ããŸã㯠https://ziglang.org/learn/getting-started/ ãåç
§ããææ°ã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«æé ã確èªããŠãã ããã",
"title": "éé²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 252,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŒã«ã«ã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«å®è¡ç°å¢ãäœãã®ãå°é£ããããã¯æéãæããã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšå®è¡ã詊ããŠã¿ããããããªå Žåã«ã¯ããªã³ã©ã€ã³ã³ã³ãã€ã«å®è¡ç°å¢ã䜿ãããšãæ€èšã«å€ããŸãã",
"title": "éé²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 253,
"tag": "p",
"text": "nightly ã® Zigã䜿ãããå Žåã§ãªãéããã䜿ãã®OSããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ãµããŒããããŠããããã±ãŒãž ãããŒãžã£ãŒã䜿ã£ãŠã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããäºããå§ãããŸãã ãŸããããŒã«ã«ã®ããã±ãŒãžããŒã¿ããŒã¹ãããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ã®ãªããžããªãŒãšåæãåãã鮮床ã®é«ãç¶æ
ãç¶æããããå¿ãããŠãã ãããããã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«åŸãåãã§ãããzigã«éã£ãããšã§ããããŸããã",
"title": "éé²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 254,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zig ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã Github ã® https://github.com/ziglang/zig.git ã§å
¬éãããŠããã®ã§ãå¿
èŠã«å¿ããŠãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããããã«ãããããšãã§ããŸãã Zigã¯ãã»ã«ããã¹ãã£ã³ã°ãªã®ã§ãæåã«ãã€ããªãŒãå
¥æããŠããŒãã¹ãã©ããããããã¯ãã¹ãã«ããããã€ããªãŒãæèŸŒãããããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã¿ãŒã²ããã§ã»ã«ãã³ã³ãã€ã«åºæ¥ãç¶æ
ãäœãæ¹æ³ããããŸã(FreeBSDã®Portsãè¡ã£ãŠããã®ã¯ããŸãã«ããã§ã)ã",
"title": "éé²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 255,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã«ãæ¹æ³ããé »ç¹ã«å
容ãå€ããã®ã§ãåå¥å
·äœçãªæé ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŸããããzig ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã§ãããšãšãã«ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ãããããã«ãã·ã¹ãã ãå
å
ããŠããã®ã§ã",
"title": "éé²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 256,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zig ã®åŠçç³» zig ãšãã1ã€ã®ã³ãã³ãã§ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã ãã§ãªããã¢ãŒã«ã€ããŒã»C/C++ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒããã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã»ãã©ãŒããã¿ãŒã»ãã«ãããŒã«ãªã©ã®ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ãçµ±åãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éé²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 257,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zigèšèªã®zig runã³ãã³ãã¯ãZigã³ã³ãã€ã©ã䜿çšããŠZigãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããã³ã³ãã€ã«ããå®è¡å¯èœãªãã€ããªãçæããŠå®è¡ããããã®ã³ãã³ãã§ãããã®ã³ãã³ãã䜿ããšãZigãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããçŽæ¥å®è¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "éé²"
}
]
| æ¬æžã¯ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªZigã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ãã
Zigã¯ãå
ç¢ã§æé©ãã€åå©çšå¯èœãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãç¶æããããã®æ±çšã·ã¹ãã ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããã³ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ãã
Zigã¯ãã¢ã³ããªã¥ãŒã»ã±ãªãŒ( Andrew Kelley )ã«ãã£ãŠèšèšãããéçã§åŒ·ãåä»ãã§åæšè«ãšãžã§ããªãã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ããµããŒãããŸãã | {{Pathnav|ã¡ã€ã³ããŒãž|å·¥åŠ|æ
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æ¬æžã¯ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª[[w:Zig (ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª)|Zig]]ã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ãã
Zigã¯ãå
ç¢ã§æé©ãã€åå©çšå¯èœãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãç¶æããããã®æ±çšã·ã¹ãã ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããã³ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ã<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/
|title=Home â¡ Zig Programming Language
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
|cite=Zig is a general-purpose programming language and toolchain for maintaining '''robust''', '''optimal''' and '''reusable''' software.
}}</ref>ã
Zigã¯ãã¢ã³ããªã¥ãŒã»ã±ãªãŒ( ''[https://andrewkelley.me/ Andrew Kelley]'' )ã«ãã£ãŠèšèšãããéçã§åŒ·ãåä»ãã§åæšè«ãšãžã§ããªãã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ããµããŒãããŸãã
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|last1=Kelley
|first1=Andrew
|title=Introduction to the Zig Programming Language
|url=https://andrewkelley.me/post/intro-to-zig.html
|website=andrewkelley.me
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>ã2024幎2æ10æ¥çŸåšã®ææ°ããŒãžã§ã³ã¯ 0.11.0 ã§ã'''''pre-release''''' ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠããŸã<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://github.com/ziglang/zig/releases
|title=Releases · ziglang/zig · GitHub
|website=github.com
|date=2023-08-04
|accessdate=2024-02-10
}}</ref>ããã®ãã [[W:Hello world|Hello world]] ã§ãããããŒãžã§ã³éã§äºææ§ããªããªãããšããããä»åŸããªãªãŒã¹ããŒãžã§ã³ãŸã§ã¯èšèªä»æ§ãã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒããã³ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã®ä»æ§ã倿Žãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
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é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã¯ã¡ã¢ãªå®å
šæ§ãé«éãªãã«ãããããŠæå¿«ãªèšèªèšèšãç¹é·ãšããæ°ããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ãã
以äžã®Zigã®ã¯ã€ãã¯ãã¢ãŒã§ã¯ãåºæ¬çãªæŠå¿µãšã³ãŒãäŸã玹ä»ããŸãã
; åºæ¬æ§æ:
: Zigããã°ã©ã ã¯<code>main</code>颿°ããå§ãŸããŸããããã§ã¯ã<code>stdout.writeAll()</code>颿°ã䜿ã£ãŠæšæºåºåã«æååãåºåããŠããŸãã
:;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=const+std+%3D+%40import%28%22std%22%29%3B%0Aconst+stdout+%3D+std.io.getStdOut%28%29.writer%28%29%3B%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%21void+%7B%0A++++try+stdout.writeAll%28%22Hello%2C+World%21%5Cn%22%29%3B+%0A%7D hello.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=4>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.writeAll("Hello, World!\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
Hello, world!
</syntaxhighlight>
; ããŒã¿å:
: Zigã«ã¯æŽæ°åãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹åãçåœå€ãªã©ã®åºæ¬çãªããŒã¿åããããŸãã
:;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=lz--MYewdgzgLgBNAmMC8MACBLAtgBxAJygAoAiBYgSgG4AoUSWBEAV1hQQDp0R2BzAUygBlKPADyLQuXYB3POih88kmtWxMARjABmYGJgCG6MJJgBCAG4h0iAN7UYDmHWgx9-AFwx0AZgBMyGF8AVhpHJ3AXCH0AG308AE9PLQA2ABYAoIAGbMz2LNDHZ1h0CAAtdB4AMSYwT3UQEGiAqDwmPgKHIr0%2BCCiPGABtAF0upgAOAOIACT5o6JAAGhhynlNiDvD6LzAoUTwAOSY5zwB%2BdABGZIDU3w2usCPovYBJHdOLq5QHubuI4p29gBRPB4fCefRgeKKUF4UwfALnADsY1%2BW2h%2BBeb1ckPRsPhKFx7AAQvp4AA1GJtDb2RwteJwETMKDsbByHYkNx8AI2AC%2BhF55AAOmBiEt2DZOUtUAAVeLYPiiLSETnkHlUGkOOkM%2BBMllsoikGJxekoXn8tXC0UwcVRWIJKWy%2BWKwi242q9VhLWMFh6owGkoraq6U18gWWsU2AMVIMOuUKpVRqo1d0bL2Mn2sv0kTA9Ppc00QUMWkURnO9SVoR3xwhlvMpjUwNM6jP6kh%2BvaHObck5FoUl62RgEHR6xp0Joed6L1z0JbW6zPs4jfJ54V6sGA2HvmvtW8XLzFQUfV-ernbT2mz73Mhf%2BofAmHc0y98MD9t4e-4I-Ot8fvDnzWXum16tsQuIHo%2Bz79uKYGnoelZxs6MFrvWPJAA types.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const age: i32 = 25;
const salary: f64 = 50000.50;
const isZigFun: bool = true;
const message: []const u8 = "Hello, Zig!";
const intOrNull: ?i16 = 42;
const nullOrInt: ?i16 = null;
const intOrError: anyerror!i16 = 178;
const errorOrInt: anyerror!i16 = error.BadValue;
try stdout.print("age = {}({})\n", .{age, @TypeOf(age)});
try stdout.print("salary = {}({})\n", .{salary, @TypeOf(salary)});
try stdout.print("isZigFun = {}({})\n", .{isZigFun, @TypeOf(isZigFun)});
try stdout.print("message = {s}({})\n", .{message, @TypeOf(message)});
try stdout.print("intOrNull = {?}({})\n", .{intOrNull, @TypeOf(intOrNull)});
try stdout.print("nullOrInt = {?}({})\n", .{nullOrInt, @TypeOf(nullOrInt)});
try stdout.print("intOrError = {!}({})\n", .{intOrError, @TypeOf(intOrError)});
try stdout.print("errorOrInt = {!}({})\n", .{errorOrInt, @TypeOf(errorOrInt)});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
age = 25(i32)
salary = 5.00005e+04(f64)
isZigFun = true(bool)
message = Hello, Zig!([]const u8)
intOrNull = 42(?i16)
nullOrInt = null(?i16)
intOrError = 178(anyerror!i16)
errorOrInt = error.BadValue(anyerror!i16)
</syntaxhighlight>
; å¶åŸ¡æ§é :
: <code>if</code>ã<code>else if</code>ã<code>else</code>æã䜿ã£ãŠæ¡ä»¶åå²ãã§ããŸãã<code>while</code>ã«ãŒãã<code>for</code>ã«ãŒãã䜿ã£ãŠç¹°è¿ãåŠçãã§ããŸãã
:;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=lz--MYewdgzgLgBNAmMC8MACBLAtgBxAJygAoAiBYgSgG4AoUSWBEAV1hQQDp0R2BzAUygBlKPADyLQuXYB3POih88kmtWxMARjABmYGJgCG6MJJgBCAG4h0iAN7UYDmHWgwAXopAAubQEYAbMgwAAzsQTSOTuAuYEyYge54IAD0CSDhjuhaMIQxcQB8waHkMHYREVB4AJ5wIsxQMnIKAIIANi0kAAogEPLo5nwAOmAU6Q4AvjB8LRB8MJnZuTAAPIVBxaVlDhXVjCwN8nyt7cQAcnw8%2BlB9g8NU9o4TUzNzWTmxyCghayX3m9s18Dq%2B2abRIAC0PEMRr8YI9prMNn8qgCgdg5GAiMRFigbGMoQAaGDsGy5MZ3CJjGEw8z6PAwfTeAD8TH8gQALAAmUYvbL6YoAHwAVDSWkw%2BPyfpstsjdvU0UZMSKxexBYFcYRceQCUSbEq%2BCrCagACqVbB8URaQh6lXkMnciLW1UoHwcgDM3Lhz0RZSYYDwfH0wAAFvp1C0%2BB6YfNCHyYPywBLveUZbU9vKMSRdDixhqydriWBDSazRacrbyQ9JvDJVLff7AyGwxGYZSIvpAjE2tzo7H%2BQB9RMwiJ1gPB0Phj1Vr1Dxz-WXsdOY9s4xk5zX5mz6Ium82Wvl2ltUh20mDqbz6MCVRSJPCmJiujmBa-4dgAIX08AAavpRc3kztUzldFMU0HEL0qNc82GQliXUbcS0tdRy27V4kLjAca02EcG3HP9KyeWZ%2BWvQcpRgOdAIXYCSGvNVV1zLVoJ1a94N3Qhr2Qw8IlAmA2U5d0YXIwE0yo4huM3S9IIY4gYJsOC0GLVikIPCJozQ%2BMSKlQTURErMSkkjdC3kndSzADiKSnQiMKTRxsLHJtIwiakTwAD28dAH0CMIYWkIN0HDbJnOWHjim8QhAoAamddYZ2lAChKAhUSAAdV88NvAASQUPBLi4XRcQ3ZzlIeGEtHwbIQnYNkBXQDSkTi7TEuIAAxfAMqynLwD0jd0CK8ZqDGIA flow-control]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const zero: f16 = 0.0;
const num = zero/zero;
if (num > 0.0) {
try stdout.writeAll("Positive\n");
} else if (num < 0.0) {
try stdout.writeAll("Negative\n");
} else if (num == 0.0) {
try stdout.writeAll("Zero\n");
} else {
try stdout.print("num = {}\n", .{num});
}
var a: ?u16 = 42;
if (a) |*value| {
try stdout.print("value.* = {}({})\n", .{value.*, @TypeOf(value.*)});
value.* = 123;
} else {
unreachable;
}
if (a) |n| {
try stdout.print("n = {}({})\n", .{n, @TypeOf(n)});
} else {
unreachable;
}
a = null;
if (a) |_| {
unreachable;
} else {
try stdout.print("a = {?}({})\n", .{a, @TypeOf(a)});
}
var b: anyerror!u32 = error.BadValue;
try stdout.print("b = {any}({})\n", .{b, @TypeOf(b)});
if (b) |_| {
unreachable;
} else |err| {
try stdout.print("err = {?}({})\n", .{err, @TypeOf(err)});
}
b = 4423;
try stdout.print("b = {any}({})\n", .{b, @TypeOf(b)});
if (b) |n| {
try stdout.print("n = {}({})\n", .{n, @TypeOf(n)});
} else |_| {
unreachable;
}
var x: i32 = 0;
while (x < 4) : (x += 1) {
try stdout.print("While: Iteration {}\n", .{x});
}
for (0..4) |i| {
try stdout.print("For: Iteration {}\n", .{i});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
num = -nan
value.* = 42(u16)
n = 123(u16)
a = null(?u16)
b = error.BadValue(anyerror!u32)
err = error.BadValue(anyerror)
b = 4423(anyerror!u32)
n = 4423(u32)
While: Iteration 0
While: Iteration 1
While: Iteration 2
While: Iteration 3
For: Iteration 0
For: Iteration 1
For: Iteration 2
For: Iteration 3
</syntaxhighlight>
; 颿°:
: 颿°ã¯<code>fn</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿ã£ãŠå®£èšããŸãã
:;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=const+std+%3D+%40import%28%22std%22%29%3B%0Aconst+stdout+%3D+std.io.getStdOut%28%29.writer%28%29%3B%0A%0Apub+fn+add%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3A+i32%29+i32+%7B%0A++++return+a+%2B+b%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%21void+%7B%0A++++const+result+%3D+add%285%2C+3%29%3B%0A++++try+stdout.print%28%22Sum%3A+%7B%7D%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Bresult%7D%29%3B%0A%7D function.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn add(a: i32, b: i32) i32 {
return a + b;
}
pub fn main() !void {
const result = add(5, 3);
try stdout.print("Sum: {}\n", .{result});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
Sum: 8
</syntaxhighlight>
; æ§é äœãšã¡ãœãã:
: æ§é äœã¯<code>struct</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿ã£ãŠå®çŸ©ããŸããã¡ãœããã¯æ§é äœã®é¢æ°ãå®çŸ©ããããšã§å®çŸããŸãã
:;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=const+std+%3D+%40import%28%22std%22%29%3B%0Aconst+stdout+%3D+std.io.getStdOut%28%29.writer%28%29%3B%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%21void+%7B%0A++++const+myCar+%3D+Car.init%28%22Toyota%22%2C+2022%29%3B%0A%0A++++try+stdout.print%28%22myCar+%3D+%7B%7D%5Cn%22%2C+.%7BmyCar%7D%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Aconst+Car+%3D+struct+%7B%0A++++model%3A+%5B%5Dconst+u8%2C%0A++++year%3A+u32%2C%0A++++const+Self+%3D+%40This%28%29%3B%0A++++pub+fn+init%28model%3A+%5B%5Dconst+u8%2C+year%3A+u32%29+Self+%7B%0A++++++++return+Self%7B%0A++++++++++++.model+%3D+model%2C%0A++++++++++++.year+%3D+year%2C%0A++++++++%7D%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++pub+fn+format%28%0A++++++++car%3A+Self%2C%0A++++++++comptime+fmt%3A+%5B%5Dconst+u8%2C%0A++++++++options%3A+std.fmt.FormatOptions%2C%0A++++++++out_stream%3A+anytype%2C%0A++++%29+%21void+%7B%0A++++++++_+%3D+options%3B%0A++++++++_+%3D+fmt%3B%0A++++++++try+out_stream.print%28%22Car%28Model%3A+%7Bs%7D%2C+Year%3A+%7B%7D%29%22%2C+.%7B+car.model%2C+car.year+%7D%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%3B struct+method.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const myCar = Car.init("Toyota", 2022);
try stdout.print("myCar = {}\n", .{myCar});
}
const Car = struct {
model: []const u8,
year: u32,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(model: []const u8, year: u32) Self {
return Self{
.model = model,
.year = year,
};
}
pub fn format(
car: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
try out_stream.print("Car(Model: {s}, Year: {})", .{ car.model, car.year });
}
};
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
myCar = Car(Model: Toyota, Year: 2022)
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã§ã¯ãZigã®åºæ¬çãªæ§æãšã³ã³ã»ãããç°¡åã«ç޹ä»ããŸããã
=== Hello world ã®å€é· ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/ Zig Language Reference]ã®ã[[W:Hello world|Hello world]]ã®å€é·ïŒæ°ããé ïŒã
;master@2024-02-10<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(master@2024-02-10)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2024-02-10
}}</ref>:0.8.1ã«åã
;0.11.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.11.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.11.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2024-02-10
}}</ref>:0.8.1ã«åã
;0.10.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.10.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.10.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-11-15
}}</ref>:0.8.1ã«åã
;0.9.1<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.9.1/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.9.1)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:0.8.1ã«åã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/dghWOQlzCD7jSCHj 0.8.1]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.8.1/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.8.1)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=4>
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
try stdout.print("Hello, {s}!\n", .{"world"});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: <code>{}</code> â <code>{s}</code><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/download/0.8.0/release-notes.html#Formatted-Printing
|title=0.8.0 Release Notes
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
|quote=Disable the special casing of {} for u8 slices/arrays. Unless {s} is specified the contents won't be treated as a string.
}}</ref>
;0.7.1<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.7.1/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.7.1)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=3>
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
try stdout.print("Hello, {}!\n", .{"world"});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: s/outStream/writer/
;0.6.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.6.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.6.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=3>
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().outStream();
try stdout.print("Hello, {}!\n", .{"world"});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: åæåã®åæå€ãã <code>try</code> ããªããªã£ãã
;0.4.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.4.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.4.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:0.2.0ã«åã
;0.5.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.5.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.5.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=4>
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
// If this program is run without stdout attached, exit with an error.
const stdout_file = try std.io.getStdOut();
// If this program encounters pipe failure when printing to stdout, exit
// with an error.
try stdout_file.write("Hello, world!\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: <var>stdout_file</var> ã <code>var</code> ãã <code>const</code> ã«å€æŽãããã
;0.3.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.3.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.3.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:0.2.0ã«åã
;0.2.0<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.2.0/#Hello-World
|title=Zig Documentation(0.2.0)
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
// If this program is run without stdout attached, exit with an error.
var stdout_file = try std.io.getStdOut();
// If this program encounters pipe failure when printing to stdout, exit
// with an error.
try stdout_file.write("Hello, world!\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;0.1.1<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.1.1/#hello-world
|title=Zig Documentation
|website=ziglang.org
|accessdate=2022-07-17
}}</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const io = @import("std").io;
pub fn main() -> %void {
%%io.stdout.printf("Hello, world!\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
== ç¹åŸŽ ==
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é ã«æ»ã}}
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# '''éçåä»ã:'''
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# '''å€å:'''
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# '''ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°:'''
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# '''ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã·ã¹ãã :'''
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# '''ãã€ãã£ãã³ãŒãçæ:'''
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# '''ãšã©ãŒãã³ããªã³ã°:'''
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; [[W:éçåä»ã|éçåä»ã]] : å€ã»å€æ°ã»é¢æ°ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã»é¢æ°ã®æ»å€ãªã©ã®åã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ€èšŒããã[[W:åå®å
šæ§|åå®å
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=== ãµã³ãã«ã³ãŒãã»ã®ã£ã©ãªãŒ ===
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==== éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢ ====
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[[Ruby#ãŠãŒã¶ãŒå®çŸ©ã¯ã©ã¹]]ã®éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢ãæ±ããã¡ãœããã远å ããäŸãã[[Zig]]ã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã
;éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight="17,64,70" line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const GeoCoord = struct {
longitude: f64,
latitude: f64,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(longitude: f64, latitude: f64) Self {
return Self{
.longitude = longitude,
.latitude = latitude,
};
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
var ew = "æ±çµ";
var ns = "åç·¯";
var long = self.longitude;
var lat = self.latitude;
if (long < 0.0) {
ew = "西çµ";
long = -long;
}
if (lat < 0.0) {
ns = "åç·¯";
lat = -lat;
}
try out_stream.print("({s}: {}, {s}: {})", .{ ew, long, ns, lat });
}
pub fn distance(self: Self, other: Self) f64 {
const math = std.math;
const i = math.pi / 180.0;
const r = 6371.008;
return math.acos(math.sin(self.latitude * i) * math.sin(other.latitude * i) +
math.cos(self.latitude * i) * math.cos(other.latitude * i) * math.cos(self.longitude * i - other.longitude * i)) * r;
}
};
pub fn main() !void {
const sites = comptime .{
.{
.name = "æ±äº¬",
.gc = GeoCoord.init(139.7673068, 35.6809591),
},
.{
.name = "ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹",
.gc = GeoCoord.init(151.215278, -33.856778),
},
.{
.name = "ã°ãªãããžå€©æå°",
.gc = GeoCoord.init(-0.0014, 51.4778),
},
};
inline for (sites) |site| {
try stdout.print("{s}: {}\n", .{ site.name, site.gc });
}
try stdout.writeAll("---\n");
inline for (sites, 0..) |a, index| {
const b = sites[(index + 1) % sites.len];
try stdout.print("{s} - {s}: {} [km]\n", .{ a.name, b.name, a.gc.distance(b.gc) });
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
æ±äº¬: (æ±çµ: 1.397673068e+02, åç·¯: 3.56809591e+01)
ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹: (æ±çµ: 1.51215278e+02, åç·¯: 3.3856778e+01)
ã°ãªãããžå€©æå°: (西çµ: 1.4e-03, åç·¯: 5.14778e+01)
---
æ±äº¬ - ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹: 7.823269299386704e+03 [km]
ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹ - ã°ãªãããžå€©æå°: 1.69872708377249e+04 [km]
ã°ãªãããžå€©æå° - æ±äº¬: 9.560546566490015e+03 [km]
</syntaxhighlight>
: Zigèšèªã§ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ååã§å®çŸ©ããã <code>format</code> ã¡ãœããã¯ãæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã§ãã <code>std.fmt</code> ãæ¡åŒµããã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®åºæã®æåååã¡ãœãããæäŸããŸããZigã§ã¯ãé
åå
ã«æååãå«ãé
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šæ§ãèæ
®ããäžã§ç¢ºå®ã§ãã
: æ°ããæ©èœãšããŠã0.11.0ã§å°å
¥ããããmulti-object for loopsãããããŸãããã®æ°ããæ§æã䜿çšãããšãåãé·ãã®è€æ°ã®ã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹ãå埩åŠçããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããã³ãŒããããèªã¿ããããªããã¡ã³ããã³ã¹ã容æã«ãªããŸãã
: ãŸãã<code>for</code> ã®åã«ãã <code>inline</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã«ãŒããå±éããããšãæå³ããã¿ãã«ã®é
åã§ããããšãã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«äŒããŸããããã«ãããã³ã³ãã€ã©ãããå¹ççãªã³ãŒããçæã§ããŸãã
==== ãã¡ã€ã«ã®èªåºã ====
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ãã¡ã€ã«ãéããŠå
容ãã¢ãã±ãŒããããããã¡ã«èªåºãæšæºåºåã«åºåããäŸã
;ãã¡ã€ã«ã®èªåºã:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const file = try std.fs.openFileAbsolute(
"/etc/hosts",
.{},
);
defer file.close();
var reader = std.io.bufferedReader(file.reader());
const in_stream = reader.reader();
const allocator = std.heap.page_allocator;
const file_size = try file.getEndPos();
const contents = try in_stream.readAllAlloc(allocator, file_size);
defer allocator.free(contents);
try stdout.writeAll(contents);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãæå®ããã絶察ãã¹ã«ãããã¡ã€ã«ïŒãã®å Žåã¯"/etc/hosts"ïŒãéããŠããã®å
å®¹ãæšæºåºåã«æžã蟌ãããã°ã©ã ã§ãã以äžã«ãã³ãŒãã®åéšåã®æ©èœã解説ããŸãã
# <code>const std = @import("std");</code>: æšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãã€ã³ããŒãããŸãã
# <code>const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();</code>: æšæºåºåã®ã©ã€ã¿ãŒãååŸããŸãã
# <code>pub fn main() !void { ... }</code>: ããã°ã©ã ã®ãšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ããšãªã<code>main</code>颿°ã§ãããšã©ãŒãçºçããå¯èœæ§ãããããã<code>!void</code>åã䜿çšãããŠããŸãã
# <code>const file = try std.fs.openFileAbsolute("/etc/hosts", .{});</code>: <code>/etc/hosts</code>ãã¡ã€ã«ã絶察ãã¹ãšããŠéããŸãã<code>try</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã¯ã颿°ããšã©ãŒãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãããããšã瀺ããŸãã
# <code>defer file.close();</code>: ãã¡ã€ã«ã®åŠçãçµäºããåŸã«ãå¿
ããã¡ã€ã«ãéããããã«ããŸãã<code>defer</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã¯ããã®ã¹ã³ãŒããçµäºããéã«åŠçãå®è¡ããããšã瀺ããŸãã
# <code>var reader = std.io.bufferedReader(file.reader());</code>: ãã¡ã€ã«ããèªã¿åããè¡ãããã®<code>BufferedReader</code>ãäœæããŸãã
# <code>const in_stream = reader.reader();</code>: <code>BufferedReader</code>ããèªã¿åãã¹ããªãŒã ãååŸããŸãã
# <code>const allocator = std.heap.page_allocator;</code>: ããŒãžã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ã䜿çšããŠã¡ã¢ãªãå²ãåœãŠãããã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãå®çŸ©ããŸãã
# <code>const file_size = try file.getEndPos();</code>: ãã¡ã€ã«ã®ãµã€ãºãååŸããŸãã
# <code>const contents = try in_stream.readAllAlloc(allocator, file_size);</code>: ãã¡ã€ã«ã®å
容ãèªã¿åããã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ã䜿çšããŠã¡ã¢ãªãå²ãåœãŠãŸãã
# <code>defer allocator.free(contents);</code>: ã¡ã¢ãªãè§£æŸããããã<code>contents</code>ãã¹ã³ãŒããæããæã«å¿
ãå®è¡ãããããã«ããŸãã
# <code>try stdout.writeAll(contents);</code>: ãã¡ã€ã«ã®å
å®¹ãæšæºåºåã«æžã蟌ã¿ãŸãããšã©ãŒãçºçããå Žåã«ã¯ããã®ãšã©ãŒãåŠçãããŸãã
ãã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãæå®ããããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
容ãèªã¿åãããã®å
å®¹ãæšæºåºåã«æžã蟌ã¿ãŸãã
==== ãžã§ããªãã¯ãªè€çŽ æ°å ====
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ãžã§ããªãã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã䜿ã£ãè€çŽ æ°åãå®è£
ããŠã¿ãŸããã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/RLtBPnQwfCsUkwt7 ãžã§ããªãã¯ãªè€çŽ æ°å]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const signbit = std.math.signbit;
fn Complex(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
real: T,
imag: T,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(real: T, imag: T) Self {
return Self{ .real = real, .imag = imag };
}
pub fn add(self: Self, other: Self) Self {
return Self{ .real = self.real + other.real, .imag = self.imag + other.imag };
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
try std.fmt.formatType(self.real, fmt, options, out_stream, 1);
if (signbit(self.imag)) {
try out_stream.writeAll("-");
try std.fmt.formatType(-self.imag, fmt, options, out_stream, 1);
} else {
try out_stream.writeAll("+");
try std.fmt.formatType(self.imag, fmt, options, out_stream, 1);
}
return out_stream.writeAll("i");
}
};
}
pub fn main() !void {
const F64Complex = Complex(f64);
var f64cplx1 = F64Complex.init(3.0, 4.0);
const f64cplx2 = F64Complex.init(1.0, -4.0);
try stdout.print("{}\n", .{f64cplx1});
try stdout.print("{d:.1}\n", .{f64cplx2});
try stdout.print("{x}\n", .{f64cplx1.add(f64cplx2)});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
3.0e+00+4.0e+00i 1.0-4.0i
0x1p2+0x0.0p0i
</syntaxhighlight>
: <code>pub fn Complex(comptime T: type) type</code>ã¯ãèŠçŽ åããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã«è€çŽ æ°åãè¿ããŸãïŒè€çŽ æ°ã§ã¯ãªãè€çŽ æ°åã§ãïŒã
: Zig ã«ã¯æŒç®åãªãŒããŒã©ã€ãããªãã®ã§ã¡ãœãããšããŠå®çŸ©ããŸãã
:: 2ã€ã®è€çŽ æ°ãè¶³ããçµæãå¥ã®è€çŽ æ°ãšããŠè¿ã add()
:: real+imag ã®åœ¢åŒã§æåååãã format()
{{See also|[https://github.com/ziglang/zig/blob/master/lib/std/math/complex.zig std/math/complex.zig]}}
==== ãœãŒã ====
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æšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒã®ãœãŒãæ©èœã®äœ¿çšäŸã
;ãœãŒãã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var ary = [_]i8{ 1, 4, 1, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5, 6 };
try stdout.print("befor: {any}\n", .{ary});
std.sort.insertion(i8, &ary, {}, struct {
pub fn cmp(context: void, a: i8, b: i8) bool {
return std.sort.asc(i8)(context, a, b);
}
}.cmp);
try stdout.print("after: {any}\n", .{ary});
}</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
befor: { 1, 4, 1, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5, 6 }
after: { 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6 }
</syntaxhighlight>
:std.sort.insertion()ã¯ãåã»é
åã»contextã»æ¯èŒé¢æ°ããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã«é
åããœãŒãããŸãã
:Zigã«ã¯ãã©ã ãåŒããªãã®ã§å¿åstructã®ã¡ãœãããæ¯èŒé¢æ°ã«äœ¿ããŸããã
::ãã®å Žåã¯<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>std.sort.insertion(i8, &ary, {}, comptime std.sort.asc(i8));</syntaxhighlight>ã§ååã§ãã
::structã®é
åã®ãããã£ãŒã«ããããŒã«ãœãŒããããå Žåã¯ãå¿åstructã®ã¡ãœãããæ¯èŒé¢æ°ã«äœ¿ãæå£ãæå¹ã§ããããœãŒã察象ã®structã®ã³ãŒãã«æãå
¥ãããããšãã¯ãstructã®ã¡ãœããã«ããŠãè¯ãã§ãããïŒã©ã ãåŒã»ããïŒã
==== ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯© ====
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ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯©ããè¥å¹² Zig ãããæžããŠã¿ãŸããã
;ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯©:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight=6>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
fn Eratosthenes(comptime n: u16) !void {
var sieve: [n + 1]bool = undefined;
for (&sieve, 0..) |*e, i| {
e.* = i >= 2;
}
for (sieve, 0..) |_, i| {
if (!sieve[i]) {
continue;
}
try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
var j = 2 * i;
while (j <= n) : (j += i) {
sieve[j] = false;
}
}
}
pub fn main() !void {
try Eratosthenes(1000);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523 541 547 557 563 569 571 577 587 593 599 601 607 613 617 619 631 641 643 647 653 659 661 673 677 683 691 701 709 719 727 733 739 743 751 757 761 769 773 787 797 809 811 821 823 827 829 839 853 857 859 863 877 881 883 887 907 911 919 929 937 941 947 953 967 971 977 983 991 997
</syntaxhighlight>
;ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã0.11.0以éã§ããåããŸããã
==== æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ïŒã®ä»£æ¿ïŒ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
[[Java/æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹]]ãã[[Crystal#æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹|Crystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããäŸ]]ã顿ã«ãZigã«ã¯ãªãæœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ä»£æ¿ã®ã³ãŒãäŸãæžããŠã¿ãŸããã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/fA9yzsrUly8oRYbR æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ïŒã®ä»£æ¿ïŒ]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const Point = struct {
x: i32 = 0,
y: i32 = 0,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(x: i32, y: i32) Self {
return Self{ .x = x, .y = y };
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
return out_stream.print("x:{}, y:{}", .{ self.x, self.y });
}
pub fn move(self: Self, dx: i32, dy: i32) Self {
self.x += dx;
self.y += dy;
return self;
}
};
const Shape = struct {
location: Point = Point.init(0, 0),
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(x: i32, y: i32) Self {
return Self{ .location = Point.init(x, y) };
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
return out_stream.print("{}", .{self.location});
}
pub fn move(self: Self, dx: i32, dy: i32) Self {
self.location.move(dx, dy);
return self;
}
};
const Square = struct {
shape: Shape = Shape.init(0, 0),
wh: i32 = 0,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(x: i32, y: i32, wh: i32) Self {
return Self{ .shape = Shape.init(x, y), .wh = wh };
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
return out_stream.print("{}, wh:{}", .{ self.shape, self.wh });
}
pub fn move(self: Self, dx: i32, dy: i32) Self {
self.shape.move(dx, dy);
return self;
}
pub fn area(self: Self) i32 {
return self.wh * self.wh;
}
};
const Rectangle = struct {
shape: Shape = Shape.init(0, 0),
width: i32 = 0,
height: i32 = 0,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(x: i32, y: i32, width: i32, height: i32) Self {
return Self{ .shape = Shape.init(x, y), .width = width, .height = height };
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
return out_stream.print("{}, width:{}, height:{}", .{ self.shape, self.width, self.height });
}
pub fn move(self: Self, dx: i32, dy: i32) Self {
self.shape.move(dx, dy);
return self;
}
pub fn area(self: Self) i32 {
return self.width * self.height;
}
};
const Circle = struct {
shape: Shape = Shape.init(0, 0),
r: i32 = 0,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(x: i32, y: i32, r: i32) Self {
return Self{ .shape = Shape.init(x, y), .r = r };
}
pub fn format(
self: Self,
comptime fmt: []const u8,
options: std.fmt.FormatOptions,
out_stream: anytype,
) !void {
_ = options;
_ = fmt;
return out_stream.print("{}, r:{}", .{ self.shape, self.r });
}
pub fn move(self: Self, dx: i32, dy: i32) Self {
self.shape.move(dx, dy);
return self;
}
pub fn area(self: Self) f32 {
return @as(f32, @floatFromInt(self.r * self.r)) * std.math.pi;
}
};
pub fn main() !void {
const ary = comptime .{ Point.init(3, 4), Shape.init(20, 24), Rectangle.init(10, 20, 32, 24) };
inline for (ary) |x| {
try stdout.print("{}({})\n", .{ @TypeOf(x), x });
}
try stdout.writeAll("\n");
const shapes = comptime .{ Square.init(10, 12, 40), Rectangle.init(10, 20, 32, 24), Circle.init(10, 12, 20) };
inline for (shapes) |shape| {
try stdout.print("{}({}).area() = {}\n", .{ @TypeOf(shape), shape, shape.area() });
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
Point(x:3, y:4)
Shape(x:20, y:24)
Rectangle(x:10, y:20, width:32, height:24)
Square(x:10, y:12, wh:40).area() = 1600
Rectangle(x:10, y:20, width:32, height:24).area() = 768
Circle(x:10, y:12, r:20).area() = 1.25663708e+03
</syntaxhighlight>
: ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã®æåååã¯ãformat() ã¡ãœãããå®çŸ©ããããšã§ std.fmt ãæ¡åŒµããŠããŸãã
: area() ã¡ãœãããæã€ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãèŠçŽ ãšããã¿ãã«ã comptime 修食ããäžã§ãinline 㪠for ã§åããŸããã
:: ãã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å
šãŠã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã area() ã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãæ
ä¿ããŸãã
:: ããã§ã¯åã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã®åã Shape ãç¶æ¿ããŠã'''ããã§ã¯ãªã'''å°ã area() ã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãæ ãæã«ããŠããŸãã
::: ãã®æå³ã§ãinterface ã protocol ãšäŒŒãŠããŸããããå
±éããç¹åŸŽã®å®çŸ©ãã¯ããŠããŸããã
==== ç¯å²åïŒã®ä»£æ¿ïŒ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ç¯å²åããªãã®ã§ä»£æ¿ã®ã³ãŒãäŸãæžããŠã¿ãŸããã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/jKGPlIi7JAKyYzPF ç¯å²åïŒã®ä»£æ¿ïŒ]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const Range = struct {
s: i32,
e: i32,
const Self = @This();
pub fn init(s: i32, e: i32) Self {
return Self{ .s = s, .e = e };
}
pub fn next(self: *Self) ?i32 {
return if (self.s > self.e) null else blk: {
const n = self.s;
self.s += 1;
break :blk n;
};
}
};
pub fn main() !void {
var r = Range.init(23, 42);
while (r.next()) |i| {
try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
</syntaxhighlight>
==ããŒãã·ãŒã ==
{{å
é ã«æ»ã}}
<div style="column-width: max-content;">
;ãšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ã
:;[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãèæ
®ããªãå Žå:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>pub fn main() void {}</syntaxhighlight>
:;[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãèæ
®ããå Žå:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>pub fn main() !void {}</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ã¡ã³ã:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
// ããè¡æ«ãŸã§ãã³ã¡ã³ãã§ãã
// /* ... */ ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãããŸããã
</syntaxhighlight>
;倿°å®£èš
:;ã€ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>const èå¥å : å = åæååŒ ;</syntaxhighlight>
::;åæšè«ç:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>const èå¥å = åæååŒ ;</syntaxhighlight>
:;ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>var èå¥å : å = åæååŒ ;</syntaxhighlight>
; ãªãã©ã«
:; æŽæ°ãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>123, 0b11010, 0o177, 0xbadbeef</syntaxhighlight>
:; æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>3.14, 1.2e-9</syntaxhighlight>
:; æåãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>'a', '挢', 'ð¯'</syntaxhighlight>
:; æååãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>âabcâ, "äºè§£ðð
"</syntaxhighlight>
::; è€æ°è¡ã«æž¡ãæååãªãã©ã«
::: <syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
\\ è€æ°è¡ã«æž¡ãå Žåã¯
\\ ãã®æ§ã«
\\ \\ ãå眮ããããšã§
\\ èšè¿°ã§ããŸãã
</syntaxhighlight>
:; é
åãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>[4]u16{ 2,3,5,7 }, [_]u16{1,2,3,4,5}</syntaxhighlight>
; [[#å¶åŸ¡æ§é |å¶åŸ¡æ§é ]]
:; [[#åå²|åå²]]
::; [[#if|if]]
:::;[[#æ¡ä»¶äžæç«ã§elseãçç¥ãããš|elseç¯ã®ãªãifåŒ]]
::::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>if ( æ¡ä»¶åŒ ) åŒ</syntaxhighlight>
::::æ¡ä»¶åŒã false ã§ãªããã°ifåŒã®å€ã¯ åŒ
::::false ãªãã° void
:::;ifåŒ
::::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>if ( æ¡ä»¶åŒ ) åŒïŒ else åŒïŒ</syntaxhighlight>
::::æ¡ä»¶åŒã false ã§ãªããã°ifåŒã®å€ã¯ åŒïŒ
::::false ãªããªã° åŒïŒ
:::;ifæ
::::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
if ( æ¡ä»¶åŒ ) {
// ãããã¯
}
</syntaxhighlight>
::::æ¡ä»¶åŒã false ã§ãªããã°ãããã¯ãå®è¡
:::;elseç¯ãã
::::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
if ( æ¡ä»¶åŒ ) {
// ãããã¯ïŒ
} else {
// ãããã¯ïŒ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
::::æ¡ä»¶åŒã false ã§ãªããã°ãããã¯ïŒãå®è¡
::::else ãªãã°ãããã¯ïŒãå®è¡
:::;æ¡ä»¶åŒããªãã·ã§ãã«å
::::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
if ( ãªãã·ã§ãã«åŒ ) | 倿° | {
// ãããã¯ïŒ
} else {
// ãããã¯ïŒ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
::::ãªãã·ã§ãã«åŒã
:::::null ã§ãªããã°<var>倿°</var>ã«ãã£ããã£ãŒããããã¯ïŒãå®è¡
:::::null ãªãã°ãããã¯ïŒãå®è¡
:::;æ¡ä»¶åŒããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å
::::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
if ( ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åŒ ) | 倿° | {
// ãããã¯ïŒ
} else | err | {
// ãããã¯ïŒ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
::::ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åŒã
:::::ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã§ãªããã°<var>倿°</var>ã«ãã£ããã£ãŒããããã¯ïŒãå®è¡
:::::ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒããªãã° <var>err</var> ã«ãã£ããã£ãŒããããã¯ïŒãå®è¡
::; [[#switch|switch]]
:::<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
switch ( åŒ ) {
å€ïŒ => åŒïŒ,
å€ïŒïœ, å€ïŒïœ => | 倿°ïŒ | åŒïŒ, // 倿°ïŒã«ãã£ããã£ãŒ
å€ïŒïœ => | *倿°ïŒ | åŒïŒ, // 倿°ïŒã«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããã£ããã£ãŒ
ããelase => åŒïœ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:; [[#å埩|å埩]]
::; [[#while|while]]
:::; å€ãè¿ã :<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
var i = 1;
const q = while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
if (i > 5) {
break true;
}
} else false;
</syntaxhighlight>
:::; ã©ãã«ä»ã :<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
var i: usize = 0;
outer: while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
while (true) {
continue :outer;
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:::; ãªãã·ã§ãã«å :<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
while (ãªãã·ã§ãã«åŒ) | 倿° | { // null ã§ãªããã°å€æ°ã«ãã£ããã£ãŒ
// ãããã¯ïŒ
} else { // null ã ã£ããšã
// ãããã¯ïŒ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:::; ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å :<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
while (ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åŒ) | 倿° | { // ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã§ãªããã°å€æ°ã«ãã£ããã£ãŒ
// ãããã¯ïŒ
} else |err| { // ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã err ã«ãã£ããã£ãŒ
// ãããã¯ïŒ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
::; [[#for|for]]
:::; å€ãè¿ã :<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
const items = [_]i32 { 4, 5, 3, 4, 0 };
const q = for (items) | item | {
if (item == 5) {
break true;
}
} else false;
</syntaxhighlight>
:::; ã©ãã«ä»ã :<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
outer: for ([_]i32 { 4, 5, 3, 4, 0 }) | x | {
for ([_]i32 { 1, 3, 5, 7 }) | y | {
if ( x == y ) {
continue :outer;
}
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
; ã³ã³ãããŒ
:;struct
::; structãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
structå{
.ã¡ã³ããŒïŒ = åŒïŒ,
.ã¡ã³ããŒïŒ = åŒïŒ,
.ã¡ã³ããŒïœ = åŒïœ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
::; å¿åstructãªãã©ã«ïŒã¿ãã«ïŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig style="width: fit-content">
.{
åŒïŒ,
åŒïŒ,
åŒïœ
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;enum
::; enumãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>enumå.ã¡ã³ããŒ</syntaxhighlight>
:;union
::; unionãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>uniontå{ .ã¡ã³ã㌠= åŒ }</syntaxhighlight>
::; ã¿ã°ä»ãunion
; 颿°
:; 颿°å®çŸ©
</div>
== åºç€ç¯ ==
{{å
é ã«æ»ã}}
[TODO:æžãã¹ãé
ç®ã䞊ã¹ãŠã¿ãŸããããäŸãã°ãå€ãšåãã ãã§ãç¶²çŸ
çã«æžããŠãããšã³ã³ãã³ãã®åéãççºããã®ãç®ã«èŠããŠããã®ã§ãéå°ã«ãªã£ãããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ç¯ã«ç§»åãããªã©ã®æ¹æ³ã§ãåç¯ã¯ã³ã³ãã¯ãããå¿ãããã]
=== ãšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ã ===
{{å
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Zigã§ã¯ã颿° mainããšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ãã§ãã
;nop.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
pub fn main() void {}
</syntaxhighlight>
ãªã«ãããªãããã°ã©ã ã¯ãã®æ§ã«ãªããŸããã[[#ãšã©ãŒéåå|ãšã©ãŒéåå]]ãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ããããšãã¯
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
pub fn main() !void {
// ãšã©ãŒéååãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãããåŠç
}
</syntaxhighlight>
ãšæ»å€ã®åã <code>void</code> ãã <code>!void</code> ã«ä»£ããŸãã
=== ã³ã¡ã³ã ===
{{å
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Zigã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã«é¢ããåºæ¬çãªãã€ã³ããèŠçŽããŸãã
# '''3ã€ã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã®ã¿ã€ã:''' Zigã§ã¯ãéåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ããããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãããããã¬ãã«ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã®3ã€ã®ã¿ã€ãããµããŒããããŠããŸããéåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ç¡èŠãããŸãããããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ããšãããã¬ãã«ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãããã±ãŒãžã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ããçæããããã«ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããŸãã
# '''éåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ã:''' éåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ã㯠<code>//</code> ã§å§ãŸããæ¬¡ã®æ¹è¡æåïŒLFãã€ãïŒãŸã§ãã³ã¡ã³ããšããŠæ±ãããŸãã
# '''ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ã:''' ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ã<code>///</code> ã§å§ãŸããŸããè€æ°ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ããé£ç¶ããå Žåã1ã€ã®è€æ°è¡ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ããšããŠçµ±åãããŸããããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãããã«ç¶ãèŠçŽ ãææžåããŸãã
# '''ãããã¬ãã«ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ã:''' ãããã¬ãã«ã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ã<code>//!</code> ã§å§ãŸããŸããããã¯ãçŸåšã®ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãææžåããŸãã
# '''ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã®äœçœ®:''' ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ç¹å®ã®å Žæã«ã®ã¿èš±å¯ãããŠããŸããäŸãã°ãåŒã®éäžãéããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ãã®çŽåã«ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ããããå Žåãã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã
# '''éåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ããšã®çµ±å:''' çŸåšãããã±ãŒãžã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ããçæããéã«ãéåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã³ã¡ã³ããšçµ±åãããŸãã
Zigã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãã³ãŒãã®ææžåãšçè§£ã容æã«ããããã®åŒ·åãªããŒã«ã§ãã
==== éåžžã®ã³ã¡ã³ã ====
Zigã§ã¯ã<code>//</code> ããè¡æ«ãŸã§ãã³ã¡ã³ãã§ãã
Cèšèªã® <code>/* ⊠*/</code> ã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®è€æ°è¡ã«æž¡ãã³ã¡ã³ãã¯'''ãããŸãã'''ã
ããã¯ãã³ãŒãã®åè¡ãæèã«é¢ä¿ãªãããŒã¯ã³åã§ããããã«ããããã§ãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/kAZ4vQFlg89ROhe9 hello.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
// hello.zig:
const std = @import("std"); // å
é ã« @ ãä»ã颿°ã¯çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°ã§ã
pub fn main() !void { // 次ã®è¡ã® try æŒç®åããšã©ãŒéåãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãããã®ã§ !void ãæ»å€å
try std.io.getStdOut().writeAll("Hello, World!\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Builtin-Functions Builtin Functions]
==== Docã³ã¡ã³ã ====
{{å
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pub fn main() !void {
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
try stdout.print(" (1) = {}\n", .{42});
try stdout.print(" (2) = {}\n", .{0x17});
try stdout.print(" (3) = {}\n", .{0o17});
try stdout.print(" (4) = {}\n", .{0b0100101});
try stdout.print(" (5) = {}\n", .{1e222});
try stdout.print(" (6) = {}\n", .{3.1415926536});
try stdout.print(" (7) = {}\n", .{'c'});
try stdout.print(" (8) = {c}\n", .{'c'});
try stdout.print(" (9) = {s}\n", .{"abcdef"});
try stdout.print("(10) = {}, {}\n", .{ 111, 999 });
try stdout.print("(11) = {1}, {0}\n", .{ 111, 999 });
try stdout.print("(12) = {1s}, {0}\n", .{ 111, "abc" });
try stdout.print("(13) = {0d}, {0b}, {0o}, {0x}, {0X}\n", .{ 123 });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
(1) = 42
(2) = 23
(3) = 15
(4) = 37
(5) = 1.0e+222
(6) = 3.1415926536e+00
(7) = 99
(8) = c
(9) = abcdef
(10) = 111, 999
(11) = 999, 111
(12) = abc, 111
(13) = 123, 1111011, 173, 7b, 7B
</syntaxhighlight>
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^
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{{å
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STRINGLITERALSINGLE = "\"" string_char* "\"" skip
STRINGLITERAL = STRINGLITERALSINGLE
| ( line_string skip )+
ox80_oxBF = [#x80-#xBF]
oxF4 = '\xF4'
ox80_ox8F = [#x80-#x8F]
oxF1_oxF3 = [#xF1-#xF3]
oxF0 = '\xF0'
ox90_0xBF = [#x90-#xBF]
oxEE_oxEF = [#xEE-#xEF]
oxED = '\xED'
ox80_ox9F = [#x80-#x9F]
oxE1_oxEC = [#xE1-#xEC]
oxE0 = '\xE0'
oxA0_oxBF = [#xA0-#xBF]
oxC2_oxDF = [#xC2-#xDF]
(* From https://lemire.me/blog/2018/05/09/how-quickly-can-you-check-that-a-string-is-valid-unicode-utf-8/ *)
mb_utf8_literal = oxF4 ox80_ox8F ox80_oxBF ox80_oxBF
| oxF1_oxF3 ox80_oxBF ox80_oxBF ox80_oxBF
| oxF0 ox90_0xBF ox80_oxBF ox80_oxBF
| oxEE_oxEF ox80_oxBF ox80_oxBF
| oxED ox80_ox9F ox80_oxBF
| oxE1_oxEC ox80_oxBF ox80_oxBF
| oxE0 oxA0_oxBF ox80_oxBF
| oxC2_oxDF ox80_oxBF
ascii_char_not_nl_slash_squote = [\000-\011\013-\046-\050-\133\135-\177]
char_escape = "\\x" hex hex
| "\\u{" hex+ "}"
| "\\" [nr\\t'"]
char_char = mb_utf8_literal
| char_escape
| ascii_char_not_nl_slash_squote
string_char = char_escape
| [^\\"\n]
line_string = ( "\\\\" [^\n]* [ \n]* )+
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
===== æååãªãã©ã« =====
æååãªãã©ã«ã¯ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ãé
åãžã®å®æ°å[[#åäžé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|åäžé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ã§ããæååãªãã©ã«ã®åã¯ãé·ããšãã«çµç«¯ã§ãããšããäºå®ã®äž¡æ¹ãã³ãŒãåããŠããããã[[#ã¹ã©ã€ã¹|ã¹ã©ã€ã¹]]ãšãã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®äž¡æ¹ã«[[#å匷å¶|匷å¶]]ããããšãå¯èœã§ããæååãªãã©ã«ãååç
§ãããšé
åã«å€æãããŸã<ref name="String-Literals">[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#String-Literals-and-Unicode-Code-Point-Literals String Literals and Unicode Code Point Literals]</ref>ã
Zigã«ãããæååã®ãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ãäºå®äžUTF-8ã§ãããšä»®å®ãããŠããŸããZigã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã¯UTF-8ã§ãšã³ã³ãŒããããŠããã®ã§ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã®æååãªãã©ã«å
ã«çŸããéASCIIãã€ãã¯ããã®UTF-8ã®æå³ãZigã®ããã°ã©ã å
ã®æååã®å
容ã«åŒãç¶ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒããã®ãã€ããä¿®æ£ããããšã¯ãããŸããããã ããUTF-8以å€ã®ãã€ããæååãªãã©ã«ã«åã蟌ãããšã¯å¯èœã§ããã®å Žå㯠\xNN èšæ³ã䜿çšããŸã<ref name="String-Literals"/>ã
===== Unicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã« =====
Unicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã®å㯠comptime_int ã§[[#æŽæ°ãªãã©ã«|æŽæ°ãªãã©ã«]]ãšåãã§ãããã¹ãŠã®[[#ãšã¹ã±ãŒãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹|ãšã¹ã±ãŒãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹]]ã¯ã[[#æååãªãã©ã«|æååãªãã©ã«]]ãš Unicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã®äž¡æ¹ã«ãããŠæå¹ã§ã<ref name="String-Literals"/>ã
ä»ã®å€ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãUnicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã¯ãæåãªãã©ã«ããšåŒã°ããŸããããããUnicode仿§ã®æè¿ã®ããŒãžã§ã³ïŒUnicode 13.0æç¹ïŒã§ã¯ããæåãã®æ£ç¢ºãªæè¡çå®çŸ©ã¯ååšããŸãããZigã§ã¯ãUnicodeã³ãŒããã€ã³ããªãã©ã«ã¯ãUnicodeã®ã³ãŒããã€ã³ãã®å®çŸ©ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŸãã
===== ãšã¹ã±ãŒãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹ =====
:{| class="wikitable"
|+ãšã¹ã±ãŒãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹( ''Escape Sequences'' )<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Escape-Sequences Escape Sequences]</ref>
!ãšã¹ã±ãŒãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹
!åç§°
|-
!<code>\n</code>
|Newline
|-
!<code>\r</code>
|Carriage Return
|-
!<code>\t</code>
|æ°Žå¹³ã¿ã
|-
!<code>\\</code>
|ããã¯ã¹ã©ãã·ã¥èªèº«
|-
!<code>\'</code>
|ã·ã³ã°ã«ã¯ã©ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³
|-
!<code>\"</code>
|ããã«ã¯ã©ãŒããŒã·ã§ã³
|-
!<code>\xNN</code>
|16é²8ããããã€ãå€ïŒïŒæ¡ïŒ
|-
!<code>\u{NNNNNN}</code>
|16鲿° Unicode ã³ãŒããã€ã³ã UTF-8 笊å·åïŒ1æ¡ä»¥äžïŒ
|}
: èš»ïŒæå¹ãªUnicodeãã€ã³ãã®æå€§å€ã¯<code>0x10ffff</code>ã§ãã
===== ãã«ãã©ã€ã³æååãªãã©ã« =====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãã«ãã©ã€ã³æååãªãã©ã«ã¯ããšã¹ã±ãŒããå¿
èŠãªããè€æ°ã®è¡ã«ããã£ãŠèšè¿°ããããšãã§ããŸãããã«ãã©ã€ã³æååãªãã©ã«ãå§ããã«ã¯ã<code>\\</code> ããŒã¯ã³ã䜿çšããŸããã³ã¡ã³ããšåæ§ã«ãæååãªãã©ã«ã¯è¡ã®æ«å°ŸãŸã§ç¶ããŸããè¡æ«ã¯æååãªãã©ã«ã«å«ãŸããŸããããã ããæ¬¡ã®è¡ã <code>\\</code> ã§å§ãŸãå Žåãæ¹è¡ã远å ãããæååãªãã©ã«ãç¶ããŸãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/TvQE1aV2QioiEnC3 ãã«ãã©ã€ã³æååãªãã©ã«]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
const message =
\\æååãªãã©ã«ãããšã¹ã±ãŒãèšå·ããªãè€æ°è¡ã«ãŸããã£ãŠæžãããšãã§ããŸãã
\\è€æ°è¡ã®æååãªãã©ã«ãéå§ããã«ã¯ã\\ ããŒã¯ã³ã䜿çšããŸãã
\\ã³ã¡ã³ããšåãããã«ãæååãªãã©ã«ã¯è¡æ«ãŸã§ç¶ããŸãã
\\è¡ã®çµããã¯æååãªãã©ã«ã«å«ãŸããŸããã
\\ãã ããæ¬¡ã®è¡ã \\ ã§å§ãŸãå Žåã¯ãæ¹è¡ã远å ããæååãªãã©ã«ãç¶è¡ãããŸãã
;
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("message = {s}", .{message});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
message = æååãªãã©ã«ãããšã¹ã±ãŒãèšå·ããªãè€æ°è¡ã«ãŸããã£ãŠæžãããšãã§ããŸãã
è€æ°è¡ã®æååãªãã©ã«ãéå§ããã«ã¯ã\\ ããŒã¯ã³ã䜿çšããŸãã
ã³ã¡ã³ããšåãããã«ãæååãªãã©ã«ã¯è¡æ«ãŸã§ç¶ããŸãã
è¡ã®çµããã¯æååãªãã©ã«ã«å«ãŸããŸããã
ãã ããæ¬¡ã®è¡ã \\ ã§å§ãŸãå Žåã¯ãæ¹è¡ã远å ããæååãªãã©ã«ãç¶è¡ãããŸã
</syntaxhighlight>
==== 代å
¥ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ããã代å
¥ã«é¢ãã説æã®èŠæšã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã
* <code>const</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠãèå¥åã«å€ãå²ãåœãŠãŸãã
* <code>const</code> ã§å®çŸ©ãããèå¥åã¯å€æŽã§ããŸããããã®å€ã¯å®æ°ã§ãã
* 倿°ãšããŠå€ã倿Žã§ããããã«ããã«ã¯ã<code>var</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŸãã
* 倿°ã¯åæåãããå¿
èŠããããŸããåæåãããŠããªã倿°ã䜿çšãããšãã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒãçºçããŸãã
* åæåãããŠããªã倿°ã«ã¯ <code>undefined</code> ã䜿çšããŠãæªå®çŸ©ã®ãŸãŸã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
* 宿°åŒãåçŽåã®åæšè«ã«ã¯ <code>comptime</code> ã䜿çšããŸãã
å
·äœçãªã³ãŒãäŸã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line>
const print = @import("std").debug.print;
// constã䜿ã£ãŠå®æ°ãå®çŸ©
const x = 1234;
pub fn main() void {
// 颿°å
ã§ã®constã¯å®æ°ãå®çŸ©
const y = 5678;
// 宿°ã«ã¯å€ãåå²ãåœãŠã§ããªã
// y = 1; // ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒ
// varã䜿ã£ãŠå€æ°ãå®çŸ©
var z: i32 = 5678;
// 倿°ã«å€ãåå²ãåœãŠ
z += 1;
// 倿°ã¯åæåããå¿
èŠããã
// var w: i32;
comptime var w = 1; // åæåã䌎ã£ã宣èšã¯åæšè«ããã
// 倿°ã undefined ã§åæå
var u: i32 = undefined;
u = 8;
print("{d}\n", .{x}); // 1234
print("{d}\n", .{y}); // 5678
print("{d}\n", .{z}); // 5679
print("{d}\n", .{w}); // 1
print("{d}\n", .{u}); // 8
}
</syntaxhighlight>
äžèšã®ã³ãŒããå®è¡ãããšãããããã®å€æ°ã宿°ã®æåã確èªã§ããŸãã
==== comptime ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
comptimeã¯ãZigèšèªã«ãããŠã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«åŒãè©äŸ¡ãããããšã瀺ããŸãããã®æŠå¿µã¯ããžã§ããªãã¯ã宿°åŒã®è©äŸ¡ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®æé©åãããã³ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®éçè§£æã«ãããŠéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŸãã
以äžã«ãcomptimeã®è©³çްã説æããŸãïŒ
# '''ã³ã³ãã€ã«æãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ (Compile-Time Parameters):''' Zigã§ã¯ã颿°ãæ§é äœã®ååŒæ°ã«<code>comptime</code>ã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ããã颿°ãæ§é äœãç¹å®ã®åã«å¯ŸããŠã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ¯ãèãããšãä¿èšŒãããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«åã解決ããããããç¹å®ã®åã«ç¹åããã³ãŒããçæããããšãã§ããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
fn example(comptime T: type) T {
// Tã®ç¹å®ã®åã«åºã¥ããåŠçãè¡ã
}
</syntaxhighlight>
# '''ã³ã³ãã€ã«æå€æ° (Compile-Time Variables):''' <code>comptime</code>修食åã䜿çšããŠãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ãããããšãä¿èšŒããã倿°ã宣èšããããšãã§ããŸãããããã®å€æ°ã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®éçè§£æã«äœ¿çšãããã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã§ã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯èš±å¯ãããŸããã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const comptime MAX_VALUE: usize = 100;
</syntaxhighlight>
# '''ã³ã³ãã€ã«æåŒ (Compile-Time Expressions):''' comptimeãããã¯å
ã§åŒãèšè¿°ããããšã§ããã®åŒãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ãããããšãä¿èšŒã§ããŸãããã®ãããªåŒã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®ã¿ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããå¿
èŠãããå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸããäŸãã°ãé
åã®ãµã€ãºã宿°ã®èšç®ã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const arraySize = comptime 10;
const comptime result = someFunction();
</syntaxhighlight>
# '''ã³ã³ãã€ã«æå¶åŸ¡ãã㌠(Compile-Time Control Flow):''' <code>if</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>switch</code>ã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ããªã©ã®å¶åŸ¡ãããŒã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ãããããšãä¿èšŒãããŸããããã«ãããç¹å®ã®æ¡ä»¶ã«åºã¥ããŠã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ç°ãªãã³ãŒããã¹ãåãããšãã§ããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
comptime if (someCondition) {
// ãã®ãããã¯ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ããã
} else {
// ãã®ãããã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ããã
}
</syntaxhighlight>
comptimeã®äœ¿çšã«ãããZigèšèªã§ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«é«åºŠãªéçè§£æãå®è¡ãããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã®åäžãã³ãŒãã®å®å
šæ§ã確ä¿ãããŸãã
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/0Wy4ptgSN9Rrxnq7 宿°ã®åæå€ã颿°ã®æ»å€ã ãšãšã©ãŒ]:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line highlight=7>
fn mul(x: usize, y: usize) usize {
return x * y;
}
pub fn main() void {
const len : usize = mul(3, 4);
const ary: [len]i32 = undefined;
_ = ary;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ã³ãã€ã«çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
An error occurred:
playground/playground3656639701/play.zig:7:17: error: unable to resolve comptime value
playground/playground3656639701/play.zig:7:17: note: array length must be comptime-known
</syntaxhighlight>
ãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®æå³ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãïŒ
* <code>error: unable to resolve comptime value</code>: ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è§£æ±ºã§ããªãå€ããããŸãã
* <code>note: array length must be comptime-known</code>: é
åã®é·ãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ¢ç¥ã§ããå¿
èŠããããŸããã€ãŸããé
åã®é·ãã¯å®è¡æã«æ±ºå®ãããããšã¯èš±ãããŸããã
ã€ãŸããZigã§ã¯é
åã®é·ããªã©ã®å®æ°å€ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è§£æ±ºã§ããå¿
èŠããããŸãããã®ããã颿°ã®æ»ãå€ã®ããã«å®è¡æã«æ±ºå®ãããå€ã宿°ã®åæå€ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
[[C++]]ã§ããã°ã<code>constexpr</code> ãé©çšãªã±ãŒã¹ã§ãããZigã§ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªè§£æ±ºæ¹æ³ãåããŸããäžèšã³ãŒãã¯ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸããã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/bAZkdzqajcuNpEOG comptimeã远å ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡]:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line highlight=6>
fn mul(x: usize, y: usize) usize {
return x * y;
}
pub fn main() void {
const len : usize = comptime mul(3, 4); // mul ã®åã« comptime ã远å
const ary: [len]i32 = undefined;
_ = ary;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:倿Žç¹ã¯ mul() ã®åŒåºãã <code>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#comptime comptime]</code> ã§ä¿®é£Ÿããã ãã§ãã<code>comptime</code> ã¯ã修食ååŒã'''ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãã'''修食åã§ãåŒã®äžã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æªå®ãªå€ãåç
§ããããšããšã©ãŒãšãªããŸããããã§ã¯ãæ°ãªãã©ã«å士ã®åãæ±ããŠããã®ã§ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æå€ã確å®ã§ããŸãã
: _ = ary ã¯ããæªäœ¿çšå€æ°ãããµãã¬ãã¹ãããšãã®ã€ãã£ãªã ã§ãã
=== ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã¯ãèšèªä»æ§ãšããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã®äž¡æ¹ã§{{Anchor|ãã¹ã}}ããµããŒãããŠããŸãã
Zigã®ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ããã¹ããå®è¡ããã¢ãµãŒã·ã§ã³ãè©äŸ¡ããã«ãã¬ããžã¬ããŒããçæããããã®æ©èœãæäŸããŸãã
以äžã¯ãZigã®ãã¹ãã«é¢ããæŠèŠã§ãã
# '''ãã¹ã宣èš:''' ãã¹ãã¯ã<code>test</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã«ç¶ããŠååïŒãªãã·ã§ã³ïŒãšãã¹ãã®æ¬äœãå«ããããã¯ã§æ§æãããŸããããã«ãããã³ãŒãã®ç¹å®ã®éšåã颿°ãæåŸ
ã©ããã«åäœããããæ€èšŒã§ããŸãã
# '''ãã¹ãå®è¡:''' <code>zig test</code>ã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããŠãã¹ããå®è¡ããŸãããã®ã³ãã³ãã¯ããã¹ãçšã®ãã«ããäœæããããã©ã«ãã®ãã¹ãã©ã³ããŒãå®è¡ããŸãããã¹ãã©ã³ããŒã¯ããã¹ã宣èšãèŠã€ããŠå®è¡ãããã®çµæãåºåããŸãã
# '''ãã¹ãçµæã®å ±å:''' ãã¹ãã©ã³ããŒã¯ããã¹ãçµæãæšæºãšã©ãŒã«åºåããŸããæåãããã¹ãã倱æãããã¹ããã¹ãããããããã¹ããªã©ã®æ
å ±ãå ±åãããŸããããã«ãããéçºè
ã¯ãã¹ãã®ç¶æ
ãææ¡ããåé¡ãããå Žåã¯ä¿®æ£ã§ããŸãã
# '''ãã¹ãã®ã¹ããã:''' <code>error.SkipZigTest</code>ãè¿ãããšã§ãã¹ããã¹ãããããããšãã§ããŸãããŸãã<code>zig test</code>ã³ãã³ãã«<code>--test-filter</code>ãªãã·ã§ã³ãæå®ããŠãç¹å®ã®ãã¹ãã®ã¿ãå®è¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã
# '''ãã¹ãã®èªåå:''' ãã¹ãã¯ã³ãŒãã®äžéšãšããŠèšè¿°ãããããã倿Žããããã³ã«æåã§å®è¡ããå¿
èŠããããŸãããCI/CDãã€ãã©ã€ã³ãªã©ã®èªååããŒã«ãšçµ±åããŠãã³ãŒãã®å質ãç¶ç¶çã«ç¢ºèªã§ããŸãã
Zigã®ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ãã³ãŒãã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ãåäžãããéçºããã»ã¹ãå¹çåããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãããã¹ãã¯ããã°ãæ©æã«çºèŠããã³ãŒãã®å®å®æ§ã確ä¿ããã®ã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªèŠçŽ ã§ãã
;ãã¹ã宣èšã®æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
test-decl = [ doc_comment ] "test" [ STRINGLITERALSINGLE ] block
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
;if-test.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
test "if expr" {
const f = true;
var x: usize = 5;
x += if (f) 10 else 20;
try expectEqual(x, 15);
}
test "if stmt" {
const f = true;
var x: isize = 10;
if (!f) {
x += 10;
} else {
x -= 20;
}
try expectEqual(x, -10);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
% zig test if-test.zig
All 2 tests passed.
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®Zigã®ãã¹ãã³ãŒãã¯ã <code>if</code> åŒãš <code>if</code> æã®æ¯ãèãããã¹ãããŠããŸãã
* '''"if expr":''' <code>if</code> åŒã䜿çšããŠãæ¡ä»¶ã«å¿ããŠç°ãªãå€ãè¿ãããã®çµæã倿°ã«ä»£å
¥ããŠããŸãããã®åŸã倿°ã®å€ãæåŸ
éãã§ããããšã確èªããŸãã
* '''"if stmt":''' <code>if</code> æã䜿çšããŠãæ¡ä»¶ã«å¿ããŠç°ãªãã¹ããŒãã¡ã³ããå®è¡ãããã®çµæã倿°ã«ä»£å
¥ããŠããŸãããã®åŸã倿°ã®å€ãæåŸ
éãã§ããããšã確èªããŸãã
ãã¹ãçµæã¯ãäž¡æ¹ã®ãã¹ããæåããæåŸ
éãã®çµæãåŸãããããšã瀺ããŠããŸããã€ãŸããæ¡ä»¶åŒãæ£ããè©äŸ¡ãããããã«åºã¥ããŠé©åãªæäœãè¡ãããŸããã
ãã®ããã«ãZigã®ãã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã䜿çšããããšã§ãããŸããŸãªæ¡ä»¶äžã§ã®ããã°ã©ã ã®æ¯ãèããèªåçã«ãã¹ãããã³ãŒãã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ãé«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
;fdiv-inf-nan.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight=20>
const std = @import("std");
const expect = std.testing.expect;
fn fdiv(n: f64, d: f64) f64 {
return n / d;
}
const inf = std.math.inf(f64);
const nan = std.math.nan(f64);
test "fdiv 1" {
try expect(fdiv(123.0, 111.1) == 123.0 / 111.1);
}
test "fdiv 2" {
try expect(fdiv(123.0, 0.0) == inf);
}
test "fdiv 3" {
try expect(fdiv(0.0, 0.0) == nan);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
% zig version
0.11.0
% zig test fdiv-inf-nan.zig
Test [3/3] test.fdiv 3... FAIL (TestUnexpectedResult)
/usr/local/lib/zig/std/testing.zig:515:14: 0x2248df in expect (test)
if (!ok) return error.TestUnexpectedResult;
^
/usr/home/user1/tut/zig/fdiv-inf-nan.zig:20:5: 0x224b0b in test.fdiv 3 (test)
try expect(fdiv(0.0, 0.0) == nan);
^
2 passed; 0 skipped; 1 failed.
error: the following test command failed with exit code 1:
/home/user1/.cache/zig/o/00aa6779b54996b883ad0fc42233ea3d/test
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãZigèšèªã§ <code>fdiv-inf-nan.zig</code> ãšãããã¡ã€ã«ã«èšè¿°ããããã¹ãã³ãŒãã瀺ãããŠããŸãããã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã<code>fdiv</code> 颿°ã«å¯Ÿãã3ã€ã®ãã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ãå«ãã§ããŸãã
* '''"fdiv 1":''' æ£åžžãªå²ãç®ãè¡ãããããšã確èªããŸãã<code>fdiv(123.0, 111.1)</code> ã <code>123.0 / 111.1</code> ãšçãããã©ãããæåŸ
ããŸãã
* '''"fdiv 2":''' 0ã§å²ã£ãå Žåãç¡é倧ãè¿ãããšã確èªããŸãã<code>fdiv(123.0, 0.0)</code> ã <code>inf</code> ãšçãããã©ãããæåŸ
ããŸãã
* '''"fdiv 3":''' 0ã0ã§å²ã£ãå Žåãéæ°ãè¿ãããšã確èªããŸãã<code>fdiv(0.0, 0.0)</code> ã <code>nan</code> ãšçãããã©ãããæåŸ
ããŸãã
ãã¹ããå®è¡ãããšã2ã€ã®ãã¹ãããã¹ãã1ã€ã®ãã¹ãã倱æããŸãã倱æãããã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ã¯ "fdiv 3" ã§ãããã®ãã¹ãã¯ã <code>fdiv(0.0, 0.0)</code> ã <code>nan</code> ãšçãããã©ãããæ€èšŒããŸãããå®éã«ã¯ããã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ããã
ãã®å€±æã¯ãæåŸ
ãããçµæãšå®éã®çµæãäžèŽããªãã£ãããšã瀺ããŠããŸãããã®æ
å ±ãå
ã«ã<code>fdiv</code> 颿°ã®å®è£
ããã¹ãã³ãŒãã忀èšããããšã§ããã®åé¡ãä¿®æ£ããããšãã§ããŸãã
;fdiv-inf-nan-FIX.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="10,21">
const std = @import("std");
const expect = std.testing.expect;
fn fdiv(n: f64, d: f64) f64 {
return n / d;
}
const inf = std.math.inf(f64);
const nan = std.math.nan(f64);
const isNan = std.math.isNan;
test "fdiv 1" {
try expect(fdiv(123.0, 111.1) == 123.0 / 111.1);
}
test "fdiv 2" {
try expect(fdiv(123.0, 0.0) == inf);
}
test "fdiv 3" {
try expect(isNan(fdiv(0.0, 0.0)));
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
% zig test fdiv-inf-nan-FIX.zig
All 3 tests passed.
</syntaxhighlight>
ä¿®æ£ããã <code>fdiv-inf-nan-FIX.zig</code> ãã¡ã€ã«ã§ã¯ã3çªç®ã®ãã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ãä¿®æ£ãããŠããŸãããã®å€æŽç®æãšçµæã«ã€ããŠè§£èª¬ããŸãã
ãã®ä¿®æ£ã§ã¯ã<code>fdiv(0.0, 0.0)</code> ã®çµæã <code>nan</code> ã§ãããã©ããã確èªããããã«ã <code>std.math.isNan</code> 颿°ã䜿çšããŠããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯ãäžããããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãéæ° (<code>nan</code>) ã§ãããã©ãããå€å®ããŸãã
ä¿®æ£åŸã®ã³ãŒããå®è¡ãããšãå
šãŠã®ãã¹ãã±ãŒã¹ãæåããæåŸ
éãã®çµæãåŸãããŸããã
ãã®ä¿®æ£ã«ããã<code>fdiv</code> 颿°ãéæ° (<code>nan</code>) ãè¿ãå Žåã«æ£åžžã«ãã¹ããéãããã«ãªããŸããã
=== 倿° ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã§ã¯ã倿°ã¯ååãæã£ãé£ç¶ããã¡ã¢ãªãŒé åã§ãåãæã¡ãŸãã
倿°ã¯ã宣èšãå¿
èŠã§ãã
# ''' 倿°ã®å®£èš:'''
#:<code>var</code> ããŒã¯ãŒããŸã㯠<code>const</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå€æ°ã宣èšããŸãã<code>const</code> ã䜿çšããããšãäžè¬çã§ãããããã«ããã³ãŒãã®èªã¿ããããåäžããæé©åã®æ©äŒãå¢ããŸãã
# ''' å€éšã®å€æ°ãžã®ãªã³ã¯:'''
#:<code>extern</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã <code>[[#@extern|@extern]]</code> çµã¿èŸŒã¿é¢æ°ã䜿çšããŠãä»ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ããããšã¯ã¹ããŒãããã倿°ãšãªã³ã¯ããããšãã§ããŸãã
# ''' èå¥å:'''
#:倿°ã®èå¥åã¯ãã¢ã«ãã¡ããããŸãã¯ã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ã§å§ãŸãããã®åŸã«ä»»æã®æ°ã®è±æ°åãŸãã¯ã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ãç¶ããŸãããŸããããŒã¯ãŒããšã®éè€ã¯èš±ãããŸããïŒãšã¹ã±ãŒãããæ¹æ³ã¯ãããŸãïŒãâ [[#èå¥å|èå¥å]]
# ''' ã³ã³ããã¬ãã«ã®å€æ°:'''
#:ã³ã³ããã¬ãã«ã®å€æ°ã¯ãéçãªã©ã€ãã¿ã€ã ãæã¡ãã³ã³ããå
ã§å®£èšããããããã³ã³ãããè©äŸ¡ããããšåæåãããŸãããããã¯ãæ§é äœãå
±çšäœãåæåããŸãã¯äžéæãªåã®å
éšã§å®£èšããããšãã§ããŸãã
# ''' éçããŒã«ã«å€æ°:'''
#:颿°å
ã§ã³ã³ããã䜿çšããããšã§ãéçãªããŒã«ã«å€æ°ãäœæããããšãå¯èœã§ãã
# ''' ã¹ã¬ããããŒã«ã«å€æ°:'''
#:<code>threadlocal</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠãã¹ã¬ããããšã«ç°ãªã倿°ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãäœæããããšãã§ããŸãã
# ''' ããŒã«ã«å€æ°:'''
#:颿°å
ã <code>comptime</code> ãããã¯å
ã§äœ¿çšããã倿°ã¯ãããŒã«ã«å€æ°ãšåŒã°ããŸãããããã¯ã颿°ããããã¯ã®ã¹ã³ãŒãå
ã§ã®ã¿æå¹ã§ãã
# ''' ã³ã³ãã€ã«æå€æ°:'''
#:<code>comptime</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããããšã§ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å€ãããã倿°ãå®çŸ©ããããšãã§ããŸãã
Zigèšèªã§ã¯ããããã®å€æ°ã®ã¿ã€ããã¹ã³ãŒããå©çšããŠãå¹ççã§å®å
šãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãå¯èœã§ãã
==== åãä¿æããconst倿° ====
Zigã§ã¯åã«ååãä»ããããã«ã倿°ã䜿ãããŸãã
;åãä¿æããconst倿°ã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const Complex = struct {
real: f64,
imag: f64,
};
const Colour = enum {
red,
green,
blue,
};
const Number = union {
int: i64,
float: f64,
};
</syntaxhighlight>
==== æ§æ ====
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
var-decl = ( "const" | "var" ) IDENTIFIER [ ":" type-expr ] [ byte-align ] [ link-section ] [ "=" expr ] ";"
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
:å®é㯠const ã¯ãåãçç¥ã§ããvar ã¯ãåãçç¥ã§ãããäž¡æ¹ãšãåæåãå¿
é ãªãã®ã§<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Assignment Assignment]</ref>
:<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
var-decl = const-var-decl | var-var-decl
const-var-decl = "const" IDENTIFIER [ ":" type-expr ] [ byte-align ] [ link-section ] "=" expr ";"
var-var-decl = "var" IDENTIFIER ":" type-expr [ byte-align ] [ link-section ] "=" expr ";"
</syntaxhighlight>
: ãšæå³è«ãå å³ãããšãªããŸãã
: var 倿°ã®å Žåã¯ãäžå®å€ãšããŠããªããã£ãå€ã® <code>undefined</code> ã§åæåããããšãã§ããŸã<ref name=undefined>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#undefined undefined]</ref>ã
:: undefinedã¯ãä»»æã®åã«[[#å匷å¶|匷å¶]]( ''be coerced'' )ããããšãã§ããŸããäžæŠãããèµ·ãããšãå€ãundefinedã§ããããšãæ€åºããããšãã§ããªããªããŸãã undefinedã¯ãå€ãäœã«ã§ããªãåŸãããšãæå³ããåã«ããã°ç¡æå³ãªãã®ã§ãããããåŸãããšãæå³ããŸããè±èªã§ undefined㯠"Not a meaningful value. Using this value would be a bug. The value will be unused, or overwritten before being used."ïŒæå³ã®ãªãå€ããã®å€ã䜿ããšãã°ã«ãªãããã®å€ã¯äœ¿ãããªããã䜿ãããåã«äžæžããããã§ãããïŒãšããæå³ã§ãïŒãã ãããŒã«ã«å€æ°ã䜿ãããªããšãerror: unused local variable ãšãªããŸãïŒã
==== const 倿° ====
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ããŒã¯ãŒã <code>const</code> ã§å®£èšããã倿°ã¯ãå¿
ãåæåãå¿
èŠã§ã宣èšä»¥éã¯å€ã倿Žããããšã¯ã§ããŸããïŒã€ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«ïŒã
const 倿°ã®å®£èšã®ãšãåãçç¥ããããšãåæå€ããåãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã決ããŠãããŸãïŒåæšè«ïŒã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight="1-2,5">
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const i = 0;
try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
i = 0
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã<code>const</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿ã£ãŠå®æ°ã宣èšãããã®å€ãåºåããŠããŸãã
以äžã«ããã®ã³ãŒãã®åéšåã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã
* <code>const std = @import("std");</code>ïŒ<code>std</code> ãšããååã§æšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãã€ã³ããŒãããŸããããã«ãããæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã®æ©èœã䜿ãããšãã§ããŸãã
* <code>const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();</code>ïŒæšæºåºåã衚ã <code>stdout</code> ãšããååã®ã©ã€ã¿ãŒãååŸããŸããããã«ãããããã°ã©ã ã¯æšæºåºåã«ããã¹ããæžã蟌ãããšãã§ããŸãã
* <code>pub fn main() !void {</code>ïŒããã°ã©ã ã®ãšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ãã§ãã <code>main</code> 颿°ã宣èšããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯ãæ»ãå€ãšããŠãšã©ãŒãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãããããã<code>!void</code> åãè¿ããŸãã<code>pub</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã¯ããã®é¢æ°ãå€éšããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã§ããããšã瀺ããŸãã
* <code>const i = 0;</code>ïŒ<code>i</code> ãšããååã®å®æ°ã宣èšããåæå€ãšããŠæŽæ° <code>0</code> ãäžããŸãããã®å®æ°ã¯åŸã§äœ¿çšãããŸãã
* <code>try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});</code>ïŒæšæºåºåã«æååãæžã蟌ãããã« <code>print</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŸãã<code>"i = {}\n"</code> ã®éšåã¯ãã©ãŒãããæååã§ããã<code>{}</code> ã®äœçœ®ã« <code>i</code> ã®å€ãæ¿å
¥ãããŸãã<code>.{i}</code> ã¯ã倿° <code>i</code> ã®å€ãæ¿å
¥ããããã®ç¹å¥ãªæ§æã§ãã
==== var 倿° ====
{{å
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ããŒã¯ãŒã <code>var</code> ã§å€æ°ã宣èšãããšããåæåã¯å¿
é ã§ãããŸããã€ã§ãå€ã倿Žããããšã¯ã§ããŸãã
var 倿°ã®å®£èšã§ã¯ãåãçç¥ããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight="5,7,9">
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var i : isize = 0;
try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});
i = 12;
try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});
i *= i;
try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
i = 0
i = 12
i = 144
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã<code>var</code> ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå¯å€ã®å€æ°ã宣èšãããã®å€ã倿ŽããŠããŸãã
以äžã«ããã®ã³ãŒãã®åéšåã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã
* <code>const std = @import("std");</code>ïŒæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã <code>std</code> ãšããŠã€ã³ããŒãããŸãã
* <code>const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();</code>ïŒæšæºåºåã衚ã <code>stdout</code> ãšããååã®ã©ã€ã¿ãŒãååŸããŸãã
* <code>pub fn main() !void {</code>ïŒããã°ã©ã ã®ãšã³ããªãŒãã€ã³ãã§ãã <code>main</code> 颿°ã宣èšããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯ããšã©ãŒãè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãããããã<code>!void</code> åãè¿ããŸãã
* <code>var i : isize = 0;</code>ïŒ<code>i</code> ãšããååã®å€æ°ã宣èšããåãšã㊠<code>isize</code> ãæå®ããŠåæå€ãšããŠæŽæ° <code>0</code> ãäžããŸãã
* <code>try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});</code>ïŒæšæºåºåã«æååãæžã蟌ãããã« <code>print</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŸãã<code>"i = {}\n"</code> ã®éšåã¯ãã©ãŒãããæååã§ããã<code>{}</code> ã®äœçœ®ã« <code>i</code> ã®å€ãæ¿å
¥ãããŸãã
* <code>i = 12;</code>ïŒå€æ° <code>i</code> ã®å€ã <code>12</code> ã«å€æŽããŸãã
* <code>try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});</code>ïŒ<code>print</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠã倿ŽåŸã® <code>i</code> ã®å€ãæšæºåºåã«åºåããŸãã
* <code>i *= i;</code>ïŒå€æ° <code>i</code> ã®å€ãèªä¹ããŠå代å
¥ããŸãã
* <code>try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i});</code>ïŒ<code>print</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠãå代å
¥åŸã® <code>i</code> ã®å€ãæšæºåºåã«åºåããŸãã
==== 倿°ã®ã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°ã¯çŠæ¢ ====
倿°ã¯ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã®å€æ°ã[[#ã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°|ã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°]]ããããšã¯èš±ãããŸãã<ref name="Identifiers">[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Identifiers Identifiers]</ref>ã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/yRqEgKgW7ltWYjOc å€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã®èå¥åãã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°ããããšã¯èš±ãããŸãã]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight="1,3">
const x = 0;
pub fn main() !void {
var x : isize = 1;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ã³ãã€ã«çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
main.zig:3:9: error: local variable shadows declaration of 'x'
main.zig:1:1: note: declared here
(exit status 1)
</syntaxhighlight>
ãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžã«ããã°ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã§å®£èšããã <code>x</code> ãããŒã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒãã§å床宣èšãããããããšã©ãŒãçºçããããšãããããŸããZigã§ã¯ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã®å€æ°ãã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã°ããããšã¯èš±ãããŠããªãããããã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒãšãªããŸãã
==== èå¥å ====
{{å
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èå¥åã¯è±æ°åãã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ã§å§ãŸããè±æ°åãã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ãããã€ã§ãç¶ãããšãã§ããŸã<ref name="Identifiers"/>ããŸããããŒã¯ãŒããšéãªã£ãŠã¯ãããŸãã<ref name="Identifiers"/>ã
{{See also|#ããŒã¯ãŒãäžèЧ}}
å€éšã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒãšã®ãªã³ã¯ãªã©ããããã®èŠä»¶ã«é©åããªãååãå¿
èŠãªå Žåã¯ã@""æ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const @"identifier with spaces in it" = 0xff;
const @"1SmallStep4Man" = 112358;
const c = @import("std").c;
pub extern "c" fn @"error"() void;
pub extern "c" fn @"fstat$INODE64"(fd: c.fd_t, buf: *c.Stat) c_int;
const Color = enum {
red,
@"really red",
};
const color: Color = .@"really red";
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãZigã§èå¥åã«ã¹ããŒã¹ãå«ãŸããå Žåããæ°åã§å§ãŸãèå¥åã䜿çšããæ¹æ³ãããã³å€éšC颿°ã«èå¥åãä»ããæ¹æ³ã瀺ããŠããŸãã
以äžã«ãåéšåã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã
# <code>const @"identifier with spaces in it" = 0xff;</code>ïŒã¹ããŒã¹ãå«ãŸããèå¥åã䜿çšããŠã宿°ã宣èšããŠããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããã«ã¯ã©ãŒãã§å²ãŸããæååãèå¥åãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
# <code>const @"1SmallStep4Man" = 112358;</code>ïŒæ°åã§å§ãŸãèå¥åã䜿çšããŠã宿°ã宣èšããŠããŸããåæ§ã«ãããã«ã¯ã©ãŒãã§å²ãŸããæååãèå¥åãšããŠäœ¿çšããŠããŸãã
# <code>const c = @import("std").c;</code>ïŒå€éšã©ã€ãã©ãªãã€ã³ããŒãããŠããã®äžéšã <code>c</code> ãšããååã§å®æ°ãšããŠäœ¿çšããŸããããã«ãããå€éšã®Cã©ã€ãã©ãªã§å®çŸ©ãããåã颿°ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããšãã§ããŸãã
# <code>pub extern "c" fn @"error"() void;</code>ïŒå€éšC颿°ã«èå¥åãä»ããŠå®£èšããŠããŸãã<code>extern "c"</code> ã¯Cèšèªã®åŒã³åºãèŠçŽãæå®ãã<code>void</code> ã¯æ»ãå€ã®åã瀺ããŠããŸãã
# <code>pub extern "c" fn @"fstat$INODE64"(fd: c.fd_t, buf: *c.Stat) c_int;</code>ïŒåæ§ã«ãå€éšC颿°ã«èå¥åãä»ããŠå®£èšããŠããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯åŒæ°ãåãã<code>c_int</code> åãæ»ãå€ãšããŠè¿ããŸãã
# <code>const Color = enum { red, @"really red", };</code>ïŒåæå <code>Color</code> ãå®çŸ©ããŠããŸãã<code>@"really red"</code> ã®ããã«ãåæåã«ãèå¥åãä»ããããšãã§ããŸãã
# <code>const color: Color = .@"really red";</code>ïŒ<code>Color</code> åæåã®å€æ° <code>color</code> ã宣èšãã<code>@"really red"</code> ã®åæåãåæå€ãšããŠæå®ããŠããŸãã
ãã®ããã«ãZigã§ã¯èå¥åã«ã¹ããŒã¹ãæ°åãå«ããããšãã§ãããŸãèå¥åãå€éšC颿°ã«ä»ããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããç°ãªãååä»ãèŠåãæã€ã©ã€ãã©ãªã颿°ãZigã®ã³ãŒããã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
:https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Identifiers ããåŒçš
=== æŽæ° ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
==== æŽæ°ãªãã©ã« ====
Zigã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªæŽæ°ãªãã©ã«ã®è¡šçŸããµããŒããããŠããŸãã
* 10鲿°ïŒ<code>const decimal_int = 98222;</code>
* 16鲿°ïŒ<code>const hex_int = 0xff;</code>
* 8鲿°ïŒ<code>const octal_int = 0o755;</code>
* 2鲿°ïŒ<code>const binary_int = 0b11110000;</code>
* ã¢ã³ããŒã¹ã³ã¢ã䜿çšããèŠèŠçãªåºåãïŒ<code>const one_billion = 1_000_000_000;</code>
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
INTEGER = "0b" bin_int skip
| "0o" oct_int skip
| "0x" hex_int skip
| dec_int skip
skip = ([ \n] | line_comment)*
bin = "0" | "1"
bin_ = [ '_' ] bin
oct = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7"
oct_ = [ '_' ] oct
hex = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
| "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f"
| "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F"
hex_ = [ '_' ] hex
dec = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
dec_ = [ '_' ] dec
bin_int = bin bin_*
oct_int = oct oct_*
dec_int = dec dec_*
hex_int = hex hex_*
</syntaxhighlight>
: <ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>ã
: 2鲿°ã»8鲿°ã»16鲿°ã¯ãããã <code>0b</code>ã»<code>0o</code>ã»<code>0x</code> ãå眮ããŸãã
:: ä»ã®å€ãã®èšèªãšç°ãªã <code>0</code> ã®æ¬¡ã®æåã¯å°æåãå¿
é ã§ã倧æåã¯åãä»ããŸããã
==== å®è¡æã®æŽæ°å€ ====
æŽæ°ãªãã©ã«ã«ã¯ãµã€ãºå¶éããªããäžæãªåäœãçºçããå Žåã«ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãããããã£ããããŸãã
ãã ããæŽæ°å€ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã¯äžæã§ããå Žåããµã€ãºã倿ããŠããå¿
èŠããããæªå®çŸ©ã®åäœã®åœ±é¿ãåããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
fn divide(a: i32, b: i32) i32 {
return a / b;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ãããªé¢æ°ã§ã¯ãå€ <code>a</code> ãš <code>b</code> ã¯å®è¡æã®ã¿ã«å€æããããããã®é€ç®æäœã¯æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒããŒãé€ç®ã®åœ±é¿ãåããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
==== æŒç®å ====
æŽæ°æŒç®ã§ã¯ã<code>+</code> ã <code>-</code> ãªã©ã®æŒç®åã¯æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒã«å¯ŸããŠæªå®çŸ©ã®åäœãåŒãèµ·ãããŸãã代ããã«ããã¹ãŠã®ã¿ãŒã²ããã«å¯ŸããŠã©ããã³ã°ããã³ãµãã¥ã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°æŒç®ãè¡ãããã®ä»£æ¿æŒç®åãæäŸãããŠããŸãã
* ã©ããã³ã°æŒç®åïŒ<code>+%</code> ããã³ <code>-%</code>
* ãµãã¥ã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°æŒç®åïŒ<code>+|</code> ããã³ <code>-|</code>
Zigã§ã¯ä»»æã®ãããå¹
ã®æŽæ°ããµããŒããããŠããã<code>i</code> ãŸã㯠<code>u</code> ã®åŸã«æ°åãç¶ãèå¥åã䜿çšããŠåç
§ãããŸããããšãã°ã<code>i7</code> ã¯7ãããã®ç¬Šå·ä»ãæŽæ°ã瀺ããŸãã笊å·ä»ãæŽæ°åã®å ŽåãZigã§ã¯2ã®è£æ°è¡šçŸã䜿çšãããŸãã
;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=const+std+%3D+%40import%28%22std%22%29%3B%0Aconst+stdout+%3D+std.io.getStdOut%28%29.writer%28%29%3B%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%21void+%7B%0A++++var+i%3A+i5+%3D+0%3B%0A++++var+j%3A+i4+%3D+0%3B%0A++++var+k%3A+i4+%3D+0%3B%0A%0A++++while+%28i+%3C+20%29+%7B%0A++++++++try+stdout.print%28%22i%3A%7B%7D%2C+j%3A%7B%7D%2C+k%3A%7B%7D%5Cn%22%2C+.%7B+i%2C+j%2C+k+%7D%29%3B%0A++++++++i+%3D+i+%2B+1%3B%0A++++++++j+%3D+j+%2B%25+1%3B%0A++++++++k+%3D+k+%2B%7C+1%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D ã©ããã³ã°æŒç®ããã³ãµãã¥ã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°æŒç®ãšãªãŒããŒãããŒã®äŸ]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var i: i5 = 0;
var j: i4 = 0;
var k: i4 = 0;
while (i < 20) {
try stdout.print("i:{}, j:{}, k:{}\n", .{ i, j, k });
i = i + 1;
j = j +% 1;
k = k +| 1;
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
i:0, j:0, k:0
i:1, j:1, k:1
i:2, j:2, k:2
i:3, j:3, k:3
i:4, j:4, k:4
i:5, j:5, k:5
i:6, j:6, k:6
i:7, j:7, k:7
i:8, j:-8, k:7
i:9, j:-7, k:7
i:10, j:-6, k:7
i:11, j:-5, k:7
i:12, j:-4, k:7
i:13, j:-3, k:7
i:14, j:-2, k:7
i:15, j:-1, k:7
thread 1 panic: integer overflow
/sandbox/src/main.zig:11:15: 0x21e650 in main (main)
i = i + 1;
^
/usr/lib/zig/std/start.zig:574:37: 0x21e4fe in posixCallMainAndExit (main)
const result = root.main() catch |err| {
^
/usr/lib/zig/std/start.zig:243:5: 0x21dfe1 in _start (main)
asm volatile (switch (native_arch) {
^
???:?:?: 0x0 in ??? (???)
(exit status 139)
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®Zigã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãç°ãªããããå¹
ã®æŽæ°åã䜿çšãããããã®æ¯ãèãã瀺ããŠããŸãã以äžã«ã³ãŒãã®è§£èª¬ã瀺ããŸãã
* <code>var i: i5 = 0;</code>ïŒ<code>i</code> ãšããååã®å€æ°ã宣èšããåæå€ãšã㊠<code>0</code> ãäžããŸãããã®å€æ°ã¯ <code>i5</code> åã§ããã5ãããã®ç¬Šå·ä»ãæŽæ°ã衚ããŸãã
* <code>var j: i4 = 0;</code>ïŒ<code>j</code> ãšããååã®å€æ°ã宣èšããåæå€ãšã㊠<code>0</code> ãäžããŸãããã®å€æ°ã¯ <code>i4</code> åã§ããã4ãããã®ç¬Šå·ä»ãæŽæ°ã衚ããŸãã
* <code>var k: i4 = 0;</code>ïŒ<code>k</code> ãšããååã®å€æ°ã宣èšããåæå€ãšã㊠<code>0</code> ãäžããŸãããã®å€æ°ã <code>i4</code> åã§ããã4ãããã®ç¬Šå·ä»ãæŽæ°ã衚ããŸãã
* <code>while (i < 20) { ... }</code>ïŒ<code>i</code> ã®å€ã20æªæºã®éãã«ãŒããç¶ããŸãã
* <code>i = i + 1;</code>ïŒå€æ° <code>i</code> ã®å€ã1å¢å ãããŸãããã®æŒç®ã¯ã<code>i5</code> åã®æŽæ°ã®ç¯å²ãè¶
ããå¯èœæ§ããããåŸã«æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒãçºçããŸãã
* <code>j = j +% 1;</code>ïŒå€æ° <code>j</code> ã®å€ã1å¢å ãããŸããããã§ã¯ã©ããã¢ã©ãŠã³ãæŒç®å <code>+%</code> ã䜿çšããŠããŸããããã«ããã<code>j</code> ã®å€ãç¯å²å€ã«ãªãå Žåã¯0ã«æ»ããŸãã
* <code>k = k +| 1;</code>ïŒå€æ° <code>k</code> ã®å€ã1å¢å ãããŸããããã§ã¯é£œåæŒç®å <code>+|</code> ã䜿çšããŠããŸããããã«ããã<code>k</code> ã®å€ãç¯å²å€ã«ãªãå Žåã¯æå€§å€ã«é£œåããŸãã
ããã°ã©ã ã®å®è¡çµæããã<code>i</code> ã®å€ããªãŒããŒãããŒããæªå®çŸ©ã®æ¯ãèããçºçããŸããããã㯠<code>i5</code> åã®æŽæ°ãç¯å²ãè¶
ããããã§ãããã®ãããªå ŽåãZigã¯æŽæ°ãªãŒããŒãããŒãæ€åºããŠããã°ã©ã ããããã¯ãããŸããäžæ¹ã§ã<code>j</code> ã®å€ã¯ã©ããã³ã°æŒç®åã«ããç¯å²å€ã«ãªãããšãªãã<code>k</code> ã®å€ã¯é£œåæŒç®åã«ããæå€§å€ã§é£œåããŠããŸãã
=== æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ° ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
==== æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®çš®é¡ ====
Zigã§ã¯ã以äžã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åããµããŒããããŠããŸãïŒ
*f16ïŒIEEE-754-2008ãã€ããª16
*f32ïŒIEEE-754-2008ãã€ããª32
*f64ïŒIEEE-754-2008ãã€ããª64
*f80ïŒIEEE-754-2008 80ãããæ¡åŒµç²ŸåºŠ
*f128ïŒIEEE-754-2008ãã€ããª128
*c_longdoubleïŒå¯Ÿè±¡C ABIã®long doubleã«å¯Ÿå¿
==== æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã« ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ã¯ãcomptime_floatåãæã¡ãæå€§ã®ä»ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åïŒf128ïŒãšåãç²ŸåºŠãšæäœãä¿èšŒããŸãã
æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ã¯ãä»»æã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åããã³æŽæ°åïŒå°æ°ç¹ä»¥äžããªãå ŽåïŒã«å€æãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const floating_point = 123.0E+77;
const another_float = 123.0;
const yet_another = 123.0e+77;
const hex_floating_point = 0x103.70p-5;
const another_hex_float = 0x103.70;
const yet_another_hex_float = 0x103.70P-5;
</syntaxhighlight>
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
FLOAT = "0x" hex_int "." hex_int [ ( "p" | "P" ) [ "-" | "+" ] dec_int ] skip
| dec_int "." dec_int [ ( "e" | "E" ) [ "-" | "+" ] dec_int ] skip
| "0x" hex_int ( "p" | "P" ) [ "-" | "+" ] dec_int skip
| dec_int ( "e" | "E" ) [ "-" | "+" ] dec_int skip
</syntaxhighlight>
: <ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>ã
: 10鲿°ã®ã»ãã16鲿°ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸããã2鲿°ã»8鲿°ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ã«ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸããã
: 16鲿°ã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãªãã©ã«ããææ°éšã¯10鲿°ã§ãã
==== ç¹æ®ãªæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°å€ ====
NaNãç¡é倧ãè² ã®ç¡é倧ã®ããã®æ§æã¯ãããŸããããããã®ç¹æ®ãªå€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã䜿çšããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const inf = std.math.inf(f32);
const negative_inf = -std.math.inf(f64);
const nan = std.math.nan(f128);
</syntaxhighlight>
==== æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®æŒç® ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ããã©ã«ãã§ã¯ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®æŒç®ã¯Strictã¢ãŒãã䜿çšããŸããããããã¯ããšã«Optimizedã¢ãŒãã«åãæ¿ããããšãã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
export fn foo_strict(x: f64) f64 {
return x + big - big;
}
export fn foo_optimized(x: f64) f64 {
@setFloatMode(.Optimized);
return x + big - big;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
äžèšã®äŸã§ã¯ãæŒç®ãStrictã¢ãŒããšOptimizedã¢ãŒãã§æ¯èŒããŠããŸãã
=== æŒç®å ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã®æŒç®åã®æŠèŠã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãïŒ
==== å ç®ãšæžç® ====
* å ç®ïŒ<code>a + b</code>ã<code>a += b</code>
* æžç®ïŒ<code>a - b</code>ã<code>a -= b</code>
* ã©ããå ç®ïŒ<code>a +% b</code>ã<code>a +%= b</code>
* ã©ããæžç®ïŒ<code>a -% b</code>ã<code>a -%= b</code>
* 飜åå ç®ïŒ<code>a +| b</code>ã<code>a +|= b</code>
* é£œåæžç®ïŒ<code>a -| b</code>ã<code>a -|= b</code>
==== ä¹ç®ãšé€ç® ====
* ä¹ç®ïŒ<code>a * b</code>ã<code>a *= b</code>
* é€ç®ïŒ<code>a / b</code>ã<code>a /= b</code>
* ã©ããä¹ç®ïŒ<code>a *% b</code>ã<code>a *%= b</code>
* 飜åä¹ç®ïŒ<code>a *| b</code>ã<code>a *|= b</code>
* å°äœé€ç®ïŒ<code>a % b</code>ã<code>a %= b</code>
==== ãããæŒç® ====
* ãããã·ããïŒå·Šã·ãã <code>a << b</code>ãå³ã·ãã <code>a >> b</code>
* ããã ANDïŒ<code>a & b</code>ã<code>a &= b</code>
* ããã ORïŒ<code>a | b</code>ã<code>a |= b</code>
* ããã XORïŒ<code>a ^ b</code>ã<code>a ^= b</code>
* ããã NOTïŒ<code>~a</code>
==== è«çæŒç® ====
* è«ç ANDïŒ<code>a and b</code>
* è«ç ORïŒ<code>a or b</code>
* è«ç NOTïŒ<code>!a</code>
==== æ¯èŒæŒç®å ====
* çããïŒ<code>a == b</code>
* çãããªãïŒ<code>a != b</code>
* 倧ãªãïŒ<code>a > b</code>
* 倧ãªãã€ã³ãŒã«ïŒ<code>a >= b</code>
* å°ãªãïŒ<code>a < b</code>
* å°ãªãã€ã³ãŒã«ïŒ<code>a <= b</code>
==== ãªãã·ã§ãã«ãšãšã©ãŒåŠç ====
* ãªãã·ã§ãã«ã®ããã©ã«ãå€ååŸïŒ<code>a orelse b</code>
* ãªãã·ã§ãã«ã®ã¢ã³ã©ããïŒ<code>a.?</code>
* ãšã©ãŒåŠçã®ããã©ã«ãå€ååŸïŒ<code>a catch b</code>ã<code>a catch |err| b</code>
==== ãã®ä» ====
* ã¢ãã¬ã¹ååŸïŒ<code>&a</code>
* ãã€ã³ã¿ã®åç
§ïŒ<code>a.*</code>
æŒç®åã®è©³çްã¯ãZigã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ãããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ãåç
§ããŠãã ããã
=== å¶åŸ¡æ§é ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã¯ããã颿°åããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠãããå€ãã®æ§æãå€ãæã¡ãŸãã
Zigã®å¶åŸ¡æ§é ã®å€ãã¯åŒæ§æãšææ§æãæã¡ãŸãïŒäŸå€ã¯ [[#switch]] ã§åŒæ§æãããããŸããïŒã
以äžã[[Kotlin#åå²]]ãããäžéšã®äŸãç§»æ€ããŸããã
==== åå² ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ã[[#if]] ãš [[#switch]] ã®ïŒã€ã®å岿§æããããŸãã
===== if =====
Zigã§ã¯ã<code>if</code> ã¯å€ãåå²ãã ifåŒ ãšãããã¯ãåå²ãã ifæ ããããŸãã
;æ§æ(EBNF)<ref name="peg-to-ebnf">[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Grammar Grammar]ããæç²ãåæã¯PEG(Parsing Expression Grammar)ãªã®ã§çµç«¯åã®èšæ³ãªã©ã¯ã¢ã¬ã³ãžããŠããŸãã</ref>:<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
if-expr = if-prefix expr [ "else" [ payload ] expr ]
if-prefix = "if" "(" expr ")" [ ptr-payload ]
payload = "|" IDENTIFIER "|"
ptr-payload = "|" [ "*" ] IDENTIFIER "|"
if-statement = if-prefix block-expr [ "else" [ payload ] statement ]
| if-prefix assign-expr ( â;â | "else" [ payload ] statement )
block-expr = [ block-label ] block
block-label = IDENTIFIER ":"
block = "{" statement* "}"
assign-expr = expr [ assign-op expr ]
assign-op = "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" ...ïŒç¥ïŒ
</syntaxhighlight>
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/QcMQ37j87DHcVBBA ifåŒã®äŸ]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=8 line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const i = 0;
if (i == 0)
try stdout.writeAll("zero\n") // ããã« ; ããããšãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã
else
try stdout.writeAll("non zero\n");
try stdout.print(if (i == 0)
"ãŒã\n"
else
"éãŒã\n", .{});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
zero
ãŒã
</syntaxhighlight>
: 8è¡ç®ã« ; ããããš if åŒãããã§çµãã£ãŠããŸããelse ãšçµåã§ããŸããããããã¯ã䜿ãã°âŠ
;ifæã«å€æŽ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=2 start=7 line>
if (i == 0) {
try stdout.writeAll("zero\n"); // ãããã¯äžãªãã° ; ããã£ãŠããšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸããã
} else {
try stdout.writeAll("non zero\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: ãš ; ã䜿ãããšãã§ããŸã<ref>ãã®å Žåãææ³çã«ã¯ if-exprïŒifåŒïŒã§ã¯ãªã if-statmentïŒifæïŒã«ãªããŸãã</ref>ã
====== æ¡ä»¶äžæç«ã§elseãçç¥ãããš ======
ifåŒã§ãæ¡ä»¶ãæç«ããelseãçç¥ããããšããåŒã®å€ã¯ <code>void</code> ãšãªããŸãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/GAyh2Mk0KK0AFLwT æ¡ä»¶äžæç«ã§elseãçç¥ãããš]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight=5 line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("if (false) 1 => {}\n", .{ if (false) 1 });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
if (false) 1 => void
</syntaxhighlight>
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/OCdAr0VGlXu42dOK æ¡ä»¶åŒã«æŽæ°ã䜿ããš]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight=7>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const i = 0;
if (i) {
try stdout.writeAll("not zero");
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
./main.zig:7:9: error: expected type 'bool', found 'comptime_int'
if (i) {
^
</syntaxhighlight>
:: Zigã§ã¯ãif ã«éãããæ¡ä»¶åŒã¯ã[[#bool|bool]]ã[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«å]]ãããã¯[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ã§ãªããã°ãããŸããã
::<syntaxhighlight lang=Scala start=7 line highlight=1>
if (i != 0) {
</syntaxhighlight>
::ãšããŸãã
====== ãªãã·ã§ãã«åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããif ======
ifã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ã¯[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«å]]( ?T )ã䜿ãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãããã®å Žåã¯ãéåžžã®å€ã®ã»ã null ãæ³å®ã§ããnull ã«åºäŒã£ãå Žå㯠else ç¯ãå®è¡ãããŸãã
{{See also|[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile|ãªãã·ã§ãã«åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile]]}}
;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=const+std+%3D+%40import%28%22std%22%29%3B%0Aconst+stdout+%3D+std.io.getStdOut%28%29.writer%28%29%3B%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%21void+%7B%0A++++var+a%3A+%3Fu16+%3D+42%3B%0A++++if+%28a%29+%7C*value%7C+%7B%0A++++++++try+stdout.print%28%22value.*+%3D+%7B%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Bvalue.*%2C+%40TypeOf%28value.*%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++++++value.*+%3D+123%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++unreachable%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++if+%28a%29+%7Cn%7C+%7B%0A++++++++try+stdout.print%28%22n+%3D+%7B%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Bn%2C+%40TypeOf%28n%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++unreachable%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++a+%3D+null%3B%0A++++if+%28a%29+%7C_%7C+%7B%0A++++++++unreachable%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++try+stdout.print%28%22a+%3D+%7B%3F%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Ba%2C+%40TypeOf%28a%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D nullable-if.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var a: ?u16 = 42;
if (a) |*value| {
try stdout.print("value.* = {}({})\n", .{value.*, @TypeOf(value.*)});
value.* = 123;
} else {
unreachable;
}
if (a) |n| {
try stdout.print("n = {}({})\n", .{n, @TypeOf(n)});
} else {
unreachable;
}
a = null;
if (a) |_| {
unreachable;
} else {
try stdout.print("a = {?}({})\n", .{a, @TypeOf(a)});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
value.* = 42(u16)
n = 123(u16)
a = null(?u16)
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã§ã¯ã<code>a</code>ãšããååã®ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å€æ°ãå®çŸ©ããæåã«å€ <code>42</code> ã§åæåããŠããŸãã
次ã«ãæåã®ifæã§ã¯ã<code>a</code>ã<code>null</code>ã§ãªãå Žåã«ãããã¯å
ã®åŠçãå®è¡ãããŸãããã®å Žåã<code>|*value|</code>æ§æã䜿ã£ãŠãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å€ãåãåºãããã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã<code>value</code>ã«å²ãåœãŠãŠããŸãããã®åŸãåãåºããå€ãåºåããŠããããã®å€ã<code>123</code>ã«æžãæããŠããŸãã
2çªç®ã®ifæãåæ§ã«ã<code>a</code>ã<code>null</code>ã§ãªãå Žåã«ãããã¯å
ã®åŠçãå®è¡ãããŸãããã ãããã¡ãã§ã¯<code>|n|</code>ã®æ§æã䜿ã£ãŠãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å€ãã®ãã®ãåãåºãããã®å€ãåºåããŠããŸãã
æåŸã®ifæã§ã¯ã<code>a</code>ã«<code>null</code>ãå²ãåœãŠãŠããŸãããã®åŸã<code>a</code>ã<code>null</code>ã§ãããã©ããããã§ãã¯ãã<code>null</code>ã®å Žåã«ã¯<code>else</code>ãããã¯å
ã®åŠçãå®è¡ãããŸããããã§ã¯ã<code>|_|</code>ã®æ§æã䜿ã£ãŠãåãåºãå€ããªãããšã瀺ããŠããŸãããã®åŸã<code>a</code>ã<code>null</code>ã§ããããšãåºåããŠããŸãã
å®è¡çµæãèŠããšãããããã®ifæãæ¡ä»¶ã«å¿ããŠæ£ããåäœããŠããããšãããããŸãã
====== ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããif ======
ifã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ã¯[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]( !T )ã䜿ãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãããã®å Žåã¯ãéåžžã®å€ã®ã»ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒããæ³å®ã§ãããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã«åºäŒã£ãå Žå㯠else |err| ç¯ãå®è¡ãããerr ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã§ãã
{{See also|[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile]]}}
;[https://codapi.org/embed/?sandbox=zig&code=const+std+%3D+%40import%28%22std%22%29%3B%0Aconst+stdout+%3D+std.io.getStdOut%28%29.writer%28%29%3B%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%21void+%7B++++%0A++++var+b%3A+anyerror%21u32+%3D+error.BadValue%3B%0A++++try+stdout.print%28%22b+%3D+%7Bany%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Bb%2C+%40TypeOf%28b%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++if+%28b%29+%7C_%7C+%7B%0A++++++++unreachable%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7Cerr%7C+%7B%0A++++++++try+stdout.print%28%22err+%3D+%7B%3F%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Berr%2C+%40TypeOf%28err%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++b+%3D+4423%3B%0A++++try+stdout.print%28%22b+%3D+%7Bany%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Bb%2C+%40TypeOf%28b%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++if+%28b%29+%7Cn%7C+%7B%0A++++++++try+stdout.print%28%22n+%3D+%7B%7D%28%7B%7D%29%5Cn%22%2C+.%7Bn%2C+%40TypeOf%28n%29%7D%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7C_%7C+%7B%0A++++++++unreachable%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D errorunion-if.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var b: anyerror!u32 = error.BadValue;
try stdout.print("b = {any}({})\n", .{b, @TypeOf(b)});
if (b) |_| {
unreachable;
} else |err| {
try stdout.print("err = {?}({})\n", .{err, @TypeOf(err)});
}
b = 4423;
try stdout.print("b = {any}({})\n", .{b, @TypeOf(b)});
if (b) |n| {
try stdout.print("n = {}({})\n", .{n, @TypeOf(n)});
} else |_| {
unreachable;
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
b = error.BadValue(anyerror!u32)
err = error.BadValue(anyerror)
b = 4423(anyerror!u32)
n = 4423(u32)
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã§ã¯ã<code>b</code>ãšããååã®ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã®å€æ°ãå®çŸ©ããæåã«<code>error.BadValue</code>ãšãããšã©ãŒã³ãŒããå²ãåœãŠãŸãã
次ã«ãæåã®ifæã§ã¯ã<code>b</code>ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒããæã£ãŠããå Žåã«ã¯<code>else |err|</code>ãããã¯å
ã®åŠçãå®è¡ãããŸãããã®å Žåã<code>|err|</code>ã®æ§æã䜿ã£ãŠãšã©ãŒã³ãŒããåãåºãããã®ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒãããããã°åºåããŠããŸãã
2çªç®ã®ifæãåæ§ã«ã<code>b</code>ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒããæã£ãŠããå Žåã«ã¯<code>else |_|</code>ãããã¯å
ã®åŠçãå®è¡ãããŸãããã ãããã¡ãã§ã¯<code>|n|</code>ã®æ§æã䜿ã£ãŠãšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã®å€ãã®ãã®ãåãåºãããã®å€ããããã°åºåããŠããŸãã
å®è¡çµæãèŠããšãããããã®ifæãæ¡ä»¶ã«å¿ããŠæ£ããåäœããŠããããšãããããŸããæåã®å Žåã§ã¯ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒããåºåããã2çªç®ã®å Žåã§ã¯æ£åžžãªå€ãåºåãããŠããŸãã
===== switch =====
Zigã§ã¯ã<code>switch</code> ã¯åŒã§å€ãè¿ããŸããswitchæã¯ãããŸãããswitch-prongïŒåå²å
ïŒã®å€ã®åã¯äžèŽããŠããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
switch-expr = "switch" "(" expr ")" "{" switch-prong-list "}"
switch-prong-list = (switch-prong "," )* [ switch-prong ]
switch-prong = switch-case "=>" [ ptr-payload ] assign-expr
switch-case = switch-item ( "," switch-item )* [ "," ] | "else"
switch-item = expr [ "..." expr ]
</syntaxhighlight><ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/xhVUSAwvUzfCqnTi switch.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig ine>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const ary = .{1, 'Z', 3.14, .{1,2,3}, true, void, null, i64};
inline for (ary) |obj| {
switch (@typeInfo(@TypeOf(obj))) {
.ComptimeInt => try stdout.print("ComptimeInt: {}\n", .{obj}),
.ComptimeFloat => try stdout.print("ComptimeFloat: {}\n", .{obj}),
.Struct => try stdout.print("Struct: {}\n", .{obj}),
.Bool => try stdout.print("Bool: {}\n", .{obj}),
.Type => try stdout.print("Type: {}\n", .{obj}),
.Null => try stdout.print("Null: {}\n", .{obj}),
else => try stdout.print("{}\n", .{@typeInfo(@TypeOf(obj))})
}
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
ComptimeInt: 1
ComptimeInt: 90
ComptimeFloat: 3.14e+00
Struct: { 1, 2, 3 }
Bool: true
Type: void
Null: null
Type: i64
</syntaxhighlight>
==== å埩 ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ã[[#while]] ãš [[#for]] ã®ïŒã€ã®ååŸ©æ§æããããŸãã
===== while =====
<code>while</code>ã¯æ¡ä»¶ãæç«ããŠããéãç¹°ãè¿ããè¡ããŸããæ¡ä»¶ããããã¯å
ã§è©äŸ¡ãããæ¡ä»¶ãåœã«ãªããŸã§ç¶ããŸãã<code>while</code>ã«ã¯<code>else</code>ç¯ããããã«ãŒãå®äºåŸã«å®è¡ãããŸãããŸããã©ãã«ãä»ããŠãã¹ãããã«ãŒãããã®<code>break</code>ã<code>continue</code>ãå¯èœã§ãããªãã·ã§ãã«åããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã®æ¡ä»¶ãåãä»ãããããã®å€ããã£ããã£ã§ããŸããã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åãå¯èœã§ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®æé©åãåã®å©çšãå¯èœã§ãã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
loop-expr = [ "inline" ] ( for-expr | while-expr )
while-expr = while-prefix expr [ "else" [ payload ] expr ]
while-prefix = "while" "(" expr ")" [ ptr-payload ] [ while-continue-expr ]
while-continue-expr = ":" "(" assign-expr ")"
while-statement = while-prefix block-expr [ "else" [ pay-load ] statement ]
| while-prefix assign-expr ( â;â | "else" [ payload ] statement )
</syntaxhighlight>
:å€ãã®æ§æèŠçŽ ã¯ <code>if</code> ãšå
±éããŠããã®ã§ [[#if]] ã®æ§æãåç
§ããŠãã ãã<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>ã
: Zigãã[[python]]ã®ããã« [[Python/æ¡ä»¶åå²ãšç¹°ãè¿ã#ã«ãŒãã«ã€ã¥ãelseç¯|else ã䌎ãããšã®ã§ãã while]] ã§ãã
====== whileã®äŸ ======
;while.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight="3-5" line>
pub fn main() !void {
var i: usize = 1;
while (i < 50) : (i += 1) {
try stdout.print("{}! == {}\n", .{ i, fib(i) });
}
}
fn fib(n: usize) usize {
return if (n < 2) n else fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
}
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const std = @import("std");
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
An error occurred:
1! == 1
2! == 1
3! == 2
4! == 3
5! == 5
6! == 8
7! == 13
8! == 21
9! == 34
10! == 55
11! == 89
12! == 144
13! == 233
14! == 377
15! == 610
16! == 987
17! == 1597
18! == 2584
19! == 4181
20! == 6765
21! == 10946
22! == 17711
23! == 28657
24! == 46368
25! == 75025
26! == 121393
27! == 196418
28! == 317811
29! == 514229
30! == 832040
31! == 1346269
32! == 2178309
33! == 3524578
34! == 5702887
35! == 9227465
36! == 14930352
37! == 24157817
38! == 39088169
39! == 63245986
</syntaxhighlight>
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig start=3 line>
while (i < 50) : (i += 1) {
try stdout.print("{}! == {}\n", .{ i, fib(i) });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:ã¯
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig start=3 line>
while (i < 50) {
try stdout.print("{}! == {}\n", .{ i, fib(i) });
i += 1;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: ãšç䟡ã§ã远å ã®åŒã¯Cèšèªã® for (;;) ã®äžé
ç®ã«ããããŸãã
====== elseã䌎ã£ãwhileã®äŸ ======
;while-with-else.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
var i: usize = 0;
while (i < 5) : (i += 1) {
try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
} else {
try stdout.writeAll("done!\n");
}
i = 0;
while (i < 50) : (i += 1) {
try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
if (i == 10) {
try stdout.writeAll("break!\n");
break;
}
} else {
try stdout.writeAll("done!\n");
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
0 1 2 3 4 done!
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 break!
</syntaxhighlight>
: while ã®ã«ãŒãããå®èµ°ããããšãelse 以éãå®è¡ãããŸãã
: ãã break ãªã©ã§äžæããããšãelse 以éã¯å®è¡ãããŸããã
{{ã³ã©ã |elseã䌎ã£ãwhileã®äœ¿ãã©ãã|2=
Zigã®whileã«ãŒãã¯å®èµ°ãããšå®è¡ããelseç¯ã眮ãããšãã§ããŸãã
ã§ã¯ããã®elseç¯ã¯äœã«äœ¿ãã®ã§ãããïŒ
;1000以äžã®çŽ æ°ãæ±ããïŒãã©ãã°çïŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="8,11,15">
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var i: usize = 2;
while (i <= 1000) : (i += 1) {
var j: usize = 2;
var is_prime = true;
while (j * j <= i) : (j += 1) {
if (i % j == 0) {
is_prime = false;
break;
}
}
if (is_prime)
try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: break ã§æãããããã©ãã° is_prime ã§å€æããŠããŸããã
;1000以äžã®çŽ æ°ãæ±ããïŒelseçïŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight=12>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var i: usize = 2;
while (i <= 1000) : (i += 1) {
var j: usize = 2;
while (j * j <= i) : (j += 1) {
if (i % j == 0) {
break;
}
} else try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: ãã©ãã°ããªããªãç°¡çŽ ã«ãªããŸããã
Zig以å€ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãPythonã§ã[[Python/æ¡ä»¶åå²ãšç¹°ãè¿ã#ã«ãŒãã«ã€ã¥ãelseç¯| else ã䌎ã£ãã«ãŒãæ§æ]]ããããŸãã
}}
====== ã©ãã«ä»ãwhile ======
whileã«ãŒãã«ã©ãã«ãä»ãããšããã¹ãããã«ãŒãå
ããã®breakãcontinueããåç
§ã§ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Labeled-while Labeled while]</ref>ã
;ã©ãã«ä»ãwhile:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var i: u16 = 0;
var j: u16 = 0;
outer: while (i < 15) : (i += 1) {
j = 0;
while (j < 15) : (j += 1) {
if (i == 7 and j == 11) {
break :outer;
}
}
}
try stdout.print("i = {}, j = {}\n", .{ i, j });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
i = 7, j = 11
</syntaxhighlight>
====== ãªãã·ã§ãã«åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile ======
ifãšåãããã«ãwhileã«ãŒãã¯æ¡ä»¶ãšããŠ[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«å]]ã®å€ãåãåãããã€ããŒãããã£ããã£ããããšãã§ããŸããnull ã«ééããå Žåãã«ãŒãã¯çµäºããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#while-with-Optionals while with Optionals]</ref>ã
while åŒã« |x| æ§æãããå Žåãwhile æ¡ä»¶ã¯[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«å]]ïŒãããã¯æ¬¡ã§è¿°ã¹ã[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ïŒã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããïŒãã® x ããã£ããã£ããããã€ããŒãã§ãïŒã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/fFmMl6h4567ILpTt ãªãã·ã§ãã«åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight=6>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var sum: u32 = 0;
while (sequence()) |n| {
sum += n;
}
try stdout.print("sum = {}\n", .{sum});
}
fn sequence() ?u32 {
const S = struct {
var x: u32 = 5;
};
return if (S.x == 0) null else blk: {
S.x -= 1;
break :blk S.x;
};
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
sum = 10
</syntaxhighlight>
====== ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile ======
ifãšåãããã«ãwhileã«ãŒãã¯æ¡ä»¶ãšããŠ[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ã®å€ãåãåãããã€ããŒãããã£ããã£ããããšãã§ããŸãããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãã«ééããå Žåãã«ãŒãã¯çµäºããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#while-with-Error-Unions while with Error Unions]</ref>ã
while åŒã« |x| æ§æãããå Žåãwhile æ¡ä»¶ã¯[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ïŒãããã¯åã§è¿°ã¹ã[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«å]]ïŒã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããïŒãã® x ããã£ããã£ããããã€ããŒãã§ãïŒã
while åŒã« else |x| æ§æãããå Žåãwhile æ¡ä»¶ã«[[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å]]ãå¿
èŠã§ãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/r8xbAanhVSDHyIws ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åãæ¡ä»¶ãšããwhile]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="6,8">
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var sum: u32 = 0;
while (sequence()) |n| {
sum += n;
} else |err| {
try stdout.print("err = {}\n", .{err});
}
try stdout.print("sum = {}\n", .{sum});
}
fn sequence() !u32 {
const S = struct {
var x: u32 = 5;
};
return if (S.x == 0) error.ReachedZero else blk: {
S.x -= 1;
break :blk S.x;
};
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
err = error.ReachedZero
sum = 10
</syntaxhighlight>
====== inline while ======
whileã«ãŒãã¯ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åããããšãã§ãããããã«ãããã«ãŒããå±éãããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ããã§ããªãããšãäŸãã°ãåããã¡ãŒã¹ãã¯ã©ã¹ã®å€ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãªã©ãã§ããããã«ãªããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#inline-while inline while]</ref>ã
{{See also|[[#inline for|inline for]]}}
[TODO:ã³ãŒãäŸ]
===== for =====
Zigã®<code>for</code>ã«ãŒãã¯ãã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãé
åãã€ãã¬ãŒãããéã«æè»æ§ãæäŸããŸããèŠçŽ ããšã«åŠçãè¡ãã<code>continue</code>ã<code>break</code>ã䜿çšããŠå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãæäœã§ããŸããã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãè€æ°ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®åæã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãåç
§ã«ããã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãªã©ãå€åœ©ãªæ©èœãæã¡ãŸãããŸãã<code>for</code>ã«ãŒããåŒãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãå¯èœã§ã<code>else</code>ç¯ã䜿ã£ãŠã«ãŒããå®äºããéã«ç¹å®ã®åŠçãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸããã©ãã«ä»ãã«ãŒããã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åããµããŒããããå¹ççãªã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãå®çŸããŸãã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
for-statement = "for" for-prefix block-expr [ "else" statement ]
for-expr = "for" for-prefix expr [ "else" expr ]
for-prefix = "(" for-arguments-list ")" ptr-list-payload
for-arguments-list = for-item { "," for-item } [ "," ]
for-item = expr [ ".." expr]
ptr-list-payload = "|" [ "*" ] IDENTIFIER { "," [ "*" ] IDENTIFIER } [ "," ] "|"
</syntaxhighlight>
: <ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>ã
;for-ary.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const int = i16;
const ary = [_]int{ 1, 5, 4, 6, 4, 9 };
var sum: int = 0;
for (ary, 0..) |n, i| {
try stdout.print("n = {}, i = {}\n", .{ n, i });
sum += n;
}
try stdout.print("sum = {}\n", .{sum});
var ary2 = ary;
for (&ary2) |*r| {
r.* += 10;
}
for (ary2) |n| {
try stdout.print("{}, ", .{n});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
n = 1, i = 0
n = 5, i = 1
n = 4, i = 2
n = 6, i = 3
n = 4, i = 4
n = 9, i = 5
sum = 29
11, 15, 14, 16, 14, 19,
</syntaxhighlight>
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/BOuIKx4BYffBh5Bk for-str.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const str = "simple string";
for (str) |c| {
try stdout.print("{c} ", .{c});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
s i m p l e s t r i n g
</syntaxhighlight>
;for-range.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
for (23..43) |i| {
try stdout.print("{} ", .{i});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
</syntaxhighlight>
====== ã©ãã«ä»ãfor ======
ã©ãã«ä»ãfor( ''Labeled for'' )ãšã¯ãã©ãã«ã䌎ã£ã for ã«ãŒãã§ã©ãã«ã for æ§æã®äžéšã§ããfor ã«ãŒãã«ã©ãã«ãä»ãããšããã¹ãããã«ãŒãå
ããã®breakãcontinueããåç
§ã§ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Labeled-for Labeled for]</ref>ã
;ã©ãã«ä»ãfor:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var x: usize = undefined;
var y: usize = undefined;
loop_top: for ("Hello", 0..) |co, i| {
for ("World", 0..) |ci, j| {
if (co == ci) {
try stdout.print("c = '{c}'({}, {})\n", .{ ci, i, j });
x = i;
y = j;
break :loop_top;
}
}
}
try stdout.print("x = {}, y = {}\n", .{ x, y });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
c = 'l'(2, 3)
x = 2, y = 3
</syntaxhighlight>
====== inline for ======
Forã«ãŒãã¯ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããã«ãŒããå±éãããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ããã§ããªãããšãäŸãã°ãåããã¡ãŒã¹ãã¯ã©ã¹ã®å€ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšãªã©ãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã€ã³ã©ã€ã³åãããforã«ãŒãã®ãã£ããã£å€ãšã€ãã¬ãŒã¿å€ã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«ææ¢ç¥ã§ã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#inline-for inline for]</ref>ã
;inline for:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="8,9">
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var x: usize = undefined;
var y: usize = undefined;
loop_top: inline for ("Hello", 0..) |co, i| {
inline for ("World", 0..) |ci, j| {
if (co == ci) {
try stdout.print("c = '{c}'({}, {})\n", .{ ci, i, j });
x = i;
y = j;
break :loop_top;
}
}
}
try stdout.print("x = {}, y = {}\n", .{ x, y });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
c = 'l'(2, 3)
x = 2, y = 3
</syntaxhighlight>
=== 颿° ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã®é¢æ°ã¯ãããã°ã©ã å
ã§åå©çšå¯èœãªã³ãŒããããã¯ã衚ããŸãã
Zigã®é¢æ°ã®åŒæ°ã¯ãconst ã§å®£èšããã倿°ãšåããã€ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«ã§ãã
ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã«ã«ããæ¹æ³ã¯ãããŸããã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
top-level-decl = [ "inline" | "noinline" ] FnProto ( ";" | block )
FnProto = "fn" [ IDENTIFIER ] "(" param-decl-list ")" [ byte-align ] [ link-section ] [ call-conv ] [ "!" ] type-expr
param-decl-list = ( param-decl "," )* [ param-decl ]
param-decl = [ doc_comment ] [ "noalias" | "comptime" ] [ IDENTIFIER ":" ] param-type | "..."
param-type = "anytype" | type-expr
type-expr = [ prefix-type-op ] ErrorUnionExpr
prefix-type-op = "?"
| "anyframe" "->"
| slice-type-start ( byte-align | "const" | "volatile" | "allowzero" )*
| ptr-type-start ( "align" "(" expr [ ":" INTEGER ":" INTEGER) ] ")" | "const" | "volatile" | "allowzero" )*
| array-type-start
slice-type-start = "[" [ ":" expr ] "]"
byte-align = "align" "(" expr ")"
link-section = "linksection" "(" expr ")"
call-conv = "callconv" "(" expr ")"
ptr-type-start = "*" | "**" | "[" "*" [ "c" | ":" expr ] "]"
array-type-start = "[" expr [ ":" expr ] "]"
</syntaxhighlight>
:top-level-declã¯é¢æ°å®£èšã®ä»ã倿°å®£èšãªã©ãå«ã¿ãŸããã颿°å®£èšéšåãæç²ããŸãã<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>ã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/S46Dr2HRn6xgzSSA 颿°ã®äŸ]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("{}\n", .{div(1, 0)});
try stdout.print("{}\n", .{div(0, 0)});
}
fn div(f1: f64, f2: f64) f64 {
return f1 / f2;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
inf
nan
</syntaxhighlight>
: ä»ã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããåãã®æ¹ãªãã颿° div() ãåæ¹åç
§ã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã¯å€§äžå€«ãªã®ãïŒãšæããããããããŸããã
: Zigã§ã¯ãããã¬ãã«ã®èå¥åã¯åŠçç³»ãåç
§è§£æ±ºïŒãšã·ã°ããã£ãŒãå«ããåã®äžèŽã®ç¢ºèªïŒãåŒåããŠãããŸãã
----
# '''åºæ¬çãªé¢æ°ã®å®çŸ©:''' Zigã§ã®é¢æ°ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã以äžã®ããã«è¡ããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
fn add(a: i8, b: i8) i8 {
return a + b;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
#: ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>add</code>ãšãã颿°ãå®çŸ©ãããŠããã2ã€ã®<code>i8</code>åã®åŒæ°ãåãåãã<code>i8</code>åã®å€ãè¿ããŸãã
# '''å€éšé¢æ°ã®å®çŸ©:''' Zigã§ã¯ãå€éšã©ã€ãã©ãªãAPIãã颿°ãå©çšããããã«ã<code>extern</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå€éšé¢æ°ã宣èšããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
extern "kernel32" fn ExitProcess(exit_code: u32) callconv(WINAPI) noreturn;
</syntaxhighlight>
#: ãã®äŸã§ã¯ãWindowsã®<code>kernel32</code>ã©ã€ãã©ãªãã<code>ExitProcess</code>ãšãã颿°ã䜿çšããŠããŸãã
# '''ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®åæšè«:''' 颿°ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®åã¯ã<code>anytype</code>ã䜿çšããŠé¢æ°ãåŒã³åºããããšãã«æšè«ãããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
fn addFortyTwo(x: anytype) @TypeOf(x) {
return x + 42;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
#: ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>addFortyTwo</code>颿°ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿<code>x</code>ã®åãåŒã³åºãæã«æšè«ãããŸãã
# '''ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³é¢æ°:''' <code>inline</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããããšã§ã颿°ãã³ãŒã«ãµã€ãã«ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³å±éããããšãã§ããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
inline fn foo(a: i32, b: i32) i32 {
return a + b;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
#: ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>foo</code>颿°ãã€ã³ã©ã€ã³ã§å±éãããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«èšç®ãè¡ãããŸãã
# '''颿°ãã€ã³ã¿:''' 颿°ãå€ãšããŠæ±ãããã«ã颿°ãã€ã³ã¿ã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
#:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const Call2Op = *const fn (a: i8, b: i8) i8;
fn doOp(fnCall: Call2Op, op1: i8, op2: i8) i8 {
return fnCall(op1, op2);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
#:ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>Call2Op</code>åã®é¢æ°ãã€ã³ã¿ãåŒæ°ãšããŠåãåãããã®é¢æ°ãåŒã³åºããŸãã
Zigã®é¢æ°ã¯ãæè»æ§ããããããŸããŸãªç®çã«äœ¿çšã§ããŸãã颿°ã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã®æ§é åãšåå©çšæ§ãé«ããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªèŠçŽ ã§ãã
=== ãšã©ãŒ ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã§ã¯ããšã©ãŒ( ''Errors'' )ãïŒã€ã®åã§ã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Errors Errors]</ref>ã
==== ãšã©ãŒéåå ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
{{Anchor|ãšã©ãŒéå}}å( ''Error Set Type'' )ã¯ã<code>[[#enum|enum]]</code> ã®ãããªãã®ã§ããåããšã©ãŒåãè€æ°å宣èšããããšã¯å¯èœã§ã宣èšããå Žåã¯åãæŽæ°å€ãå²ãåœãŠãããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Error-Set-Type Error Set Type]</ref>ã
ã³ã³ãã€ã«å
šäœã®ãŠããŒã¯ãªãšã©ãŒå€ã®æ°ãããšã©ãŒéååã®ãµã€ãºã決å®ããã¯ãã§ããããããããŸ<ref>0.10.0</ref>㯠u16 ã«ãªãããã«ããŒãã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãããŠããŸãã
ãµãã»ããããã¹ãŒããŒã»ãããžãšã©ãŒã[[#å匷å¶|匷å¶]]ããããšãã§ããŸãã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
error-set-decl = "error" "{" identifier-list "}"
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
;ãšã©ãŒéååã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const FileOpenError = error {
AccessDenied,
OutOfMemory,
FileNotFound,
};
const AllocationError = error {
OutOfMemory,
};
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("AllocationError.OutOfMemory == FileOpenError.OutOfMemory â {}\n", .{AllocationError.OutOfMemory == FileOpenError.OutOfMemory});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
AllocationError.OutOfMemory == FileOpenError.OutOfMemory â true
</syntaxhighlight>
===== ãšã©ãŒéåã®ããŒãž =====
[[#ãšã©ãŒéåå|ãšã©ãŒéåå]]ãããŒãžããã«ã¯ã<code>||</code> æŒç®åã䜿çšããŸãã
çµæãšããŠåŸããããšã©ãŒéååã«ã¯ãäž¡æ¹ã®ãšã©ãŒéååã®ãšã©ãŒãå«ãŸããŸãã
===== ã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéå =====
'''{{Anchor|anyerror}}''' ã¯ãã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåãåç
§ããŸããããã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«ãŠãããå
šäœã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãšã©ãŒãå«ããšã©ãŒéåã§ããããã¯ä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãšã©ãŒéåã®ã¹ãŒããŒã»ããã§ãã©ã®ãšã©ãŒéåã®ãµãã»ããã§ããããŸããã
ä»»æã®ãšã©ãŒéåãã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã«[[#å匷å¶|匷å¶]]ããããšãã§ããã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã®ãšã©ãŒãéã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã«æç€ºçã«ãã£ã¹ãããããšãã§ããŸãããã®å Žåãèšèªã¬ãã«ã®ã¢ãµãŒããæ¿å
¥ããããšã©ãŒå€ãå®å
ã®ãšã©ãŒéåã«å®éã«å«ãŸããŠããããšã確èªãããŸãã
ã°ããŒãã«ãšã©ãŒéåã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã©ã®ãããªãšã©ãŒãèµ·ããããããç¥ãããšãã§ããªããããäžè¬ã«é¿ããã¹ãã§ããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãšã©ãŒéåãç¥ã£ãŠããæ¹ããçæãããããã¥ã¡ã³ããæçšãªãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžïŒäŸãã° switch ã§èµ·ãããããšã©ãŒå€ãå¿ããŠããŸããªã©ïŒã«æå©ã§ãã
==== ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
[[#ãšã©ãŒéåå|ãšã©ãŒéåå]]ãšæ£åžžåãäºé
æŒç®å <code>!</code> ã§çµåããŠããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³å( ''Error Union Type'' )ã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
var error_or_value: AllocationError ! u16 = 10;
</syntaxhighlight>
ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã¯ããšã©ãŒéåååäœãããé »ç¹ã«äœ¿çšãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Error-Union-Type Error Union Type]</ref>ã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
error-union-expr = suffix-expr ( "!" TypeExpr )?
suffix-expr = "async" PrimaryTypeExpr SuffixOp* FnCallArguments
| PrimaryTypeExpr ( SuffixOp | FnCallArguments )*
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
=== æŒç®å ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ãæŒç®åã®ãªãŒããŒããŒãã¯ãããŸããã
Zigã®ããã°ã©ã ã«æŒç®åãèŠããšãããããæ¬¡ã®äžèŠ§è¡šã«ç€ºããã®ã§ããã以å€ã®ãã®ã§ãªãããšãä¿èšŒãããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Operators Operators]</ref>ã
==== æŒç®åäžèŠ§è¡š ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+æŒç®åäžèŠ§è¡š( ''Table of Operators'' )<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Table-of-Operators Table of Operators]</ref>
!style="width:10em"|æ§æ
!style="width:10em"|é¢é£ããå
!説æ
!ã³ãŒãäŸ
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a + b
a += b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
|
; å ç®
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããªãŒããŒãããŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
{{See also|[[#@addWithOverflow|@addWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>2 + 5 == 7</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a +% b
a +%= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ã©ããã³ã°å ç®
: äºã®è£æ°ã®ã©ããåäœãä¿èšŒãããŠããŸãã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
{{See also|[[#@addWithOverflow|@addWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u32, std.math.maxInt(u32)) +% 1 == 0</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a +| b
a +|= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; 飜åå ç®
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
|
<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u32, std.math.maxInt(u32)) +| 1 == @as(u32, std.math.maxInt(u32))</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a - b
a -= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
|
; æžç®
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããªãŒããŒãããŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
{{See also|[[#@subWithOverflow|@subWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>2 - 5 == -3</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a -% b
a -%= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ã©ããã³ã°æžç®
: äºã®è£æ°ã®ã©ããåäœãä¿èšŒãããŠããŸãã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
{{See also|[[#@subWithOverflow|@subWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u32, 0) -% 1 == std.math.maxInt(u32)</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a -| b
a -|= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; é£œåæžç®
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u32, 0) -| 1 == 0</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>-a</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
|
; 笊å·å転
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããªãŒããŒãããŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>-1 == 0 - 1</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>-%a</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ã©ããã³ã°ç¬Šå·å転
: äºã®è£æ°ã®ã©ããåäœãä¿èšŒãããŠããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>-%@as(i32, std.math.minInt(i32)) == std.math.minInt(i32)</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a * b
a *= b
</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
|
; ä¹ç®
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããªãŒããŒãããŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
{{See also|[[#@mulWithOverflow|@mulWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>2 * 5 == 10</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a *% b
a *%= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ã©ããã³ã°ä¹ç®
: äºã®è£æ°ã®ã©ããåäœãä¿èšŒãããŠããŸãã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
{{See also|[[#@mulWithOverflow|@mulWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u8, 200) *% 2 == 144</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a *| b
a *|= b</syntaxhighlight>
| * [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; 飜åä¹ç®
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u8, 200) *| 2 == 255</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a / b
a /= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
|
; é€ç®
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããªãŒããŒãããŒãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããŒãé€ç®ãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
: FloatMode.Optimized ã¢ãŒãã«æŒããŠãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠãŒãé€ç®ãçºçããããšããããŸãã
: 笊å·ä»ãæŽæ°ã®ãªãã©ã³ãã¯ãæ¢ç¥( ''comptime-known'' )ãã€æ£ã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããããã®ä»ã®å Žåã¯ã[[#@divTrunc|@divTrunc]]ã[[#@divFloor|@divFloor]]ããŸã㯠[[#@divExact|@divExact]] ã代ããã«äœ¿çšããŠãã ããã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>10 / 5 == 2</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a % b
a %= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
|
; å°äœæŒç®
: æŽæ°ã®å ŽåããŒãé€ç®ãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
: FloatMode.Optimized ã¢ãŒãã«æŒããŠãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠãŒãé€ç®ãçºçããããšããããŸãã
: 笊å·ä»ããŸãã¯æµ®åå°æ°ç¹ãªãã©ã³ãã¯ãæ¢ç¥ã§æ£ã®å€ã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããããã以å€ã®å Žåã¯ã代ããã« @rem ãŸã㯠@mod ã䜿çšããŠãã ããã
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>10 % 3 == 1</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a << b
a <<= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; å·Šãããã·ãã
: <code>b</code> ã¯ãæ¢ç¥ã§ãããã<code>a</code>ã®ãããæ°ã® log2 ãæã€åã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããã
{{See also|[[#@shlExact|@shlExact]]|[[#@shlWithOverflow|@shlWithOverflow]]}}
|
<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>1 << 8 == 256</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a <<| b
a <<|= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; 飜åå·Šãããã·ãã
{{See also|[[#@shlExact|@shlExact]]|[[#@shlWithOverflow|@shlWithOverflow]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@as(u8, 1) <<| 8 == 255</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a >> b
a >>= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; å³ãããã·ãã
: <code>b</code> ã¯ãæ¢ç¥ã§ãããã<code>a</code>ã®ãããæ°ã® log2 ãæã€åã§ãªããã°ãªããŸããã
{{See also|[[#@shrExact|@shrExact]]}}
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>10 >> 1 == 5</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a & b
a &= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ãããè«çç©
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>0b011 & 0b101 == 0b001</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a | b
a |= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ãããè«çå
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>0b010 | 0b100 == 0b110</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a ^ b
a ^= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ãããæä»çè«çå
: ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>0b011 ^ 0b101 == 0b110</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>~a</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; ãããå転
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>~@as(u8, 0b10101111) == 0b01010000</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!{{Anchors|orelse}} <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a orelse b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«]]
|ãã <code>a</code>ã<code>null</code>ãªãã°ã<code>b</code>ïŒ"ããã©ã«ãå€"ïŒãè¿ããããã§ãªããã°ïŒã©ãããããŠããªã <code>a</code> ã®å€ãè¿ãã<code>b</code> ã'''noreturnå'''ã®å€ã§ããå¯èœæ§ãããããšã«æ³šæã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig Line>
const value: ?u32 = null;
const unwrapped = value orelse 1234;
unwrapped == 1234</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!
<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a.?</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«]]
|
;以äžã«åã: <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a orelse unreachable</syntaxhighlight>
|
<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>const value: ?u32 = 5678;
value.? == 5678</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! {{Anchors|catch}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
a catch b
a catch |err| b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³|ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³]]
|ãã <code>a</code>ã<code>error</code>ãªãã°ã<code>b</code>ïŒ"ããã©ã«ãå€"ïŒãè¿ããããã§ãªããã°ïŒã©ãããããŠããªã <code>a</code> ã®å€ãè¿ããcode>b</code> ã'''noreturnå'''ã®å€ã§ããå¯èœæ§ãããããšã«æ³šæã <code>err</code>ã¯ãšã©ãŒã§ããïŒåŒ<code>b</code>ã®ã¹ã³ãŒãå
ã«ããã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const value: anyerror!u32 = error.Broken;
const unwrapped = value catch 1234;
unwrapped == 1234</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! {{Anchors|and}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a and b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#bool|bool]]
|
;è«çç©:ãã <code>a</code> ã <code>false</code> ã°ãã° <code>b</code> ãè©äŸ¡ããã« <code>false</code> ãè¿ããããã§ãªããã° <code>b</code> ãè¿ãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(false and true) == false</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! {{Anchors|or}} <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a or b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#bool|bool]]
|
;è«çå:ãã <code>a</code> ã <code>true</code> ã°ãã° <code>b</code> ãè©äŸ¡ããã« <code>true</code> ãè¿ããããã§ãªããã° <code>b</code> ãè¿ãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(false or true) == true</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>!a</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#bool|bool]]
| è«çåŠå®
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>!false == true</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a == b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
* [[#bool|bool]]
* [[#type|type]]
| <code>a</code> ãš <code>b</code> ãçããå Žå㯠<code>true</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ãè¿ããŸãããªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(1 == 1) == true</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a == null</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«å|ãªãã·ã§ãã«]]
| <code>a</code> ã <code>null</code> ã®å Žå㯠<code>true</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ãè¿ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const value: ?u32 = null;
value == null</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a != b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
* [[#bool|bool]]
* [[#type|type]]
| <code>a</code> ãš <code>b</code> ãçããå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>true</code> ãè¿ããŸãããªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(1 != 1) == false</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a > b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
| <code>a</code> ã <code>b</code> ãã倧ããå Žå㯠<code>true</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ãè¿ããŸãããªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(2 > 1) == true</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a >= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
| <code>a</code> ã <code>b</code> ãã倧ãããããã¯çããå Žå㯠<code>true</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ãè¿ããŸãããªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(2 >= 1) == true</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a < b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
| <code>a</code> ã <code>b</code> ããå°ããå Žå㯠<code>true</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ãè¿ããŸãããªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(1 < 2) == true</syntaxhighlight>>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a <= b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
* [[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]
| <code>a</code> ã <code>b</code> ããå°ãããããã¯çããå Žå㯠<code>true</code> ããããã§ãªãå Žå㯠<code>false</code> ãè¿ããŸãããªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠ[[#ãã¢å解決|ãã¢å解決]]ãè¡ããŸãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>(1 <= 2) == true</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a ++ b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#é
å|é
å]]
|
; é
åã®çµå
: <code>a</code> ãš <code>b</code> ãæ¢ç¥ã®å Žåã®ã¿äœ¿çšå¯èœã§ãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const mem = @import("std").mem;
const array1 = [_]u32{1,2};
const array2 = [_]u32{3,4};
const together = array1 ++ array2;
mem.eql(u32, &together, &[_]u32{1,2,3,4})</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a ** b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#é
å|é
å]] ** [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]
|
; é
åã®ä¹ç®
: <code>a</code> ãš <code>b</code> ãæ¢ç¥ã®å Žåã®ã¿äœ¿çšå¯èœã§ãã
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const mem = @import("std").mem;
const pattern = "ab" ** 3;
mem.eql(u8, pattern, "ababab")</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a.*</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]
|
;ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã®ããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const x: u32 = 1234;
const ptr = &x;
ptr.* == 1234</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>&a</syntaxhighlight>
| ãã¹ãŠ
|
; ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãååŸ
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const x: u32 = 1234;
const ptr = &x;
ptr.* == 1234</syntaxhighlight>
|-
! <syntaxhighlight lang=zig>a || b</syntaxhighlight>
|
* [[#ãšã©ãŒéå|ãšã©ãŒéå]]
|
; ãšã©ãŒéåã®ããŒãž
| <syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const A = error{One};
const B = error{Two};
(A || B) == error{One, Two}</syntaxhighlight>
|}
==== ãªãŒããŒãã㌠====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã§ã¯ãååæŒç®ãªã©ã®æŒç®åã¯ãã£ãã©ã«ãã§ãªãŒããŒãããŒãæ€åºããŸãããããšã¯å¥ã«ãïŒCèšèªãªã©ã®ããã«ïŒã©ããã³ã°ãè¡ãæŒç®åãå¥ã«çšæãããŠããŸãã
;ãªãŒããŒãããŒã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var r :i3 = 0;
while (r < 10) : (r += 1){
try stdout.print("{} ", .{r});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text line>
An error occurred:
0 1 2 3 thread 7015 panic: integer overflow
/tmp/playground2097195080/play.zig:6:25: 0x22cff6 in main (play)
while (r < 10) : (r += 1){
^
/usr/local/bin/lib/std/start.zig:561:37: 0x22657a in std.start.callMain (play)
const result = root.main() catch |err| {
^
/usr/local/bin/lib/std/start.zig:495:12: 0x20716e in std.start.callMainWithArgs (play)
return @call(.{ .modifier = .always_inline }, callMain, .{});
^
/usr/local/bin/lib/std/start.zig:409:17: 0x206206 in std.start.posixCallMainAndExit (play)
std.os.exit(@call(.{ .modifier = .always_inline }, callMainWithArgs, .{ argc, argv, envp }));
^
/usr/local/bin/lib/std/start.zig:322:5: 0x206012 in std.start._start (play)
@call(.{ .modifier = .never_inline }, posixCallMainAndExit, .{});
^
</syntaxhighlight>
: 笊å·ä»ãïŒãããæŽæ°ã® r ã r < 10 ã®éã€ã³ã¯ãªã¡ã³ãããŠããŸãã
: 笊å·ä»ãïŒãããæŽæ°ã¯ã -4 ... 3 ã®å€ãã衚ãã 4 ã«ãªããšãªãŒããŒãããŒããŸãã
: Cèšèªãªã©ã§ã¯ãç¡éã«ãŒãã«ãªããŸãã Zig ã§ã¯ã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã«æ€åºãããŸãã
==== é£œåæŒç® ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ãååæŒç®ãªã©ã®æŒç®åã«é£œåæŒç®( ''Saturation calculation'' )ããŒãžã§ã³ãçšæãããŠããŸãã
;é£œåæŒç®ã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight=8>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var i: i5 = 0;
var sum: i5 = 0;
while (i < 10) : (i += 1) {
sum +|= i;
try stdout.print("i = {}, sum = {}\n", .{ i, sum });
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text line>
i = 0, sum = 0
i = 1, sum = 1
i = 2, sum = 3
i = 3, sum = 6
i = 4, sum = 10
i = 5, sum = 15
i = 6, sum = 15
i = 7, sum = 15
i = 8, sum = 15
i = 9, sum = 15
</syntaxhighlight>
==== åªå
é äœ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
é«
<syntaxhighlight lang=text line>
x() x[] x.y x.* x.?
a!b
x{}
!x -x -%x ~x &x ?x
* / % ** *% *| ||
+ - ++ +% -% +| -|
<< >> <<|
& ^ | orelse catch
== != < > <= >=
and
or
= *= *%= *|= /= %= += +%= +|= -= -%= -|= <<= <<|= >>= &= ^= |=
</syntaxhighlight>
äœ
=== ãªãã·ã§ãã«å ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ããªãã·ã§ãã«åã( ''optional type'' )ãšãéãªãã·ã§ãã«åãããããŸãã
; ãªãã·ã§ãã«å: å€ãšããŠnullãåãå
¥ããããã
; éãªãã·ã§ãã«å: å€ãšããŠnullãåãå
¥ããããªãã
ãããŸã§ã«ç޹ä»ãã倿°ããã³å®æ°ã®åã¯éãªãã·ã§ãã«åã§ãã
ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å€æ°ããã³å®æ°ã¯å®£èšã®ãšãã« <code>?åå</code> ãšæžããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
var a: i32 = null; // éãªãã·ã§ãã«åã null ã§åæåãããšãšã©ãŒã«ãªãïŒ
var b: ?i32 = null; // ãªãã·ã§ãã«å㯠null ã§åæåããŠããšã©ãŒã«ãªããªã
</syntaxhighlight>
==== ã¢ã³ã©ãã ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®åŒããåºåºåã®å€ãåç
§ããããšãã¢ã³ã©ãããåŒã³ãŸãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/5JjpPVjhPwt8dqhb ifã䜿ã£ãã¢ã³ã©ãã]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var s: ?[]const u8 = null;
if (s) |ss| {
try stdout.print("{s}\n", .{ss});
} else {
try stdout.writeAll("it's null\n");
}
s = "abc";
if (s) |ss| {
try stdout.print("{s}\n", .{ss});
} else {
try stdout.writeAll("it's null\n");
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
it's null
abc
</syntaxhighlight>
=== é
å ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã®é
åã¯ã次ã®ãããªç¹åŸŽãæã¡ãŸãïŒ
; é
åã®å®çŸ©
* é
åãªãã©ã«ïŒ<code>const array = [_]u8{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}</code>
* é
åãµã€ãºã®ååŸïŒ<code>array.len</code>
* é
åã®èŠçŽ ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ïŒ<code>array[index]</code>
; é
åã®æäœ
* é
åã®å埩åŠçïŒ<code>for (array) |item| { ... }</code>
* é
åã®å€æŽïŒ<code>array[index] = value</code>
* é
åã®çµåïŒ<code>const concatenated = array1 ++ array2</code>
; ã³ã³ãã€ã«æåæå
* ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«é
åã®åæåãå¯èœ
* ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã³ãŒãã§ã®é
åæäœ
; 倿¬¡å
é
å
* é
åã®ãã¹ãã«ãã倿¬¡å
é
åãäœæå¯èœ
* 倿¬¡å
é
åã®å埩åŠç
; ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å
* ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
åã®å®çŸ©
* ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
åã®æäœ
Zigã®é
åã¯æè»ã§å¹ççãªããŒã¿æ§é ã§ãããæ§ã
ãªã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§äœ¿çšãããŸãã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
array-type-start = "[" expr [ ":" expr ] "]"
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
==== é
åãšç¹æ®ãªæŒç®å ++ ãš ** ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
é
åã«ã¯ãç¹æãªæŒç®åãïŒã€ãããŸãã
;é
åã®ã³ãŒãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line highlight="4,13,19">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const ary = [_]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7 };
try stdout.print("ary == {}{{ ", .{@TypeOf(ary)});
for (ary) |elm| {
try stdout.print("{}, ", .{elm});
}
try stdout.writeAll("}\n");
try stdout.print("ary ++ ary == {}{{ ", .{@TypeOf(ary ++ ary)});
for (ary ++ ary) |elm| {
try stdout.print("{}, ", .{elm});
}
try stdout.writeAll("}\n");
try stdout.print("ary ** 3 == {}{{ ", .{@TypeOf(ary ** 3)});
for (ary ** 3) |elm| {
try stdout.print("{}, ", .{elm});
}
try stdout.writeAll("}\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
ary == [4]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7, }
ary ++ ary == [8]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7, 2, 3, 5, 7, }
ary ** 3 == [12]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7, 2, 3, 5, 7, 2, 3, 5, 7, }
</syntaxhighlight>
:;çç¥èšæ³:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" start=4 line>
const ary = [_]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7 };
</syntaxhighlight>
::ã¯
:;å®å
šãªè¡šèš:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" start=4 line>
const ary: [4]i8= [4]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7 };
</syntaxhighlight>
::ã§ãããåã¯åæšå®ã§ãèŠçŽ æ°ããªãã©ã«ãªã®ã§ _ ãšæžããŸãã
:;é
åé£çµæŒç®å:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig">
ary ++ ary
</syntaxhighlight>
:: <code>++</code> ã¯é
åãšé
åãé£çµããæ°ããé
åãè¿ãæŒç®åã§ãã
:;é
åé£çµæŒç®å:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig">
ary ** 3
</syntaxhighlight>
:: <code>**</code> ã¯é
åãåæ°ã ãç¹°è¿ããæ°ããé
åãè¿ãæŒç®åã§ãã
:: <code>ary ** ary</code> 㯠<code>ary ++ ary ++ ary</code> ãšç䟡ã§ãã
==== 倿¬¡å
é
å ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
倿¬¡å
é
å( ''Multidimensional Arrays'' )ã¯ããã¹ããã[[#é
å|é
å]]ã§çæããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Multidimensional-Arrays Multidimensional Arrays]</ref>ã
;倿¬¡å
é
å:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line>
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var matrix: [16][16]i32 = undefined;
// å
šæåã 0 ã«
for (&matrix) |*col| {
for (&col.*) |*value| {
value.* = 0;
}
}
try stdout.print("martix == {}{{\n", .{@TypeOf(matrix)});
for (matrix) |col| {
try stdout.writeAll(" { ");
for (col) |value| {
try stdout.print("{}, ", .{value});
}
try stdout.writeAll("},\n");
}
try stdout.writeAll("}\n\n");
// å¯Ÿè§æåã 1 ã«
for (&matrix, 0..) |*col, ci| {
for (&col.*, 0..) |*value, ri| {
if (ci == ri) {
value.* = 1;
}
}
}
try stdout.print("martix == {}{{\n", .{@TypeOf(matrix)});
for (matrix) |col| {
try stdout.writeAll(" { ");
for (col) |value| {
try stdout.print("{}, ", .{value});
}
try stdout.writeAll("},\n");
}
try stdout.writeAll("}\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
martix == [16][16]i32{
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
}
martix == [16][16]i32{
{ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, },
}
</syntaxhighlight>
:;倿¬¡å
é
åã®å®£èš:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line start=4>
var matrix : [16][16]i32 = undefined;
</syntaxhighlight>
:: undefined ã§åæåããŠããŸãããšããããåæåããŠããŸããã
:;ã¹ã«ã©ã§é
åã®åæåã¯ã§ããŸãã:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line start=4>
var matrix : [16][16]i32 = 0; // ããã¯ãšã©ãŒã«ãªã
</syntaxhighlight>
:: ãšæžããããšããã§ããã§ããªãã®ã§ãäºéã®forã«ãŒãã§åæåããŠããŸãã
==== ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å( ''Sentinel Terminated Arrays'' )ã¯ã[[#æåå|æåå]]ã®ããã«ç¹æ®ãªå€ïŒã»ã³ããã«ïŒ ''sentinel''ïŒçªå
µ ïŒïŒã§çµç«¯ããé
åã§ãã
[[#æåå|æåå]]ã®å Žåã®ã»ã³ããã«ã¯ â\0â ã§ãããæ§æ <code>[é
åé·:x]èŠçŽ å</code> ã® x ã§ä»»æã®å€ãã»ã³ããã«ã«ã§ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Sentinel-Terminated-Arrays Sentinel Terminated Arrays]</ref>ã
;ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig" line>
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const ary = [_:-1]i32{ 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 };
try stdout.print("@TypeOf(ary) â {}\n", .{@TypeOf(ary)});
var i: u16 = 0;
while (i <= ary.len) : (i += 1) {
try stdout.print("{} ", .{ary[i]});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@TypeOf(ary) â [5:-1]i32
1 4 9 16 25 -1
</syntaxhighlight>
{{See also|[[#ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]|[[#ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹|ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹]]}}
=== ãã¯ãã« ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãã¯ãã«ã¯ã[[#bool|bool]]ã[[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]ã[[#æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°|æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°]]ã[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ã®ã°ã«ãŒãã§ãå¯èœã§ããã°SIMDåœä»€ã䜿ã£ãŠäžŠåã«æäœãããŸãããã¯ãã«åã¯ãçµèŸŒã¿é¢æ° [[#@Vector|@Vector]] ã§äœæããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Vectors Vectors]</ref>ã
ãã¯ãã«ã¯ãåºæ¬åãšåãçµã¿èŸŒã¿æŒç®åããµããŒãããŠããŸãããããã®æŒç®ã¯èŠçŽ ããšã«è¡ãããå
¥åãã¯ãã«ãšåãé·ãã®ãã¯ãã«ãè¿ããŸããããã«ã¯ä»¥äžãå«ãŸããŸãã
;ç®è¡æŒç®:+, -, /, *, @divFloor, @sqrt, @ceil, @log, ãªã©
;ãããæŒç®å:>>, <<, &, |, ~, ãªã©
;æ¯èŒæŒç®å:<, >, ==, ãªã©
ã¹ã«ã©ãŒïŒåã
ã®æ°å€ïŒãšãã¯ãã«ãæ··åšããŠããå Žåã«æ°åŠæŒç®åã䜿çšããããšã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠããŸããZigã§ã¯ãã¹ã«ã©ãŒãããã¯ãã«ãžã®å€æã容æã«ããããã«çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°[[#@splat|@splat]]ãçšæãããŠããããã¯ãã«ããã¹ã«ã©ãŒãžã®å€æã«ã¯çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°[[#@reduce|@reduce]]ãšé
åã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ã®æ§æããµããŒããããŠããŸãããã¯ãã«ã¯ãé·ããæ¢ç¥ã®åºå®é·ã®é
åãšã®éã®ä»£å
¥ããµããŒãããŠããŸãã
Zigã¯ïŒçµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°[[#@shuffle|@shuffle]]ãšçµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°[[#@select|@select]]ãæäŸãïŒãã¯ãã«å
ããã¯ãã«éã®èŠçŽ ã®äžŠã¹æ¿ããè¡ããŸãïŒ
ã¿ãŒã²ãããã·ã³ã®ãã€ãã£ã SIMD ãµã€ãºããçããã¯ãã«ã«å¯Ÿããæäœã¯ãéåžžã¯åäžã® SIMD åœä»€ã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããŸããããæŒç®ãã¿ãŒã²ããã»ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã§ SIMD ããµããŒãããŠããªãå Žåãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã¯ããã©ã«ãã§åãã¯ãã«èŠçŽ ã«å¯ŸããŠäžåºŠã« 1 ã€ãã€æŒç®ããŸããZig ã¯ã2<sup>32-1</sup> ãŸã§ã®æ¢ç¥ã®ãã¯ãã«é·ããµããŒãããŠããŸããã2 ã®çޝä¹ïŒ2-64ïŒãæãäžè¬çã§ãããã ããçŸåšã® Zig ã§ã¯ãé·ããããã¯ãã«é· (äŸãã° 2<sup>20</sup>) ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãã¯ã©ãã·ã¥ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
;ãã¯ãã«æŒç®:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const a = @Vector(4, i32){ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
const b = @Vector(4, i32){ 5, 6, 7, 8 };
try stdout.print(" {}\n+ {}\n= {}\n\n", .{ a, b, a + b });
try stdout.print(" {}\n- {}\n= {}\n\n", .{ a, b, a - b });
try stdout.print(" {}\n* {}\n= {}\n\n", .{ a, b, a * b });
try stdout.print(" {}\n/ {}\n= {}\n\n", .{ a, b, a / b });
try stdout.print(" {}\n% {}\n= {}\n\n", .{ a, b, a % b });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }
+ { 5, 6, 7, 8 }
= { 6, 8, 10, 12 }
{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }
- { 5, 6, 7, 8 }
= { -4, -4, -4, -4 }
{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }
* { 5, 6, 7, 8 }
= { 5, 12, 21, 32 }
{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }
/ { 5, 6, 7, 8 }
= { 0, 0, 0, 0 }
{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }
% { 5, 6, 7, 8 }
= { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
</syntaxhighlight>
[TODO:é
åãšã®çžäºå€æ]
=== ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ã¯ãåäžé
ç®ãšå€é
ç®ã®2çš®é¡ã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Pointers Pointers]</ref>ã
* <code>*T</code> - æ£ç¢ºã«1ã€ã®é
ç®ãžã®åäžé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã
** derefæ§æããµããŒã: <code>ptr.*</code>
* <code>[*]T</code> - æªç¥æ°ã®ã¢ã€ãã ãžã®å€é
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã
** ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹æ§æããµããŒã: <code>ptr[i]</code>
** ã¹ã©ã€ã¹æ§æããµããŒã: <code>ptr[start..end]</code>
** ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒæŒç®ããµããŒã: <code>ptr + x</code>, <code>ptr - x</code>
** <code>T</code> ã¯æ¢ç¥ã®ãµã€ãºã§ãªããã°ãªãããanyopaqueãä»ã® [[#opaque|opaqueå]] ã«ã¯ã§ããŸããã
ãããã®åã¯ã[[#é
å|é
å]]ã[[#ã¹ã©ã€ã¹|ã¹ã©ã€ã¹]]ãšå¯æ¥ã«é¢ä¿ããŠããŸãã
* <code>*[N]T</code> - N åã®ã¢ã€ãã ãžã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãé
åãžã®åé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãšåãã§ãã
** ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹æ§æã«å¯Ÿå¿: <code>array_ptr[i]</code>
** ã¹ã©ã€ã¹æ§æã«å¯Ÿå¿: <code>array_ptr[start..end]</code>
** lenããããã£ããµããŒã: <code>array_ptr.len</code>
* <code>[]T</code> - [[#ã¹ã©ã€ã¹|ã¹ã©ã€ã¹]] (ãã¡ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã[*]Tåã®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãšé·ããå«ã¿ãŸãïŒã
** ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹æ§æã«å¯Ÿå¿: <code>slice[i]</code>
** ã¹ã©ã€ã¹æ§æã«å¯Ÿå¿: <code>slice[start..end]</code>
** lenããããã£ããµããŒã: <code>slice.len</code>
==== åäžé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
åé
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãåŸãã«ã¯ã&xã䜿çšããŸãã
==== å€é
ç®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
[TODO]
==== volatile ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ããŒããšã¹ãã¢ã¯ãå¯äœçšããªãããšãåæã§ããMMIO (Memory Mapped Input/Output) ã®ããã«ãããŒããã¹ãã¢ãå¯äœçšãæã€ã¹ãå Žå㯠volatile ã䜿çšããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#volatile volatile]</ref>ã
==== ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ã ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ããããã®åã«ã¯ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ã( ''Alignment'' )ãããããã®åã®å€ãã¡ã¢ãªãŒããããŒããããããã¡ã¢ãªãŒã«ã¹ãã¢ãããããããšããã¡ã¢ãªãŒã¢ãã¬ã¹ããã®æ°ã§åçã«å²ãåãããããªãã€ãæ°ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããã®å€ã¯çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ° [[#@alignOf|@alignOf]] ã䜿ã£ãŠç¥ãããšãã§ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Alignment Alignment]</ref>ã
ã¢ã©ã€ã³ã¡ã³ãã¯CPUã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã«äŸåããŸãããåžžã«2ã®ã¹ãä¹ã§ããã<code>1 << 29</code> ããå°ããå€ã§ãã
Zigã§ã¯ã[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]åã¯ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ãå€ãæã£ãŠããŸãããã®å€ãåºç€ãšãªãåã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããšçããå Žåããã®åã¯çç¥ããããšãã§ããŸãã
===== align =====
<code>align</code> ã¯ã[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããæå®ããããã«äœ¿çšããŸãããŸãã倿°ã颿°ã®å®£èšã®åŸã«äœ¿çšããŠããã®å€æ°ã颿°ãžã®[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããæå®ããããšãã§ããŸãã
==== allowzero ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
allowzeroãã€ã³ã¿ãŒå±æ§ã¯ã[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ããŒãã§ããããšãèš±å¯ããŸããããã¯ãã¢ãã¬ã¹ãŒãããããã³ã°å¯èœãªç¬ç«åOSã¿ãŒã²ããã§ã®ã¿å¿
èŠãšãããŸããnullãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã衚çŸãããå Žåã¯ã代ããã«[[#ãªãã·ã§ãã«|ãªãã·ã§ãã«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ã䜿çšããŸããallowzeroãæã€ãªãã·ã§ãã«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãšåããµã€ãºã§ã¯ãããŸãã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#allowzero allowzero]</ref>ã
==== const ====
constãã€ã³ã¿ãŒå±æ§ã¯ãïŒãã€ã³ã¿ãŒã§ã¯ãªãïŒ[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ãåç
§ããå€ã倿Žã§ããªãããšã瀺ããŸãã
==== ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ( ''Sentinel Terminated Pointers'' )ã
æ§æ <code>[*:x]T</code> ã¯ãã»ã³ããã«å€ã«ãã£ãŠé·ããæ±ºå®ããããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãèšè¿°ããŸããããã«ããããããã¡ãªãŒããŒãããŒããªãŒããŒãªãŒãããä¿è·ãããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Sentinel-Terminated-Pointers Sentinel Terminated Pointers]</ref>ã
{{See also|[[#ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å]]|[[#ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹]]}}
=== ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ã¹ã©ã€ã¹( ''Slices'' )ã¯[[#ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]ãšé·ãã§ãã[[#é
å|é
å]]ãšã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã®éãã¯ãé
åã®é·ããåã®äžéšã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã®é·ãã¯å®è¡æã«ãããããšã§ããã©ã¡ãã len ããããã£ã§ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããšãã§ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Slices Slices]</ref>ã
;ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã䜿ã£ãã³ãŒãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var array = [_]i32{ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 };
var q: usize = 1;
const slice = array[q .. array.len -1];
try stdout.print("@TypeOf(slice) â {}\n", .{@TypeOf(slice)});
for (slice) |x| {
try stdout.print("{} ", .{x});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@TypeOf(slice) â []i32
3 5 7 11 13
</syntaxhighlight>
==== ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹( ''Sentinel-Terminated Slices'' )ã
æ§æ[:x]Tã¯ãå®è¡æã«æ¢ç¥ã®é·ããæã¡ããŸãé·ãã§ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãããèŠçŽ ã§ ã»ã³ããã«å€ãä¿èšŒãã[[#ã¹ã©ã€ã¹|ã¹ã©ã€ã¹]]ã§ãããã®åã¯ããã以åã«ã»ã³ããã«èŠçŽ ããªãããšãä¿èšŒãããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸãããã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã¯lenã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãžã®ãšã¬ã¡ã³ãã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãå¯èœã«ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Sentinel-Terminated-Slices Sentine -Terminated Slices]</ref>ã
;ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã䜿ã£ãã³ãŒãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang="zig">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
const slice: [:0]const u8 = "hello";
try stdout.print("@TypeOf(slice) â {}\n", .{@TypeOf(slice)});
for (slice) |ch| {
try stdout.print("{c} ", .{ch});
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@TypeOf(slice) â [:0]const u8
h e l l o
</syntaxhighlight>
{{See also|[[#ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å|ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯é
å]]|[[#ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ|ã»ã³ããã«çµç«¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒ]]}}
=== ã³ã³ãã㌠===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ã³ã³ãããŒïŒContainersïŒãšã¯ã倿°ã颿°ã®å®£èšãä¿æããåå空éãšããŠæ©èœããæ§æäžã®æ§é ã§ããã³ã³ãããŒã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åå¯èœãªåå®çŸ©ã§ããããŸãã[[#struct|struct]]ã[[#enum|enum]]ã[[#union|union]]ãš[[#opaque|opaque]] ãããŠZigã®ãœãŒã¹ãã¡ã€ã«èªäœããã³ã³ãããŒã®äŸã§ãã
ã³ã³ãããŒã¯ãå®çŸ©ãå²ãããã«æ³¢æ¬åŒ§ã䜿çšããŸããããããã¯ã颿°ãšã¯ç°ãªããŸããã³ã³ãããŒã«ã¯æãå«ãŸããŠããŸããã
[TODO:std.containerã«ã€ããŠ]
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
container-members = container-declarations ( container-field "," )* (container-field | container-declarations)
container-declarations = TestDecl container-declarations
| TopLevelComptime container-declarations
| [ doc_comment ] [ "pub" ] TopLevelDecl container-declarations
|
container-field = [ doc_comment ] [ "comptime" ] IDENTIFIER [ ":" ( "anytype" | TypeExpr) [ ByteAlign ] ] [ "=" expr ]
container-decl-auto = container-decl-type "{" [ container_doc_comment ] container-members "}"
container-decl-type = "struct"
| "opaque"
| "enum" [ "(" expr ")" ]
| "union" [ "(" ( "enum" [ "(" expr ")" ] ) | expr ")"
</syntaxhighlight>
:ã³ã³ãããŒé¢é£ã®æ§æãæç²<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
==== struct ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
structïŒæ§é ãããã¯æ§é å<ref>Cèšèªã® struct ã¯ããã³ãã¬ãŒãã®å®çŸ©ãè¡ãæ§æã§åã«ããããã«ã¯ã远å ã® typedef ãå¿
èŠã§ãæ§é äœãããµããããã£ãã®ã§ãããZig ã§ã¯æ£ç¢ºã«åãå®çŸ©ããã®ã§ãæ§é ããããã¯ãæ§é åãã劥åœã§ããããã§ã¯æ··ä¹±ãé¿ããããããŒã¯ãŒãã§ããã struct ãšããŸããã</ref>ïŒã¯ããŒã¿ã®éåãå®çŸ©ããããã®æ§æã§ããããã£ãŒã«ãã«ã¯ããã©ã«ãå€ãã¡ãœãããæãããããšãã§ããŸããpacked structãextern structãšãã£ãç¹æ®ãªåœ¢åŒãæäŸãããã¡ã¢ãªã¬ã€ã¢ãŠããå¶åŸ¡ããŸãã颿°å
ã§ã®structã®çæããžã§ããªãã¯ãªæ§é äœã®å®çŸ©ããµããŒããããŠããŸããããã«ã颿°ããstructãè¿ãããšãå¯èœã§ãã
;struct ã®å®çŸ©:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="3-6">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
const Complex = struct {
real: f64,
imag: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("@TypeOf(Complex) â {}\n", .{@TypeOf(Complex)});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@TypeOf(Complex) â type
</syntaxhighlight>
: 3-6 è¡ç®ã struct ã®å®£èšã§ã倿°ã«ä¿åããŠããŸãã
: struct ã§å®£èšããå€ã®å㯠type ã§ãã
:ãšããã§ Zigã¯ãã£ãŒã«ãã®é çªãšãµã€ãºãä¿èšŒããŸããããããããã£ãŒã«ãã¯ABIã¢ã©ã€ã³ãããŠããããšãä¿èšŒãããŠããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#struct struct]</ref>ã
:ãããé çªãšãµã€ãºãä¿èšŒãããå ŽåããŒã¯ãŒã packed ãå眮ããŸãã
;é çªãšãµã€ãºãä¿èšŒãããå Žå:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="1">
const Complex = packed struct {
real: f64,
imag: f64,
};
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã®çæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="9-12">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
const Complex = struct {
real: f64,
imag: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
const cplx = Complex{
.real = 1.2,
.imag = 4.1,
};
try stdout.print("{}\n", .{ cplx });
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
Complex{ .real = 1.2e+00, .imag = 4.1e+00 }
</syntaxhighlight>
:ã¡ã³ããŒåã®åã« . ãä»ãã®ãç¬ç¹ã§ãã
:ã¡ã³ããŒã¯åžžã« pub ã§ãã
:: private ã protected ã friend ã¯ãããŸããã
===== ã¡ãœãã =====
struct ã¯ã¡ãœãã( ''Methods'' )ãæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã
ã¡ãœããã¯ç¹å¥ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããåå空éãæã€ã ãã§ãã
ãããã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ïŒã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å.ã¡ãœããåïŒã§åŒã³åºãããšãã§ãã颿°ã§ãã
;ã¡ãœããã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="7-15">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
const sqrt = @import("std").math.sqrt;
const Complex = struct {
real: f64,
imag: f64,
pub fn init(real: f64, imag: f64) Complex {
return Complex{
.real = real,
.imag = imag,
};
}
pub fn abs(self: Complex) f64 {
return sqrt(self.real * self.real + self.imag * self.imag);
}
};
pub fn main() !void {
const cplx = Complex.init(3.3, 4.4);
try stdout.print("cplx = {}\n", .{cplx});
try stdout.print("cplx.abs() = {}\n", .{cplx.abs()});
try stdout.print("Complex.abs(cplx) = {}\n", .{Complex.abs(cplx)});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
cplx = Complex{ .real = 3.3e+00, .imag = 4.4e+00 }
cplx.abs() = 5.5e+00
Complex.abs(cplx) = 5.5e+00
</syntaxhighlight>
: ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãçæããã¡ãœãã init() ãšçµ¶å¯Ÿå€ãè¿ãã¡ãœãã abs() ãå®çŸ©ããŸããã
: ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãçæããã¡ãœããã« init ãšåä»ããã®ãããã£ãŒã«ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã¡ãœããã®ç¬¬äžåŒæ°ã self ãšåä»ããã®ãèšèªä»æ§ã§ã¯ãªãæ
£ç¿ã§ãããéžè±ããç©æ¥µçãªçç±ã¯ãããŸããã
[TODO:çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°ïŒ This]
===== å¿åstructãªãã©ã« =====
Zigã§ã¯ãstructãªãã©ã«ã®åã¯èå¥åãšçµã³ã€ããŠããå¿
èŠã¯ãããŸãããçµæã[[#å匷å¶|匷å¶]]ãããå Žåãstructãªãã©ã«ã¯ã³ããŒãªãã§çµæã®å ŽæãçŽæ¥ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åããŸãã
ãã®æ§ã«ãèå¥åãšçµã³ã€ããŠããªãstructãªãã©ã«ããå¿åstructãªãã©ã«( ''Anonymous Struct Literals'' )ãããã¯{{Anchor|ã¿ãã«}}( ''Tuple'' )ãšåŒã³ãŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Anonymous-Struct-Literals Anonymous Struct Literals]</ref>ã
==== enum ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã®<code>[[#enum|enum]]</code>ã¯åæåãå®çŸ©ããããã®æ§æã§ãããç°ãªãå€ãã°ã«ãŒãåããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#enum enum]</ref>ã
å€ã®é åºãæå®ããã«åæåã宣èšããããšãã§ããä»»æã®æŽæ°åãæå®ããŠã¿ã°åãå¶åŸ¡ã§ããŸãã
ã¿ã°åãæå®ããªãå Žåãèªåçã«æŽæ°åãå²ãåœãŠããã0ããå§ãŸãé£ç¶ããå€ãäžããããŸãã
åæåã«ã¯ã¡ãœããã远å ããããšãã§ããswitchæã䜿çšããŠå€ãåãæ¿ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ãŸããåæåãªãã©ã«ã䜿çšããŠãç¹å®ã®åæå€ãæå®ããããšãå¯èœã§ãã
Zigã®enumã¯æè»æ§ãé«ããCã®ABIãšã®äºææ§ãä¿ã€ããã®æ©èœãæäŸãããŠããŸãã
;enum ã®å®çŸ©:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line highlight="3-7,9-31">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
const Colour = enum {
red,
green,
blue,
};
const JISC5062 = enum(u4) {
black = 0,
brown,
red,
orange,
yellow,
green,
blue,
violet,
gray,
white,
const Self = @This();
const len = @typeInfo(Self).Enum.fields.len;
pub fn allCases() [Self.len]Self {
var result: [Self.len]Self = undefined;
var i: u4 = 0;
while (i < Self.len) : (i += 1) {
result[i] = @as(Self, @enumFromInt(i));
}
return result;
}
};
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("@TypeOf(Colour) â {}\n", .{@TypeOf(Colour)});
const c: Colour = .green;
try stdout.print("c â {}\n", .{c});
try stdout.print("JISC5062.allCases() â {any}\n", .{JISC5062.allCases()});
for (JISC5062.allCases()) |e| {
try stdout.print("{s} â {}\n", .{ @tagName(e), @intFromEnum(e) });
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@TypeOf(Colour) â type
c â main.Colour.green
JISC5062.allCases() â { main.JISC5062.black, main.JISC5062.brown, main.JISC5062.red, main.JISC5062.orange, main.JISC5062.yellow, main.JISC5062.green, main.JISC5062.blue, main.JISC5062.violet, main.JISC5062.gray, main.JISC5062.white }
black â 0
brown â 1
red â 2
orange â 3
yellow â 4
green â 5
blue â 6
violet â 7
gray â 8
white â 9
</syntaxhighlight>
: 3-7,9-31è¡ç®ã enum ã®å®£èšã§ããããã倿°ã«ä¿åããŠããŸãã
: enum ã§å®£èšããå€ã®å㯠type ã§ãã
: enum ã¯ãstruct ãšåããã¡ã³ããŒãšã¯å¥ã«ãåã«å±ãã倿°ãã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
: JISC5062.allCases() ã¯ãJISC5062ã®ã¡ã³ããŒå
šãŠãå«ãé
åãè¿ããŠããŸãã
: <code>const Self = @This();</code>ã¯ãã³ã³ãããŒå®çŸ©ã§ã³ã³ãããŒã®èå¥åãæžãæéããªãããã³ããŒã¢ã³ãããŒã¹ãã容æã«ããŸãã
: red, green ãš blue ã Colour ãš JISC5062 ã§éè€ããŠããŸãããã³ã³ãããŒã¯åå空éãšããŠæ©èœããã®ã§åé¡ã«ãªããŸããã
===== ã³ãŒãã·ã§ãŒã±ãŒã¹ =====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const mem = std.mem;
const testing = std.testing;
const expect = testing.expect;
test "Enum w/ method" {
// Enumãå®çŸ©ããŸãã
const Color = enum {
red,
green,
blue,
};
// Enumãã£ãŒã«ãã宣èšããŸãã
const primaryColor: Color = .red;
_ = primaryColor;
// Enumã¡ãœãããæãããŸãã
const Suit = enum {
clubs,
spades,
diamonds,
hearts,
const Self = @This();
pub fn isClubs(self: Self) bool {
return self == Self.clubs;
}
};
// Enumã¡ãœããããã¹ãããŸãã
const p = Suit.spades;
try expect(!p.isClubs());
}
test "Enum w/ switch" {
// Enumãã¹ã€ããã§äœ¿çšããŸãã
const Foo = enum {
string,
number,
none,
};
const p2 = Foo.number;
const what_is_it = switch (p2) {
Foo.string => "This is a string",
Foo.number => "This is a number",
Foo.none => "This is none",
};
try expect(mem.orderZ(u8, what_is_it, "This is a number") == .eq);
}
test "Enum Literal " {
// Enumãªãã©ã«ã䜿çšããŸãã
const Status = enum {
ok,
err,
};
const status1: Status = .ok;
const status2 = Status.err;
try expect(status1 != status2);
}
test "Non-exhaustive enum" {
// éå
šç¶²çŸ
EnumãäœæããŸãã
const Shape = enum(u8) {
circle,
square,
rectangle,
_,
};
const shape = Shape.circle;
const shapeMessage = switch (shape) {
Shape.circle => "This is a circle",
Shape.square => "This is a square",
Shape.rectangle => "This is a rectangle",
_ => "Unknown shape", // éå
šç¶²çŸ
ã®ããã_ ã§åŠç
};
try expect(mem.orderZ(u8, shapeMessage, "This is a circle") == .eq);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
==== union ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã®<code>union</code>ã¯ãå€ãåãããå¯èœãªåã®ã»ããããã£ãŒã«ãã®ãªã¹ããšããŠå®çŸ©ããŸãã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#union union]</ref>ã
äžåºŠã«1ã€ã®ãã£ãŒã«ãããã¢ã¯ãã£ãã«ã§ããŸããã
裞ã®Unionã®ã¡ã¢ãªè¡šçŸã¯ä¿èšŒãããŠããããã¡ã¢ãªãåè§£éããããã«ã¯@ptrCastã䜿çšããããä¿èšŒãããã¡ã¢ãªã¬ã€ã¢ãŠããæã€extern unionãŸãã¯packed unionã䜿çšããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
éã¢ã¯ãã£ããªãã£ãŒã«ããžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯å®å
šæ§ã確èªãããŠããããæªå®çŸ©ã®åäœã«ãªããŸãã
Unionå
šäœãå²ãåœãŠãããšã§ä»ã®ãã£ãŒã«ããã¢ã¯ãã£ãã«ã§ããŸãã
ãŸããSwitchæã䜿çšããããã«ã¯ãUnionã«enumã¿ã°åãä»ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
ããã«ãããSwitchåŒã§Unionã®ãã€ããŒãã倿Žããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
Unionã«ã¯enumã¿ã°åãæšè«ãããããšãã§ãããŸãstructãenumãšåæ§ã«ã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/ySVa32mXWe7uzLPF éã¢ã¯ãã£ããã£ãŒã«ããåç
§ãããšã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸã]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const SimpleUnion = union {
char: u8,
int: i64,
float: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
var su = SimpleUnion{ .char = 'C' };
try stdout.print("su.int = {}\n", .{su.int});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ã³ãã€ã«çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
panic: access of inactive union field
</syntaxhighlight>
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/5Z9kPxAAFDKJsGFG ã¢ã¯ãã£ããã£ãŒã«ãã§ããã°åç
§ã§ããŸã]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const SimpleUnion = union {
char: u8,
int: i64,
float: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
var su = SimpleUnion{ .char = 'C' };
try stdout.print("su.char = {c}\n", .{su.char});
su = SimpleUnion{ .int = 42 };
try stdout.print("su.int = {}\n", .{su.int});
su = SimpleUnion{ .float = 2.71828_18284_59045_23536_02874_71352 };
try stdout.print("su.float = {}\n", .{su.float});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
su.char = C
su.int = 42
su.float = 2.718281828459045e+00
</syntaxhighlight>
===== ã¿ã°ä»ãunion =====
union ã¯enumã¿ã°ã¿ã€ãã䌎ã£ãŠå®£èšããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãã unionã¯ãã¿ã°ä»ãunion( ''{{Anchor|Tagged union}}'' )ã«ãªãã[[#switch|switch]]åŒã§äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã¿ã°ä»ãunionã¯ããã®ã¿ã°åã«[[#å匷å¶|匷å¶]]ãããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Tagged-union Tagged union]</ref>ã
{{See also|[[#å匷å¶: unionãšenum|å匷å¶: unionãšenum]]}}
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/WnsPOu50oZMhJNxh ã¿ã°ä»ãunion]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const Tag = enum {
char,
int,
float,
};
const TaggedUnion = union(Tag) {
char: u8,
int: i64,
float: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
var tu = TaggedUnion{ .char = 'C' };
try stdout.print("@as(Tag, tu) â {}\n", .{@as(Tag, tu)});
switch (tu) {
Tag.char => |ch| try stdout.print("ch = {c}\n", .{ch}),
Tag.int => |i| try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i}),
Tag.float => |f| try stdout.print("f = {}\n", .{f}),
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@as(Tag, tu) â Tag.char
ch = C
</syntaxhighlight>
: ã¿ã°ã® enum ãšãããã䜿ãã¿ã°ä»ãunionã®ã¡ã³ããŒéåã¯äžèŽããŠããªããšãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã
: ã¿ã°ä»ãunionãåŒãšããswitchåŒã§ã¯ããã¿ãŒã³ã§ã¿ã°ã®ã¡ã³ããŒãç¶²çŸ
ããŠããå¿
èŠããããŸãïŒç¶²çŸ
æ§ã®æ€èšŒãè¡ããŸãããã ã _ ã else ããã¿ãŒã³äœ¿ããšå°ç¡ãïŒã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/dvve8enu4S5GZQH3 å¿åenumçã¿ã°ä»ãunion]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const TaggedUnion = union(enum) {
char: u8,
int: i64,
float: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
var tu = TaggedUnion{ .char = 'C' };
try stdout.print("@tagName(tu) â {s}\n", .{@tagName(tu)});
switch (tu) {
.char => |ch| try stdout.print("ch = {c}\n", .{ch}),
.int => |i| try stdout.print("i = {}\n", .{i}),
.float => |f| try stdout.print("f = {}\n", .{f}),
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
: å¿åenumçã¿ã°ä»ãunionã¯ãenum ã®ã¡ã³ããŒãš union ã®ã¡ã³ããŒã®ååãäžèŽãããæéãäžèŠã§ãã
: 仿¹ãïŒunionã®ã¡ã³ããŒã§ãªãïŒenum ã®ã¡ã³ããŒã«å€ãäžããããšãã¯ãå®äœåããã¿ã°ãã€ãåãå¿
èŠããããŸãã
æ§ææšãèããŠã¿ãŸããããCã§å®è£
ãããšããŒãã®çš®å¥ãšçš®å¥ããšã®ãã€ããŒãã®å
±çšäœã«ãªããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããäžè¬åããŠã¿ã°ä»ãunionïŒã€ã§å®è£
ããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
ã¿ã°ä»ãunionã䜿ããšç¶²çŸ
æ§ã®ä¿èšŒãã§ããå€ãã®ç¹æ§ãã¡ãœãããšããŠèšè¿°ã§ããŸããããšãã°ããŒã¯ãŒããæŒç®åã远å ããå Žåã察å¿ããswitchã®ãã¿ãŒã³ããªããšãšã©ãŒã«ãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«äºåã«å€æŽå¿
èŠç®æã確èªã§ããŸãã
====== switchåŒã§ã¿ã°ä»ãunionã®å€ã®å€æŽ ======
switchåŒã§ã¿ã°ä»ãunionã®ãã€ããŒãã倿Žããã«ã¯ã倿°åã®åã«*ã眮ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã«ããŸã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/5MMXzHDF0O9FkHro switchåŒã§ã¿ã°ä»ãunionã®å€ã®å€æŽ]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const Tag = enum {
char,
int,
float,
};
const TaggedUnion = union(Tag) {
char: u8,
int: i64,
float: f64,
};
pub fn main() !void {
var tu = TaggedUnion{ .int = 42 };
try stdout.print("@as(Tag, tu) â {}\n", .{@as(Tag, tu)});
switch (tu) {
Tag.char => |*ch| ch.* -= 1,
Tag.int => |*i| i.* += 10,
Tag.float => |*f| f.* /= 1.2,
}
try stdout.print("tu.int â {}\n", .{tu.int});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@as(Tag, tu) â Tag.int
tu.int â 52
</syntaxhighlight>
====== unionã®ã¡ãœãã ======
union ãä»ã®ã³ã³ãããŒãšåæ§ã«ã¡ãœãããæã€ããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
; unionã®ã¡ãœãã:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const signbit = std.math.signbit;
const Number = union(enum) {
Int: i32,
Float: f32,
const Self = @This();
// å
±çšäœã«ã¡ãœããã远å
pub fn isPositive(self: Self) bool {
return switch (self) {
.Int => |value| value > 0,
.Float => |value| !signbit(value),
};
}
};
pub fn main() !void {
const i = Number{ .Int = 42 };
const f = Number{ .Float = -4.82 };
try stdout.print("i.isPositive() = {}\n", .{i.isPositive()});
try stdout.print("f.isPositive() = {}\n", .{f.isPositive()});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
i.isPositive() = true
f.isPositive() = false
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãZigã®Unionã«ã¡ãœããã远å ãããã®ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠå
±çšäœã®å€ãæäœããæ¹æ³ã瀺ããŠããŸãããŸããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®å Žåã«ã¯ã<code>std.math.signbit</code> ã䜿çšããŠç¬Šå·ãå€å®ããŠããŸãã
ãŸãã<code>Number</code> ãšããUnionãå®çŸ©ãããŠããŸãããã®Unionã¯ã<code>Int</code> ãã£ãŒã«ããš <code>Float</code> ãã£ãŒã«ããæã¡ãããããæŽæ°åãšæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã®å€ãä¿æããŸãããŸãã<code>const Self = @This()</code> ã䜿çšããŠãã¡ãœããå
ã§å
±çšäœã®åãåç
§ã§ããããã«ããŠããŸãã
次ã«ãå
±çšäœã« <code>isPositive</code> ã¡ãœããã远å ãããŠããŸãããã®ã¡ãœããã¯ãå
±çšäœãä¿æããå€ãæ£ã®å€ãã©ãããå€å®ããŸããæŽæ°åã®å Žåã¯ãåçŽã«å€ã0ãã倧ãããã©ããã確èªããŠããŸããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã®å Žåã¯ã<code>std.math.signbit</code> ã䜿çšããŠãå€ã®ç¬Šå·ãå€å®ããŠããŸãã笊å·ãæ£ã®å Žåã¯ãå€ãæ£ã®æ°ã§ãããšå€æããŸãã
æåŸã«ã<code>main</code> 颿°ã§ã¯ãæŽæ°ãšæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®å
±çšäœãäœæããããããã® <code>isPositive</code> ã¡ãœãããåŒã³åºããŠãå
±çšäœãä¿æããå€ãæ£ã®å€ãã©ããã確èªããŠããŸããçµæã¯æšæºåºåã«åºåãããŸãã
å®è¡çµæã§ã¯ãæŽæ°ãæ£ã®å€ã§ãããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãè² ã®å€ã§ããããã"i.isPositive() = true" ãš "f.isPositive() = false" ãšããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã衚瀺ãããŸãã
===== ã³ãŒãã·ã§ãŒã±ãŒã¹ =====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const testing = std.testing;
const expect = testing.expect;
// Bare Unionã®å®çŸ©
const Payload = union {
int: i64,
float: f64,
boolean: bool,
};
// Bare Unionã®äœ¿çšäŸ
test "Bare Union" {
var payload = Payload{ .int = 1234 };
try expect(payload.int == 1234);
}
// Tagged Unionã®å®çŸ©
const ComplexTypeTag = enum {
ok,
not_ok,
};
const ComplexType = union(ComplexTypeTag) {
ok: u8,
not_ok: void,
};
// Tagged Unionã®äœ¿çšäŸ
test "Tagged Union" {
const c = ComplexType{ .ok = 42 };
try expect(@as(ComplexTypeTag, c) == ComplexTypeTag.ok);
try switch (c) {
ComplexTypeTag.ok => |value| expect(value == 42),
ComplexTypeTag.not_ok => unreachable,
};
}
// Unionã«ã¡ãœããã远å ãã
const Variant = union(enum) {
int: i32,
boolean: bool,
none,
fn truthy(self: Variant) bool {
return switch (self) {
Variant.int => |x_int| x_int != 0,
Variant.boolean => |x_bool| x_bool,
Variant.none => false,
};
}
};
// Unionã®ã¡ãœããã®äœ¿çšäŸ
test "Union Method" {
var v1 = Variant{ .int = 1 };
var v2 = Variant{ .boolean = false };
try expect(v1.truthy());
try expect(!v2.truthy());
}
// @tagNameã䜿çšããEnumã®å€ã®è¡šç€º
const Small2 = union(enum) {
a: i32,
b: bool,
c: u8,
};
// @tagNameã®äœ¿çšäŸ
test "@tagName" {
try expect(std.mem.eql(u8, @tagName(Small2.a), "a"));
}
// å¿åUnionãªãã©ã«ã®åæå
const Number = union {
int: i32,
float: f64,
};
// å¿åUnionãªãã©ã«ã®äœ¿çšäŸ
test "Anonymous Union Literal Syntax" {
const i: Number = .{ .int = 42 };
const f = makeNumber();
try expect(i.int == 42);
try expect(f.float == 12.34);
}
fn makeNumber() Number {
return .{ .float = 12.34 };
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
1/5 test.Bare Union... OK
2/5 test.Tagged Union... OK
3/5 test.Union Method... OK
4/5 test.@tagName... OK
5/5 test.Anonymous Union Literal Syntax... OK
All 5 tests passed.
</syntaxhighlight>
==== opaque ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã®<code>opaque</code>ã¯ããµã€ãºãšã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããäžæïŒãã ããŒãã§ã¯ãªãïŒãªæ°ããåã宣èšããŸãã[[#struct|struct]]ã[[#union|union]]ã[[#enum|enum]]ãšåæ§ã«ã宣èšãå«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ããã¯ãæ§é ã®è©³çްãå
¬éããªãCã³ãŒããšããåãããéã®åå®å
šæ§ã®ããã«äžè¬çã«äœ¿çšãããŸããäŸãã°ïŒ
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const Derp = opaque {};
const Wat = opaque {};
extern fn bar(d: *Derp) void;
fn foo(w: *Wat) callconv(.C) void {
bar(w);
}
test "call foo" {
foo(undefined);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
<code>opaque</code>ã䜿ããšã<code>foo</code>颿°å
ã§<code>bar</code>颿°ãåŒã³åºãéã«åã®å®å
šæ§ãä¿èšŒãããŸãã
=== ããã㯠===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãããã¯ïŒBlocksïŒã¯ãããã°ã©ã å
ã§è€æ°ã®æãã°ã«ãŒãåããæ§é ã§ãäž»ã«å€æ°ã®ã¹ã³ãŒããå¶éããå¯èªæ§ãåäžãããŸãããããã¯å
ã§å®£èšããã倿°ã¯ããã®ãããã¯ã®å€éšããã¯ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ãããååã®è¡çªãé²ããŸãããŸããæ¡ä»¶åå²ãã«ãŒãã®æ¬äœãšããŠäœ¿çšãããå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãæç¢ºã«ããŸããããã«ãã©ãã«ä»ããããã¯ã§ã¯<code>break</code>æã䜿ã£ãŠå€ãè¿ãããããããã¯ããè±åºãããããããšãã§ããŸãã空ã®ãããã¯ã¯ããã°ã©ã ã®æ§é ãæŽçããããã«äœ¿çšãããæå¹ãªæ§é åèŠçŽ ãšããŠæ©èœããŸãããããã¯ã¯ã³ãŒãã®æ§é åã«äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãããããã°ã©ã ã®çè§£ãšä¿å®æ§ãåäžãããŸãã
;æ§æ(EBNF):<syntaxhighlight lang=ebnf>
block = "{" statement* "}"
statement = "comptime"? var-decl
| "comptime" block-expr-statement
| "nosuspend" block-expr-statement
| "suspend" block-expr-statement
| "defer" block-expr-statement
| "errdefer" pay-load? block-expr-statement
| if-statement
| labeled-statement
| switch-expr
| AssignExpr ";"
</syntaxhighlight>
:<ref name="peg-to-ebnf"/>
==== ãããã¯ã®å€ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãããã¯ã¯åŒã§ããã©ãã«ãä»ãããšã[[#break|break]] ã¯ãããã¯ããå€ãè¿ãããã«äœ¿ãããšãã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig highlight="1,3">
const stdout = @import("std").io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var y: i32 = 123;
const x = blk: {
y += 1;
break :blk y + 2;
};
try stdout.print("x = {}, y = {}\n", .{x, y});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
x = 126, y = 124
</syntaxhighlight>
: ã©ãã« blk ã¯ãä»»æã®èå¥åã«çœ®æããããŸãããæ
£ç¿ãšã㊠blk ãããçšããããŸãã
{{See also|[[#ã©ãã«ä»ãwhile|ã©ãã«ä»ãwhile]]|[[#ã©ãã«ä»ãfor|ã©ãã«ä»ãfor]]}}
==== ã·ã£ããŒã€ã³ã° ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
èå¥åã¯ãåãååã䜿çšããŠä»ã®èå¥åã "é ã"ããšã¯æ±ºããŠèš±ãããŸããã
ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã¯ãå€éšã¹ã³ãŒãã§æ¢ã«äœ¿ãããŠããèå¥åãããããã¯å
ã§äœ¿ããšãšã©ãŒã«ããŸãã
ãã®ãããZigã®ã³ãŒããèªããšãã«ã¯ããã®èå¥åãå®çŸ©ãããã¹ã³ãŒãå
ã§ã¯åžžã«åãæå³ã§ããããšã確èªããããšãã§ããŸãããã ããã¹ã³ãŒããåãããŠããå ŽåïŒå
¥ãåé¢ä¿ã«ãªãå ŽåïŒã«ã¯åãååã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
==== defer ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
defer ã¯ãã¹ã³ãŒããæãããšãã«å®è¡ãããåŒãŸãã¯ãããã¯ãç»é²ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#defer defer]</ref>ã
è€æ°ã® defer æã§ç»é²ãããå Žåãç»é²ãããéã®é åºã«å®è¡ãããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
fn basic_example() !usize {
var x: usize = 0;
{
defer x = 123;
x = 0;
try stdout.print("@small block: x = {}\n", .{x});
}
try stdout.print("@function block: x = {}\n", .{x});
x = 5;
return x;
}
fn multiple_example() !void {
try stdout.writeAll("multiple_example(): ");
defer {
try stdout.writeAll("1 ");
}
defer {
try stdout.writeAll("2 ");
}
if (false) {
// defer èªèº«ãäžåºŠãå®è¡ãããªãå Žåã¯ãå®è¡ãããŸããã
defer {
try stdout.writeAll("3 ");
}
}
}
pub fn main() !void {
try stdout.print("basic_example() = {}\n", .{basic_example()});
multiple_example();
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
@small block: x = 0
@function block: x = 123
basic_example() = 5
multiple_example(): 2 1
</syntaxhighlight>
{{See also|[[#errdefer|errdefer]]}}
==== errdefer ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
errdefer ã¯ããšã©ãŒãåå ã§ã¹ã³ãŒããæãããšãã«å®è¡ãããåŒãŸãã¯ãããã¯ãç»é²ããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#errdefer errdefer]</ref>ã
è€æ°ã® errdefer æã§ç»é²ãããå Žåãç»é²ãããéã®é åºã«å®è¡ãããŸãã
errdefer ã¯ãã¹ã³ãŒããæããåå ãšãªã£ããšã©ãŒã³ãŒãããã£ããã£ãŒã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
errdefer |err| {
std.debug.print("the error is {s}\n", .{@errorName(err)});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{See also|[[#defer|defer]]}}
=== ãã£ã¹ã ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã§ã¯ããã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã°ã¯äžã€ã®åããå¥ã®åãžã®æç€ºçãªå€æãæããŸãããã®æ©èœã¯ãç°ãªãåéã§ã®ããŒã¿ã®å€æãæäœãå¯èœã«ããããã°ã©ã ã®æè»æ§ãé«ããŸããZigã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªçš®é¡ã®ãã£ã¹ããããããããããç¹å®ã®ç®çã«äœ¿çšãããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Casting Casting]</ref>ã
以äžã§ã¯ãZigã®ãã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã°ã«ã€ããŠè©³çްã«èª¬æããŸãã
# åã®åŒ·å¶å€æ (Explicit Casts):
#* Zigã§ã¯ã<code>[[#@bitCast|@bitCast]]</code>ã<code>[[#@alignCast|@alignCast]]</code>ã<code>[[#@enumFromInt|@enumFromInt]]</code>ãªã©ã®ãã«ãã€ã³é¢æ°ã䜿çšããŠãæç€ºçãªãã£ã¹ããå®è¡ããŸãã
#* ãããã®ãã£ã¹ãã¯ãå®å
šãªãã®ãšããã§ãªããã®ããããŸããäžéšã®ãã£ã¹ãã¯ã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã§ã®åäœã倿Žãããä»ã®ãã£ã¹ãã¯èšèªã¬ãã«ã®ã¢ãµãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®è¡ããŸãã
#* ããšãã°ã<code>[[#@intCast|@intCast]]</code>ã¯æŽæ°åéã§ã®å€æãè¡ããŸããããããã®äžžãã¯è¡ããŸãããããã«å¯ŸããŠã<code>[[#@floatCast|@floatCast]]</code>ã¯æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãããå°ãããµã€ãºã®æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã«å€æããŸããã粟床ã倱ãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
# åã®è§£æ±º (Peer Type Resolution):
#* <code>switch</code>ã<code>if</code>ã<code>while</code>ã<code>for</code>ãªã©ã®æèã§è€æ°ã®åãååšããå ŽåãZigã¯ãããã®åã解決ããŸããããã«ããããã¹ãŠã®åã倿å¯èœãªåãéžæãããŸãã
#* ããšãã°ã<code>switch</code>æå
ã§<code>i8</code>ãš<code>i16</code>ã®å€æ°ã远å ãããšããã®çµæã®åã¯<code>i16</code>ã«ãªããŸããããã«ãããåãäžè²«æ§ãæã¡ãäºæž¬å¯èœãªåäœãå®çŸãããŸãã
ãããã®ãã£ã¹ãæ©èœã¯ãZigã®æè»æ§ãšå®å
šæ§ãåäžãããç°ãªãåéã§ã®ããŒã¿ã®å€æãæäœã容æã«ããŸãã
# Type Coercion (å倿):
#* <code>Type Coercion</code>ã¯ãäžã€ã®åãæåŸ
ãããå Žé¢ã§ãç°ãªãåãæäŸãããå Žåã«çºçããŸãã
#* <code>test_type_coercion.zig</code>ã§ã¯ã倿°å®£èšã颿°åŒã³åºãæã«å倿ã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
# Stricter Qualification (峿 Œãªä¿®é£Ÿ):
#* åãã©ã³ã¿ã€ã 衚çŸãæã€å€ãã修食åã®å³å¯ããå¢ããããã«ãã£ã¹ãããããšãã§ããŸãã
# Integer and Float Widening (æŽæ°ããã³æµ®åå°æ°ç¹ã®æ¡åŒµ):
#* æŽæ°ããã³æµ®åå°æ°ç¹ã®åããããã衚çŸã§ãããã倧ããªåã«èªåçã«å€æãããŸãã
# Float to Int (æµ®åå°æ°ç¹ããæŽæ°ãžã®å€æ):
#* æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ãæŽæ°ã«ãã£ã¹ãããããšã¯ææ§ã§ãããã³ã³ãã€ã©ãšã©ãŒãçºçããŸãã
# Slices, Arrays and Pointers (ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãé
åããã€ã³ã¿ã®å€æ):
#* ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãé
åããã€ã³ã¿ã®éã§ã®çžäºå€æã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
# Optionals (ãªãã·ã§ãã«):
#* ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®ãã€ããŒããnullå€ãããªãã·ã§ãã«åèªäœã«ãã£ã¹ããããããšã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
# Error Unions (ãšã©ãŒãŠããªã³):
#* ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒãããšã©ãŒã»ããããšã©ãŒãŠããªã³åã«ãã£ã¹ããããããšã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
# Compile-Time Known Numbers (ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ¢ç¥ã®æ°å€):
#* æ°å€ãå®å
åã§è¡šçŸå¯èœã§ããå Žåã«ã®ã¿ããã£ã¹ããè¡ãããããšã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
# Unions and Enums (ãŠããªã³ãšåæå):
#* ã¿ã°ä»ããŠããªã³ãåæåã«ããããŠåæåãã¿ã°ä»ããŠããªã³ã«ãã£ã¹ããããããšã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
# Tuples to Arrays (ã¿ãã«ããé
åãžã®å€æ):
#* åãåã®ãã£ãŒã«ããæã€ã¿ãã«ã¯ãé
åã«ãã£ã¹ãããããšãã§ããŸãã
# Explicit Casts (æç€ºçãªãã£ã¹ã):
#* <code>[[#@bitCast|@bitCast]]</code>ã<code>[[#@alignCast|@alignCast]]</code>ã<code>[[#@enumFromInt|@enumFromInt]]</code>ãªã©ã®ãã«ãã€ã³é¢æ°ã䜿çšããŠæç€ºçãªãã£ã¹ããè¡ãããŸãã
# Peer Type Resolution (ãã¢å解決):
#* <code>Peer Type Resolution</code>ã¯ãã¹ã€ããåŒãifåŒãªã©ã®è€æ°ã®ãªãã©ã³ãåãäžããããå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã
ãããã®æ©èœã¯ãZigèšèªã«ãããŠåã®æè»ãªæäœãšå®å
šãªå€æãå¯èœã«ããã³ãŒãã®è¡šçŸåãé«ããŸãã
==== ååŒ·å¶ ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã«ãããå匷å¶ïŒType CoercionïŒã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãåã®äžäžèŽãè§£æ¶ããããã«è¡ãèªåçãªå倿ã®ããã»ã¹ãæããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããã€ãã®å Žé¢ã§å匷å¶ãè¡ãããŸãã
# '''倿°ã®ä»£å
¥:''' 倿°ãããåã§å®£èšãããŠããå Žåããã®å€æ°ã«ä»£å
¥ãããå€ã宣èšãããåãšç°ãªãå ŽåãZigã¯å匷å¶ãè¡ããŸãããã ãããã®å€æã¯å®å
šãªå Žåã«éããŸããããšãã°ãæŽæ°åããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åãžã®å€æã¯å®å
šã§ãããéã®å€æã¯æå€±ãçºçããå¯èœæ§ããããããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯èŠåããšã©ãŒãçæããããšããããŸãã
# '''颿°åŒã³åºãæã®åŒæ°ã®åã®äžèŽ:''' 颿°ãç¹å®ã®åã®åŒæ°ãåãåãå Žåã颿°åŒã³åºãæã«äžããããåŒæ°ã®åãå®å
šã«äžèŽããªãå ŽåãZigã¯é©åãªåã«å€æããŸããããã«ãããåã®äžäžèŽã«ãããšã©ãŒãåé¿ãããŸãã
# '''æŒç®åã®äœ¿çš:''' æŒç®åã䜿çšããéã«ããªãã©ã³ãã®åãäžèŽããªãå ŽåãZigã¯é©åãªåã«å€æããŠæŒç®ãè¡ããŸããããšãã°ãæŽæ°åãšæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã®æŒç®ãè¡ãå ŽåãæŽæ°åã¯æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã«å€æãããŸãã
# '''æç€ºçãªå倿:''' ããã°ã©ããæç€ºçã«åã倿ãããå Žåã<code>[[#@as|@as]]</code>ã<code>[[#@intCast|@intCast]]</code>ãªã©ã®çµã¿èŸŒã¿é¢æ°ã䜿çšããŠãå倿ãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããããã°ã©ããæå³çã«å倿ãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã
Zigã®å匷å¶ã¯ãå®å
šãªå€æã®ã¿ãè¡ãããšãç®æããŠãããæœåšçãªããŒã¿ã®æå€±ãäžæ£ç¢ºãªçµæãé²ãããã«æ³šææ·±ãèšèšãããŠããŸãã
==== æç€ºçãã£ã¹ã ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
æç€ºçãã£ã¹ãïŒExplicit CastsïŒã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«å¯ŸããŠç¹å®ã®åãžã®æç€ºçãªå€æãæç€ºããææ®µã§ããããã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«ãã£ãŠèªåçã«åŠçãããå匷å¶ãšã¯ç°ãªããããã°ã©ããæå³çã«åã®å€æãæå®ããå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸããZigã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªçš®é¡ã®æç€ºçãã£ã¹ããæäŸãããŠããŸãã
以äžã¯ãZigã§äœ¿çšã§ããäž»ãªæç€ºçãã£ã¹ãã®äŸã§ãïŒ
# <code>[[#@bitCast|@bitCast]]</code>: ãããã¬ãã«ã§ã®å€æãè¡ããåã®ããã衚çŸãç¶æããŸãããã®ãã£ã¹ãã¯éåžžã«äœã¬ãã«ã§ãããæ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãã
# <code>[[#@alignCast|@alignCast]]</code>: ãã€ã³ã¿ã®ã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããå¢ãããŸãããã峿 Œãªã¢ã©ã€ã¡ã³ããå¿
èŠãªå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸãã
# <code>[[#@enumFromInt|@enumFromInt]]</code>: æŽæ°å€ããåæåã®å€ãååŸããŸããåæåã®å€ãæŽæ°å€ã«å€æããéã®æäœã¯ãèªåçãªå匷å¶ã§è¡ãããŸãã
# <code>[[#@errorFromInt|@errorFromInt]]</code>: æŽæ°å€ãããšã©ãŒã³ãŒããååŸããŸãã
# <code>[[#@errorCast|@errorCast]]</code>: ããå°ããªãšã©ãŒã»ããã«å€æããŸãã
# <code>[[#@floatCast|@floatCast]]</code>: ãã倧ããªæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åããå°ããªæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åã«å€æããŸãã
# <code>[[#@floatFromInt|@floatFromInt]]</code>: æŽæ°å€ããæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°å€ã«å€æããŸãã
# <code>[[#@intCast|@intCast]]</code>: æŽæ°åéã§ã®å€æãè¡ããŸãã
# <code>[[#@intFromBool|@intFromBool]]</code>: çåœå€ãæŽæ°å€ã«å€æããŸãã
# <code>[[#@intFromEnum|@intFromEnum]]</code>: åæåã®ã¿ã°å€ãæŽæ°å€ãšããŠååŸããŸãã
# <code>[[#@intFromError|@intFromError]]</code>: ãšã©ãŒã³ãŒããæŽæ°å€ãšããŠååŸããŸãã
# <code>[[#@intFromFloat|@intFromFloat]]</code>: æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°å€ã®æŽæ°éšåãååŸããŸãã
# <code>[[#@intFromPtr|@intFromPtr]]</code>: ãã€ã³ã¿ã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãæŽæ°å€ãšããŠååŸããŸãã
# <code>[[#@ptrFromInt|@ptrFromInt]]</code>: æŽæ°å€ããã€ã³ã¿ã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã«å€æããŸãã
# <code>[[#@ptrCast|@ptrCast]]</code>: ãã€ã³ã¿åéã®å€æãè¡ããŸãã
# <code>[[#@truncate|@truncate]]</code>: æŽæ°åéã§ã®å€æãè¡ããããããåãæšãŠãŸãã
ãããã®æç€ºçãªãã£ã¹ãã¯ãããã°ã©ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«å¯ŸããŠç¹å®ã®å倿ãæå®ããå¿
èŠãããå Žåã«äœ¿çšãããŸãããã ãã䜿çšããéã«ã¯æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãããäžé©åãªãã£ã¹ããããã°ã©ã ã®å®å
šæ§ãæ£ç¢ºæ§ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããå¯èœæ§ããããããæ
éã«æ€èšããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
==== ãã¢å解決 ====
{{å
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Zigã®ãã¢å解決ïŒPeer Type ResolutionïŒã¯ãè€æ°ã®ãªãã©ã³ãã®åãããããããå
±éããŠåãå
¥ãå¯èœãªåãæ±ºå®ããããã»ã¹ã§ãããã®ããã»ã¹ã¯ãéåžžãswitchãifãªã©ã®æ¡ä»¶åŒããŸãã¯forãwhileãªã©ã®ã«ãŒãã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã§äœ¿çšãããŸãããã¢å解決ã¯ããããã®åŒã§äœ¿çšãããåãæ±ºå®ããããã«ãäžããããè€æ°ã®åã®éã§æãé©åãªå
±éåãèŠã€ããããšãç®çãšããŠããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Peer-Type-Resolution Peer Type Resolution]</ref>ã
å
·äœçã«ã¯ããã¢å解決ã¯ä»¥äžã®å Žé¢ã§çºçããŸãïŒ
* switch åŒ
* if åŒ
* while åŒ
* for åŒ
* ãããã¯å
ã®è€æ°ã® break æ
* äžéšã®ãã€ããªæŒç®
ãã¢å解決ã§ã¯ãè€æ°ã®åã®éã§å
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* æŽæ°ã®å Žåãæå€§ã®ãããå¹
ãæã€æŽæ°åãéžæãããŸãã
* æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã®å Žåãæã粟床ã®é«ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°åãéžæãããŸãã
* ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ãé
åãªã©ã®ã³ã³ããåã®å ŽåãèŠçŽ ã®åãå
±éã®å Žåã«éžæãããŸãã
* ãªãã·ã§ãã«åã®å Žåãå
±éã®åºåºåãéžæãããŸãã
* ãã€ã³ã¿åã®å Žåãå
±éã®ãã€ã³ã¿åãéžæãããŸãã
ããã«ãããZigã®ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯ãç°ãªãåãæã€è€æ°ã®ãªãã©ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠæãé©åãªå
±éã®åãæ±ºå®ããåã®æŽåæ§ã確ä¿ããŸãã
==== ãŒããããå ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãŒããããå( ''Zero Bit Types'' )ãå®éã«ã¯ããŒã¿ãä¿æããªãåã®ããšãæããŸãããããã®åã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªå
ã®é åãå æããªãããããµã€ãºããŒããããã§ã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Zero-Bit-Types Zero Bit Types]</ref>ã
* [[#void|<syntaxhighlight lang=zig inline>void</syntaxhighlight>]]
* [[#æŽæ°|æŽæ°]]ã®u0ãši0ã
* len == 0 ãŸã㯠0 ãããåã®èŠçŽ åãæã€[[#é
å|é
å]]ãš[[#ãã¯ãã«|ãã¯ãã«]]ã
* ã¿ã°ã1ã€ãããªã[[#enum|enum]]ã
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* ãŒããããåã®ãã£ãŒã«ãã1ã€ã ãæã€[[#union|union]]ã
Zigã§ã¯ããŒããããåã¯äž»ã«åã·ã¹ãã ã®æè»æ§ãšåå®å
šæ§ãé«ããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãããããã®åã¯ãå®è¡æã®ã¡ã¢ãªäœ¿çšéãããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã«ã¯åœ±é¿ããŸããããã³ãŒãã®æç¢ºããšä¿å®æ§ãåäžãããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
=== ã¢ã»ã³ããªèšèªãšã®é£æº ===
{{å
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[TODO:æè¬ã€ã³ã©ã€ã³ã¢ã»ã³ã©]
=== atomic ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
=== éåæé¢æ° ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zigã§ã¯ãããŒã¯ãŒã async ã䌎ã£ãŠé¢æ°ãŸãã¯ã¡ãœãããåŒã³åºããšããã®é¢æ°ãŸãã¯ã¡ãœããã®åŠçãäŒæ¢ãåéããããšãã§ããŸãã
;[https://wandbox.org/permlink/NqJoL0PdY3mm3EAh async.zig]:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
const std = @import("std");
var frame: anyframe = undefined;
pub fn main() !void {
try println("begin main");
_ = async func();
try println("resume func");
resume frame;
try println("end main");
}
fn func() !void {
try println("begin func");
frame = @frame();
suspend {}
try println("end func");
}
fn println(s: []const u8) !void {
try std.io.getStdOut().writer().print("{s}\n",.{s});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
begin main
begin func
resume func
end func
end main
</syntaxhighlight>
=== unreachable ===
{{å
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Zigã®<code>unreachable</code>ã¯ãå¶åŸ¡ãããŒãç¹å®ã®äœçœ®ã«å°éããªãããšãæç€ºããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸããå
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:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>
if (false) {
unreachable;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
[[#Debug|Debug]] ãš [[#ReleaseSafe|ReleaseSafe]] ã¢ãŒããããã³ zig test ã䜿çšããå Žåãunreachable ã¯å°éäžèœãªã³ãŒãã«å°éããã¡ãã»ãŒãžãšãšãã« panic ãžã®åŒã³åºããåºããŸã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#unreachable unreachable]</ref>ã
[[#ReleaseFast|ReleaseFast]] ã¢ãŒãã§ã¯ããªããã£ãã€ã¶ãŒã¯å°éäžèœãªã³ãŒãã¯æ±ºããŠãããããªããšããä»®å®ã䜿çšããŠæé©åãå®è¡ããŸããããããReleaseFastã¢ãŒãã§ã[[#ãã¹ã|zigãã¹ã]]ã¯unreachableãpanicãžã®åŒåºããšããŠåºåããŸãã
{{See also|[[#ãã¹ã|ãã¹ã]]|[[#ãã«ãã¢ãŒã|ãã«ãã¢ãŒã]]|[[#comptime|comptime]]}}
==== ã³ã³ãã€ã«æ ====
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unreachableã®åã¯noreturnã§ã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#At-Compile-Time At Compile Time]</ref>ã
ïŒ TypeOf(unreachable)ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«å€±æããŸãã
unreachableåŒã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªãããã§ãã
=== noreturnå ===
{{å
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noreturnã¯ãã€ãæã®åã§ã<ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#noreturn noreturn]</ref>ã
* break
* continue
* return
* unreachable
* while (true) {}
ifç¯ãswitchã®åå²å
( ''prongs'' )ãªã©ãåãäžç·ã«è§£æ±ºããå Žåãnoreturnåã¯ä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®åãšäºææ§ããããŸãã
{{:Zig/çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°}}
=== ãã«ãã¢ãŒã ===
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# [[#Debug|Debug]]ïŒããã©ã«ãïŒ
# [[#ReleaseFast|ReleaseFast]]
# [[#ReleaseSafe|ReleaseSafe]]
# [[#ReleaseSmall|ReleaseSmall]]
ããããã®ãã«ãã¢ãŒãã¯ãç°ãªãç®çã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸããäŸãã°ããããã°äžã«ã¯å®è¡æã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ããããããã°ãããããå®å
šæ§ãéèŠã§ããããªãªãŒã¹æã«ã¯å®è¡æã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ããã€ããªãµã€ãºã®æé©åãåªå
ãããããšããããŸãã
ãã«ãã¢ãŒããæå®ããã«ã¯ã<code>zig build-exe</code>ã³ãã³ãã䜿çšããŸããäŸãã°ãReleaseFastã¢ãŒãã§ããã°ã©ã ããã«ãããã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=shell>
$ zig build-exe example.zig -O ReleaseFast
</syntaxhighlight>
åãã«ãã¢ãŒãã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã
# {{Anchor|Debug}}:
#* å®è¡æã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã¯é
ã
#* å®å
šæ§ãã§ãã¯ãæå¹
#* ãã«ãé床ãéã
#* ãã€ããªãµã€ãºã倧ãã
# {{Anchor|ReleaseFast}}:
#* å®è¡æã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãéã
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;allocator.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
pub fn main() !void {
var buffer: [100]u8 = undefined;
var fba = std.heap.FixedBufferAllocator.init(&buffer);
const allocator = fba.allocator();
const result = try concat(allocator, "foo", "bar");
try stdout.print("concat(allocator, \"foo\", \"bar\") â \"{s}\"\n", .{result});
}
fn concat(allocator: Allocator, a: []const u8, b: []const u8) ![]u8 {
const result = try allocator.alloc(u8, a.len + b.len);
std.mem.copy(u8, result, a);
std.mem.copy(u8, result[a.len..], b);
return result;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
concat(allocator, "foo", "bar") â "foobar"
</syntaxhighlight>
äžèšã®äŸã§ã¯ãã¹ã¿ãã¯äžã® 100 ãã€ãã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã FixedBufferAllocator ã®åæåã«äœ¿ãããããã颿°ã«æž¡ãããŸãã
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==== ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒã®éžã³æ¹ ====
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# libc ããªã³ã¯ããŠããŸãã? ãã®å Žåãå°ãªããšãã¡ã€ã³ã®ã¢ãã±ãŒã¿ãŒã¯ std.heap.c_allocator ãæ£ããéžæã ãšæãããŸãã
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#;cli_allocation.zig:<syntaxhighlight lang=zig line>
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
var arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
defer arena.deinit();
const allocator = arena.allocator();
const ptr = try allocator.create(i32);
std.debug.print("ptr={*}\n", .{ptr});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
#;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
ptr=i32@7fcdf92dd018
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: è€æ°ã®ããã°ã©ãã³èšèªã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠãããZigã«ã察å¿ããŠããŸãã
; [https://codapi.org/zig/ codapi]
: è€æ°ã®ããã°ã©ãã³èšèªã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠãããZigã«ã察å¿ããŠããŸãã
: test æ©èœã«ã察å¿ããŠããŸãã
==== ããã±ãŒãž ãããŒãžã£ãŒ ã«ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã« ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
nightly ã® Zigã䜿ãããå Žåã§ãªãéããã䜿ãã®OSããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ãµããŒããããŠããããã±ãŒãž ãããŒãžã£ãŒã䜿ã£ãŠã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããäºããå§ãããŸãã
ãŸããããŒã«ã«ã®ããã±ãŒãžããŒã¿ããŒã¹ãããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ã®ãªããžããªãŒãšåæãåãã鮮床ã®é«ãç¶æ
ãç¶æããããå¿ãããŠãã ãããããã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«åŸãåãã§ãããzigã«éã£ãããšã§ããããŸããã
; Windows
: Zig ã¯ã[[Chocolatey]]ããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ã察å¿ããŠããŸãã
: <syntaxhighlight lang=console>
> choco install zig
</syntaxhighlight>
: {{See also|w:Chocolatey}}
; macOS
: macOS ã§ã¯ã[[Homebrew]]ãš[[MacPorts]]ã察å¿ããŠããŸãã
:;ææ°ãšã¿ã°ä»ãããããªãªãŒã¹:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
# brew install zig
</syntaxhighlight>
:;Git ã® master ãã©ã³ãã®ææ°ãã«ã:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
# brew install zig --HEAD
</syntaxhighlight>
:;MacPorts:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
# port install zig
</syntaxhighlight>
: {{See also|w:Homebrew|w:MacPorts}}
; FreeBSD
:;pkg:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
# pkg install zig
</syntaxhighlight>
:;ports:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
# make -C /usr/ports/lang/zig all install clean
</syntaxhighlight>
: {{See also|w:Ports}}
; GNU/Linuxã®ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³
:ããããLinuxã¯ãLinuxïŒããã§ã¯OSã«ãŒãã«ïŒãšãFSFãHurdã«ãŒãã«ã®ããã«èšèšã»éçºããGNUãŠãŒã¶ãŒã©ã³ãïŒOSã®åºæ¬æ©èœãæäŸãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã®éåïŒãçµåããããã®ã§ãã
:ãã®ããã«ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«ãšGNUãŠãŒã¶ãŒã©ã³ããçµåããããœãããŠã§ã¢ãã©ãããã©ãŒã ãGNU/LinuxãšåŒã³ãŸã<ref>GNU/Linuxã®äžæ žãšããŠãåçšã»éåçšãåãããåé
åžå¯èœãªãŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãåéã»é
åžãããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãç»å ŽããŸããããããã®ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã¯ãããããã®é
åžç©ïŒäºææ§ã倱ããã¡ïŒãããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšããŠåºå¥ããå¿
èŠãçããŸããïŒç¹ã«ãå
±æã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒã®éäºææ§ã¯ç®ç«ã¡ãLinuxæ¯æè
èªèº«ã嫿ªããWindowsã®DLL-Hellã«é
·äŒŒããŠããŸã)ã ãã®ããã«ããŠããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³éã®åºå¥ããªãããã®ã§ã(ãŸããã»ãã«ãããŒã±ãã£ã³ã°äžã®çç±ãªã©ããããŸã)ã<hr/>Unixã§ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšããèšèã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã§é
åžãããBSDã®D (''distribution'') ãšé¢é£ä»ããããäžæ¹ãéãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãæåã®GNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ããUnix蚎èšã®ééãå©ãã圢ã§386 BSDã®ããããã«åå
¥ããŠããã®ã¯ç®èãªããšã§ãã</ref>
::; Fedora 40
:::<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
$ sudo snap install zig --beta --classic
</syntaxhighlight>
:::{{See also|w:Snap (ãœãããŠã§ã¢)}}
==== ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ã ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zig ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã Github ã® https://github.com/ziglang/zig.git ã§å
¬éãããŠããã®ã§ãå¿
èŠã«å¿ããŠãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããããã«ãããããšãã§ããŸãã
Zigã¯ãã»ã«ããã¹ãã£ã³ã°<ref>Zigã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãå§ããšãããZigã®èšèªåŠçç³»ãšããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãŒãªã©ã¯ãZigèªèº«ã§æžãããŠããŸãã</ref>ãªã®ã§ãæåã«ãã€ããªãŒãå
¥æããŠããŒãã¹ãã©ããããããã¯ãã¹ãã«ããããã€ããªãŒãæèŸŒãããããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã¿ãŒã²ããã§ã»ã«ãã³ã³ãã€ã«åºæ¥ãç¶æ
ãäœãæ¹æ³ããããŸãïŒFreeBSDã®Portsãè¡ã£ãŠããã®ã¯ããŸãã«ããã§ãïŒã
ãã«ãæ¹æ³ããé »ç¹ã«å
容ãå€ããã®ã§ãåå¥å
·äœçãªæé ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŸããããzig ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã§ãããšãšãã«ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ãããããã«ãã·ã¹ãã ãå
å
ããŠããã®ã§ã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>zig build</syntaxhighlight>ãšãããš <code>build.zig</code> ãã¡ã€ã«ã«æžãããŠããã¬ã·ãã«ãããã£ãŠèªåçã«ãã«ããé²è¡ããŸãïŒã¹ãã¬ãŒãžãšã¡ã¢ãªãŒãšæéã«äœè£ãèŠãå¿
èŠããããŸãïŒã
=== zig ã³ãã³ã ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
Zig ã®åŠçç³» zig ãšããïŒã€ã®ã³ãã³ãã§ãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã ãã§ãªããã¢ãŒã«ã€ããŒã»C/C++ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒããã¹ããã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã»ãã©ãŒããã¿ãŒã»ãã«ãããŒã«ãªã©ã®ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ãçµ±åãããŠããŸãã
;zig ã³ãã³ãã tcsh ããå®è¡:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
% uname -a
FreeBSD localhost 14.0-STABLE FreeBSD 14.0-STABLE #0 60d9bb14e: Tue Dec 26 01:07:17 JST 2023 user1@localhost:/usr/obj/usr/src/amd64.amd64/sys/OLYMPIC amd64
% zig version
0.11.0
% cat hello.zig
const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
try stdout.print("Hello, {s}!\n", .{"world"});
}
% zig run hello.zig
Hello, world!
</syntaxhighlight>
Zigèšèªã®<code>zig run</code>ã³ãã³ãã¯ãZigã³ã³ãã€ã©ã䜿çšããŠZigãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããã³ã³ãã€ã«ããå®è¡å¯èœãªãã€ããªãçæããŠå®è¡ããããã®ã³ãã³ãã§ãããã®ã³ãã³ãã䜿ããšãZigãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããçŽæ¥å®è¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã
== ãªãœãŒã¹ ==
;å
¬åŒããã¥ã¡ã³ã
:Zigã®æãå
æ¬çãªãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã¯ãå
¬åŒããã¥ã¡ã³ãã«ãããŸããããã¥ã¡ã³ãã«ã¯ãZigã®åºæ¬çãªæŠå¿µãããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãããã³æšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã®äœ¿ç𿹿³ã説æãããŠããŸããããã§ã¯ãåºæ¬ããäžçŽãŸã§ã詳现ã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããŸãã
:å
¬åŒããã¥ã¡ã³ãã¯ä»¥äžããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã§ãã
:* [https://ziglang.org/documentation/ Zig å
¬åŒããã¥ã¡ã³ã]
;ZigLearn
:ãZigLearnããšã¯ãZigãšããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãåŠã¶ããã®ãªã³ã©ã€ã³ãªãœãŒã¹ã®éãŸãã§ããZigã¯ãCèšèªã«äŒŒãæ§æãæã¡ãã¡ã¢ãªã»ãŒãã§ãããªããé«éãªããã°ã©ã ãæžãããšãã§ããèšèªã§ãããã®ãµã€ãã§ã¯ãZigãåããŠåŠã¶äººãããããé«åºŠãªãããã¯ã«åãçµã¿ãã人ãŸã§ãæ§ã
ãªã¬ãã«ã®åŠç¿è
ã«åãããªãœãŒã¹ãæäŸãããŠããŸãã
:ZigLearnã¯ä»¥äžããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã§ãã
:* [https://ziglearn.org/ ZigLearn]
;Zig Learn X in Y Minutes
:ãZig Learn X in Y MinutesããšãããŠã§ããµã€ãã¯ãç°¡æœã§çè§£ãããã圢åŒã§Zigã®ç޹ä»ãããŠããŸãããã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ã¯ãZigã§ããã°ã©ã ãäœæããåºæ¬çãªã¹ãããã玹ä»ããŸãã
:Zig Learn X in Y Minutesã¯ä»¥äžããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã§ãã
:* [https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/zig/ Zig Learn X in Y Minutes]
== èèš» ==
{{å
é ã«æ»ã}}
<references />
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
{{å
é ã«æ»ã}}
{{Wikipedia|Zig (ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª)}}
* [https://ziglang.org/ Home â¡ Zig Programming Language] {{---}} å
¬åŒãµã€ã
** [[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/ Zig Language Reference]] {{---}} ãªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ããã¥ã¢ã«
* [https://ziglearn.org/ Zigã®æ§é çãªç޹ä»]
* [https://github.com/ziglang/zig ziglang/zig: General-purpose programming language and toolchain for maintaining robust, optimal, and reusable software.] {{---}} å
¬åŒãªããžããªãŒ
* [https://zig-play.dev/ Zig Playground] {{---}} ãªã³ã©ã€ã³å®è¡ç°å¢
** [https://github.com/gsquire/zig-play About An online Zig compiler inspired by Go and Rust] {{---}} ãªããžããªãŒ
[[Category:zig|*]]
[[Category:ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª]] | 2022-07-16T23:26:49Z | 2024-02-18T01:27:26Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:å
é ã«æ»ã",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Cite web",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Wikipedia",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Pathnav",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:See also",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Anchor",
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"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Anchors",
"Zig/çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:---"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/Zig |
35,217 | ååŒããžã¿ã«ãã©ãããã©ãŒã ãå©çšããæ¶è²»è
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ã«èŠå®ããé信販売ãããã以äžåãã)ã«ä¿ãååŒã®é©æ£ååã³çŽäºã®è§£æ±ºã®ä¿é²ã«é¢ãååŒããžã¿ã«ãã©ãããã©ãŒã æäŸè
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ã®å©çãä¿è·ããããšãç®çãšããã | [
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ã«ããæ¶è²»è
ã®å©çã®ä¿è·ã«è³ããèªäž»çãªåçµã®ä¿é²ãå
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| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E5%BC%95%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%92%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1 |
35,218 | ååŒããžã¿ã«ãã©ãããã©ãŒã ãå©çšããæ¶è²»è
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while(ãã¯ã€ã«)ã¯æ¡ä»¶ãçã§ããéãåŒãå®è¡ãã€ã¥ããŸãã
until(ã¢ã³ãã£ã«)ã¯æ¡ä»¶ãåœã§ããéãåŒãå®è¡ãã€ã¥ããŸããwhileãšã¯æ¡ä»¶ã«å¯Ÿããæåãéã§ãã
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Arrayãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã é
ååŒ[ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ... èŠçŽ n ] ã§çæããŸãã
Tupleãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã é
ååŒ{ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ... èŠçŽ n } ã§çæããŸãã
Setãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯éåã§ããä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸããã1ã€ã®å€ã¯éè€ããŠæãŠãŸããã Set.newã«é
ååŒ{ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ... èŠçŽ n } ãªã©ãæž¡ãåæåããŸãã
NamedTupleãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããããŒã«ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããå€ã«æã€ããšãã§ãã飿³é
åã§ãã NamedTupleåŒ{ããŒ1 => å€1, ããŒ2 => å€2, ããŒn => å€n} ã§çæããŸãã ãŸããããŒã Symbol ã®å Žå NamedTupleåŒ{ããŒ1: å€1, ããŒ2: å€2, ããŒn: å€n} ã§çæããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
ãã®ããã«ãCrystalã§ã¯forããªããŠãã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ã¡ãœããã§åæ§ã®åŠçãå®çŸã§ããŸãã
loop ãããŸããã while true ã§ä»£çšããŸãã
Integer#timesã¯äžãããããããã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãã®ç€ºãæŽæ°å€åããããããŸãã
Crystal ã§ã¯ãå
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ãã¯ãã«ã¯ {{attr.id}} ã®æ§ã«ASTãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æé ãçšæãããŠãããåã°èšèªãæ¡åŒµãããããªã¢ãããŒããåãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãå®è¡æã§ã¯ãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãããæ©èœã§ããããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããæäœããããšãã§ããŸãã以äžã¯Crystalã®ãã¯ãã®äž»ãªæ©èœãšæ§æã®èª¬æã§ãã
ãã¯ããå®çŸ©ãããšãã«ãåŒæ°ã« * ãä»ããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããä»»æã®æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåãåãããšãã§ããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã®æ°ã®åŒæ°ãã³ã³ãã§åºåã£ãæååãåºåããŸãã
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ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã
ãã¯ãã®äžã§ã{% ... %}ã§å²ãã éšåã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ãããŸããããã®çµæã¯ã³ãŒãã«æ¿å
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ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã
以äžãCrystalã®ãã¯ãã®äž»ãªæ©èœãšæ§æã®èª¬æã§ãããã¯ããå©çšããããšã§ãããæè»ã§å¹ççãªã³ãŒããèšè¿°ããããšãã§ããŸãã
Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åå²ãå埩åŠçãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã以äžã«ãããããã®æ§æãšäœ¿çšäŸã瀺ããŸãã
æ¡ä»¶åå²ã¯ãif/elsif/elseãcase/when/elseã®ãããªæ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãããã¯ãå
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å埩åŠçã¯ãwhileãuntilãforã®ãããªæ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãããã¯ãå
ã§ã¯ãå埩åŠçã«ãã£ãŠçæããã³ãŒããå¶åŸ¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ã¡ãœãã p ã¯ãäžãããããåŒãã® inspaect() ã®è¿ãå€ã puts ããŸããããã¯ã p! ã¯ãããã«å
ãããŠ(è©äŸ¡åã®)ãåŒãã衚瀺ããŸãã
ãã¯ã p! ã¯å
¥ãåã«åºæ¥ãŸãããŸããäžæŠASTã«å€æããŠããå床ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã«å€æããã®ã§ãç䟡ãªå¥ã®æ§æã«å€æãããããšããããŸãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬æžã¯ãCrystalã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ãã Crystalã¯ãAry BorenszweigãJuan WajnermanãBrian Cardiffãš300人以äžã®è²¢ç®è
ã«ãã£ãŠèšèšã»éçºãããæ±çšãªããžã§ã¯ãæåããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ããRuby ã«ãã³ããåŸãæ§æãæã¡ãéçåä»ããªã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèªã§ããã倿°ãã¡ãœããã®åŒæ°ã®åã¯äžè¬ã«ã¯äžèŠã§ããåã¯é«åºŠãªã°ããŒãã«åæšè«ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã«ãã£ãŠè§£æ±ºãããŸããCrystalã¯Apache LicenseããŒãžã§ã³2.0ã®ããšãFOSSãšããŠãªãªãŒã¹ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã¯ãRubyã®ã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ãæã€éçåä»ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã以äžã®ãããªç¹åŸŽããããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãçŽæã®Hello_worldã§ãããããã§ã¯Rubyãšã®æ¯èŒãå
ŒããŠãRuby#Hello, World!ããã®ãŸãŸå®è¡ããŠã¿ãŸãã",
"title": "Hello, World!"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hello.crãçšæããŸãã",
"title": "Hello, World!"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®éã«Crystalã§æžãããã®ã³ãŒããèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã䜿ã£ãŠãã¡ã€ã«ãèªã¿èŸŒãã«ã¯ãFileã¯ã©ã¹ã䜿çšããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã¯ãCrystalã§ãã¡ã€ã«ãèªã¿èŸŒãäŸã§ãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "File.openã«ãããã¯ãæž¡ããšããããã¯ãæãããšèªåçã«ãã¡ã€ã«ãéããããŸããæç€ºçãªãã¡ã€ã«ã®ã¯ããŒãºãäžèŠã§ãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ãéããŠå
容ãèªã¿èŸŒãéã«ãããã¯ã䜿çšãããããã¯ãæãããšãã¡ã€ã«ãèªåçã«éãããããšããCrystalã®äžè¬çãªã€ãã£ãªã ã瀺ããŠããŸãã ãã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ã®æäœåŸã«ã¯ããŒãºåŠçãå¿ããããšãé²ããã³ãŒããããå®å
šãã€ç°¡æœã«ããŸãã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯©ããè¥å¹² Crystal ãããæžããŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ç¹åŸŽ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã®ããã°ã©ã ãäœããã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è£
ããã«ã¯ãããªã³ã©ã€ã³å®è¡ç°å¢ã䜿ããã»ããšãã£ãã»ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ç°å¢ãçšæããŠããã䜿ããã®2éãã®æ¹æ³ããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
¬åŒã®ãªã³ã©ã€ã³å®è¡ç°å¢ã https://play.crystal-lang.org/ ããããŸãã ãŸãã¯ãããã䜿ã£ãŠæ¬æžã«äŸç€ºãããŠããã³ãŒããå®è¡ããŠã¿ãããšããå§ãããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã£ã¿ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ¬æžã§ã¯è§ŠããŸããããããã°ã©ãã³ã°æéã®å€§åã¯ãšãã£ã¿ã®æäœã«è²»ãããããããè¯ããšãã£ã¿ãéžæããããšãéèŠã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystal ã®èšèªåŠçç³»ã¯ã https://crystal-lang.org/install/ ããå
¥æããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªåã®ãOSãGNU/Linuxã§ããã°ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«åãããŠã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠãã ããã ãŸããFreeBSDã®ããã« crystal ãš shards ãå¥ããã±ãŒãžãšãªã£ãŠããããšãããã®ã§ããã®å Žå㯠shards ã远å ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ãã®å Žåãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã crystal ã¯ã¹ã¿ãã£ã㯠ãªã³ã¯ãããŠããã®ã§ããã€ããã㯠ãªã³ã¯çã® crystal ãå
¥æããã«ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããããã«ãããŸãã ãŸããinteractive Crystalãæå¹ã«ããããã«ãããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ããå¿
èŠã§ãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crystal ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã Github ã® https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal.git ã§å
¬éãããŠããã®ã§ãå¿
èŠã«å¿ããŠãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããããã«ãããããšãã§ããŸãã crystalã¯ãã»ã«ããã¹ãã£ã³ã°èšèªãªã®ã§ãæåã«ãã€ããªãŒãå
¥æããŠããŒãã¹ãã©ããããããã¯ãã¹ãã«ããããã€ããªãŒãæèŸŒãããããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã¿ãŒã²ããã§ã»ã«ãã³ã³ãã€ã«åºæ¥ãç¶æ
ãäœãæ¹æ³ããããŸãã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã«ãã«ã¯ãChromebook(ã¡ã¢ãªãŒ4GB, Celeron N4000, OS Version: reven-release/R104-14909.124.0, Chromebrew version: `1.25.3`, llvm-15.0.0)ã§çŽ30åããããŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crystal ã³ãã³ã㯠Crystal ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã§ãããšåæã«ããã«ãããŒã«ãªã©ãå«ãã ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ã(ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®Crystalã¯ãå
é ã倧æåãã³ãã³ãã®crystalã¯ãå
é ãå°æåã«ããŠåºå¥ããŸã)ã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO: ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ããŒã« crystal ã®è§£èª¬ã crystal ãã¡ã€ã«å 㯠crystal run ãã¡ã€ã«å ã®ç瞮圢ã§ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿çãªå®è¡...ã§ã¯ãªããå
éšãã«ãããŒã«ã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ãè¡ã]",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã¯ãRubyã«è§Šçºãããæ§æãæã€ãã®ã®ãRubyãšã®äºææ§ããŽãŒã«ã«å®ããŠã¯ããŸããã ãã®ããã现éšãèŠããšä»æ§ã«å·®ç°ããããRubyã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããcrystalã«æããŠãåç¯ã® 'Hello World' ã®æ§ã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«å€±æããããšããããŸãã ãŸããã³ã³ãã€ã«ã§ããŠãå®è¡çµæã«éããåºãããšããããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ãRuby ãšã®éãã«ã€ããŠå®éã®ã³ãŒããšåæ¹ã®çµæãæ¯èŒããããšã§ãå·®ç°ã«ã€ããŠã®çè§£ãæ·±ããŠãããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "big ã require ãããš BigInt ã䜿ããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã§ã¯ãSet(éå)ã¯çµèŸŒã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ãªã®ã§ãrequire \"set\"ã¯äžèŠã§ãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystal ã«ã¯ãRuby ã«ã¯ãã foråŒããããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸã loop åŒããããŸããã while true; ... end ã§éã«åããŸããRuby ã§ã¯ while åŒã®æ¡ä»¶ã®æ¬¡ã« do ã眮ããŸãããCrystal ã§ã¯çœ®ããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Rubyã®forã«äŒŒãããšããçžãããªããã°ã(ãã¯ãã䜿ããŸã§ããªã)ç°¡åã«å®è£
ã§ããŸãã å¶ç¶ã§ãããScalaã®forã¡ãœããã«äŒŒãŠããŸããŸãã(ããããã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ ã¡ãœããã«å±éãããã®ã§ããçšåºŠã¯å¿
ç¶)ãScalaãšåãæ§ã«ãžã§ãã¬ã¿ãŒãšçµåãããŠå€æ¬¡å
ã«æ¡åŒµããããšãã§ãããã§ãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystal ã«ã¯ eval() ã¯ãããŸããã Crystalã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèªã§ãã®ã§ãç¡çããªãããšã§ãã ãããCrystal ã§ eval() ãå®è£
ããããšãããšãCommon Lisp ã®æ§ã«ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãäžžããšã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã«å«ãå¿
èŠããããŸãã ããã¯ãªãŒãºããã«ãªéžæã§ã¯ãããŸããã Crystal ã§ã¯ãeval() ãå¿
èŠãªã±ãŒã¹ã«(éå®çã§ãã)ãã¯ãã䜿ãããšã§å®çŸåºæ¥ãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Rubyã§ã¯ãArrayãªã©ã®eachã¡ãœãã㯠self ãè¿ããbreak ã§äžæãããš nil ãè¿ããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ããã®ãããªã³ãŒãããããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«å¯Ÿã Crystal ã§ã¯ãArrayãªã©ã®eachã¡ãœãã㯠self ãè¿ããªã(åžžã« nil ãè¿ã)ã®ã§äžèšã®ãããªããªãããŒãªã³ãŒãã¯ããããã©ãã°ã䜿ããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã«ã¯ãRubyã«ã¯ãªããã¯ãããããŸããRubyã¯å®è¡æã«ãã¹ãŠã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹åºæ¥ãŠãã¡ãœããçããæŸé¡ãªã®ã§ãã¯ãã¯å¿
èŠãããŸããããCrystalã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«åãã¡ãœããã確å®ããå¿
èŠããããç¹ã«ã¡ãœãããžã§ãã¬ã¿ãŒãšããŠã®ãã¯ãã«ããŒãºããããŸãããŸãããã³ãã¬ãŒãèšèªçãªãã¯ããªã®ã§ãç°å¢å€æ°ã«ããæ¡ä»¶åå²ããã³ã³ãããæž¡ãç¹°è¿ãåŠçããæ§æããããŸãã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ruby#ãŠãŒã¶ãŒå®çŸ©ã¯ã©ã¹ã®éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢ãæ±ããã¡ãœããã远å ããäŸããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "JavaScript/ã¯ã©ã¹#å
å«ãšç¶æ¿ããRubyã«ç§»æ€ããRuby#å
å«ãšç¶æ¿ããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystal ã«ã¯ãRubyã®Classã«ããã¡ãœãã superclass ãš subclasses ããªãã®ã§ããã¯ãã§å®è£
ããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Java/æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "RubyãšCrystalã®äž»ãªææ³ã®éãã衚圢åŒã§ãŸãšããŸããã",
"title": "Ruby ãšã®éã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã®ããŒã¯ãŒã( keywords ) ã¯ã以äžã®éãã",
"title": "ããŒã¯ãŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "abstract alias as asm begin break case class def do else elsif end ensure enum extend for fun if include instance_sizeof lib macro module next of out pointerof private protected rescue return require select sizeof struct super then type typeof uninitialized union unless until when while with yield",
"title": "ããŒã¯ãŒã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã¯ã1ã€ã2ã€ããŸãã¯3ã€ã®ãªãã©ã³ããæã€æ°å€ãã®æŒç®åããµããŒãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "æŒç®å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŒç®ååŒã¯ãå®éã«ã¯ã¡ãœããåŒã³åºããšããŠããŒã¹ãããŸããäŸãã°ãa + b 㯠a.+(b) ãšæå³çã«åãã§ãåŒæ° b ãæã€ a ã®ã¡ãœãã + ãåŒã³åºãããšã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "æŒç®å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é (ãããããããããcontrol flow)ãšã¯ããé æ¬¡ããåå²ããå埩ããšããåºæ¬çãªåŠçã®ããšãèšããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ã«ã¯ãif, until ãš caseã®3ã€ã®æ§æããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã¯æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ãã£ãŠå®è¡ã»åŠãåãæ¿ããæ§é æ§æã§ãè©äŸ¡ããåŒã®å€ãè¿ãã®ã§æ¡ä»¶æŒç®åã§ããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã«ã¯ãRubyãPerlã®ãããªåŸçœ®ã®ifããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unless(ã¢ã³ã¬ã¹)ã¯æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ãã£ãŠå®è¡ã»åŠãåãæ¿ããæ§é æ§æã§ãããifãšã¯æ¡ä»¶åŒã«å¯Ÿããæåãéã§ãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã«ã¯ãRubyãPerlã®ãããªåŸçœ®ã®unlessããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "caseã¯ãè€æ°ã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ãã£ãŠåŠçãéãåããçšéã®çºã«çšæãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ifã䜿ã£ãã³ãŒããcaseã«æžãæããŠã¿ãŸãããã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ãŒã㯠when ç¯ã®åŒã®å€ãšcaseã®åŒã === ã§æ¯èŒããæåã«äžèŽãã when ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåŒãå®è¡ãããäºãå©çšããŠããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "when ç¯ãåŒã§ã¯ãªãåã§ãã£ãå Žåãcaseã®åŒã is_a? ã§è©äŸ¡ããæåã«äžèŽãã when ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåŒãå®è¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æé»ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãæ§æã䜿ããš",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "when ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåŒã¯ã1ã€ã®ããšãçãããªãã®ã§ããã®å Žåã¯çç¥å¯èœãª then ãè£ããšã1è¡ã§æžããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã«ãããŠãã¿ãã«ãšã¯ãè€æ°ã®å€ãã°ã«ãŒãåããŠ1ã€ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ããšããŠæ±ãããã®æ©èœã§ããã¿ãã«ã¯ãè§æ¬åŒ§ [ ] å
ã«ã³ã³ãã§åºåãããå€ãæå®ããŠäœæããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ã次ã®ããã«2ã€ã®å€ãæã€ã¿ãã«ãäœæã§ããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¿ãã«ã®èŠçŽ ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã«ã¯ãã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãæå®ããŠååŸããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããCrystalã«ã¯ãããŒèå¥å _ ããããŸãããã®èå¥åã¯ãæªäœ¿çšã®åŒæ°ã倿°ã衚ãããã«äœ¿çšãããŸããäŸãã°ã次ã®ããã« _ ã䜿ã£ãŠã2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãç¡èŠããŠ1çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ã ããååŸããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã¯ã2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ã _ ã§åãåã£ãŠããŸãããã®ããã«ããããŒèå¥å _ ã䜿ãããšã§ããã倿°ãåŒæ°ã䜿çšãããªãããšãæç€ºããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "when ã®ä»£ããã« in ã䜿çšãããšãexhaustive case åŒãäœæãããŸããexhaustive case ã§ã¯ãå¿
èŠãª in æ¡ä»¶ãçç¥ãããšã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãšã©ãŒãšãªããŸããexhaustive case åŒã§ã¯ãwhen ç¯ãš else ç¯ãå«ãããšã¯ã§ããŸããã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "[TODO:ç絡è©äŸ¡ && || ]",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã«ã¯ãä»ã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ãããªç¹°è¿ãæ§æãšãã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒã¡ãœããããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã®ç¹°è¿ãæ§æã«ã¯ãwhile ãš untilã®2ã€ããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "while(ãã¯ã€ã«)ã¯æ¡ä»¶ãçã§ããéãåŒãå®è¡ãã€ã¥ããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "until(ã¢ã³ãã£ã«)ã¯æ¡ä»¶ãåœã§ããéãåŒãå®è¡ãã€ã¥ããŸããwhileãšã¯æ¡ä»¶ã«å¯Ÿããæåãéã§ãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã«ã¯forããããŸããããã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¡ãœããã䜿ãããšã§ç¹°è¿ããç°¡çŽ ã«å®çŸåºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Rangeãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãæŽæ°ã®åºéã衚ãç¯å²æŒç®å éå§ .. çµäº ã éå§ ... çµäº ã§çæããŸãã ç¯å²æŒç®åã®çµäºã¯çç¥ã§ãããã®å Žåã¯æ°åŠã®åéåºé(åéåºé)ãšãªããäŸãã°ã1 ..ã¯èªç¶æ°ãšãªããŸã(ãã ããæ¥æ¬çãª0ãèªç¶æ°ã«å«ãŸãªãå Žå)ã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Arrayãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã é
ååŒ[ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ... èŠçŽ n ] ã§çæããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tupleãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã é
ååŒ{ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ... èŠçŽ n } ã§çæããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Setãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯éåã§ããä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸããã1ã€ã®å€ã¯éè€ããŠæãŠãŸããã Set.newã«é
ååŒ{ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ... èŠçŽ n } ãªã©ãæž¡ãåæåããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "NamedTupleãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããããŒã«ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããå€ã«æã€ããšãã§ãã飿³é
åã§ãã NamedTupleåŒ{ããŒ1 => å€1, ããŒ2 => å€2, ããŒn => å€n} ã§çæããŸãã ãŸããããŒã Symbol ã®å Žå NamedTupleåŒ{ããŒ1: å€1, ããŒ2: å€2, ããŒn: å€n} ã§çæããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãCrystalã§ã¯forããªããŠãã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ã¡ãœããã§åæ§ã®åŠçãå®çŸã§ããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "loop ãããŸããã while true ã§ä»£çšããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Integer#timesã¯äžãããããããã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãã®ç€ºãæŽæ°å€åããããããŸãã",
"title": "å¶åŸ¡æ§é "
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystal ã§ã¯ãå
šãŠããªããžã§ã¯ãã§ãã",
"title": "ãªããžã§ã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®å€ãæ©èœãåŒã³åºãããã«ã¯ãã¡ãœããã䜿ããŸã(å€ãã®æŒç®åãã¡ãœããã§ã)ã",
"title": "ã¡ãœãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystal ã«ã¯ãObjectã¯ã©ã¹ã«methodsã¡ãœããããªãã®ã§ããã¯ãã§å®è£
ããŸããã",
"title": "ã¡ãœãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ã¡ãœãã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ãã«ã¯ {{attr.id}} ã®æ§ã«ASTãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æé ãçšæãããŠãããåã°èšèªãæ¡åŒµãããããªã¢ãããŒããåãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãå®è¡æã§ã¯ãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãããæ©èœã§ããããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããæäœããããšãã§ããŸãã以äžã¯Crystalã®ãã¯ãã®äž»ãªæ©èœãšæ§æã®èª¬æã§ãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ããå®çŸ©ãããšãã«ãåŒæ°ã« * ãä»ããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããä»»æã®æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåãåãããšãã§ããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã®æ°ã®åŒæ°ãã³ã³ãã§åºåã£ãæååãåºåããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ãã®äžã§ã{{}}ã§å²ãã åŒãåã蟌ãããšãã§ããŸãããã®åŒã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ããããã®çµæãã³ãŒãã«æ¿å
¥ãããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯ãåŒæ°ã«æå®ãããåŒã2åã«ããŠè¿ããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ãã®äžã§ã{% ... %}ã§å²ãã éšåã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ãããŸããããã®çµæã¯ã³ãŒãã«æ¿å
¥ãããŸããã代ããã«ã{% ... %}ã§å²ãŸããã³ãŒãã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«çŸåšã®æ¥æã衚瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžãCrystalã®ãã¯ãã®äž»ãªæ©èœãšæ§æã®èª¬æã§ãããã¯ããå©çšããããšã§ãããæè»ã§å¹ççãªã³ãŒããèšè¿°ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ãã¯ã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åå²ãå埩åŠçãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã以äžã«ãããããã®æ§æãšäœ¿çšäŸã瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "= ãã¯ãã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ãšå埩"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡ä»¶åå²ã¯ãif/elsif/elseãcase/when/elseã®ãããªæ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãããã¯ãå
ã§ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åå²ã«ãã£ãŠçæããã³ãŒããå¶åŸ¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "= ãã¯ãã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ãšå埩"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å埩åŠçã¯ãwhileãuntilãforã®ãããªæ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãããã¯ãå
ã§ã¯ãå埩åŠçã«ãã£ãŠçæããã³ãŒããå¶åŸ¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "= ãã¯ãã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ãšå埩"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¡ãœãã p ã¯ãäžãããããåŒãã® inspaect() ã®è¿ãå€ã puts ããŸããããã¯ã p! ã¯ãããã«å
ãããŠ(è©äŸ¡åã®)ãåŒãã衚瀺ããŸãã",
"title": "= ãã¯ã p!"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¯ã p! ã¯å
¥ãåã«åºæ¥ãŸãããŸããäžæŠASTã«å€æããŠããå床ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã«å€æããã®ã§ãç䟡ãªå¥ã®æ§æã«å€æãããããšããããŸãã",
"title": "= ãã¯ã p!"
}
]
| æ¬æžã¯ãCrystalã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ãã
Crystalã¯ãAry BorenszweigãJuan WajnermanãBrian Cardiffãš300人以äžã®è²¢ç®è
ã«ãã£ãŠèšèšã»éçºãããæ±çšãªããžã§ã¯ãæåããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ããRuby ã«ãã³ããåŸãæ§æãæã¡ãéçåä»ããªã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèªã§ããã倿°ãã¡ãœããã®åŒæ°ã®åã¯äžè¬ã«ã¯äžèŠã§ããåã¯é«åºŠãªã°ããŒãã«åæšè«ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã«ãã£ãŠè§£æ±ºãããŸããCrystalã¯Apache LicenseããŒãžã§ã³2.0ã®ããšãFOSSãšããŠãªãªãŒã¹ãããŠããŸãã | {{Pathnav|ã¡ã€ã³ããŒãž|å·¥åŠ|æ
å ±æè¡|ããã°ã©ãã³ã°|frame=1}}
{{Wikipedia|Crystal (ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª)}}
<div style="width: fit-content;float:left; margin: 1rem">__TOC__</div>
æ¬æžã¯ã[[w:Crystal (ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª)|Crystal]]ã®ãã¥ãŒããªã¢ã«ã§ãã
'''Crystal'''ã¯ãAry BorenszweigãJuan WajnermanãBrian Cardiffãš300人以äžã®è²¢ç®è
ã«ãã£ãŠèšèšã»éçºãããæ±çšãªããžã§ã¯ãæåããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/graphs/contributors
|title=Contributors
|accessdate=2022-07-18
|website=github.com
}}</ref>ã[[Ruby]] ã«ãã³ããåŸãæ§æãæã¡ã[[W:éçåä»ã|éçåä»ã]]ãª[[w:ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèª|ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèª]]ã§ããã倿°ãã¡ãœããã®åŒæ°ã®åã¯äžè¬ã«ã¯äžèŠã§ããåã¯é«åºŠãªã°ããŒãã«[[åæšè«]]ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã«ãã£ãŠè§£æ±ºãããŸãã<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://crystal-lang.org/2013/09/23/type-inference-part-1.html
|title=Type inference part 1
|last=Brian J.
|first=Cardiff
|date=2013-09-09
|accessdate=2022-07-18
|website=crystal-lang.org
}}</ref>Crystalã¯[[W:Apache License|Apache License]]ããŒãžã§ã³2.0ã®ããšã[[W:FOSS|FOSS]]ãšããŠãªãªãŒã¹ãããŠããŸãã
== ç¹åŸŽ ==
Crystalã¯ãRubyã®ã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ãæã€éçåä»ãã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã以äžã®ãããªç¹åŸŽããããŸãã
* ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèªïŒCrystalã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèªã§ãããã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«ãã£ãŠå®è¡å¯èœãªãã€ããªãçæãããŸããããã«ãããå®è¡é床ãéããéçåä»ãã«ãã£ãŠå®å
šæ§ãé«ãŸããŸãã
* ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåïŒCrystalã¯ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ãããã¯ã©ã¹ãç¶æ¿ãªã©ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåã®æ©èœããµããŒãããŠããŸãã
* Rubyãšã®äºææ§ïŒCrystalã¯Rubyã®ã·ã³ã¿ãã¯ã¹ã«äŒŒãŠãããããRubyéçºè
ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯æ¯èŒçç°¡åã«åŠç¿ããããšãã§ããŸãããŸããCrystalã®ã³ãŒãã¯Rubyã®ã³ãŒãã«å€æã§ãããããRubyã®ã©ã€ãã©ãªãå©çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
* éçåä»ãïŒCrystalã¯éçåä»ãèšèªã§ãããåãšã©ãŒãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ€åºããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããå®è¡æã«ãšã©ãŒãçºçããå¯èœæ§ãæžãããã³ãŒãã®å質ãåäžãããŸãã
* 䞊ååŠçïŒCrystalã¯ã䞊ååŠçããµããŒãããããã«ãGreen ThreadsãšåŒã°ãã軜éã¹ã¬ãããå©çšããŠããŸããããã«ãããCPUã®ã³ã¢ãæå€§éã«æŽ»çšããåŠçé床ãé«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
* ã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ïŒCrystalã¯ãã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ããµããŒãããŠããŸããããã«ãããã³ãŒãçæãåçãªå倿ãªã©ãããé«åºŠãªããã°ã©ãã³ã°æè¡ãå©çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
* Cèšèªãšã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ïŒCrystalã¯ãCèšèªãšã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ããµããŒãããŠããŸããããã«ãããæ¢åã®Cèšèªã®ã©ã€ãã©ãªãå©çšããããšãã§ããæ¢åã®ã·ã¹ãã ãšã®é£æºã容æã«ãªããŸãã
== Hello, World! ==
ãçŽæã®[[W:Hello world|Hello_world]]ã§ãããããã§ã¯Rubyãšã®æ¯èŒãå
ŒããŠã[[Ruby#Hello, World!]]ããã®ãŸãŸå®è¡ããŠã¿ãŸãã
''hello.cr''ãçšæããŸã<ref>Crystalã®ãœãŒã¹ãã¡ã€ã«ã®æ¡åŒµåã¯''.cr'' ã§ã</ref>ã
;hello.cr:<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal>
puts 'Hello, World!'
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ã§ã®æäœ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
% cat hello.cr
puts 'Hello, World!'
% crystal hello.cr
In hello.cr:1:6
1 | puts 'Hello, World!'
^
Error: unterminated char literal, use double quotes for strings
% sed -i -e "s@'@Q@g" -e 's@Q@"@g' hello.cr
% cat hello.cr
puts "Hello, World!"
% crystal hello.cr
Hello, World!
</syntaxhighlight>
: Crystalã§ã¯ãæååã®å Žåã¯äºéåŒçšç¬Š(")ã䜿çšããã®ã§ã' ã " ã« sed ã§çœ®æããŸããã
:: ä¿®æ£åŸã® hello.cr ãåé¡ãªã ruby ã§å®è¡ã§ããŸãã
== ç¹åŸŽ ==
{{å
é ã«æ»ã}}
; [[W:ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèª|ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèª]] : ïŒã€ãŸãã¯è€æ°ã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããã³ã³ãã€ã«ããŠå®è¡ãã¡ã€ã«ãçæããçæããå®è¡ãã¡ã€ã«ãå®è¡ããŸãã
; [[W:éçåä»ã|éçåä»ã]] : å€ã»å€æ°ã»é¢æ°ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã»é¢æ°ã®æ»å€ãªã©ã®åã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ€èšŒããã[[W:åå®å
šæ§|åå®å
šæ§]]ãæ
ä¿ãããŸãã
; [[W:äŸå€#ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãšäŸå€|äŸå€]] : begin / rescue / else / ensure / end 圢ã®äŸå€åŠçããµããŒãããŸãã
; [[W:å€éå®çŸ©#æŒç®åã®å€éå®çŸ©|æŒç®åãªãŒããŒããŒã]]: ãµããŒãããŸãã
; [[W:å€çŸ©å®çŸ©|ã¡ãœãããªãŒããŒããŒã]] : åãååã§åŒæ°ã®æ°ãç°ãªãã¡ãœãããå®çŸ©ããããšãå¯èœã§ãã
; [[W:åæšè«|åæšè«]] : ãµããŒãããŸãã
; [[W:ã¬ããŒãžã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³|ã¬ããŒãžã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³]] : ãµããŒãããŸãã
; [[W:ã¯ã©ã¹ (ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿)|ã¯ã©ã¹]] : ã¯ã©ã¹ããŒã¹ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåèšèªã§ãã
:; å
šãŠããªããžã§ã¯ã : Javaã§èšãããªããã£ãããªããžã§ã¯ãã§ãã¡ãœãããæã¡ãŸãã
:; ç¥å
ã¯ã©ã¹ : Object
:; [[#ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿|ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒ]] : initalize() ãšåä»ããããã¡ãœãããã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åã«äœ¿ãããŸãã
:; [[#ãã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿|ãã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒ]] : ãããŸããã
:; [[W:ç¶æ¿ (ããã°ã©ãã³ã°)|ç¶æ¿]] : åäžç¶æ¿ããµããŒãããŸãã
:; æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ : [[Java]] ã [[Go]] ã® interface ã [[Swift]] ã® protocol ã¯ãããŸããããabstract class ããããŸãã
; Mix-in : include æã§ãµããŒãããŸãã
; [[#åå空é|åå空é]] : ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãåå空éãæã¡ãŸãã
; defer : ææ¡ãããŸãããæ¡çšãããŸããã§ãã<ref>[https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/issues/2582 go like defer #2582]</ref>ãäŸãã°ãFile.open() ã§éãããã¡ã€ã«ã®å§æ«ã¯ãFile.open(){âŠ}ãšãããã¯ãæž¡ãããšã§ãFile.open()ã®çµäºãšãšãã« close() ããã Ruby æµã®ã¢ãã«ã䜿ããã®ã§ãäžèŠãšã®ããšã§ãããŸããdeferãæ¡çšãããšerrdferã¯ãããªãã®ããšé£éçã«åé¡ãåºããæžå¿µããããŸãïŒåŸæ¥ã®ã³ãŒããšã®æå³è«ã®æŽåæ§ãïŒã
; å¶åŸ¡æ§é ã¯åŒ : [[#if|if]], [[#while|while]] ã®å¶åŸ¡æ§æã¯åŒã§ãã
; ææ«ã®<code>;</code>ïŒã»ãã³ãã³ïŒ: å¿
èŠãããŸããã
=== ã³ãŒãã»ã®ã£ã©ãªãŒ ===
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
å®éã«Crystalã§æžãããã®ã³ãŒããèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
==== ãã¡ã€ã«ã®èªåºã(1) ====
Crystalã䜿ã£ãŠãã¡ã€ã«ãèªã¿èŸŒãã«ã¯ãFileã¯ã©ã¹ã䜿çšããŸãã
以äžã¯ãCrystalã§ãã¡ã€ã«ãèªã¿èŸŒãäŸã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
file = File.open("filename.txt")
contents = file.gets_to_end
puts contents
file.close
</syntaxhighlight>
:#<code>File.open</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠããã¡ã€ã«ãéããŸããåŒæ°ã«ãã¡ã€ã«ã®ãã¹ãæå®ããŸããããã«ããã <code>file</code> 倿°ã«ãã¡ã€ã«ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãæ ŒçŽãããŸãã
:#<code>gets_to_end</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
容ãèªã¿èŸŒã¿ãŸããããã«ããã <code>contents</code> 倿°ã«ãã¡ã€ã«ã®å
å®¹ãæ ŒçŽãããŸãã
:#<code>puts</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠããã¡ã€ã«ã®å
å®¹ãæšæºåºåã«åºåããŸãã
:#ãã¡ã€ã«ãéãéã« <code>File.open</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããå Žåã¯ã <code>File.close</code> ã¡ãœããã䜿çšããŠãã¡ã€ã«ãéããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
==== ãã¡ã€ã«ã®èªåºã(2) ====
<code>File.open</code>ã«ãããã¯ãæž¡ããšããããã¯ãæãããšèªåçã«ãã¡ã€ã«ãéããããŸããæç€ºçãªãã¡ã€ã«ã®ã¯ããŒãºãäžèŠã§ãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
File.open("filename.txt") { |file|
contents = file.gets_to_end
puts contents
}
</syntaxhighlight>
# File.openã¡ãœãã:
#* <code>File.open("filename.txt")</code>ã¯ãæå®ããããã¡ã€ã«ãéããŸãããã®ã¡ãœããã¯ãããã¯ãåãããããã¯å
ã§ãã¡ã€ã«ãæäœããåŸãèªåçã«ãã¡ã€ã«ãéããŸãããããã¯ã®çµäºæã«ãã¡ã€ã«ãéãããããããæç€ºçãªãã¡ã€ã«ã®ã¯ããŒãºãäžèŠã§ãã
# ãã¡ã€ã«æäœ:
#* <code>|file|</code>ã®éšåã¯ããããã¯ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã§ããã®å Žåã¯<code>file</code>ãšããååã®å€æ°ããã¡ã€ã«ãªããžã§ã¯ãã衚ããŸãã
#* <code>file.gets_to_end</code>ã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ããçŸåšã®äœçœ®ããæ«å°ŸãŸã§ã®å
容ãèªã¿èŸŒã¿ãŸãããã¡ã€ã«å
šäœãèªã¿èŸŒãããšãã§ããã¡ãœããã§ãã
#* <code>puts contents</code>ã¯ãèªã¿èŸŒãã å
容ãåºåããŸãã
ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ãéããŠå
容ãèªã¿èŸŒãéã«ãããã¯ã䜿çšãããããã¯ãæãããšãã¡ã€ã«ãèªåçã«éãããããšããCrystalã®äžè¬çãªã€ãã£ãªã ã瀺ããŠããŸãã
ãã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ã®æäœåŸã«ã¯ããŒãºåŠçãå¿ããããšãé²ããã³ãŒããããå®å
šãã€ç°¡æœã«ããŸãã
==== ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯© ====
{{å
é ã«æ»ã|style=border-top:1px solid gray;}}
ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯©ããè¥å¹² Crystal ãããæžããŠã¿ãŸããã
;ãšã©ãã¹ããã¹ã®ç¯©:<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal line>
def eratosthenes(n)
sieve = [] of Bool
n.times do |i| sieve.push(i >= 2) end
n.times do |i|
next unless sieve[i]
print("#{i} ")
(2 * i).step(to: n, by: i, exclusive: true) do |j|
sieve[j] = false
end
end
end
eratosthenes(1000)
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523 541 547 557 563 569 571 577 587 593 599 601 607 613 617 619 631 641 643 647 653 659 661 673 677 683 691 701 709 719 727 733 739 743 751 757 761 769 773 787 797 809 811 821 823 827 829 839 853 857 859 863 877 881 883 887 907 911 919 929 937 941 947 953 967 971 977 983 991 997
</syntaxhighlight>
== ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ç°å¢ ==
Crystalã®ããã°ã©ã ãäœããã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è£
ããã«ã¯ãããªã³ã©ã€ã³å®è¡ç°å¢ã䜿ããã»ããšãã£ãã»ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ç°å¢ãçšæããŠããã䜿ããã®ïŒéãã®æ¹æ³ããããŸãã
=== ãªã³ã©ã€ã³å®è¡ç°å¢ ===
å
¬åŒã®ãªã³ã©ã€ã³å®è¡ç°å¢ã https://play.crystal-lang.org/ ããããŸãã
ãŸãã¯ãããã䜿ã£ãŠæ¬æžã«äŸç€ºãããŠããã³ãŒããå®è¡ããŠã¿ãããšããå§ãããŸãã
=== ãšãã£ãã»ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ç°å¢ ===
ãšãã£ã¿ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ¬æžã§ã¯è§ŠããŸããããããã°ã©ãã³ã°æéã®å€§åã¯ãšãã£ã¿ã®æäœã«è²»ãããããããè¯ããšãã£ã¿ãéžæããããšãéèŠã§ãã
Crystal ã®èšèªåŠçç³»ã¯ã https://crystal-lang.org/install/ ããå
¥æããŸãã
èªåã®ãOSãGNU/Linuxã§ããã°ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«åãããŠã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠãã ããã
ãŸããFreeBSDã®ããã« crystal ãš shards ãå¥ããã±ãŒãžãšãªã£ãŠããããšãããã®ã§ããã®å Žå㯠shards ã远å ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãã
=== ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ã ===
å€ãã®å Žåãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã crystal ã¯ã¹ã¿ãã£ã㯠ãªã³ã¯ãããŠããã®ã§ããã€ããã㯠ãªã³ã¯çã® crystal ãå
¥æããã«ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããããã«ãããŸãã
ãŸããinteractive Crystalãæå¹ã«ããããã«ãããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ããå¿
èŠã§ãã
crystal ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã Github ã® https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal.git ã§å
¬éãããŠããã®ã§ãå¿
èŠã«å¿ããŠãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããããã«ãããããšãã§ããŸãã
crystalã¯ã[[W:ã»ã«ããã¹ãã£ã³ã°|ã»ã«ããã¹ãã£ã³ã°èšèª]]<ref>crystalã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒãå§ããšãããcrystalã®èšèªåŠçç³»ïŒæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒãå«ãïŒãšããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãŒãªã©ã¯ãcrystalèªèº«ã§æžãããŠããŸãã</ref>ãªã®ã§ãæåã«ãã€ããªãŒãå
¥æããŠããŒãã¹ãã©ããããããã¯ãã¹ãã«ããããã€ããªãŒãæèŸŒãããããã±ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã¿ãŒã²ããã§ã»ã«ãã³ã³ãã€ã«åºæ¥ãç¶æ
ãäœãæ¹æ³ããããŸãã
ãã«ãã«ã¯ãChromebook(ã¡ã¢ãªãŒ4GB, Celeron N4000, OS Version: reven-release/R104-14909.124.0, Chromebrew version: `1.25.3`, llvm-15.0.0)ã§çŽ30åããããŸããã
{{See also|ChromeOS/Chromebrew#crystal.rb}}
=== crystal ã³ãã³ã ===
crystal ã³ãã³ã㯠Crystal ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã§ãããšåæã«ããã«ãããŒã«ãªã©ãå«ãã ããŒã«ãã§ã€ã³ã§ãïŒããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®Crystalã¯ãå
é ã倧æåãã³ãã³ãã®crystalã¯ãå
é ãå°æåã«ããŠåºå¥ããŸãïŒã
[TODO: ã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ããŒã« crystal ã®è§£èª¬ã crystal ãã¡ã€ã«å 㯠crystal run ãã¡ã€ã«å ã®ç瞮圢ã§ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿çãªå®è¡âŠã§ã¯ãªããå
éšãã«ãããŒã«ã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã»å®è¡ãè¡ã]
== Ruby ãšã®éã ==
Crystalã¯ãRubyã«è§Šçºãããæ§æãæã€ãã®ã®ãRubyãšã®äºææ§ããŽãŒã«ã«å®ããŠã¯'''ããŸãã'''ã
ãã®ããã现éšãèŠããšä»æ§ã«å·®ç°ããããRubyã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããcrystalã«æããŠãåç¯ã® 'Hello World' ã®æ§ã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«å€±æããããšããããŸãã
ãŸããã³ã³ãã€ã«ã§ããŠãå®è¡çµæã«éããåºãããšããããŸãã
ããã§ã¯ãRuby ãšã®éãã«ã€ããŠå®éã®ã³ãŒããšåæ¹ã®çµæãæ¯èŒããããšã§ãå·®ç°ã«ã€ããŠã®çè§£ãæ·±ããŠãããŸãã
=== æŽæ°åã®ç¹æ§ ===
;倧ããªæŽæ°:<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal>
p 2 ** 999
p (2 ** 999).class
</syntaxhighlight>
;rubyã®å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
5357543035931336604742125245300009052807024058527668037218751941851755255624680612465991894078479290637973364587765734125935726428461570217992288787349287401967283887412115492710537302531185570938977091076523237491790970633699383779582771973038531457285598238843271083830214915826312193418602834034688
Integer
</syntaxhighlight>
;crystalã®å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
Unhandled exception: Arithmetic overflow (OverflowError)
from /usr/local/share/crystal/share/crystal/src/int.cr:295:9 in '**'
from pow.cr:1:1 in '__crystal_main'
from /usr/local/share/crystal/share/crystal/src/crystal/main.cr:115:5 in 'main_user_code'
from /usr/local/share/crystal/share/crystal/src/crystal/main.cr:101:7 in 'main'
from /usr/local/share/crystal/share/crystal/src/crystal/main.cr:127:3 in 'main'
from /usr/local/lib64/libc.so.6 in '__libc_start_main'
from /usr/local/.cache/crystal/crystal-run-pow.tmp in '_start'
from ???
</syntaxhighlight>
: Ruby ã®æŽæ°ã¯ãæ¡ããµããèµ·ãããšèªåçã«å€å鷿޿°ã«å倿ãããã®ã§ãç¶ãç®ãªãã«å€§ããªæ°ãæ±ãã¢ã«ãŽã«ãºã ã䜿ããŸãã
: Crystal ã®æŽæ°ã¯ãåºå®é·ã§ãïŒå€§ããã«ã€ããŠã¯[[#ãªãã©ã«ãšå|åŸè¿°]]ïŒããªã®ã§å€§ããªçãã«ãªãåŒãè©äŸ¡ãããšæ¡ããµããçããŸããæ¡ããµããçããŸãããCèšèªã®ããã«å¯¡é»ã«åŠçãç¶ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããå®è¡æã«äŸå€ïŒOverflowErrorïŒãäžããã®ã§ãäŸå€ãææãç¶ãã¹ãåŠçœ®ãæœãããšãå¯èœã§ãã
==== BigInt ====
<code>big</code> ã <code>require</code> ãããš <code>BigInt</code> ã䜿ããããã«ãªããŸãã
;BigInt:<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal>
require "big"
p BigInt.new(2) ** 999
p (BigInt.new(2) ** 999).class
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
5357543035931336604742125245300009052807024058527668037218751941851755255624680612465991894078479290637973364587765734125935726428461570217992288787349287401967283887412115492710537302531185570938977091076523237491790970633699383779582771973038531457285598238843271083830214915826312193418602834034688
BigInt
</syntaxhighlight>
: BigIntã¯ããªããã£ãã§ã¯ãªã®ã§ããªãã©ã«è¡šçŸã¯ãããŸããããŸãã
::<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal>
n : BigInt = 2
</syntaxhighlight>
::<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
Error: type must be BigInt, not Int32
</syntaxhighlight>
:: ã®ããã«åã¢ãããŒã·ã§ã³ããããšãåºæ¥ãŸããã
=== ãªãã©ã«ãšå ===
;æ§ã
ãªãªãã©ã«ãšå:<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal>
[nil, false, true, 42, 2.73, 'Q', "string", [1,2,3], {a:1, b:2}].each{|x|
p [x, x.class]
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;rubyã®å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
[nil, NilClass]
[false, FalseClass]
[true, TrueClass]
[42, Integer]
[2.73, Float]
["Q", String]
["string", String]
[[1, 2, 3], Array]
[{:a=>1, :b=>2}, Hash]
</syntaxhighlight>
;crystalã®å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
[nil, Nil]
[false, Bool]
[true, Bool]
[42, Int32]
[2.73, Float64]
['Q', Char]
["string", String]
[[1, 2, 3], Array(Int32)]
[{a: 1, b: 2}, NamedTuple(a: Int32, b: Int32)]
</syntaxhighlight>
: Crystal ã®æŽæ°ã¯ Int32ãæµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ°ã¯ Float64 ã§ãã
;ãµã€ãºãæå®ããæ°ãªãã©ã«:<syntaxhighlight lang=Crystal>
[1_i64, 2_u32, 3_u64, 4_i32, 5_i16, 6_u8, 7_i128, 8_u128, 3.14_f32, 1.44_f64].each{|x|
p [x, x.class]
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;ruby:Rubyã§ã¯ããµãŒãã£ãã¯ã¹ã®ä»ããæ°å€ãªãã©ã«ã¯ç¡å¹
;crystalã®å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="console">
[1, Int64]
[2, UInt32]
[3, UInt64]
[4, Int32]
[5, Int16]
[6, UInt8]
[7, Int128]
[8, UInt128]
[3.14, Float32]
[1.44, Float64]
</syntaxhighlight>
: Crystal ã§ã¯ãæ°å€ãªãã©ã«ã« _ ã§å§ãŸããµãŒãã£ãã¯ã¹ãä»ã { i:笊å·ä»ãæŽæ°, u:笊å·ãªãæŽæ°, f:æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æ° } ãš { 8,16,32,64,128 } ã®ãããå¹
ã®çµåãã§ã<ref>[https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.5/syntax_and_semantics/literals/ Literals]</ref>ã
=== Setã¯çµèŸŒã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ ===
Crystalã§ã¯ãSetïŒéåïŒã¯çµèŸŒã¿ã¯ã©ã¹ãªã®ã§ã<code>require "set"</code>ã¯äžèŠã§ãã
;éåã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
a = Set.new(10.times)
b = Set.new(5.times.map{|i|2*i})
p! a,
b,
a + b,
a - b,
a & b,
a | b
a ^ b
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
a # => Set{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
b # => Set{0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
a + b # => Set{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
a - b # => Set{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
a & b # => Set{0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
a | b # => Set{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
</syntaxhighlight>
=== foråŒããªã ===
Crystal ã«ã¯ãRuby ã«ã¯ãã foråŒããããŸããã
;Rubyã®foråŒã®æ§æ:<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
for 倿° in ã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³
æ
end
</syntaxhighlight>
:ã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¯ Range, Array, Hash ãªã©å
éšæ§é ãæã€ãªããžã§ã¯ãã§ãã
:foråŒã¯ãæåŸã«è©äŸ¡ããå€ãè¿ãã®ã§ãfor'''åŒ'''ã§ãã
;foråŒã®eachã¡ãœããã«ãã眮æã:<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
for x in [ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 ] do
p x
end
# â
[ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 ].each do | x |
p x
end
</syntaxhighlight>
: ã®æ§ã«ã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã® each ã¡ãœããã§çœ®æãå¯èœãªã®ã§ãRubyããã®ç§»æ€ã§ãå°èŠæš¡ãªæžæãã§æžã¿ãŸã<ref>[https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/issues/830 "For" Loop support #830]</ref>ïŒåŸè¿°ã®ãã¯ãã§å®è£
ã§ããªãããšæããŸããããããŸã®ãšããç¡çã®ããã§ãïŒã
ãŸã loop åŒããããŸããã while true; ⊠end ã§éã«åããŸããRuby ã§ã¯ while åŒã®æ¡ä»¶ã®æ¬¡ã« do ã眮ããŸãããCrystal ã§ã¯çœ®ããŸããã
==== èªäœã®forã¡ãœãã ====
Rubyã®forã«äŒŒãããšããçžãããªããã°ãïŒãã¯ãã䜿ããŸã§ããªãïŒç°¡åã«å®è£
ã§ããŸãã
å¶ç¶ã§ããã[[Scala]]ã®forã¡ãœããã«äŒŒãŠããŸããŸããïŒããããã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ ã¡ãœããã«å±éãããã®ã§ããçšåºŠã¯å¿
ç¶ïŒãScalaãšåãæ§ã«ãžã§ãã¬ã¿ãŒãšçµåãããŠå€æ¬¡å
ã«æ¡åŒµããããšãã§ãããã§ãã
;èªäœã®forã¡ãœãã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
def for(collection)
collection.each do |elm|
yield(elm)
end
end
for [1,2,3,4] do |x|
p! x * x
end
for ({3,4,5,6}) do |x|
p! x + x
end
for (1...999) do |x|
p! x - 1
break if x > 5
end
for (9999.times) do |x|
p! x ** 3
break if x > 7
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
x * x # => 1
x * x # => 4
x * x # => 9
x * x # => 16
x + x # => 6
x + x # => 8
x + x # => 10
x + x # => 12
x - 1 # => 0
x - 1 # => 1
x - 1 # => 2
x - 1 # => 3
x - 1 # => 4
x - 1 # => 5
x ** 3 # => 0
x ** 3 # => 1
x ** 3 # => 8
x ** 3 # => 27
x ** 3 # => 64
x ** 3 # => 125
x ** 3 # => 216
x ** 3 # => 343
x ** 3 # => 512
</syntaxhighlight>
=== eval()ããªã ===
Crystal ã«ã¯ eval() ã¯ãããŸããã
Crystalã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«åèšèªã§ãã®ã§ãç¡çããªãããšã§ãã
ãããCrystal ã§ eval() ãå®è£
ããããšãããšãCommon Lisp ã®æ§ã«ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãäžžããšã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã«å«ãå¿
èŠããããŸãã
ããã¯ãªãŒãºããã«ãªéžæã§ã¯ãããŸããã
Crystal ã§ã¯ãeval() ãå¿
èŠãªã±ãŒã¹ã«ïŒéå®çã§ããïŒãã¯ãã䜿ãããšã§å®çŸåºæ¥ãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
=== eachã¡ãœãããå€ãè¿ããªã ===
Rubyã§ã¯ãArrayãªã©ã®eachã¡ãœãã㯠self ãè¿ããbreak ã§äžæãããš nil ãè¿ããŸãã
ããã§ããã®ãããªã³ãŒãããããŸãã
:;[https://paiza.io/projects/Je9yc_1sAi0h-jMfCSln4g?language=ruby 100以äžã®çŽ æ°ãæ±ããã³ãŒã(Ruby)]:<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby" highlight="3,4" line>
primes = []
(2..100).each do |i|
primes.push(i) if primes.each do |prime|
break if i % prime == 0
end
end
p primes
</syntaxhighlight>
:;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]
</syntaxhighlight>
:: çŽ æ°éå(primes)ããïŒã€çŽ æ°(prime)ãååºããåè£(i)ãããã§å²ããå²åããã break ããŸãã
:: <u>break ãããš each 㯠nil ãè¿ããçŽ æ°éåãžã®åè£ã®è¿œå ã¯è¡ãããŸããã</u>
ããã«å¯Ÿã Crystal ã§ã¯ãArrayãªã©ã®eachã¡ãœãã㯠self ãè¿ããªãïŒåžžã« nil ãè¿ãïŒã®ã§äžèšã®ãããªããªãããŒãªã³ãŒãã¯ããããã©ãã°ã䜿ããŸãã
:;100以äžã®çŽ æ°ãæ±ããã³ãŒã(Crystal):<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby" highlight="3,6,10" line>
primes = [] of Int64
(2..100).each do |i|
flag = true
primes.each do |prime|
if i % prime == 0
flag = false
break
end
end
primes.push(i) if flag
end
p primes
</syntaxhighlight>
=== ãã¯ãããã ===
Crystalã«ã¯ãRubyã«ã¯ãªããã¯ãããããŸã<ref>[https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.11/syntax_and_semantics/macros/ Macros - Crystal]</ref>ãRubyã¯å®è¡æã«ãã¹ãŠã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹åºæ¥ãŠãã¡ãœããçããæŸé¡ãªã®ã§ãã¯ãã¯å¿
èŠãããŸããããCrystalã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«åãã¡ãœããã確å®ããå¿
èŠããããç¹ã«ã¡ãœãããžã§ãã¬ã¿ãŒãšããŠã®ãã¯ãã«ããŒãºããããŸãããŸãããã³ãã¬ãŒãèšèªçãªãã¯ããªã®ã§ãç°å¢å€æ°ã«ããæ¡ä»¶åå²ããã³ã³ãããæž¡ãç¹°è¿ãåŠçããæ§æããããŸãã
==== Rubyã®ææ³ãšCrystalã®ææ³ã®éã ====
RubyãšCrystalã®äž»ãªææ³ã®éãã衚圢åŒã§ãŸãšããŸããã
{| class="wikitable"
!ææ³
!Ruby
!Crystal
|-
!倿°å®£èš
|<code>x = 1</code>
|<code>x : Int32 = 1</code>
|-
!åæå®
|äžèŠ
|å¿
èŠïŒåæšè«ã§çç¥å¯èœïŒ
|-
!颿°å®çŸ©
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
def foo(x)
x + 1
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
def foo(x : Int32)
x + 1
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!ã¯ã©ã¹å®çŸ©
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
class MyClass
attr_accessor :name
def initialize(name)
@name = name
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
class MyClass
property name : String
def initialize(@name : String)
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«å®çŸ©
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
module MyModule
def foo
"foo"
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
module MyModule
def foo
"foo"
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!if
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
if x == 1
"x is 1"
elsif x == 2
"x is 2"
else
"x is neither 1 nor 2"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
if x == 1
"x is 1"
elsif x == 2
"x is 2"
else
"x is neither 1 nor 2"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!unless
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
unless x == 1
"x is not 1"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
unless x == 1
"x is not 1"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!case
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
case x
when 1
"x is 1"
when 2
"x is 2"
else
"x is neither 1 nor 2"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
case x
when 1
"x is 1"
when 2
"x is 2"
else
"x is neither 1 nor 2"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!while
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
while x < 10 do
puts x
x += 1
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
while x < 10
puts x
x += 1
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|-
!for
|<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits
puts fruit
end
</syntaxhighlight>
| N/AïŒä»¥äžã¯ä»£æ¿å®è£
ïŒ
<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.each do |fruit|
puts fruit
end
</syntaxhighlight>
|}
== ããŒã¯ãŒã ==
Crystalã®ããŒã¯ãŒã( ''keywords'' ) ã¯ã以äžã®éãã
<code>abstract</code> <code>alias</code> <code>as</code> <code>asm</code> <code>begin</code> <code>break</code> <code>case</code> <code>class</code> <code>def</code> <code>do</code> <code>else</code> <code>elsif</code> <code>end</code> <code>ensure</code> <code>enum</code> <code>extend</code> <code>for</code> <code>fun</code> <code>if</code> <code>include</code> <code>instance_sizeof</code> <code>lib</code> <code>macro</code> <code>module</code> <code>next</code> <code>of</code> <code>out</code> <code>pointerof</code> <code>private</code> <code>protected</code> <code>rescue</code> <code>return</code> <code>require</code> <code>select</code> <code>sizeof</code> <code>struct</code> <code>super</code> <code>then</code> <code>type</code> <code>typeof</code> <code>uninitialized</code> <code>union</code> <code>unless</code> <code>until</code> <code>when</code> <code>while</code> <code>with</code> <code>yield</code>
<!--
<code>__DIR__</code> <code>__END_LINE__</code> <code>__FILE__</code> <code>__LINE__</code>
-->
== æŒç®å ==
Crystalã¯ã1ã€ã2ã€ããŸãã¯3ã€ã®ãªãã©ã³ããæã€æ°å€ãã®æŒç®åããµããŒãããŠããŸã<ref>[https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.5/syntax_and_semantics/operators.html Operators]access-date:2022-07-22</ref>ã
æŒç®ååŒã¯ãå®éã«ã¯ã¡ãœããåŒã³åºããšããŠããŒã¹ãããŸããäŸãã°ã<code>a + b</code> 㯠<code>a.+(b)</code> ãšæå³çã«åãã§ãåŒæ° b ãæã€ a ã®ã¡ãœãã + ãåŒã³åºãããšã«ãªããŸãã
{| class="wikitable"
|+ æŒç®åã®åªå
床
!çš®é¡
!æŒç®å
|-
|ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ ã¢ã¯ã»ãµãŒ
|<code>[]</code>, <code>[]?</code>
|-
|åé
|<code>+</code>, <code>&+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>&-</code>, <code>!</code>, <code>~</code>
|-
|ææ°
|<code>**</code>, <code>&**</code>
|-
|ä¹é€
|<code>*</code>, <code>&*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>//</code>, <code>%</code>
|-
|å æž
|<code>+</code>, <code>&+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>&-</code>
|-
|ã·ãã
|<code><<</code>, <code>>></code>
|-
|ãããé AND
|<code>&</code>
|-
|ãããé OR/XOR
|<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>,<code>^</code>
|-
|çå€
|<code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>=~</code>, <code>!~</code>, <code>===</code>
|-
|æ¯èŒ
|<code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code><=></code>
|-
|è«ç AND
|<code>&&</code>
|-
|è«ç OR
|<code><nowiki>||</nowiki></code>
|-
|Range
|<code>..</code>, <code>...</code>
|-
|æ¡ä»¶
|<code>?:</code>
|-
|代å
¥
|<code>=</code>, <code>[]=</code>, <code>+=</code>, <code>&+=</code>, <code>-=</code>, <code>&-=</code>, <code>*=</code>, <code>&*=</code>, <code>/=</code>, <code>//=</code>, <code>%=</code>, <code><nowiki>|=</nowiki></code>, <code>&=</code>,<code>^=</code>,<code>**=</code>,<code><<=</code>,<code>>>=</code>, <code><nowiki>||=</nowiki></code>, <code>&&=</code>
|-
|ã¹ãã©ãã
|<code>*</code>, <code>**</code>
|}
== å¶åŸ¡æ§é ==
'''[[w:å¶åŸ¡æ§é |å¶åŸ¡æ§é ]]'''ïŒããããããããã''control flow''ïŒãšã¯ããé æ¬¡ããåå²ããå埩ããšããåºæ¬çãªåŠçã®ããšãèšããŸãã
{{ã³ã©ã |Crystalã®ççå€|2=
å¶åŸ¡æ§é ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åŒããçã§ãããåœã§ãããã«ãã£ãŠåå²ãååŸ©ã®æ¯ãèããå€ãããŸãã
ã§ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åŒããçã»åœã¯ã©ã®æ§ã«æ±ºãŸãã®ã§ãããïŒ
Crystalã§ã¯ <code>false</code> ããã㯠<code>nil</code> ã§ãããšåœããã以å€ãçã§ãã
ãªã®ã§ <code>0</code> ã <code>[]</code>ïŒç©ºã®ArrayïŒ ã <code>{}</code>ïŒç©ºã®NamedTupleïŒãçã§ãã
}}
=== æ¡ä»¶åå² ===
Crystalã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ã«ã¯ã[[#if|if]], [[#until|until]] ãš [[#case|case]]ã®3ã€ã®æ§æããããŸãã
==== if ====
'''[[w:if|if]]'''ã¯æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ãã£ãŠå®è¡ã»åŠãåãæ¿ããæ§é æ§æã§ãè©äŸ¡ããåŒã®å€ãè¿ãã®ã§æ¡ä»¶æŒç®åã§ããããŸãã
;ifã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
a = 0.0 / 0.0
if a < 0
puts "minus"
elsif a > 0
puts "plus"
elsif a == 0
puts "zero"
else
puts a
end
p! (
if a < 0
"minus"
elsif a > 0
"plus"
elsif a == 0
"zero"
else
a
end
)
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
NaN
(if a < 0
"minus"
else
if a > 0
"plus"
else
if a == 0
"zero"
else
a
end
end
end) # => NaN
</syntaxhighlight>
:; elsifç¯:ifã¯ããªãã·ã§ãã«ãª elsif ç¯ãèšããæ¡ä»¶åŒãåœã§ãã£ãæã«å¥ã®æ¡ä»¶ã«åèŽããåŠçãå®è¡ãããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
:; elseç¯:ifã¯ããªãã·ã§ãã«ãª else ç¯ãèšããæ¡ä»¶åŒãåœã§ãã£ãæã«åŠçãå®è¡ãããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
: ifã¯å€ãè¿ãã®ã§ãã¡ãœããã®å®åŒæ°ã«äœ¿ãããšãåºæ¥ãŸããã代å
¥æŒç®ã®å³èŸºã«ã䜿ããŸãã
==== åŸçœ®ã®if ====
Crystalã«ã¯ãRubyãPerlã®ãããªåŸçœ®ã®ifããããŸãã
;åŸçœ®ã®ifã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
n = 0
puts "nã¯0" if n == 0
puts "nã¯1" if n == 1
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
nã¯0
</syntaxhighlight>
==== unless====
'''unless'''ïŒã¢ã³ã¬ã¹ïŒã¯æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ãã£ãŠå®è¡ã»åŠãåãæ¿ããæ§é æ§æã§ãããifãšã¯æ¡ä»¶åŒã«å¯Ÿããæåãéã§ãã
;unlessæã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
a = 0.0 / 0.0
unless a == 0
puts "Non-zero"
else
puts a
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Non-zero
</syntaxhighlight>
:; elseç¯ : unlessæã¯ããªãã·ã§ãã«ãª else ç¯ãèšããæ¡ä»¶åŒãçã§ãã£ãæã«åŠçãå®è¡ãããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
::ãŸããunlessæã¯ elsif ç¯ã¯æãŠãŸããã
==== åŸçœ®ã®unless ====
Crystalã«ã¯ãRubyãPerlã®ãããªåŸçœ®ã®unlessããããŸãã
;åŸçœ®ã®unlessã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
n = 0
puts "nã¯0" unless n == 0
puts "nã¯1" unless n == 1
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
nã¯1ã§ã¯ãªã
</syntaxhighlight>
==== case ====
caseã¯ãè€æ°ã®æ¡ä»¶åŒã«ãã£ãŠåŠçãéãåããçšéã®çºã«çšæãããŠããŸãã
;caseã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
n = 2
case n
when 1
puts "one"
when 2
puts "two"
when 3
puts "three"
else
puts "other"
end
p! (
case n
when 1
"one"
when 2
"two"
when 3
"three"
else
"other"
end
)
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
two
(case n
when 1
"one"
when 2
"two"
when 3
"three"
else
"other"
end) # => "two"</syntaxhighlight>
:Cèšèªç³»ã®switchæã«æ
£ãã人ã¯breakããªãããšã«æ°ãã€ããšæããŸããCrystalã®caseã¯fall throughããŸããããfall throughãããæ¹æ³ããããŸããã
===== whenç¯ã宿°ã§ãªãåŒãåä»ããŸã =====
[[#if|if]]ã䜿ã£ãã³ãŒããcaseã«æžãæããŠã¿ãŸãããã
;case ã®åŒã®çç¥:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
a = 0.0 / 0.0
case
when a < 0
puts "minus"
when a > 0
puts "plus"
when a == 0
puts "zero"
else
puts a
end
p! (
case true
when a < 0
"minus"
when a > 0
"plus"
when a == 0
"zero"
else
a
end
)
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
NaN
(case true
when a < 0
"minus"
when a > 0
"plus"
when a == 0
"zero"
else
a
end) # => NaN
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ã³ãŒã㯠when ç¯ã®åŒã®å€ãšcaseã®åŒã <code>===</code> ã§æ¯èŒããæåã«äžèŽãã when ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåŒãå®è¡ãããäºãå©çšããŠããŸãã
===== åã«ããåå² =====
when ç¯ãåŒã§ã¯ãªãåã§ãã£ãå Žåãcaseã®åŒã <code>is_a?</code> ã§è©äŸ¡ããæåã«äžèŽãã when ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåŒãå®è¡ãããŸãã
;åã«ããåå²:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
p! 0.class,
0.is_a?(Object),
0.is_a?(Int32),
0.is_a?(Number),
0.is_a?(String)
case 0
when String
puts "String"
when Number
puts "Number"
when Int32
puts "Int32"
when Object
puts "Object"
else
puts "Unknown"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
0.class # => Int32
0.is_a?(Object) # => true
0.is_a?(Int32) # => true
0.is_a?(Number) # => true
0.is_a?(String) # => false
Number
</syntaxhighlight>
æé»ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãæ§æã䜿ããš
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
case 0
when .is_a?(String)
puts "String"
when .is_a?(Number)
puts "Number"
when .is_a(Int32)
puts "Int32"
when .is_a(Object)
puts "Object"
else
puts "Unknown"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
:ãšæžãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
:: ã¡ãœããã¯ã.is_a? ã«éå®ããªãã®ã§ã .odd? .even? .include? ãªã© Bool ãè¿ãã¡ãœãããªãäœã§ã䜿ããŸãã
when ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåŒã¯ã1ã€ã®ããšãçãããªãã®ã§ããã®å Žåã¯çç¥å¯èœãª then ãè£ããšãïŒè¡ã§æžããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
case 0
when String then puts "String"
when Number then puts "Number"
when Int32 then puts "Int32"
when Object then puts "Object"
else puts "Unknown"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
===== ã¿ãã«ãšãããŒèå¥å _ =====
Crystalã«ãããŠãã¿ãã«ãšã¯ãè€æ°ã®å€ãã°ã«ãŒãåããŠ1ã€ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ããšããŠæ±ãããã®æ©èœã§ããã¿ãã«ã¯ãè§æ¬åŒ§ <code>[ ]</code> å
ã«ã³ã³ãã§åºåãããå€ãæå®ããŠäœæããŸãã
äŸãã°ã次ã®ããã«2ã€ã®å€ãæã€ã¿ãã«ãäœæã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
tuple = [1, "hello"]
</syntaxhighlight>
ã¿ãã«ã®èŠçŽ ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã«ã¯ãã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãæå®ããŠååŸããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
tuple[0] #=> 1
tuple[1] #=> "hello"
</syntaxhighlight>
ãŸããCrystalã«ã¯ãããŒèå¥å <code>_</code> ããããŸãããã®èå¥åã¯ãæªäœ¿çšã®åŒæ°ã倿°ã衚ãããã«äœ¿çšãããŸããäŸãã°ã次ã®ããã« <code>_</code> ã䜿ã£ãŠã2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ãç¡èŠããŠ1çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ã ããååŸããããšãã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
tuple = [1, "hello"]
a, _ = tuple
puts a #=> 1
</syntaxhighlight>
ããã§ã¯ã2çªç®ã®èŠçŽ ã <code>_</code> ã§åãåã£ãŠããŸãããã®ããã«ããããŒèå¥å <code>_</code> ã䜿ãããšã§ããã倿°ãåŒæ°ã䜿çšãããªãããšãæç€ºããããšãã§ããŸãã
===== ç¶²çŸ
æ§ã®æ€æ» =====
when ã®ä»£ããã« in ã䜿çšãããšãexhaustive case åŒãäœæãããŸããexhaustive case ã§ã¯ãå¿
èŠãª in æ¡ä»¶ãçç¥ãããšã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãšã©ãŒãšãªããŸããexhaustive case åŒã§ã¯ãwhen ç¯ãš else ç¯ãå«ãããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
;Enumã®ç¶²çŸ
æ§ãã§ãã¯ïŒç¶²çŸ
äžå®å
šïŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line highlight=11>
enum Colours
Red
Green
Blue
end
colour : Colours = Colours::Red
q = case colour
in Colours::Red then "èµ€"
in .green? then "ç·"
# in .blue? then "é"
end
p q
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Showing last frame. Use --error-trace for full trace.
In enumcase.cr:8:5
8 | q = case colour
^
Error: case is not exhaustive for enum Colours.
Missing members:
- Blue
</syntaxhighlight>
: case - in åŒã® in ãåæåã®èŠçŽ ãç¶²çŸ
ããŠããªããšãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ãã®æ§ã«ãšã©ãŒã«ãªããŸãã
:: Colours::Red ãš .red? ã¯å矩ã§ãïŒenum ã§ã¯ãèŠçŽ åãå°æåã«ãæåŸã« ? ãä»ããã¡ãœãããçããŠããŸãïŒã
;Enumã®ç¶²çŸ
æ§ãã§ãã¯ïŒç¶²çŸ
å®å
šïŒ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line highlight=11>
enum Colours
Red
Green
Blue
end
colour : Colours = Colours::Red
q = case colour
in Colours::Red then "èµ€"
in .green? then "ç·"
in .blue? then "é"
end
p q
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
"èµ€"
</syntaxhighlight>
[TODO:ç絡è©äŸ¡ && || ]
=== ç¹°è¿ã ===
Crystalã«ã¯ãä»ã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ãããª[[#ç¹°è¿ãæ§æ|ç¹°è¿ãæ§æ]]ãšã[[#ã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒã¡ãœãã|ã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒã¡ãœãã]]ããããŸãã
==== ç¹°è¿ãæ§æ ====
Crystalã®ç¹°è¿ãæ§æã«ã¯ãwhile ãš untilã®2ã€ããããŸã<ref>for ã do-while ã loop ããããŸããã</ref>ã
===== while =====
whileïŒãã¯ã€ã«ïŒã¯æ¡ä»¶ã'''ç'''ã§ããéãåŒãå®è¡ãã€ã¥ããŸãã
;æ§æ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
while æ¡ä»¶åŒ
åŒïŒ
åŒïŒ
ïŒ
åŒïœ
end
</syntaxhighlight>
: Rubyãšéããæ¡ä»¶åŒã®åŸãã« <code>do</code> ãã€ããããšã¯åºæ¥ãŸããã
;whileæã®ã³ãŒãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
i = 0
p! (
while i < 10
p! i
i += 1
break i if i > 5
end
)
</syntaxhighlight>
: ïŒè¡ç®ã® <code>i < 5</code>ãçã®éãæ¬¡ã®ïŒè¡ãç¹°è¿ããŸãã
: ïŒè¡ç®ã® <code>i += 1</code> 㯠<code>i = i + 1</code> ã®æ§æç³
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
(while i < 10
p!(i)
i = i + 1
if i > 5
break i
end
end)# =>
i # => 0
i # => 1
i # => 2
i # => 3
i # => 4
i # => 5
6
</syntaxhighlight>
===== until =====
untilïŒã¢ã³ãã£ã«ïŒã¯æ¡ä»¶ã'''åœ'''ã§ããéãåŒãå®è¡ãã€ã¥ããŸããwhileãšã¯æ¡ä»¶ã«å¯Ÿããæåãéã§ãã
;æ§æ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
until æ¡ä»¶åŒ [ do ]
æïŒ
æïŒ
ïŒ
æïœ
end
</syntaxhighlight>
: <code>do</code> ã¯çç¥ã§ããŸãã
;untilã®ã³ãŒãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
i = 0
until i == 3
puts i
i += 1
end
</syntaxhighlight>
: ïŒè¡ç®ã® <code>i == 3</code>ãåœã®éãæ¬¡ã®ïŒè¡ãç¹°è¿ããŸãã
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
0
1
2
</syntaxhighlight>
===== for =====
Crystalã«ã¯forããããŸããããã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¡ãœããã䜿ãããšã§ç¹°è¿ããç°¡çŽ ã«å®çŸåºæ¥ãŸãã
==== Rangeãªããžã§ã¯ã ====
Rangeãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãæŽæ°ã®åºéã衚ãç¯å²æŒç®å <code>éå§ .. çµäº</code> ã <code>éå§ ... çµäº</code> ã§çæããŸãã
ç¯å²æŒç®åã®çµäºã¯çç¥ã§ãããã®å Žåã¯æ°åŠã®åéåºéïŒåéåºéïŒãšãªããäŸãã°ã<code>1 ..</code>ã¯èªç¶æ°ãšãªããŸãïŒãã ããæ¥æ¬çãªïŒãèªç¶æ°ã«å«ãŸãªãå ŽåïŒã
;ã³ãŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
rng = 1..3
puts rng.class
rng.each do | n |
puts "#{n}çª";
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Range(Int32, Int32)
1çª
2çª
3çª
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Arrayãªããžã§ã¯ã ====
Arrayãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã
é
ååŒ<code>[ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ⊠èŠçŽ n ]</code> ã§çæããŸãã
;ã³ãŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
animals = [ "ãã³", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ" ]
puts animals.class
animals.each do | animal |
puts "åç© #{animal}"
end
p! ([ "ã€ã", *animals , "ã€ã°ã¢ã" ])
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Array(String)
åç© ãã³
åç© éé
åç© ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ
(["ã€ã", *animals, "ã€ã°ã¢ã"]) # => ["ã€ã", "ãã³", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã€ã°ã¢ã"]
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Tupleãªããžã§ã¯ã ====
Tupleãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸãã
é
ååŒ<code>{ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ⊠èŠçŽ n }</code> ã§çæããŸãã
;ã³ãŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
animals = { "ãã³", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ" }
puts animals.class
animals.each do | animal |
puts "åç© #{animal}"
end
p! ({ "ã€ã", *animals , "ã€ã°ã¢ã" })
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Tuple(String, String, String)
åç© ãã³
åç© éé
åç© ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ
({"ã€ã", *animals, "ã€ã°ã¢ã"}) # => {"ã€ã", "ãã³", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã€ã°ã¢ã"}
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Setãªããžã§ã¯ã ====
Setãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯éåã§ããä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããèŠçŽ ãšããŠæã€ããšãã§ããŸããã1ã€ã®å€ã¯éè€ããŠæãŠãŸããã
Set.newã«é
ååŒ<code>{ èŠçŽ 1, èŠçŽ 2, ⊠èŠçŽ n }</code> ãªã©ãæž¡ãåæåããŸãã
;ã³ãŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
animals = Set.new({ "ãã³", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ" })
puts animals.class
animals.each do | animal |
puts "åç© #{animal}"
end
p! animals,
animals.includes?("ãã³"),
animals.includes?("ã€ã")
animals.delete "ãã³"
animals.add "ã€ã"
p! animals,
animals.includes?("ãã³"),
animals.includes?("ã€ã")
animals = Set.new({ "ãã³", "ã€ã", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã«ããªã€", "ã¯ãµã¬ã¡" })
mammals = Set.new({ "ãã³", "ã€ã", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ" })
p! animals , mammals,
animals & mammals,
animals | mammals,
animals + mammals,
animals ^ mammals,
animals - mammals,
mammals - animals
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Set(String)
åç© ãã³
åç© éé
åç© ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ
animals # => Set{"ãã³", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ"}
animals.includes?("ãã³") # => true
animals.includes?("ã€ã") # => false
animals # => Set{"éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã€ã"}
animals.includes?("ãã³") # => false
animals.includes?("ã€ã") # => true
animals # => Set{"ãã³", "ã€ã", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã«ããªã€", "ã¯ãµã¬ã¡"}
mammals # => Set{"ãã³", "ã€ã", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ"}
animals & mammals # => Set{"ãã³", "ã€ã", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ"}
animals | mammals # => Set{"ãã³", "ã€ã", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã«ããªã€", "ã¯ãµã¬ã¡"}
animals + mammals # => Set{"ãã³", "ã€ã", "éé", "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ", "ã«ããªã€", "ã¯ãµã¬ã¡"}
animals ^ mammals # => Set{"éé", "ã«ããªã€", "ã¯ãµã¬ã¡"}
animals - mammals # => Set{"éé", "ã«ããªã€", "ã¯ãµã¬ã¡"}
mammals - animals # => Set{}
</syntaxhighlight>
==== NamedTupleãªããžã§ã¯ã ====
NamedTupleãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããããŒã«ãä»»æã® Crystal ãªããžã§ã¯ããå€ã«æã€ããšãã§ãã飿³é
åã§ãã
NamedTupleåŒ<code>{ããŒ1 => å€1, ããŒ2 => å€2, ããŒn => å€n}</code> ã§çæããŸãã
ãŸããããŒã Symbol ã®å Žå
NamedTupleåŒ<code>{ããŒ1: å€1, ããŒ2: å€2, ããŒn: å€n}</code> ã§çæããããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
;ã³ãŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
animals = {cat: "ãã³", gold_fish: "éé", hamster: "ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ"}
puts animals.class
animals.each do | en, animal |
puts "åç© #{en}: #{animal}"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
NamedTuple(cat: String, gold_fish: String, hamster: String)
åç© cat: ãã³
åç© gold_fish: éé
åç© hamster: ãã ã¹ã¿ãŒ
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ããã«ãCrystalã§ã¯forããªããŠãã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ã¡ãœããã§åæ§ã®åŠçãå®çŸã§ããŸãã
==== loop ====
loop ãããŸããã
while true ã§ä»£çšããŸãã
;loopã®ä»£çšã³ãŒãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
i = 1
while true
puts "0b%b" % i
i <<= 1
break if i > 2**8
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
0b1
0b10
0b100
0b1000
0b10000
0b100000
0b1000000
0b10000000
0b100000000
</syntaxhighlight>
:ïŒè¡ç®ã®ã<code>break if i > 2**8</code>ã§ã«ãŒããè±åºããããã«ããŠããŸãããã®æ§ã« break ã return ãããã¯äŸå€ãäžãããªããšã«ãŒãã¯æ°žä¹
ã«çµãããŸããã
:ãã®ã³ãŒãã¯ãCrystalã«ã¯ãªã do-whileæãæš¡å£ããäŸã«ããªã£ãŠããŸãã
==== ã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒã¡ãœãã ====
===== Integer#times =====
Integer#timesã¯äžãããããããã¯ããªããžã§ã¯ãã®ç€ºãæŽæ°å€åããããããŸãã
:ã³ãŒã<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
3.times{ puts "Hello, world!" }
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Hello, world!
Hello, world!
Hello, world!
</syntaxhighlight>
;ã«ãŒã倿°ã䜿ãäŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
3.times do |i|
puts "#{i}ã®åã¯#{2 * i}"
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
0ã®åã¯0
1ã®åã¯2
2ã®åã¯4
</syntaxhighlight>
;ãããã¯ã䌎ããªãtimesã¡ãœãã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
iter = 3.times
puts iter.class
p! iter.next
p! iter.next
p! iter.next
p! iter.next
p! iter.next
p! iter.next
# puts iter.next # `next': StopIteration: iteration reached an end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Int::TimesIterator(Int32)
iter.next # => 0
iter.next # => 1
iter.next # => 2
iter.next # => #<Iterator::Stop:0x7fb5bedd7fe0>
iter.next # => #<Iterator::Stop:0x7fb5bedd7fe0>
iter.next # => #<Iterator::Stop:0x7fb5bedd7fe0>
</syntaxhighlight>
: Integer#times ã«ãããã¯ãæž¡ããªããšãInt::TimesIterator([T])ãªããžã§ã¯ããè¿ããŸãã
: Int::TimesIterator([T])ãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯å€éšã€ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒãšåŒã°ãnextã¡ãœããã§å埩ãè¡ããŸãã
== ãªããžã§ã¯ã ==
Crystal ã§ã¯ãå
šãŠããªããžã§ã¯ãã§ãã
=== ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®ãªãã©ã«ãšã¯ã©ã¹ ===
;ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®ãªãã©ã«ãšã¯ã©ã¹:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
[nil, false, true, 1, 3.14, "abc", :abc, 1..10, 1...10, 1..,
[1, 2_u8, 3_i128],
[1, 2, 3], [1, "abc"],
{1, 2, 3}, {1, "abc"},
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2},
{a: 1, b: 2},
Set.new([:a, :bc, :def]),
->(x : Int32) { 2 * x },
100.times,
(1..).each,
[1, 2, 3].each,
{1, 2, 3}.each,
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2}.each,
# {a:1, b:2}.each, # Error: 'NamedTuple(a: Int32, b: Int32)#each' is expected to be invoked with a block, but no block was given
].each do |obj|
p [obj, obj.class]
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text" style="overflow: scroll;height:12em">
[nil, Nil]
[false, Bool]
[true, Bool]
[1, Int32]
[3.14, Float64]
["abc", String]
[:abc, Symbol]
[1..10, Range(Int32, Int32)]
[1...10, Range(Int32, Int32)]
[1.., Range(Int32, Nil)]
[[1, 2, 3], Array(Int128 | Int32 | UInt8)]
[[1, 2, 3], Array(Int32)]
[[1, "abc"], Array(Int32 | String)]
[{1, 2, 3}, Tuple(Int32, Int32, Int32)]
[{1, "abc"}, Tuple(Int32, String)]
[{"a" => 1, "b" => 2}, Hash(String, Int32)]
[{a: 1, b: 2}, NamedTuple(a: Int32, b: Int32)]
[Set{:a, :bc, :def}, Set(Symbol)]
[#<Proc(Int32, Int32):0x5a6c0ffabcf0>, Proc(Int32, Int32)]
[#<Int::TimesIterator(Int32):0x7e2b4be59e80 @n=100, @index=0>, Int::TimesIterator(Int32)]
[#<Range::ItemIterator(Int32, Nil):0x7e2b4be5dfc0 @range=1.., @current=1, @reached_end=false>, Range::ItemIterator(Int32, Nil)]
[#<Indexable::ItemIterator(Array(Int32), Int32):0x7e2b4be58da0 @array=[1, 2, 3], @index=0>, Indexable::ItemIterator(Array(Int32), Int32)]
[#<Indexable::ItemIterator(Tuple(Int32, Int32, Int32), Int32):0x7e2b4be5dfa0 @array={1, 2, 3}, @index=0>, Indexable::ItemIterator(Tuple(Int32, Int32, Int32), Int32)]
[#<Hash::EntryIterator(String, Int32):0x7e2b4be58d80 @hash={"a" => 1, "b" => 2}, @index=0>, Hash::EntryIterator(String, Int32)]
</syntaxhighlight>
=== Rubyã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®ãªãã©ã«ãšã¯ã©ã¹ ===
;Rubyã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®ãªãã©ã«ãšã¯ã©ã¹:<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
require 'set'
[nil, false, true, 1, 3.14, "abc", :abc, 1..10, 1...10, 1..,
# [1, 2_u8, 3_i128],
[1, 2, 3], [1, "abc"],
# {1, 2, 3}, {1, "abc"},
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2},
{a: 1, b: 2},
Set.new([:a, :bc, :def]),
->(x) { 2 * x },
100.times,
(1..).each,
[1, 2, 3].each,
# {1, 2, 3}.each,
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2}.each,
# {a:1, b:2}.each, # Error: 'NamedTuple(a: Int32, b: Int32)#each' is expected to be invoked with a block, but no block was given
].each do |obj|
p [obj, obj.class]
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text" style="overflow: scroll;height:12em">
[nil, NilClass]
[false, FalseClass]
[true, TrueClass]
[1, Integer]
[3.14, Float]
["abc", String]
[:abc, Symbol]
[1..10, Range]
[1...10, Range]
[1.., Range]
[[1, 2, 3], Array]
[[1, "abc"], Array]
[{"a"=>1, "b"=>2}, Hash]
[{:a=>1, :b=>2}, Hash]
[#<Set: {:a, :bc, :def}>, Set]
[#<Proc:0x000014af26147eb0 Main.rb:10 (lambda)>, Proc]
[#<Enumerator: 100:times>, Enumerator]
[#<Enumerator: 1..:each>, Enumerator]
[#<Enumerator: [1, 2, 3]:each>, Enumerator]
[#<Enumerator: {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}:each>, Enumerator]
</syntaxhighlight>
== ã¯ã©ã¹ ==
=== ã·ã³ãã«ãªã¯ã©ã¹ ===
;ã·ã³ãã«ãªã¯ã©ã¹:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal highlight="2" line>
class Hello
def initialize(@name : String = "World")
end
def greeting
puts "Hello #{@name}!"
end
end
hello = Hello.new()
hello.greeting
universe = Hello.new("Universe")
universe.greeting
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
Hello World!
Hello Universe!
</syntaxhighlight>
:;åæåã¡ãœãã
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line start=4>
def initialize(@name : String = "World")
end
</syntaxhighlight>
::Rubyã§ããã°
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line start=4>
def initialize(name = "World")
@name = name
end
</syntaxhighlight>
::ãšãããšããã§ãããCrystalã§ã¯ãåã¢ãããŒã·ã§ã³ <code> : String</code> ã䜿ããåŒæ°ã®åãéå®ããŸããã
::ãŸããïŒ@ ä»ãã®ïŒã¢ããªãã¥ãŒãåãä»®åŒæ°ã«ãããšããã®ãŸãŸã¢ããªãã¥ãŒãïŒa.k.a. ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å€æ°ïŒã«ä»®åŒæ°ã代å
¥ãããŸãã
::ããã¯ãC++ã®ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®ã¡ã³ããŒåæåãªã¹ããšåãã¢ã€ãã£ã¢ã§ãããCrystalã§ã¯ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å€æ°ã« @ ãå眮ãããã®ã§ãä»®åŒæ°ã« @ ãåºçŸããã°ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å€æ°ã®åæå€ã ãšèªæã§ãè¡æãªéžæã§ãã
=== éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢ ===
[[Ruby#ãŠãŒã¶ãŒå®çŸ©ã¯ã©ã¹]]ã®éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢ãæ±ããã¡ãœããã远å ããäŸããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã
;éœåžéã®å€§åè·é¢:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal highlight=â2,7,12â line>
class GeoCoord
getter :longitude, :latitude
def initialize(@longitude : Float64, @latitude : Float64)
end
def to_s(io)
ew, ns = "æ±çµ", "åç·¯"
long, lat = @longitude, @latitude
ew, long = "西çµ", -long if long < 0.0
ns, lat = "åç·¯", -lat if lat < 0.0
io << "(#{ew}: #{long}, #{ns}: #{lat})"
end # https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/issues/259
def distance(other)
i, r = Math::PI / 180, 6371.008
Math.acos(Math.sin(@latitude*i) * Math.sin(other.latitude * i) +
Math.cos(@latitude*i) * Math.cos(other.latitude * i) * Math.cos(@longitude * i - other.longitude * i)) * r
end
end
# ã¡ãœããã®å
é ã倧æåã«åºæ¥ãªãã®ã§ã¯ã©ã¹åã®ã¡ãœããã¯äœãããšãåºæ¥ãªã
# def GeoCoord(lng : Float64, lat : Float64)
# GeoCoord.new(lng, lat)
# end
Sites = {
"æ±äº¬é§
": GeoCoord.new(139.7673068, 35.6809591),
"ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹": GeoCoord.new(151.215278, -33.856778),
"ã°ãªãããžå€©æå°": GeoCoord.new(-0.0014, 51.4778),
}
Sites.each { |name, gc|
puts "#{name}: #{gc}"
}
puts ""
keys, len = Sites.keys, Sites.size
keys.each_with_index { |x, i|
y = keys[(i + 1) % len]
puts "#{x} â #{y}: #{Sites[x].distance(Sites[y])} [km]"
}
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
æ±äº¬é§
: (æ±çµ: 139.7673068, åç·¯: 35.6809591)
ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹: (æ±çµ: 151.215278, åç·¯: 33.856778)
ã°ãªãããžå€©æå°: (西çµ: 0.0014, åç·¯: 51.4778)
æ±äº¬é§
â ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹: 7823.269299386704 [km]
ã·ãããŒã»ãªãã©ããŠã¹ â ã°ãªãããžå€©æå°: 16987.2708377249 [km]
ã°ãªãããžå€©æå° â æ±äº¬é§
: 9560.546566490015 [km]
</syntaxhighlight>
:Crystal ã«ã¯ã<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby inline> attr_accessor </syntaxhighlight> ã¯ãããŸããããæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒã®ãã¯ãã« <syntaxhighlight lang=crystal inline> getter </syntaxhighlight>ãããã®ã§
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line start=2>
getter :longitude, :latitude
</syntaxhighlight>
::ãšããŸããã
::å°æ¥ã<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby inline> attr_accessor </syntaxhighlight> ãå®è£
ãããå¯èœæ§ã¯ãããŸãããå§åйåã®<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal inline> setter </syntaxhighlight>ããšã®äœµçšãäžäœäºææ§ãèãããšç¢ºå®ã§ãã
: to_s ã¯ãRuby ãªãã°
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line start=7>
def to_s()
</syntaxhighlight>
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line start=12>
"(#{ew}: #{long}, #{ns}: #{lat})"
</syntaxhighlight>
:: ã§ãããCrystalã§ã¯è¿œå ã®åŒæ° <var>io</var> ãå¿
èŠã§
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line start=7>
def to_s(io)
</syntaxhighlight>
:: <syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line start=12>
io << "(#{ew}: #{long}, #{ns}: #{lat})"
</syntaxhighlight>
: Ruby ã«ã¯ã¯ã©ã¹åãšåãååã®ã¡ãœããã§ .new ãåŒåºãæåãããã®ã§ãããCrystalã¯ã¡ãœããã®å
é ã倧æåã«åºæ¥ãªãã®ã§ãããã¯èŠéããŸããã
=== å
å«ãšç¶æ¿ ===
[[JavaScript/ã¯ã©ã¹#å
å«ãšç¶æ¿]]ããRubyã«ç§»æ€ãã[[Ruby#å
å«ãšç¶æ¿]]ããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã
;å
å«ãšç¶æ¿ã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
class Point
def initialize(@x = 0, @y = 0)
end
def inspect(io)
io << "x:#{@x}, y:#{@y}"
end
def move(dx = 0, dy = 0)
@x, @y = @x + dx, @y + dy
self
end
end
class Shape
def initialize(x = 0, y = 0)
@location = Point.new(x, y)
end
def inspect(io)
@location.inspect(io)
end
def move(x, y)
@location.move(x, y)
self
end
end
class Rectangle < Shape
def initialize(x = 0, y = 0, @width = 0, @height = 0)
super(x, y)
end
def inspect(io)
super(io)
io << ", width:#{@width}, height:#{@height}"
end
end
rct = Rectangle.new(12, 32, 100, 50)
p! rct,
rct.is_a?(Rectangle),
rct.is_a?(Shape),
rct.is_a?(Point),
rct.move(11, 21)
(END)</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
rct # => x:12, y:32, width:100, height:50
rct.is_a?(Rectangle) # => true
rct.is_a?(Shape) # => true
rct.is_a?(Point) # => false
rct.move(11, 21) # => x:23, y:53, width:100, height:50
</syntaxhighlight>
;crystal tool hierarchy:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
% crystal tool hierarchy inclusion-and-inheritance.cr -e Shape
- class Object (4 bytes)
|
+- class Reference (4 bytes)
|
+- class Shape (16 bytes)
. @location : Point (8 bytes)
|
+- class Rectangle (24 bytes)
@width : Int32 (4 bytes)
@height : Int32 (4 bytes)
</syntaxhighlight>
: crystal ã® tool hierarchy ãµãã³ãã³ãã§ãã¯ã©ã¹ã®ç¶æ¿é¢ä¿ãããããŸãã
==== superclass ãš subclasses ====
Crystal ã«ã¯ãRubyã®Classã«ããã¡ãœãã superclass ãš subclasses ããªãã®ã§ããã¯ãã§å®è£
ããŸããã
;superclass ãš subclasses:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
class Class
def self.superclass
{{ @type.superclass }}
end
def self.subclasses : Array(self.class)
{{ @type.subclasses }}.map(&.as(self.class))
end
def self.all_subclasses : Array(self.class)
{% begin %}
[{{ @type.all_subclasses.join(",").id }}] of self.class
{% end %}
end
end
class A end
class AA < A end
class AAA < AA end
class AAB < AA end
class AB < A end
p! A,
A.subclasses,
A.all_subclasses,
AAA.superclass,
A.superclass
c = AAA
while !c.is_a? Nil
p! c.superclass
c = c.superclass
end</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
A # => A
A.subclasses # => [AA, AB]
A.all_subclasses # => [AA, AAA, AAB, AB]
AAA.superclass # => AA
A.superclass # => Reference
c.superclass # => AA
c.superclass # => A
c.superclass # => Reference
c.superclass # => Object
c.superclass # => nil
</syntaxhighlight>
=== æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ ===
[[Java/æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹]]ããCrystalã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã
;æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã®å®£èš:<syntaxhighlight lang=Java>
abstract class ã¯ã©ã¹å
#
end
</syntaxhighlight>
: ãã®ã¯ã©ã¹åã¯ã .new ã§ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ååºæ¥ãŸããã
:: Error: can't instantiate abstract class ã¯ã©ã¹å
: ãšãªããŸãã
:ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åããããšã¯åºæ¥ãŸããããæœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ãå¥ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ãç¶æ¿ããäºã¯åºæ¥ãŸãã
:ãŸããæœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã <code>super()</code> ã䜿ãããšã§ã¡ãœãããåŒã³åºããã®ã§ãæœè±¡ã¡ãœããã§ã¯ãªãã¡ãœããïŒå
·è±¡ã¡ãœããïŒãæã€ããšããã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å€æ°ãæã€ããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
:'''æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äŸ'''ã§ã¯ãShapeã®initializeã¡ãœãããæœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã®å
·è±¡ã¡ãœãããšãªã£ãŠããŸãã
;æœè±¡ã¡ãœããã®å®£èš:<syntaxhighlight lang=Java>
abstract def ã¡ãœããå
</syntaxhighlight>
: 掟çå
ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã§ããã¡ãœããåããå®çŸ©(def)ãå¿ãããš
:: Error: abstract `def ã¯ã©ã¹å#ã¡ãœããå()` must be implemented by ã¯ã©ã¹å
: ãšãªããŸã
;æœè±¡ã¯ã©ã¹ã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal line>
abstract class Shape
def initialize(@x = 0.0, @y = 0.0)
end
abstract def to_s(io)
abstract def area
end
class Square < Shape
def initialize(x, y, @wh = 0.0)
super(x, y)
end
def to_s(io)
io << "Square(#{@x}, #{@y}, #{@wh})"
end
def area
@wh * @wh
end
end
abstract class Shape
def initialize(@x = 0.0, @y = 0.0)
end
abstract def to_s(io)
abstract def area
end
class Square < Shape
def initialize(x, y, @wh = 0.0)
super(x, y)
end
def to_s(io)
io << "Square(#{@x}, #{@y}, #{@wh})"
end
def area
@wh * @wh
end
end
class Recrangle < Shape
def initialize(x, y, @w = 0.0, @h = 0.0)
super(x, y)
end
def to_s(io)
io << "Rectanle(#{@x}, #{@y}, #{@w}, #{@h})"
end
def area
@w * @h
end
end
class Circle < Shape
def initialize(x, y, @r = 0.0)
super(x, y)
end
def to_s(io)
io << "Circle(#{@x}, #{@y}, #{@r})"
end
def area
3.1425926536 * @r * @r
end
end
shapes = [
Square.new(5.0, 10.0, 15.0),
Recrangle.new(13.0, 23.0, 20.0, 10.0),
Circle.new(3.0, 2.0, 20.0),
] of Shape
shapes.each do |shape|
puts("#{shape}: #{shape.area}")
end
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
Square(5.0, 10.0, 15.0): 225.0
Rectanle(13.0, 23.0, 20.0, 10.0): 200.0
Circle(3.0, 2.0, 20.0): 1257.03706144
</syntaxhighlight>
;crystal tool hierarchy:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
% crystal tool hierarchy abstract.cr -e Shape
- class Object (4 bytes)
|
+- class Reference (4 bytes)
|
+- class Shape (24 bytes)
. @x : Float64 (8 bytes)
. @y : Float64 (8 bytes)
|
+- class Circle (32 bytes)
| @r : Float64 (8 bytes)
|
+- class Recrangle (40 bytes)
| @w : Float64 (8 bytes)
| @h : Float64 (8 bytes)
|
+- class Square (32 bytes)
@wh : Float64 (8 bytes)
</syntaxhighlight>
: crystal ã® tool hierarchy ãµãã³ãã³ãã§ãã¯ã©ã¹ã®ç¶æ¿é¢ä¿ãããããŸãã
: ãå
å«ãšç¶æ¿ã®äŸããšæ¯ã¹ããšãShapeãšRectangleãåãéå±€ã«ããããšãããããšæããŸãã
== ã¡ãœãã ==
ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®å€ãæ©èœãåŒã³åºãããã«ã¯ãã¡ãœããã䜿ããŸãïŒå€ãã®æŒç®åãã¡ãœããã§ãïŒã
=== ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ã¡ãœããäžèЧ ===
Crystal ã«ã¯ãObjectã¯ã©ã¹ã«methodsã¡ãœããããªãã®ã§ããã¯ãã§å®è£
ããŸããã
;Rubyã®Object#methods:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
p Object.methods.sort,
Integer.methods.sort,
Float.methods.sort,
Array.methods.sort,
Range.methods.sort
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text" style="overflow: scroll;height:12em">
[:!, :!=, :!~, :<, :<=, :<=>, :==, :===, :=~, :>, :>=, :__id__, :__send__, :alias_method, :allocate, :ancestors, :attr, :attr_accessor, :attr_reader, :attr_writer, :autoload, :autoload?, :class, :class_eval, :class_exec, :class_variable_defined?, :class_variable_get, :class_variable_set, :class_variables, :clone, :const_defined?, :const_get, :const_missing, :const_set, :const_source_location, :constants, :define_method, :define_singleton_method, :deprecate_constant, :display, :dup, :enum_for, :eql?, :equal?, :extend, :freeze, :frozen?, :hash, :include, :include?, :included_modules, :inspect, :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :instance_method, :instance_methods, :instance_of?, :instance_variable_defined?, :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_variables, :is_a?, :itself, :kind_of?, :method, :method_defined?, :methods, :module_eval, :module_exec, :name, :new, :nil?, :object_id, :prepend, :private_class_method, :private_constant, :private_instance_methods, :private_method_defined?, :private_methods, :protected_instance_methods, :protected_method_defined?, :protected_methods, :public_class_method, :public_constant, :public_instance_method, :public_instance_methods, :public_method, :public_method_defined?, :public_methods, :public_send, :remove_class_variable, :remove_instance_variable, :remove_method, :respond_to?, :send, :singleton_class, :singleton_class?, :singleton_method, :singleton_methods, :subclasses, :superclass, :taint, :tainted?, :tap, :then, :to_enum, :to_s, :trust, :undef_method, :untaint, :untrust, :untrusted?, :yield_self]
[:!, :!=, :!~, :<, :<=, :<=>, :==, :===, :=~, :>, :>=, :__id__, :__send__, :alias_method, :allocate, :ancestors, :attr, :attr_accessor, :attr_reader, :attr_writer, :autoload, :autoload?, :class, :class_eval, :class_exec, :class_variable_defined?, :class_variable_get, :class_variable_set, :class_variables, :clone, :const_defined?, :const_get, :const_missing, :const_set, :const_source_location, :constants, :define_method, :define_singleton_method, :deprecate_constant, :display, :dup, :enum_for, :eql?, :equal?, :extend, :freeze, :frozen?, :hash, :include, :include?, :included_modules, :inspect, :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :instance_method, :instance_methods, :instance_of?, :instance_variable_defined?, :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_variables, :is_a?, :itself, :kind_of?, :method, :method_defined?, :methods, :module_eval, :module_exec, :name, :nil?, :object_id, :prepend, :private_class_method, :private_constant, :private_instance_methods, :private_method_defined?, :private_methods, :protected_instance_methods, :protected_method_defined?, :protected_methods, :public_class_method, :public_constant, :public_instance_method, :public_instance_methods, :public_method, :public_method_defined?, :public_methods, :public_send, :remove_class_variable, :remove_instance_variable, :remove_method, :respond_to?, :send, :singleton_class, :singleton_class?, :singleton_method, :singleton_methods, :sqrt, :subclasses, :superclass, :taint, :tainted?, :tap, :then, :to_enum, :to_s, :trust, :try_convert, :undef_method, :untaint, :untrust, :untrusted?, :yield_self]
[:!, :!=, :!~, :<, :<=, :<=>, :==, :===, :=~, :>, :>=, :__id__, :__send__, :alias_method, :allocate, :ancestors, :attr, :attr_accessor, :attr_reader, :attr_writer, :autoload, :autoload?, :class, :class_eval, :class_exec, :class_variable_defined?, :class_variable_get, :class_variable_set, :class_variables, :clone, :const_defined?, :const_get, :const_missing, :const_set, :const_source_location, :constants, :define_method, :define_singleton_method, :deprecate_constant, :display, :dup, :enum_for, :eql?, :equal?, :extend, :freeze, :frozen?, :hash, :include, :include?, :included_modules, :inspect, :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :instance_method, :instance_methods, :instance_of?, :instance_variable_defined?, :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_variables, :is_a?, :itself, :kind_of?, :method, :method_defined?, :methods, :module_eval, :module_exec, :name, :nil?, :object_id, :prepend, :private_class_method, :private_constant, :private_instance_methods, :private_method_defined?, :private_methods, :protected_instance_methods, :protected_method_defined?, :protected_methods, :public_class_method, :public_constant, :public_instance_method, :public_instance_methods, :public_method, :public_method_defined?, :public_methods, :public_send, :remove_class_variable, :remove_instance_variable, :remove_method, :respond_to?, :send, :singleton_class, :singleton_class?, :singleton_method, :singleton_methods, :subclasses, :superclass, :taint, :tainted?, :tap, :then, :to_enum, :to_s, :trust, :undef_method, :untaint, :untrust, :untrusted?, :yield_self]
[:!, :!=, :!~, :<, :<=, :<=>, :==, :===, :=~, :>, :>=, :[], :__id__, :__send__, :alias_method, :allocate, :ancestors, :attr, :attr_accessor, :attr_reader, :attr_writer, :autoload, :autoload?, :class, :class_eval, :class_exec, :class_variable_defined?, :class_variable_get, :class_variable_set, :class_variables, :clone, :const_defined?, :const_get, :const_missing, :const_set, :const_source_location, :constants, :define_method, :define_singleton_method, :deprecate_constant, :display, :dup, :enum_for, :eql?, :equal?, :extend, :freeze, :frozen?, :hash, :include, :include?, :included_modules, :inspect, :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :instance_method, :instance_methods, :instance_of?, :instance_variable_defined?, :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_variables, :is_a?, :itself, :kind_of?, :method, :method_defined?, :methods, :module_eval, :module_exec, :name, :new, :nil?, :object_id, :prepend, :private_class_method, :private_constant, :private_instance_methods, :private_method_defined?, :private_methods, :protected_instance_methods, :protected_method_defined?, :protected_methods, :public_class_method, :public_constant, :public_instance_method, :public_instance_methods, :public_method, :public_method_defined?, :public_methods, :public_send, :remove_class_variable, :remove_instance_variable, :remove_method, :respond_to?, :send, :singleton_class, :singleton_class?, :singleton_method, :singleton_methods, :subclasses, :superclass, :taint, :tainted?, :tap, :then, :to_enum, :to_s, :trust, :try_convert, :undef_method, :untaint, :untrust, :untrusted?, :yield_self]
[:!, :!=, :!~, :<, :<=, :<=>, :==, :===, :=~, :>, :>=, :__id__, :__send__, :alias_method, :allocate, :ancestors, :attr, :attr_accessor, :attr_reader, :attr_writer, :autoload, :autoload?, :class, :class_eval, :class_exec, :class_variable_defined?, :class_variable_get, :class_variable_set, :class_variables, :clone, :const_defined?, :const_get, :const_missing, :const_set, :const_source_location, :constants, :define_method, :define_singleton_method, :deprecate_constant, :display, :dup, :enum_for, :eql?, :equal?, :extend, :freeze, :frozen?, :hash, :include, :include?, :included_modules, :inspect, :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :instance_method, :instance_methods, :instance_of?, :instance_variable_defined?, :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_variables, :is_a?, :itself, :kind_of?, :method, :method_defined?, :methods, :module_eval, :module_exec, :name, :new, :nil?, :object_id, :prepend, :private_class_method, :private_constant, :private_instance_methods, :private_method_defined?, :private_methods, :protected_instance_methods, :protected_method_defined?, :protected_methods, :public_class_method, :public_constant, :public_instance_method, :public_instance_methods, :public_method, :public_method_defined?, :public_methods, :public_send, :remove_class_variable, :remove_instance_variable, :remove_method, :respond_to?, :send, :singleton_class, :singleton_class?, :singleton_method, :singleton_methods, :subclasses, :superclass, :taint, :tainted?, :tap, :then, :to_enum, :to_s, :trust, :undef_method, :untaint, :untrust, :untrusted?, :yield_self]
</syntaxhighlight>
;Crystalã«å®è£
ããmethodsãã¯ã:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
class Object
macro methods
{{ @type.methods.map(&.name.stringify).sort.uniq }}
end
end
p! Object.methods,
Reference.methods,
Array.methods,
Box.methods,
Channel.methods,
Deque.methods,
Dir.methods,
Exception.methods,
ArgumentError.methods,
DivisionByZeroError.methods,
IndexError.methods,
InvalidByteSequenceError.methods,
Fiber.methods,
Hash.methods,
IO.methods,
File.methods,
Mutex.methods,
PrettyPrint.methods,
Process.methods,
Regex.methods,
String.methods,
Thread.methods,
Bool.methods,
Int32.methods,
Float64.methods,
Proc.methods
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang="text" style="overflow: scroll;height:12em">
Object.methods # => ["!=", "!~", "==", "===", "=~", "class", "crystal_type_id", "dup", "hash", "in?", "inspect", "itself", "not_nil!", "pretty_inspect", "pretty_print", "tap", "to_s", "try", "unsafe_as"]
Reference.methods # => ["==", "dup", "exec_recursive", "exec_recursive_clone", "hash", "inspect", "object_id", "pretty_print", "same?", "to_s"]
Array.methods # => ["&", "*", "+", "-", "<<", "<=>", "==", "[]", "[]=", "[]?", "calculate_new_capacity", "check_needs_resize", "check_needs_resize_for_unshift", "clear", "clone", "compact", "compact!", "concat", "delete", "delete_at", "dup", "each_repeated_permutation", "fill", "first", "flatten", "increase_capacity", "increase_capacity_for_unshift", "index", "initialize", "insert", "inspect", "internal_delete", "last", "map", "map_with_index", "needs_resize?", "pop", "pop?", "pretty_print", "product", "push", "reject!", "remaining_capacity", "repeated_permutations", "replace", "reset_buffer_to_root_buffer", "resize_if_cant_insert", "resize_to_capacity", "resize_to_capacity_for_unshift", "reverse", "root_buffer", "rotate", "rotate!", "select!", "shift", "shift?", "shift_buffer_by", "shift_when_not_empty", "shuffle", "size", "size=", "skip", "sort", "sort!", "sort_by", "sort_by!", "to_a", "to_lookup_hash", "to_s", "to_unsafe", "to_unsafe_slice", "transpose", "truncate", "uniq", "uniq!", "unsafe_fetch", "unsafe_put", "unshift", "unstable_sort", "unstable_sort!", "unstable_sort_by", "unstable_sort_by!", "|"]
Box.methods # => ["initialize", "object"]
Channel.methods # => ["close", "closed?", "dequeue_receiver", "dequeue_sender", "initialize", "inspect", "pretty_print", "receive", "receive?", "receive_impl", "receive_internal", "receive_select_action", "receive_select_action?", "send", "send_internal", "send_select_action"]
Deque.methods # => ["+", "<<", "==", "buffer", "clear", "clone", "concat", "delete", "delete_at", "dup", "each", "halfs", "increase_capacity", "initialize", "insert", "inspect", "internal_delete", "pop", "pop?", "pretty_print", "push", "reject!", "rotate!", "select!", "shift", "shift?", "size", "size=", "to_s", "unsafe_fetch", "unsafe_put", "unshift"]
Dir.methods # => ["children", "close", "each", "each_child", "entries", "initialize", "inspect", "path", "pretty_print", "read", "rewind", "to_s"]
Exception.methods # => ["backtrace", "backtrace?", "callstack", "callstack=", "cause", "initialize", "inspect", "inspect_with_backtrace", "message", "to_s"]
ArgumentError.methods # => ["initialize"]
DivisionByZeroError.methods # => ["initialize"]
IndexError.methods # => ["initialize"]
InvalidByteSequenceError.methods # => ["initialize"]
Fiber.methods # => ["cancel_timeout", "dead?", "enqueue", "initialize", "inspect", "makecontext", "name", "name=", "next", "next=", "previous", "previous=", "push_gc_roots", "resumable?", "resume", "resume_event", "run", "running?", "stack_bottom", "stack_bottom=", "timeout", "timeout_event", "timeout_select_action", "timeout_select_action=", "to_s"]
Hash.methods # => ["==", "[]", "[]=", "[]?", "add_entry_and_increment_size", "clear", "clear_entries", "clear_impl", "clear_indices", "clone", "compact", "compact!", "compare_by_identity", "compare_by_identity?", "compute_indices_bytesize", "delete", "delete_entry", "delete_entry_and_update_counts", "delete_impl", "delete_linear_scan", "dig", "dig?", "do_compaction", "double_indices_size", "dup", "each", "each_entry_with_index", "each_key", "each_value", "empty?", "entries", "entries_capacity", "entries_full?", "entries_size", "entry_matches?", "fetch", "find_entry", "find_entry_with_index", "find_entry_with_index_linear_scan", "first_entry?", "first_key", "first_key?", "first_value", "first_value?", "fit_in_indices", "get_entry", "get_index", "has_key?", "has_value?", "hash", "indices_malloc_size", "indices_size", "initialize", "initialize_clone", "initialize_clone_entries", "initialize_compare_by_identity", "initialize_copy_non_entries_vars", "initialize_default_block", "initialize_dup", "initialize_dup_entries", "inspect", "invert", "key_for", "key_for?", "key_hash", "keys", "last_entry?", "last_key", "last_key?", "last_value", "last_value?", "malloc_entries", "malloc_indices", "merge", "merge!", "merge_into!", "next_index", "pretty_print", "proper_subset_of?", "proper_superset_of?", "put", "realloc_entries", "realloc_indices", "rehash", "reject", "reject!", "resize", "select", "select!", "set_entry", "set_index", "shift", "shift?", "size", "subset_of?", "superset_of?", "to_a", "to_a_impl", "to_h", "to_s", "transform_keys", "transform_values", "transform_values!", "update", "update_linear_scan", "upsert", "values", "values_at"]
IO.methods # => ["<<", "check_open", "close", "closed?", "decoder", "each_byte", "each_char", "each_line", "encoder", "encoding", "flush", "getb_to_end", "gets", "gets_peek", "gets_slow", "gets_to_end", "has_non_utf8_encoding?", "peek", "peek_or_read_utf8", "peek_or_read_utf8_masked", "pos", "pos=", "print", "printf", "puts", "read", "read_at", "read_byte", "read_bytes", "read_char", "read_char_with_bytesize", "read_fully", "read_fully?", "read_line", "read_string", "read_utf8", "read_utf8_byte", "rewind", "seek", "set_encoding", "skip", "skip_to_end", "tell", "tty?", "utf8_encoding?", "write", "write_byte", "write_bytes", "write_string", "write_utf8"]
File.methods # => ["delete", "initialize", "inspect", "path", "read_at", "size", "truncate"]
Mutex.methods # => ["initialize", "lock", "lock_slow", "synchronize", "try_lock", "unlock"]
PrettyPrint.methods # => ["break_outmost_groups", "breakable", "comma", "current_group", "fill_breakable", "flush", "group", "group_queue", "group_sub", "indent", "initialize", "list", "nest", "newline", "surround", "text"]
Process.methods # => ["channel", "close", "close_io", "copy_io", "ensure_channel", "error", "error?", "exists?", "finalize", "initialize", "input", "input?", "output", "output?", "pid", "signal", "stdio_to_fd", "terminate", "terminated?", "wait"]
Regex.methods # => ["+", "==", "===", "=~", "capture_count", "clone", "dup", "finalize", "hash", "initialize", "inspect", "internal_matches?", "match", "match_at_byte_index", "matches?", "matches_at_byte_index?", "name_table", "options", "source", "to_s"]
String.methods # => ["%", "*", "+", "<=>", "==", "=~", "[]", "[]?", "ascii_only?", "blank?", "byte_at", "byte_at?", "byte_delete_at", "byte_index", "byte_index_to_char_index", "byte_slice", "byte_slice?", "bytes", "bytesize", "calc_excess_left", "calc_excess_right", "camelcase", "capitalize", "center", "char_at", "char_bytesize_at", "char_index_to_byte_index", "chars", "check_no_null_byte", "chomp", "clone", "codepoint_at", "codepoints", "compare", "count", "delete", "delete_at", "downcase", "dump", "dump_char", "dump_hex", "dump_or_inspect", "dump_or_inspect_char", "dump_or_inspect_unquoted", "dump_unquoted", "dup", "each_byte", "each_byte_index_and_char_index", "each_char", "each_char_with_index", "each_codepoint", "each_grapheme", "each_grapheme_boundary", "each_line", "empty?", "encode", "ends_with?", "find_start_and_end", "grapheme_size", "graphemes", "gsub", "gsub_append", "gsub_ascii_char", "has_back_references?", "hash", "hexbytes", "hexbytes?", "includes?", "index", "insert", "insert_impl", "inspect", "inspect_char", "inspect_unquoted", "just", "lchop", "lchop?", "lines", "ljust", "lstrip", "match", "matches?", "partition", "presence", "pretty_print", "rchop", "rchop?", "remove_excess", "remove_excess_left", "remove_excess_right", "reverse", "rindex", "rjust", "rpartition", "rstrip", "scan", "scan_backreferences", "scrub", "single_byte_optimizable?", "size", "size_known?", "split", "split_by_empty_separator", "split_single_byte", "squeeze", "starts_with?", "strip", "sub", "sub_append", "sub_index", "sub_range", "succ", "titleize", "to_f", "to_f32", "to_f32?", "to_f64", "to_f64?", "to_f?", "to_f_impl", "to_i", "to_i128", "to_i128?", "to_i16", "to_i16?", "to_i32", "to_i32?", "to_i64", "to_i64?", "to_i8", "to_i8?", "to_i?", "to_s", "to_slice", "to_u128", "to_u128?", "to_u16", "to_u16?", "to_u32", "to_u32?", "to_u64", "to_u64?", "to_u8", "to_u8?", "to_unsafe", "to_unsigned_info", "to_utf16", "tr", "underscore", "unicode_delete_at", "unsafe_byte_at", "unsafe_byte_slice", "unsafe_byte_slice_string", "upcase", "valid_encoding?"]
Thread.methods # => ["detach", "event_base", "gc_thread_handler", "gc_thread_handler=", "initialize", "join", "main_fiber", "next", "next=", "previous", "previous=", "scheduler", "stack_address", "start", "to_unsafe"]
Bool.methods # => ["!=", "&", "==", "^", "clone", "hash", "to_s", "to_unsafe", "|"]
Int32.methods # => ["!=", "&", "&*", "&+", "&-", "*", "+", "-", "/", "<", "<=", "==", ">", ">=", "^", "clone", "leading_zeros_count", "popcount", "to_f", "to_f!", "to_f32", "to_f32!", "to_f64", "to_f64!", "to_i", "to_i!", "to_i128", "to_i128!", "to_i16", "to_i16!", "to_i32", "to_i32!", "to_i64", "to_i64!", "to_i8", "to_i8!", "to_u", "to_u!", "to_u128", "to_u128!", "to_u16", "to_u16!", "to_u32", "to_u32!", "to_u64", "to_u64!", "to_u8", "to_u8!", "trailing_zeros_count", "unsafe_chr", "unsafe_div", "unsafe_mod", "unsafe_shl", "unsafe_shr", "|"]
Float64.methods # => ["!=", "*", "**", "+", "-", "/", "<", "<=", "==", ">", ">=", "ceil", "clone", "fdiv", "floor", "next_float", "prev_float", "round_away", "round_even", "to_f", "to_f!", "to_f32", "to_f32!", "to_f64", "to_f64!", "to_i", "to_i!", "to_i128", "to_i128!", "to_i16", "to_i16!", "to_i32", "to_i32!", "to_i64", "to_i64!", "to_i8", "to_i8!", "to_s", "to_u", "to_u!", "to_u128", "to_u128!", "to_u16", "to_u16!", "to_u32", "to_u32!", "to_u64", "to_u64!", "to_u8", "to_u8!", "trunc"]
Proc.methods # => ["==", "===", "arity", "call", "clone", "closure?", "closure_data", "hash", "internal_representation", "partial", "pointer", "to_s"]</syntaxhighlight>
== ãã¯ã ==
Crystalã«ã¯ãã¯ãããããŸãããã¯ãã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãããã³ãŒãã®çæã倿ãè¡ãããã®åŒ·åãªããŒã«ã§ããCrystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã®æè»æ§ãé«ããããã«åºã䜿çšãããŸãã
Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯<code>macro</code>ããŒã¯ãŒãã䜿çšããŠå®çŸ©ãããŸãã以äžã¯ãåºæ¬çãªãã¯ãã®äŸã§ãïŒ
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro say_hello
puts "Hello, world!"
end
# ãã¯ããåŒã³åºã
say_hello
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ãã¯ãã¯ã<code>say_hello</code>ãåŒã³åºããšã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«<code>puts "Hello, world!"</code>ãæ¿å
¥ãããããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ãããéã«ã¯ãã®ãŸãŸ<code>puts "Hello, world!"</code>ãå®è¡ãããŸãã
ãã¯ãã¯ãåŒæ°ãåãããšãã§ããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯åŒæ°ãåãåã£ãŠããã䜿ã£ãŠåºåããŸãïŒ
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro say(message)
puts message
end
# ãã¯ããåŒã³åºã
say "Hello, world!"
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã¯ãã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã³ãŒããçæãããããããã°ã©ã ã®æé©åãããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã®åäžã«ã圹ç«ã¡ãŸããããããé床ã«äœ¿çšãããšå¯èªæ§ãäœäžããå¯èœæ§ããããããæ
éã«äœ¿ãå¿
èŠããããŸãã
=== {% ... %} æ§æ ===
<code>{% ... %}</code>ã¯ããã³ãã¬ãŒããšã³ãžã³ããã¯ããªã©ã®å¶åŸ¡æ§é ãå«ããã³ãã¬ãŒãèšèªã®äžéšãšããŠäœ¿çšãããæ§æã§ããCrystalã«ãããŠããã®ãããªæ§æãååšããŸãã
Crystalã§ã¯ã<code>{% ... %}</code>ã¯ãã¯ãã®ãããã¯ãå®çŸ©ããããã«äœ¿çšãããŸãããã¯ãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã³ãŒããçæããããã®ãã®ã§ããã<code>{% ... %}</code>ãããã¯å
ã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãããŸãã
以äžã¯ãCrystalã§ã®<code>{% ... %}</code>ã䜿çšãããã¯ãã®äŸã§ãïŒ
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro generate_code
{% for i in 1..3 %}
puts "Generated code {{i}}"
{% end %}
end
# ãã¯ããåŒã³åºã
generate_code
#=> Generated code 1
# Generated code 2
# Generated code 3
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®äŸã§ã¯ã<code>generate_code</code>ãšãããã¯ããå®çŸ©ãããŠããŸãããã¯ãã®äžã§<code>{% for ... %}</code>ãããã¯ã䜿ã£ãŠã«ãŒããå®çŸ©ããããããã®ã«ãŒãã€ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«ã³ãŒããçæãããŸãã
ãã®ããã«<code>{% ... %}</code>æ§æã䜿çšããããšã§ãCrystalã§ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã®å¶åŸ¡æ§é ãã³ãŒãçæãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã
<!----
ãã¯ãã«ã¯ <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>attr.id}}</code> ã®æ§ã«ASTãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æé ãçšæãããŠãããåã°èšèªãæ¡åŒµãããããªã¢ãããŒããåãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
{{ã³ã©ã |Crystalã®ASTã«ã€ããŠ|2=Crystalã®ASTïŒæœè±¡æ§ææšïŒã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã®æ§æçãªèŠçŽ ã衚ãããŒã¿æ§é ã§ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããè§£æããŠæ§æè§£ææšãçæããåŸããããASTã«å€æããŸãã
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å ±ïŒå€æ°åãåãåŒãåŒæ°ãªã©ïŒãæ ŒçŽãããŸãã
ASTã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æé©åãæ€èšŒãè¡ãããã«äœ¿çšãããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯ãASTããã©ããŒã¹ããŠæé©åãè¡ããæçµçãªæ©æ¢°èªã«å€æããŸãããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã®ãšã©ãŒãã§ãã¯ãASTäžã§è¡ãããŸãã
Crystalã§ã¯ãASTãç°¡åã«èŠèŠåããããšãã§ããŸããã³ã³ãã€ã«ãªãã·ã§ã³ã«<code>--ast</code>ãæå®ããŠã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããšãASTã®ãã³ãã衚瀺ãããŸãããã®ãã³ããè§£æããããšã§ãããã°ã©ã ã®æ§é ãæ·±ãçè§£ããããšãã§ããŸãã
}}
---->
=== ãã¯ãã䜿ã£ãattr_accessorã®ã€ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ ===
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
class Point
def initialize(@x : Int32, @y : Int32)
end
# macroå®çŸ©
macro attr_accessor(*attrs)
{% for attr in attrs %}
def {{attr.id}}() @{{attr.id}} end
def {{attr.id}}=(var) @{{attr.id}} = var end
{% end %}
end
# macroåŒåºã
attr_accessor :x, :y
end
pt = Point.new(20, 30)
p [pt.x, pt.y]
t = pt.x
pt.x = pt.y
pt.y = t
p [pt.x, pt.y]
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
[20, 30]
[30, 20]
</syntaxhighlight>
: Ruby ã«ã¯ãattr_accessor ãšèšããã¯ã©ã¹ã®ã¡ã³ããŒã®ã¢ã¯ã»ãµãŒãèªåçæããã¡ãœãããããããŸãããCrystalã«ã¯ãªããããªã®ã§ããã¯ãã§å®è£
ããŸããã
:: attr_accessor :name ããã¯
::<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby>
def name() @name end
def name=(val) @name = val end
</syntaxhighlight>çžåœã®ã³ãŒããçæãããŸãã
=== ãã¯ãã®æ©èœãšæ§æ ===
Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãå®è¡æã§ã¯ãªãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å®è¡ãããæ©èœã§ããããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããæäœããããšãã§ããŸãã以äžã¯Crystalã®ãã¯ãã®äž»ãªæ©èœãšæ§æã®èª¬æã§ãã
==== * ã®ä»ããåŒæ° ====
ãã¯ããå®çŸ©ãããšãã«ãåŒæ°ã« * ãä»ããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããä»»æã®æ°ã®åŒæ°ãåãåãããšãã§ããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯ãä»»æã®æ°ã®åŒæ°ãã³ã³ãã§åºåã£ãæååãåºåããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro join_arguments(*args)
{{ args.join(", ") }}
end
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
puts join_arguments(1, 2, 3) # => "1, 2, 3"
puts join_arguments("foo", "bar") # => "foo, bar"
</syntaxhighlight>
==== <nowiki>{{</nowiki>åŒæ°}} ====
ãã¯ãã®äžã§ã{{}}ã§å²ãã åŒãåã蟌ãããšãã§ããŸãããã®åŒã¯ãã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«è©äŸ¡ããããã®çµæãã³ãŒãã«æ¿å
¥ãããŸããäŸãã°ã以äžã®ãã¯ãã¯ãåŒæ°ã«æå®ãããåŒã2åã«ããŠè¿ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro double(expr)
{{ expr }} * 2
end
</syntaxhighlight>
ãã®ãã¯ãã䜿çšãããšã以äžã®ããã«ã³ãŒããèšè¿°ã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
puts double(4) # => 8
puts double(6 + 2) # => 16
</syntaxhighlight>
=== ãã¯ãã®æ¡ä»¶åå²ãšå埩 ===
Crystalã®ãã¯ãã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åå²ãå埩åŠçãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã以äžã«ãããããã®æ§æãšäœ¿çšäŸã瀺ããŸãã
==== æ¡ä»¶åå² ====
æ¡ä»¶åå²ã¯ãif/elsif/elseãcase/when/elseã®ãããªæ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãããã¯ãå
ã§ã¯ãæ¡ä»¶åå²ã«ãã£ãŠçæããã³ãŒããå¶åŸ¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã
===== if/elsif/else =====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro is_positive(number)
{% if number > 0 %}
puts "The number is positive"
{% elsif number == 0 %}
puts "The number is zero"
{% else %}
puts "The number is negative"
{% end %}
end
is_positive(5) # => The number is positive
is_positive(0) # => The number is zero
is_positive(-5) # => The number is negative
</syntaxhighlight>
===== case/when/else =====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro to_japanese_weekday(day)
{% case day %}
{% when "Sunday" %}
"æ¥ææ¥"
{% when "Monday" %}
"æææ¥"
{% when "Tuesday" %}
"ç«ææ¥"
{% when "Wednesday" %}
"æ°Žææ¥"
{% when "Thursday" %}
"æšææ¥"
{% when "Friday" %}
"éææ¥"
{% when "Saturday" %}
"åææ¥"
{% else %}
raise "Invalid weekday: \#{day}"
{% end %}
end
to_japanese_weekday("Monday") # => "æææ¥"
to_japanese_weekday("foobar") # => Invalid weekday: foobar (RuntimeError)
</syntaxhighlight>
==== å埩åŠç ====
å埩åŠçã¯ãwhileãuntilãforã®ãããªæ§æã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãããã¯ãå
ã§ã¯ãå埩åŠçã«ãã£ãŠçæããã³ãŒããå¶åŸ¡ããããšãã§ããŸãã
===== while =====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro countdown(start)
{% while start >= 0 %}
puts "\#{start}..."
{% start -= 1 %}
{% end %}
puts "Blast off!"
end
countdown(3)
# => 3...
# 2...
# 1...
# Blast off!
</syntaxhighlight>
==== until ====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro countdown(start)
{% until start < 0 %}
puts "\#{start}..."
{% start -= 1 %}
{% end %}
puts "Blast off!"
end
countdown(3)
# => 3...
# 2...
# 1...
# Blast off!
</syntaxhighlight>
===== for =====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
macro fizzbuzz(n)
{% for i in 1..n %}
{% if i % 15 == 0 %}
puts "FizzBuzz"
{% elsif i % 3 == 0 %}
puts "Fizz"
{% elsif i % 5 == 0 %}
puts "Buzz"
{% else %}
puts i
{% end %}
{% end %}
end
fizzbuzz(15)
# => 1
# 2
# Fizz
# 4
# Buzz
# Fizz
# 7
</syntaxhighlight>
=== ãã¯ã p! ===
ã¡ãœãã p ã¯ãäžãããããåŒãã® inspaect() ã®è¿ãå€ã puts ããŸããããã¯ã p! ã¯ãããã«å
ãããŠïŒè©äŸ¡åã®ïŒãåŒãã衚瀺ããŸã<ref>[https://crystal-lang.org/api/1.5.0/Crystal/Macros.html#p%21%28%2Aexpressions%29%3ANop-instance-method def p!(*expressions) : Nop]</ref>ã
;p!ã®äŸ:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
x, y = true, false
p! x,y,x && y, x || y, x ^ y, !x, x != y, x == y
ary = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
p! ary
p! ary.map(&. << 1)
p! ary.map(&.to_f)
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
x # => true
y # => false
x && y # => false
x || y # => true
x ^ y # => true
!x # => false
x != y # => true
x == y # => false
ary # => [1, 2, 3]
ary.map(&.<<(1)) # => [2, 4, 6]
ary.map(&.to_f) # => [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
</syntaxhighlight>
==== å
¥ãåã®p! ====
ãã¯ã p! ã¯å
¥ãåã«åºæ¥ãŸãããŸããäžæŠASTã«å€æããŠããå床ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã«å€æããã®ã§ãç䟡ãªå¥ã®æ§æã«å€æãããããšããããŸãã
;å
¥ãåã®p!:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
p! (
100.times{|i|
p! i
break i if i > 12
}
)
</syntaxhighlight>
;å®è¡çµæ:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
(100.times do |i|
p!(i)
if i > 12
break i
end
end) # => i
# => 0
i # => 1
i # => 2
i # => 3
i # => 4
i # => 5
i # => 6
i # => 7
i # => 8
i # => 9
i # => 10
i # => 11
i # => 12
i # => 13
13
</syntaxhighlight>
==== ãŸãšã ====
:<syntaxhighlight lang=crystal>
# åŒæ°ã®æ°
macro count_args(args)
{{ args.size }}
end
# ãã³ãã¬ãŒã
macro tpl(value)
{% if value.is_a?(String) %}
"{{ value }}"
{% else %}
{{ value }}
{% end %}
end
# ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å€æ°
macro instance_var(name)
@{{ name }}
end
# ç¹°ãè¿ã
macro loop(num, &block)
{% for i in 0...num %}
{{ block.call(i) }}
{% end %}
end
# if-elseæ
macro ifelse(condition, if_block, else_block)
{% if condition %}
{{ if_block }}
{% else %}
{{ else_block }}
{% end %}
end
# whileæ
macro while(condition, &block)
{% while condition %}
{{ block.call }}
{% end %}
end
# switchæ
macro switch(value, cases)
{% for case in cases %}
{% if case[:value] == value %}
{{ case[:block] }}
{% end %}
{% end %}
end
# 倿°ã®ååšç¢ºèª
macro defined?(name)
{{ "@#{name}" rescue nil }}
end
## ãããã®ãã¯ãã¯ãCrystalã®ããã°ã©ã äžã§äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸããããšãã°ã以äžã®ããã«äœ¿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
puts count_args("one", "two", "three") # 3
puts tpl(123) # 123
puts tpl("hello") # "hello"
puts instance_var("name") # @name
loop(5) do |i|
puts i
end
ifelse(true, "It is true", "It is false")
i = 0
while i < 10 do
puts i
i += 1
end
switch(2, [
{ value: 1, block: "It is 1" },
{ value: 2, block: "It is 2" },
{ value: 3, block: "It is 3" }
])
puts defined?("name") # @name
puts defined?("nonexistent") # nil
</syntaxhighlight>
== èèš» ==
<references />
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
* [https://crystal-lang.org/ The Crystal Programming Language] {{---}} å
¬åŒãµã€ã
** [https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.5/ ããã¥ã¡ã³ã]
*** [https://crystal-lang.org/api/1.5.0/ APIããã¥ã¢ã«]
** [https://play.crystal-lang.org/#/cr Compile & run code in Crystal] {{---}} playground
[[Category:Crystal|*]]
[[Category:ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª]]
{{NDC|007.64}} | 2022-07-18T01:43:38Z | 2024-03-11T01:22:32Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Pathnav",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Wikipedia",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:å
é ã«æ»ã",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:See also",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:ã³ã©ã ",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Cite web",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:---",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:NDC"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/Crystal |
35,230 | æçæ¬/ç
®ç©/ã»ãããèã®ãã²ãã | ãã²ããã¯äŒçµ±çãªåé£ã®äžã€ã§ããæ¯èŒçç°¡åã«äœããã®ã§æéããªãæã«ãããããã§ãã
ã»ãããèã®æ ¹å
ã¯ç ãæºãŸããããã§ãããé£ã¹ãããããšã¯é£ã¹ããããç¶çšåºããããŸãããããã©ã«ãå€ãã®ã§ãé£ã¹ãæ¹ãè¯ãã§ããããé£åãã¹ã®åæžã«ãã€ãªãããŸãã
ã»ãããèãå°æŸèãæ°Žèãªã©ã«å€ããŠãè¯ãã§ããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã²ããã¯äŒçµ±çãªåé£ã®äžã€ã§ããæ¯èŒçç°¡åã«äœããã®ã§æéããªãæã«ãããããã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããèã®æ ¹å
ã¯ç ãæºãŸããããã§ãããé£ã¹ãããããšã¯é£ã¹ããããç¶çšåºããããŸãããããã©ã«ãå€ãã®ã§ãé£ã¹ãæ¹ãè¯ãã§ããããé£åãã¹ã®åæžã«ãã€ãªãããŸãã",
"title": "ãªãã·ã§ã³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããèãå°æŸèãæ°Žèãªã©ã«å€ããŠãè¯ãã§ããã",
"title": "ãªãã·ã§ã³"
}
]
| ãã²ããã¯äŒçµ±çãªåé£ã®äžã€ã§ããæ¯èŒçç°¡åã«äœããã®ã§æéããªãæã«ãããããã§ãã | ãã²ããã¯äŒçµ±çãªåé£ã®äžã€ã§ããæ¯èŒçç°¡åã«äœããã®ã§æéããªãæã«ãããããã§ãã
== ææ(2人å) ==
*ã»ãããèã»ã»ã»1æ ª
*æ°Žã»ã»ã»åŸè¿°
*逿²¹ã»ã»ã»é©é
*é°¹ç¯ã»ã»ã»é©é
== äœãæ¹ ==
#ã»ãããèã¯ååã«ã¡ãããéã«å
¥ããã
#ã»ãããèãå
¥ããéã«ã²ãã²ãã«ãªããŸã§æ°Žã泚ãïŒç«ã«ãããã
#é£ã¹ãããæãããã«ãªã£ããç«ãããããïŒç²ç±ããšãã
#ç²ç±ããšãããç¿ã«çãïŒé€æ²¹ãšé°¹ç¯ã奜ã¿ã®éã ããããã
== ãªãã·ã§ã³ ==
ã»ãããèã®æ ¹å
ã¯ç ãæºãŸããããã§ãããé£ã¹ãããããšã¯é£ã¹ããããç¶çšåºããããŸãããããã©ã«ãå€ãã®ã§ãé£ã¹ãæ¹ãè¯ãã§ããã<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weathernews.jp/s/topics/201911/150115/ |title=èµ€ãæ ¹å
ãæšãŠã¡ããã¡ãã»ãããèã®æ é€ã广çã«æãã«ã¯ãweathernews.com |accessdate=2022-07-18}}</ref>ãé£åãã¹ã®åæžã«ãã€ãªãããŸãã
ã»ãããèãå°æŸèãæ°Žèãªã©ã«å€ããŠãè¯ãã§ããã
== åºå
ž ==
{{reflist}}
{{ããã©ã«ããœãŒã:ããããã»ã|ã«ãã®|ã»ãããããã®ãã²ãã}}
[[Category:æçæ¬|ã»ãããããã®ãã²ãã]] | null | 2022-09-13T04:31:18Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Reflist",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Cite web"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%E6%9C%AC/%E7%85%AE%E7%89%A9/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%86%E3%82%8C%E3%82%93%E8%8D%89%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E3%81%B2%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97 |
35,253 | é«çåŠæ ¡ çç©åºç€/åäœã®æãç«ã¡ãšå€æ§æ§ | æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ãå现èçç©ãšå€çްèçç©ã®çšèªã®æå³ãšä»£è¡šçãªåç©åãæŒãããŸãããã
ã¢ã¡ãŒãããããªã ã·ããŸãŠãªã ã·ãªã©ãåäœãåäžã®çްèããã§ããŠããçç©ã¯å现èçç©(unicellular organism)ãšåŒã°ããŸãã äŸãã°ãŸãŠãªã ã·ã¯ãäžã€ã®çްèã§ãç¹æ¯ã䜿ã£ãŠæ³³ãã ãã现èå£ã䜿ã£ãŠé£ã¹ãããé£èã䜿ã£ãŠæ¶åãããããŠããŸãã
å现èçç©ã«å¯ŸããŠã圢ãåãã®ç°ãªãå€ãã®çްèãããªãçç©ã¯å€çްèçç©(multicellular organism)ãšåŒã°ããŸããå€çްèçç©ã«ãããŠãè»é¡ãè
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žåç©ã¯ãçš®åæ€ç©ãèæ€åç©ã«æ¯ã¹ããšç°¡åãªæ§é ãæã£ãŠããŸãã äŸãã°ããã©ã¯ã8çš®é¡çŽ10äžåã®çްèãããªãå€çްèçç©ã§ãåºçްèã§æ»æããããè
ºçްèã§æ¶åæ¶²ãåæ³ããããæ¶å现èã§æ¶åãè¡ã£ããããŠããŸãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ãå现èçç©ãšå€çްèçç©ã®çšèªã®æå³ãšä»£è¡šçãªåç©åãæŒãããŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã¡ãŒãããããªã ã·ããŸãŠãªã ã·ãªã©ãåäœãåäžã®çްèããã§ããŠããçç©ã¯å现èçç©(unicellular organism)ãšåŒã°ããŸãã äŸãã°ãŸãŠãªã ã·ã¯ãäžã€ã®çްèã§ãç¹æ¯ã䜿ã£ãŠæ³³ãã ãã现èå£ã䜿ã£ãŠé£ã¹ãããé£èã䜿ã£ãŠæ¶åãããããŠããŸãã",
"title": "å现èçç©ãšå€çްèçç©"
},
{
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žåç©ã¯ãçš®åæ€ç©ãèæ€åç©ã«æ¯ã¹ããšç°¡åãªæ§é ãæã£ãŠããŸãã äŸãã°ããã©ã¯ã8çš®é¡çŽ10äžåã®çްèãããªãå€çްèçç©ã§ãåºçްèã§æ»æããããè
ºçްèã§æ¶åæ¶²ãåæ³ããããæ¶å现èã§æ¶åãè¡ã£ããããŠããŸãã",
"title": "å现èçç©ãšå€çްèçç©"
}
]
| æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ãå现èçç©ãšå€çްèçç©ã®çšèªã®æå³ãšä»£è¡šçãªåç©åãæŒãããŸãããã | [[å°åŠæ ¡ã»äžåŠæ ¡ã»é«çåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿]] > [[é«çåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿]] >[[é«çåŠæ ¡ çç©åºç€|çç©åºç€]] >[[é«çåŠæ ¡ çç©åºç€/åäœã®æãç«ã¡ãšå€æ§æ§|åäœã®æãç«ã¡ãšå€æ§æ§]]
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£ããŠããããšã¯éãã®ã§æ³šæããã
ãŸããwould ã¯ãããšã«ç¶ãåè©ãåäœã衚ãåè©(ãããããåäœåè©ã)ã®å Žåã«ãã䜿ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããž-ãã¢ã¹ããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããåäœåè©ãã ãšæèšã
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ã衚ãåè©(ç¶æ
åè©)ã§ãæ§ããªãããåäœãããããåè©(åäœåè©)ã§ãæ§ããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããç¶æ
åè©ããšãåäœåè©ãã ãšæèšããŠããã
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åè©ã§ãåäœåè©ã§ã䜿ãã used to ãäžå¿ã«æããã®ãäžçããããã®ããã«æã®è±èªæè²ã¯ãææ³ã®èŠãããããåªå
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ãªããåæãšããŠãwill ã«ã¯ãç¿æ
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ã§ãè¿°ã¹ãããwillã¯æªæ¥å°çšã®è¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªãã
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åè©ã«éããããšããå¶çŽãããããã«ãããŸãææ³ãšããŠã¯äžè²«æ§ãç¡ããè«ççã§ã¯ãªãã
ããšã®è±èªã®äœ¿çšç¶æ³ããããããããŸãè«ççã§ãªãç¶æ³ãªã®ã§ããããã倧åŠå
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will ã«ã€ããŠã¯ 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/æå¶ ã§æ±ãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "May ã«ã¯ãèš±å¯ããæå³ããçšæ³ãããã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãMay I ~?ã(~ããŠãããã§ãã?) ã¯ãç®äžã®äººã«å¯ŸããŠèš±å¯ãæ±ããããã«çšããããã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãCan I ~?ãã¯å£èªã§ãã䜿ããããšãã«ç®äžãšããé¢ä¿ã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãYou may ~. ã(ããªãã¯~ããŠããã)ã¯ãç®äžã®äººéã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãã®ã§(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã䜿çšã®éã«ã¯æ³šæãå¿
èŠã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You may use your dictionary for this test. ããã®ãã¹ãäžã¯èŸæžã䜿ã£ãŠãããããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããã®ããã«ãæš©åšã»æš©åã«ããšã¥ãå¯èœæ§ã衚ã衚çŸã§ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã ããããã£ããŠãmay = äžå¯§ããšæ©æ¢°çã«èŠããªãã»ããè¯ãã ããã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããCould ã䜿ãã°ãäžå¯§ãªè¡šçŸã«ãªãããšãããããCould ã䜿ãã®ãç¡é£ã§ãããã",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "May I ãš Can I"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "must ã«ã¯ã匷ãå§èªãæå³ããçšæ³ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "must"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You must ~. ããã²~ããŠãã ãããããã²~ããã»ããããã",
"title": "must"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªæå³ã",
"title": "must"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã«ã¯æžããŠããªãã(ããŸãéèŠèŠããŠãªãã®ã ããã)",
"title": "must"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "欧米人ã¯ããã®æã®ãå€åœäººã«ã¯åããã¥ãããããé£èºæ°å³ã®è¡šçŸãããããšãããããã",
"title": "must"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã® å§èªã® must ã玹ä»ããŠããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ã©ã çã«ç޹ä»ããŠããã ãã§ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã®ã¿ãæ¬æã§ç޹ä»ã)",
"title": "must"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã~ã«ã¡ãããªãããšãã匷ã確èªã®æå³ã§ã® must ã®åŠå®ã¯ã cannot ã~ã¯ãããªããã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "確信ãã¡ãããªãã must ã®åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããããšããããŠããããã ãšæ±ºãŸã£ãŠããè±ç±³äººãããããäœ¿ãæ¹ãããŠããã®ã§ãåããããããªãã",
"title": "確信ãã¡ãããªãã must ã®åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot ã can't ãšèšã£ãå Žåãåã«ã~ã§ããªãããšããå¯èœæ§ãåŠå®ããã ãã®çšæ³ãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ canåŽ)ããããšã¯å¥ã«ã~ã®ã¯ãããªãããšãã匷ãã®ææ
çè²åœ©ããã³ããåŠå®ã®ç¢ºä¿¡ããªæå³ã®çšæ³ã®å Žåããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "確信ãã¡ãããªãã must ã®åŠå®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã§ã¯ãçžæã«èœåãçŽæ¥èãã®ã¯ã倱瀌ã«åœãããšèŠãªãããŠããå Žåãããã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Can you speak Japanese?",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¯ãèæ¯ãšããŠããããªãã¯æ¥æ¬èªã話ããªããšãããªãããšæãããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã®ãããcanã䜿ããã«",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you speak Japanese?",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšèãã®ãè¯ããšãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ã話ãæãèªåã®èªåŠã®èœåããç§ã¯~ã§ããŸãããšèšãå Žåã¯ããªãã¹ã be able to ããã canã䜿ãã»ããè¬éæ°å³ã§ç€Œåæ£ãããšãããŠãããã€ãŸã I can ã®ã»ããè¯ããšãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãI ã®ããšã« be able to ã䜿ããšãè±ç±³ã§ã¯èœåèªæ
¢ã®ããã«èãããããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "can youãç¡ç€Œãªã®ã« I can ãç€Œåæ£ããã®ã¯æå³äžæã ãããããèŠæš©åœå®¶ã®è±ç±³äººããã䜿ãåããŠããã®ã§ãè±èªåŠã§ã¯ããåããããããªããããããŸãããæè©®ãèªåŠã¯æèšç§ç®ã§ããããçå±ãšèè¬ã¯ã©ãã«ã§ãã€ãã(æ¥æ¬ã®ããšãã)ã§ããã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããæŽŸççã«ããå¯èœæ§ã®canã¯çåæã§ã¯ã匷ãã®çããããã©ãããåœæãªã©ã®æå³ããã€ããšããããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãåèæžã«ããããå
žåçãªäŸæã ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Can the rumor be true? ããã®ãŠã¯ãµã¯æ¬åœã ããã?ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããçåæã§ã¯ããã®ãããªã匷ãã®çããããã©ãããªã©ã®æå³ããããã»",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãcan ã¯ãä»åŸãéçšããèœåãå¯èœæ§ã«ã€ããŠèšãã®ã§ãåã«äžåã ãã®ããšã«ãæšæ¥ã¯~ã§ãããã¿ããã«èšãå Žåã«ã¯ can ã could ã䜿ããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1åã ãã~ã§ãããå Žåã«ã¯ã be able to ã ãmanaged toäžå®è©ã ã succeed in ~ing ãªã©ã䜿ã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããšãã«èœåãªã©ã匷調ããã®ã§ãªããã°ãåã«éå»åœ¢ã ãã䜿ã£ãŠ1åã ãã§ããããšã衚çŸããŠããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããåŠå®æãçåæã®å Žå㯠could ã䜿ã£ãŠãè¯ããã€ãŸã couldn't ã wasn't(ãŸã㯠weren't) able to ã§ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãããããã现ãã䜿ãåãããããå
¥è©Šã«åºãã®ã¯ãæ§æ",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot help ~ing ã~ããããåŸãªãã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot help but +åè©ã®åå ã~ããããåŸãªãã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot but +åè©ã®åå",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯)ã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "90幎代ãããããäºéåŠå®çãªæ§æã(äžåŠç¯å²ã§ã¯ãªã)髿 ¡ç¯å²ã ã£ãéå»ãããã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot ~ too ââ ãããã~ããããŠãââããããããšã¯ãªãã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããåèªçãªè¡šçŸãã90幎代ã®å
žåçãªé«æ ¡è±ææ³ã®ç¯å²ã§ãã£ãã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããããšãã« ~ããããšãããããšå¥œãŸãããªãäºãèšãå Žåã« can ã䜿ãããšãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã颚éªã¯æã«éãç
æ°ã«ã€ãªããããšãããããšããéãã£ãŒãããããããããäºæ
ã¯ãšãã©ãèµ·ãããããã®ã ãã§ can ã䜿ã£ãŠããã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãããããšã¯éã«æããçšæ³ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«ããããcan ã¯ããšããšåãã£ãŠããèœåã衚ãããšããŠãbe able to ã¯äžæçãªèœåã衚ãããªã©ãšããçšæ³ãããã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» ãã®ããã«ãå©åè©ãŸããã¯ãããŸãèŠåçã§ã¯ãªãããŸãããå£èªçã§ãããããŸãæ¥æ¬ã®å€§åŠå
¥è©Šå¯ŸçãšããŠã¯æ·±å
¥ãããå¿
èŠãç¡ãã ãããäžè¿°ããã cannot help ~ ing ã®ãããªæ§æãèŠããããšãåªå
ãã¹ãã§ããã",
"title": "Can you ?"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬åè© need ãšã¯å¥ã«ãå©åè© need ãšããã®ãããã ãneed +åè©ã®ååãã®åœ¢ã§äœ¿ãã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©åè© need ã¯äž»ã«ã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªã§ããã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã§ã¯å¹³åæã«å©åè© need ã䜿ãããããšãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããããå®éã®è±ç±³ã§ã¯çåæãšåŠå®æã§ã®ã¿å©åè© need ã䜿ãããã®ãäžè¬çã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããå¹³åæãè¯å®æã§ã¯ãå©åè©ã§ã¯ãªãæ¬åè© need ã䜿ãããã®ãå®é(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªå¶éãå©åè© need ã«ãããããå®ã®ãšãããããŸãä¿¡çšé »åºŠã¯é«ããªããã»ã»ã»ãšããã®ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã®èŠè§£ã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©åè© need ã®åŠå®åœ¢ã¯ need not ãŸã㯠needn't ã§ãã(éãã£-ã)ãã€ãŸãã need not +åè©ã®ååãã®ãããªåœ¢ã«ãªãã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããå©åè© need ã«éå»åœ¢ã¯ç¡ã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ããŸããäž»èªãäžäººç§°åæ°ã§ããå©åè© need ã«ã¯ sã¯ã€ãããneedã®ãŸãŸ(éãã£)ã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããéå»ã®å¿
èŠæ§ã«ã€ããŠèšãããå Žåãåã«ãæ¬åè© ãneed toäžå®è©ãã䜿ãã°ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ¬åè© need ã®åŠå®æãçåæã¯ãåã«äžåŠè±ææ³ãšåæ§ã«(ããšãã°éå»åœ¢ã®å Žåãªã)",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I didn't need to äžå®è©",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Did you need to äžå®è© ?",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã䜿ãã°ããã ãã§ããã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå®äºåœ¢ãšã®çµã¿åããã need not have +éå»åè©ãã ãšãã~ããå¿
èŠã¯ãªãã£ãã®ã«ã(+ããããå®éã¯~ããŠããŸã£ãã)ãšããåŸæãéé£ãªã©ã®æå³ã«ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã â» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã»æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«ãå®éã¯~ããŠããŸã£ããã®èª¬æãããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã«ãéé£ãã®æå³ãããæ¡åã¯ãåŸæãã®ã¿ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯äºæ¬¡çèªã§ã¯è¡šçŸããã",
"title": "å©åè© need"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©åè©ãšããŠã¯ã2ã€ã®æ
£çšæãããã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How dare say ~? ãããã~ã§ãããã®ã ãã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããèç«ã¡(ããã ã¡)ãããããã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I dare say ~. ããã¶ã~ã ãããããããã~ã ããã (ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sayã®ããšã«æ¥ç¶è© that ã¯ç¶ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I daresay ~",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããäžèªã§dareãšsayãçž®ããèšãåãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "dare ã®çšæ³ã¯ãããŸãè«ççã§ã¯ãªããã»ããå©åè© dareã«éå»åœ¢ dared ããããšãããŠããããçŸä»£ã§ã¯ãã¬(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Bod dare not propose to her. ãããã¯åœŒå¥³ã«ããããŒãºããåæ°ããªãã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãåŠå®æãçåæã§ dare ã䜿ãããããšãããã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãããã®å Žåã® dare ã¯ãåæ°ã®ãããã®æå³ãªã®ã§ãå©åè©ã䜿ãããšã courage ã brave ãªã©ãã€ãã£ãèšã衚ãããšãã§ããŠããããè±ç±³ã§ã¯å£èªã«ã¯ courage ãªã©ã®èšãåãã®ã»ããå€ãã®ã宿
ãšã®ããš(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŠãå©åè©ä»¥å€ã«ããæ¬åè©ãšããŠã® dare ã®çšæ³ããããäžèš2ã€ã®ãHow dareããI dare say(ãŸã㯠daresay)ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸä»¥å€ã®å Žåã§ã¯ãæ¬åè©ãšããŠdareãã€ããããšã®ã»ããäžè¬çã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He dares(ãŸã㯠dared) to ~ ã圌ã¯ããããããã~ãã(ãã)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããšããã(éãã£)ã",
"title": "dare"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ought to ã¯ãå©åè© should ãšåããããªæå³ãšããŠç޹ä»ãããããšããããã ããå®éã«ã¯ should ããããããæå³ã匷ãã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ought to ã«ã¯ãã~ãã¹ãã§ããããšãã矩åã»åœç¶ã®æå³ããã~ããã¯ãã ãã~ã«ã¡ãããªãããšããåŒ·ãæšå®ã»èŠèŸŒã¿ã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£)ãããã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "矩åã®åŒ·ãã¯ã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "must > ought to > should",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ought ã¯å©åè©ã§ããããtoäžå®è©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããought to ã®åŠå®åœ¢ã¯ ought not to ~ ã§ãã(ãšããŒãéãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã oughtn't to ~ ãšããç瞮圢ã®åŠå®ããã(éãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çåæã¯ãããšãã°ãç§ã¯~ãã¹ãã§ãããã?ããªã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ought I to äžå®è© ~?",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®èªé ã«ãªã(éããã¡ã¯ããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ought äž»èª to äžå®è© ~?",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®èªé ã",
"title": "ought to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "had better ã~ããã»ãããããã¯ãåé¢ã ããªããæšå¥šãã®æå³ã ããæèã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãåœä»€ãããè
ããã®æå³ã«åãåãããå Žåãããã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "had better ã«ã¯ãããããªããš(or)ãå°ã£ãäºã«ãªããããšããå«ã¿ããããšæããããå Žåããããããã§ãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã«ãäž»èªã you ã®å Žåãåœä»€ãªã©ã®æå³ã«åãåãããããã®ã§ã泚æãå¿
èŠ(ãšããŒ)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I think you had better ~ ã®ããã«ãI think ãã maybe ãªã©ãã€ããŠãæå³ããããããå Žåãããããã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "had better ã®åŠå®ã¯ ãhad better not åè©ã®ååãã§ãã(ãšãããžãŒã)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãIt would be better for you to äžå®è©ãã§ããæå³ãããããããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã®ã§ãç®äžã®äººã«ã¯ãã®èšãåããè¯ããšããã(éãã£)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããããã It might be better for you to äžå®è©ãããI would suggest (that)ã ãªã©ã§ãã~ããã®ãè¯ãã§ããããã®æå³ã§èšãæãã§ããããšã®ããš(éãã£)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšãæã衚çŸã®ã»ãã§ã¯ãåè©ã®åã«toãã€ããŠtoäžå®è©ã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã«æ³šæã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå£èªã§ã¯ You'd better ã I'd better ã®ããã«ãããhad ã 'd ãšçç¥ãã(éãã£ããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çåæã®èªé ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãšéãã£ãŒã以å€ãèšåããŠããªãã説æã®ç°¡åã®ããäž»èªã I ãšãããšãã~ããã»ããè¯ãã§ãã?ãã¯",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Had I better ~?",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Hadn't I better ~?",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã®ããš(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœãã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Han I better not ~? ã~ããªãã»ããè¯ãã§ãã?ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã®ããš(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããããè±èªã§ã¯å®éã«ãã䜿ãããã®ã¯ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Hadn't I better ~? ã~ããªãã»ããè¯ãã§ãã?ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããèšãåããšã®ããš(éãã£)ã",
"title": "had better"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©åè©ã«ã¯ããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹çã«ã話ãæã»æžãæã®å€æãæ°æã¡ãå«ãŸããŠãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãwillâbe going to ã canâbe able to ãªã©ã®èšãæã衚çŸããããšããã€ã¯be going to ãªã©ã®ã»ãã¯è©±ãæã®å€æãæ°æã¡ãã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãèãŸãã®ã§ã客芳çãªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã匷ããªãã®ã§ãåèæžãªã©ã§ã¯ãèšãæãããšã¯ãããå³å¯ã«ã¯å®å
šã«ã¯åãæå³ãšã¯èšããªãå Žåãããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããæ¥æ¬äººãšããŠã¯ããããŸã§èããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å©åè©used to ã®ã used to åè©ã®ååã(ãã~ãããã®ã )ã¯éå»ã®ç¿æ
£ã衚ã(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãéäŸãã(éå»ã¯ãã~ãããã)ä»ã¯éãããšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãå«ãããšãå€ã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ããã¬ã€ã¯ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããçŸä»£ãšã®éãããšãã«åŒ·èª¿ããããªãå Žåã¯(used to ã§ã¯ãªã) would ã䜿ãã°ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ããã¬ã€ã¯ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã€ãŠãéå»ã®é«æ ¡è±èªã§ã¯ãused to ãåã«ãéå»ã®ç¿æ
£ããšããŠç¿ãããä»ã¯éãããšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããŸãæããããªãã£ãããçŸä»£ã®é«æ ¡æè²ã§ã¯éãã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããused to ã®toã¯äžå®è©ã ãšè§£éãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããªãããbe used to åè©ãã®ã~ã«æ
£ããŠããããšã¯éãã®ã§æ³šæããã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããwould ã¯ãããšã«ç¶ãåè©ãåäœã衚ãåè©(ãããããåäœåè©ã)ã®å Žåã«ãã䜿ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããž-ãã¢ã¹ããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããåäœåè©ãã ãšæèšã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããused to ã¯ãããšã«ç¶ãåè©ãç¶æ
ã衚ãåè©(ç¶æ
åè©)ã§ãæ§ããªãããåäœãããããåè©(åäœåè©)ã§ãæ§ããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããç¶æ
åè©ããšãåäœåè©ãã ãšæèšããŠããã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãused to ã«ã would ã«ãäž¡æ¹ãšããå¶éãããããããããªã®ã§ãéå»ã®é«æ ¡æè²ã§ã¯ãç¶æ
åè©ã§ãåäœåè©ã§ã䜿ãã used to ãäžå¿ã«æããã®ãäžçããããã®ããã«æã®è±èªæè²ã¯ãææ³ã®èŠãããããåªå
ããããã«ã现ãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãæå³ãªã©ã¯å®ã¯ç ç²ã«ããŠããé¢ãããã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããåæãšããŠãwill ã«ã¯ãç¿æ
£ãã衚ãæå³ããããå¥ã®åå
ã§ãè¿°ã¹ãããwillã¯æªæ¥å°çšã®è¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããèããã°ãwould ã§éå»ã®ç¿æ
£ã衚ãã®ããäžå¿ã¯äœç³»çã§ã¯ãããããããå®éã«ã¯äžè¿°ããããã«wouldã«ããç¿æ
£ã®è¡šçŸã¯ç¶æ
åè©ã«éããããšããå¶çŽãããããã«ãããŸãææ³ãšããŠã¯äžè²«æ§ãç¡ããè«ççã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšã®è±èªã®äœ¿çšç¶æ³ããããããããŸãè«ççã§ãªãç¶æ³ãªã®ã§ããããã倧åŠå
¥è©Šã§ã¯ãããŸã现ãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®éãã¯åãããªãã ããã",
"title": "used to"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "will ã«ã€ããŠã¯ 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/æå¶ ã§æ±ãã",
"title": "will"
}
]
| null | == May I ãš Can I ==
May ã«ã¯ãèš±å¯ããæå³ããçšæ³ãããã
ãMay I ïœïŒãïŒïœããŠãããã§ããïŒïŒãã¯ãç®äžã®äººã«å¯ŸããŠèš±å¯ãæ±ããããã«çšããããã
ãCan I ïœïŒãã¯å£èªã§ãã䜿ããããšãã«ç®äžãšããé¢ä¿ã¯ç¡ãã
ãªãã
ãYou may ïœ. ãïŒããªãã¯ïœããŠãããïŒã¯ãç®äžã®äººéã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãã®ã§ïŒæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãïŒã䜿çšã®éã«ã¯æ³šæãå¿
èŠã
ããšãã°
You may use your dictionary for this test. ããã®ãã¹ãäžã¯èŸæžã䜿ã£ãŠããããããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒ
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããã®ããã«ãæš©åšã»æš©åã«ããšã¥ãå¯èœæ§ã衚ã衚çŸã§ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãã ããããã£ããŠãmay ïŒ äžå¯§ããšæ©æ¢°çã«èŠããªãã»ããè¯ãã ããã
ãªããCould ã䜿ãã°ãäžå¯§ãªè¡šçŸã«ãªãããšãããããCould ã䜿ãã®ãç¡é£ã§ãããã
== must ==
=== å§èª must ===
must ã«ã¯ã匷ãå§èªãæå³ããçšæ³ãããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã¯ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
You must ïœ. ããã²ïœããŠãã ãããããã²ïœããã»ããããã
ã®ãããªæå³ã
éãã£ãŒãã«ã¯æžããŠããªããïŒããŸãéèŠèŠããŠãªãã®ã ãããïŒ
欧米人ã¯ããã®æã®ãå€åœäººã«ã¯åããã¥ãããããé£èºæ°å³ã®è¡šçŸãããããšãããããã
:â» é£èºæ°å³ãšã¯ãããšãã°æè¿ã®ä¿èªã®äŸã§ã¯ãè±ç±³äººã®è¿å¹Žã®è¥è
ãªã©ã®çšæ³ã§ããã°ãããçµµãæèžãèŠããšãã«ãããã®çµµãæ¶ããŠããããªããŠãã衚çŸãæè¿ã®è±èªã§ã¯è¯ã䜿ããããšãããã©ããããçŽ æŽãããããŠãé
äºãããŠãé ããããããªã£ãŠããŸãããã ãâãã ããæ¶ããŠããããšããæå³ãããã®ã ãããããäºæ
ãç¥ããªãå€åœäººãèããšãåã«ãã®çµµãæèžã«äžæºãããããšèª€è§£ãããããªããããããè±èªã¯äžçã®èŠæš©èšèªãªã®ã§ãå€åœäººããã®èª€è§£ãæ°ã«ããå¿
èŠãç¡ããæ¥æ¬äººããããã°ããŸã£ãããè±ç±³äººã¯ããããŸããéãã§ããã
ãã® å§èªã® must ã玹ä»ããŠããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ã©ã çã«ç޹ä»ããŠããã ãã§ãããïŒæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã®ã¿ãæ¬æã§ç޹ä»ãïŒ
:â» æããæè²è©è«ã§ããèšããããè±èªæè²ã®é ããç®çã®ã²ãšã€ãšããŠãèª€è§£ã®æãã®å°ãªãè«ççãªæç« ã®æžãæ¹ã®æè²ãæããããšããç®çããããæç§çãåœç«å€§åŠãªã©ã¯ãäžç«æ§ãªã©ã®çç±ã§ããè«ççãªæ¥æ¬èªã®æžãæ¹ã¯ããããã¹ããããšã¯å®£èšã§ããªãã®ã§ã仿¹ãªãè±ææ³ãªã©å€åœèªã䜿ã£ãŠè«ççãªæç« ã®æžãæ¹ãæããããšããŠããããªã©ãšã¯æã¯ããè©è«ããããã®ã§ããïŒãã£ãšããæè¿ã®è±èªæè²ã§ã¯äŒè©±éèŠãªã©ã§ãããããè«çæ§ã®æè²ç®çã¯é²æ£é§æ¶ããŠããŸã£ããïŒãããããè«ççãªæç« ã®æžãæ¹ã®æè²ãšããŠã¯ãå§èª must ããäžèšäŸã®ãæ¶ããŠãããã®ãããªé£èºæ°å³ã®çšæ³ã¯ãå«ãããã ããããã倧åŠå
¥è©Šãªã©ã«å§èªã® must ãªã©ãåºãå¯èœæ§ã¯äœããããããªãã
== 確信ãã¡ãããªãã must ã®åŠå® ==
ãïœã«ã¡ãããªãããšãã匷ã確èªã®æå³ã§ã® must ã®åŠå®ã¯ã cannot ãïœã¯ãããªããã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒãïŒã
ãªãããããšããããŠããããã ãšæ±ºãŸã£ãŠããè±ç±³äººãããããäœ¿ãæ¹ãããŠããã®ã§ãåããããããªãã
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| <!--
{| width=100%
|-
| valign=top width=30% | _ã_TOC_ã_
| valign=top |
'''Status: This book is still under construction.'''
This book is an introduction to the art of software engineering. It is intended as a textbook for an undergraduate level course.
[[w:Software engineering|Software Engineering]] is about teams and it is about quality. The problems to solve are so complex or large, that a single developer cannot solve them anymore. Software engineering is also about communication on a team and with internal and external stakeholders. Teams do not consist only of developers, but also of quality assurance testers, systems architects, system/platform engineers, customers, project managers and other stakeholders.
Implementation is no longer just writing code, but it is also following guidelines, writing documentation and also writing unit tests. But unit tests alone are not enough. The different pieces have to fit together. And we have to be able to spot problematic areas using metrics and improve the quality in those areas. The code should follow certain standards to make it easier for a team to work together. Once we are finished coding, that does not mean that we are finished with the project: for large projects maintaining software and other maintenance can keep many people busy for a long time.
Since there are so many factors influencing the success or failure of a project, the book covers project management skills. Software projects can be so large that we have to do careful planning. We walk through the factors that cause a project to fail and the success factors. Last but not least, a good software engineer, like any engineer, needs tools, and in this book we cover good tools for everyday use on large, and small, projects.
We invite you to join us on the journey through the mazes of software engineering!
|}
{{PDF version|Introduction_to_Software_Engineering|2489 KB|Introduction to Software Engineering}}
{{Print version|/Print version}}
{{Reading level|Intermediate}}
{{Book Search}}
* [[/Preface/]] {{stage short|75%|Mar 02 2011}}
----
-->
<div style="width: fit-content;float:left; margin: 1rem">__TOC__</div>
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=== ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠ ===
* [[/ç·è«]]<!-- Introduction -->
* [[/æŽå²]]<!-- History -->
* [[/ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢]]<!-- Software Engineer -->
=== UML ===
<!--
* [[/UML/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage short|75%|Mar 3, 2011}}
* [[/UML|Models and Diagrams]] {{stage short|75%|Mar 3, 2011}}
* [[/Tools/Modelling and Case Tools|Tools: Modelling and Case]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
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* [[/Process/V-Model|V-Model]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 18, 2011}}
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* [[/Tools/Process Tools|Tools: Process]] {{stage short|0%|Mar 8, 2011}}
* [[/Process/Labs|Labs]] {{stage short|0%|Mar 8, 2011}}
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---->
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=== Project Management ===
* [[/Project Management|Introduction]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
* [[/Project Management/Software Estimation|Software Estimation]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
* [[/Project Management/Cost Estimation|Cost Estimation]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
* [[/Project Management/Development Speed|Development Speed]]
* [[/Tools/Project Management|Tools: Project Management]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
* [[/Project Management/Labs|Labs]] {{stage short|0%|Mar 8, 2011}}
---->
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=== Architecture & Design ===
* [[/Architecture|Introduction]] {{stage short|75%|Mar 8, 2011}}
* [[/Architecture/Design|Design]] {{stage short|75%|Mar 8, 2011}}
* [[/Architecture/Design Patterns|Design Patterns]] {{stage short|75%|Mar 8, 2011}}
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=== ãã¹ã ===
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=== Testing ===
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=== ãœãããŠã§ã¢å質 ===
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=== Software Quality ===
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=== éçºãšä¿å® ===
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=== Deployment & Maintenance ===
* [[/Deployment|Introduction]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
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=== ãªãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã° ===
<!---
=== Re-engineering ===
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* [[/Tools/Decompiler|Tools: Decompiler]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
* [[/Tools/Obfuscation|Tools: Obfuscation]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 27, 2011}}
* [[/Reengineering/Labs|Labs]] {{stage short|0%|Mar 8, 2011}}
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* [[/ãªãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°]]
* [[/ãªãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°/ãªããŒã¹ãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°]]
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* [[/ããŒã«/é£èªå]]
* [[/ãªãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°/Labs]]
=== ãã®ä» ===
* [[/ãã®ä»]]
=== éé² ===
<!--
=== Appendices ===
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[[ã«ããŽãª:å·¥åŠ]] | 2022-08-01T04:04:15Z | 2023-09-25T06:26:47Z | []
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%AB%96 |
35,267 | ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠæŠè«/ç·è« | æ¬æžã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®å
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¥éæžã§ãããåŠéšã¬ãã«ã®ã³ãŒã¹ã®æç§æžãšããŠæå³ãããŠããã",
"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
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"text": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠ( software engineering )ã¯ããŒã ã§è¡ããã®ã§ããã 解決ãã¹ãåé¡ãããŸãã«ãè€éã§ãã£ãããå€§èŠæš¡ã§ãã£ãããããããäžäººã®éçºè
ã§ã¯ãã解決ã§ããªãã®ã§ããã ãŸãããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã¯ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãéèŠã§ãããããŒã ã¯éçºè
ã ãã§ãªãããã¹ã¿ãŒãã¢ãŒããã¯ããã·ã¹ãã ãšã³ãžãã¢ã顧客ããããžã§ã¯ããããŒãžã£ãŒãªã©ãããŸããŸãªã¡ã³ããŒã§æ§æãããŠããããœãããŠã§ã¢ãããžã§ã¯ãã¯éåžžã«å€§èŠæš¡ã«ãªããããç¶¿å¯ãªèšç»ãç«ãŠãªããã°ãªããªãã å®è£
ã¯ããã¯ãã³ãŒããæžãã ãã§ãªããã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«åŸããããã¥ã¡ã³ããæžããããã«ãŠããããã¹ããæžããªããã°ãªããªãã ãããããŠããããã¹ãã ãã§ã¯ååã§ã¯ãªããããŸããŸãªããŒã¹ãçµåããããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã§ããã ãããŠã枬å®åºæºã䜿ã£ãŠåé¡ã®ããéšåãçºèŠã§ããªããã°ãªããªããæž¬å®åºæºã¯ãç§ãã¡ã®ã³ãŒããç¹å®ã®æšæºã«åŸã£ãŠãããã©ãããæããŠãããã å€§èŠæš¡ãªãããžã§ã¯ãã§ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ã®ä¿å®ã«å€ãã®äººãé·ãéå¿æ®ºãããããšãããã ãããžã§ã¯ãã®æåŠãå·Šå³ããèŠçŽ ã¯éåžžã«å€ãã®ã§ããããžã§ã¯ã管çãšãã®èœãšã穎ãç¹ã«ãããžã§ã¯ããæåã«å°ãèŠçŽ ã«ã€ããŠå°ãåŠã¶å¿
èŠãããã ãããŠæåŸã«ãªãããåªç§ãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ã¯ãä»ã®ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšåæ§ã«ãããŒã«ãå¿
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"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
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"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
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"text": "ããŒã ã广çã«æ©èœããããã«ã¯ãã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããããã®èšèª(UML)ãå¿
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ã ãã§ãªãããã¹ã¿ãŒãã¢ãŒããã¯ããã·ã¹ãã ãšã³ãžãã¢ããããŠæãéèŠãªé¡§å®¢ãããæ§æãããŠããã ããã§ãè¯ãããŒã ãšã¯äœãã顧客ãšã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®åãæ¹ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã ãã§ãªãããœãããŠã§ã¢ãããžã§ã¯ãã«é¢ããå
šãŠã®ããšãææžåããæ¹æ³ãªã©ãåŠã¶å¿
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"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŸã§ã®è¬åº§ã§ã¯ãJavaãC++ãªã©ã®èšèªãšãã¢ã€ãã¢ãã³ãŒãã«ããæ¹æ³ãåŠãã ããããããããã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã¯èšèªããç¬ç«ããŠããã çµ±äžã¢ããªã³ã°èšèª( Unified Modeling Language ; UML)ã䜿ãã°ãèšèªããç¬ç«ããŠã³ãŒããèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ãèŠãããšãã§ããããããã«éèŠãªããšã«ã1ã¬ãã«äžã®æœè±¡åã¬ãã«ã§èããããšãåŠã¶ããšãã§ããã UMLã¯ãã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšããã¥ã¡ã³ããŒã·ã§ã³ã®ããŒã«ãšããŠéåžžã«æå¹ã§ããã",
"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ç§ãã¡ã¯ããã¿ãŒã³ãšããå
šäœåãèŠãããšãåŠã¶ãããã«ãããããã«äžæ®µé«ãæœè±¡åºŠãåŸãããšãã§ããã ããã§ããŸãã仲éãšã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããã广çã«ããããã®èªåœãå¢ããããŸããå
茩ããåŠã¶ããšãçŽ æŽãããæ¹æ³ã§ããã ããã¯ãå€§èŠæš¡ãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ã·ã¹ãã ãèšèšããéã«å¿
èŠäžå¯æ¬ ãªããšã§ããã",
"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
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"text": "ãŸãããœãããŠã§ã¢ãæžãããšãã§ããã ãã§ã¯ããã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãè¯ããã®ã§ãããšã¯éããªããããã§ãäœãè¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãªã®ãããããŠãã©ã®ããã«ãœãããŠã§ã¢ã®åè³ªãæž¬å®ããã®ããæããã«ãããéçè§£æ( static analysis )ãæž¬å®åºæº( measuring metrics )ã«ãã£ãŠæ¢åã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããåæã§ããããã«ãªãäžæ¹ã§ãã³ãŒããäžå®ã®åè³ªåºæºãæºãããŠããããšãã©ã®ããã«ä¿èšŒããã°ããã®ã§ãããã?ãã®æèã§ã¯ããã¹ããéèŠã§ãããé«å質ã®è£œåãä¿èšŒãããã®ã§ããã",
"title": "ç·è« -- Introduction"
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"text": "ãããŸã§ãIDEãã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒããããã¬ãŒã«ã€ããŠç¥ã£ãŠããã ããããšæãããããããœãããŠã§ã¢ã»ãšã³ãžãã¢ãèªç±ã«äœ¿ããããŒã«ã¯ãã£ãšããããããã ããŒã ã§äœæ¥ããããã®ããŒã«ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãææžåããããã®ããŒã«ãéçºäœæ¥å
šäœãæ¯æŽã»ç£èŠããããã®ããŒã«ãªã©ãããã ãœãããŠã§ã¢ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã®ããã®ããŒã«ããã¹ãããããã¡ã€ãªã³ã°ã®ããã®ããŒã«ãèªååããªãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°ã®ããã®ããŒã«ãããã",
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| null | {{Nav}}
__NOTOC__
== ç·è« -- Introduction ==
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1950幎代ã«ã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãç»å Žãå§ããããããŸãæœè±¡åã®å€§ããªäžæ©ãšãªã£ãã FORTRANãALGOLãCOBOLãšãã£ãäž»èŠãªèšèªã1950幎代åŸåã«ãªãªãŒã¹ãããããããç§åŠçãã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã çãããžãã¹çãªåé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããããã«äœ¿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã E.W.ãã€ã¯ã¹ãã©ã¯ããã®ä»£è¡šçãªè«æâGo To Statement Considered Harmfulâ(ãGo toæã¯æå®³ãšæããããæ¬éŠæªåºç) ã¯1968幎ã«ãDavid Parnasã¯1972幎ã«ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«æ§ãšæ
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çã«æ§ç¯ããããã®ã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ãšããŠããœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã©ã€ããµã€ã¯ã«(The Software Development Life Cycle; SDLC)ãç»å Žãå§ããã1970幎代åŸåãã1980幎代ååã«ãããŠã¯ãSmalltalkãObjective-CãC++ãªã©ãSimulaã«åœ±é¿ãåããæ°ãããªããžã§ã¯ãæåã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãããã€ãç»å Žããã
90幎代åé ã«ã¯Linuxãªã©ã®åœ¢ã§ãªãŒãã³ãœãŒã¹ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãç»å Žãå§ããããã¶ãŒã«ããšãã忣åã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢æ§ç¯ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã玹ä»ãããã ãã®åŸã90幎代åã°ã«World Wide Webãšã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æ®åãå§ãŸãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã®ãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°ãåã³å€åããã忣ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ã·ã¹ãã ãèšèšããæ¹æ³ãšããŠæåãšãªããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªJavaã¯æœè±¡åã®æ°ããªã¹ããããšããŠä»®æ³ãã·ã³ãšãšãã«å°å
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çŸåšã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®å®çŸ©ã¯ããããå®ããããè¯ããããéãããœãããŠã§ã¢ãäœãæ¹æ³ãèãåºãã®ã«èŠåŽããŠããããã仿¥ã§ãå®åå®¶ã®éã§è°è«ãããŠããã1990幎代以éãITæ¥çã§ã¯ã³ã¹ãåæžã«äž»çŒã眮ãããããã«ãªã£ããç·ææã³ã¹ã(Total Cost of Ownership; TCO)ãšã¯ãåãªãååŸã³ã¹ãã ãã§ãªããçç£æ§ãé»å®³ãããããªã³ã¹ããå«ãŸãããç·ææã³ã¹ãã«ã¯ãçç£æ§ã®é»å®³ãç¶æç®¡çåªåãã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒããµããŒãããããã«å¿
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"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1940幎代åé ã«è¿ä»£çãªããžã¿ã«ã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãåããŠç»å Žãããšãããããäœåãããåœä»€ã¯æ©æ¢°ã«é
ç·ãããŠããããã®é ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãæ±ãã®ã¯æè¡è
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ã§ãã£ãã ãã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢äžå¿ã®èšèšã¯æè»æ§ã«æ¬ ããããã«ãã¹ãã¢ãããã°ã©ã ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãŒããŸãã¯ãã©ã³ãã€ãã³ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãŒã«åã£ãŠä»£ããããã ããããŠããããŒããŠã§ã¢ããšããœãããŠã§ã¢ãã®æåã®åºåããå§ãŸããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®è€éãã«å¯ŸåŠããããã«æœè±¡åãè¡ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1950幎代ã«ã¯ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãç»å Žãå§ããããããŸãæœè±¡åã®å€§ããªäžæ©ãšãªã£ãã FORTRANãALGOLãCOBOLãšãã£ãäž»èŠãªèšèªã1950幎代åŸåã«ãªãªãŒã¹ãããããããç§åŠçãã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã çãããžãã¹çãªåé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããããã«äœ¿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã E.W.ãã€ã¯ã¹ãã©ã¯ããã®ä»£è¡šçãªè«æâGo To Statement Considered Harmfulâ(ãGo toæã¯æå®³ãšæããããæ¬éŠæªåºç) ã¯1968幎ã«ãDavid Parnasã¯1972幎ã«ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«æ§ãšæ
å ±é èœã®éèŠãªæŠå¿µãå°å
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"title": "æŽå²"
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{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ãšåŒã°ããããŒããŠã§ã¢ã管çãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã·ã¹ãã ãå°å
¥ãããç¹ã«1969幎ã®Unixãæåã§ããã1967幎ã«ã¯ãSimulaèšèªããªããžã§ã¯ãæåã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ãã©ãã€ã ãå°å
¥ããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªãœãããŠã§ã¢ã®é²æ©ã«åŒå¿ããŠãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãããã«é²æ©ããã 1970幎代åã°ã«ã¯ããã€ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãç»å Žããè¶£å³ã§ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãå
¥æãããã®ããã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãæžãããšãçµæžçã«ã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã ããããçŸåšã§ã¯æåãªããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ(PC)ããã€ã¯ããœãã瀟ã®Windowsã«ã€ãªãã£ãã®ã§ããã ãŸãã1980幎代åã°ã«ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãäžå
çã«æ§ç¯ããããã®ã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ãšããŠããœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã©ã€ããµã€ã¯ã«(The Software Development Life Cycle; SDLC)ãç»å Žãå§ããã1970幎代åŸåãã1980幎代ååã«ãããŠã¯ãSmalltalkãObjective-CãC++ãªã©ãSimulaã«åœ±é¿ãåããæ°ãããªããžã§ã¯ãæåã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãããã€ãç»å Žããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
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{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "90幎代åé ã«ã¯Linuxãªã©ã®åœ¢ã§ãªãŒãã³ãœãŒã¹ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãç»å Žãå§ããããã¶ãŒã«ããšãã忣åã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢æ§ç¯ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã玹ä»ãããã ãã®åŸã90幎代åã°ã«World Wide Webãšã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æ®åãå§ãŸãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã®ãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°ãåã³å€åããã忣ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ã·ã¹ãã ãèšèšããæ¹æ³ãšããŠæåãšãªããããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªJavaã¯æœè±¡åã®æ°ããªã¹ããããšããŠä»®æ³ãã·ã³ãšãšãã«å°å
¥ããããããã°ã©ããŒã¯ååããŠã¢ãžã£ã€ã«å®£èšãæžãããã軜éãªããã»ã¹ã§ããå®ããããã¿ã€ã ãªãŒãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãäœãããšãæ¯æããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®å®çŸ©ã¯ããããå®ããããè¯ããããéãããœãããŠã§ã¢ãäœãæ¹æ³ãèãåºãã®ã«èŠåŽããŠããããã仿¥ã§ãå®åå®¶ã®éã§è°è«ãããŠããã1990幎代以éãITæ¥çã§ã¯ã³ã¹ãåæžã«äž»çŒã眮ãããããã«ãªã£ããç·ææã³ã¹ã(Total Cost of Ownership; TCO)ãšã¯ãåãªãååŸã³ã¹ãã ãã§ãªããçç£æ§ãé»å®³ãããããªã³ã¹ããå«ãŸãããç·ææã³ã¹ãã«ã¯ãçç£æ§ã®é»å®³ãç¶æç®¡çåªåãã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒããµããŒãããããã«å¿
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__NOTOC__
== æŽå² ==
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| last = Dijkstra | first = E. W. | authorlink = Edsger_Dijkstra
| title = Go To Statement Considered Harmful | journal = [[Wikipedia:Communications of the ACM]] | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 147â148
| month = March | year = 1968 | url = http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd02xx/EWD215.PDF | accessdate = 2009-08-10
| doi = 10.1145/362929.362947}}
</ref> ã¯1968幎ã«ãDavid Parnasã¯1972幎ã«ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«æ§ãšæ
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{{Cite journal
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| first = David
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| journal = [[Wikipedia:Communications of the ACM]]
| volume = 15
| issue = 12
| pages = 1053â1058
| url = http://www.acm.org/classics/may96/
| title = On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules
| month = December | year = 1972
| accessdate = 2008-12-26
| doi = 10.1145/361598.361623
}}</ref>ãè€éåãç¶ãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã·ã¹ãã ã«ããã°ã©ããŒã察å¿ã§ããããã«ããããã®ãã®ã§ããã
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"text": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããã©ãã«ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®äžçã§ã¯éåžžã«èªç±ã«äœ¿ãããŠããŸããããããå®éã«ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããŠæŽ»èºããŠãã人ã®äžã§ãèªå®ããã倧åŠã®å·¥åŠéšã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ã¯ãããããã§ãããå®éãAssociation for Computing Machineryã«ããã°ããçŸåšãç±³åœã§æ¬æ ŒçãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããŠæŽ»èºããŠãã人ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã§ã¯ãªãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠããããšãããã",
"title": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžã㢠-- Software Engineer"
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"text": "çŸåšãå®åè
ã®çŽåæ°ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãããå°æ°ã§ã¯ãããããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠäœãæã€å®åå®¶ãå¢ãã€ã€ããã1987幎ããã³ãã³å€§åŠã€ã³ããªã¢ã«ã«ã¬ããžã¯ãè±åœããã³äžçã§åããŠ3幎éã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠå£«å·ãå°å
¥ããããã以æ¥ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠå£«å·ã¯å€ãã®å€§åŠã§ç¢ºç«ãããŠããããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠå£«å·ã®ããã®æšæºçãªåœéã«ãªãã¥ã©ã ã¯ãæè¿ACMã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸ©ãããŸããã2004幎çŸåšãç±³åœã§ã¯çŽ50ã®å€§åŠããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠäœãæäŸããŠãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ãšå·¥åŠã®åçãšå®è·µã®äž¡æ¹ãåŠã¶ããšãã§ãããETS倧åŠãšUQAMã¯IEEEã«ãã£ãŠSoftWare Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) ã®éçºãåœããããããã¯ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãã«ããŒããç¥èäœç³»ãèšè¿°ããISOæšæºãšãªã£ãã",
"title": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžã㢠-- Software Engineer"
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"text": "ããžãã¹ã§ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®å®è·µè
ã®äžã«ã¯çµå¶æ
å ±ã·ã¹ãã (Management Information Systems ; MIS)ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããçµèŸŒã¿ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ã黿°å·¥åŠãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒå·¥åŠã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããçµèŸŒã¿ãœãããŠã§ã¢ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®è©³çްãªçè§£ãå¿
èŠãšããããšãå€ãããã§ãããå»ççšãœãããŠã§ã¢ã§ã¯ãå»çæ
å ±åŠãäžè¬å»åŠããŸãã¯çç©åŠã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããæ°åŠãçåŠãå·¥åŠãæè¡ç³»ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããå²åŠ(ç¹ã«è«çåŠ)ãä»ã®éæè¡çãªåŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ãããããåŠäœãæã£ãŠããªã人ãããã",
"title": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžã㢠-- Software Engineer"
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"text": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ã®å€ãã¯ã瀟å¡ãŸãã¯è«è² æ¥è
ãšããŠåããŠãããäŒæ¥ãæ¿åºæ©é¢(ææ°ãŸãã¯è»)ãããã³éå¶å©å£äœã§åããããªãŒã©ã³ã¹ãšããŠå人ã§ä»äºããããœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ããããçµç¹ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢éçºããã»ã¹ã®åã¿ã¹ã¯ãå®è¡ããå°éå®¶ãæ±ããŠãããšãããããããã以å€ã®çµç¹ã§ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ããããã®å€ããŸãã¯ãã¹ãŠãè¡ãããšãèŠæ±ããŠãããå€§èŠæš¡ãªãããžã§ã¯ãã§ã¯ã人ã
ã¯äžã€ã®åœ¹å²ã ãã«ç¹åããããšããããå°èŠæš¡ãªãããžã§ã¯ãã§ã¯ãè€æ°ã®ããããã¯ãã¹ãŠã®åœ¹å²ãåæã«ããªã人ãããã",
"title": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžã㢠-- Software Engineer"
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"text": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ããã®ä»ã®æ
å ±æè¡(IT)å°éå®¶ã®å°æ¥ã®éçšèŠéãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããªãã®è°è«ããããããšãã°ãFuture of IT Jobs in America ãšåŒã°ãããªã³ã©ã€ã³å
ç©åžå Žã§ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãå«ãITé¢é£ã®ä»äºã2002幎ãã2012幎ã®ã»ããå€ããã©ãããçããããšè©Šã¿ãŠããã",
"title": "ãœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžã㢠-- Software Engineer"
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"text": "æ¿åºã®çµ±èšã¯çŸåšãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠãã®ãã®ãžã®è
åšã瀺ããŠããŸããããé¢é£ãããã£ãªã¢ã§ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯åœ±é¿ãåããŠããããã§ããã ãã£ãªã¢ã«ãŠã³ã»ã©ãŒã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãçŽç²ãªæè¡ã¹ãã«ãããã人éåããããžãã¹ã¹ãã«ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãããåŠçã«å§ãã人ãããã ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠãã°ããŒãã«åã®åœ±é¿ãåããªãã®ã¯ãæºç®¡çè·çãªåŽé¢ããããããããã",
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__NOTOC__
== ãœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžã㢠-- Software Engineer ==
ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åçãå¿çšããŠãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãå«ããã®ãåäœããããœãããŠã§ã¢ãã·ã¹ãã ã®èšèšã»éçºã»ãã¹ãã»è©äŸ¡ãè¡ãæè¡è
ã§ãããœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžãã¢ã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããã ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããèšèãããã£ãŠã¯ãããã€ãã®è«äºããã<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayo|first=Mylene|title=[http://www.peo.on.ca/enforcement/June112002newsrelease.html What's in a Name? Tech Sector battles Engineers on "software engineering"]|url=http://www.peo.on.ca/enforcement/June112002newsrelease.html|accessdate=2008-07-24|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref>ãªããªããããã¯ããã¬ãã«ã®åŠè¡ãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ãå°éçèŠåŸãå
¬åŒããã»ã¹ã®éµå®ãç¹ã«æ³ç責任ãæå³ãããã°ãã°ãœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®ã±ãŒã¹ã«ã¯é©çšãããªãããã§ããã2004幎ãç±³åœåŽåçµ±èšå±ã¯ãç±³åœã§è·ã«å°±ããŠãããœãããŠã§ã¢ ãšã³ãžãã¢ã 760,840 äººãšæ°ãããåææã«ç±³åœã§ã¯ãä»ã®ãã¹ãŠã®å·¥åŠåéãåãããŠçŽ 140 äžäººã®ãšã³ãžãã¢ãåããŠãã<ref>Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, [ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/news.release/ocwage.txt ''USDL 05-2145: Occupational Employment and Wages, November 2004'']</ref>ã
=== æŠèŠ -- Overview ===
1990幎代åã°ä»¥åã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢å®åè
ã¯å®éã®ä»äºãšã¯é¢ä¿ãªããèªåãã¡ã''ããã°ã©ããŒ''ãããã¯''éçºè
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''ã''ããã°ã©ããŒ''ãšåŒã¶ããšã奜ãããããã¯ãããã®çšèªã®æå³ãããšãããåºãèªããããŠããããã§ãããäžæ¹ã§''ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢''ã¯ãŸã è°è«ãããŠãããèåãªèšç®ç§åŠè
ã§ããE. W. Dijkstraã¯è«æã®äžã§ãããœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ããšããçšèªã®é èªã¯äžé©åãªé¡æšã§ãããæçšãªçšèªã§ã¯ãªããšæžããŠããã"The existence of the mere term has been the base of a number of extremely shallow --and false-- analogies, which just confuse the issue...Computers are such exceptional gadgets that there is good reason to assume that most analogies with other disciplines are too shallow to be of any positive value, are even so shallow that they are only confusing."ïŒãåãªãçšèªã®ååšããåé¡ãæ··ä¹±ãããã ãã®æ¥µããŠæµ
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ããæ··ä¹±ãæãã ãã§ãããšããèããããããïŒ<ref>http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD690.html E.W.Dijkstra Archive: The pragmatic engineer versus the scientific designer</ref>ã
''ããã°ã©ããŒ''ãšããçšèªã¯ãè¯è³ªã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãæžãããã®ããŒã«ãã¹ãã«ãæè²ãå«ç芳ãæããªã人ãæãèšèãšããŠãã°ãã°äœ¿ãããŠãããããã«å¯Ÿããå€ãã®å®åå®¶ã¯ããã°ã©ããŒãšããèšèã«ä»éããæ±åããéããããã«ãèªãã''ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢''ãšåŒãã ã
ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããã©ãã«ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®äžçã§ã¯éåžžã«èªç±ã«äœ¿ãããŠããŸããããããå®éã«ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããŠæŽ»èºããŠãã人ã®äžã§ãèªå®ããã倧åŠã®å·¥åŠéšã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ã¯ãããããã§ãããå®éãAssociation for Computing Machineryã«ããã°ããçŸåšãç±³åœã§æ¬æ ŒçãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãšããŠæŽ»èºããŠãã人ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã§ã¯ãªãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠããããšããã<ref>http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=12 ACM, Computing - Degrees & Careers, Software Engineering</ref>ã
=== æè² -- Education ===
çŸåšãå®åè
ã®çŽåæ°ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãããå°æ°ã§ã¯ãããããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠäœãæã€å®åå®¶ãå¢ãã€ã€ããã1987幎ããã³ãã³å€§åŠã€ã³ããªã¢ã«ã«ã¬ããžã¯ãè±åœããã³äžçã§åããŠ3幎éã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠå£«å·ãå°å
¥ããããã以æ¥ããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠå£«å·ã¯å€ãã®å€§åŠã§ç¢ºç«ãããŠããããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠå£«å·ã®ããã®æšæºçãªåœéã«ãªãã¥ã©ã ã¯ãæè¿ACM<ref>http://sites.computer.org/ccse/ Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering</ref>ã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸ©ãããŸããã2004幎çŸåšãç±³åœã§ã¯çŽ50ã®å€§åŠããœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠã®åŠäœãæäŸããŠãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ãšå·¥åŠã®åçãšå®è·µã®äž¡æ¹ãåŠã¶ããšãã§ãããETS倧åŠãšUQAMã¯IEEEã«ãã£ãŠSoftWare Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) <ref>http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge</ref> ã®éçºãåœããããããã¯ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãã«ããŒããç¥èäœç³»ãèšè¿°ããISOæšæºãšãªã£ãã
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å ±ã·ã¹ãã ïŒManagement Information Systems ; MISïŒã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããçµèŸŒã¿ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ã黿°å·¥åŠãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒå·¥åŠã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããçµèŸŒã¿ãœãããŠã§ã¢ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®è©³çްãªçè§£ãå¿
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å ±åŠãäžè¬å»åŠããŸãã¯çç©åŠã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããæ°åŠãçåŠãå·¥åŠãæè¡ç³»ã®åŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ããããå²åŠ(ç¹ã«è«çåŠ)ãä»ã®éæè¡çãªåŠäœãæã£ãŠãã人ãããããåŠäœãæã£ãŠããªã人ãããã
=== è·æ¥ -- Profession ===
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ç©åžå Žã§ã¯ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãšã³ãžãã¢ãå«ãITé¢é£ã®ä»äºã2002幎ãã2012幎ã®ã»ããå€ããã©ãããçããããšè©Šã¿ãŠããã
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ãã£ãªã¢ã«ãŠã³ã»ã©ãŒã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãçŽç²ãªæè¡ã¹ãã«ãããã人éåããããžãã¹ã¹ãã«ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãããåŠçã«å§ãã人ãããã
<ref>[http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/03/13/HNslowsoftdev_1.html Software developer growth slows in North America | InfoWorld | News | 2007-03-13 | By Robert Mullins, IDG News Service<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
ãœãããŠã§ã¢å·¥åŠãã°ããŒãã«åã®åœ±é¿ãåããªãã®ã¯ãæºç®¡çè·çãªåŽé¢ãããããããã<ref>[http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/career/article.php/3523066 Dual Roles: The Changing Face of IT<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>ã
=== èèš» ===
<references />
{{Nav}} | null | 2022-08-02T01:22:29Z | [
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"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Cite web"
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ããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ã¯ãäžéšã®ãã¡ã€ã«ã倿Žããããå€éšUSBããã€ã¹ããChromebookãèµ·åããããããªã©ä»ã®äœ¿ãéããããŸãã
Welcome to crosh, the Chrome OS developer shell.
If you got here by mistake, don't panic! Just close this tab and carry on.
Type 'help' for a list of commands.
If you want to customize the look/behavior, you can use the options page. Load it by using the Ctrl-Shift-P keyboard shortcut.
crosh>
crosh> shell [ERROR:src/main.rs:184] ERROR: unknown command: shell
crosh> shell chronos@localhost / $
chronos@localhost / $ curl -Ls git.io/vddgY | bash
chronos@localhost / $
chromebrew ã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãçµãã£ãããåºæ¬çãªåäœã確èªããŸãã
chronos@localhost / $ crew
chronos@localhost / $ crew sysinfo
tree ã³ãã³ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠã¿ãŸãã
treeã¯ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªãŒæ§é ãããªãŒè¡šç€ºããã³ãã³ãã§ãéå±€æ§é ã®ææ¡ã®åœ¹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸãã
ã®åœ¢åŒã§ã¯ããã€ããªãŒããã±ãŒãžãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŸãããchromebrew ã§ã¯åçšåºŠã®æéã§ãœãŒã¹ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
crewãæŽæ°ãããšèªåã§è¡ã£ã /usr/local/lib/crew 以äžã®å€æŽãæžãæ»ãããã®ã§ã倿Žãè¡ã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ãäºåã«ããã¯ã¢ãããåãv git diff ã®å·®åãä¿åããããã«ããŠãã ããã
crew ã®ããã±ãŒãžã®ã¬ã·ãã¯ã/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/ ã«ãã1ã€ã®rubyã¹ã¯ãªããã§ãã
Crystalèšèªã®ããã±ãŒãžã crew ã«ãªãã£ãã®ã§äœã£ãŠã¿ãŸããã
Scalaèšèªã®ããã±ãŒãžã crew ã«ãªãã£ãã®ã§äœã£ãŠã¿ãŸããã
èªåã®äœã£ãã¬ã·ããæå¹ã«ããã«ã¯ã/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/ ã«ã¹ã¯ãªãããçšæããããš
ãå®è¡ããŸãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Chromebrewã¯ãChromeOSã§åäœãããœãŒã¹ãã«ãæåã®ããã±ãŒãžç®¡çã·ã¹ãã ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ChromeOSã¯ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«ã®äžã«ChromeãŠã§ããã©ãŠã¶ãŒãäžå¿ãšããŠãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãæ©èœãæäŸããŸãã ã§ãããæè¬GNU/Linuxã®ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«èгãããããã±ãŒãžãããŒãžã£ãŒãå«ãŸããGNU/Linuxã®ç°å¢ãæã«å
¥ããã«ã¯...",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®3ã€ãªã©ããããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Chromebrewã¯ããã®åã®éãHomebrewã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããŸãããå®å
šã«Rubyã§èšè¿°ãã(Homebrewã¯äžéš bash ã¹ã¯ãªãã)ãChoromeOSåºæã®äºæ
(ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãæžèŸŒã¿ãå®è¡ãã§ãããã¡ã€ã«ã·ã¹ãã 㯠/usr/local ã«éããããªã©)ã«é©å¿ããŠããŸãã Chromebrewã¯ãä»®æ³ç°å¢ãchrootã®ãªãŒããŒãããã¯ãªãããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãŒãå
±æã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒãªã©ChromeOSã®ãã®ã䜿ããã®ã§ãããããªã³ãã¯ããã®äžã§äžçªå°ãããªããŸãã Chromebrewã¯ãBSD Unixã® package source ã ports collection ã®æ§ã«ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæ°è»œã«è¡ããããšãã°Cã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã« -march=native ãªãã·ã§ã³ãäžããã¹ãç°å¢ã®ããã»ããµãŒã§å®è¡å¯èœãªåœä»€ã»ããããã³ãŒãçæãããããšãã§ãããªã©ãè³æºã®å°ãªãç°å¢ã«ã奜é©ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããåã«ãChromebook ãããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧åãªã®ã§äºåèšããŸããã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ChromebookããããããããŒã¢ãŒããã«ãããšãChromebookã®ã·ã¹ãã ãã¡ã€ã«ã倿Žã§ãããªã©ãå®å
šãªã«ãŒãã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãååŸã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ã¯ãäžéšã®ãã¡ã€ã«ã倿Žããããå€éšUSBããã€ã¹ããChromebookãèµ·åããããããªã©ä»ã®äœ¿ãéããããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Welcome to crosh, the Chrome OS developer shell.",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "If you got here by mistake, don't panic! Just close this tab and carry on.",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Type 'help' for a list of commands.",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "If you want to customize the look/behavior, you can use the options page. Load it by using the Ctrl-Shift-P keyboard shortcut.",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crosh>",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crosh> shell [ERROR:src/main.rs:184] ERROR: unknown command: shell",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crosh> shell chronos@localhost / $",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "chronos@localhost / $ curl -Ls git.io/vddgY | bash",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "chronos@localhost / $",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "chromebrew ã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãçµãã£ãããåºæ¬çãªåäœã確èªããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "chronos@localhost / $ crew",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "chronos@localhost / $ crew sysinfo",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "tree ã³ãã³ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠã¿ãŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "treeã¯ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªãŒæ§é ãããªãŒè¡šç€ºããã³ãã³ãã§ãéå±€æ§é ã®ææ¡ã®åœ¹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®åœ¢åŒã§ã¯ããã€ããªãŒããã±ãŒãžãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŸãããchromebrew ã§ã¯åçšåºŠã®æéã§ãœãŒã¹ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crewãæŽæ°ãããšèªåã§è¡ã£ã /usr/local/lib/crew 以äžã®å€æŽãæžãæ»ãããã®ã§ã倿Žãè¡ã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ãäºåã«ããã¯ã¢ãããåãv git diff ã®å·®åãä¿åããããã«ããŠãã ããã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "crew ã®ããã±ãŒãžã®ã¬ã·ãã¯ã/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/ ã«ãã1ã€ã®rubyã¹ã¯ãªããã§ãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Crystalèšèªã®ããã±ãŒãžã crew ã«ãªãã£ãã®ã§äœã£ãŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Scalaèšèªã®ããã±ãŒãžã crew ã«ãªãã£ãã®ã§äœã£ãŠã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªåã®äœã£ãã¬ã·ããæå¹ã«ããã«ã¯ã/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/ ã«ã¹ã¯ãªãããçšæããããš",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãå®è¡ããŸãã",
"title": "ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«"
}
]
| Chromebrewã¯ãChromeOSã§åäœãããœãŒã¹ãã«ãæåã®ããã±ãŒãžç®¡çã·ã¹ãã ã§ãã ChromeOSã¯ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«ã®äžã«ChromeãŠã§ããã©ãŠã¶ãŒãäžå¿ãšããŠãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãæ©èœãæäŸããŸãã
ã§ãããæè¬GNU/Linuxã®ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«èгãããããã±ãŒãžãããŒãžã£ãŒãå«ãŸããGNU/Linuxã®ç°å¢ãæã«å
¥ããã«ã¯âŠ Crostini  â LXCã³ã³ãããŒäžã§ãGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®è¡ããŸã
Crouton  â chroot ç°å¢ã§ãGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®è¡ããŸãïŒãµããŒãçµäºããŸããïŒ
Chromebrew  â ããããŒããŒã¢ãŒãã®ã·ã§ã«ç°å¢ã«ç¬èªãã€ããªãŒãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãïŒGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšã®ããã±ãŒãžäºææ§ã¯ãªãã§ãïŒ ã®ïŒã€ãªã©ããããŸãã Chromebrewã¯ããã®åã®éãHomebrewã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããŸãããå®å
šã«Rubyã§èšè¿°ãããChoromeOSåºæã®äºæ
ã«é©å¿ããŠããŸãã
Chromebrewã¯ãä»®æ³ç°å¢ãchrootã®ãªãŒããŒãããã¯ãªãããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãŒãå
±æã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒãªã©ChromeOSã®ãã®ã䜿ããã®ã§ãããããªã³ãã¯ããã®äžã§äžçªå°ãããªããŸãã
Chromebrewã¯ãBSD Unixã® package source ã ports collection ã®æ§ã«ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæ°è»œã«è¡ããããšãã°Cã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã« -march=native ãªãã·ã§ã³ãäžããã¹ãç°å¢ã®ããã»ããµãŒã§å®è¡å¯èœãªåœä»€ã»ããããã³ãŒãçæãããããšãã§ãããªã©ãè³æºã®å°ãªãç°å¢ã«ã奜é©ã§ãã | <div style="width: fit-content;float:left; margin: 0 2rem 0 0">__TOC__</div>
Chromebrewã¯ã[[ChromeOS]]ã§åäœãããœãŒã¹ãã«ãæåã®ããã±ãŒãžç®¡çã·ã¹ãã ã§ãã
ChromeOSã¯ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«ã®äžã«ChromeãŠã§ããã©ãŠã¶ãŒãäžå¿ãšããŠãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãæ©èœãæäŸããŸãã
ã§ãããæè¬GNU/Linuxã®ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«èгãããããã±ãŒãžãããŒãžã£ãŒãå«ãŸããGNU/Linuxã®ç°å¢ãæã«å
¥ããã«ã¯âŠ
# Crostini {{---}} LXCã³ã³ãããŒäžã§ãGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®è¡ããŸãïŒèšå® > âLinux (Beta)â ãšããŠç¥ãããŸãïŒ
# Crouton {{---}} chroot ç°å¢ã§ãGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®è¡ããŸãïŒãµããŒãçµäºããŸããïŒ
# Chromebrew {{---}} ããããŒããŒã¢ãŒãã®ã·ã§ã«ç°å¢ã«ç¬èªãã€ããªãŒãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŸãïŒGNU/Linuxãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšã®ããã±ãŒãžäºææ§ã¯ãªãã§ãïŒ
ã®ïŒã€ãªã©ããããŸãã
Chromebrewã¯ããã®åã®éã[[w:Homebrew|Homebrew]]ã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããŸãããå®å
šã«Rubyã§èšè¿°ããïŒHomebrewã¯äžéš bash ã¹ã¯ãªããïŒãChoromeOSåºæã®äºæ
ïŒãŠãŒã¶ãŒãæžèŸŒã¿ãå®è¡ãã§ãããã¡ã€ã«ã·ã¹ãã 㯠<code>/usr/local</code> ã«éããããªã©ïŒã«é©å¿ããŠããŸãã
Chromebrewã¯ãä»®æ³ç°å¢ãchrootã®ãªãŒããŒãããã¯ãªãããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãŒãå
±æã©ã€ãã©ãªãŒãªã©ChromeOSã®ãã®ã䜿ããã®ã§ãããããªã³ãã¯ããã®äžã§äžçªå°ãããªããŸãã
Chromebrewã¯ãBSD Unixã® package source ã ports collection ã®æ§ã«ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæ°è»œã«è¡ããããšãã°Cã³ã³ãã€ã©ãŒã« -march=native ãªãã·ã§ã³ãäžããã¹ãç°å¢ã®ããã»ããµãŒã§å®è¡å¯èœãªåœä»€ã»ããããã³ãŒãçæãããããšãã§ãããªã©ãè³æºã®å°ãªãç°å¢ã«ã奜é©ã§ãã
== ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã« ==
ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããåã«ãChromebook ãããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ããå¿
èŠããããŸãã
<div style="color:red;font: 1.2rem bold">
:Chromebook ãããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ãããšãå·¥å Žåºè·æã®èšå®ã«æ»ãããŸãã
:Chromebook ãããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ãããšãå·¥å Žåºè·æã®èšå®ã«æ»ãããŸãã
</div>
倧åãªã®ã§äºåèšããŸããã
=== ããããããŒã¢ãŒã ===
ChromebookããããããããŒã¢ãŒã<ref>''Developer mode'' ããéçºè
ã¢ãŒãããšããè³æããããŸãããå®èš³ããªãã®ã§ãããããããŒã¢ãŒãããšã«ã¿ã«ã衚èšã«ããŸããã</ref>ãã«ãããšãChromebookã®ã·ã¹ãã ãã¡ã€ã«ã倿Žã§ãããªã©ãå®å
šãªã«ãŒãã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãååŸã§ããŸãã
ããããããŒã¢ãŒãã«ã¯ãäžéšã®ãã¡ã€ã«ã倿Žããããå€éšUSBããã€ã¹ããChromebookãèµ·åããããããªã©ä»ã®äœ¿ãéããããŸãã
; ããããŒããŒã¢ãŒããžåæ¿ããæ¹æ³
# Chromebookã®é»æºããªãã«ãã
# ESC + æŽæ°ïŒF3ïŒãã¿ã³ãæŒããªããã黿ºãã¿ã³ãæŒããŸãããã®åŸã黿ºãã¿ã³ãé¢ããŸãã
# ãªã«ããªãŒç»é¢ã衚瀺ãããŸããããã§ãCtrl + DããŒãæŒããŠéçºè
ã¢ãŒãããªã³ã«ããŸãããã®åŸãæ°ååŸ
ã¡ãŸãã
=== Chromebrewã®ãªã³ã¶ãã©ã€ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã« ===
<ol>
<li> ãŸãã https://chromebrew.github.io/ ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããŠãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«æ¹æ³ãå€ãã£ãŠããªãã確èªããŠãã ããã
<li> crosh ãéããŸãã
* Chrome ã§ãctrl+alt+T ã§ crosh ãéããŸãã
<div style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:black solid 0.5rem">
Welcome to crosh, the Chrome OS developer shell.
If you got here by mistake, don't panic! Just close this tab and carry on.
Type 'help' for a list of commands.
If you want to customize the look/behavior, you can use the options page.<br>
Load it by using the Ctrl-Shift-P keyboard shortcut.
<span style="color:yellow">crosh></span>
</div>
: Chrome ã«æ°ããã¿ããéããäžã®ãããªè¡šç€ºãçŸããŸãã
:
: ããã
<div style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:black solid 0.5rem">
<span style="color:yellow">crosh></span> shell<br>
[ERROR:src/main.rs:184] ERROR: unknown command: shell
</div>
:ãšè¡šç€ºãããå Žåã¯ãããããŒããŒã¢ãŒãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããããããŒããŒã¢ãŒããžã®åæ¿ãæé ã確èªããŸããã<ref>ChromeOS Flex ã®å Žåãgrubã®èšå®ãã¡ã€ã«ã« cros_debug ã远å ããŸãã</ref>ã
<li>shellã®èµ·åã
* croshã®ããã³ããã§ shell ãšã¿ã€ãããŸã
<div style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:black solid 0.5rem">
<span style="color:yellow">crosh></span> shell<br>
<span style="color:green">chronos@localhost</span> <span style="color:cyan">/ $</span>
</div>
: shell ããéããŸãããåæç¶æ
ã§ã¯ bash ã§ãã
<li> ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ã¹ã¯ãªããã®ãªã³ã¶ãã©ã€å®è¡ã
* chromebrew ã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ã¹ã¯ãªããããã¡ã€ã«ã«èœãšããããã®ãŸãŸ bash ã®æšæºå
¥åã«æµããŸãã
<div style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:black solid 0.5rem">
<span style="color:green">chronos@localhost</span> <span style="color:cyan">/ $</span> curl -Ls git.io/vddgY | bash
<pre style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:0;margin:0;padding:0">
Welcome to Chromebrew!
Please enter the developer mode password
We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System
Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things:
#1) Respect the privacy of others.
#2) Think before you type.
#3) With great power comes great responsibility.
Password:
Doing initial setup for install in /usr/local.
This may take a while if there are preexisting files in /usr/local...
Downloading information for Bootstrap packages...
[1/15]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chromebrew/chromebrew/master/packages/musl_zstd.rb --> musl_zstd.rb
--_curl_--https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chromebrew/chromebrew/master/packages/musl_zstd.rb
[2/15]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chromebrew/chromebrew/master/packages/pixz.rb --> pixz.rb
--_curl_--https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chromebrew/chromebrew/master/packages/pixz.rb
:
:
:
</pre>
</div>
* ãã°ããåºç€çãªããã±ãŒãžã®ããŠã³ããŒããšã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãç¶ã...
<div style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:black solid 0.5rem">
<pre style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:0;margin:0;padding:0">
. .
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___ _ _
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| ||__ ,_ __ _ _ _ __ |/_ ,_ __ _ _ _
| |/ | / | / \/ |/ |/ | |_/ | \/ | |_/ /| | |\_
\___/| |_/ |_/\__/ | | |_/|__/\__/ |_/|__/ \_/ \_/
Edit /usr/local/etc/env.d/02-pager to change the default PAGER.
more is used by default
You may wish to edit the /usr/local/etc/env.d/01-editor file for an editor default.
Chromebrew provides nano, vim and emacs as default TUI editor options.
Chromebrew installed successfully and package lists updated.
</pre>
<span style="color:green">chronos@localhost</span> <span style="color:cyan">/ $</span>
</div>
:ã®ãããªã¢ã¹ããŒã¢ãŒããšã¡ãã»ãŒãžã衚瀺ãããã chromebrew ã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ã¯å®äºã§ãã
</ol>
=== ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«çµæã®ç¢ºèª ===
chromebrew ã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãçµãã£ãããåºæ¬çãªåäœã確èªããŸãã
* shellããã³ããã§ crew ãšã¿ã€ãããŸãïŒcrew ã chromebrew ã®ã³ãã³ãåã§ãïŒ
<div style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:black solid 0.5rem">
<span style="color:green">chronos@localhost</span> <span style="color:cyan">/ $</span> crew
<pre style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:0;margin:0;padding:0">
Usage:
crew autoremove [options]
crew build [options] [-k|--keep] <name> ...
crew const [options] [<name> ...]
crew deps [options] [-t|--tree] [-b|--include-build-deps] [--exclude-buildessential] <name> ...
crew download [options] <name> ...
crew files [options] <name> ...
crew help [<command>]
crew install [options] [-k|--keep] [-s|--build-from-source] [-S|--recursive-build] <name> ...
crew list [options] (available|installed|compatible|incompatible)
crew postinstall [options] <name> ...
crew reinstall [options] [-k|--keep] [-s|--build-from-source] [-S|--recursive-build] <name> ...
crew remove [options] <name> ...
crew search [options] [<name> ...]
crew sysinfo [options]
crew update [options] [<compatible>]
crew upgrade [options] [-k|--keep] [-s|--build-from-source] [<name> ...]
crew whatprovides [options] <pattern> ...</pre>
<span style="color:green">chronos@localhost</span> <span style="color:cyan">/ $</span> crew sysinfo
<pre style="background:black;color:#f0f0f0;font-family: monospace;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;border:0;margin:0;padding:0">
- Architecture: `x86_64` (`x86_64`)
- Kernel version: `4.14.282-19192-g19e8c55302db`
- Chromebrew version: `1.24.0`
- Chromebrew prefix: `/usr/local`
- Chromebrew libdir: `/usr/local/lib64`
- Last update in local repository: `e01f130: Edge 103.0.1264.77-1 => 104.0.1293.47-1 (#7254)`
- OS variant: `Chrome OS`
- OS version: `octopus-release/R104-14909.100.0`
- OS channel: `stable-channel`</pre>
</div>
:ãµãã³ãã³ããšãªãã·ã§ã³ã®äžèЧã衚瀺ãããŸãã
: sysinfo ãµãã³ãã³ãã¯ãOSãšchromebrewèªèº«ã®æ
å ±ã衚瀺ããŸãã
:: å
容ã¯ããŒãžã§ã³ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããŸãã
=== ããã±ãŒãžã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã« ===
tree ã³ãã³ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããŠã¿ãŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
$ crew install tree
tree: Tree is a recursive directory listing command that produces a depth indented listing of files, which is colorized ala dircolors if the LS_COLORS environment variable is set and output is to tty.
http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
Version: 2.0.2
License: GPL-2
Performing pre-flight checks...
Precompiled binary available, downloading...
Cannot find cached archive. ð Will download.
[####################################################################################################################################] 51.52 KB 100%
Tree archive downloaded.
Unpacking archive using 'tar', this may take a while...
Performing pre-install...
Performing install...
Using rdfind to convert duplicate files to hard links.
Now scanning ".", found 2 files.
Now have 2 files in total.
Removed 0 files due to nonunique device and inode.
Total size is 177860 bytes or 174 KiB
Removed 2 files due to unique sizes from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on first bytes: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on last bytes: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on sha1 checksum: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
It seems like you have 0 files that are not unique
Totally, 0 B can be reduced.
Now making hard links.
Making 0 links.
Tree installed!
chronos@localhost ~ $ tree -d /usr/local/lib/crew/
/usr/local/lib/crew/
âââ bin
âââ lib
âââ packages
âââ tools
4 directories
chronos@localhost ~ $
</syntaxhighlight>
treeã¯ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªãŒæ§é ãããªãŒè¡šç€ºããã³ãã³ãã§ãéå±€æ§é ã®ææ¡ã®åœ¹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=text>
crew install ããã±ãŒãžå
</syntaxhighlight>
ã®åœ¢åŒã§ã¯ããã€ããªãŒããã±ãŒãžãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŸãããchromebrew ã§ã¯åçšåºŠã®æéã§ãœãŒã¹ããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
chronos@localhost ~ $ crew reinstall -s tree
tree: Tree is a recursive directory listing command that produces a depth indented listing of files, which is colorized ala dircolors if the LS_COLORS environment variable is set and output is to tty.
Performing pre-flight checks...
Downloading source...
Archive found in cache
Unpacking archive using 'tar', this may take a while...
Building from source, this may take a while...
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o tree.o tree.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o unix.o unix.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o html.o html.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o xml.o xml.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o json.o json.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o hash.o hash.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o color.o color.c
gcc -ggdb -pedantic -Wall -DLINUX -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -c -o file.o file.c
gcc -o tree tree.o unix.o html.o xml.o json.o hash.o color.o file.o
Preconfiguring package...
install -d /usr/local/tmp/crew/dest/usr/local/bin
install -d /usr/local/tmp/crew/dest/usr/local/share/man/man1
if [ -e tree ]; then \
install tree /usr/local/tmp/crew/dest/usr/local/bin/tree; \
fi
install doc/tree.1 /usr/local/tmp/crew/dest/usr/local/share/man/man1/tree.1
Rename all *.la_tmp files back to *.la
Checking for FHS3 compliance...
Checking for conflicts with files from installed packages...
Stripping libraries...
Stripping binaries...
Running patchelf
Running patchelf to patch binaries for library paths
Using rdfind to convert duplicate files to hard links.
Now scanning ".", found 4 files.
Now have 4 files in total.
Removed 0 files due to nonunique device and inode.
Total size is 95387 bytes or 93 KiB
Removed 4 files due to unique sizes from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on first bytes: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on last bytes: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on sha1 checksum: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
It seems like you have 0 files that are not unique
Totally, 0 B can be reduced.
Now making hard links.
Making 0 links.
Removing since upgrade or reinstall...
Tree removed!
Performing pre-install...
Performing install...
Using rdfind to convert duplicate files to hard links.
Now scanning ".", found 2 files.
Now have 2 files in total.
Removed 0 files due to nonunique device and inode.
Total size is 95236 bytes or 93 KiB
Removed 2 files due to unique sizes from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on first bytes: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on last bytes: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
Now eliminating candidates based on sha1 checksum: removed 0 files from list. 0 files left.
It seems like you have 0 files that are not unique
Totally, 0 B can be reduced.
Now making hard links.
Making 0 links.
Tree installed!
chronos@localhost ~ $
</syntaxhighlight>
:æ¢ã«treeããã±ãŒãžã¯ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããŠããã®ã§ã crew install ã crew reinstall ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãïŒcrew reinstall ã¯ãcrew remove ããã±ãŒãžå ããããš crew install ãšå矩ïŒ
:ãŸãã -s ãªãã·ã§ã³ãã€ããŠããããšãéããŸãããããããœãŒã¹ãããã«ãããŠã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãããæç€ºã§ãäŸåããã±ãŒãžã®ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã®ååŸãïŒå¿
èŠã§ããã°ïŒç¢ºèªãæ±ãã€ã€å®è¡ããŸãã
==== ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãããã®ãã«ãã®åŸå€± ====
;çæ:ãããã¯ãŒã¯ããååŸãå±éããã ãã®ãã€ããªãŒããã±ãŒãžãããã³ã³ãã€ã«ãªã©ãå¿
èŠãªåãã¡ã¢ãªãŒã»ã¹ãã¬ãŒãžã»æéãªã©ã®è³æºã®äœ¿çšãå€ãã
;é·æ
:ãã€ããªãŒããã±ãŒãžãäœãããæããæ°ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã§ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããã®ã§ãçæãããã³ãŒãã®è³ªãé«ãã
:ã³ã³ãã€ã«æ¡ä»¶ãå€ããããšã§ãLTOãPGOã䜿ã£ãããã¿ãŒã²ããCPUã®åœä»€ã»ããã«æé©åããããšãªã©ãã§ããŸãã
=== ã·ã¹ãã ãšããã±ãŒãžã®ã¢ããããŒã ===
crewãæŽæ°ãããšèªåã§è¡ã£ã /usr/local/lib/crew 以äžã®å€æŽãæžãæ»ãããã®ã§ã倿Žãè¡ã£ãŠããå Žåã¯ãäºåã«ããã¯ã¢ãããåãv git diff ã®å·®åãä¿åããããã«ããŠãã ããã
;crew èªèº«ã®ã¢ããããŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
chronos@localhost ~ $ crew update
</syntaxhighlight>
:crewãæŽæ°ããŸãã
:ããã¯crewæ¬äœã®ã¿ãã¢ããããŒãããŸãã
;ããã±ãŒãžã®ã¢ããããŒã:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
chronos@localhost ~ $ crew upgrade
</syntaxhighlight>
:ããã±ãŒãžã®ã¢ããããŒããè¡ããŸãã
::äœ¿çšæ³: crew upgrade [-v|--verbose] [-s|--build-from-source] <package1> [<package2> ...]
::ããã±ãŒãžãçç¥ãããå Žåãå
šãŠã®ããã±ãŒãžãæŽæ°ãããŸãã ããã§ãªããã°ãç¹å®ã®ããã±ãŒãžãæŽæ°ãããŸãã
::-s ãŸã㯠--build-from-source ãæå®ãããšãããã±ãŒãžã¯ãã€ããªã§ã¢ããã°ã¬ãŒããããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããŸãã
::-v ãŸã㯠--verbose ãæå®ãããšãããå€ãã®æ
å ±ã衚瀺ãããŸãã
=== ããã±ãŒãžã®äœãæ¹ ===
crew ã®ããã±ãŒãžã®ã¬ã·ãã¯ã/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/ ã«ãã1ã€ã®rubyã¹ã¯ãªããã§ãã
==== crystal.rb ====
[[Crystal]]èšèªã®ããã±ãŒãžã crew ã«ãªãã£ãã®ã§äœã£ãŠã¿ãŸããã
;/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/crystal.rb:<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line>
require 'package'
class Crystal < Package
description 'Programming language Crystal official binary'
homepage 'https://crystal-lang.org/'
version '1.6.0-dev-cd3081f3b'
license 'Apache License 2.0'
compatibility 'x86_64'
source_url 'https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/releases/download/1.5.0/crystal-1.5.0-1-linux-x86_64.tar.gz'
source_sha256 '627360f0fc805202d80310007d503c7a2fc0745b1db2211537d7f54e9a994347'
def self.build
system 'git clone https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal'
Dir.chdir 'crystal' do
system 'git checkout cd3081f3b87ef6c777255197d35e140b8249c534'
system "sed -i 's@^@15.0 @' src/llvm/ext/llvm-versions.txt"
system %(SHELL=sh PATH=../bin/:$PATH \
FLAGS="--release --no-debug --progress --threads=1" \
CRYSTAL_CACHE_DIR="#{Dir.getwd}/cache" \
make interpreter=true verbose=true)
end
end
def self.install
Dir.chdir 'crystal' do
system 'make', "DESTDIR=#{CREW_DEST_DIR}", 'install'
end
end
def self.postinstall
puts "\nType 'crystal' to get started.\n".lightblue
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
# class Package ãšãŠãŒãã£ãªãã£é¢æ°ãå®çŸ©ãã 'package' ãèªã¿èŸŒã¿ãŸãã
#ã
# <code>class ããã±ãŒãžå < Package</code>ã®ãããã±ãŒãžåãã¯ãã¬ã·ããã¡ã€ã«ããæ¡åŒµåãåãå
é ã倧æåã«ãããã®ã«ãªããŸãã
#: éã«èšããšãã¬ã·ããã¡ã€ã«åã«ã¯Rubyã®èå¥åã«äœ¿ããªã - ãå«ããããæ°åã§å§ããããšãåºãŸããã
#: ãã®ãã - 㯠_ ã«çœ®æããæ°åã§å§ãŸãå Žå㯠pkg ãå眮ããŸãã
# descriptionãããã±ãŒãžã®èª¬æãcrew search ãªã©ã§åç
§ãããŸãã
# homepageãããŒã ããŒãžã®URLæååã
# versionãããŒãžã§ã³ã衚ãæååãã¹ã¯ãªããã®äžã§ @version ã§åç
§ã§ããŸãã
# licenseãã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ã衚ãæååã
# compatibilityã察å¿ããŠããã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãŒã衚ãæååã'aarch64' 'armv7l' 'i686' 'x86_64' ãŸã㯠'all'ãè€æ°ã®å Žå㯠, ã§åºåããŸãã
# source_urlããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã®URLæåå
# source_sha256 ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã®SHA256ãã§ãã¯ãµã ãããããªããããã¯äžå®ã®å Žå㯠:SKIP
#;self.patch: å±éããããœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãã«ããããåœãŠãã¡ãœãã
#;self.build: ãã«ããè¡ãã¡ãœãã
#;self.install: DESTDIR=#{CREW_DEST_DIR}ãä»®ã®ã«ãŒããã¡ã€ã«ã·ã¹ãã ãšããŠã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãè¡ã
#;self.postinstall: ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«å®äºåŸã«è¡ãåŠç
#;self.check: crew build ã®å®è¡æã«è¡ããããã¹ã
==== scale.rb ====
[[Scala]]èšèªã®ããã±ãŒãžã crew ã«ãªãã£ãã®ã§äœã£ãŠã¿ãŸããã
;/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/scala.rb:<syntaxhighlight lang=ruby line>
require 'package'
class Scala < Package
description 'The Scala 3 compiler, also known as Dotty.'
homepage 'https://dotty.epfl.ch/'
version '3.2.0'
license 'Apache-2.0'
compatibility 'all'
source_url "https://github.com/lampepfl/dotty/releases/download/3.2.0/scala3-3.2.0.tar.gz"
source_sha256 '194bd030808f6fc7de083bfd7c75230d719aedc20f3cb7562dc65d18b4a17278'
depends_on 'jdk18'
no_compile_needed
no_patchelf
def self.install
system "mkdir -p #{CREW_DEST_DIR}/usr/local/share/scala/ #{CREW_DEST_DIR}/usr/local/bin/"
system "mv bin lib #{CREW_DEST_DIR}/usr/local/share/scala/"
%w(scala scalac scaladoc).each do | cmd |
system "( cd #{CREW_DEST_DIR}/usr/local/bin/ && ln -s ../share/scala/bin/#{cmd} )"
end
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
==== ããã±ãŒãžãªã¹ããžã®åæ ====
èªåã®äœã£ãã¬ã·ããæå¹ã«ããã«ã¯ã/usr/local/lib/crew/packages/ ã«ã¹ã¯ãªãããçšæããããš
;ããã±ãŒãžãªã¹ãã®æŽæ°:<syntaxhighlight lang=console>
$ crew update '<compatible>'
</syntaxhighlight>
ãå®è¡ããŸãã
== èèš» ==
<references />
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
* å
¬åŒãµã€ã {{---}} https://chromebrew.github.io/
* å
¬åŒãªããžã㪠{{---}} https://github.com/chromebrew/chromebrew.git
[[ã«ããŽãª:ChromeOS]] | null | 2022-11-20T07:11:37Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:---"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/ChromeOS/Chromebrew |
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¬è²»)ã財æºã«ãæäœé床ã®ç掻ãçŸé絊ä»ãå¿
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ã倱æ¥è
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å¥ã®å
¬çæ¶å©ãçµã¿åãããå¶åºŠèšèšãšãªã£ãŠããåœãå°ãªããããŸããã",
"title": "å®å
šç¶²ãšããŠã®ç掻ä¿è·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã®ç掻ä¿è·å¶åºŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ç¬¬25æ¡ã®çåæš©ã«ãã®åºç€ã眮ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®4ã€ã®åºæ¬åçããããŸããå
šãç¡æ¡ä»¶ã§ç掻ä¿è·ãåããããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çæŽ»ã«å°çª®ããåœæ°ã¯ãåœã®è²¬ä»»ã«ããæäœç掻ãä¿éãããšãšãã«èªç«å©é·ãæ±ããŠããŸãããã®ããã«ãæ§å¥ã幎霢ã瀟äŒç身åãªã©ã«é¢ä¿ãªããç¡å·®å¥å¹³çã«ç掻ä¿è·ã®å絊ãä¿éãããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã©ã®ãããªè²§å°çç±ã§ãã貧窮ã®äºå®ãæããã«ãªããšãä¿è·ãéå§ãããŸããçæŽ»ä¿è·æ³ã§ä¿è·ãããæäœç掻ã®å
容ã¯ãçåæš©ã®ä¿éãå®çŸããããã®ãã®ã§ãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çæŽ»ä¿éæ°Žæºç¯å²å
ã§ã¯ãªããçŠç¥åœå®¶ã®åœæ°ãšããŠçžå¿ããæäœæ°Žæºãæ±ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¿è·ã®åæãšããŠãåœæ°ã®æããã¹ãèªå©åªåãæ±ããããŸããçæŽ»ä¿è·ãåããã«ã¯ãèœåãè³ç£ã®æŽ»çšã倱æ¥çµŠä»ã幎éå¶åºŠãªã©ã®å©çšãæ¶é€çŸ©åè
ã«ããæ¶é€ããŸãæ±ããããŸããããããæŽ»çšããŠããªãæäœé床ã®ç掻ãåºæ¥ãªãå Žåã«ãä¿è·ãè¡ãããŸããçæŽ»ä¿è·ã¯ãæåŸã®ç Šããã»ãŒããã£ã»ãããããšåŒã°ããŸããä¿è·ã®å¿
èŠã倿ããããã«è³å調æ»(ããŒã³ãºã»ãã¹ã)ãè¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è³ç£ã®æŽ»çšã«ã€ããŠã¯ã貯èã®äœ¿çšããŸãä¿éºã®è§£çŽãªã©ãæ±ããããŸãããŸãå®
å°ãå®¶å±ã¯åŠå䟡å€ãšå©çšäŸ¡å€ãæ¯èŒããŠæ±ºããããŸããã§ããããåŠå䟡å€ãå°ãããå±
äœããŠãããã®ã¯ãã®ãŸãŸä¿æãèªããããŸãããã以å€ã®å®¶é»è£œåãªã©ã®èä¹
æ¶è²»è²¡ã¯ããã®å°åã®æ®åçã70%ãè¶
ãããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãä¿æãèªããããŸããããããä¹çšè»ã®ä¿æã»é転ã¯ãå
Œ
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èŠãªå Žå以å€ã¯ãååèªããããŸãããå
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±äº€éæ©é¢ã®äŸ¿æ°ãå°ãªããããªå°åã§ä¹çšè»ã®ä¿æã»äœ¿çšãå¶éããããšç掻ãå°é£ã«ãªããŸãããã®ãããçæŽ»ä¿è·ã®ç³è«ãããããããããªã±ãŒã¹ããããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èœåã®æŽ»çšã«ã€ããŠã¯ãåããè
ã¯ããŸãåãããã«æ±ããããŸãããã®ã»ããæ°æ³ã«å®ããæ¶é€çŸ©åã«åºã¥ããçæŽ»ä¿è·ãã芪æããã®æŽå©ãåªå
ãããŸããçŸè¡ã®æ°æ³ã§ã¯ãæå€§3芪çãŸã§ã®èŠªæã®æ¶é€çŸ©åããããšãããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åç"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®éã«ç掻ä¿è·ã宿œããäžã§ã宿œäžã®åºæ¬çãªååã4ã€ãããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¿è·ã®éå§ã¯ãèŠä¿è·è
æ¬äººããããã¯æ¶é€çŸ©åè
ãåå±
ã®èŠªæã®ç³è«ã«åºã¥ããŠè¡ãããŸãããã ããç·æ¥ã®æã¯ãç³è«ããªããšãè¡æ¿ã®å€æã§å¿
èŠãªä¿è·(æ¥è¿«ä¿è·)ãåºæ¥ããã®ãšãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åçåŽå倧è£ã¯å
·äœçãªä¿è·ã®åºæºãå®ããŸãããããŠãèŠä¿è·è
ã®åå
¥ãªã©ãããã«éããªãå Žåã«ãã®äžè¶³åãè£ãéšåã«ã€ããŠä¿è·ãè¡ããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä¿è·ã¯èŠä¿è·è
ã®å¹Žéœ¢ãæ§å¥ãå¥åº·ç¶æ
ãªã©åã
ã®äºæ
ãèæ
®ããäžã§ãå¿
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ã®å®æ
ãçè§£ããäžã§è¡ãããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çæŽ»ä¿è·ã¯ãäžåž¯åäœã§èŠä¿è·ã®æ±ºå®ã絊ä»ãè¡ãããŸãããã®ååããšãããäžåž¯åäœã§åãæ±ãã«ããå ŽåãäŸå€çã«ãäžåž¯åé¢ããšãªããŸããäŸãã°ãå®¶æã®äžå¡ã«åããèœåãããã«ãããããããåå
¥ãåŸãããã®åªåãããŠããªãå Žåãéåžžã¯ä¿è·ã®å¯Ÿè±¡å€ãšãªããŸãããããããããããªãçç±ã§ä¿è·ãå¿
èŠãšããç¶æ
ã«ããæããã®äžå¡ãåãé¢ããŠä»ã®äžåž¯å¡ã ããä¿è·ããå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»ä¿è·å¶åºŠã®åºæ¬åå"
}
]
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remember to ~(äžå®è© ) ãå¿ããã«~ãããã®æå³ã§ãæªæ¥ã®ããšããããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹äžå®è©ã®åå
ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒååè©ã®åå
ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ååè©)ã
remember ~ing(ååè©)ã~ããããšãèŠããŠãããã®æå³ã§ãéå»ã®ããšã衚ãã
forgot ã®äžå®è©ããã³ååè©ã¯æ®éãåŠå®æãšãšãã«äœ¿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã
forget to ~(äžå®è©) ã~ããããšãå¿ããã
forget ~ing (ååè©) ã~ããããšãå¿ããã
try ~ing ã¯ãå®éã®è¡ã£ãããšã«ã€ããŠããããã«~ããŠã¿ããã®æå³ããµã€ããéå»åœ¢ã§ tried ~ing ãšãªã(æèšãããŠãªããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®äŸæããã)ã
ãtry to äžå®è©ãã¯ãããããããããšã«ã€ããŠã~ããããšåªåãããã®ãããªæå³ãå®éã«ã§ãããã©ãã㯠try to ã§ã¯äžæ(éãã£ãŒã)ããã°ãã°ããå®éã«ã¯åºæ¥ãªãã£ãããšããå«ã¿ã try to ã¯ãã€(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
I tried to ~, but I couldn't. ã~ããããšãããããããåºæ¥ãªãã£ããã(éãã£ãŒãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
ã®ããã«ãtried to ãåŠå®æãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããã
ååè©ã ãããšãã£ãŠãéå»ã®è©±é¡ãšã¯éããªãããŸãããã®å Žåã§ããäžå®è©ãšååè©ãšã§ãæå³ãéã£ãŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
be afraid of ~ing ã~ããããšãããããã
be afraid to ~ ãæããŠ~ã§ããªãã
ãã ããéãã£ãŒãããããå®éã«ã¯ãafraid ã®äžå®è©ãšååè©ã¯æ··åããŠçšããããããšããããšã®ããš(éãã£ãŒã)ã
S be sure of ~ing ãäž»èªSã~ããã ãããšãäž»èªSã確信ããŠããã
S be sure to ~ ãäž»èªSããã£ãš~ããã ãã(ãšè©±ãæã§ããç§ã確信ããŠãã)ã
sure ã®å Žåãååè©ãäžå®è©ãã§ã確信ããŠããã®ã誰ãªã®ããéãã
ã€ãŸããæžãæããããªãã
S be sure to ~ â I'm sure that S will ~ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã
S be sure of ~ing â He / She sure that S will ~ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã
ãšããããšã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã
ããã«ã
S be sure to ~ â I'm sure that S will ~ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã
ã«ã€ããŠã certain ã䜿ã£ãŠåœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã§æžãæãã§ããã
It is certain that S will ~
certain ã¯æ¯èŒçã«ã客芳çããªç¢ºä¿¡ã衚ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ããããã©ã®ãããªå€æã客芳çã§ãããã®å€å®ã¯è©±ãæã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããã®ã ãããçµå±ã¯è©±ãæã®ç¢ºä¿¡ã衚ãããšã«ãªãã ããã
ãªããsure ã圢åŒäž»èªã«ããã®ã¯çŠããããŠããã
äžå®è©ãååè©ã¯ããšãã«ã»ãã®åè©ã«ãšããªã£ãŠäœ¿ããããšããå
±éç¹ãããã®ã§ãããã«æ³šç®ããåè©ã®åé¡ãããããæºåè©ããšããåé¡ã§ã¯ãäžå®è©ã»ååè©ã»åè©ã®3ã€ãæºåè©ã§ãããšããŠåé¡ããŠãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã
ãæºåè©ãã¯ã倧åŠå
¥è©Šã«ã¯åºãªãããæ¯èŒçã«åèæžã«è¯ãæžããŠããç¥èã
ãã£ãœããSVOãšãSVCãªã©ã§ããVã®ãããªãã®ããè¿°èªåè©ããšãã(ãšã)ã
æºåè©ã¯ãè¿°èªåè©ã§ã¯ãªãããªããªããäžå®è©ãååè©ããããã¯SVOãSVCã®Vã«ã¯ãªããªãããã§ããããªã®ã§ãæºåè©ãšè¿°èªåè©ã¯å¥ç©ã§ãããšåºå¥ããªããã°ãªããªãã
ãŸãããã®ããšãšãé¢é£ããããæºåè©ã«ã¯ãäž»èªã®äººç§°ã»æ°ãªã©ã«ããæŽ»çšåœ¢ã®å€åãç¡ããšããå
±éç¹ãããã
ã€ãŸããããšãã°äžäººç§°åæ°ãªã©ã«ããå€åã¯äžå®è©ã«ã¯ç¡ããæ«å°Ÿã«ãsã¯ã€ããªããåœç¶ã~ingãªã©ã®ååè©ãçŸåšåè©ã~edãšãã£ãéå»åè©ã®æ«å°Ÿãªã©ã«ã¯sã¯ã€ããªãã
to be tell the truth ãå®ãèšãã°ãã so to speak ãããã°ãã®ããã«æ
£çšçã«äœ¿ãããèªå¥ããããæé ãŸãã¯æäžã«æ¿å
¥ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæã®ã»ãã®æåãšã¯ç¬ç«ããŠäœ¿ãããããšãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãç¬ç«äžå®è©ãšèšããç¬ç«äžå®è©ã¯ãå¯è©çã«(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)æå
šäœã修食ãã(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããç¬ç«çšæ³ããšãèšã(éãã£)ã
ç¬ç«äžå®è©ã§ã¯äž»èªã¯æç€ºãããªãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã話ãæã®æèŠã倿ã衚ãå
容ã§ããã®ãæ®éã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã
ç¬ç«äžå®è©ã«ã¯ãããšãã°äžèšã®ãã®ãããã
to be sure, ã確ãã«ã(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)
to be honest, (æ£çŽãªãšãã)
to tell (you) the truth, ãå®ãèšããšã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ãã(ããªãã«)æ¬åœã®äºãèšããšã(ãž-ãã¢ã¹)
strange to say, ãå¥åŠãªããšã«ãããäžæè°ãªããšã«ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)
to be brief, ãæçã«èšããšããèŠããã«ã
to be frank (with you), ãççŽã«èšããšã
frank ã®ä»£ããã«ãplain (éãã£)ãŸã㯠honest (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã®å Žåããããã€ãŸããto be plain with you ããã³ to be honest with you ã®å Žåãããã
to be sure, ã確ãã«ã
needless to say , ãèšããŸã§ããªãããšã ãããèšããŸã§ããªãã
to say nothing of ~ ,ã~ã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã
not to mention ~, ã~ã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)
so to speak, ãççŽã«èšãã°ã
to begin with, ããŸã第äžã«ã â» with ã®ããšã«åè©ã¯æ¥ãªãããto begin with,ã ã§ãã«ã³ã蟌ã¿ã§ã²ãšã€ã®æ
£çšå¥ã
ãªãã to start with, ããŸã第äžã«ãã®å Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£)ã
to make matters worse, ãããã«æªãäºã«ãããªãæªãäºã«ã(â»ãšããŒ)ãâ» to make things worse (éãã£ãŒã)ãšãèšãã
to do ~ justice ãå
¬å¹³ã«è©ããã°ã(ãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£)
to say the least of it, ãæ§ããã«ãã£ãŠãã (ãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)
ãªã©ãããã
éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ããå
žåçãªäŒè©±æã ãã
"Would you help me?" ãæäŒã£ãŠãããŸããããã
- I'd be glad to. ãåãã§ãã
ã® è¿äºã®ã»ãã® be glad to ã§ã¯ãto ã®ããšã« help you ãçç¥ãããŠããã
ã€ãŸããããçç¥ããã«æžãã° I'd be glad to help you ãšãªãã
ã ããè±èªã§ã¯ããµã€ãã¯åãèšèã®ç¹°ãè¿ããé¿ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
äžèšã®ããã«ãå
ã«åºãŠãã衚çŸã®ããããããé¿ãããã to ã ãã§äžå®è©ã®åœ¹å²ãããããšããããããã代äžå®è©ãšãã(éããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
䜿圹åè©(make,let,have)ãç¥èŠåè©(feel,see,taste,look,hear)ã«ä¿ã圢ã§äžå®è©ã®æ§æãäœãããæãtoã¯å¿
ãæããŸãã
䜿圹åè©ã®æå³
åºæ¬çã«ãåè©+ç®çèª+ååäžå®è© ãšäœ¿ãã
at ã¯ããã6æ30åã«ã(at 6:30 )ãšããæ£åã(at noon)ãªã©ã®æå»ã»æç¹ã䜿ãã®ã«çšããå眮è©ã ããäŸå€çã« night ã«ã¯ at ã䜿ãã
åè©âhelpâã¯ãéåžžã®äžå®è©ãååäžå®è©ã®ã©ã¡ããåãã
ãIt is åœ¢å®¹è© of (ãŸã㯠for) 代åè© to äžå®è©ãã®æ§æã§ãofãforãã¯ããã圢容è©ãäººã®æ§è³ªãªãofãååã§ããããã圢容è©ãè¡çºã®æ§è³ªãªãforãååã§ããã
of ã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯
kind, good, nice, (3ã€ãšãã芪åãªã)
polite(ç€Œåæ£ãã), rude(ç¡ç€Œãª),
stupid ,foolish,silly (3ã€ãšããããããªã)
brave(忢ãª),careless(äžæ³šæãª)ãcruel(æ®é
·ãª)ãclever(è³¢æãª)ã
ãªã©ãofã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããšãã°ãª)ããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ç޹ä»ããã
ã€ãŸããããšãã°
It was kind of him to ~ã圌ã¯~ããŠãããŠèŠªåã ã£ãã
ã®ããã«ãªãã
ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãofã䜿ãã¹ãã ãšãã stupid ã§ã for ã䜿ãããšãããã®ã宿
(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã
èããŠã¿ãã°ãtoäžå®è©ã§è¡šãããè¡çºãèŠãŠçžæã®æ§è³ªã倿ããŠããããã ãããåºå¥ã¯æ¬æ¥ãªãé£ããã¯ãã§ããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã of ãã¯ç޹ä»ããªãããæ®å¿µãªãããå
·äœçã«ã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã of ãã¯ã軜ãã¯ç®ãéãå¿
èŠãããã ããã
ãšãã«
kind, good, nice, (3ã€ãšãã芪åãªã)
polite(ç€Œåæ£ãã), rude(ç¡ç€Œãª),
stupid ,foolish,silly (3ã€ãšããããããªã)
ã®3çš®é¡ã¯æå³ãã»ããã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ãèŠããããã ãããæ®å¿µãªããèŠãããããªãã
äžæ¹ãforã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ã¯äžèЧã«ã¯ãªã£ãŠããªãã
åžè²©ã®åèæžã®äŸæãªã©ã§ã¯ãfor ã䜿ã£ãäŸæã§ãããã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯ãimportant(éèŠãª)ã difficult(é£ãã)ã necessary(å¿
èŠãª)ã ãªã©ãå€ãã
It is difficult for me to read this book. ããã®æ¬ãèªãã®ã¯ç§ã«ã¯é£ããã
ã®ãããªã
ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã®äŸæã§ã¯ãdangerous(å±éºãª)ããforã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ãšããŠããã
ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã§ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠãªããããããã ãIt is dangerous of him to äžå®è©ãã ãšã~ãããªããŠã圌ã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãã ããã
ãªã®ã§ãã圌ã«ãšã£ãŠå±éºã ããšèšãããå Žåã¯ã It is dangerous for him to äžå®è©ãã«ãªã
ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã®åå
ãããã
dangerous ã«ã€ããŠã
It is dangerous for you to ~ ã¯ã~ããã®ã¯å±ãªããã®æå³ã
You are dangerous to ~ ã ãšãããªãã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
to be éå»åè©
to have been éå»åè©
to have been çŸåšåè©
not to åè©ã®å圢
ãŸãã¯
never to åè©ã®å圢
è¯å®åœ¢ã§ã¯ toã ãã§ãç®çãããããããããšãã«ç®çã§ããããšã匷調ããå Žåãso as to ã in order to ãããã
åŠå®åœ¢ã®å Žåãin order ã so as ã䜿ããã« not toã ãã§ç®çã®åŠå®ã衚ãã®ã¯ãéæšæº(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãããã®åŠå®åœ¢ã¯ãããã
so as not to
ããã³
in order not to
ã§ããã
so asã in order ã䜿ããã« not to ã ãã§åŠå®ã®ç®çã衚ãã®ã¯ be careful ã take care ã«ç¶ãå Žå以å€ã¯ç¡ãã®ãæ®é(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžå®è©ã¯äœããäžå®ããªã®ããšãããšãäž»èªã®äººç§°ãæ°ã«ãã圱é¿ããããªãã®ã§ãã€ãŸãäž»èªã®äººç§°ãæ°ã«ããéãå®ããåããªããšããæå³ã§ãäžå®è©ããšåŒã°ããŠãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I would like to ~(äžå®è©) ãç§ã¯~ãããã®ã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I would like you to ~(äžå®è©) ãç§ã¯ããªãã«~ããŠãããããã®ã§ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "would like ã®ã»ããwant , desire ãªã©ã§ãäžå®è©ãšçµã¿åãããŠé¡æã衚ãçšæ³ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªäŸæã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Is there anything to write with? ããªã«ãæžããã®(éçããã³ãªã©)ã¯ãããŸããã?ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã§ã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you have anything to write with?",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšè¥å¹²ã®éããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããäžå®è©ã®ããšã®å眮è©ã®ä»ãå¿ãã«æ³šæ(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããªããããšãã°ããã³ã§æžãã㯠write with a pen ãªã®ã§ãããªã«ãæžãããã®ãã®ããšãã£ãäžå®è©ã«ããå Žåã anything to write with ã®ããã«åçœ®è© with ãå¿
èŠã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããçåæãåŠå®æã®å Žåãªã®ã§ anything ãšãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããéã¶ããã®åéã someone to play with ããåèæžã«ãããã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom has a lot of friends to play with. ããã ã«ã¯éã¶ããã®åéãå€ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "manege to ~ ãã©ãã«ãããŠ~ããã (éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "can afford to ~ ã~ããäœè£ãããã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "happen to ~ ãããŸããŸ~ããã(éãã£ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "prove to ~ã turn out to ~ ã~ã ãšåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mean to ~ ã~ããã€ããã (ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "learn to ~ ã(ç¿åŸãªã©ããŠ)~ããããã«ãªãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããäžå®è©ã ããç®çèªãšããåè©ããããæ¬¡ã®åè©ã¯äžå®è©ãç®çèªã«ã§ããããååè©ã¯ç®çèªã«ã§ããªã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "care(~ããããšæã), decide(決å¿ãã), desire(匷ãæã) , expect(ããã€ããã§ãããæåŸ
ãã) , hope(ããããšæããåžæãã) , manage(ã©ãã«ã~ãã) , mean(ããã€ããã§ãã) , offer(ããããšç³ãåºã) , pretend(~ãããµãããã) , promise(çŽæãã) , refuse(æåŠãããæã) , want(~ããããšæã) , wish(~ããããšæã) ,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®çŽåŸã«ã€ã¥ãã®ãäžå®è©ãšååè©ãã§æå³ã®å€ããåè©ããããåºæ¬çã«ã¯ãäžå®è©ã¯æªæ¥ã«ããããšãåè©åããŠãããååè©ã¯éå»ã«ããããšãåè©åããŠãããšããåŸåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "remember to ~(äžå®è© ) ãå¿ããã«~ãããã®æå³ã§ãæªæ¥ã®ããšããããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹äžå®è©ã®åå
ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒååè©ã®åå
ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ååè©)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "remember ~ing(ååè©)ã~ããããšãèŠããŠãããã®æå³ã§ãéå»ã®ããšã衚ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "forgot ã®äžå®è©ããã³ååè©ã¯æ®éãåŠå®æãšãšãã«äœ¿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "forget to ~(äžå®è©) ã~ããããšãå¿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "forget ~ing (ååè©) ã~ããããšãå¿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "try ~ing ã¯ãå®éã®è¡ã£ãããšã«ã€ããŠããããã«~ããŠã¿ããã®æå³ããµã€ããéå»åœ¢ã§ tried ~ing ãšãªã(æèšãããŠãªããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®äŸæããã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãtry to äžå®è©ãã¯ãããããããããšã«ã€ããŠã~ããããšåªåãããã®ãããªæå³ãå®éã«ã§ãããã©ãã㯠try to ã§ã¯äžæ(éãã£ãŒã)ããã°ãã°ããå®éã«ã¯åºæ¥ãªãã£ãããšããå«ã¿ã try to ã¯ãã€(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I tried to ~, but I couldn't. ã~ããããšãããããããåºæ¥ãªãã£ããã(éãã£ãŒãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãtried to ãåŠå®æãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååè©ã ãããšãã£ãŠãéå»ã®è©±é¡ãšã¯éããªãããŸãããã®å Žåã§ããäžå®è©ãšååè©ãšã§ãæå³ãéã£ãŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be afraid of ~ing ã~ããããšãããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be afraid to ~ ãæããŠ~ã§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããéãã£ãŒãããããå®éã«ã¯ãafraid ã®äžå®è©ãšååè©ã¯æ··åããŠçšããããããšããããšã®ããš(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "S be sure of ~ing ãäž»èªSã~ããã ãããšãäž»èªSã確信ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "S be sure to ~ ãäž»èªSããã£ãš~ããã ãã(ãšè©±ãæã§ããç§ã確信ããŠãã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sure ã®å Žåãååè©ãäžå®è©ãã§ã確信ããŠããã®ã誰ãªã®ããéãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããæžãæããããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "S be sure to ~ â I'm sure that S will ~ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "S be sure of ~ing â He / She sure that S will ~ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããããšã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "S be sure to ~ â I'm sure that S will ~ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ã€ããŠã certain ã䜿ã£ãŠåœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã§æžãæãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is certain that S will ~",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "certain ã¯æ¯èŒçã«ã客芳çããªç¢ºä¿¡ã衚ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ããããã©ã®ãããªå€æã客芳çã§ãããã®å€å®ã¯è©±ãæã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããã®ã ãããçµå±ã¯è©±ãæã®ç¢ºä¿¡ã衚ãããšã«ãªãã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããsure ã圢åŒäž»èªã«ããã®ã¯çŠããããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžå®è©ãååè©ã¯ããšãã«ã»ãã®åè©ã«ãšããªã£ãŠäœ¿ããããšããå
±éç¹ãããã®ã§ãããã«æ³šç®ããåè©ã®åé¡ãããããæºåè©ããšããåé¡ã§ã¯ãäžå®è©ã»ååè©ã»åè©ã®3ã€ãæºåè©ã§ãããšããŠåé¡ããŠãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæºåè©ãã¯ã倧åŠå
¥è©Šã«ã¯åºãªãããæ¯èŒçã«åèæžã«è¯ãæžããŠããç¥èã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããSVOãšãSVCãªã©ã§ããVã®ãããªãã®ããè¿°èªåè©ããšãã(ãšã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æºåè©ã¯ãè¿°èªåè©ã§ã¯ãªãããªããªããäžå®è©ãååè©ããããã¯SVOãSVCã®Vã«ã¯ãªããªãããã§ããããªã®ã§ãæºåè©ãšè¿°èªåè©ã¯å¥ç©ã§ãããšåºå¥ããªããã°ãªããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããã®ããšãšãé¢é£ããããæºåè©ã«ã¯ãäž»èªã®äººç§°ã»æ°ãªã©ã«ããæŽ»çšåœ¢ã®å€åãç¡ããšããå
±éç¹ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããããšãã°äžäººç§°åæ°ãªã©ã«ããå€åã¯äžå®è©ã«ã¯ç¡ããæ«å°Ÿã«ãsã¯ã€ããªããåœç¶ã~ingãªã©ã®ååè©ãçŸåšåè©ã~edãšãã£ãéå»åè©ã®æ«å°Ÿãªã©ã«ã¯sã¯ã€ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be tell the truth ãå®ãèšãã°ãã so to speak ãããã°ãã®ããã«æ
£çšçã«äœ¿ãããèªå¥ããããæé ãŸãã¯æäžã«æ¿å
¥ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæã®ã»ãã®æåãšã¯ç¬ç«ããŠäœ¿ãããããšãã(éãã£ãŒã)ãç¬ç«äžå®è©ãšèšããç¬ç«äžå®è©ã¯ãå¯è©çã«(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)æå
šäœã修食ãã(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããç¬ç«çšæ³ããšãèšã(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¬ç«äžå®è©ã§ã¯äž»èªã¯æç€ºãããªãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã話ãæã®æèŠã倿ã衚ãå
容ã§ããã®ãæ®éã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¬ç«äžå®è©ã«ã¯ãããšãã°äžèšã®ãã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be sure, ã確ãã«ã(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be honest, (æ£çŽãªãšãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to tell (you) the truth, ãå®ãèšããšã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ãã(ããªãã«)æ¬åœã®äºãèšããšã(ãž-ãã¢ã¹)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "strange to say, ãå¥åŠãªããšã«ãããäžæè°ãªããšã«ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be brief, ãæçã«èšããšããèŠããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be frank (with you), ãççŽã«èšããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "frank ã®ä»£ããã«ãplain (éãã£)ãŸã㯠honest (ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã®å Žåããããã€ãŸããto be plain with you ããã³ to be honest with you ã®å Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be sure, ã確ãã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "needless to say , ãèšããŸã§ããªãããšã ãããèšããŸã§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to say nothing of ~ ,ã~ã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not to mention ~, ã~ã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "so to speak, ãççŽã«èšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to begin with, ããŸã第äžã«ã â» with ã®ããšã«åè©ã¯æ¥ãªãããto begin with,ã ã§ãã«ã³ã蟌ã¿ã§ã²ãšã€ã®æ
£çšå¥ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã to start with, ããŸã第äžã«ãã®å Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to make matters worse, ãããã«æªãäºã«ãããªãæªãäºã«ã(â»ãšããŒ)ãâ» to make things worse (éãã£ãŒã)ãšãèšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to do ~ justice ãå
¬å¹³ã«è©ããã°ã(ãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to say the least of it, ãæ§ããã«ãã£ãŠãã (ãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ããå
žåçãªäŒè©±æã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "\"Would you help me?\" ãæäŒã£ãŠãããŸããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- I'd be glad to. ãåãã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã® è¿äºã®ã»ãã® be glad to ã§ã¯ãto ã®ããšã« help you ãçç¥ãããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããããçç¥ããã«æžãã° I'd be glad to help you ãšãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããè±èªã§ã¯ããµã€ãã¯åãèšèã®ç¹°ãè¿ããé¿ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ããã«ãå
ã«åºãŠãã衚çŸã®ããããããé¿ãããã to ã ãã§äžå®è©ã®åœ¹å²ãããããšããããããã代äžå®è©ãšãã(éããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "䜿圹åè©(make,let,have)ãç¥èŠåè©(feel,see,taste,look,hear)ã«ä¿ã圢ã§äžå®è©ã®æ§æãäœãããæãtoã¯å¿
ãæããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "䜿圹åè©ã®æå³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºæ¬çã«ãåè©+ç®çèª+ååäžå®è© ãšäœ¿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at ã¯ããã6æ30åã«ã(at 6:30 )ãšããæ£åã(at noon)ãªã©ã®æå»ã»æç¹ã䜿ãã®ã«çšããå眮è©ã ããäŸå€çã« night ã«ã¯ at ã䜿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©âhelpâã¯ãéåžžã®äžå®è©ãååäžå®è©ã®ã©ã¡ããåãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãIt is åœ¢å®¹è© of (ãŸã㯠for) 代åè© to äžå®è©ãã®æ§æã§ãofãforãã¯ããã圢容è©ãäººã®æ§è³ªãªãofãååã§ããããã圢容è©ãè¡çºã®æ§è³ªãªãforãååã§ããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "of ã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "kind, good, nice, (3ã€ãšãã芪åãªã)",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "polite(ç€Œåæ£ãã), rude(ç¡ç€Œãª),",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "stupid ,foolish,silly (3ã€ãšããããããªã)",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "brave(忢ãª),careless(äžæ³šæãª)ãcruel(æ®é
·ãª)ãclever(è³¢æãª)ã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãofã§ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããšãã°ãª)ããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ç޹ä»ããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸããããšãã°",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It was kind of him to ~ã圌ã¯~ããŠãããŠèŠªåã ã£ãã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªãã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãofã䜿ãã¹ãã ãšãã stupid ã§ã for ã䜿ãããšãããã®ã宿
(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èããŠã¿ãã°ãtoäžå®è©ã§è¡šãããè¡çºãèŠãŠçžæã®æ§è³ªã倿ããŠããããã ãããåºå¥ã¯æ¬æ¥ãªãé£ããã¯ãã§ããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã of ãã¯ç޹ä»ããªãããæ®å¿µãªãããå
·äœçã«ã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã of ãã¯ã軜ãã¯ç®ãéãå¿
èŠãããã ããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã«",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "kind, good, nice, (3ã€ãšãã芪åãªã)",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "polite(ç€Œåæ£ãã), rude(ç¡ç€Œãª),",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "stupid ,foolish,silly (3ã€ãšããããããªã)",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®3çš®é¡ã¯æå³ãã»ããã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ãèŠããããã ãããæ®å¿µãªããèŠãããããªãã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãforã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ã¯äžèЧã«ã¯ãªã£ãŠããªãã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åžè²©ã®åèæžã®äŸæãªã©ã§ã¯ãfor ã䜿ã£ãäŸæã§ãããã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯ãimportant(éèŠãª)ã difficult(é£ãã)ã necessary(å¿
èŠãª)ã ãªã©ãå€ãã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is difficult for me to read this book. ããã®æ¬ãèªãã®ã¯ç§ã«ã¯é£ããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã®äŸæã§ã¯ãdangerous(å±éºãª)ããforã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ãšããŠããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã§ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠãªããããããã ãIt is dangerous of him to äžå®è©ãã ãšã~ãããªããŠã圌ã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãã ããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ãã圌ã«ãšã£ãŠå±éºã ããšèšãããå Žåã¯ã It is dangerous for him to äžå®è©ãã«ãªã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã®åå
ãããã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "dangerous ã«ã€ããŠã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is dangerous for you to ~ ã¯ã~ããã®ã¯å±ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You are dangerous to ~ ã ãšãããªãã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "圢åŒäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to be éå»åè©",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to have been éå»åè©",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "to have been çŸåšåè©",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not to åè©ã®å圢",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never to åè©ã®å圢",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¯å®åœ¢ã§ã¯ toã ãã§ãç®çãããããããããšãã«ç®çã§ããããšã匷調ããå Žåãso as to ã in order to ãããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŠå®åœ¢ã®å Žåãin order ã so as ã䜿ããã« not toã ãã§ç®çã®åŠå®ã衚ãã®ã¯ãéæšæº(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®åŠå®åœ¢ã¯ãããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "so as not to",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã³",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in order not to",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "so asã in order ã䜿ããã« not to ã ãã§åŠå®ã®ç®çã衚ãã®ã¯ be careful ã take care ã«ç¶ãå Žå以å€ã¯ç¡ãã®ãæ®é(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
}
]
| null | === äžå®è© ===
äžå®è©ã¯äœããäžå®ããªã®ããšãããšãäž»èªã®äººç§°ãæ°ã«ãã圱é¿ããããªãã®ã§ãã€ãŸãäž»èªã®äººç§°ãæ°ã«ããéã'''å®'''ããåã'''ãªã'''ãšããæå³ã§ãäžå®è©ããšåŒã°ããŠããïŒéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
I would like to ïœïŒäžå®è©ïŒ ãç§ã¯ïœãããã®ã§ãããã
I would like you to ïœïŒäžå®è©ïŒ ãç§ã¯ããªãã«ïœããŠãããããã®ã§ãããã
would like ã®ã»ããwant , desire ããªã©ã§ãäžå®è©ãšçµã¿åãããŠé¡æã衚ãçšæ³ãããïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
==== åè©ççšæ³ ====
==== 圢容è©ççšæ³ ====
å
žåçãªäŸæã§ã
Is there anything to write with? ããªã«ãæžããã®ïŒéçããã³ãªã©ïŒã¯ãããŸãããïŒã
ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒã
ãªãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã§ã¯
Do you have anything to write with?
ãšè¥å¹²ã®éããããã
ãŸããäžå®è©ã®ããšã®å眮è©ã®ä»ãå¿ãã«æ³šæïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
ãªããªããããšãã°ããã³ã§æžãã㯠write with a pen ãªã®ã§ãããªã«ãæžãããã®ãã®ããšãã£ãäžå®è©ã«ããå Žåã anything to write with ã®ããã«åçœ®è© with ãå¿
èŠã«ãªãã
ãªããçåæãåŠå®æã®å Žåãªã®ã§ anything ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ã»ãããéã¶ããã®åéã someone to play with ããåèæžã«ããããïŒéãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
Tom has a lot of friends to play with. ããã ã«ã¯éã¶ããã®åéãå€ããããã
==== å¯è©ççšæ³ ====
==== æ
£çšçè¡šçŸ ====
manege to ïœ ãã©ãã«ãããŠïœããããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒ
can afford to ïœ ãïœããäœè£ããããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒ
happen to ïœ ãããŸããŸïœãããïŒéãã£ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒ
prove to ïœã turn out to ïœ ãïœã ãšåãããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒ
mean to ïœ ãïœããã€ããããïŒãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
learn to ïœ ãïŒç¿åŸãªã©ããŠïŒïœããããã«ãªããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒïŒ
ã»ããäžå®è©ã ããç®çèªãšããåè©ããããæ¬¡ã®åè©ã¯äžå®è©ãç®çèªã«ã§ããããååè©ã¯ç®çèªã«ã§ããªãïŒãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
careïŒïœããããšæãïŒ, decideïŒæ±ºå¿ããïŒ, desireïŒåŒ·ãæãïŒ , expectïŒããã€ããã§ãããæåŸ
ããïŒ , hopeïŒããããšæããåžæããïŒ , manageïŒã©ãã«ãïœããïŒ , meanïŒããã€ããã§ããïŒ , offerïŒããããšç³ãåºãïŒ , pretendïŒïœãããµããããïŒ , promiseïŒçŽæããïŒ , refuseïŒæåŠãããæãïŒ , wantïŒïœããããšæãïŒ , wishïŒïœããããšæãïŒ ,
==== äžå®è©ãšååè© ====
åè©ã®çŽåŸã«ã€ã¥ãã®ãäžå®è©ãšååè©ãã§æå³ã®å€ããåè©ããããåºæ¬çã«ã¯ãäžå®è©ã¯æªæ¥ã«ããããšãåè©åããŠãããååè©ã¯éå»ã«ããããšãåè©åããŠãããšããåŸåãããã
remember to ïœïŒäžå®è© ïŒããå¿ããã«ïœãããã®æå³ã§ãæªæ¥ã®ããšãããããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹äžå®è©ã®åå
ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒååè©ã®åå
ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ååè©ïŒã
remember ïœingïŒååè©ïŒãïœããããšãèŠããŠãããã®æå³ã§ãéå»ã®ããšã衚ãã
forgot ã®äžå®è©ããã³ååè©ã¯æ®éãåŠå®æãšãšãã«äœ¿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒã
forget to ïœ(äžå®è©) ãïœããããšãå¿ããã
forget ïœing ïŒååè©ïŒ ãïœããããšãå¿ããã
try ïœing ã¯ãå®éã®è¡ã£ãããšã«ã€ããŠããããã«ïœããŠã¿ããã®æå³ããµã€ããéå»åœ¢ã§ tried ïœing ãšãªãïŒæèšãããŠãªããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®äŸæãããïŒã
ãtry to äžå®è©ãã¯ãããããããããšã«ã€ããŠãïœããããšåªåãããã®ãããªæå³ãå®éã«ã§ãããã©ãã㯠try to ã§ã¯äžæïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒããã°ãã°ããå®éã«ã¯åºæ¥ãªãã£ãããšããå«ã¿ã try to ã¯ãã€ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
I tried to ïœ, but I couldn't. ãïœããããšãããããããåºæ¥ãªãã£ãããïŒéãã£ãŒãããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒ
ã®ããã«ãtried to ãåŠå®æãšãšãã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããã
ååè©ã ãããšãã£ãŠãéå»ã®è©±é¡ãšã¯éããªãããŸãããã®å Žåã§ããäžå®è©ãšååè©ãšã§ãæå³ãéã£ãŠããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒã
be afraid of ïœing ãïœããããšãããããã
be afraid to ïœ ãæããŠïœã§ããªãã
ãã ããéãã£ãŒãããããå®éã«ã¯ãafraid ã®äžå®è©ãšååè©ã¯æ··åããŠçšããããããšããããšã®ããšïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
S be sure of ïœing ãäž»èªSãïœããã ãããšãäž»èªSã確信ããŠããã
S be sure to ïœ ãäž»èªSããã£ãšïœããã ããïŒãšè©±ãæã§ããç§ã確信ããŠããïŒã
sure ã®å Žåãååè©ãäžå®è©ãã§ã確信ããŠããã®ã誰ãªã®ããéãã
ã€ãŸããæžãæããããªãã
S be sure to ïœ ãâãI'm sure that S will ïœ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã
S be sure of ïœing ãâãHe / She sure that S will ïœ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã
ãšããããšã§ããïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒã
ããã«ã
S be sure to ïœ ãâãI'm sure that S will ïœ ãSãããã ãããšç§ã¯ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠãããã
ã«ã€ããŠã certain ã䜿ã£ãŠåœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã§æžãæãã§ããã
It is certain that S will ïœ
certain ã¯æ¯èŒçã«ã客芳çããªç¢ºä¿¡ã衚ããïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒããããã©ã®ãããªå€æã客芳çã§ãããã®å€å®ã¯è©±ãæã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããã®ã ãããçµå±ã¯è©±ãæã®ç¢ºä¿¡ã衚ãããšã«ãªãã ããã
ãªããsure ã圢åŒäž»èªã«ããã®ã¯çŠããããŠããã
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±éç¹ãããã®ã§ãããã«æ³šç®ããåè©ã®åé¡ãããããæºåè©ããšããåé¡ã§ã¯ãäžå®è©ã»ååè©ã»åè©ã®ïŒã€ã'''æºåè©'''ã§ãããšããŠåé¡ããŠããïŒéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒã
ãæºåè©ãã¯ã倧åŠå
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ãã£ãœããSVOãšãSVCãªã©ã§ããVã®ãããªãã®ããè¿°èªåè©ããšããïŒãšãïŒã
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ãŸãããã®ããšãšãé¢é£ããããæºåè©ã«ã¯ãäž»èªã®äººç§°ã»æ°ãªã©ã«ããæŽ»çšåœ¢ã®å€åãç¡ããšããå
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==== ç¬ç«äžå®è© ====
to be tell the truth ãå®ãèšãã°ãã so to speak ãããã°ãã®ããã«æ
£çšçã«äœ¿ãããèªå¥ããããæé ãŸãã¯æäžã«æ¿å
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šäœã修食ããïŒéãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããç¬ç«çšæ³ããšãèšãïŒéãã£ïŒã
ç¬ç«äžå®è©ã§ã¯äž»èªã¯æç€ºãããªããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã話ãæã®æèŠã倿ã衚ãå
容ã§ããã®ãæ®éã§ããïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒã
ç¬ç«äžå®è©ã«ã¯ãããšãã°äžèšã®ãã®ãããã
to be sure, ã確ãã«ãïŒéãã£ããã€ã€ã«ïŒ
to be honest, ïŒæ£çŽãªãšããïŒ
to tell (you) the truth, ãå®ãèšããšãïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒããïŒããªãã«ïŒæ¬åœã®äºãèšããšãïŒãžïŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
strange to say, ãå¥åŠãªããšã«ãããäžæè°ãªããšã«ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
to be brief, ãæçã«èšããšããèŠããã«ã
to be frank (with you), ãççŽã«èšããšã
frank ã®ä»£ããã«ãplain ïŒéãã£ïŒãŸãã¯ãhonest ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã®å Žåããããã€ãŸããto be plain with you ããã³ to be honest with you ã®å Žåãããã
to be sure, ã確ãã«ã
needless to say , ãèšããŸã§ããªãããšã ãããèšããŸã§ããªãã
to say nothing of ïœ ,ãïœã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã
not to mention ïœ, ãïœã¯èšããŸã§ããªããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
so to speak, ãççŽã«èšãã°ã
to begin with, ããŸã第äžã«ããâ» with ã®ããšã«åè©ã¯æ¥ãªãããto begin with,ã ã§ãã«ã³ã蟌ã¿ã§ã²ãšã€ã®æ
£çšå¥ã
ãªãã to start with, ããŸã第äžã«ãã®å ŽåãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ïŒã
to make matters worse, ãããã«æªãäºã«ãããªãæªãäºã«ãïŒâ»ãšããŒïŒãâ» to make things worse ïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒãšãèšãã
to do ïœ justice ãå
¬å¹³ã«è©ããã°ãïŒãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ïŒ
to say the least of it, ãæ§ããã«ãã£ãŠãã ïŒãã€ã€ã«ãéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒ
ãªã©ãããã
==== 代äžå®è© ====
éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ããå
žåçãªäŒè©±æã ãã
"Would you help me?" ãæäŒã£ãŠãããŸããããã
- I'd be glad to. ãåãã§ãã
ã® è¿äºã®ã»ãã® be glad to ã§ã¯ãto ã®ããšã« help you ãçç¥ãããŠããã
ã€ãŸããããçç¥ããã«æžãã° I'd be glad to help you ãšãªãã
ã ããè±èªã§ã¯ããµã€ãã¯åãèšèã®ç¹°ãè¿ããé¿ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
äžèšã®ããã«ãå
ã«åºãŠãã衚çŸã®ããããããé¿ãããã to ã ãã§äžå®è©ã®åœ¹å²ãããããšããããããã代äžå®è©ãšããïŒéããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
==== ååäžå®è© ====
䜿圹åè©ïŒmake,let,haveïŒãç¥èŠåè©ïŒfeel,see,taste,look,hearïŒã«ä¿ã圢ã§äžå®è©ã®æ§æãäœãããæã'''toã¯å¿
ãæããŸãã'''
My mother make me <del>to</del> eat vegetables for breakfast.ïŒç§ã®æ¯ã¯ãæé£ã®éç§ã«éèãé£ã¹ããããïŒ
My father wonât let me <del>to</del> go out of parking lot at night.ïŒç§ã®ç¶ã¯ãå€ã«é§è»å Žãžè¡ãããšãèš±ããŠãããªãã ãããïŒ
䜿圹åè©ã®æå³
* make - ããããïŒåŒ·å¶ïŒ
* have - ãããŠãããïŒäŸé ŒïŒ
* let - ããããïŒèš±å¯ïŒ
åºæ¬çã«ãåè©+ç®çèª+ååäžå®è© ãšäœ¿ãã
at ã¯ããã6æ30åã«ãïŒat 6:30 ïŒãšããæ£åãïŒat noonïŒãªã©ã®æå»ã»æç¹ã䜿ãã®ã«çšããå眮è©ã ããäŸå€çã« night ã«ã¯ at ã䜿ãã
===== ååäžå®è©ãåãåè© =====
åè©âhelpâã¯ãéåžžã®äžå®è©ãååäžå®è©ã®ã©ã¡ããåãã
I help my brother (to) do his homework.ïŒç§ã¯ãç§ã®å
ã宿é¡ãããäºãå©ãããïŒ
== 圢åŒäž»èª ==
ãIt is åœ¢å®¹è© of ïŒãŸã㯠forïŒ ä»£åè© to äžå®è©ãã®æ§æã§ãofãforãã¯ããã圢容è©ãäººã®æ§è³ªãªãofãååã§ããããã圢容è©ãè¡çºã®æ§è³ªãªãforãååã§ããã
of ã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯
kind, good, nice, ïŒ3ã€ãšãã芪åãªãïŒ
politeïŒç€Œåæ£ããïŒ, rudeïŒç¡ç€ŒãªïŒ,
stupid ,foolish,silly ïŒ3ã€ãšããããããªãïŒ
braveïŒåæ¢ãªïŒ,carelessïŒäžæ³šæãªïŒãcruelïŒæ®é
·ãªïŒãcleverïŒè³¢æãªïŒã
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ã ãå®éã«ã¯ãofã䜿ãã¹ãã ãšãã stupid ã§ã for ã䜿ãããšãããã®ã宿
ïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒïŒã
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èŠãããã ããã
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kind, good, nice, ïŒ3ã€ãšãã芪åãªãïŒ
politeïŒç€Œåæ£ããïŒ, rudeïŒç¡ç€ŒãªïŒ,
stupid ,foolish,silly ïŒ3ã€ãšããããããªãïŒ
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åžè²©ã®åèæžã®äŸæãªã©ã§ã¯ãfor ã䜿ã£ãäŸæã§ãããã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯ãimportantïŒéèŠãªïŒã difficultïŒé£ããïŒã necessaryïŒå¿
èŠãªïŒã ãªã©ãå€ãã
It is difficult for me to read this book. ããã®æ¬ãèªãã®ã¯ç§ã«ã¯é£ããã
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ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã®äŸæã§ã¯ãdangerousïŒå±éºãªïŒããforã䜿ãã¹ã圢容è©ãšããŠããã
ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã§ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠãªããããããã ãIt is dangerous of him to äžå®è©ãã ãšãïœãããªããŠã圌ã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãã ããã
ãªã®ã§ãã圌ã«ãšã£ãŠå±éºã ããšèšãããå Žåã¯ã It is dangerous for him to äžå®è©ãã«ãªã
ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã®åå
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dangerous ã«ã€ããŠã
It is dangerous for you to ïœ ã¯ãïœããã®ã¯å±ãªããã®æå³ã
You are dangerous to ïœ ã ãšãããªãã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
== ãã®ä» ==
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to be éå»åè©
;äžå®è©ã®å®äºåœ¢ã®ååæ
to have been éå»åè©
;äžå®è©ã®é²è¡åœ¢
to have been çŸåšåè©
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not to åè©ã®å圢
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never to åè©ã®å圢
è¯å®åœ¢ã§ã¯ toã ãã§ãç®çãããããããããšãã«ç®çã§ããããšã匷調ããå Žåãso as to ã in order to ãããã
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so asã in order ã䜿ããã« not to ã ãã§åŠå®ã®ç®çã衚ãã®ã¯ be careful ã take care ã«ç¶ãå Žå以å€ã¯ç¡ãã®ãæ®éïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
[[ã«ããŽãª:è±èªææ³]] | null | 2022-11-25T04:02:57Z | []
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35,339 | 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/ååè© | beåè©ãé²è¡åœ¢ã®åè©ããååè©ã«ã§ããã
beåè©ã®ååè©ã¯ being ã§ãããããšãã°äŸæ
He is proud of being a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã
ã®ããã«ãªãã(éãã£ããšããŒãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)
He is proud of having won the prize. ã圌ã¯ãã®è³ãåè³ããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠãããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ(heãsheã«å€ããã°åã)
He is proud of having won a medal at the Olympics. ã圌ã¯ãªãªã³ããã¯ã§ã¡ãã«ãç²åŸããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã â» ãšãã°ãªã«äŒŒãäŸæ
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I don't like being treated like a child. ãç§ã¯åäŸã®ããã«ãã€ããããã®ã¯å¥œãã§ã¯ãªãã
ãšããäŸæããããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
å®äºåœ¢ã®ååè©ã¯ã having éå»åè©ãã§ããããæå³ã¯è¿°èªåè©ããã以åãã®ãšããåè©åãããã®ã§ããã
He is proud of having been a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ãã£ãããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã
è¿°èªåè©ããã以åã®ããšãåè©åããŠããã®ã§ãæ¥ç¶è© that ãã€ãã£ãŠèšãããããã°ãéå»åœ¢ãŸãã¯å®äºåœ¢ã«ãªã(éãã£)ãã€ãŸãã
He is proud that he was a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ãã£ãããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã
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He is proud that he has been a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ãã£ãããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã
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äžèšã®èšãæãã«ã€ããŠãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããšããŒã°ãª-ã³ã ãšãéå»åœ¢ã®èšãæãããæžããŠãªããããããéãã£ãŒãã®ããããã«å®äºåœ¢ã«èšãæãã§ããå Žåãããã
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Excuse me for not coming on time. ãæééãã«ãããªããŠãããããªããã â» éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ
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I'm sorry for not calling you sooner. ããã£ãšæ©ãé»è©±ããªããŠããããªãããâ»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-
I'm sorry for not having sent you e-mail sooner. ããã£ãšæ©ãããªãã«Eã¡ãŒã«ãéããªããŠãã¿ãŸãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã (ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãã§ã¯ãEã¡ãŒã«ããšEãã€ããåèš³)
not ã®ä»£ããã« never ã®å Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
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ããšãã°ãè±èªã®ã³ãã¯ã¶
Seeing is believing. ãèŠãããšã¯ä¿¡ããããšã§ããã(ãçŸèã¯äžèŠã«ããããã«çžåœ)
ã®Seeing ã believing ãååè©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãèŠãããšã¯ä¿¡ããããšã§ãããã¢ãªã
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ããšãã° reading (èªæž), swimming (æ°Žæ³³), meeting (äŒå)ãunderstanding(çè§£), meaning (æå³)ã ãªã©ã®èªå¥ã®ããšã§ããããããã¯ããšã¯ååè©ã ã£ãããä»ã§ã¯å®å
šã«åè©åããŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
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a crying baby ãæ³£ããŠããèµ€ãåãã® crying ã¯çŸåšåè©ã§ãããããã® crying ã¯ååè©ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãªããªããcrying ããŠããã®ã¯èª°ããšãããšã修食ãããŠãã baby èµ€ãåã ããã§ããã
ãã£ãœããa swimming pool (æ°Žæ³³ããŒã«)ãšèšã£ãå Žåãããã§ã® swimming ã¯ååè©ã§ããããªããªãããã£ããŠããŒã«ãã(誰?)ãæ³³ãã§ããããã§ã¯ãªãããã§ãã(éãã£ã®è泚)ã
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çªããç
ãåºãããšããåäœã®åäœäž»ã ããã§ãã(ç¡çç©äž»èªã§ã¯ããã)ã
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ç¡çç©äž»èªã ãšãŸããããããšæããªããäžèšã®ãããªsleeping ã®äŸãããã
a sleeping bag ãå¯è¢ã ã â» ããã¯ååè©ã â» ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã
a sleeping lion ãå¯ãŠããã©ã€ãªã³ããa sleeping baby ãå¯ãŠããèµ€ãåã â» ããã¯çŸåšåè©ãâ»ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã
ãªããæé»ã®åæãšããããa swimming pool ã«ããã swimming ã®ããã«ãååè©ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©çãªæå³ããã€ããšããã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
以äžãååè©+åè©ã§ãããã®ãããããšã
a sleeping bag (å¯è¢)ãâ» ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã
a sleeping car (å¯å°è») â» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
a waiting room (åŸ
å宀)ãâ» éããã€ã€ããšããŒ
a washing machine (æŽæ¿¯æ©)ãâ» éãã€ã³ã¹ã
a dining room (é£å ) â» ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ããšããŒ
a walking stick (æ(ã€ã) ) â» ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã
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·äœäŸãšããŠ
a parking lot é§è»å Žãã€ã³ã¹ã
a cutting board ãŸãªãããã€ã³ã¹ã
a dressing room æŽè¡£å®€ãã€ã³ã¹ã
a vending machine èªå販売æ©ãã€ã³ã¹ã
a driving school èªåè»æç¿æãéãã£
a racing car ã¬ãŒã·ã³ã°ã«ãŒãéãã£
flying pan ãã©ã€ãã³ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³
ãªã©ãããã
feel like ~ing ã~ãããæ°ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒ)
How about ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã~ããã®ã¯ã©ãã§ãã?ããšããå§èªã®æå³ãWhat about ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã®å Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯)ã
What do you say to ~ing ã»ã»ã»?ã~ããŠã¯ã©ãã§ããããšããå§èªã®æå³ã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããWhat do you say ããã How about ã®ã»ãã ãã䜿ãããã
ãªããå§èªãªã®ã§è¿äºã¯ãããšãã°è³åã®è¿äºãªã Sounds good. (ããã)ã®ããã«ãªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯)ã
cannot help ~ing ã(ææ
çã«)~ããã«ã¯ããããªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãã®helpã¯ãå©ãããã§ã¯ãªãããšãã°ãªããããé¿ãããã®æå³ã§ãããšãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã®ãåŠå®ãã®ç« )ããã¬ã€ã¯ãããããããããã®æå³ã ãšãããŠãããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠ help ã®æå³ãéã£ãŠããã
ãªãããcannot hep but åè©ã®å圢ãã䌌ããããªæå³ãããããã¯è±ææ³ã®ãåŠå®ãã®åå
ãèªãã
on ~ing ã~ãããšããã«ããã~ãšåæã«ã(ãšããŒ)ã
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æ¥è§ŠããŠãããã®ã¯ãããè¿ãã«ããã â æéçã«ããããã«ããªåºæ¥äº
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æé»ã®åæã ããon ã in ã¯ã空éçãªé¢ä¿ã®èª¬æã«ã ãã§ãªããæéçãªé¢ä¿ã®èª¬æã«ã(onãinã)䜿ããã
in ~ing
be used to ~ing ãŸã㯠be accustomed to ~ing ã~ããããšã«æ
£ããŠããã â»éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã
prevent O from ~ing ãŸã㯠keep O from ~ing ãOã~ããªãããã«ããããOã~ããªãããã«åŠšããã â»éããšããã€ã³ã¹ã
prevent , keep ã®ã»ããstop ,prohibit (çŠæ¢ãã)ãdiscourage (æããšã©ãŸããã)ãã®å Žåããã(éããšããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
discourage O from ~ing ãOã~ããã®ãæããšã©ãŸããããâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯discorage ã prevent/keep/stop ã®ã°ã«ãŒããšã¯åé¢ããŠãã
worth ~ing ã~ãã䟡å€ãããã
ãã圢åŒäž»èªã§ã It is worth ~ing ã»ã»ã». ããšæžããã å Žåãããããã¹ã€ã«åœ¢åŒäž»èªã§äœ¿ããªããšãæ§ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšããŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
å
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This book is worth reading. ããã®æ¬ã¯èªã䟡å€ããããã â» éãã£ããã€ã€ã«
ããã¯åœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã§ãæžãæãå¯èœã§ããã
It is worth reading this book. ããã®æ¬ã¯èªã䟡å€ããããã
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It is worthwhile reading(ãŸã㯠to read) this book. ããã®æ¬ã¯èªã䟡å€ããããã
ãšãèšãã(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)ã
ã»ãã
This museum id worth visiting. ããã®åç©é€šã¯èšªãã䟡å€ããããã â» ã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãª
ãåèæžã«ããããäŸæã
It is no use ~ing ãŸã㯠It is no good ~ing ã~ããŠãç¡é§ã§ããã
There is no ~ing ã~ã§ããªãã (ãšããŒã°ãª-ã³)
look foraward to ~ing ã~ããããšã楜ãã¿ã«åŸ
ã€ãã®æå³(ãšã)ã
ããçŸåšé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã
I'm looking forward to meeting you next week. ãæ¥é±ãããªãã«äŒããããšã楜ãã¿ã«ããŠããŸãã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã to seeing you ã®å Žåããã(ãšã)ã
ããã®toã¯ãäžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªããå眮è©ã®toã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãããã§ã® to ã¯äžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã to ã®åŸãã«åè©ã®å圢ã眮ãããééãã«ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
be used to ~ing ã~ããããšã«æ
£ããŠããã
ãã® to ãå眮è©ã®toã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãäžå®è©ã䜿ããªãããã«æ³šæ(ãšã)ãããã§ã® to ã¯äžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã to ã®åŸãã«åè©ã®å圢ã眮ãããééãã«ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ãªããå©åè©used to ã®ã used to åè©ã®ååã(ãã~ãããã®ã )ãšã¯ç°ãªãã®ã§(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæ··åããªãããã«ã
Do you mind me ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ããšããèš±å¯(ãšããŒããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãæ±ããèšãåããmeãã€ããšãåäœäž»ã¯èªåã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
me ã§ã¯ãªã my ã®å Žåããã(éãã£)ãã€ãŸã
Do you mind my ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ããèš±å¯ãæ±ããèšãåããmyãã€ããšãåäœäž»ã¯èªåã«ãªã(ã€éãã£ãŒã)ã
Would you ã®å Žåããããã€ãŸãã
Would you mind my ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ããèš±å¯ãæ±ããèšãåã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
would ã®ã»ããäžå¯§(ãŠããã)(â» éãã£ãŒãããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã
äžæ¹ã me ã my ãªã©ãã€ããŠãªãå Žå
Do you mind ~ing(ããšãã°opening the window)? ã~ããŠããã ããŸãããããšããäŸé Œ(ãšããŒããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã«ãªããme ãªã©ãã€ããŠãªããšãDo you ã§åããããŠããçžæãžã®äŸé Œã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã â» ãªãéãã£ãšæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã®äŸæã opening the window ã§ããã
ãã®äŸé Œã®è¡šçŸããWould you mind ~ing ã§ãããããŠããã(éãã£)ã
ãªããè¿äºããµãããŠæžããšã
Do you mind my ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ã
- No, not at all. ããããã©ããã
ãŸãã¯
- Certainly not.
ãªã©ã«ãªã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ãªããæäžã®è¿°èªåè©ã®ãããã«ããååè©ã®åäœäž»ãããããéãææ³çã«ã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯æææ Œ(äžèšäŸã§ã¯my)ãçšãããã®ãšãããŠãããããããå£èªã§ã¯ç®çæ Œ(äžèšäŸã§ã¯me)ã奜ãŸããŠããããšãã«åè©ã§ã¯ 's ã®ã€ããªã圢ã奜ãŸãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
ãã£ãœããæé ã«ããååè©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããã«æææ Œãã€ããŠåäœäž»ã衚ãããšã¯ãããè¡ãããŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
Do you mind ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã~ããŠãããŸããã?ã
- No, not at all. ããããããã§ããšãã
ãŸãã¯
- Certainly not.
Would you mind ~ ãŸã㯠Do you mind ~ ã§èãããææ¡ãäŸé Œã«è³åããå Žåã¯ãNoã§è³åã®æå³ã«ãªãããªããªããããã§ã® mind ã¯ãå«ãããã®æå³ã§ãããããããã§ã® No ã¯ãI don't mind ãå«ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ãªã®ã§ããã£ãŠ No ã§è³åã®æå³ã«ãªã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
It goes without saying ~ ã~ã¯ãããŸã§ããªãã
be on the point of ~ing ããŸãã«~ããããšããŠããã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã
ãªãããbe about to äžå®è©ãã䜿ã£ãŠããåããããªæå³ã衚ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒã)ã
ãã®ã»ããäºéåŠå®ã®åå
ã§ç¿ãã ããã
never ã»ã»ã» without ~ing ãã»ã»ã»ãããšãã¯å¿
ã~ãããã~ããã«ã»ã»ã»ããããšã¯ãªãã â»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã
far from ~ing ã~ã«ã¯çšé ããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
with a view to ~ing(ååè©) ã~ããç®çã§ãã~ããã€ããã§ã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
make a point of ~inf ãå¿
ã~ããããã«ããããæ±ºãŸã£ãŠ~ããããã«åªåãããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
åçœ®è© to ãçšããŠãã衚çŸãšããŠã
object to ~ing(ååè©) ã~ããããšã«å察ããŠããã
ããã§ã®toã¯ãäžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªãããªã®ã§ãtoã®ãããã¯ããã£ããŠåè©ã®å圢ã«ããªãããã«ã
of one's own ~ing ãèªåã§~ããã§ããããã®ã ã â»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã
hope of ~ing ã~ãããšããèŠèŸŒã¿ã â»éãã£
remember ~ing ã~ããããšãèŠããŠããããš ãremember to äžå®è©ã((ãããã)å¿ããªãã§~ãã)ã®ããã«ãååè©ãäžå®è©ãã§æå³ã®ç°ãªã衚çŸãããã
wikibooks ã§ã¯ 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/äžå®è©#äžå®è©ãšååè© ã§èª¬æããŠãããã®ã§ãåç
§ããã
ååè©ã ããç®çèªã«ãšãåè©(äžå®è©ã¯ãšããªã)
äžèšã®åè©ã®ãã¿ãŒã³ã¯ããã€ãããçŸåšã»çŸå®ã®ä»å®éã®è¡ã£ãŠããäºããéå»ã®å®éã®åºæ¥äºã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãåè©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã€ã¥ãã®ãååè©ã«ãªãäºãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ã»ãããé¿ããããå«ããããªã©æ¶æ¥µçãªãã®ã¯ãã€ã¥ãã®ãååè©ã§ããäºãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
admit(~ããããšãèªãã),
deny(~ããããšãåŠå®ãã),
finish(~ããããšãçµãã),
give up(~ããã®ãããã),
stop / quit(~ããã®ãããã),
enjoy(~ããŠæ¥œãã),
practice(~(ããããš)ãç·Žç¿ãã),
avoid(~ããã®ãé¿ãã),
escape(~ããã®ãéãã),
mind(~ããã®ãå«ãã),
miss(~ããããªã),
put off (~ããã®ãå»¶æãã), postpone(~ããã®ãå»¶æãã)
consider(~ããããšãããèãã),
suggest(~ããããšãææ¡ãã),
ãªã© ,
,
,
,
,
,
, | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beåè©ãé²è¡åœ¢ã®åè©ããååè©ã«ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beåè©ã®ååè©ã¯ being ã§ãããããšãã°äŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is proud of being a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªãã(éãã£ããšããŒãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«äŒŒãäŸæ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is proud of having won the prize. ã圌ã¯ãã®è³ãåè³ããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠãããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæ(heãsheã«å€ããã°åã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is proud of having won a medal at the Olympics. ã圌ã¯ãªãªã³ããã¯ã§ã¡ãã«ãç²åŸããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã â» ãšãã°ãªã«äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã®äŸæãšããŠã¯ãããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I don't like being treated like a child. ãç§ã¯åäŸã®ããã«ãã€ããããã®ã¯å¥œãã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããäŸæããããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®äºåœ¢ã®ååè©ã¯ã having éå»åè©ãã§ããããæå³ã¯è¿°èªåè©ããã以åãã®ãšããåè©åãããã®ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is proud of having been a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ãã£ãããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¿°èªåè©ããã以åã®ããšãåè©åããŠããã®ã§ãæ¥ç¶è© that ãã€ãã£ãŠèšãããããã°ãéå»åœ¢ãŸãã¯å®äºåœ¢ã«ãªã(éãã£)ãã€ãŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is proud that he was a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ãã£ãããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is proud that he has been a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ãã£ãããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«èšãæãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®èšãæãã«ã€ããŠãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããšããŒã°ãª-ã³ã ãšãéå»åœ¢ã®èšãæãããæžããŠãªããããããéãã£ãŒãã®ããããã«å®äºåœ¢ã«èšãæãã§ããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããååæ
ã®ååè©ã¯ãbeing éå»åè©ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååè©ã®çŽåã« not ãªã©ã®åŠå®èªãã€ããŠããã®ååè©ãåŠå®ããåè©çãªæŠå¿µã衚çŸã§ãããããšãã°äžèšã®äŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Excuse me for not coming on time. ãæééãã«ãããªããŠãããããªããã â» éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm sorry for not calling you sooner. ããã£ãšæ©ãé»è©±ããªããŠããããªãããâ»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm sorry for not having sent you e-mail sooner. ããã£ãšæ©ãããªãã«Eã¡ãŒã«ãéããªããŠãã¿ãŸãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã (ãªãã€ã³ã¹ãã§ã¯ãEã¡ãŒã«ããšEãã€ããåèš³)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not ã®ä»£ããã« never ã®å Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååè©ã¯ãçŽåŸã«åè©ãªã©ããšããªããªããšããååè©ã ãã§ãåè©çã«ãã€ãã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãè±èªã®ã³ãã¯ã¶",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Seeing is believing. ãèŠãããšã¯ä¿¡ããããšã§ããã(ãçŸèã¯äžèŠã«ããããã«çžåœ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®Seeing ã believing ãååè©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãèŠãããšã¯ä¿¡ããããšã§ãããã¢ãªã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããäžèšã®äŸæã§ã¯ãåäœã®äž»èªãæžããŠãªããã修食å
ã®ç®çèªãèŠåœãããªããããã®ããã«äž»èªãç®çèªãèŠåœãããªãå Žåã«ãããŠã®ååè©ã«ãããå®éã®åäœäž»ã¯ãµã€ããäžè¬ã®äººã
ãå®éã®åäœäž»ã§ããããšãå€ã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã©)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããååè©ã«ç±æ¥ããŠããåè©ãšãããã®ãååšããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° reading (èªæž), swimming (æ°Žæ³³), meeting (äŒå)ãunderstanding(çè§£), meaning (æå³)ã ãªã©ã®èªå¥ã®ããšã§ããããããã¯ããšã¯ååè©ã ã£ãããä»ã§ã¯å®å
šã«åè©åããŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããŸãæèšããŠããåèæžã¯å°ãªãããéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ãªã©é£ããã®åèæžã玹ä»ããŠãã話é¡ãšããŠãçŸåšåè©ãšååè©ãšã®éããããã(ããã³ã圢容è©çãªçšæ³ã«ã€ããŠãéãã£ãŒããªã©ãèšåã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a crying baby ãæ³£ããŠããèµ€ãåãã® crying ã¯çŸåšåè©ã§ãããããã® crying ã¯ååè©ã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããªããcrying ããŠããã®ã¯èª°ããšãããšã修食ãããŠãã baby èµ€ãåã ããã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããa swimming pool (æ°Žæ³³ããŒã«)ãšèšã£ãå Žåãããã§ã® swimming ã¯ååè©ã§ããããªããªãããã£ããŠããŒã«ãã(誰?)ãæ³³ãã§ããããã§ã¯ãªãããã§ãã(éãã£ã®è泚)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãçŸåšåè©ãšååè©ã®èŠåãããã¯ã修食ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã®çŽåŸã®èªå¥ããåäœã®äž»èªãã©ããã§å€å¥ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååè©ã®å Žåã¯ãçŽåŸã®åè©ã¯ãäž»èªã§ã¯ãªããã ãããã¯åäœã®ç®çã§ããäºãå€ã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³ã«ããã°ãa smoking chimney (ç
ãåºããŠããç
çª)ã® smoking ã¯çŸåšåè©ã§ããããã®å Žåã¯ãå®éã«ç
çªããç
ãåºãããšããåäœã®åäœäž»ã ããã§ãã(ç¡çç©äž»èªã§ã¯ããã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ãåèªã ãã§ã¯ããããååè©ãçŸåšåè©ãã¯æ±ºãŸããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¡çç©äž»èªã ãšãŸããããããšæããªããäžèšã®ãããªsleeping ã®äŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a sleeping bag ãå¯è¢ã ã â» ããã¯ååè©ã â» ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a sleeping lion ãå¯ãŠããã©ã€ãªã³ããa sleeping baby ãå¯ãŠããèµ€ãåã â» ããã¯çŸåšåè©ãâ»ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæé»ã®åæãšããããa swimming pool ã«ããã swimming ã®ããã«ãååè©ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©çãªæå³ããã€ããšããã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžãååè©+åè©ã§ãããã®ãããããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a sleeping bag (å¯è¢)ãâ» ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a sleeping car (å¯å°è») â» ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a waiting room (åŸ
å宀)ãâ» éããã€ã€ããšããŒ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a washing machine (æŽæ¿¯æ©)ãâ» éãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a dining room (é£å ) â» ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«ããšããŒ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a walking stick (æ(ã€ã) ) â» ãã€ã€ã«ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãã圢容è©çã«äœ¿ãããååè©ãšãããšã»ããã®åè©ã®å
·äœäŸãšããŠ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a parking lot é§è»å Žãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a cutting board ãŸãªãããã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a dressing room æŽè¡£å®€ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a vending machine èªå販売æ©ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a driving school èªåè»æç¿æãéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a racing car ã¬ãŒã·ã³ã°ã«ãŒãéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "flying pan ãã©ã€ãã³ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "feel like ~ing ã~ãããæ°ãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒ)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How about ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã~ããã®ã¯ã©ãã§ãã?ããšããå§èªã®æå³ãWhat about ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã®å Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "What do you say to ~ing ã»ã»ã»?ã~ããŠã¯ã©ãã§ããããšããå§èªã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããWhat do you say ããã How about ã®ã»ãã ãã䜿ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå§èªãªã®ã§è¿äºã¯ãããšãã°è³åã®è¿äºãªã Sounds good. (ããã)ã®ããã«ãªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cannot help ~ing ã(ææ
çã«)~ããã«ã¯ããããªãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®helpã¯ãå©ãããã§ã¯ãªãããšãã°ãªããããé¿ãããã®æå³ã§ãããšãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ã®ãåŠå®ãã®ç« )ããã¬ã€ã¯ãããããããããã®æå³ã ãšãããŠãããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠ help ã®æå³ãéã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããcannot hep but åè©ã®å圢ãã䌌ããããªæå³ãããããã¯è±ææ³ã®ãåŠå®ãã®åå
ãèªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "on ~ing ã~ãããšããã«ããã~ãšåæã«ã(ãšããŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¬ã«åçœ®è© on ã«ã¯ãã~ã®äžã«ãã®æå³ã§ã¯ãªãããæ¥è§ŠããŠãã®æå³ããããåŽé¢ã«æ¥è§ŠããŠããå Žåã«ãçšãããã(éãã£ãŒãå眮è©ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã® on ã®ãããã«ãã®æå³ã¯ãæ¥è§Šã®æå³ããæŽŸçãããã®ãšèããã»ããçè§£ããããã ãã(éãã£ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ããªã©)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥è§ŠããŠãããã®ã¯ãããè¿ãã«ããã â æéçã«ããããã«ããªåºæ¥äº",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã§ããªãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æé»ã®åæã ããon ã in ã¯ã空éçãªé¢ä¿ã®èª¬æã«ã ãã§ãªããæéçãªé¢ä¿ã®èª¬æã«ã(onãinã)䜿ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in ~ing",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be used to ~ing ãŸã㯠be accustomed to ~ing ã~ããããšã«æ
£ããŠããã â»éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "prevent O from ~ing ãŸã㯠keep O from ~ing ãOã~ããªãããã«ããããOã~ããªãããã«åŠšããã â»éããšããã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "prevent , keep ã®ã»ããstop ,prohibit (çŠæ¢ãã)ãdiscourage (æããšã©ãŸããã)ãã®å Žåããã(éããšããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "discourage O from ~ing ãOã~ããã®ãæããšã©ãŸããããâ» ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯discorage ã prevent/keep/stop ã®ã°ã«ãŒããšã¯åé¢ããŠãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "worth ~ing ã~ãã䟡å€ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã圢åŒäž»èªã§ã It is worth ~ing ã»ã»ã». ããšæžããã å Žåãããããã¹ã€ã«åœ¢åŒäž»èªã§äœ¿ããªããšãæ§ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããšããŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
žåçãªäŸæã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This book is worth reading. ããã®æ¬ã¯èªã䟡å€ããããã â» éãã£ããã€ã€ã«",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¯åœ¢åŒäž»èª it ã§ãæžãæãå¯èœã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is worth reading this book. ããã®æ¬ã¯èªã䟡å€ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is worthwhile reading(ãŸã㯠to read) this book. ããã®æ¬ã¯èªã䟡å€ããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãèšãã(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This museum id worth visiting. ããã®åç©é€šã¯èšªãã䟡å€ããããã â» ã€ã³ã¹ãããšãã°ãª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåèæžã«ããããäŸæã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is no use ~ing ãŸã㯠It is no good ~ing ã~ããŠãç¡é§ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "There is no ~ing ã~ã§ããªãã (ãšããŒã°ãª-ã³)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "look foraward to ~ing ã~ããããšã楜ãã¿ã«åŸ
ã€ãã®æå³(ãšã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããçŸåšé²è¡åœ¢ã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I'm looking forward to meeting you next week. ãæ¥é±ãããªãã«äŒããããšã楜ãã¿ã«ããŠããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«äœ¿ã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã to seeing you ã®å Žåããã(ãšã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã®toã¯ãäžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªããå眮è©ã®toã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãããã§ã® to ã¯äžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã to ã®åŸãã«åè©ã®å圢ã眮ãããééãã«ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be used to ~ing ã~ããããšã«æ
£ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã® to ãå眮è©ã®toã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãäžå®è©ã䜿ããªãããã«æ³šæ(ãšã)ãããã§ã® to ã¯äžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã to ã®åŸãã«åè©ã®å圢ã眮ãããééãã«ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããå©åè©used to ã®ã used to åè©ã®ååã(ãã~ãããã®ã )ãšã¯ç°ãªãã®ã§(éãã£ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãæ··åããªãããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you mind me ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ããšããèš±å¯(ãšããŒããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ãæ±ããèšãåããmeãã€ããšãåäœäž»ã¯èªåã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "me ã§ã¯ãªã my ã®å Žåããã(éãã£)ãã€ãŸã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you mind my ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ããèš±å¯ãæ±ããèšãåããmyãã€ããšãåäœäž»ã¯èªåã«ãªã(ã€éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you ã®å Žåããããã€ãŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you mind my ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ããèš±å¯ãæ±ããèšãåã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "would ã®ã»ããäžå¯§(ãŠããã)(â» éãã£ãŒãããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ã me ã my ãªã©ãã€ããŠãªãå Žå",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you mind ~ing(ããšãã°opening the window)? ã~ããŠããã ããŸãããããšããäŸé Œ(ãšããŒããã€ã€ã«è±ææ³)ã«ãªããme ãªã©ãã€ããŠãªããšãDo you ã§åããããŠããçžæãžã®äŸé Œã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã â» ãªãéãã£ãšæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã®äŸæã opening the window ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®äŸé Œã®è¡šçŸããWould you mind ~ing ã§ãããããŠããã(éãã£)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããè¿äºããµãããŠæžããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you mind my ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã(ç§ã)~ããŠãããããã§ãããã?ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- No, not at all. ããããã©ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- Certainly not.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã«ãªã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæäžã®è¿°èªåè©ã®ãããã«ããååè©ã®åäœäž»ãããããéãææ³çã«ã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯æææ Œ(äžèšäŸã§ã¯my)ãçšãããã®ãšãããŠãããããããå£èªã§ã¯ç®çæ Œ(äžèšäŸã§ã¯me)ã奜ãŸããŠããããšãã«åè©ã§ã¯ 's ã®ã€ããªã圢ã奜ãŸãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãœããæé ã«ããååè©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããã«æææ Œãã€ããŠåäœäž»ã衚ãããšã¯ãããè¡ãããŠãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Do you mind ~ing ã»ã»ã»? ã~ããŠãããŸããã?ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- No, not at all. ããããããã§ããšãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- Certainly not.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you mind ~ ãŸã㯠Do you mind ~ ã§èãããææ¡ãäŸé Œã«è³åããå Žåã¯ãNoã§è³åã®æå³ã«ãªãããªããªããããã§ã® mind ã¯ãå«ãããã®æå³ã§ãããããããã§ã® No ã¯ãI don't mind ãå«ã§ã¯ãªããã®æå³ãªã®ã§ããã£ãŠ No ã§è³åã®æå³ã«ãªã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It goes without saying ~ ã~ã¯ãããŸã§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be on the point of ~ing ããŸãã«~ããããšããŠããã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããbe about to äžå®è©ãã䜿ã£ãŠããåããããªæå³ã衚ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããäºéåŠå®ã®åå
ã§ç¿ãã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "never ã»ã»ã» without ~ing ãã»ã»ã»ãããšãã¯å¿
ã~ãããã~ããã«ã»ã»ã»ããããšã¯ãªãã â»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "far from ~ing ã~ã«ã¯çšé ããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "with a view to ~ing(ååè©) ã~ããç®çã§ãã~ããã€ããã§ã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "make a point of ~inf ãå¿
ã~ããããã«ããããæ±ºãŸã£ãŠ~ããããã«åªåãããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åçœ®è© to ãçšããŠãã衚çŸãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "object to ~ing(ååè©) ã~ããããšã«å察ããŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã®toã¯ãäžå®è©ã§ã¯ãªãããªã®ã§ãtoã®ãããã¯ããã£ããŠåè©ã®å圢ã«ããªãããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "of one's own ~ing ãèªåã§~ããã§ããããã®ã ã â»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hope of ~ing ã~ãããšããèŠèŸŒã¿ã â»éãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "remember ~ing ã~ããããšãèŠããŠããããš ãremember to äžå®è©ã((ãããã)å¿ããªãã§~ãã)ã®ããã«ãååè©ãäžå®è©ãã§æå³ã®ç°ãªã衚çŸãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "wikibooks ã§ã¯ 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/äžå®è©#äžå®è©ãšååè© ã§èª¬æããŠãããã®ã§ãåç
§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååè©ã ããç®çèªã«ãšãåè©(äžå®è©ã¯ãšããªã)",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®åè©ã®ãã¿ãŒã³ã¯ããã€ãããçŸåšã»çŸå®ã®ä»å®éã®è¡ã£ãŠããäºããéå»ã®å®éã®åºæ¥äºã«å¯ŸããŠäœ¿ãåè©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã€ã¥ãã®ãååè©ã«ãªãäºãå€ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãããé¿ããããå«ããããªã©æ¶æ¥µçãªãã®ã¯ãã€ã¥ãã®ãååè©ã§ããäºãå€ã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "admit(~ããããšãèªãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "deny(~ããããšãåŠå®ãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "finish(~ããããšãçµãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "give up(~ããã®ãããã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "stop / quit(~ããã®ãããã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "enjoy(~ããŠæ¥œãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "practice(~(ããããš)ãç·Žç¿ãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "avoid(~ããã®ãé¿ãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "escape(~ããã®ãéãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mind(~ããã®ãå«ãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "miss(~ããããªã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "put off (~ããã®ãå»¶æãã), postpone(~ããã®ãå»¶æãã)",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "consider(~ããããšãããèãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "suggest(~ããããšãææ¡ãã),",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã© ,",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": ",",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": ",",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": ",",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": ",",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": ",",
"title": "ååè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": ",",
"title": "ååè©"
}
]
| null | === ååè© ===
==== ååè©ãšæãæ
====
===== beåè© =====
beåè©ãé²è¡åœ¢ã®åè©ããååè©ã«ã§ããã
beåè©ã®ååè©ã¯ being ã§ãããããšãã°äŸæ
He is proud of being a member of the team. ã圌ã¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ã§ããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããã
ã®ããã«ãªããïŒéãã£ããšããŒãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒ
He is proud of having won the prize. ã圌ã¯ãã®è³ãåè³ããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠãããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒheãsheã«å€ããã°åãïŒ
He is proud of having won a medal at the Olympics. ã圌ã¯ãªãªã³ããã¯ã§ã¡ãã«ãç²åŸããããšãèªãã«æã£ãŠããããâ» ãšãã°ãªã«äŒŒãäŸæ
ã»ãã®äŸæãšããŠã¯ãããšãã°
I don't like being treated like a child. ãç§ã¯åäŸã®ããã«ãã€ããããã®ã¯å¥œãã§ã¯ãªãã
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Would you ã®å Žåããããã€ãŸãã
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Do you mind '''my''' ïœing ã»ã»ã»? ãïŒç§ãïŒïœããŠãããããã§ããããïŒã
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[[ã«ããŽãª:è±èªææ³]] | null | 2022-11-25T04:03:23Z | []
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95/%E5%8B%95%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E |
35,341 | Wikijunior:èšèª/æ¥æ¬èª | æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã§äžå¿ã«äœ¿ãããŠããèšèªã§ãããã©ãªã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªãå
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== 圹ã«ç«ã€ãªã³ã¯é ==
{{Wikipedia|æ¥æ¬èª}}
{{Wikiversity|Topic:æ¥æ¬èª|æ¥æ¬èª}}
* [https://tsunagarujp.bunka.go.jp/ ã€ãªããã²ããã ã«ã»ããã§ã®ããã] - æ¥åžžç掻ã§äœ¿ããæ¥æ¬èªãåç»ã§åŠã¶ããšãã§ããŸãã
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* [http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/ æ±äº¬å€åœèªå€§åŠèšèªã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«] - æ¥æ¬èªã®åºæ¬çãªçºé³ãææ³ãªã©ãåŠã¶ããšãã§ããŸãã
* [https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/ NEWS WEB EASY] - ããããæ¥æ¬èªã§æžããããã¥ãŒã¹ãèªãããšãã§ããŸãã
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35,348 | çŸ
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â» æªèšè¿° | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã«ã¯ãçŸåšåè©ãšéå»åè©ãããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã«ã¯ãäž»ã«åœ¢å®¹è©çãªçšæ³ãšããåè©æ§æããšåŒã°ããå¯è©çãªçšæ³ãããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» ãã®wikiã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯äž»ã«ã圢容è©çãªçšæ³ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "圢容è©çšæ³ã«ãããéå»åè©ã®æå³ã¯ãã~ãããŠããããšãã£ãåèº«ã®æå³ã§ããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(éå»ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãªãã)",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãthe åè©ãã§ã~ãªäººã
ãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the wounded ããã人ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£)",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the living ãçããŠãã人ã
ã(éãã£)",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠã®åãã®çšæ³ãšã¯å¥ã«ãå¯è©å¥ãšããŠã®åããããçšæ³ãããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã§å§ãŸãå¥ã¯äžè¬ã«ãå¯è©å¥ã®åãããããã®ã§ããæå
šäœã修食ãããããåè©æ§æãšãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©æ§æã¯çŸåšåè©ãéå»åè©ãçšããŠãåŸå±ã®æ¥ç¶è©ç¯ã®ãããªæå³ãæã€æã®æåãäœãçšæ³ã§ãããäŸæãšããŠã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããã®æã¯ãäœããå«ã³ãªããã圌ã¯çŽ æ©ãéããŠãã£ããããšãã æå³ã ãããã®æ§ãªæã¯äŸãã°æ¥ç¶è©whileãçšããŠã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥ç¶è©ãåãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èªãåãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ãçŸåšåè©åœ¢ã«ããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãšããããšãåºæ¥ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©æ§æã¯æã®ååŸé¢ä¿ãããçç¥ãããæ¥ç¶è©ãäºæž¬ã§ãããšèãããããšããæ¥ç¶è©ãšäž»èªãçç¥ããããšã«ãã£ãŠ åŸãããããã ããæ¥ç¶è©ç¡ãã§ç¯ãäœãããšã¯åºæ¥ãªãããšãããæ¥ç¶è©ç¯ã®è¿°èªã¯å¯Ÿå¿ããçŸåšåè©ã«ãªãã®ã§ãããäžã®äŸæã¯ while ãçšããæããæ¥ç¶è© while ãçããè¿°èª cries ãçŸåšåè© crying ã«ããããšã« ãã£ãŠåŸããã®ãšè§£éåºæ¥ãããã ããå
ã®åŸå±æ¥ç¶è©ç¯ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããäž»æã®äž»èªãšæ¥ç¶è©ç¯ã®äž»èªãçãããšãã«ã¯ãçŸåšåè©ã®äž»èªã¯ çç¥ã§ãããäžã®æã§ while ç¯ã®äž»èªã«å¯Ÿå¿ããèªãç¡ãã®ã¯ãã®ããšããã§ããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»ç¯ã®äž»èªãšåŸå±ç¯ã®äž»èªãç°ãªã£ãŠãããšãã«ã¯ãåè©æ§æã®äž»èªãšããŠå¯Ÿå¿ããåŸå±ç¯ã®äž»èªãæææ ŒãšããŠäžãããäŸãã°ãäžã®äŸã§äž»èªãçç¥ããæžããšã His crying out something, ... ã®ããã«ãªãã äžè¬ã«çŸåšåè©ã®äž»èªãæå®ãããšãã¯ãµã€ããæææ Œãçšããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©æ§æã®æå³ã¯äžè¬ã«ãçŸåšåè©ãªãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããããã§ããå Žåãå€ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãããŸãã«ãåè©æ§æã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããããšããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããéå»åè©ã®å Žåã¯ååæ
çãªæå³ã§ãããä»åž¯ç¶æ³ã~ãããªããããçç±ã»åå ã~ãããã®ã§ããæã~ããããšããã®æå³ã«ãªãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã¯ãåè©æ§æã䜿ããªããŠããããããäžèšã®æ¥ç¶è©ãçšããæžãæããã§ããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããæ¥ç¶è©ãç¡ããŠãåè©æ§æã¯è¡šçŸå¯èœã§ããããææãæç¢ºã«ããããã«æ¥ç¶è©ãåè©ã®çŽåã«è£ã£ãŠãæ§ããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãwhile,when,if,though, once ãªã©ãæ¥ç¶è©ãåè©æ§æã«ãããŠåè©ã®åã«è£ãããå Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã ããä»åž¯ç¶æ³ã~ããªãããã~ããŠãã®çšæ³ã®å Žåã«ã¯é©åãªæ¥ç¶è©ãç¡ãã®ã§ããã®å Žåã¯æ¥ç¶è©ã®ç¡ãåè©æ§æã®ãŸãŸã§çšãããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããåè©æ§æã«ãããŠafter ã before ãåè©ã®çŽåã«è£ãããå Žåã«ã€ããŠããã®after ãbeforeãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠã§ã¯ãªãå眮è©ãšããŠè§£éãã説ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããšã¯å¥ã«ãåè©æ§æã¯äž»èª¬ãããåã«çœ®ãããããšããããã®å Žåã«ã¯åè©æ§æã§äž»ç¯ã®çŽåã®éå»ã®åºæ¥äºãèšè¿°ããæ¹æ³ããããããã®çšæ³ã§ã¯ãããšãå
容ãéå»ã§ãã£ãŠãå身ã§ãªããã°çŸåšåè©ãçšãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©æ§æã«ãªãåŸå±ç¯ã§ã¯è¿°èªãbeåè©ã§ããããšãããã ãã®ãšãã«ãäžã®èŠåã«åŸã£ãŠãBeing -,ã«ãã£ãŠåè©æ§æãäœãããããšãå€ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©æ§æã¯ããæžãèšèæ°å³ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããææãäžæç¢ºã«ãªããããããªã®ã§è«çæ§ãæç¢ºæ§ãå¿
èŠãªå®çšæã§ã¯ããŸãçšããããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããã®ããè±äœæã§ã¯ããŸãçšããªãã»ããç¡é£ã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¹ã«beåè©ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããè£èªãååæ
ã§ãã£ããã圢容è©ã§ãããšãã«ã¯ãbeingãçããŠéå»åè©ããããã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ããåè©æ§æã å§ãŸãããšãå€ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãšãã«ã¯ãbeåè©ãšæ¥ç¶è©ãå¿
èŠãªã察å¿ããäž»èªãè£ã£ãŠèããå¿
èŠãããããã ãããã®æ§ãªçç¥ããªãããã®ã¯ããããŸã§çç¥ããããã®ãæèããããã«åããæã®ã¿ã§ããã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãHaving éå»åè© ,ããšããã°ãããçŸåšåè©ã®æ§æãšåºæ¬çã«ã¯åãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®äºåœ¢ã®åè©æ§æãçŸåšå®äºã®æå³ãªã®ãéå»å®äºã®æå³ãªã®ãã¯ãèªåœ¢ã ãã§ã¯å€æäžèœã§ããã®ã§ãæèãã倿ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŠå®ã®åè©æ§æãäœãå Žåã¯ãåè©ã®åã« not ãŸã㯠never ã眮ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®äºåœ¢ã®åŠå®ã®å Žåã¯ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Never having éå»åè©",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãnever ã§ãªããšã Not having been ã§ãæ§ããªãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãneverã®ã»ããäžè¬çã§ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããneverã®å Žåã¯ãhavingã®ããšã«never ãæžããŠãè¯ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ãã€ãŸãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Having never éå»åè©",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãè¯ãã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é²è¡åœ¢ã®å
容ãåè©æ§æã«ããå ŽåãBeing ãçç¥ããŠçŽåŸã®åè©ã®~ing圢ããæé ãæžãå§ããã®ãäžè¬çã§ãã(éãã£)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "圢容è©ã®å
容ãåè©æ§æã«ããå ŽåããBeingãçç¥ããŠæé ã圢容è©ã§å§ããå Žåãå€ã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã圢容è©ã®ã»ãããBeing åè©ãã®å ŽåããBeingãçç¥ããŠããããªãåè©ããã§æžãå§ããäºãå€ã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å身ã®å
容ãåè©æ§æã«ããå ŽåããBeing ãçç¥ããŠéå»åè©ããæžãå§ããäºãå€ããææ³çã«ã¯ãBeing éå»åè©ãããããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©ã®åã«ãæå³äžã®äž»èªãä»ããå Žåãããã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It being warm, ãæããã£ãã®ã§ãã â» éãã£",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It being Monday, ãæææ¥ã ã£ãã®ã§ã â» ãšã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªäŸããç¬ç«åè©æ§æãšããã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœç¶ã ããã Because it was Monday, ãã®ããã«æ¥ç¶è©ãçšããŠèšãæãã§ãã(ãšã)ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®ããã«æ
£çšå¥ãããã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "weather permitting, ã倩æ°ãèš±ãã°ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž»èªã®ä»£ããã«ãå¯è©ãªã©ãåè©ã®åã«è£ãããæ
£çšå¥ããããäžèšã«äŸã瀺ãã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "frankly speaking, ãççŽã«èšãã°ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "generally speaking, ãäžè¬çã«èšãã°ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "strictly speaking, ãå³å¯ã«èšãã°ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "speaking of ~ , ãŸã㯠talking of ~ ã~ãšèšãã°ã â» éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "judging from ~ ã~ãã倿ãããšã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "taking ~ into consideration ã~ãèæ
®ã«å
¥ãããšã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» éãã£ãŒããšãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ãfrankly speaking ãªã©ããç¬ç«åè©æ§æããšããŠåé¡ãäžæ¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯éåé¡ã",
"title": "ç¬ç«åè©æ§æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥ç¶è©çã«äœ¿ããã providing ã provided (ã©ããããã~ãªãã°ãã®æå³)ãªã©ããåè©æ§æãšããŠåé¡ããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "supposed ããã~ãªãã°ããåæ§ãæ¥ç¶è©ãšããŠçšããããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "provided that (ãŸã㯠providing that )ã supposed that ã®ããã« that ãè£ãå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "considering ~, ã~ãèæ
®ãããšã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãåæ§ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããå眮è©çã«äœ¿ããã according to ~ ãªã©ãåè©æ§æã«ç±æ¥ãã衚çŸã ãšèãã説ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ããã®ãããªå眮è©çãªåè©æ§æç±æ¥ã®è¡šçŸã®äŸãšããŠã¯",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "according to ~ ã~ã«ããã°ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "concerning ã~ã«é¢ããŠèšãã°ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "excepting ã~ãé€ããŠã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "including ã~ãå«ããŠã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "regarding ã~ã«é¢ããŠã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©ã¯ããããå眮è©çãªåè©æ§æããåè©æ§æã®èª¬ã§ã¯ç޹ä»ããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» æªèšè¿°",
"title": "ä»åž¯ç¶æ³ã®with"
}
]
| null | == åè© ==
åè©ã«ã¯ãçŸåšåè©ãšéå»åè©ãããã
åè©ã«ã¯ãäž»ã«åœ¢å®¹è©çãªçšæ³ãšããåè©æ§æããšåŒã°ããå¯è©çãªçšæ³ãããã
=== åè©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©çãªçšæ³ ===
â» ãã®wikiã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯äž»ã«ã圢容è©çãªçšæ³ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãã
圢容è©çšæ³ã«ãããéå»åè©ã®æå³ã¯ããïœãããŠããããšãã£ãåèº«ã®æå³ã§ããã
ïŒéå»ã®æå³ã§ã¯ãªããïŒ
ãthe åè©ãã§ãïœãªäººã
ãã®æå³ãããã
the wounded ããã人ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ïŒ
the living ãçããŠãã人ã
ãïŒéãã£ïŒ
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ããšãã° every six hours ã§ã6æéããšã«ãã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã every four years ã§ãå幎ããšã«ãã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ããªããªãªã³ããã¯ãå幎ããšã«éããã ãšããæç« ã
ãªãããäžæ¥ããã«ã㯠every other day ã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
each ã¯åŠå®èªãšãšãã«ã¯äœ¿ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãåŠå®ããããå Žåã¯ãnone, neither, no one ãªã©å¥è¡šçŸãçšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
eachã«ã¯ã圢容è©ã代åè©ãå¯è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ãeachã¯æç§æžçã«ã¯åæ°æ±ãã§ããã圢容è©ãšããŠã® each ãåŸãã®åè©ã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©)ããããå®éã«ã¯æèã«ãã£ãŠã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãã€ããã®å Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ãthose who ~ãã§ã~ãã人ã
ã
Heaven helps those who help themselves. ã倩ã¯ã¿ãããå©ããè
ãå©ããã(ããšãã) â» éãã£ãŒã
So do I. ãç§ãã§ããã
ãSo åè©+äž»èªã ããSo äž»èª+åè©ããã§æå³ãéãã
ãSo åè©+äž»èªãã¯ããäž»èªãã§ããã®æå³ã
ãSo äž»èª+åè© ã ã¯ãäž»èªã¯ç¢ºãã«ããã ãã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ã代åè©ããžãŒãã¢ã¹å¯è©)ã
äŸæãåºãã°ãããšãã°
So he is. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ã
Tom is kind. ããã ã¯èŠªåã ãã
- So he is. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã (=圌ã»ãã ã¯èŠªåã )ãã
- So is John. ããžã§ã³ãããã§ãã(=ãã ã ãã§ãªããžã§ã³ã芪åã§ãã)ã
ã®ãããªéããããã
Tom can French well. ããã ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹èªãäžæã«è©±ããŸãã
- So he can. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ã
- So can John. ããžã§ã³ããã©ã³ã¹èªãäžæã§ããã
â» éãã£ã«canã§äŒŒãäŸæ
åè©+å垰代åè© ã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã«ã¯ãåèæžã§ããèŠããããã®ãšããŠã¯ã次ã®ãããªãã®ãããã
introduce oneself ãèªå·±ç޹ä»ãããã
behave oneself ãè¡åããããã
hurt oneself ããããããã
kill oneself ãèªæ®ºããã
control oneself ãèªå¶ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹
apply oneself to ~ ã~ã«å°å¿µãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£
devote oneself to ~ ã~ã«å°å¿µãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£
enjoy oneself ãæ¥œãããâ»ãžãŒãããšãã°ãª
ã»ããæ±ºãŸãæå¥ãšããŠã
make oneself at home ããã€ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããšãã°ãª
Please make yourself at home. ãã©ããæ¥œã«ããŠãã ãããã
help yourself to ~ãé æ
®ããèªç±ã«æã«ãšã£ãŠããã ããã(æè©ãæç©ãªã©ãšãã£ãé£åãªã©ããèªç±ã«ãé£ã¹ãã ããããªã©ã®æèã§äœ¿ããã)ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ããâ» toã¯å眮è©ãªã®ã§ãã~ãã®éšåã¯åè©ãããã
Help yourself to the cake. ãã±ãŒããèªç±ã«ããšããã ããã
by oneself ã1人ã§ã
The door opened by itself. ããã¢ãã²ãšãã§ã«éããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã
for oneself ãèªåã§ããŸãã¯ãèªåã®ããã«ã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ãéãã£ãŒã
in oneself ãããèªäœã¯ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒããžãŒãã¢
Television in itself is not harmful. ããã¬ãã¯ããèªäœã¯æå®³ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã
ãšã
Television is not bad in itself.
ã®ãããªäŸæãå€ã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã)ã
make oneself understood ãèšãããããšãåãã£ãŠããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã
say to oneself ãå¿ã®äžã§(ã²ããã«)æããâ»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã
take care of yourself ã(å¥åº·ãªã©ã)ãã ããã«ã â»éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯
beside oneself ãæãå¿ããŠãâ»éãã€ã³ã¹ã
äžå®ä»£åè©ãšã¯ãäžç¹å®ã®äººããã®ãªã©ãæã代åè©ã§ããã
äžè¬ã«ãone, another, other ãªã©ãäžå®ä»£åè©ãšããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ some ã any ãäžå®ä»£åè©ã«å«ããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one. ããããæšæ¥ããªãããŠããŸã£ããæ°ããã®ãè²·ããªããã°ãªããªããã
ã«ããã one ããäžå®ä»£åè©ã§ããã
åã«åºãåè©ãšåãçš®é¡ã®ãã®ã§ãããäžç¹å®ã®ãã®ã人ãæãå Žåã«ãäžå®ä»£åè©ã䜿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ããäžèšã®ã«ãµã®æã§ one ã§ã¯ãªã it ã«ãããšããªãããã«ãµãã®ãã®ãè²·ãæ»ãããšã«ãªããæå³ãéã£ãŠããŸãã
this one ã that one ãªã©åœ¢å®¹è©ããšããªãããšããããããã a one (Ã)ãšã¯èšããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã
è€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žå㯠ones ãŸã㯠some ã«ãªãããonesã®å Žåã«ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãªã©ã®ä¿®é£Ÿèªå¥ãå¿
èŠ(ãžãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã圢容è©ãªã©ããšããªããªãå Žå㯠some ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
æææ Œã®çŽåŸã«ã¯ one ã¯äœ¿ããªããããã圢容è©ãªã©ãã¯ããã°äœ¿ãã(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã
ã€ãŸã
Tom's one (Ã)ã¯ãã¡ãããã Tom's new one ã¯å¯èœã
åæ§ã
my one (Ã)ã¯ãã¡ãããã my new one ã¯å¯èœã
one ã¯äžå¯ç®åè©ã¯åããããªãã
Tom likes red wine. Bob likes white (wine). ããã ã¯èµ€ã¯ã€ã³ãããã ãããã¯çœã¯ã€ã³ã奜ãã ãã
ã®ããã«ãäžå¯ç®åè© wine ããã®ãŸãŸç¹°ãè¿ããããããã¯ãã®åè©ãäºåºŠç®ã¯çç¥ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
another ãš other ã¯ãããã代åè©ãšããŠã圢容è©ãšããŠã䜿ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
another 㯠an + otherããåºæ¥ãèªã§ãanother ã«ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãå è©ãã€ãããè€æ°åœ¢ãç¡ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã
ãã»ãã®äžç¹å®ã®ãã¡ã®äžã€ãã瀺ãã®ã« another ã䜿ãããåèš³ã¯åã«ãããäžã€ããããã1人ããšçãå Žåããã(ãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããäžç¹å®ã®ãã¡ã®è€æ°ããªã others ã«ãªãã
another ã®ä»£åè©ãšããŠã®äŸæã¯ãããšãã°
I don't like this shirt. Could you show me another? ããã®ã·ã£ãã¯æ°ã«å
¥ããªããã»ãã®ãèŠããŠãããŸãããããâ»ãšãã°ãª
åŸåéšã¯ Please show me another. ã§ãå¯(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
This cup is small. Show me another. ããã®é²æ¢ã¯å°ãããããã»ãã®ãèŠããŠãã ãããâ» éãã£ãŒãããªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã ãš sweater ã»ãŒã¿ãŒã
another ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠã®äŸæã¯ãããšãã°
Would you like another cup of coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒãããäžæ¯ãããã§ããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
How about another cup of coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒãããäžæ¯ãããã§ããããâ»éãã£ãŒã
the other ã¯æ®éãã2ã€ãããã¡ã®æ®ã1ã€ãã®æå³ã§äœ¿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
one is ~, the other is ã»ã»ã». ã(2ã€ãããã¡ã®)ã²ãšã€ã¯~ã§ãããæ®ãäžã€ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããã ã â+â ã
3ã€ä»¥äžã®å Žåãæ®ãã«ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã®ãthe othersãã䜿ãã
one is ~, the others is ã»ã»ã». ã(3ã€ãããã¡ã®)ã²ãšã€ã¯~ã§ãããæ®ããã¹ãŠã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããã ã â+âââ ã
one ã ãšäžã€ã®ãã®ãããããªãã®ã§ãã(4ã€ä»¥äžãããã®ã®ãã¡ã®)ããã€ãã¯~ã§ãããæ®ããã¹ãŠã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããããšããããå Žåãone ã®ä»£ããã« some ã䜿ã£ãŠ
some is ~, the others is ã»ã»ã». ã âââ+âââââã
ã®ããã«ãªãã
the ãªãã§åã« other ãšèšã£ãå Žåãæå³ãå€ããã
some is ~,other isã»ã»ã». ã~ãªãã®ãããã°ãã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ãããã
ãšããæ§æãããã
some likes dog, other likes cat. ãã€ãã奜ããªäººãããã°ããã³ã奜ããªäººãããã
like ã®ä»£ããã«prefer ã§ãããããšãã°ãªãlikeããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã preferããŸããåŸåã®likeãprefer ã¯çç¥ãå¯èœ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
each other ã¯ããäºãã«ããšããæå³ã®ä»£åè©ã§ãããå¯è©ã§ã¯ãªããåèš³ã®ãã«ãã«ã€ãããŠå¯è©ããšèª€è§£ããªãããã«ã
ãšããã each other ã¯ä»£åè©ãªã®ã§ãããšãã°èªåè© talk (話ã)ã䜿ãå Žåã¯äžèšã®ããã«å眮è©ãå¿
èŠ(ãšãã°ãªãéãã£)ã
They talked with each other. ã圌ãã¯ãäºãã«è©±ãåã£ããã
åæ§ãone another ã ããäºãã«ããšããæå³ã®ä»£åè©ãªã®ã§ãèªåè©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãå Žåã¯å眮è©ãå¿
èŠã
ãªããä»åè©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãå Žåã¯ãå眮è©ã¯äžèŠã
ããšãã° love ãæãããã¯ä»åè©ãªã®ã§ã
They love each other. ã圌ãã¯ãäºãã«æãåã£ãŠããããâ» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
ã®ããã«èšããã
one after another ãæ¬¡ã
ãšã
A is one thing, and B (is) another. ãAãšBã¯å¥ç©ã ã
To know is one thing, and to teach is another. ãç¥ã£ãŠããããšãšæããããšã¯å¥ç©ã ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ âãåèã§ãæããã®ãäžæãªäººããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
on (the) one hand ~, on the other (hand) ã»ã»ã» ãäžæ¹ã§ã¯~ã仿¹ã§ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã
ååã® the ã®çç¥ã¯ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšéãã£ã«ãããåŸåã® the ã®çç¥ã¯ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšãã€ã€ã«ã«ããã
among others / among other things ããšãããã
He like mathematics among other things. ã圌ã¯ãšãããæ°åŠã奜ãã§ãã
ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯ãã¹ããŒã奜ãã§ãããé§æŽèœããªããŸãã髿 ¡çã«ã¯èŠããããã®ã ããã
ãšãã°ãªããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã«ã¯äœæ
ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã®åå
ãç¡ããããããå
¥è©Šã«ã¯åºé¡ãããããã®ã宿
ã§ããã
ã»ã
the one ~ the other ã»ã»ã» ãåè
ã¯~ãåŸè
ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã
ãšãã衚çŸãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã
ãããåãæå³ã®èšãæã衚çŸã®
the former ~ the latter ã»ã»ã» ãåè
ã¯~ãåŸè
ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã
ãçšããã»ããç¡é£ã§ããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã
éãã£ãŒãã¯ãã®åè
ãåŸè
ã®äžå®ä»£åè©ã®çèªã玹ä»ããŠããªãã
all ãåæ°åœ¢ãè€æ°åœ¢ãã¯ãæèãä»ãåèªã«ããã
人ãããã¹ãŠããå
šå¡ãã®å Žåã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãã€ããã
ãäºãã«ã€ããŠèšãå Žåãåæ°åœ¢æ±ãã®å Žåãå€ãã
All is well that ends well. ãçµãããããã°å
šãŠããã(ããšãã)â»ãã€ã€ã«ã
All is lost. ãäžäºäŒããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
ã»ãã
That is all I can do. ãç§ã¯åºæ¥ãã®ã¯ããã ãã§ããâ» éãã£ãŒã
ã®ããã« all ã§ãã ãããæå³ããçšæ³ãããããã®å Žåãåæ°åœ¢(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
all of us are happy. ãç§ãã¡ã¯ã¿ãªãããããã§ãã
ã®ããã« all of ~ ã§ã~å
šå¡ãã®æå³ã
ãªããall ã®ããšã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ã®ç®çæ Œãããå Žå㯠of ãçç¥ã§ããªãã
ã€ãŸã all us (Ã)ã¯ãã¡ã
代åè© all ã ãã§ãªãåœ¢å®¹è© all ãããã
åœ¢å®¹è© all ã®äŸãšããŠã
all children ãšãã£ãå Žåãäžéã®åäŸãã¡äžè¬ã®ããšã
all the children ãšãã£ãå Žåãç¹å®ã®æèã«ãããåäŸã®éå£ã®ããšã
ãã®ã»ããallã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãšãã€ã€ã«ã ãã玹ä»ããŠãããäžèšã«ç޹ä»ããã®ã¯ä»£åè©ãšããŠã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®åŒ±ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ãããæ£çŽããã®åå
ã§ã®éèŠåºŠã¯äœããã ãããå
¥è©Šã¯åå
å¥ã«ã¯åºãªãã®ã§ãèŠãããããªãã
after all ãçµå±ãããã¯ãã
above all ãäœããããŸãã
with all ã~ãããã®ã«ãããããã
not at all ãå
šç¶ãªãã
以äž4ã€ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã玹ä»ã
ãã®ã»ãã«ããã€ã€ã«ã®ç޹ä»ãã
all at once ãçªç¶ã
all but ãã»ãšãã©ã
at all ããã£ããã
ãªã©ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãšã¯å¥ã«)èš10åããã
both ã¯ã2人ã2ã€ã®ãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãäž¡æ¹ãšããã®æå³ã§ãã(ãšãã°ãª)ã
åèš³ã§ã¯åã«ã2人ãšããã2ã€ãšãããšèšãå Žåãããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãã(ã2人ãšããã2ã€ãšãã)ã倧å
ã®æå³ãšããŠç޹ä»ããŠãããã®ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ãªããbothã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãã€ãã(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
both ã«ã¯ã代åè©ãšåœ¢å®¹è©ããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
Both of them are students of this school. ã圌ãã¯2人ãšããã®åŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã§ããã (代åè©)
é£ããã®ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã
Both the sisters are students of this school. ãå§åйã¯2人ãšããã®åŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã§ãã(圢容è©)
圢容è©ãšã¯èšããã®ã®ãããã the both sisters (Ã)ã®èªé ã¯ãã¡ã§ããããã®ããã«åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠã® both ã¯ãéåžžã圢容è©ãšã¯çšæ³ãéãã
ãªããã圢容è©ãã®Bothã§ã¯ãtheã¯çç¥å¯èœ(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
ãªã®ã§ã
Both sisters are students of this school. ãå§åйã¯2人ãšããã®åŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã§ãã(圢容è©)
ãšãèšããã
åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãbothã®åè©ã®ããããåé¡ãé¿ããã®ããã(ãšãã°ãªãªã©)ããã¡ããããšãã°ãªã§ã代åè©ã®åå
ã«ããããå°ãªããšã both ã«ä»£åè©ã®çšæ³ãããããšã«ãªããããããã»ãã®çšæ³ãæãããŠåœ¢å®¹è©ãªã®ãå¯è©ãªã®ãã¯ãšãã°ãªã¯èšåããŠããªãã
ããšãã°ãšãã°ãªã®äŸæ
We both went. ã圌ãã¯äºäººãšãè¡ã£ããâ»ãšãã°ãª
ãæãããŠä»£åè©ãªã®ãå¯è©ãªã®ããåºå¥ã¯é£ããã ããã
éãã£ãŒãã¯ãbothã®ä»£åè©ãŸãã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã®äŸãšããŠ
They are both mine. ããããã¯2ã€ãšãç§ã®ã§ãã
ãšäŸæãããããæãããŠäžèšã®äŸæã代åè©ãªã®ã圢容è©ãªã®ãã¯èšåãé¿ããŠããã
both ã®åŠå®ã® not ~ both ã¯ææ³çã«ã¯éšååŠå®ã衚ããšãããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã€ã€ã«)ãå®éã«ã¯ both ããã¡ããåŠå®è¡šçŸãã®ãã®ãé¿ãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
bothã®åŠå®ã¯å
šäœåŠå®ãšãè§£éãããå Žåãããã®ã§ãé¿ããã¹ãã§ãããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
bothãçšããªãèšãæããšããŠãã1ã€ã ããã®å Žåã«ã¯ only ãªã©ãçšããŠèšãæããã2ã€ãšã~ãªããã®å Žå㯠neitherã not~either ãçšããŠæç¢ºã«è¡šçŸããã®ãæãŸãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãªããneitherã¯2ã€ã®ãã®ã«ãã䜿ããªãã3ã€ä»¥äžã®ãã®ãã~ãªãããšèšãããå Žåã¯(neitherã§ã¯ãªã) none ã䜿ãããšã«ãªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãªã¯ãbothã®åŠå®ã«ã€ããŠã¯èšåãé¿ããŠããã | [
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"text": "ãã¡ããããã代åè©ã§ããããããããã以å€ã«ãå€ãã®ä»£åè©ãããã",
"title": ""
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"text": "ããšãã° the same (ãåããã®ãã®æå³)ã代åè©ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããªããªããthe same ã¯ããªã«ãå
·äœçãªåè©ãèšã代ãããšããŠäœ¿ãããã®ã ãããthe same ãç«æŽŸãªä»£åè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ã代åè©ã¯å¥ã«äžèªã§ãªããŠãæ§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã圢容è©çã« the same ã®çŽåŸã«ã€ã¥ããŠåè©ãæ¥ãå Žåãããããthe same ~ as ã»ã»ã»(åè©ãŸãã¯ä»£åè©)ãã§ããã»ã»ã»ãšåã ~ãã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¡ãã®æ§æã§ã¯ the same ã¯ä»£åè©ãšããããã圢容è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ã ããåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ã¯éœåäžã代åè©ã®ç« ã§ãã£ããã«the same ~ as ã®æ§æãæããŠããã®ãéäŸã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãããäŸæã¯ãããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the same ~ as yours ã§ãããªãã®ãšåã~ãã®æå³(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the same shoes as yours ãªããããªãã®ãšåãéŽãã ã(ãšããŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the same computer as yours ãªããããªãã®ãšåãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã§ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãæ
£çšçã«ãç¯ãç¶ãå Žå㯠as ã§ã¯ãªã that ã®å Žåãå€ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the same man that I saw yesterday ã§ãæšæ¥èŠãããã®ãšåãç·ã®äººãã®æå³ã ã(ãšããŒã®åèš³ãå°ãæ¹é )ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the same song that I heard yesterday ã§ãæšæ¥èããã®ãšåãæ²ãã®æå³(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãthe same ~ that ã»ã»ã»(ç¯)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããç¯ãç¶ãå Žåã§ããã¹ã€ã« as ã䜿ã£ãŠãããŸãããã€ãŸãã the same ~ as ã»ã»ã»(ç¯)ããšããŠãããã¬ã€ã§ã¯ãªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "those who ~ ã§ã~ãªäººã
ãã®æå³ã®ä»£åè©ã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãããã those who wish to smoke ã§ããã°ããåžããã人ã
ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "such ã¯ä»£åè©ãšããŠããã®ãããªãã®ãããã®ãããªäººããšããŠæ±ãããå Žåãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is an adult now, and should be treated as such. ã圌ã¯ãã倧人ãªã®ã ããããã®ããã«æ±ãã¹ãã ãã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is mere child, and should be treated as such. ã圌ã¯ãŸã ã»ãã®åäŸã ãããåäŸãšããŠæ±ã£ãŠããã¹ãã ãã â»éãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã« such ã¯ãã as such ãªã©ãšããŠäœ¿ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "some ã«ã any ã«ããããã€ãã®ããšããæå³ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããåèæžã§ã¯ãã some ã¯è¯å®æã§äœ¿ããanyã¯çåæã»åŠå®æã§äœ¿ãããªã©ãšç¿ã(éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããããanyã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ã¯ãã©ãã§ããã®æå³ã§ãããany ã®ãããã€ãã®ãã®æå³ã¯ããã©ãã§ããã®æŽŸçã ãšæãã»ããè¯ãã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "some ãš any ã®åºå¥ã§æ©ãã å Žåã¯ããã®ãã©ãã§ããã®æå³ãåºæºã«èãããšè¯ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã ããè¯å®æã§ãã£ãŠãããã©ãã§ããã®æå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ã¯ any ã䜿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããããçåæã§ any ã䜿ãå Žåã§ãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹çã«ã¯ãã©ãã§ããã®æå³ãããã®ãå®éãšã®ããšãåŠå®æã® any ãåæ§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã® any ã®åºæ¬çãªæå³ããã©ãã§ããã®èª¬ã«ç«ãŠã°ãããšãã°çèª not ~ any ãåœ¢å®¹è© no ãšåãæå³ã ãšããããšãã not ~ any ã¯ãã©ãã§ãããã®ã§ååšããŠã»ãã(any)ãšããäºã«ã€ããŠããããããæãç«ããªã(not)ã â ã€ãŸãç¡ãããšãããµãã«çè§£ã§ããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããany ã®åŸãã«åŠå®èªã眮ãã®ã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããæ
£çšçãªè¡šçŸãšããŠããããè¶ãªã©ãã³ãŒããŒã®é£²ã¿ç©ãããããéã«ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you like some coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒã¯ãããã§ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you like some more tea? ããè¶ã®ã代ããã¯ãããã§ããã(éãã£ãŒã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«some ã䜿ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããããsome ã¯ãçãã Yes ã§ããããšãæåŸ
ããŠãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®ãã衚çŸãšã®ããšãããããçšæ³ãããããªã®ã§ã人ã«ãã®ãå§ããããã«ã¯ãsome ã§è³ªåããªããšå€±ç€Œã«ãªãã®ã§ãsomeã䜿ãã®ãåœç¶ãšã®ããšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å®éã«ã¯some ã any ããã£ããŠæå³äžç«çãªè¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªãããããããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã®ã§ãsome ãš any ãå®å
šã«äœ¿ãåããã®ã¯é£ããã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãããããªä»£è¡šçãªäºäŸã«ã€ããŠã ããsome ãšanyã䜿ãåããã°ããšããããã¯å¹³æ°ã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "somebody ãš anybody ãªã©ã®äœ¿ãåãããäžèšã® some ãš any ã«æºãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã誰ãã«åºäŒããŸããããšããããå Žåã¯ãsomebody ã䜿ãã¹ãã ãšæ¡åã¯èšã£ãŠããããããããanybodyã ãš ã誰ã§ãããã®ã§ããããã®äººã«äŒããŸããã(åæãã(æ¡å))ãšããå
å®¹ã®æå³äžæã®æç« ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããšãããåãããšããŠãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãã¯èª°ãã«äŒã£ãäºãèšãããå Žåã«ã¯ somebody ã䜿ãã¹ãã ãšèšã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æææ Œã«ã€ããŠã¯ã-body ã -thing ã®æ«å°Ÿã« 's ãã€ããã°ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Everybody's business is nobody's business. ãã¿ãªã®ä»äºã¯èª°ã®ä»äºã§ããªãã(çŽèš³)âãå
±å責任ã¯ç¡è²¬ä»»ã(ããšãã)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» ãå
±å責任ã¯ç¡è²¬ä»»ãã®éšåãããšãããéãã£ãŒãããã³ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ããã® ããšãã ã玹ä»ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is something of musician. ã圌ã¯ã¡ãã£ãšãã鳿¥œå®¶ã ã â»éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "something of a ãå°ãã¯~ã§ãããâ»éãã£ããã¡ãã£ãšãã~ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He thinks he is something. ã圌ã¯èªåãç«æŽŸãªäººã ãšæã£ãŠããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãHe thinks himself somebody. ããªã©ã§ãåãæå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "somebody ãŸã㯠something ã§ãç«æŽŸãªäººãã®æå³(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éã«ãnobody ãŸã㯠nothing ã«ã¯ããšãã«ãããªã人ãã®æå³ããã(éãã£ãŒãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "be something like ãŸã㯠look something like ã§ãå°ã䌌ãŠãããã®æå³(éãã£ããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã¹ãŠã®ããšããæå³ã§ã® every ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ã¯äŸ¿å®çã«ä»£åè©ã®ç« ã§ç޹ä»ãããã圢容è©ãªã®ã§ãevery åç¬ã§ã¯ãã€ãããããå¿
ãçŽåŸã«åè©ãŸãã¯ä»£åè©ããšããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "every ã«ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®ãã®æå³ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ãããã every ãš all ã«ã¯ããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®éããæç¢ºã«ååšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããevery ã®åŸãã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ãªããã°ãªããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "every ã¯ããã®å
šéšãæ§æããäžã€äžã€ã«é¢å¿ãããæèã®å Žåã«çšãããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ãã ãã every ã§åœ¢å®¹ãããåè©ã¯å¿
ãåæ°åœ¢ã§ãªããã°ãªããªãã®ãåœç¶ã§ãã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ã)ããŸããeveryã¯äŸå€ããªãããšã匷調ããŠãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "each ã¯2ã€ä»¥äžãevery ã¯3ã€ä»¥äžã®ãã®ã«ã€ããŠäœ¿çšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããeach ã¯æ¯èŒçã«å°ããåæ°ã®ãã®ã«äœ¿ããeveryã¯æ¯èŒçã«å€§ããæ°ã®ãã®ã«äœ¿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã each ã®äœ¿çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã¯ã¹ã€ã«2åéå®ã§ãªããŠãæ§ããªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "every ãš all ã«ã¯ããããã£ããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®éããããã®ã§ãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯every ã®æšæºçãªåèš³ãããã¹ãŠã®ã以å€ã§ç޹ä»ããåèæžãå€ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãããããããã©ã®~ãããšãã蚳㧠every ã玹ä»ããåèæžããããã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããevery ã«ã¯å¥ã®çšæ³ã§ã~(æ°è©ã®ã€ãåè©)ããšã«ãã®æå³ãããããã®å Žåã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã«ãªãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° every six hours ã§ã6æéããšã«ãã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ã every four years ã§ãå幎ããšã«ãã§ãã(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ããªããªãªã³ããã¯ãå幎ããšã«éããã ãšããæç« ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããäžæ¥ããã«ã㯠every other day ã§ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "each ã¯åŠå®èªãšãšãã«ã¯äœ¿ããªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ãåŠå®ããããå Žåã¯ãnone, neither, no one ãªã©å¥è¡šçŸãçšãã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "eachã«ã¯ã圢容è©ã代åè©ãå¯è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ããã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ãeachã¯æç§æžçã«ã¯åæ°æ±ãã§ããã圢容è©ãšããŠã® each ãåŸãã®åè©ã¯åæ°åœ¢ã§ããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©)ããããå®éã«ã¯æèã«ãã£ãŠã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãã€ããã®å Žåããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãthose who ~ãã§ã~ãã人ã
ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Heaven helps those who help themselves. ã倩ã¯ã¿ãããå©ããè
ãå©ããã(ããšãã) â» éãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "So do I. ãç§ãã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãSo åè©+äž»èªã ããSo äž»èª+åè©ããã§æå³ãéãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãSo åè©+äž»èªãã¯ããäž»èªãã§ããã®æå³ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãSo äž»èª+åè© ã ã¯ãäž»èªã¯ç¢ºãã«ããã ãã®æå³(ã€ã³ã¹ã代åè©ããžãŒãã¢ã¹å¯è©)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸæãåºãã°ãããšãã°",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "So he is. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom is kind. ããã ã¯èŠªåã ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- So he is. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã (=圌ã»ãã ã¯èŠªåã )ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- So is John. ããžã§ã³ãããã§ãã(=ãã ã ãã§ãªããžã§ã³ã芪åã§ãã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªéããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom can French well. ããã ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹èªãäžæã«è©±ããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- So he can. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "- So can John. ããžã§ã³ããã©ã³ã¹èªãäžæã§ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â» éãã£ã«canã§äŒŒãäŸæ",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè©+å垰代åè© ã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã«ã¯ãåèæžã§ããèŠããããã®ãšããŠã¯ã次ã®ãããªãã®ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "introduce oneself ãèªå·±ç޹ä»ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "behave oneself ãè¡åããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hurt oneself ããããããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "kill oneself ãèªæ®ºããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "control oneself ãèªå¶ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "apply oneself to ~ ã~ã«å°å¿µãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "devote oneself to ~ ã~ã«å°å¿µãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "enjoy oneself ãæ¥œãããâ»ãžãŒãããšãã°ãª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ããæ±ºãŸãæå¥ãšããŠã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "make oneself at home ããã€ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããšãã°ãª",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Please make yourself at home. ãã©ããæ¥œã«ããŠãã ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "help yourself to ~ãé æ
®ããèªç±ã«æã«ãšã£ãŠããã ããã(æè©ãæç©ãªã©ãšãã£ãé£åãªã©ããèªç±ã«ãé£ã¹ãã ããããªã©ã®æèã§äœ¿ããã)ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ããâ» toã¯å眮è©ãªã®ã§ãã~ãã®éšåã¯åè©ãããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Help yourself to the cake. ãã±ãŒããèªç±ã«ããšããã ããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "by oneself ã1人ã§ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The door opened by itself. ããã¢ãã²ãšãã§ã«éããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "for oneself ãèªåã§ããŸãã¯ãèªåã®ããã«ã â»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ãéãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "in oneself ãããèªäœã¯ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒããžãŒãã¢",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Television in itself is not harmful. ããã¬ãã¯ããèªäœã¯æå®³ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Television is not bad in itself.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãããªäŸæãå€ã(ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "make oneself understood ãèšãããããšãåãã£ãŠããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "say to oneself ãå¿ã®äžã§(ã²ããã«)æããâ»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "take care of yourself ã(å¥åº·ãªã©ã)ãã ããã«ã â»éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "beside oneself ãæãå¿ããŠãâ»éãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžå®ä»£åè©ãšã¯ãäžç¹å®ã®äººããã®ãªã©ãæã代åè©ã§ããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¬ã«ãone, another, other ãªã©ãäžå®ä»£åè©ãšããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ some ã any ãäžå®ä»£åè©ã«å«ããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one. ããããæšæ¥ããªãããŠããŸã£ããæ°ããã®ãè²·ããªããã°ãªããªããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã«ããã one ããäžå®ä»£åè©ã§ããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åã«åºãåè©ãšåãçš®é¡ã®ãã®ã§ãããäžç¹å®ã®ãã®ã人ãæãå Žåã«ãäžå®ä»£åè©ã䜿ããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããäžèšã®ã«ãµã®æã§ one ã§ã¯ãªã it ã«ãããšããªãããã«ãµãã®ãã®ãè²·ãæ»ãããšã«ãªããæå³ãéã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "this one ã that one ãªã©åœ¢å®¹è©ããšããªãããšããããããã a one (Ã)ãšã¯èšããªã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žå㯠ones ãŸã㯠some ã«ãªãããonesã®å Žåã«ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãªã©ã®ä¿®é£Ÿèªå¥ãå¿
èŠ(ãžãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã圢容è©ãªã©ããšããªããªãå Žå㯠some ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æææ Œã®çŽåŸã«ã¯ one ã¯äœ¿ããªããããã圢容è©ãªã©ãã¯ããã°äœ¿ãã(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom's one (Ã)ã¯ãã¡ãããã Tom's new one ã¯å¯èœã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "my one (Ã)ã¯ãã¡ãããã my new one ã¯å¯èœã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "one ã¯äžå¯ç®åè©ã¯åããããªãã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Tom likes red wine. Bob likes white (wine). ããã ã¯èµ€ã¯ã€ã³ãããã ãããã¯çœã¯ã€ã³ã奜ãã ãã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãäžå¯ç®åè© wine ããã®ãŸãŸç¹°ãè¿ããããããã¯ãã®åè©ãäºåºŠç®ã¯çç¥ãã(éãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "another ãš other ã¯ãããã代åè©ãšããŠã圢容è©ãšããŠã䜿ããã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "another 㯠an + otherããåºæ¥ãèªã§ãanother ã«ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãå è©ãã€ãããè€æ°åœ¢ãç¡ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã»ãã®äžç¹å®ã®ãã¡ã®äžã€ãã瀺ãã®ã« another ã䜿ãããåèš³ã¯åã«ãããäžã€ããããã1人ããšçãå Žåããã(ãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹)ããäžç¹å®ã®ãã¡ã®è€æ°ããªã others ã«ãªãã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "another ã®ä»£åè©ãšããŠã®äŸæã¯ãããšãã°",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "I don't like this shirt. Could you show me another? ããã®ã·ã£ãã¯æ°ã«å
¥ããªããã»ãã®ãèŠããŠãããŸãããããâ»ãšãã°ãª",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŸåéšã¯ Please show me another. ã§ãå¯(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This cup is small. Show me another. ããã®é²æ¢ã¯å°ãããããã»ãã®ãèŠããŠãã ãããâ» éãã£ãŒãããªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã ãš sweater ã»ãŒã¿ãŒã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "another ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠã®äŸæã¯ãããšãã°",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Would you like another cup of coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒãããäžæ¯ãããã§ããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "How about another cup of coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒãããäžæ¯ãããã§ããããâ»éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the other ã¯æ®éãã2ã€ãããã¡ã®æ®ã1ã€ãã®æå³ã§äœ¿ã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "one is ~, the other is ã»ã»ã». ã(2ã€ãããã¡ã®)ã²ãšã€ã¯~ã§ãããæ®ãäžã€ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããã ã â+â ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "3ã€ä»¥äžã®å Žåãæ®ãã«ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã®ãthe othersãã䜿ãã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "one is ~, the others is ã»ã»ã». ã(3ã€ãããã¡ã®)ã²ãšã€ã¯~ã§ãããæ®ããã¹ãŠã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããã ã â+âââ ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "one ã ãšäžã€ã®ãã®ãããããªãã®ã§ãã(4ã€ä»¥äžãããã®ã®ãã¡ã®)ããã€ãã¯~ã§ãããæ®ããã¹ãŠã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããããšããããå Žåãone ã®ä»£ããã« some ã䜿ã£ãŠ",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "some is ~, the others is ã»ã»ã». ã âââ+âââââã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãªãã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the ãªãã§åã« other ãšèšã£ãå Žåãæå³ãå€ããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "some is ~,other isã»ã»ã». ã~ãªãã®ãããã°ãã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ãããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããæ§æãããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "some likes dog, other likes cat. ãã€ãã奜ããªäººãããã°ããã³ã奜ããªäººãããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "like ã®ä»£ããã«prefer ã§ãããããšãã°ãªãlikeããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã preferããŸããåŸåã®likeãprefer ã¯çç¥ãå¯èœ(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "each other ã¯ããäºãã«ããšããæå³ã®ä»£åè©ã§ãããå¯è©ã§ã¯ãªããåèš³ã®ãã«ãã«ã€ãããŠå¯è©ããšèª€è§£ããªãããã«ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããã each other ã¯ä»£åè©ãªã®ã§ãããšãã°èªåè© talk (話ã)ã䜿ãå Žåã¯äžèšã®ããã«å眮è©ãå¿
èŠ(ãšãã°ãªãéãã£)ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They talked with each other. ã圌ãã¯ãäºãã«è©±ãåã£ããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ§ãone another ã ããäºãã«ããšããæå³ã®ä»£åè©ãªã®ã§ãèªåè©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãå Žåã¯å眮è©ãå¿
èŠã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããä»åè©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãå Žåã¯ãå眮è©ã¯äžèŠã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã° love ãæãããã¯ä»åè©ãªã®ã§ã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They love each other. ã圌ãã¯ãäºãã«æãåã£ãŠããããâ» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«èšããã",
"title": "äžå®ä»£åè©"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "one after another ãæ¬¡ã
ãšã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "A is one thing, and B (is) another. ãAãšBã¯å¥ç©ã ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "To know is one thing, and to teach is another. ãç¥ã£ãŠããããšãšæããããšã¯å¥ç©ã ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ âãåèã§ãæããã®ãäžæãªäººããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "on (the) one hand ~, on the other (hand) ã»ã»ã» ãäžæ¹ã§ã¯~ã仿¹ã§ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååã® the ã®çç¥ã¯ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšéãã£ã«ãããåŸåã® the ã®çç¥ã¯ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšãã€ã€ã«ã«ããã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "among others / among other things ããšãããã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 164,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He like mathematics among other things. ã圌ã¯ãšãããæ°åŠã奜ãã§ãã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 165,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯ãã¹ããŒã奜ãã§ãããé§æŽèœããªããŸãã髿 ¡çã«ã¯èŠããããã®ã ããã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 166,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã°ãªããã³ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒã«ã¯äœæ
ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã®åå
ãç¡ããããããå
¥è©Šã«ã¯åºé¡ãããããã®ã宿
ã§ããã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 167,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 168,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the one ~ the other ã»ã»ã» ãåè
ã¯~ãåŸè
ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 169,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãã衚çŸãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 170,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããåãæå³ã®èšãæã衚çŸã®",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 171,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the former ~ the latter ã»ã»ã» ãåè
ã¯~ãåŸè
ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 172,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãçšããã»ããç¡é£ã§ããã(ãã€ã€ã«)ã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 173,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã¯ãã®åè
ãåŸè
ã®äžå®ä»£åè©ã®çèªã玹ä»ããŠããªãã",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 174,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ
£çšè¡šçŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 175,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all ãåæ°åœ¢ãè€æ°åœ¢ãã¯ãæèãä»ãåèªã«ããã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 176,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人ãããã¹ãŠããå
šå¡ãã®å Žåã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãã€ããã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 177,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãäºãã«ã€ããŠèšãå Žåãåæ°åœ¢æ±ãã®å Žåãå€ãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 178,
"tag": "p",
"text": "All is well that ends well. ãçµãããããã°å
šãŠããã(ããšãã)â»ãã€ã€ã«ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 179,
"tag": "p",
"text": "All is lost. ãäžäºäŒããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 180,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 181,
"tag": "p",
"text": "That is all I can do. ãç§ã¯åºæ¥ãã®ã¯ããã ãã§ããâ» éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 182,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã« all ã§ãã ãããæå³ããçšæ³ãããããã®å Žåãåæ°åœ¢(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 183,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 184,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all of us are happy. ãç§ãã¡ã¯ã¿ãªãããããã§ãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 185,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã« all of ~ ã§ã~å
šå¡ãã®æå³ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 186,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããall ã®ããšã«äººç§°ä»£åè©ã®ç®çæ Œãããå Žå㯠of ãçç¥ã§ããªãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 187,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸã all us (Ã)ã¯ãã¡ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 188,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 189,
"tag": "p",
"text": "代åè© all ã ãã§ãªãåœ¢å®¹è© all ãããã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 190,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœ¢å®¹è© all ã®äŸãšããŠã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 191,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all children ãšãã£ãå Žåãäžéã®åäŸãã¡äžè¬ã®ããšã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 192,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all the children ãšãã£ãå Žåãç¹å®ã®æèã«ãããåäŸã®éå£ã®ããšã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 193,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããallã䜿ã£ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãšãã€ã€ã«ã ãã玹ä»ããŠãããäžèšã«ç޹ä»ããã®ã¯ä»£åè©ãšããŠã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®åŒ±ãæ
£çšè¡šçŸã§ãããæ£çŽããã®åå
ã§ã®éèŠåºŠã¯äœããã ãããå
¥è©Šã¯åå
å¥ã«ã¯åºãªãã®ã§ãèŠãããããªãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 194,
"tag": "p",
"text": "after all ãçµå±ãããã¯ãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 195,
"tag": "p",
"text": "above all ãäœããããŸãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 196,
"tag": "p",
"text": "with all ã~ãããã®ã«ãããããã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 197,
"tag": "p",
"text": "not at all ãå
šç¶ãªãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 198,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äž4ã€ããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã玹ä»ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 199,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ãã«ããã€ã€ã«ã®ç޹ä»ãã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 200,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all at once ãçªç¶ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 201,
"tag": "p",
"text": "all but ãã»ãšãã©ã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 202,
"tag": "p",
"text": "at all ããã£ããã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 203,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãšã¯å¥ã«)èš10åããã",
"title": "all"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 204,
"tag": "p",
"text": "both ã¯ã2人ã2ã€ã®ãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãäž¡æ¹ãšããã®æå³ã§ãã(ãšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 205,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèš³ã§ã¯åã«ã2人ãšããã2ã€ãšãããšèšãå Žåãããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãã(ã2人ãšããã2ã€ãšãã)ã倧å
ã®æå³ãšããŠç޹ä»ããŠãããã®ããã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 206,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããbothã¯è€æ°åœ¢ãã€ãã(ãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 207,
"tag": "p",
"text": "both ã«ã¯ã代åè©ãšåœ¢å®¹è©ããããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 208,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Both of them are students of this school. ã圌ãã¯2人ãšããã®åŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã§ããã (代åè©)",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 209,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é£ããã®ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 210,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Both the sisters are students of this school. ãå§åйã¯2人ãšããã®åŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã§ãã(圢容è©)",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 211,
"tag": "p",
"text": "圢容è©ãšã¯èšããã®ã®ãããã the both sisters (Ã)ã®èªé ã¯ãã¡ã§ããããã®ããã«åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠã® both ã¯ãéåžžã圢容è©ãšã¯çšæ³ãéãã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 212,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã圢容è©ãã®Bothã§ã¯ãtheã¯çç¥å¯èœ(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 213,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã®ã§ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 214,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Both sisters are students of this school. ãå§åйã¯2人ãšããã®åŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã§ãã(圢容è©)",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 215,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãèšããã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 216,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãbothã®åè©ã®ããããåé¡ãé¿ããã®ããã(ãšãã°ãªãªã©)ããã¡ããããšãã°ãªã§ã代åè©ã®åå
ã«ããããå°ãªããšã both ã«ä»£åè©ã®çšæ³ãããããšã«ãªããããããã»ãã®çšæ³ãæãããŠåœ¢å®¹è©ãªã®ãå¯è©ãªã®ãã¯ãšãã°ãªã¯èšåããŠããªãã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 217,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ãšãã°ãªã®äŸæ",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 218,
"tag": "p",
"text": "We both went. ã圌ãã¯äºäººãšãè¡ã£ããâ»ãšãã°ãª",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 219,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæãããŠä»£åè©ãªã®ãå¯è©ãªã®ããåºå¥ã¯é£ããã ããã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 220,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãã¯ãbothã®ä»£åè©ãŸãã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã®äŸãšããŠ",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 221,
"tag": "p",
"text": "They are both mine. ããããã¯2ã€ãšãç§ã®ã§ãã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 222,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšäŸæãããããæãããŠäžèšã®äŸæã代åè©ãªã®ã圢容è©ãªã®ãã¯èšåãé¿ããŠããã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 223,
"tag": "p",
"text": "both ã®åŠå®ã® not ~ both ã¯ææ³çã«ã¯éšååŠå®ã衚ããšãããã(æ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããã€ã€ã«)ãå®éã«ã¯ both ããã¡ããåŠå®è¡šçŸãã®ãã®ãé¿ãããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 224,
"tag": "p",
"text": "bothã®åŠå®ã¯å
šäœåŠå®ãšãè§£éãããå Žåãããã®ã§ãé¿ããã¹ãã§ãããšããã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 225,
"tag": "p",
"text": "bothãçšããªãèšãæããšããŠãã1ã€ã ããã®å Žåã«ã¯ only ãªã©ãçšããŠèšãæããã2ã€ãšã~ãªããã®å Žå㯠neitherã not~either ãçšããŠæç¢ºã«è¡šçŸããã®ãæãŸãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 226,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããneitherã¯2ã€ã®ãã®ã«ãã䜿ããªãã3ã€ä»¥äžã®ãã®ãã~ãªãããšèšãããå Žåã¯(neitherã§ã¯ãªã) none ã䜿ãããšã«ãªã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ãã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "both"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 227,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãªã¯ãbothã®åŠå®ã«ã€ããŠã¯èšåãé¿ããŠããã",
"title": "both"
}
]
| null | === 代åè© ===
==== æªåé¡ ====
äžåŠæ ¡ã§ã¯ã代åè©ããšããŠã he ã she ã we ãªã©ãåºæ¬çãªä»£åè©ãç¿ãã
ãã¡ããããã代åè©ã§ããããããããã以å€ã«ãå€ãã®ä»£åè©ãããã
ããšãã° the same ïŒãåããã®ãã®æå³ïŒã代åè©ã§ããïŒéãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããªããªããthe same ã¯ããªã«ãå
·äœçãªåè©ãèšã代ãããšããŠäœ¿ãããã®ã ãããthe same ãç«æŽŸãªä»£åè©ã§ããã
ãã®ããã«ã代åè©ã¯å¥ã«äžèªã§ãªããŠãæ§ããªãã
ãªãã圢容è©çã« the same ã®çŽåŸã«ã€ã¥ããŠåè©ãæ¥ãå Žåãããããthe same ïœ as ã»ã»ã»ïŒåè©ãŸãã¯ä»£åè©ïŒãã§ããã»ã»ã»ãšåã ïœãã®æå³ã
ãã¡ãã®æ§æã§ã¯ the same ã¯ä»£åè©ãšããããã圢容è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ã ããåžè²©ã®åèæžã§ã¯éœåäžã代åè©ã®ç« ã§ãã£ããã«the same ïœ as ã®æ§æãæããŠããã®ãéäŸã§ããã
ãšãããäŸæã¯ãããšãã°
the same ïœ as yours ã§ãããªãã®ãšåãïœãã®æå³ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ïŒã
the same shoes as yours ãªããããªãã®ãšåãéŽãã ãïŒãšããŒïŒã
the same computer as yours ãªããããªãã®ãšåãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
äžæ¹ãæ
£çšçã«ãç¯ãç¶ãå Žå㯠as ã§ã¯ãªã that ã®å Žåãå€ã
the same man that I saw yesterday ã§ãæšæ¥èŠãããã®ãšåãç·ã®äººãã®æå³ã ãïŒãšããŒã®åèš³ãå°ãæ¹é ïŒã
the same song that I heard yesterday ã§ãæšæ¥èããã®ãšåãæ²ãã®æå³ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ã®ããã«ã
ãthe same ïœ that ã»ã»ã»ïŒç¯ïŒã
ãšããã®ãããã
ãã ããç¯ãç¶ãå Žåã§ããã¹ã€ã« as ã䜿ã£ãŠãããŸãããã€ãŸãã the same ïœ as ã»ã»ã»ïŒç¯ïŒããšããŠãããã¬ã€ã§ã¯ãªãïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒïŒã
those who ïœ ã§ãïœãªäººã
ãã®æå³ã®ä»£åè©ã§ããã
ããšãã°ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³ãããã those who wish to smoke ã§ããã°ããåžããã人ã
ãã§ããã
such ã¯ä»£åè©ãšããŠããã®ãããªãã®ãããã®ãããªäººããšããŠæ±ãããå Žåãããã
ããšãã°
He is an adult now, and should be treated as such. ã圌ã¯ãã倧人ãªã®ã ããããã®ããã«æ±ãã¹ãã ãããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
He is mere child, and should be treated as such. ã圌ã¯ãŸã ã»ãã®åäŸã ãããåäŸãšããŠæ±ã£ãŠããã¹ãã ãããâ»éãã£ãŒã
ã®ããã« such ã¯ãã as such ãªã©ãšããŠäœ¿ãããã
==== some ãš any ====
{| class="wikitable" style="left"
|+ è€åäžå®ä»£åè©
! ã !! some- !! any- !! no- !! every-
|-
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| ãsomeone <br>ãsomebody<br>ïŒã ããïŒ || ãanyone <br>ãanybody<br>ïŒã ãããã ãã§ãïŒ || no one ïŒâ» é¢ããŠæžãïŒ<br>ãnobody<br>ïŒã ããïœãªãïŒ || ãeveryone<br>ãeverybody<br>ïŒã ãã§ãïŒ
|-
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|-
|}
some ã«ã any ã«ããããã€ãã®ããšããæå³ãããã
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ã ããè¯å®æã§ãã£ãŠãããã©ãã§ããã®æå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ã¯ any ã䜿ãã
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ãªããany ã®åŸãã«åŠå®èªã眮ãã®ã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒãïŒã
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Would you like some coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒã¯ãããã§ãããïŒæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãïŒ
Would you like some more tea? ããè¶ã®ã代ããã¯ãããã§ãããïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒ
ã®ããã«some ã䜿ãã
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He is something of musician. ã圌ã¯ã¡ãã£ãšãã鳿¥œå®¶ã ããâ»éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã€ã€ã«
something of a ãå°ãã¯ïœã§ãããâ»éãã£ããã¡ãã£ãšããïœãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã
He thinks he is something. ã圌ã¯èªåãç«æŽŸãªäººã ãšæã£ãŠããã
ãHe thinks himself somebody. ããªã©ã§ãåãæå³ã
somebody ãŸã㯠something ã§ãç«æŽŸãªäººãã®æå³ïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
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be something like ãŸã㯠look something like ã§ãå°ã䌌ãŠãããã®æå³ïŒéãã£ããã€ã€ã«ïŒã
==== every ãšall ã®éã ====
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each ã¯åŠå®èªãšãšãã«ã¯äœ¿ããªãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒãåŠå®ããããå Žåã¯ãnone, neither, no one ãªã©å¥è¡šçŸãçšããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
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==== ãã®ä» ====
ãthose who ïœãã§ãïœãã人ã
ã
Heaven helps those who help themselves. ã倩ã¯ã¿ãããå©ããè
ãå©ãããïŒããšããïŒãâ» éãã£ãŒã
So do I. ãç§ãã§ããã
ãSo åè©ïŒäž»èªã ããSo äž»èªïŒåè©ããã§æå³ãéãã
ãSo åè©ïŒäž»èªãã¯ããäž»èªãã§ããã®æå³ã
ãSo äž»èªïŒåè© ã ã¯ãäž»èªã¯ç¢ºãã«ããã ãã®æå³ïŒã€ã³ã¹ã代åè©ããžãŒãã¢ã¹å¯è©ïŒã
äŸæãåºãã°ãããšãã°
So he is. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ã
Tom is kind. ããã ã¯èŠªåã ãã
- So he is. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ïŒïŒåœŒã»ãã ã¯èŠªåã ïŒãã
- So is John. ããžã§ã³ãããã§ããïŒïŒãã ã ãã§ãªããžã§ã³ã芪åã§ããïŒã
ã®ãããªéããããã
Tom can French well. ããã ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹èªãäžæã«è©±ããŸãã
- So he can. ã確ãã«åœŒã¯ããã ã
- So can John. ããžã§ã³ããã©ã³ã¹èªãäžæã§ããã
â» éãã£ã«canã§äŒŒãäŸæ
==== å垰代åè© ====
åè©ïŒå垰代åè©ãã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸã«ã¯ãåèæžã§ããèŠããããã®ãšããŠã¯ã次ã®ãããªãã®ãããã
introduce oneself ãèªå·±ç޹ä»ãããã
behave oneself ãè¡åããããã
hurt oneself ããããããã
kill oneself ãèªæ®ºããã
control oneself ãèªå¶ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹
apply oneself to ïœ ãïœã«å°å¿µãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ã
devote oneself to ïœ ãïœã«å°å¿µãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ã
enjoy oneself ãæ¥œãããâ»ãžãŒãããšãã°ãª
ã»ããæ±ºãŸãæå¥ãšããŠã
make oneself at home ããã€ãããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããæ¡åãã¡ã¯ãããšãã°ãª
Please make yourself at home. ãã©ããæ¥œã«ããŠãã ãããã
help yourself to ïœãé æ
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Help yourself to the cake. ãã±ãŒããèªç±ã«ããšããã ããã
by oneself ãïŒäººã§ã
The door opened by itself. ããã¢ãã²ãšãã§ã«éããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒã
for oneself ãèªåã§ããŸãã¯ãèªåã®ããã«ããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ãéãã£ãŒã
in oneself ãããèªäœã¯ãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒããžãŒãã¢
Television in itself is not harmful. ããã¬ãã¯ããèªäœã¯æå®³ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã
ãšã
Television is not bad in itself.
ã®ãããªäŸæãå€ãïŒã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ãŒãïŒã
make oneself understood ãèšãããããšãåãã£ãŠããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡åãã¡ã¯ã
say to oneself ãå¿ã®äžã§ïŒã²ããã«ïŒæããâ»ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãéãã£ãŒã
take care of yourself ãïŒå¥åº·ãªã©ãïŒãã ããã«ããâ»éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯
beside oneself ãæãå¿ããŠãâ»éãã€ã³ã¹ã
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äžå®ä»£åè©ãšã¯ãäžç¹å®ã®äººããã®ãªã©ãæã代åè©ã§ããã
äžè¬ã«ãone, another, other ãªã©ãäžå®ä»£åè©ãšããããåèæžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ some ã any ãäžå®ä»£åè©ã«å«ããå ŽåãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
=== one ===
I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one. ããããæšæ¥ããªãããŠããŸã£ããæ°ããã®ãè²·ããªããã°ãªããªããã
ã«ããã one ããäžå®ä»£åè©ã§ããã
åã«åºãåè©ãšåãçš®é¡ã®ãã®ã§ãããäžç¹å®ã®ãã®ã人ãæãå Žåã«ãäžå®ä»£åè©ã䜿ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ããäžèšã®ã«ãµã®æã§ one ã§ã¯ãªã it ã«ãããšããªãããã«ãµãã®ãã®ãè²·ãæ»ãããšã«ãªããæå³ãéã£ãŠããŸãã
this one ã that one ãªã©åœ¢å®¹è©ããšããªãããšããããããã a one ïŒÃïŒãšã¯èšããªãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãªïŒã
è€æ°åœ¢ã®å Žå㯠ones ãŸã㯠some ã«ãªãããonesã®å Žåã«ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãªã©ã®ä¿®é£Ÿèªå¥ãå¿
èŠ(ãžãŒããã€ã³ã¹ã)ã圢容è©ãªã©ããšããªããªãå Žå㯠some ã«ãªãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
æææ Œã®çŽåŸã«ã¯ one ã¯äœ¿ããªããããã圢容è©ãªã©ãã¯ããã°äœ¿ããïŒãšãã°ãªãã€ã³ã¹ããéãã£ïŒã
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Tom's one ïŒÃïŒã¯ãã¡ãããã Tom's new one ã¯å¯èœã
åæ§ã
my one ïŒÃïŒã¯ãã¡ãããã my new one ã¯å¯èœã
one ã¯äžå¯ç®åè©ã¯åããããªãã
Tom likes red wine. Bob likes white (wine). ããã ã¯èµ€ã¯ã€ã³ãããã ãããã¯çœã¯ã€ã³ã奜ãã ãã
ã®ããã«ãäžå¯ç®åè© wine ããã®ãŸãŸç¹°ãè¿ããããããã¯ãã®åè©ãäºåºŠç®ã¯çç¥ããïŒéãã£ãŒããã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
=== another/ other ===
another ãš other ã¯ãããã代åè©ãšããŠã圢容è©ãšããŠã䜿ãããïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
another 㯠an ïŒ otherããåºæ¥ãèªã§ãanother ã«ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãå è©ãã€ãããè€æ°åœ¢ãç¡ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãéãã£ãŒãïŒã
ãã»ãã®äžç¹å®ã®ãã¡ã®äžã€ãã瀺ãã®ã« another ã䜿ãããåèš³ã¯åã«ãããäžã€ãããããïŒäººããšçãå ŽåãããïŒãšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããäžç¹å®ã®ãã¡ã®è€æ°ããªã others ã«ãªãã
another ã®ä»£åè©ãšããŠã®äŸæã¯ãããšãã°
I don't like this shirt. Could you show me another? ããã®ã·ã£ãã¯æ°ã«å
¥ããªããã»ãã®ãèŠããŠãããŸãããããâ»ãšãã°ãª
åŸåéšã¯ Please show me another. ã§ãå¯ïŒã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ïŒã
This cup is small. Show me another. ããã®é²æ¢ã¯å°ãããããã»ãã®ãèŠããŠãã ãããâ» éãã£ãŒãããªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã ãš sweater ã»ãŒã¿ãŒã
another ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠã®äŸæã¯ãããšãã°
Would you like another cup of coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒãããäžæ¯ãããã§ããããâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
How about another cup of coffee? ãã³ãŒããŒãããäžæ¯ãããã§ããããâ»éãã£ãŒã
=== one ïœthe other ãªã© ===
the other ã¯æ®éãã2ã€ãããã¡ã®æ®ãïŒã€ãã®æå³ã§äœ¿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
one is ïœ, the other is ã»ã»ã». ãïŒïŒã€ãããã¡ã®ïŒã²ãšã€ã¯ïœã§ãããæ®ãäžã€ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããã ã âïŒâ ã
3ã€ä»¥äžã®å Žåãæ®ãã«ã¯è€æ°åœ¢ã®ãthe othersãã䜿ãã
one is ïœ, the others is ã»ã»ã». ãïŒïŒã€ãããã¡ã®ïŒã²ãšã€ã¯ïœã§ãããæ®ããã¹ãŠã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããã ã âïŒâââ ã
one ã ãšäžã€ã®ãã®ãããããªãã®ã§ããïŒïŒã€ä»¥äžãããã®ã®ãã¡ã®ïŒããã€ãã¯ïœã§ãããæ®ããã¹ãŠã¯ã»ã»ã»ã§ããããšããããå Žåãone ã®ä»£ããã« some ã䜿ã£ãŠ
some is ïœ, the others is ã»ã»ã». ã âââïŒâââââã
ã®ããã«ãªãã
theããªãã§åã« other ãšèšã£ãå Žåãæå³ãå€ããã
some is ïœ,other isã»ã»ã». ãïœãªãã®ãããã°ãã»ã»ã»ãªãã®ãããã
ãšããæ§æãããã
some likes dog, other likes cat. ãã€ãã奜ããªäººãããã°ããã³ã奜ããªäººãããã
like ã®ä»£ããã«prefer ã§ãããããšãã°ãªãlikeããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã preferããŸããåŸåã®likeãprefer ã¯çç¥ãå¯èœïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
=== ããäºãã«ã ===
each other ã¯ããäºãã«ããšããæå³ã®ä»£åè©ã§ãããå¯è©ã§ã¯ãªããåèš³ã®ãã«ãã«ã€ãããŠå¯è©ããšèª€è§£ããªãããã«ã
ãšããã each other ã¯ä»£åè©ãªã®ã§ãããšãã°èªåè© talk ïŒè©±ãïŒã䜿ãå Žåã¯äžèšã®ããã«å眮è©ãå¿
èŠïŒãšãã°ãªãéãã£ïŒã
They talked with each other. ã圌ãã¯ãäºãã«è©±ãåã£ããã
åæ§ãone another ã ããäºãã«ããšããæå³ã®ä»£åè©ãªã®ã§ãèªåè©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãå Žåã¯å眮è©ãå¿
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ãªããä»åè©ãšãšãã«äœ¿ãå Žåã¯ãå眮è©ã¯äžèŠã
ããšãã° love ãæãããã¯ä»åè©ãªã®ã§ã
They love each other. ã圌ãã¯ãäºãã«æãåã£ãŠããããâ» ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
ã®ããã«èšããã
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one after another ãæ¬¡ã
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A is one thing, and B (is) another. ãAãšBã¯å¥ç©ã ã
To know is one thing, and to teach is another. ãç¥ã£ãŠããããšãšæããããšã¯å¥ç©ã ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãâãåèã§ãæããã®ãäžæãªäººããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢
on (the) one hand ïœ, on the other (hand) ã»ã»ã» ãäžæ¹ã§ã¯ïœã仿¹ã§ã¯ã»ã»ã»ã
ååã® the ã®çç¥ã¯ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšéãã£ã«ãããåŸåã® the ã®çç¥ã¯ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšãã€ã€ã«ã«ããã
among others / among other things ããšãããã
He like mathematics among other things. ã圌ã¯ãšãããæ°åŠã奜ãã§ãã
ãªããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ã¯ãã¹ããŒã奜ãã§ãããé§æŽèœããªããŸãã髿 ¡çã«ã¯èŠããããã®ã ããã
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the one ïœ the other ã»ã»ã» ãåè
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| æ°ŽçŽ || H<sub>2</sub> || 432
|-
| é
žçŽ || O<sub>2</sub> || 494
|-
| çªçŽ || N<sub>2</sub> || 942
|-
| ããåæ°ŽçŽ || HF || 566
|-
| å¡©åæ°ŽçŽ || HCl || 428
|-
| èåæ°ŽçŽ || HBr || 362
|-
| ãšãŠåæ°ŽçŽ || HI || 295
|}
* å€ååååã®çæ³æ°äœ
*:<math>U = \frac{3}{2}nRT+nU_\text{m}^\text{rot}(T)+nU_\text{m}^\text{vib}(T)-nE^\text{at}</math>
*:''U''<sub>m</sub><sup>rot</sup>(''T'')ã¯åå1molãããã®å転éåã®ç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ãããå€ååååã®å転éåã®ç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ãCO<sub>2</sub>ã®ãããªçŽç·ååã§ã¯äºååååãšåãã''nRT''ã ããH<sub>2</sub>OãCH<sub>4</sub>ã®ãããªéçŽç·ååã§ã¯''<sup>3</sup>/<sub>2</sub>nRT''ãšãªãã
*:<math>U_\text{m}^\text{rot}(T) = \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
0 & (\rm{He, Ne, Ar,...})\\
RT & (\rm{H_2, HCl, CO_2, HCN,...})\\
\frac{3}{2}RT & (\rm{H_{2}O, NH_3, CH_4, C_{2}H_6,...})
\end{array}
\right.
</math>
*:''U''<sub>m</sub><sup>vib</sup>(''T'')ã¯åå1molãããã®ç±æ¯åã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ãããH<sub>2</sub>Oã®ãããªç¹å¥ãªäŸå€ãé€ããŠãå€ååååã®''U''<sub>m</sub><sup>vib</sup>(''T'')ã¯ç¡èŠã§ããªããæ°äœã®ç±å®¹éãæž©åºŠã«ãã£ãŠå€ããã®ã¯ãäž»ãšããŠãã®é
ã®ããã§ããã''E''<sup>at</sup>ã¯åååãšãã«ã®ãŒãšåŒã°ãã1molã®ååã«å«ãŸããååŠçµåããã¹ãŠåãé¢ãã®ã«å¿
èŠãªãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ããã
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ååã®åååãšãã«ã®ãŒ''E''<sup>at</sup><ref name="binran101201" />
! åå !! åååŒ !! ''E''<sup>at</sup> / kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
|-
| æ°Ž || H<sub>2</sub>O || 918
|-
| ã¢ã³ã¢ã㢠|| NH<sub>3</sub> || 1158
|-
| ã¡ã¿ã³ || CH<sub>4</sub> || 1642
|-
| äºé
žåççŽ || CO<sub>2</sub> || 1052
|}
*æ¶²äœæ°Žé
*:<math>U \fallingdotseq \frac{3}{2}nRT - n(L_\text{m}^\text{vap}-RT)</math>
*:å³èŸºç¬¬1é
ã¯ãåååçæ³æ°äœã®å
éšãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ããã''L''<sub>m</sub><sup>vap</sup>ã¯1molãããã®èžçºæœç±ã§ããã−''RT''ã¯ã1molã®æ°Žéãèžçºãããšãã«å€çãããä»äºã®è¿äŒŒå€ã§ãã<ref group="泚é">èžçºãããšãã®äœç©å€åã¯æ£ (Δ''V'' > 0) ãªã®ã§ãå€çãç³»ã«ããä»äºã¯è² (''W'' = −''p''<sub>ext</sub>Δ''V'' < 0) ã«ãªããæ¶²äœã®äœç©ãèžæ°ã®äœç©ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠç¡èŠã§ãããããå°ãããããã«èžæ°ãçæ³æ°äœãšã¿ãªããå Žåã¯ãΔ''V'' = ''V''(æ°) − ''V''(æ¶²) â ''V''(æ°) â ''<sup>nRT</sup>''/<sub>''p''</sub> ãšè¿äŒŒã§ããã</ref>ãèžçºæœç±ãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã−''n''(''L''<sub>m</sub><sup>vap</sup>−''RT'')ãæ°Žéååéã«åãåŒåã«ããäœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã«çžåœãããæ°Žéã«éãããæ¶²äœéå±ã®å
éšãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ãåãæž©åºŠã®éå±èžæ°ã®å
éšãšãã«ã®ãŒããèžçºæœç±ãåŒããŠ''nRT''ãè¶³ãããã®ã«ã»ãŒçãããã¢ã«ãŽã³ãã¯ãªããã³ããã»ãã³ãªã©ã®æ¯èŒç沞ç¹ãé«ã貎ã¬ã¹ã®æ¶²äœã®å
éšãšãã«ã®ãŒããåãåŒã§è¡šããããããªãŠã ãããªã³ã®ãããªæ²žç¹ã®äœãæ¶²äœã§ã¯ãäœç©å€åã«äŒŽãä»äºã''nRT''ãšããè¿äŒŒãæªããªãã
*æ¶²äœ
*:<math>U \fallingdotseq n{U_\text{m}^\text{g}}^\circ (T) - n(L_\text{m}^\text{vap}-RT)</math>
*:''U''<sub>m</sub><sup>g</sup>°ã¯èžæ°1molãããã®å
éšãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ããã第2é
ãååéåã«ããäœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã«çžåœãããååãããªãæ¶²äœã ãã§ãªããæº¶èå¡©ã®å
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== èæ³š ==
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[[ã«ããŽãª:ç±ååŠ]]
[[ã«ããŽãª:ãšãã«ã®ãŒ]] | 2022-08-29T15:14:43Z | 2024-02-06T05:19:55Z | []
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6/%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC |
35,517 | 髿 ¡è±èªã®ææ³/åœ¢å®¹è© | This is a clean room. ãããã¯ããããªéšå±ã ã
ã®ããã«åè©ã修食ããçšæ³ãéå®çšæ³ãšããã
éå®çšæ³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã®å€ãã¯ãµã€ãã¯åè©ã®åãã修食ããããåè©ã®åŸããã修食ããå Žåã§ãéå®çšæ³ã«å«ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
This room is clean. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãããã ã
ã®ããã«ãäžèªã§beåè©ãåããã®ãåè¿°çšæ³ãšããã
SVCæåã®CããSVOCæåã®Cã«ãªã圢容è©ãåè¿°çšæ³ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã
圢容è©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãéå®çšæ³ãããªããã®ãåè¿°çšæ³ãããªããã®ããããã
an elder sister ãå§ã
the former mayor ãååžé·ãâ» éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±(èŸæž)ã
the latter half ãåŸåéšãâ» éãã£ãŒã
ãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ããã the first half ãååéšã
ãªããelder, former,latter, ã¯åœ¢ã®äžã§ã¯æ¯èŒçŽ(èªå°Ÿã-er)ã§ããããããããã圢容衚çŸã®åœ¢ãæ¯èŒçŽã ãããšãã£ãŠå¿
ãããéå®çšæ³ãããªããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯äžè¿°ã®åèª elder, former,latter, ãéå®çšæ³ãããªãããšãæèšãããããªãã
a wooden house ãæšé å®¶å±ã
ãªãã-en ã§çµãã圢容è©ã¯éå®çšæ³ãå€ã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
a drunken man ãé
ã£æãã
â»åè¿°çšæ³ã®ãé
ã«é
ã£ããã¯drunk ãšããå¥åèª(ã€ã³ã¹ã)
golden ã貎éãªãâ»ãšãã°ãªã«ã¯ã貎éãªããã玹ä»ãããŠãªãããèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãèŠãã°ãéã®ããéè²ã®ãã®æå³ãããã
an only son ã1人æ¯åã
the daily life ãæ¥åžžçæŽ»ã
a mere child ãã»ãã®åäŸã
very ããŸãã«ãã®ãâ»ãšãã°ãª
mainãäž»ãªããäž»èŠãªãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
weekly ãæ¯é±ã®ãã yearly ãæ¯å¹Žã®ããªã©
total ãå
šéšã®ã
rural ãç°èã®ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
ãªã©ã
afraidãæãã£ãŠã
åè¿°çšæ³ã ãã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ã¯ a- 圢ã®ãã®ãå€ãã
alike ãåããã䌌ãŠããã
alive ãçããŠã
alone ãå€ç¬ã§ãã1人ã®ã
ashamed ãæ¥ããŠã
asleep ãç ã£ãŠã
unable ãã§ããªãã
glad ãåãã§ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª
well ãå¥åº·ãªãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª
content ãæºè¶³ããŠãâ»ãšãã°ãªã åè© content ãšã¯å¥ç©
ã€ã³ã¹ããworthã玹ä»ããŠãããããã®åèªã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ããã
aliveãasleepã®a-ã¯ããšããšå€ãè±èªã«ãã£ãå眮è©ã§ãããinãonã«ããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ããã£ãŠãaliveã¯in life(ãŸãã¯on life)ã«æå³ãè¿ãããåæ§ã« asleep 㯠in sleep ã§ããã
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åè¿°çšæ³ã§ãã£ãŠããa child asleep (ç ã£ãŠããåäŸ)ã®ããã«åŸçœ®ã§ä¿®é£Ÿããããšã¯å¯èœ(ãã€ã€ã«)ãããããa child in sleep ã®ãããªãã®ã ãšèããã°åœç¶ã§ãããã
certain éå®ã§ã¯ãããããåè¿°ã§ã¯ã確ãã§ããã
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a certain woman ããã女æ§ã
It is certain that ~ ã~ã¯ç¢ºãã ãâ»éãã£ãŒã
late éå®ãæè¿ã®ããåŸåã®ããåè¿°ãé
ããã
the late news ãææ°ãã¥ãŒã¹ã
the late Mr.Smith ãæ
ã¹ãã¹æ°ãâ»éãã£ãŒã
He was born in the 1970s. ã圌ã¯1970幎代åŸåã«çãŸããã
He was late. ã圌ã¯é
ããã
He was late for school. ã圌ã¯åŠæ ¡ã«é
å»ãããâ»éãã£ãŒã
present éå®ãçŸåšã®ããåè¿°ãåºåžããŠããã
the present king ãçŸåšã®çã
He is present. ã圌ã¯åºåžããŠããã
ãªããpresent ã¯å眮ãåŸçœ®ãã§æå³ãå€ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
the present member ãçŸåšã®ã¡ã³ããŒã
the members present ãåºåžããŠããã¡ã³ããŒã
present ã®åŸçœ®ã¯ the member (who were) present ãšããé¢ä¿è©ãçç¥ããåè¿°çšæ³ãšèããããšãã§ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã
ill éå®ãäžæ©å«ããåè¿°ãç
æ°ã
He is ill. ã圌ã¯ç
æ°ã ã
the present member ãçŸåšã®ã¡ã³ããŒã
the members present ãåºåžããŠããã¡ã³ããŒã
present ã®åŸçœ®ã¯ the member (who were) present ãšããé¢ä¿è©ãçç¥ããåè¿°çšæ³ãšèããããšãã§ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã
çšæ³ãäœãã¯ãšãããã
responsible ã
a responsible person ãä¿¡é Œã§ãã人ã
a person responsible ã責任è
ã
ãšæå³ãå€ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã
a concerned look ãå¿é
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the people concerned ãé¢ä¿è
ã
ãšæå³ãå€ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã
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It is necessary for you to ~ .
ãšãªãã
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essential ãäžå¯æ¬ ã®ã
necessary ãå¿
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possible ãå¯èœãªã
impossible ãäžå¯èœãªã
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convenient ãéœåããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒã
dangerous ãå±éºãªãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
useless ãç¡é§ãªãâ»ãžãŒã
ãªã©ãããã
dangerous ã«ã€ããŠã
It is dangerous for you to ~ ã¯ã~ããã®ã¯å±ãªããã®æå³ã
You are dangerous to ~ ã ãšãããªãã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã
äžå¿ãåèçšã«äžèŠ§è¡šããããŠãããã ããå
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ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããããªãã³ã®å人㯠a Briton ããããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããã a British person ãšã®ããšãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠéãã
Frenchman ã§ãããã©ã³ã¹åœæ°ãã ã(â»ã€ã³ã¹ã)ããããè±èªçãªãžã§ã³ããŒããªã³ã¬ã«ãã a French person ãšããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
åŸåãšããŠã
å€ãã®åœã§ãèšèªåã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãšåãã
ãthe +圢容è©ãã§ããåœæ°å
šäœãã衚ãåœãå€ããããã€ãäŸå€çãªäºäŸãããã(the Americans ã the Germans ã the Italian ãªã©èªå°Ÿã-an ã§çµããã®ã¯)ãã®å ŽåãæåŸã«sãã€ããã ãã
å°ççãªç¥èãšããŠãã«ããã®å
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äžèšã®è¡šã®ãåœåãã¯åºæ¬çã«ãå
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³ããã³åéšã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãé£åçåœ)ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
é·ãããã®ã§ãããBritain ã the U.K. ãªã©ãšç¥ãããããããã¯å¥ã«å
¬åŒåã§ã¯ãªãã
Britain ã¯ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãããŠã§ãŒã«ãºãã¹ã³ããã©ã³ããåã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ããããªããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã¯å°æ¹ã®äžã€ã«ãããªãã
ãã®ãããæ¿æ²»çãªåé¡ãããã®ã§ãæ¿æ²»çãªå Žã§ã¯(England ã§ã¯ãªã) Britain ãŸã㯠the U.K. ãçšããã»ããè¯ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã
ãªããã U.K. ããªã©ç¥èªã«ã€ãèšå·ã.ãã¯ãææ«ã«äœ¿ãããããªãªãã®èšå·ãšåããã®ã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒå·»æ«)ã
ãã¹ãã€ã³ã®äžåœæ°ãã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ a Spaniard ã§ããã
å æžä¹é€
5 + 4 = 9
Five plus four equal(s) nine.
ãŸã㯠Five and four are (ãŸã㯠is ãŸã㯠makes)nine.
8 - 3 = 5
Eight minus three equals five.
ãŸã㯠Three from eight is(ãŸãã¯are ãŸãã¯leves) five.
3Ã8=24
Three times eight is (makes) twenty-four.
ãŸãã¯
Three (multiplied) by eight equals twenty four.
20÷4=5
Twenty divided by four equals(ãŸãã¯is) five.
Four into twenty goes five.
åæ°ã¯ãååãå
ã«åºæ°ã§èªã¿ã忝ãåºæ°ã§èªãã
ãã ã 1/2 㯠a half ãŸã㯠one half, 1/4 㯠a quarter ãŸã㯠one quarter ãšããå°çšã®åŒã³æ¹ãããã
1/4 ãš 3/4 ã¯éäŸ quarter ãçšããŠè¡šãããfourths ãçšããŠãééãã§ã¯ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
å°æ°ç¹ã¯ point ã§ãããå°æ°ç¹ä»¥äžã¯æ°åã1åãã€èªãã
0 㯠zero ã ããããªãŠããšèªãå Žåãããã
23.504 twenty-three point five zero four
0.123 zero point one two three
äžåãã€èªãã°ããã
0794-1192
zero seven nine four, one one nine two
åãæ°åã䞊ãã§ããå Žåãdouble ã䜿ãå Žåãããããã€ã®ãªã¹è±èª(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã€ãŸãã
0794-1192
zero seven nine four, double one nine two
ã»ãã0ãzeroã®ãããã«ããªãŠããšèªãå Žåãããã
1995幎 nineteen ninety-five
2007幎 two thousands (and) seven
ãªããã1980幎代ããšèšãå Žå㯠1980s ã®ããã«sãã€ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã
ã1960幎代ã«ããšèšãå Žåã in the ninety-sixties ã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã
人ã®å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ã㊠ã20æ³ä»£ããšãèšãå Žå㯠in one's twenty ã§ããã人ãã30æ³ä»£ããªã in one's thirties ã§ããã
éé¡
$5.20 five dollars (and) twenty (cents)
£2.30 two pounds, thirty (pence)
\500 hive hundred yen
枩床
35°C thirty-five degrees centigrade (ãŸã㯠Celsius )
ãã®ä»ã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸ
ten to one ãåäžå
«ä¹ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ã
hundreds of ãäœçŸãã®ã
thousands of ãäœåãã®ã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This is a clean room. ãããã¯ããããªéšå±ã ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«åè©ã修食ããçšæ³ãéå®çšæ³ãšããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éå®çšæ³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã®å€ãã¯ãµã€ãã¯åè©ã®åãã修食ããããåè©ã®åŸããã修食ããå Žåã§ãéå®çšæ³ã«å«ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "This room is clean. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãããã ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ããã«ãäžèªã§beåè©ãåããã®ãåè¿°çšæ³ãšããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "SVCæåã®CããSVOCæåã®Cã«ãªã圢容è©ãåè¿°çšæ³ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«-)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "圢容è©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãéå®çšæ³ãããªããã®ãåè¿°çšæ³ãããªããã®ããããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "an elder sister ãå§ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the former mayor ãååžé·ãâ» éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±(èŸæž)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the latter half ãåŸåéšãâ» éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ããã the first half ãååéšã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããelder, former,latter, ã¯åœ¢ã®äžã§ã¯æ¯èŒçŽ(èªå°Ÿã-er)ã§ããããããããã圢容衚çŸã®åœ¢ãæ¯èŒçŽã ãããšãã£ãŠå¿
ãããéå®çšæ³ãããªããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯äžè¿°ã®åèª elder, former,latter, ãéå®çšæ³ãããªãããšãæèšãããããªãã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a wooden house ãæšé å®¶å±ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã-en ã§çµãã圢容è©ã¯éå®çšæ³ãå€ã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a drunken man ãé
ã£æãã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â»åè¿°çšæ³ã®ãé
ã«é
ã£ããã¯drunk ãšããå¥åèª(ã€ã³ã¹ã)",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "golden ã貎éãªãâ»ãšãã°ãªã«ã¯ã貎éãªããã玹ä»ãããŠãªãããèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãèŠãã°ãéã®ããéè²ã®ãã®æå³ãããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "an only son ã1人æ¯åã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the daily life ãæ¥åžžçæŽ»ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a mere child ãã»ãã®åäŸã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "very ããŸãã«ãã®ãâ»ãšãã°ãª",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "mainãäž»ãªããäž»èŠãªãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "weekly ãæ¯é±ã®ãã yearly ãæ¯å¹Žã®ããªã©",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "total ãå
šéšã®ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "rural ãç°èã®ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "afraidãæãã£ãŠã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè¿°çšæ³ã ãã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ã¯ a- 圢ã®ãã®ãå€ãã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "alike ãåããã䌌ãŠããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "alive ãçããŠã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "alone ãå€ç¬ã§ãã1人ã®ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ashamed ãæ¥ããŠã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "asleep ãç ã£ãŠã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "unable ãã§ããªãã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "glad ãåãã§ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "well ãå¥åº·ãªãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "content ãæºè¶³ããŠãâ»ãšãã°ãªã åè© content ãšã¯å¥ç©",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã³ã¹ããworthã玹ä»ããŠãããããã®åèªã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "aliveãasleepã®a-ã¯ããšããšå€ãè±èªã«ãã£ãå眮è©ã§ãããinãonã«ããã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒ)ããã£ãŠãaliveã¯in life(ãŸãã¯on life)ã«æå³ãè¿ãããåæ§ã« asleep 㯠in sleep ã§ããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããèããã°ãaliveãªã©ãåè©ãå眮çã«ä¿®é£Ÿã§ããªãã®ã¯åœç¶ã§ãããin life ã in sleep ãåè©ã修食ã§ããªãã®ãšåãã§ããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åè¿°çšæ³ã§ãã£ãŠããa child asleep (ç ã£ãŠããåäŸ)ã®ããã«åŸçœ®ã§ä¿®é£Ÿããããšã¯å¯èœ(ãã€ã€ã«)ãããããa child in sleep ã®ãããªãã®ã ãšèããã°åœç¶ã§ãããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "certain éå®ã§ã¯ãããããåè¿°ã§ã¯ã確ãã§ããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "In a certain sense, ãããæå³ã§ã¯ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a certain woman ããã女æ§ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is certain that ~ ã~ã¯ç¢ºãã ãâ»éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "late éå®ãæè¿ã®ããåŸåã®ããåè¿°ãé
ããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the late news ãææ°ãã¥ãŒã¹ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the late Mr.Smith ãæ
ã¹ãã¹æ°ãâ»éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He was born in the 1970s. ã圌ã¯1970幎代åŸåã«çãŸããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He was late. ã圌ã¯é
ããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He was late for school. ã圌ã¯åŠæ ¡ã«é
å»ãããâ»éãã£ãŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "present éå®ãçŸåšã®ããåè¿°ãåºåžããŠããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the present king ãçŸåšã®çã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is present. ã圌ã¯åºåžããŠããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããpresent ã¯å眮ãåŸçœ®ãã§æå³ãå€ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the present member ãçŸåšã®ã¡ã³ããŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the members present ãåºåžããŠããã¡ã³ããŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "present ã®åŸçœ®ã¯ the member (who were) present ãšããé¢ä¿è©ãçç¥ããåè¿°çšæ³ãšèããããšãã§ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ill éå®ãäžæ©å«ããåè¿°ãç
æ°ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "He is ill. ã圌ã¯ç
æ°ã ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the present member ãçŸåšã®ã¡ã³ããŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the members present ãåºåžããŠããã¡ã³ããŒã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "present ã®åŸçœ®ã¯ the member (who were) present ãšããé¢ä¿è©ãçç¥ããåè¿°çšæ³ãšèããããšãã§ãã(éãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çšæ³ãäœãã¯ãšãããã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "responsible ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a responsible person ãä¿¡é Œã§ãã人ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a person responsible ã責任è
ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšæå³ãå€ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "a concerned look ãå¿é
ãããªç®ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "the people concerned ãé¢ä¿è
ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšæå³ãå€ãã(ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª)ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ããã€ã³ã¹ããinvolved ã®å眮ãšåŸçœ®ã玹ä»ã",
"title": "éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ããããªãã¯~ããå¿
èŠããããŸãããè±èªã§ãããšãã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is necessary for you to ~ .",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãªãã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãæäžã«ãããªãããšãã£ãŠããyou ãäž»èªã«ã¯ã§ããªããã人ãäž»èªã«ã¯ã§ããªãã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«ã圢容è©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯äž»èªã決ãŸã£ãŠããã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªã人ãäž»èªã«ã§ããªã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯ã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"tag": "p",
"text": "essential ãäžå¯æ¬ ã®ã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"tag": "p",
"text": "necessary ãå¿
èŠãªã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"tag": "p",
"text": "possible ãå¯èœãªã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"tag": "p",
"text": "impossible ãäžå¯èœãªã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 87,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã»ã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"tag": "p",
"text": "convenient ãéœåããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 89,
"tag": "p",
"text": "dangerous ãå±éºãªãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 90,
"tag": "p",
"text": "useless ãç¡é§ãªãâ»ãžãŒã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 91,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã©ãããã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 92,
"tag": "p",
"text": "dangerous ã«ã€ããŠã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 93,
"tag": "p",
"text": "It is dangerous for you to ~ ã¯ã~ããã®ã¯å±ãªããã®æå³ã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 94,
"tag": "p",
"text": "You are dangerous to ~ ã ãšãããªãã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªã(ã€ã³ã¹ã)ã",
"title": "圢容è©ãšäž»èª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 95,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžå¿ãåèçšã«äžèŠ§è¡šããããŠãããã ããå
¥è©Šã«ã¯ãçŽæ¥ã¯åãããªãã ããã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 96,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããããªãã³ã®å人㯠a Briton ããããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããã a British person ãšã®ããšãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠéãã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 97,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Frenchman ã§ãããã©ã³ã¹åœæ°ãã ã(â»ã€ã³ã¹ã)ããããè±èªçãªãžã§ã³ããŒããªã³ã¬ã«ãã a French person ãšããå Žåããã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŸåãšããŠã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 99,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ãã®åœã§ãèšèªåã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãšåãã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 100,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãthe +圢容è©ãã§ããåœæ°å
šäœãã衚ãåœãå€ããããã€ãäŸå€çãªäºäŸãããã(the Americans ã the Germans ã the Italian ãªã©èªå°Ÿã-an ã§çµããã®ã¯)ãã®å ŽåãæåŸã«sãã€ããã ãã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 101,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°ççãªç¥èãšããŠãã«ããã®å
¬çšèªã¯è±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªãã¹ã€ã¹ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªãªã©ã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 102,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®è¡šã®ãåœåãã¯åºæ¬çã«ãå
¬åŒåãšã¯ç°ãªãã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 103,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããšãã°ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å
¬åŒåã¯",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 104,
"tag": "p",
"text": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³ããã³åéšã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãé£åçåœ)ã§ãã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 105,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é·ãããã®ã§ãããBritain ã the U.K. ãªã©ãšç¥ãããããããã¯å¥ã«å
¬åŒåã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 106,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Britain ã¯ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãããŠã§ãŒã«ãºãã¹ã³ããã©ã³ããåã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ããããªããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã¯å°æ¹ã®äžã€ã«ãããªãã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 107,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããæ¿æ²»çãªåé¡ãããã®ã§ãæ¿æ²»çãªå Žã§ã¯(England ã§ã¯ãªã) Britain ãŸã㯠the U.K. ãçšããã»ããè¯ã(ã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢)ã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 108,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã U.K. ããªã©ç¥èªã«ã€ãèšå·ã.ãã¯ãææ«ã«äœ¿ãããããªãªãã®èšå·ãšåããã®ã§ãã(ãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒå·»æ«)ã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 109,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã¹ãã€ã³ã®äžåœæ°ãã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ a Spaniard ã§ããã",
"title": "åœå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 110,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å æžä¹é€",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 111,
"tag": "p",
"text": "5 + 4 = 9",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 112,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Five plus four equal(s) nine.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 113,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸã㯠Five and four are (ãŸã㯠is ãŸã㯠makes)nine.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 114,
"tag": "p",
"text": "8 - 3 = 5",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 115,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Eight minus three equals five.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 116,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸã㯠Three from eight is(ãŸãã¯are ãŸãã¯leves) five.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 117,
"tag": "p",
"text": "3Ã8=24",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 118,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Three times eight is (makes) twenty-four.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 119,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã¯",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 120,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Three (multiplied) by eight equals twenty four.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 121,
"tag": "p",
"text": "20÷4=5",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 122,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Twenty divided by four equals(ãŸãã¯is) five.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 123,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Four into twenty goes five.",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 124,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 125,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åæ°ã¯ãååãå
ã«åºæ°ã§èªã¿ã忝ãåºæ°ã§èªãã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 126,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ã 1/2 㯠a half ãŸã㯠one half, 1/4 㯠a quarter ãŸã㯠one quarter ãšããå°çšã®åŒã³æ¹ãããã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 127,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1/4 ãš 3/4 ã¯éäŸ quarter ãçšããŠè¡šãããfourths ãçšããŠãééãã§ã¯ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 128,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 129,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 130,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 131,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 132,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 133,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 134,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°æ°ç¹ã¯ point ã§ãããå°æ°ç¹ä»¥äžã¯æ°åã1åãã€èªãã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 135,
"tag": "p",
"text": "0 㯠zero ã ããããªãŠããšèªãå Žåãããã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 136,
"tag": "p",
"text": "23.504 twenty-three point five zero four",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 137,
"tag": "p",
"text": "0.123 zero point one two three",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 138,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 139,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžåãã€èªãã°ããã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 140,
"tag": "p",
"text": "0794-1192",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 141,
"tag": "p",
"text": "zero seven nine four, one one nine two",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 142,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åãæ°åã䞊ãã§ããå Žåãdouble ã䜿ãå Žåãããããã€ã®ãªã¹è±èª(ãšããŒã°ãªãŒã³)ãã€ãŸãã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 143,
"tag": "p",
"text": "0794-1192",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 144,
"tag": "p",
"text": "zero seven nine four, double one nine two",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 145,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãã0ãzeroã®ãããã«ããªãŠããšèªãå Žåãããã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 146,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 147,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1995幎 nineteen ninety-five",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 148,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2007幎 two thousands (and) seven",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 149,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããã1980幎代ããšèšãå Žå㯠1980s ã®ããã«sãã€ãã(ãžãŒãã¢ã¹)ã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 150,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã1960幎代ã«ããšèšãå Žåã in the ninety-sixties ã«ãªã(éãã£ãŒã)ã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 151,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人ã®å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ã㊠ã20æ³ä»£ããšãèšãå Žå㯠in one's twenty ã§ããã人ãã30æ³ä»£ããªã in one's thirties ã§ããã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 152,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éé¡",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 153,
"tag": "p",
"text": "$5.20 five dollars (and) twenty (cents)",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 154,
"tag": "p",
"text": "£2.30 two pounds, thirty (pence)",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 155,
"tag": "p",
"text": "\\500 hive hundred yen",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 156,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 157,
"tag": "p",
"text": "枩床",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 158,
"tag": "p",
"text": "35°C thirty-five degrees centigrade (ãŸã㯠Celsius )",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 159,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 160,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ä»ã®æ
£çšè¡šçŸ",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 161,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ten to one ãåäžå
«ä¹ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 162,
"tag": "p",
"text": "hundreds of ãäœçŸãã®ã",
"title": "æ°"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 163,
"tag": "p",
"text": "thousands of ãäœåãã®ã",
"title": "æ°"
}
]
| null | == éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ ==
This is a clean room. ãããã¯ããããªéšå±ã ã
ã®ããã«åè©ã修食ããçšæ³ã'''éå®çšæ³'''ãšããã
éå®çšæ³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã®å€ãã¯ãµã€ãã¯åè©ã®åãã修食ããããåè©ã®åŸããã修食ããå Žåã§ãéå®çšæ³ã«å«ããïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
This room is clean. ããã®éšå±ã¯ãããã ã
ã®ããã«ãäžèªã§beåè©ãåããã®ã'''åè¿°çšæ³'''ãšããã
SVCæåã®CããSVOCæåã®Cã«ãªã圢容è©ãåè¿°çšæ³ã§ããïŒéãã£ãŒãããã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ïŒïŒã
圢容è©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãéå®çšæ³ãããªããã®ãåè¿°çšæ³ãããªããã®ããããã
;éå®çšæ³ãããªããã®ã
an elder sister ãå§ã
the former mayor ãååžé·ãâ» éãã£ãŒãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ïŒèŸæžïŒã
the latter half ãåŸåéšãâ» éãã£ãŒã
ãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ããã the first half ãååéšã
ãªããelder, former,latter, ã¯åœ¢ã®äžã§ã¯æ¯èŒçŽïŒèªå°Ÿã-erïŒã§ããããããããã圢容衚çŸã®åœ¢ãæ¯èŒçŽã ãããšãã£ãŠå¿
ãããéå®çšæ³ãããªããšã¯éããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯äžè¿°ã®åèª elder, former,latter, ãéå®çšæ³ãããªãããšãæèšãããããªãã
a wooden house ãæšé å®¶å±ã
ãªãã-en ã§çµãã圢容è©ã¯éå®çšæ³ãå€ãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
a drunken man ãé
ã£æãã
â»åè¿°çšæ³ã®ãé
ã«é
ã£ããã¯drunk ãšããå¥åèªïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒ
golden ã貎éãªãâ»ãšãã°ãªã«ã¯ã貎éãªããã玹ä»ãããŠãªãããèŸæžãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãèŠãã°ãéã®ããéè²ã®ãã®æå³ãããã
an only son ãïŒäººæ¯åã
the daily life ãæ¥åžžçæŽ»ã
a mere child ãã»ãã®åäŸã
very ããŸãã«ãã®ãâ»ãšãã°ãª
mainãäž»ãªããäž»èŠãªãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
weekly ãæ¯é±ã®ãã yearly ãæ¯å¹Žã®ããªã©
total ãå
šéšã®ã
rural ãç°èã®ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
ãªã©ã
;åè¿°çšæ³ã ãã®åœ¢å®¹è©
afraidãæãã£ãŠã
åè¿°çšæ³ã ãã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ã¯ a- 圢ã®ãã®ãå€ãã
alike ãåããã䌌ãŠããã
alive ãçããŠã
alone ãå€ç¬ã§ããïŒäººã®ã
ashamed ãæ¥ããŠã
asleep ãç ã£ãŠã
unable ãã§ããªãã
glad ãåãã§ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª
well ãå¥åº·ãªãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãª
content ãæºè¶³ããŠãâ»ãšãã°ãªããåè© content ãšã¯å¥ç©
ã€ã³ã¹ããworthã玹ä»ããŠãããããã®åèªã¯ããç¹æ®ã§ããã
aliveãasleepã®a-ã¯ããšããšå€ãè±èªã«ãã£ãå眮è©ã§ãããinãonã«ãããïŒãã¬ã€ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒïŒããã£ãŠãaliveã¯in lifeïŒãŸãã¯on lifeïŒã«æå³ãè¿ãããåæ§ã« asleep 㯠in sleep ã§ããã
ããèããã°ãaliveãªã©ãåè©ãå眮çã«ä¿®é£Ÿã§ããªãã®ã¯åœç¶ã§ãããin life ã in sleep ãåè©ã修食ã§ããªãã®ãšåãã§ããã
åè¿°çšæ³ã§ãã£ãŠããa child asleep ïŒç ã£ãŠããåäŸïŒã®ããã«åŸçœ®ã§ä¿®é£Ÿããããšã¯å¯èœïŒãã€ã€ã«ïŒãããããa child in sleep ã®ãããªãã®ã ãšèããã°åœç¶ã§ãããã
== éå®çšæ³ãšåè¿°çšæ³ã§æå³ã®ç°ãªããã® ==
certain éå®ã§ã¯ãããããåè¿°ã§ã¯ã確ãã§ããã
In a certain sense, ãããæå³ã§ã¯ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹
a certain woman ããã女æ§ã
It is certain that ïœ ãïœã¯ç¢ºãã ãâ»éãã£ãŒã
late éå®ãæè¿ã®ããåŸåã®ããåè¿°ãé
ããã
the late news ãææ°ãã¥ãŒã¹ã
the late Mr.Smith ãæ
ã¹ãã¹æ°ãâ»éãã£ãŒã
He was born in the 1970s. ã圌ã¯1970幎代åŸåã«çãŸããã
He was late. ã圌ã¯é
ããã
He was late for school. ã圌ã¯åŠæ ¡ã«é
å»ãããâ»éãã£ãŒã
present éå®ãçŸåšã®ããåè¿°ãåºåžããŠããã
the present king ãçŸåšã®çã
He is present. ã圌ã¯åºåžããŠããã
ãªããpresent ã¯å眮ãåŸçœ®ãã§æå³ãå€ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
the present member ãçŸåšã®ã¡ã³ããŒã
the members present ãåºåžããŠããã¡ã³ããŒã
present ã®åŸçœ®ã¯ the member (who were) present ãšããé¢ä¿è©ãçç¥ããåè¿°çšæ³ãšèããããšãã§ããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ïŒã
ill éå®ãäžæ©å«ããåè¿°ãç
æ°ã
He is ill. ã圌ã¯ç
æ°ã ã
;å眮ãšåŸçœ®
the present member ãçŸåšã®ã¡ã³ããŒã
the members present ãåºåžããŠããã¡ã³ããŒã
present ã®åŸçœ®ã¯ the member (who were) present ãšããé¢ä¿è©ãçç¥ããåè¿°çšæ³ãšèããããšãã§ããïŒéãã£ãã€ã³ã¹ãããã¬ã€ã¯ïŒã
çšæ³ãäœãã¯ãšãããã
responsible ã
a responsible person ãä¿¡é Œã§ãã人ã
a person responsible ã責任è
ã
ãšæå³ãå€ããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãªïŒã
a concerned look ãå¿é
ãããªç®ã
the people concerned ãé¢ä¿è
ã
ãšæå³ãå€ããïŒã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããšãã°ãªïŒã
ãã®ã»ããã€ã³ã¹ããinvolved ã®å眮ãšåŸçœ®ã玹ä»ã
== 圢容è©ãšäž»èª ==
ããšãã°ããããªãã¯ïœããå¿
èŠããããŸãããè±èªã§ãããšãã
It is necessary for you to ïœ .
ãšãªãã
ããšãæäžã«ãããªãããšãã£ãŠããyou ãäž»èªã«ã¯ã§ããªããã人ãäž»èªã«ã¯ã§ããªãã
ãã®ããã«ã圢容è©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯äž»èªã決ãŸã£ãŠããã
ãã®ãããªã人ãäž»èªã«ã§ããªã圢容è©ãšããŠã¯ã
essential ãäžå¯æ¬ ã®ã
necessary ãå¿
èŠãªã
possible ãå¯èœãªã
impossible ãäžå¯èœãªã
ãªã©ãããã
ãã®ã»ã
convenient ãéœåããããâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãããžãŒã
dangerous ãå±éºãªãâ»ã€ã³ã¹ã
useless ãç¡é§ãªãâ»ãžãŒã
ãªã©ãããã
dangerous ã«ã€ããŠã
It is dangerous for you to ïœ ã¯ãïœããã®ã¯å±ãªããã®æå³ã
You are dangerous to ïœ ã ãšãããªãã¯å±éºäººç©ã ãã®æå³ã«ãªãïŒã€ã³ã¹ãïŒã
== åœå ==
äžå¿ãåèçšã«äžèŠ§è¡šããããŠãããã ããå
¥è©Šã«ã¯ãçŽæ¥ã¯åãããªãã ããã
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left"
|+ åœãšåœ¢å®¹è©ãªã©
! åœåã !! åœ¢å®¹è© !! èšèªå !! åœæ°å
šäœ !! å人
|-
| ãJapan || ãJapanese || Japanese || the Japanese || a Japanese
|-
| ãAmerica || ãAmerican || -(English) || the Americans || an Americans
|-
| ãBritain || ãBritish || - || the British || a Briton
|-
| ãChina || ãChinese || Chinese || the Chinese || a Chinese
|-
| ãFrance || ãFrench || French || the French || a Frenchman â»
|-
| ãGermany || ãGerman || German || the Germans || a German
|-
| ãItaly || ãItalian ã|| Italian || the Italians || an Italian
|-
| ãKorea || ãKorean ã|| Korean || the Koreans || a Korean
|-
| ãRussia || ãRussian ã|| Russian || the Russians || a Russian
|-
| ãSpain || ãSpanish ã|| Spanish || the Spanish || a Spaniard
|-
| ãSwitzerland || ãSwiss ã|| - || the Swiss || a Swiss
|-
|}
{{-}}
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããããªãã³ã®å人㯠a Briton ããããã€ã³ã¹ãã€ã¢ãããã a British person ãšã®ããšãåèæžã«ãã£ãŠéãã
Frenchman ã§ãããã©ã³ã¹åœæ°ãã ãïŒâ»ã€ã³ã¹ãïŒããããè±èªçãªãžã§ã³ããŒããªã³ã¬ã«ãã a French person ãšããå ŽåãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
åŸåãšããŠã
å€ãã®åœã§ãèšèªåã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ãšåãã
ãthe ïŒåœ¢å®¹è©ãã§ããåœæ°å
šäœãã衚ãåœãå€ããããã€ãäŸå€çãªäºäŸããããïŒthe Americans ã the Germans ã the Italian ãªã©èªå°Ÿã-an ã§çµããã®ã¯ïŒãã®å ŽåãæåŸã«sãã€ããã ãã
å°ççãªç¥èãšããŠãã«ããã®å
¬çšèªã¯è±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªãã¹ã€ã¹ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªãªã©ã
äžèšã®è¡šã®ãåœåãã¯åºæ¬çã«ãå
¬åŒåãšã¯ç°ãªãã
ããšãã°ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ïŒã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³ããã³åéšã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãé£åçåœïŒã§ããïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
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5 + 4 ïŒ 9
Five plus four equal(s) nine.
ãŸã㯠Five and four are ïŒãŸã㯠is ãŸã㯠makesïŒnine.
8 - 3 ïŒ 5
Eight minus three equals five.
ãŸã㯠Three from eight isïŒãŸãã¯are ãŸãã¯levesïŒ five.
3Ã8ïŒ24
Three times eight is ïŒmakesïŒ twenty-four.
ãŸãã¯
Three ïŒmultipliedïŒ by eight equals twenty four.
20÷4ïŒ5
Twenty divided by four equalsïŒãŸãã¯isïŒ five.
Four into twenty goes five.
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1/4 ãš 3/4 ã¯éäŸ quarter ãçšããŠè¡šãããfourths ãçšããŠãééãã§ã¯ãªãïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
:<math> \frac{1}{2} </math> a half ãŸã㯠one half
:<math> \frac{1}{3} </math> a third ãŸã㯠one third
:<math> \frac{1}{3} </math> two thirds
:<math> \frac{3}{4} </math> three quarters ãŸã㯠three fourths ïŒâ»éãã£ãŒãïŒ
:<math> 2 \frac{3}{5} </math> ttwo and three five ïŒâ» åž¯åæ°ã¯éãã£ãŒãããšãã°ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãªã©ïŒ
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23.504 twenty-three point five zero four
0.123 zero point one two three
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zero seven nine four, one one nine two
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zero seven nine four, double one nine two
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1995幎 nineteen ninety-five
2007幎 two thousands (and) seven
ãªããã1980幎代ããšèšãå Žå㯠1980s ã®ããã«sãã€ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ã1960幎代ã«ããšèšãå Žåã in the ninety-sixties ã«ãªãïŒéãã£ãŒãïŒã
人ã®å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ã㊠ã20æ³ä»£ããšãèšãå Žå㯠in one's twenty ã§ããã人ãã30æ³ä»£ããªã in one's thirties ã§ããã
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$5.20 five dollars (and) twenty (cents)
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35â thirty-five degrees centigrade (ãŸã㯠Celsius )
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ten to one ãåäžå
«ä¹ãâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã€ã³ã¹ã
hundreds of ãäœçŸãã®ã
thousands of ãäœåãã®ã
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"title": "åœæ°æåŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãã蟲家ã10ã®äŸ¡å€ã®å°éºŠãçç£ããŸãããã®æã®ä»å 䟡å€ã¯10ã§ããèŸ²å®¶ã®æåŸãšãªããŸããæ¬¡ã«ãè£œç²æ¥è
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"title": "åœæ°æåŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããã§çç£ãããå°éºŠã»å°éºŠç²ã»ãã³ã®äŸ¡å€ãå
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"title": "åœæ°æåŸ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœæ°æåŸã¯ãçç£ã»åé
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"title": "äžé¢ç䟡ã®åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç£é¢ããæããåœæ°æåŸã§ãåœå
šäœã§ã©ãã ãã®çç£ãè¡ããããã瀺ããŠããŸããåç£æ¥éšéã§äœãåºãããä»å 䟡å€(æçµçç£ç©)ã®åèšã§ãã",
"title": "äžé¢ç䟡ã®åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåŸã®åé
é¢ããæããåœæ°æåŸã§ãçç£ã§åŸãããæåŸãã©ã®ããã«åé
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"title": "äžé¢ç䟡ã®åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¯åºé¢ããæããåœæ°æåŸã§ãåçµæžäž»äœãåé
ãããæåŸãã©ã®ããã«æ¯åºãããã瀺ããŠããŸããæ¿åºããå®¶èšãäŒæ¥ã«åé
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"title": "äžé¢ç䟡ã®åå"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœå¯(åœæ°è³æ¬)ãšã¯ãããæç¹ãŸã§ã«èç©ãããŠããäžåœå
šäœã®è³ç£ã®ç·é¡ã§ããæåœ¢è³ç£ãšå¯Ÿå€çŽè³ç£ããæ§æãããŸããæåœ¢è³ç£ã¯ãå人ã®äœå®
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šäœã®å¯ãå³ããã®ãããšãããŸãã",
"title": "åœå¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã®å Žåãå€åœã«æ¯ã¹ãŠå°äŸ¡ãé«ãã®ã§ãåå°ãæåœ¢è³ç£ã®åå以äžãå ããŠããŸãããŸããäœå®
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"title": "åœå¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœæ°æåŸã¯ããäžå®æéã«ãããçµæžæŽ»åã®éã»æµã(ãããŒ)ãç€ºãæŠå¿µã§ããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãåœå¯ã¯ããæç¹ã«ãããèç©é(ã¹ããã¯)ãç€ºãæŠå¿µã§ãã",
"title": "åœå¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2021å¹Žã®æ¥æ¬ã®åœå
ç·çç£ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãäžåœã«æ¬¡ãã§äžç第3äœãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã1人åœããåœæ°ç·æåŸã¯äžç第23äœãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "åœå
ç·çç£ã»åœæ°ç·æåŸã®åœéæ¯èŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
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ç·çç£ã»åœæ°ç·æåŸã®åœéæ¯èŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åœå
ç·çç£ã»åœæ°ç·æåŸã®åœéæ¯èŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "",
"title": "åœå
ç·çç£ã»åœæ°ç·æåŸã®åœéæ¯èŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœæ°æåŸã®èŠæš¡ã¯ãäžè¬ã«åœå
ç·çç£ãåœæ°ç·çç£ãšããçµ±èšææšã§ç®åºããŸãããã ããçãæå³ã§ã®åœæ°æåŸã¯ãèŠçŽ è²»çšè¡šç€ºã®åœæ°æåŸ(NI)ãããããŠãããå®¶èšãäŒæ¥ãæäŸããåŽåãè³æ¬ãªã©ã®çç£èŠçŽ ã®å¯ŸäŸ¡ãšããŠåãåãæåŸ(éçšè
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"title": "åœå
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{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åŸæ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯çµ±èšææšãšããŠåœæ°ç·çç£ãéèŠãããŠããŸãããããããçµæžã®ããŒããŒã¬ã¹åãé²ã¿ãåœæ°ç·çç£ãšåœå
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"title": "åœå
ç·çç£ãšåœæ°ç·çç£"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœå
ç·çç£(GDP)ãšã¯ãäžåœã®çµæžæŽ»åã§ããã®åœã®åœå
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"title": "åœå
ç·çç£ãšåœæ°ç·çç£"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœæ°ç·çç£(GNP)ãšã¯ãäžåœã®çµæžæŽ»åã§ããã®åœã®åœæ°ã1幎éã«æ°ãã«çç£ãã財ããµãŒãã¹ã®ä»å 䟡å€ã®ç·é¡ã§ããåœæ°ãæµ·å€ã§çç£ãã財ããµãŒãã¹ã®ä»å 䟡å€(èŠçŽ æåŸ)ãå«ãŸããŸãããªããããã§ã®ãåœæ°ãã«ã¯1幎以äžãã®åœã«å±
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"title": "åœå
ç·çç£ãšåœæ°ç·çç£"
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šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®åæé»æ°å®¹é C [ F ] {\displaystyle C[\mathrm {F} ]} 㯠V = Q C {\displaystyle V={\frac {Q}{C}}} ãšãªãã®ã§ããããšæ¯èŒããŠ
ã§ããã
èªé»äœã®èªé»ç ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } ãšç空ã®èªé»ç ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } ã®æ¯ ε r = ε ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }={\frac {\varepsilon }{\varepsilon _{0}}}} ãæ¯èªé»çãšããã
ç空äžã§æ¥µæ¿é¢ç© S [ m 2 ] {\displaystyle S[\mathrm {m} ^{2}]} ãæ¥µæ¿éé d [ m ] {\displaystyle d[\mathrm {m} ]} ã®å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é C 0 {\displaystyle C_{0}} 㯠C 0 = ε 0 S d {\displaystyle C_{0}=\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {S}{d}}} ã§ããã
ãã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®æ¥µæ¿éã«æ¯èªé»ç ε r {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }} ã®èªé»äœããããŸãªãæ¿å
¥ãããšããã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é C {\displaystyle C} ã¯
ã§ããã
å°äœæé¢ãåäœæéãããã«ééãã黿°é(é»è·)ã黿µ(è±: electric current)ãšãããåäœ:A(ã¢ã³ãã¢)ããæå» t {\displaystyle t} ã«ãããŠ,黿°éã Q ( t ) {\displaystyle Q(t)} ãšãããš,åŸ®å°æé Î t {\displaystyle {\mathit {\Delta }}t} éã«é»è·ã Q ( t + Î t ) â Q ( t ) {\displaystyle Q(t+{\mathit {\Delta }}t)-Q(t)} ééãããšã,黿µ I ( t ) {\displaystyle I(t)} ã¯
ã§ããããŸã,æé¢ç© S {\displaystyle S} ãm 2 {\displaystyle ^{2}} ã,åäœäœç©ãããã®èªç±é»åæ°ã n {\displaystyle n} ãå/m 2 {\displaystyle ^{2}} ãã®å°äœã黿µãæµãããšã,ãã®é»æµã®å€§ãã I {\displaystyle I} ãAãã¯é»æ°çŽ éã e {\displaystyle e} ãCã,èªç±é»åã®éãã v {\displaystyle v} ãm/sããšããŠ
ã§ããã
黿± ã®å
éšã«ããããã«é»æ°æµæã¯ååšãããããã黿± ã®å
éšæµæãšããã
èµ·é»å E [ V ] {\displaystyle E\mathrm {[V]} } ãå
éšæµæ r [ Ω ] {\displaystyle r\mathrm {[\Omega ]} } ã®é»æ± ã« I [ A ] {\displaystyle I\mathrm {[A]} } 黿µãæµãããšãã黿± ã®ç«¯åé»å§ V [ V ] {\displaystyle V\mathrm {[V]} } ã¯ãå
éšæµæã«ããé»å§éäžã¯ r I [ V ] {\displaystyle rI\mathrm {[V]} } ã§ãããã
ã§ããã
é»å§ã V {\displaystyle V} ,黿µã I {\displaystyle I} ãšãããš,åäœæéãããã®çºç±é(ãžã¥ãŒã«ç±) P {\displaystyle P} ã¯
èµ·é»å E [ V ] {\displaystyle E\mathrm {[V]} } ãå
éšæµæ r [ Ω ] {\displaystyle r\mathrm {[\Omega ]} } ã®é»æ± ã« R [ Ω ] {\displaystyle R\mathrm {[\Omega ]} } ã®æµæãã€ãªããšããæµæã§ã®é»äœå·® V {\displaystyle V} ã¯ãªãŒã ã®æ³åãã V = R I {\displaystyle V=RI} ,åè·¯ã«æµãã黿µ I [ A ] {\displaystyle I\mathrm {[A]} } 㯠I = E r + R {\displaystyle I={\frac {E}{r+R}}} ã§ãããããæµæã§ã®æ¶è²»é»å P [ W ] {\displaystyle P\mathrm {[W]} } ã¯
ã§ããã
ããã§ã R {\displaystyle R} ãå€ãããšãã®æ¶è²»é»å P {\displaystyle P} ã®æå€§å€ãæ±ããã
ã€ãŸãã R = r {\displaystyle R=r} ã§ r 2 R + R {\displaystyle {\frac {r^{2}}{R}}+R} ã¯æå°å€ 2 r {\displaystyle 2r} ãåããããªãã¡ã P = E 2 r 2 R + R + 2 r {\displaystyle P={\frac {E^{2}}{{\frac {r^{2}}{R}}+R+2r}}} ã¯æå€§å€ E 2 4 r {\displaystyle {\frac {E^{2}}{4r}}} ãåãã
ä»»æã®çµæ¥ç¹ã«ãããŠ,æµå
¥é»æµã®åã¯æµåºé»æµã®åã«çããã
ä»»æã®éåè·¯ã«å¯ŸããŠ,èµ·é»å(è±: electromotive force)ã®åã¯é»å§éäž(è±: voltage drop)ã®åã«çããã
以äžã§ã¯ç£æ°ãæ±ãããã®éå€ç©(ãã¯ãã«ç©)ãçšããããšãããã®ã§å¿
èŠã«å¿ããŠåç
§ããããã
ç£ç³ã«éç²ãããããšç£ç³ã®äž¡ç«¯ã«ããä»çããããã®éç²ãåžåŒããåã®åæåãšã¿ãããéšå(æã匷ãéšå)ãç£ç³ã®ç£æ¥µãšãããç£æ¥µã©ããæãã¯ç£ç³ã©ãã,黿µã©ãã,黿µãšç£ç³ãäºãã«åŒãåãæãã¯æ¥ãåãåã®ããšãç£æ°å(ç£å)ãšãããç£æ¥µã®åŒ·ãã衚ãéãç£æ°éãWbããšããã
é»å Žãé»è·ã«åãåãŒã空éã®æ§è³ªã§ããäžæ¹,ç£å Ž(ç£ç)ã¯éåããŠããé»è·ã«åãåãŒã空éã®æ§è³ªã§ãããç£å Žã¯é»å Žãšåæ§ã«,倧ãããšåããæã€ãã¯ãã«ã§ãããç£å Žãã¯ãã« H â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {H}}} ã®ç¹ã«,ç£æ°é m {\displaystyle m} ãWbãã®ç£æ¥µã眮ãããšã,ãã®ç£æ¥µã«åãåã F {\displaystyle F} ãNããšãããš
ãæãç«ã€ã
ç£æå¯åºŠã B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ãšãããš,ç£å Ž H â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {H}}} ãšç空ã®éç£ç ÎŒ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} ãçšãããš
ãšè¡šãããããªã,ãã®ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ã®ããšãåã«ç£å ŽãšåŒã¶ããšãããã
黿µ I â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {I}}} ã®æµããŠããå°ç·Cã埮å°åºéã«åå²ããã黿µã«ãã£ãŠäœãåºãããç£å Žãå®ããŠããããªã»ãµãŽã¡ãŒã«ã®æ³å(è±: BiotâSavart law)ã«ãã,äœçœ® r â² â {\displaystyle {\vec {r'}}} ã«ãã埮å°åºé d l {\displaystyle dl} ã®é»æµãäœçœ® r â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {r}}} ã«äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯
黿µå
šäœã®äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯å
šåŸ®å°åºéããã®å¯äžãè¶³ãåãããã°,ã€ãŸãç©åããã°æ±ãŸãã
å³å³ã®ããã«,黿µã«ãã£ãŠ z {\displaystyle z} ããšã,ç£å Žãæ±ããç¹Pãéãããã« x {\displaystyle x} 軞ããšããš ( O P Ì = r ) {\displaystyle ({\overline {\mathrm {OP} }}=r)} , x y z {\displaystyle xyz} 空éã«ãã㊠r â = ( r , 0 , 0 ) . r â² â = ( 0 , 0 , z â² ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {r}}=(r,\ 0,\ 0).\ {\vec {r'}}=(0,\ 0,\ z')} ãšãããš z {\displaystyle z} 軞äžã®åŸ®å°åºé [ z â² , z â² + d z â² ] {\displaystyle [z',\ z'+dz']} ã®é»æµãç¹Pã«äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯å€ç©ã®æ§è³ªãã I â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {I}}} ãš r â â r â² â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {r}}-{\vec {r'}}} ã«åçŽ,ããªãã¡
ãš y {\displaystyle y} æåã®ã¿ã§, | r â â r â² â | = r 2 + z â² 2 {\displaystyle |{\overrightarrow {r}}-{\vec {r'}}|={\sqrt {r^{2}+{z'}^{2}}}} ã§ãããã
ãã£ãŠé»æµå
šäœãäœãç£æå¯åºŠ B {\displaystyle B} ã¯(2.4)ãã
ããã§, z â² = r tan Ï {\displaystyle z'=r\tan \phi } ãšãããš
ã§ãããã(眮æç©å)
以äžããçŽç·é»æµãäœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯é»æµãŸããã«æžŠå·»ãç¶ã«ååžã,黿µããåçŽè·é¢ r {\displaystyle r} é¢ããäœçœ®ã§ã¯
ç£æå¯åºŠ(ç£å Ž) B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ãé·ã l {\displaystyle l} ã®é»æµ I â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {I}}} ã«åãŒãå(é»ç£å,ã¢ã³ããŒã«å) F â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {F}}} ã¯
ãšè¡šãã,ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ãšé»æµ I â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {I}}} ã®ãªãè§ã Ξ {\displaystyle \theta } ãšããŠå€ç©ã®æ§è³ªãã
äžè¬ã«è·é»ç²åãç£å Žã暪åããš,ç£å Žããåãåããããšãç¥ãããŠãããé»å Ž E â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E}}} ,ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ã®äžã§,é床 v â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v}}} ,é»è· q {\displaystyle q} ã®è·é»ç²åã«åãå
ç¹ã«ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ã®äžã§é床 v â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v}}} ,é»è· q {\displaystyle q} ã®è·é»ç²åã«åãå
ãããŒã¬ã³ãå(è±: Lorentz force)ãšãããç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {B}}} ãšé床 v â {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v}}} ã®ãªãè§ã Ξ {\displaystyle \theta } ãšããŠå€ç©ã®æ§è³ªãã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é¢ãã2åã®ç¡éã«å°ãã垯é»äœ(ç¹é»è·)ã®éã«åãåãã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)ãšãã,åç¹ã«ç¹é»è· Q {\\displaystyle Q} ããããšã,ãããã r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ã®äœçœ®ã«çœ®ãããç¹é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ã®åããå F â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {F}}} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã k {\\displaystyle k} ã¯ã¯ãŒãã³åã®æ¯äŸå®æ°ãšãã°ã, k = 1 4 Ï Îµ 0 â 8.99 à 10 9 N â
m 2 / C 2 {\\displaystyle k={\\frac {1}{4\\pi \\varepsilon _{0}}}\\fallingdotseq 8.99\\times 10^{9}\\,\\ \\mathrm {N\\cdot m^{2}/C^{2}} } ã§ãã( ε 0 {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{0}} :ç空ã®èªé»ç)ã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "垯é»äœããã空éã«ãé»è·ã眮ããšãã®é»è·ã¯é黿°åãåãããããã¯åž¯é»äœã空éã«åœ±é¿ãäžããé»è·ã«åãå ãã£ããšèããããšãã§ããããã®ããã«ãé黿°åãã¯ããã空éã®ç¶æ
ãé»å Ž(é»ç)ãšããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "空éå
ã®äœçœ® r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ã«çœ®ããååå°ããé»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ãå F â ( r â ) {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {F}}({\\overrightarrow {r}})} ãåãããªãã°,ãã®äœçœ®ã®é»å Žã¯åäœé»è·ãããã®å,ããªãã¡ãã¯ãã«",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§äžããããã(1.2)ãå€åœ¢ãããš",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "(1.2) â² {\\displaystyle '} ã¯,é»å Ž E â ( r â ) {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {E}}({\\overrightarrow {r}})} äžã§ç¹ r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ã«çœ®ãããé»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ãåããåãæãããã®å°é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ã詊éšé»è·ãšããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãããé»å Žãã©ã®ããã«çã¿åºãããã®ãã«ã€ããŠèãããã鿢ããç¹é»è· Q {\\displaystyle Q} ããã£ããšã, Q {\\displaystyle Q} ã¯ãããã r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ã®äœçœ®ã«",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®é»å Žãçã¿åºããé»å Žã®å€§ããã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ã®äœçœ®ã«è€æ°ã®ç¹é»è·ãã€ããé»å Ž E â ( r â ) {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {E}}({\\overrightarrow {r}})} ã¯,ããããã®ç¹é»è·ãã€ããé»å Ž E i â ( r â ) {\\displaystyle {\\vec {E_{i}}}({\\overrightarrow {r}})} ã®ãã¯ãã«åã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿°åç·ãšã¯é»å Žã®æ¹åãæ¥ç·ãšããæ²ç·ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é»å Žäžã«çœ®ãããé»è·ãé黿°å(ã¯ãŒãã³å)ãåããŠéåãããšã,é黿°åã¯é»è·ã«å¯ŸããŠä»äºãããé黿°åã¯ä¿ååãªã®ã§,ãã®ä»äºã¯éåãããä»äºãšåæ§,å§ç¹ãšçµç¹ã®äœçœ®ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸã,éäžã®çµè·¯ã«ãããªãããããã£ãŠ,éåãšåæ§ã«é黿°åã«ããäœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå®çŸ©ã§ãããé»å Žã«ãããŠ,éåå Žã«ããããé«ããã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæŠå¿µãé»äœã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "x y {\\displaystyle xy} å¹³é¢ãæ°Žå¹³é¢ã«,éçŽäžåãã« z {\\displaystyle z} 軞ããšã, â z {\\displaystyle -z} æ¹åãåããäžæ§ãªé»å Ž E â = ( 0 , 0 , â E ) {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {E}}=(0,\\ 0,\\ -E)} ãèããããã®é»å Žããé»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ã®åããå㯠q E â {\\displaystyle q{\\overrightarrow {E}}} ,ããã«éãã£ãŠé»è·ããã£ããéã¶å㯠â q E â = ( 0 , 0 , q E ) {\\displaystyle -q{\\overrightarrow {E}}=(0,\\ 0,\\ qE)} .ãã®é»è·ã r {\\displaystyle r} ã®äœçœ®ã§æã€äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯,ãã®å â q E â {\\displaystyle -q{\\overrightarrow {E}}} ã§ q {\\displaystyle q} ãåºæºç¹(åç¹O)ãã r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ãŸã§éã¶ä»äºã§ããã¯éã¶çµè·¯ã«ããã U ( r â ) = â q E â â
r â = q E z {\\displaystyle U({\\overrightarrow {r}})=-q{\\overrightarrow {E}}\\cdot {\\overrightarrow {r}}=qEz} .ããã§é»äœãåäœé»è·ãããã®äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒ",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§å®çŸ©ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éåãçé«é¢(äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒäžå®ã®é¢)ã«åçŽã§äž(äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã®äœããªãåã)ãåããŠããã®ãšåæ§,é»å Žã¯çé»äœé¢ã«åçŽã§é»äœã®äœããªãåããåããŠããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¬ã®éé»å Žã®å Žåãåæ§ã§, r {\\displaystyle r} äœçœ®ã§é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ããã€äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã,é»å Žããåãã q E â {\\displaystyle q{\\overrightarrow {E}}} ã«éãã£ãŠ â q E â {\\displaystyle -q{\\overrightarrow {E}}} ãå ã,åºæºç¹ r 0 â {\\displaystyle {\\vec {r_{0}}}} ãããã®ç¹ r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ãŸã§é»è·ããã£ããéã¶ä»äº",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§å®çŸ©ããããé黿°åãä¿ååã§ãããããã®ç©å㯠r 0 â {\\displaystyle {\\vec {r_{0}}}} ãã r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ãžã®çµè·¯ã«ãããªããããã§,é»äœãåäœé»è·ãããã®é黿°åã«ããäœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒ",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§å®çŸ©ãããã€ãŸã,ããç¹ã®é»äœãšã¯,åºæºç¹ãããã®ç¹ãŸã§é»è·ããã£ããéã¶ããã«å€åãåäœé»è·ãããã«ããã°ãªãã¬ä»äºã®ããšã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ãã質é m {\\displaystyle m} ,é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ã®ç²åã«å¯Ÿããé»å Žäžã§ã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒä¿ååã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¡šãããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãå®çŸ©ãã,é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ãé»å Žã®å q E â {\\displaystyle q{\\overrightarrow {E}}} ã«æã㊠r 1 â {\\displaystyle {\\vec {r_{1}}}} ãã r 2 â {\\displaystyle {\\vec {r_{2}}}} ãŸã§éã¶ããã«å€åã®ããä»äº W E F {\\displaystyle W_{\\mathrm {EF} }} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§äžããããããã® V ( r 2 â ) â V ( r 1 â ) {\\displaystyle V({\\vec {r_{2}}})-V({\\vec {r_{1}}})} ãé»äœå·®åã¯é»å§ãšãããã€ãŸã2ç¹éã®é»äœå·®(é»å§)ãšã¯é»å Žã«æããŠé»è·ããã®2ç¹éã§éã¶ããã«åäœé»è·ãããèŠããä»äºã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¹é»è· Q {\\displaystyle Q} ãåç¹ã«ãããšãã®é»äœãæ±ãããããã®ãšãé»å Žã¯(1.3)ã§äžãããããã,(1.6)ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšãªããåºæºç¹ãç¡éé ( r 0 â â {\\displaystyle r_{0}\\to \\infty } )ã«ãšããš,ç¹é»è· Q {\\displaystyle Q} ããšãé»å Žã®é»äœã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å³ã®ããã«2æã®é屿¿ãå¹³è¡ã«åããåãããŠã黿ºãã€ãªãããšãèªç±é»åãå°ç·ãéãé屿¿ã«é»è·ãèããããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®2ã€ã®é屿¿ã«ãããã Q [ C ] , â Q [ C ] {\\displaystyle Q[\\mathrm {C} ],\\ -Q[\\mathrm {C} ]} ã®é»è·ãèããããŠãããšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·® V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V[\\mathrm {V} ]} ã¯æ¬¡ã®é¢ä¿ãããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã C {\\displaystyle C} ãã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹éãšããã 黿°å®¹éã®åäœã¯ãã¡ã©ã F {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {F} } ã䜿ãããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "極æ¿ã®éé d [ m ] {\\displaystyle d[\\mathrm {m} ]} ã§é¢ç© S [ m 2 ] {\\displaystyle S[\\mathrm {m^{2}} ]} ã®å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é C [ F ] {\\displaystyle C[\\mathrm {F} ]} ãæ±ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã«é»è· Q [ C ] {\\displaystyle Q[\\mathrm {C} ]} ãèããããŠãããšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·®ã V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V[\\mathrm {V} ]} ãšããããã®ãšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»å Ž E [ V / m ] {\\displaystyle E[\\mathrm {V/m} ]} 㯠E = V d {\\displaystyle E={\\frac {V}{d}}} ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "極æ¿ããåºã黿°åç·ã®æ¬æ° N {\\displaystyle N} 㯠N = S E = S V d {\\displaystyle N=SE=S{\\frac {V}{d}}} ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããã¬ãŠã¹ã®æ³åããã N = Q ε {\\displaystyle N={\\frac {Q}{\\varepsilon }}} ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããªãã¡ã黿°åç·ã®æ¬æ°ã«ã€ããŠ",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã C = Q V = ε S d {\\displaystyle C={\\frac {Q}{V}}=\\varepsilon {\\frac {S}{d}}} ãåŸãã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿°å®¹é C [ F ] {\\displaystyle C[\\mathrm {F} ]} ã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã Q [ C ] {\\displaystyle Q[\\mathrm {C} ]} ã®é»è·ãèããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·®ã V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V[\\mathrm {V} ]} ã®ãšããã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®èãããšãã«ã®ãŒ U [ J ] {\\displaystyle U[\\mathrm {J} ]} ãæ±ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã«é»è· Q â² [ C ] {\\displaystyle Q'[\\mathrm {C} ]} ã®é»è·ãèãããããšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·®ã¯ V â² = Q C {\\displaystyle V'={\\frac {Q}{C}}} ã§ããããã®ç¶æ
ã§åŸ®å°é»è· d Q â² {\\displaystyle dQ'} ãéã¶ããã«å¿
èŠãªä»äºã¯ V â² d Q â² = Q â² C d Q â² {\\displaystyle V'dQ'={\\frac {Q'}{C}}dQ'} ã§ãããããã Q â² {\\displaystyle Q'} ã 0 ãã Q {\\displaystyle Q} ã«ãªããŸã§ç©åããã°ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®èãããšãã«ã®ãŒ U {\\displaystyle U} ãæ±ãŸãã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã£ãŠã U = 1 2 Q 2 C = 1 2 C V 2 = 1 2 Q V {\\displaystyle U={\\frac {1}{2}}{\\frac {Q^{2}}{C}}={\\frac {1}{2}}CV^{2}={\\frac {1}{2}}QV} ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã䞊åã«ã€ãªãããšãããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®é»æ°å®¹éãæ±ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿°å®¹é C 1 [ F ] , C 2 [ F ] {\\displaystyle C_{1}[\\mathrm {F} ],\\,C_{2}[\\mathrm {F} ]} ã®é»æ°å®¹éã䞊åã«ã€ãªããé»å§ V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V[\\mathrm {V} ]} ã®é»æºãã€ãªããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã«èããããé»è· Q 1 [ C ] , Q 2 [ C ] {\\displaystyle Q_{1}[\\mathrm {C} ],\\,\\ Q_{2}[\\mathrm {C} ]} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãèããé»è·ã®åèšã¯ Q 1 + Q 2 = C 1 V + C 2 V = ( C 1 + C 2 ) V {\\displaystyle Q_{1}+Q_{2}=C_{1}V+C_{2}V=(C_{1}+C_{2})V} ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®åæé»æ°å®¹é C [ F ] {\\displaystyle C[\\mathrm {F} ]} ã«ã€ã㊠Q 1 + Q 2 = C V {\\displaystyle Q_{1}+Q_{2}=CV} ãšãªãã®ã§ããããšæ¯èŒããŠ",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãåŸãã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãçŽåã«ã€ãªãããšãããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®é»æ°å®¹éãæ±ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿°å®¹é C 1 [ F ] , C 2 [ F ] {\\displaystyle C_{1}[\\mathrm {F} ],\\,C_{2}[\\mathrm {F} ]} ã®é»æ°å®¹éãçŽåã«ã€ãªããé»å§ V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V[\\mathrm {V} ]} ã®é»æºãã€ãªããã2ã€ã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãèããé»è·ã¯çããã®ã§ãããã Q [ C ] {\\displaystyle Q[\\mathrm {C} ]} ãšãããããããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»å§ V 1 [ V ] , V 2 [ V ] {\\displaystyle V_{1}[\\mathrm {V} ],\\ V_{2}[\\mathrm {V} ]} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããããã®åã黿ºã®é»å§ V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V[\\mathrm {V} ]} ã«çããã®ã§",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®åæé»æ°å®¹é C [ F ] {\\displaystyle C[\\mathrm {F} ]} 㯠V = Q C {\\displaystyle V={\\frac {Q}{C}}} ãšãªãã®ã§ããããšæ¯èŒããŠ",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªé»äœã®èªé»ç ε {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon } ãšç空ã®èªé»ç ε {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon } ã®æ¯ ε r = ε ε 0 {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm {r} }={\\frac {\\varepsilon }{\\varepsilon _{0}}}} ãæ¯èªé»çãšããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç空äžã§æ¥µæ¿é¢ç© S [ m 2 ] {\\displaystyle S[\\mathrm {m} ^{2}]} ãæ¥µæ¿éé d [ m ] {\\displaystyle d[\\mathrm {m} ]} ã®å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é C 0 {\\displaystyle C_{0}} 㯠C 0 = ε 0 S d {\\displaystyle C_{0}=\\varepsilon _{0}{\\frac {S}{d}}} ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®æ¥µæ¿éã«æ¯èªé»ç ε r {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{\\mathrm {r} }} ã®èªé»äœããããŸãªãæ¿å
¥ãããšããã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é C {\\displaystyle C} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°äœæé¢ãåäœæéãããã«ééãã黿°é(é»è·)ã黿µ(è±: electric current)ãšãããåäœ:A(ã¢ã³ãã¢)ããæå» t {\\displaystyle t} ã«ãããŠ,黿°éã Q ( t ) {\\displaystyle Q(t)} ãšãããš,åŸ®å°æé Î t {\\displaystyle {\\mathit {\\Delta }}t} éã«é»è·ã Q ( t + Î t ) â Q ( t ) {\\displaystyle Q(t+{\\mathit {\\Delta }}t)-Q(t)} ééãããšã,黿µ I ( t ) {\\displaystyle I(t)} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããããŸã,æé¢ç© S {\\displaystyle S} ãm 2 {\\displaystyle ^{2}} ã,åäœäœç©ãããã®èªç±é»åæ°ã n {\\displaystyle n} ãå/m 2 {\\displaystyle ^{2}} ãã®å°äœã黿µãæµãããšã,ãã®é»æµã®å€§ãã I {\\displaystyle I} ãAãã¯é»æ°çŽ éã e {\\displaystyle e} ãCã,èªç±é»åã®éãã v {\\displaystyle v} ãm/sããšããŠ",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿± ã®å
éšã«ããããã«é»æ°æµæã¯ååšãããããã黿± ã®å
éšæµæãšããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èµ·é»å E [ V ] {\\displaystyle E\\mathrm {[V]} } ãå
éšæµæ r [ Ω ] {\\displaystyle r\\mathrm {[\\Omega ]} } ã®é»æ± ã« I [ A ] {\\displaystyle I\\mathrm {[A]} } 黿µãæµãããšãã黿± ã®ç«¯åé»å§ V [ V ] {\\displaystyle V\\mathrm {[V]} } ã¯ãå
éšæµæã«ããé»å§éäžã¯ r I [ V ] {\\displaystyle rI\\mathrm {[V]} } ã§ãããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é»å§ã V {\\displaystyle V} ,黿µã I {\\displaystyle I} ãšãããš,åäœæéãããã®çºç±é(ãžã¥ãŒã«ç±) P {\\displaystyle P} ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èµ·é»å E [ V ] {\\displaystyle E\\mathrm {[V]} } ãå
éšæµæ r [ Ω ] {\\displaystyle r\\mathrm {[\\Omega ]} } ã®é»æ± ã« R [ Ω ] {\\displaystyle R\\mathrm {[\\Omega ]} } ã®æµæãã€ãªããšããæµæã§ã®é»äœå·® V {\\displaystyle V} ã¯ãªãŒã ã®æ³åãã V = R I {\\displaystyle V=RI} ,åè·¯ã«æµãã黿µ I [ A ] {\\displaystyle I\\mathrm {[A]} } 㯠I = E r + R {\\displaystyle I={\\frac {E}{r+R}}} ã§ãããããæµæã§ã®æ¶è²»é»å P [ W ] {\\displaystyle P\\mathrm {[W]} } ã¯",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ã R {\\displaystyle R} ãå€ãããšãã®æ¶è²»é»å P {\\displaystyle P} ã®æå€§å€ãæ±ããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ãŸãã R = r {\\displaystyle R=r} ã§ r 2 R + R {\\displaystyle {\\frac {r^{2}}{R}}+R} ã¯æå°å€ 2 r {\\displaystyle 2r} ãåããããªãã¡ã P = E 2 r 2 R + R + 2 r {\\displaystyle P={\\frac {E^{2}}{{\\frac {r^{2}}{R}}+R+2r}}} ã¯æå€§å€ E 2 4 r {\\displaystyle {\\frac {E^{2}}{4r}}} ãåãã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»»æã®çµæ¥ç¹ã«ãããŠ,æµå
¥é»æµã®åã¯æµåºé»æµã®åã«çããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ä»»æã®éåè·¯ã«å¯ŸããŠ,èµ·é»å(è±: electromotive force)ã®åã¯é»å§éäž(è±: voltage drop)ã®åã«çããã",
"title": "ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã§ã¯ç£æ°ãæ±ãããã®éå€ç©(ãã¯ãã«ç©)ãçšããããšãããã®ã§å¿
èŠã«å¿ããŠåç
§ããããã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç£ç³ã«éç²ãããããšç£ç³ã®äž¡ç«¯ã«ããä»çããããã®éç²ãåžåŒããåã®åæåãšã¿ãããéšå(æã匷ãéšå)ãç£ç³ã®ç£æ¥µãšãããç£æ¥µã©ããæãã¯ç£ç³ã©ãã,黿µã©ãã,黿µãšç£ç³ãäºãã«åŒãåãæãã¯æ¥ãåãåã®ããšãç£æ°å(ç£å)ãšãããç£æ¥µã®åŒ·ãã衚ãéãç£æ°éãWbããšããã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é»å Žãé»è·ã«åãåãŒã空éã®æ§è³ªã§ããäžæ¹,ç£å Ž(ç£ç)ã¯éåããŠããé»è·ã«åãåãŒã空éã®æ§è³ªã§ãããç£å Žã¯é»å Žãšåæ§ã«,倧ãããšåããæã€ãã¯ãã«ã§ãããç£å Žãã¯ãã« H â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {H}}} ã®ç¹ã«,ç£æ°é m {\\displaystyle m} ãWbãã®ç£æ¥µã眮ãããšã,ãã®ç£æ¥µã«åãåã F {\\displaystyle F} ãNããšãããš",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæãç«ã€ã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç£æå¯åºŠã B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ãšãããš,ç£å Ž H â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {H}}} ãšç空ã®éç£ç ÎŒ 0 {\\displaystyle \\mu _{0}} ãçšãããš",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšè¡šãããããªã,ãã®ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ã®ããšãåã«ç£å ŽãšåŒã¶ããšãããã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿µ I â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {I}}} ã®æµããŠããå°ç·Cã埮å°åºéã«åå²ããã黿µã«ãã£ãŠäœãåºãããç£å Žãå®ããŠããããªã»ãµãŽã¡ãŒã«ã®æ³å(è±: BiotâSavart law)ã«ãã,äœçœ® r â² â {\\displaystyle {\\vec {r'}}} ã«ãã埮å°åºé d l {\\displaystyle dl} ã®é»æµãäœçœ® r â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}} ã«äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"tag": "p",
"text": "黿µå
šäœã®äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯å
šåŸ®å°åºéããã®å¯äžãè¶³ãåãããã°,ã€ãŸãç©åããã°æ±ãŸãã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å³å³ã®ããã«,黿µã«ãã£ãŠ z {\\displaystyle z} ããšã,ç£å Žãæ±ããç¹Pãéãããã« x {\\displaystyle x} 軞ããšããš ( O P Ì = r ) {\\displaystyle ({\\overline {\\mathrm {OP} }}=r)} , x y z {\\displaystyle xyz} 空éã«ãã㊠r â = ( r , 0 , 0 ) . r â² â = ( 0 , 0 , z â² ) {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}=(r,\\ 0,\\ 0).\\ {\\vec {r'}}=(0,\\ 0,\\ z')} ãšãããš z {\\displaystyle z} 軞äžã®åŸ®å°åºé [ z â² , z â² + d z â² ] {\\displaystyle [z',\\ z'+dz']} ã®é»æµãç¹Pã«äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯å€ç©ã®æ§è³ªãã I â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {I}}} ãš r â â r â² â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {r}}-{\\vec {r'}}} ã«åçŽ,ããªãã¡",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãš y {\\displaystyle y} æåã®ã¿ã§, | r â â r â² â | = r 2 + z â² 2 {\\displaystyle |{\\overrightarrow {r}}-{\\vec {r'}}|={\\sqrt {r^{2}+{z'}^{2}}}} ã§ãããã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãŠé»æµå
šäœãäœãç£æå¯åºŠ B {\\displaystyle B} ã¯(2.4)ãã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§, z â² = r tan Ï {\\displaystyle z'=r\\tan \\phi } ãšãããš",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã§ãããã(眮æç©å)",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžããçŽç·é»æµãäœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯é»æµãŸããã«æžŠå·»ãç¶ã«ååžã,黿µããåçŽè·é¢ r {\\displaystyle r} é¢ããäœçœ®ã§ã¯",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç£æå¯åºŠ(ç£å Ž) B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ãé·ã l {\\displaystyle l} ã®é»æµ I â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {I}}} ã«åãŒãå(é»ç£å,ã¢ã³ããŒã«å) F â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {F}}} ã¯",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšè¡šãã,ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ãšé»æµ I â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {I}}} ã®ãªãè§ã Ξ {\\displaystyle \\theta } ãšããŠå€ç©ã®æ§è³ªãã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¬ã«è·é»ç²åãç£å Žã暪åããš,ç£å Žããåãåããããšãç¥ãããŠãããé»å Ž E â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {E}}} ,ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ã®äžã§,é床 v â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {v}}} ,é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ã®è·é»ç²åã«åãå",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¹ã«ç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ã®äžã§é床 v â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {v}}} ,é»è· q {\\displaystyle q} ã®è·é»ç²åã«åãå",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŒã¬ã³ãå(è±: Lorentz force)ãšãããç£æå¯åºŠ B â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {B}}} ãšé床 v â {\\displaystyle {\\overrightarrow {v}}} ã®ãªãè§ã Ξ {\\displaystyle \\theta } ãšããŠå€ç©ã®æ§è³ªãã",
"title": "ç£æ°åãšç£å Ž"
}
]
| null | {{pathnav|é«çåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿|é«çåŠæ ¡çç§|é«çåŠæ ¡ ç©ç|pagename=é»ç£æ°åŠ|frame=1|small=1}}
=黿°=
== ã¯ãŒãã³å(é黿°å) ==
é¢ãã2åã®ç¡éã«å°ãã垯é»äœ(ç¹é»è·)ã®éã«åãåã'''ã¯ãŒãã³å'''('''é黿°å''')ãšããïŒåç¹ã«ç¹é»è·<math>Q</math>ããããšãïŒãããã<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ã®äœçœ®ã«çœ®ãããç¹é»è·<math>q</math>ã®åããå<math>\overrightarrow F</math>ã¯
:<math>\overrightarrow F = k\frac{Qq}{r^2}\left(\!\frac{\overrightarrow r}{r}\!\right)</math> (1.1)
ã§ããã<math>k</math>ã¯ã¯ãŒãã³åã®æ¯äŸå®æ°ãšãã°ãïŒ<math>k =\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\fallingdotseq 8.99 \times 10^9 \,\ \mathrm{N\cdot m^2/C^2}</math>ã§ãã(<math>\varepsilon_0</math>ïŒç空ã®èªé»ç)ã
:<math>F > 0</math> ã®ãšãã¯ã<math>Q,\ q</math> ã¯å笊å·ãªã®ã§ãç¹é»è·ã«åãåã¯æ¥åã§ããã<math>F < 0</math> ã®ãšãã¯ã<math>Q,\ q</math> ã¯ç°ç¬Šå·ãªã®ã§ãç¹é»è·ã«åãåã¯åŒåã§ããã
== é»å Ž ==
垯é»äœããã空éã«ãé»è·ã眮ããšãã®é»è·ã¯é黿°åãåãããããã¯åž¯é»äœã空éã«åœ±é¿ãäžããé»è·ã«åãå ãã£ããšèããããšãã§ããããã®ããã«ãé黿°åãã¯ããã空éã®ç¶æ
ã'''é»å Ž'''('''é»ç''')ãšããã
空éå
ã®äœçœ®<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ã«çœ®ããååå°ããé»è·<math>q</math>ãå<math>\overrightarrow F(\overrightarrow r)</math>ãåãããªãã°ïŒãã®äœçœ®ã®é»å Žã¯åäœé»è·ãããã®åïŒããªãã¡ãã¯ãã«
:<math>\overrightarrow E(\overrightarrow r)=\frac{\overrightarrow F(\overrightarrow r)}{q}</math>ãN/Cã(1.2)
ã§äžããããã(1.2)ãå€åœ¢ãããš
:<math>\overrightarrow F(\overrightarrow r)= q \overrightarrow E(\overrightarrow r)</math>. (1.2)<math>'</math>
(1.2)<math>'</math>ã¯ïŒé»å Ž<math>\overrightarrow E(\overrightarrow r)</math>äžã§ç¹<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ã«çœ®ãããé»è·<math>q</math>ãåããåãæãããã®å°é»è·<math>q</math>ã詊éšé»è·ãšããã
=== ç¹é»è·ã®äœãé»å Ž ===
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以äžã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãããé»å Žãã©ã®ããã«çã¿åºãããã®ãã«ã€ããŠèãããã鿢ããç¹é»è·<math>Q</math>ããã£ããšãïŒ<math>Q</math>ã¯ãããã<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ã®äœçœ®ã«
:<math>\overrightarrow E(\overrightarrow r)=\frac{\overrightarrow F(\overrightarrow r)}{q}=k\frac{Q}{r^2}\left(\!\frac{\overrightarrow r}{r}\!\right)</math> (1.3)
ã®é»å Žãçã¿åºããé»å Žã®å€§ããã¯
:<math>E = k\frac{|Q|}{r^2}</math> (1.3)<math>'</math>
ã§ããã
=== éãåããã®åç ===
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<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ã®äœçœ®ã«è€æ°ã®ç¹é»è·ãã€ããé»å Ž<math>\overrightarrow E(\overrightarrow r)</math>ã¯ïŒããããã®ç¹é»è·ãã€ããé»å Ž<math>\vec{E_i}(\overrightarrow r)</math>ã®ãã¯ãã«åã§ããã
:<math>\overrightarrow E(\overrightarrow r)=\sum_{i}\vec{E_i}(\overrightarrow r)</math>. (1.4)
===黿°åç·===
'''黿°åç·'''ãšã¯é»å Žã®æ¹åãæ¥ç·ãšããæ²ç·ã§ããã
==é»äœ==
é»å Žäžã«çœ®ãããé»è·ãé黿°å(ã¯ãŒãã³å)ãåããŠéåãããšãïŒé黿°åã¯é»è·ã«å¯ŸããŠä»äºãããé黿°åã¯ä¿ååãªã®ã§ïŒãã®ä»äºã¯éåãããä»äºãšåæ§ïŒå§ç¹ãšçµç¹ã®äœçœ®ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸãïŒéäžã®çµè·¯ã«ãããªãããããã£ãŠïŒéåãšåæ§ã«é黿°åã«ããäœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå®çŸ©ã§ãããé»å Žã«ãããŠïŒéåå Žã«ããããé«ããã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæŠå¿µãé»äœã§ããã
<math>xy</math>å¹³é¢ãæ°Žå¹³é¢ã«ïŒéçŽäžåãã«<math>z</math>軞ããšãïŒ<math>-z</math>æ¹åãåããäžæ§ãªé»å Ž<math>\overrightarrow E =(0,\ 0,\ -E)</math>ãèããããã®é»å Žããé»è·<math>q</math>ã®åããåã¯<math>q\overrightarrow E</math>ïŒããã«éãã£ãŠé»è·ããã£ããéã¶åã¯<math>-q\overrightarrow E =(0,\ 0,\ qE)</math>ïŒãã®é»è·ã<math>r</math>ã®äœçœ®ã§æã€äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ïŒãã®å<math>-q\overrightarrow E</math>ã§<math>q</math>ãåºæºç¹(åç¹O)ãã<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ãŸã§éã¶ä»äºã§ããã¯éã¶çµè·¯ã«ããã<math>U(\overrightarrow r)= -q\overrightarrow E\cdot\overrightarrow r = qEz</math>ïŒããã§'''é»äœ'''ãåäœé»è·ãããã®äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒ
:<math>V(\overrightarrow r)= U(\overrightarrow r)\div q = Ez</math>
ã§å®çŸ©ããã
éåãçé«é¢(äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒäžå®ã®é¢)ã«åçŽã§äž(äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã®äœããªãåã)ãåããŠããã®ãšåæ§ïŒ'''é»å Žã¯çé»äœé¢ã«åçŽã§é»äœã®äœããªãåã'''ãåããŠããã
äžè¬ã®éé»å Žã®å Žåãåæ§ã§ïŒ<math>r</math>äœçœ®ã§é»è·<math>q</math>ããã€äœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒãïŒé»å Žããåãã<math>q\overrightarrow E</math>ã«éãã£ãŠ<math>-q\overrightarrow E</math>ãå ãïŒåºæºç¹<math>\vec{r_0}</math>ãããã®ç¹<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ãŸã§é»è·ããã£ããéã¶ä»äº
:<math>U_\mathrm{C}(\overrightarrow r)=\int _{r_0}^r -q\overrightarrow E\cdot d\overrightarrow r = -q\int _{r_0}^r \overrightarrow E\cdot d\overrightarrow r</math> (1.5)
ã§å®çŸ©ããããé黿°åãä¿ååã§ãããããã®ç©åã¯<math>\vec{r_0}</math>ãã<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ãžã®çµè·¯ã«ãããªããããã§ïŒ'''é»äœ'''ã'''åäœé»è·ãããã®é黿°åã«ããäœçœ®ãšãã«ã®ãŒ'''
:<math>V(\overrightarrow r)=\frac{U(\overrightarrow r)}{q}= -\int _{r_0}^r \overrightarrow E\cdot d\overrightarrow r</math> (1.6)
ã§å®çŸ©ãããã€ãŸãïŒããç¹ã®é»äœãšã¯ïŒåºæºç¹ãããã®ç¹ãŸã§é»è·ããã£ããéã¶ããã«å€åãåäœé»è·ãããã«ããã°ãªãã¬ä»äºã®ããšã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ãã質é<math>m</math>ïŒé»è·<math>q</math>ã®ç²åã«å¯Ÿããé»å Žäžã§ã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒä¿ååã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¡šãããã
:<math>\frac{1}{2}mv^2 + qV =</math>äžå®ïŒ(1.7)
ãŸãå®çŸ©ããïŒé»è·<math>q</math>ãé»å Žã®å<math>q\overrightarrow E</math>ã«æããŠ<math>\vec{r_1}</math>ãã<math>\vec{r_2}</math>ãŸã§éã¶ããã«å€åã®ããä»äº<math>W_\mathrm{EF}</math>ã¯
:<math>W_\mathrm{EF}= q(V(\vec{r_2})-V(\vec{r_1}))= -q\int _\vec{r_1}^\vec{r_2} \overrightarrow E\cdot d\overrightarrow r</math> (1.8)
ã§äžããããããã®<math>V(\vec{r_2})-V(\vec{r_1})</math>ã'''é»äœå·®'''åã¯'''é»å§'''ãšãããã€ãŸãïŒç¹éã®é»äœå·®(é»å§)ãšã¯é»å Žã«æããŠé»è·ããã®ïŒç¹éã§éã¶ããã«åäœé»è·ãããèŠããä»äºã§ããã
ç¹é»è·<math>Q</math>ãåç¹ã«ãããšãã®é»äœãæ±ãããããã®ãšãé»å Žã¯(1.3)ã§äžããããããïŒ(1.6)ã¯
:<math>V(\overrightarrow r)= -\int _{r_0}^r k\frac{Q}{r^2}\frac{(\overrightarrow r\cdot dr)}{r}= -\int _{r_0}^r k\frac{Q}{r^2}dr= kQ\left(\frac{1}{r}-\frac{1}{r_0}\right)</math>
ãšãªããåºæºç¹ãç¡éé (<math>r_0\to\infty</math>)ã«ãšããšïŒç¹é»è·<math>Q</math>ããšãé»å Žã®é»äœã¯
:<math>V(\overrightarrow r)= k\frac{Q}{r}</math>. (1.9)
== ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒ ==
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å³ã®ããã«2æã®é屿¿ãå¹³è¡ã«åããåãããŠã黿ºãã€ãªãããšãèªç±é»åãå°ç·ãéãé屿¿ã«é»è·ãèããããã
å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®2ã€ã®é屿¿ã«ãããã <math>Q[\mathrm C],\ -Q[\mathrm C]</math> ã®é»è·ãèããããŠãããšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·® <math>V[\mathrm V]</math> ã¯æ¬¡ã®é¢ä¿ãããã
:<math>Q = CV</math>
ããã§ã<math>C</math> ãã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹éãšããã 黿°å®¹éã®åäœã¯ãã¡ã©ã <math>\mathrm F</math> ã䜿ãããã
=== å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é ===
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極æ¿ã®éé <math>d [\mathrm m]</math> ã§é¢ç© <math>S [\mathrm{m^2}]</math> ã®å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é <math>C [\mathrm F]</math> ãæ±ããã
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã«é»è· <math>Q [\mathrm C]</math> ãèããããŠãããšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·®ã <math>V[\mathrm V]</math> ãšããããã®ãšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»å Ž <math>E [\mathrm{V/m}]</math> 㯠<math>E = \frac V d</math> ã§ããã
極æ¿ããåºã黿°åç·ã®æ¬æ° <math>N</math> 㯠<math>N = SE = S \frac V d</math> ã§ããã
ãŸããã¬ãŠã¹ã®æ³åããã <math>N = \frac Q \varepsilon</math> ã§ããã
ããªãã¡ã黿°åç·ã®æ¬æ°ã«ã€ããŠ
:<math>N = \frac Q \varepsilon = S \frac V d </math>
ããã <math>C = \frac Q V = \varepsilon \frac S d</math> ãåŸãã
=== ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®èãããšãã«ã®ãŒ ===
黿°å®¹é <math>C [\mathrm F]</math> ã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã <math>Q [\mathrm C]</math> ã®é»è·ãèããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·®ã <math>V [\mathrm V]</math> ã®ãšããã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®èãããšãã«ã®ãŒ <math>U [\mathrm J]</math> ãæ±ããã
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã«é»è· <math>Q' [\mathrm C]</math> ã®é»è·ãèãããããšããæ¥µæ¿éã®é»äœå·®ã¯ <math>V' = \frac{Q}{C}</math> ã§ããããã®ç¶æ
ã§åŸ®å°é»è· <math>dQ'</math> ãéã¶ããã«å¿
èŠãªä»äºã¯ <math>V' dQ' = \frac{Q'}{C}dQ'</math> ã§ãããããã <math>Q'</math> ã 0 ãã <math>Q</math> ã«ãªããŸã§ç©åããã°ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®èãããšãã«ã®ãŒ <math>U</math> ãæ±ãŸãã
:<math>U = \int_0^Q \frac{Q'}{C}dQ' = [\frac{Q'^2}{2}]_0^Q = \frac 1 2 \frac{Q^2}{C}</math>
ãããã£ãŠã<math>U = \frac 1 2 \frac{Q^2}{C} = \frac 1 2 CV^2 = \frac 1 2 QV</math> ã§ããã
=== ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®æ¥ç¶ ===
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã䞊åã«ã€ãªãããšãããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®é»æ°å®¹éãæ±ããã
黿°å®¹é <math>C_1 [\mathrm F],\,C_2 [\mathrm F]</math> ã®é»æ°å®¹éã䞊åã«ã€ãªããé»å§ <math>V [\mathrm V]</math> ã®é»æºãã€ãªããã
ããããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã«èããããé»è· <math>Q_1 [\mathrm C],\,\ Q_2 [\mathrm C]</math> ã¯
:<math>Q_1 = C_1V,\,Q_2 = C_2 V</math> ã§ããã
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãèããé»è·ã®åèšã¯ <math>Q_1 + Q_2 =C_1V + C_2 V = (C_1 + C_2)V</math> ã§ããã
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®åæé»æ°å®¹é <math>C [\mathrm F]</math> ã«ã€ã㊠<math>Q_1 + Q_2 = CV</math> ãšãªãã®ã§ããããšæ¯èŒããŠ
:<math>C = C_1 + C_2</math>
ãåŸãã
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãçŽåã«ã€ãªãããšãããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®é»æ°å®¹éãæ±ããã
黿°å®¹é <math>C_1 [\mathrm F],\,C_2 [\mathrm F]</math> ã®é»æ°å®¹éãçŽåã«ã€ãªããé»å§ <math>V [\mathrm V]</math> ã®é»æºãã€ãªããã2ã€ã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãèããé»è·ã¯çãã<ref>2ã€ã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®éã®é»è·ä¿ååããã2ã€ã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒãèããé»è·ã¯çããã</ref>ã®ã§ãããã <math>Q [\mathrm C]</math> ãšãããããããã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»å§ <math>V_1 [\mathrm V],\ V_2 [\mathrm V]</math> ã¯
:<math>V_1 = \frac Q {C_1} ,\,V_2 \frac{Q}{C_2}</math>
ã§ããããã®åã黿ºã®é»å§ <math>V [\mathrm V]</math> ã«çããã®ã§
:<math>V = V_1 + V_2 = \frac{Q}{C_1} + \frac{Q}{C_2}</math>
ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒå
šäœãšããŠã¿ããšãã®åæé»æ°å®¹é <math>C [\mathrm F]</math> 㯠<math>V = \frac Q C</math> ãšãªãã®ã§ããããšæ¯èŒããŠ
:<math>\frac 1 C = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2}</math>
ã§ãã<ref>ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®åæé»æ°å®¹éã®åŒã®åœ¢ã¯ãæµæã®åææµæã®ãã®ãšãçŽåã»äžŠåãéã«ãªã£ãŠããã</ref>ã
=== é屿¿ãèªé»äœãå·®ã蟌ãã ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒ ===
èªé»äœã®èªé»ç <math>\varepsilon</math> ãšç空ã®èªé»ç <math>\varepsilon</math> ã®æ¯ <math>\varepsilon_\mathrm r = \frac{\varepsilon}{\varepsilon_0}</math> ã'''æ¯èªé»ç'''ãšããã
ç空äžã§æ¥µæ¿é¢ç© <math>S [\mathrm m^2]</math>ãæ¥µæ¿éé <math>d [\mathrm m]</math> ã®å¹³è¡æ¿ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é <math>C_0</math> 㯠<math>C_0 = \varepsilon_0 \frac S d</math> ã§ããã
ãã®ã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®æ¥µæ¿éã«æ¯èªé»ç <math>\varepsilon_\mathrm r</math> ã®èªé»äœããããŸãªãæ¿å
¥ãããšããã³ã³ãã³ãµãŒã®é»æ°å®¹é <math>C</math> ã¯
:<math>C = \varepsilon_\mathrm r \varepsilon_0 \frac S d = \varepsilon_\mathrm r C_0</math>
ã§ããã
== çŽæµåè·¯ ==
===黿µ===
å°äœæé¢ãåäœæéãããã«ééãã黿°é(é»è·)ã'''黿µ'''({{Lang-en-short|electric current}})ãšãããåäœïŒ'''A'''('''ã¢ã³ãã¢''')ããæå»<math>t</math>ã«ãããŠïŒé»æ°éã<math>Q(t)</math>ãšãããšïŒåŸ®å°æé<math>\mathit{\Delta}t</math>éã«é»è·ã<math>Q(t+\mathit{\Delta}t)-Q(t)</math>ééãããšãïŒé»æµ<math>I(t)</math>ã¯
:<math>I(t)=\lim_{\mathit{\Delta}t\to 0}\frac{Q(t+\mathit{\Delta}t)-Q(t)}{\mathit{\Delta}t}=\frac{dQ(t)}{dt}</math>
ã§ããããŸãïŒæé¢ç©<math>S</math>ãm<math>^2</math>ãïŒåäœäœç©ãããã®èªç±é»åæ°ã<math>n</math>ãå/m<math>^2</math>ãã®å°äœã黿µãæµãããšãïŒãã®é»æµã®å€§ãã<math>I</math>ãAãã¯é»æ°çŽ éã<math>e</math>ãCãïŒèªç±é»åã®éãã<math>v</math>ãm/sããšããŠ
:<math>I=enSv</math>ãAã
ã§ããã
=== 黿± ã®å
éšæµæ ===
黿± ã®å
éšã«ããããã«é»æ°æµæã¯ååšãããããã黿± ã®'''å
éšæµæ'''ãšããã
èµ·é»å <math>E \mathrm{[V]}</math> ãå
éšæµæ <math>r\mathrm{[\Omega]}</math> ã®é»æ± ã« <math>I\mathrm{[A]}</math> 黿µãæµãããšãã黿± ã®ç«¯åé»å§ <math>V\mathrm{[V]}</math> ã¯ãå
éšæµæã«ããé»å§éäžã¯ <math>rI\mathrm{[V]}</math> ã§ãããã
:<math>V = E -rI</math>
ã§ããã
=== ãžã¥ãŒã«ç±ãšæ¶è²»é»å ===
é»å§ã<math>V</math>ïŒé»æµã<math>I</math>ãšãããšïŒåäœæéãããã®çºç±é(ãžã¥ãŒã«ç±)<math>P</math>ã¯
:<math>P=IV</math>.
èµ·é»å<math>E \mathrm{[V]}</math>ãå
éšæµæ<math>r\mathrm{[\Omega]}</math>ã®é»æ± ã«<math>R \mathrm{[\Omega]}</math>ã®æµæãã€ãªããšããæµæã§ã®é»äœå·®<math>V</math>ã¯ãªãŒã ã®æ³åãã<math>V=RI</math>ïŒåè·¯ã«æµãã黿µ<math>I\mathrm{[A]}</math>ã¯<math>I = \frac{E}{r+R}</math>ã§ãããããæµæã§ã®æ¶è²»é»å <math>P \mathrm{[W]}</math> ã¯
:<math>P = RI^2 = \frac{RE^2}{(r+R)^2}</math>
ã§ããã
ããã§ã<math>R</math> ãå€ãããšãã®æ¶è²»é»å<math>P</math>ã®æå€§å€ãæ±ããã
:<math>P = \frac{RE^2}{(r+R)^2} = \frac{E^2}{\frac{r^2}{R} + 2r +R}\cdots\cdots (*)</math>
*è§£ïŒ
:<math>(*)</math>ã®äž¡èŸºã<math>R</math>ã§åŸ®åãããš
::<math>\frac{dP}{dR}=\frac{-E^2(-\frac{r^2}{R^2}+1)}{(\frac{r^2}{R} + 2r + R)^2}=\frac{E^2(r^2-R^2)}{(r^2+2Rr+R^2)^2}=\frac{E^2(r-R)}{(r+R)^3}</math>.
:<math>\frac{dP}{dR}=0</math>ã®ãšã
::<math>R=r</math>.
:ãã£ãŠ<math>R>0</math>ã«ããã<math>P</math>ã®å¢æžè¡šã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªãã
::<math>\begin{array}{c|c}R & (0)\cdots\; r\;\cdots \\ \hline \frac{dP}{dR} & \quad\ +\ \ 0\ \ - \\ \hline P & \quad\ \nearrow\frac{E^2}{4r}\searrow \\ \end{array}</math> ãã£ãŠïŒ<math>R=r</math>ã®ãšã極倧å€<math>\frac{E^2}{4r}</math>ããšãã
*è§£ïŒ
:çžå å¹³åã»çžä¹å¹³åãã
::<math>\frac{r^2}{R} + R \ge 2\sqrt{\frac{r^2}{R}\cdot R} = 2r</math>. (çå·æç«ã¯ <math>\frac{r^2}{R} = R</math> ããªãã¡ <math>R = r</math> ã®ãšã)
ã€ãŸãã <math>R = r</math> ã§ <math>\frac{r^2}{R} + R</math> ã¯æå°å€ <math>2r</math> ãåããããªãã¡ã<math>P = \frac{E^2}{\frac{r^2}{R} + R + 2r}</math> ã¯æå€§å€ <math>\frac{E^2}{4r}</math> ãåãã
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ä»»æã®çµæ¥ç¹ã«ãããŠïŒ'''æµå
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:<math>\sum_\mathrm{inflow}I_i=\sum_\mathrm{outflow}I_{i'}'</math>.
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ä»»æã®éåè·¯ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒ'''èµ·é»å'''({{Lang-en-short|electromotive force}})'''ã®åã¯é»å§éäž'''({{Lang-en-short|voltage drop}})'''ã®åã«çãã'''ã
:<math>\sum_\mathrm{closed\ circuit}V_\mathrm{emf}=\sum_\mathrm{closed\ circuit}V_\mathrm{drop}</math>.
=ç£æ°=
以äžã§ã¯ç£æ°ãæ±ãããã®é[[w:ã¯ãã¹ç©|å€ç©(ãã¯ãã«ç©)]]ãçšããããšãããã®ã§å¿
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ç£ç³ã«éç²ãããããšç£ç³ã®äž¡ç«¯ã«ããä»çããããã®éç²ãåžåŒããåã®åæåãšã¿ãããéšå(æã匷ãéšå)ãç£ç³ã®'''ç£æ¥µ'''ãšãããç£æ¥µã©ããæãã¯ç£ç³ã©ããïŒé»æµã©ããïŒé»æµãšç£ç³ãäºãã«åŒãåãæãã¯æ¥ãåãåã®ããšã'''ç£æ°å'''('''ç£å''')ãšãããç£æ¥µã®åŒ·ãã衚ãéã'''ç£æ°é'''ãWbããšããã
é»å Žãé»è·ã«åãåãŒã空éã®æ§è³ªã§ããäžæ¹ïŒ'''ç£å Ž'''('''ç£ç''')ã¯éåããŠããé»è·ã«åãåãŒã空éã®æ§è³ªã§ãããç£å Žã¯é»å Žãšåæ§ã«ïŒå€§ãããšåããæã€ãã¯ãã«ã§ãããç£å Žãã¯ãã«<math>\overrightarrow H</math>ã®ç¹ã«ïŒç£æ°é<math>m</math>ãWbãã®ç£æ¥µã眮ãããšãïŒãã®ç£æ¥µã«åãåã<math>F</math>ãNããšãããš
:<math>\overrightarrow H =\frac{\overrightarrow F}{m}</math>ãN/Wbã(2.1)
ãæãç«ã€ã
===ç£æå¯åºŠ===
'''ç£æå¯åºŠ'''ã<math>\overrightarrow B</math>ãšãããšïŒç£å Ž<math>\overrightarrow H</math>ãšç空ã®éç£ç<math>\mu _0</math>ãçšãããš
:<math>\begin{align}\overrightarrow B & =\mu _0\overrightarrow H\\ & =\frac{\mu _0\overrightarrow F}{m}\ (\because (2.1))\end{align}</math>(2.2)
ãšè¡šãããããªãïŒãã®ç£æå¯åºŠ<math>\overrightarrow B</math>ã®ããšãåã«ç£å ŽãšåŒã¶ããšãããã
==黿µãäœãç£å Ž==
黿µ<math>\overrightarrow I</math>ã®æµããŠããå°ç·Cã埮å°åºéã«åå²ããã黿µã«ãã£ãŠäœãåºãããç£å Žãå®ããŠããããªã»ãµãŽã¡ãŒã«ã®æ³å({{Lang-en-short|BiotâSavart law}})ã«ããïŒäœçœ®<math>\vec{r'}</math>ã«ãã埮å°åºé<math>dl</math>ã®é»æµãäœçœ®<math>\overrightarrow r</math>ã«äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯
:<math>d\overrightarrow B(\overrightarrow r)=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\cdot\frac{\overrightarrow I\times(\overrightarrow r-\vec{r'})}{|\overrightarrow r-\vec{r'}|^3}dl</math>. (2.3)
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šäœã®äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯å
šåŸ®å°åºéããã®å¯äžãè¶³ãåãããã°ïŒã€ãŸãç©åããã°æ±ãŸãã
:<math>\overrightarrow B(\overrightarrow r)=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\int\frac{\overrightarrow I\times(\overrightarrow r-\vec{r'})}{|\overrightarrow r-\vec{r'}|^3}dl</math>. (2.4)
===ç¡éã«é·ãçŽç·é»æµ===
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å³å³ã®ããã«ïŒé»æµã«ãã£ãŠ<math>z</math>ããšãïŒç£å Žãæ±ããç¹Pãéãããã«<math>x</math>軞ããšããš<math>(\overline{\mathrm{OP}}=r)</math>ïŒ<math>xyz</math>空éã«ãããŠ<math>\overrightarrow r=(r,\ 0,\ 0).\ \vec{r'}=(0,\ 0,\ z')</math>ãšãããš<math>z</math>軞äžã®åŸ®å°åºé<math>[z',\ z'+dz']</math>ã®é»æµãç¹Pã«äœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯[[w:ã¯ãã¹ç©|å€ç©]]ã®æ§è³ªãã<math>\overrightarrow I</math>ãš<math>\overrightarrow r-\vec{r'}</math>ã«åçŽïŒããªãã¡
:<math>d\overrightarrow B(\overrightarrow r)=(0,\ dB(r),\ 0)</math>
ãš<math>y</math>æåã®ã¿ã§ïŒ<math>|\overrightarrow r-\vec{r'}|=\sqrt{r^2 +{z'}^2}</math>ã§ãããã
:<math>dB(r)=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi}\frac{I\sin\theta}{r^2 +{z'}^2}dz'=\frac{\mu _0I}{4\pi}\frac{rdz'}{(r^2+{z'}^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}</math>.
ãã£ãŠé»æµå
šäœãäœãç£æå¯åºŠ<math>B</math>ã¯(2.4)ãã
:<math>B(r)=\frac{\mu _0I}{4\pi}\int _{-\infty}^\infty \frac{rdz'}{(r^2+{z'}^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}</math>.
ããã§ïŒ<math>z'=r\tan\phi</math>ãšãããš
:<math>\frac{dz'}{d\phi}=r\frac{\cos ^2\phi-\sin\phi(-\sin\phi)}{\cos ^2\phi}=\frac{r}{\cos ^2\phi}\quad\therefore dz'=\frac{rd\phi}{\cos ^2\phi}\quad\begin{array}{c|c}z' & -\infty\to \infty \\ \hline \phi & -\frac{\pi}{2}\to \frac{\pi}{2} \\ \end{array}</math>
ã§ãããã(眮æç©å)
:<math>B(r)=\frac{\mu _0I}{4\pi}\int _{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{r\frac{rd\phi}{\cos ^2\phi}}{(r^2+r^2\tan^2\phi)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=\frac{\mu _0I}{4\pi}\int _{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{\cos\phi}{r}d\phi=\frac{\mu _0I}{4\pi r}[\sin\phi]_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^\frac{\pi}{2}=\frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}</math>.
以äžããçŽç·é»æµãäœãç£æå¯åºŠã¯é»æµãŸããã«æžŠå·»ãç¶ã«ååžãïŒé»æµããåçŽè·é¢<math>r</math>é¢ããäœçœ®ã§ã¯
:倧ããïŒ<math>B(r)=\frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}\Longleftrightarrow H(r)=\frac{I}{2\pi r}\ (\because(2.2))</math> (2.5)
:åãïŒ<math>I</math>ã«åçŽãªé¢å
ã§<math>I</math>ã«å¯ŸããŠå³åã('''å³ããã®æ³å''')
==ç£å Žã黿µã«åãŒãå==
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ç£æå¯åºŠ(ç£å Ž)<math>\overrightarrow B</math>ãé·ã<math>l</math>ã®é»æµ<math>\overrightarrow I</math>ã«åãŒãå(é»ç£åïŒã¢ã³ããŒã«å)<math>\overrightarrow F</math>ã¯
:<math>\overrightarrow F=l\overrightarrow I\times\overrightarrow B</math>
ãšè¡šããïŒç£æå¯åºŠ<math>\overrightarrow B</math>ãšé»æµ<math>\overrightarrow I</math>ã®ãªãè§ã<math>\theta</math>ãšããŠ[[w:ã¯ãã¹ç©|å€ç©]]ã®æ§è³ªãã
:倧ããïŒ<math>F=lIB\sin\theta</math> (ç£å Ž<math>\overrightarrow H</math>ãšç空ã®éç£ç<math>\mu _0</math>ãçšãããš(2.2)ãã<math>F=\mu _0lIH\sin\theta</math>)
:åãïŒ'''ãã¬ãã³ã°ã®å·Šæã®æ³å'''ã«åŸãïŒæãã¯é»æµã®åããšç£å Žã®åãã«åçŽã«ç«ãŠãå³ããã黿µã®åãããç£å Žã®åãã«åãããšãã«å³ããã®é²ãåã
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:<math>\overrightarrow F=q(\overrightarrow E+\overrightarrow v\times\overrightarrow B)</math>ïŒ
ç¹ã«ç£æå¯åºŠ<math>\overrightarrow B</math>ã®äžã§é床<math>\overrightarrow v</math>ïŒé»è·<math>q</math>ã®è·é»ç²åã«åãå
:<math>\overrightarrow F=q\overrightarrow v\times\overrightarrow B</math>
ãããŒã¬ã³ãå({{Lang-en-short|Lorentz force}})ãšãããç£æå¯åºŠ<math>\overrightarrow B</math>ãšé床<math>\overrightarrow v</math>ã®ãªãè§ã<math>\theta</math>ãšããŠ[[w:ã¯ãã¹ç©|å€ç©]]ã®æ§è³ªãã
:倧ããïŒ<math>F=qvB\sin\theta</math>
:åãïŒ'''ãã¬ãã³ã°ã®å·Šæã®æ³å'''ã«åŸãïŒæãã¯æ£é»è·ã®ãšãã«è·é»ç²åã®é床ã®åããšç£å Žã®åãã«åçŽã«ç«ãŠãå³ãããé床ã®åãããç£å Žã®åãã«åãããšãã«å³ããã®é²ãåã(è² é»è·ã§ã¯éã«ãªã)
==ç£æ==
éæ²ç·Cã®æ£ã®åããå®ãïŒãã®åãã«å³ãããåããŠãããé²ãåãã«Cã®å²ãé¢ã®æ³ç·ãã¯ãã«<math>\overrightarrow n</math>ããšããCã®å²ãé¢ã®é¢ç©ã<math>S</math>ãšããŠCã貫ãç£æ<math>\mathit{\Phi}</math>ã¯
:<math>\mathit{\Phi}=\int\overrightarrow B\cdot\overrightarrow ndS</math>
ç¹ã«<math>\overrightarrow B\cdot\overrightarrow n</math>ãäžæ§ã§ãããšãã¯
:<math>\mathit{\Phi}=\overrightarrow B\cdot\overrightarrow nS=BS\cos\theta</math>.
==é»ç£èªå°==
éåè·¯Cã貫ãç£æãæéå€åãããšéåè·¯Cã«'''èªå°èµ·é»å'''ãçããããã®èµ·é»å<math>V_\mathrm{emf}</math>ã¯
:<math>V_\mathrm{emf}=-\frac{d\mathit{\Phi}}{dt}</math>.
{{DEFAULTSORT:ãŠããããã}}
[[Category:é«çåŠæ ¡æè²]]
[[ã«ããŽãª:é»ç£æ°åŠ]] | 2022-09-03T11:12:29Z | 2024-02-29T14:33:26Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Pathnav",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Lang-en-short"
]
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ã-極ãã+極ã«åãã£ãŠé»æ°ãæµãããšã W < 0 ã§ãããç³»ãã黿°ãšãã«ã®ãŒãåãåºãããŠãããäžã«æãã3ã€ã®äŸã§ã¯ããžã¥ãŒã«ç±ã®çºçãšé»æ°åè§£ã W > 0 ã§ãããååŠé»æ± ã®æŸé»åå¿ã W < 0 ã§ããã",
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"text": "ã€ãŸããã¿ããªãäžæã«èªå·±ä¿åæš©ãæŸæ£ãã匷åãªåœå®¶æš©åã«ãããå
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ãããã¹ã»ããããºã®è°è«ã¯ç¡ç§©åºãæããããŸãã«çµ¶å¯Ÿåäž»ãæè·ã«ã€ãªãããšæ¹å€ãããŸããã",
"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"text": "ãžã§ã³ã»ããã¯ã¯ãèªç¶ç¶æ
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
},
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"text": "代衚è
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"text": "ãžã£ã³=ãžã£ãã¯ã»ã«ãœãŒã¯èªç¶ç¶æ
ãå¹³åãªç¶æ
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ã¯çŽæŽã§åè¯ã ããã§ãã",
"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
},
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"text": "ãšããããçŸåšã®ææç€ŸäŒã«ã¯äžå¹³çãšäžå
¬æ£ãããã«æªåŸ³ãæºã¡æºã¡ãŠããŸãããã®çç±ã¯ã人ã
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"text": "ãã®ãããªäºæ
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
},
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"text": "äžè¬æå¿ã¯åäººã®æèŠã®ç·å(=å
šäœæå¿)ã§ã¯ãããŸãããããäžäººã²ãšããä»äººãèããã«èªåã®ç§çãªå©çã ããèãããªãããçšéã¯å»æ¢ããŸããããã¿ãããªçµè«ãåºããããããŸãããã§ãããã§ã¯åœå®¶ãç Žç¶»ããçµæãšããŠã»ãšãã©ã®äººãäžå¹žã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããŸãã",
"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"text": "ããã«å¯ŸããŠã誰ããèªåã®ç§çå©çãæ£äžããã瀟äŒã®äžå¡(å
¬æ°)ãšããŠç€ŸäŒã«ãšã£ãŠã®å©çãèãããªããè°è«ã®æ«ã«äœãããçŽåŸã®ããçµè«(ãã¹ãã®çšå¶ãªã©)ãåºãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããããããäžè¬æå¿ã§ãã",
"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
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"title": "æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒå¥çŽèª¬"
}
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1834幎ã«ããããæ°ãæè²§æ³ããå¶å®ãããŸãããããã«ããåŽåèœåããã€è²§æ°ãžã®ææžãé¢å€ææžã®å¶éã貚幣ã«ããææžããçŸç©ææžãžãšãããçæŽ»ä¿è·çãªãã®ãšãªããŸããããäŸç¶ãšããŠãéåžžåŽåè
ã®æäœéã®ç掻以äžãšããå£çåŠéã®ååã«åºã¥ããã®ã§ããã
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é£ã¯ã1941幎6æãæŠåŸã®åœå
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ãåŽåèœåã®ãªãè
ãå
ç«¥ã«åé¡ãã匷å¶åŽåãçæŽ»ææžãåŸåŒå¥å
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ã®ææžææ®µãšããŸãããæè²§é¢ãéå¶ãã財æºã«ã¯æè²§çšãšãã°ããçšéãåœãŠãããŸããã",
"title": "ã瀟äŒä¿éå¶åºŠã®ããã¿"
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"text": "ãã®åŸãç£æ¥é©åœåæã«ãªããšç¡ç£åžæ°ãå¢å ããŸãããå°±æ¥ã®åŠäœã«é¢ããããæäœç掻費ãä¿éãã1795幎ã®ã¹ããŒãã ã©ã³ãå¶ã§ã¯ãåŽåè
ã®è³éè£å©(å®è³ªçã«ã¯éäž»ã«å¯Ÿããè£å©éå¶åºŠ)ãå®ããããŸããã",
"title": "ã瀟äŒä¿éå¶åºŠã®ããã¿"
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"text": "1834幎ã«ããããæ°ãæè²§æ³ããå¶å®ãããŸãããããã«ããåŽåèœåããã€è²§æ°ãžã®ææžãé¢å€ææžã®å¶éã貚幣ã«ããææžããçŸç©ææžãžãšãããçæŽ»ä¿è·çãªãã®ãšãªããŸããããäŸç¶ãšããŠãéåžžåŽåè
ã®æäœéã®ç掻以äžãšããå£çåŠéã®ååã«åºã¥ããã®ã§ããã",
"title": "ã瀟äŒä¿éå¶åºŠã®ããã¿"
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"text": "ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®æŠæé£ç«å
é£ã¯ã1941幎6æãæŠåŸã®åœå
æ¿çã®ç¬¬äžç®æšãšããŠç€ŸäŒä¿éã®æŽåãæ²ãããã®éåçã®äœæãçµæžåŠè
ã§ãããŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãã³ãªãŒã»ããŽã¡ãªããžãå§å¡é·ãšããå§å¡äŒã«å§ããŸããã1942幎ã«ãããããããå¢å ŽãŸã§ãã®ç掻ä¿éã瀺ãããããŽã¡ãªããžå ±åããæåºãããŸããã",
"title": "ã瀟äŒä¿éå¶åºŠã®ããã¿"
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| null | == ã瀟äŒä¿éå¶åºŠã®ããã¿ ==
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[[ã«ããŽãª:瀟äŒä¿é]] | null | 2023-01-27T12:19:18Z | []
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 |
35,588 | 髿 ¡ååŠ ç¡æ©ååŠãŸãšã | 髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããæ²æ®¿åå¿ãã€ãªã³ãååç©ã®è²ãæ°äœã®çºçãªã©ã«ã€ããŠãŸãšããã
æ°Žé
žåãããªãŠã ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãéå°ã«å ããæ²æ®¿ãé¯ã€ãªã³ã圢æã溶解ãããã®ãäž¡æ§éå± + Cr 3 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Cr^3+}}} ã
Al ( OH ) 3 â N a O H [ Al ( OH ) 4 ] â {\displaystyle {\ce {Al(OH)3 ->[NaOH] [Al(OH)4]^-}}}
Zn ( OH ) 2 â N a O H [ Zn ( OH ) 4 ] 2 â {\displaystyle {\ce {Zn(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Zn(OH)4]^2-}}}
Sn ( OH ) 2 â N a O H [ Zn ( OH ) 4 ] 2 â {\displaystyle {\ce {Sn(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Zn(OH)4]^2-}}}
Pb ( OH ) 2 â N a O H [ Pb ( OH ) 4 ] 2 â {\displaystyle {\ce {Pb(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Pb(OH)4]^2-}}}
Cr ( OH ) 3 â N a O H [ Cr ( OH ) 4 ] â {\displaystyle {\ce {Cr(OH)3 ->[NaOH] [Cr(OH)4]^-}}}
ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãéå°ã«å ããæ²æ®¿ãé¯ã€ãªã³ã圢æã溶解ãããã®ã Cu 2 + , Cd 2 + , Ag + , Ni 2 + , Zn 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Cu^2+,Cd^2+,Ag^+,Ni^2+,Zn^2+}}} ãã©ããéã«äŒãããã
Cu ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Cu(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Cu(NH3)4]^2+}}}
Ag 2 O â N H 3 [ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] + {\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2O ->[NH3] [Ag(NH3)2]^+}}}
Ni ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Ni ( NH 3 ) 6 ] 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Ni(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Ni(NH3)6]^2+}}}
Zn ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Zn ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Zn(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Zn(NH3)4]^2+}}}
Cd ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Cd ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Cd(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Cd(NH3)4]^2+}}}
ãããã®é¯ã€ãªã³ã¯ããžã¢ã³ãã³é(I)ã€ãªã³ããããµã¢ã³ãã³ããã±ã«(II)ã€ãªã³ãé€ããŠé
äœæ°4ã§ããã
Fe 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe^2+}}} ãŸã㯠Fe 3 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe^3+}}} ãå«ã氎溶液ã«ããããµã·ã¢ããé(II)é
žã«ãªãŠã K 4 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] {\displaystyle {\ce {K4[Fe(CN)6]}}} 氎溶液ããããµã·ã¢ããé(III)é
žã«ãªãŠã K 3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] {\displaystyle {\ce {K3[Fe(CN)6]}}} 氎溶液ããã¢ã·ãªã³é
žã«ãªãŠã KSCN {\displaystyle {\ce {KSCN}}} 氎溶液ãå ããã
ãã®å
ãéçœè²æ²æ®¿ãšè€è²æº¶æ¶²ã«ãªããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯åããã«ããã
髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããååç©ã®è²ã«ã€ããŠæ±ãã
å¡©åç©ãç¡«é
žå¡©ãçé
žå¡©ã¯ãã¹ãŠçœã
Fe 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe^2+}}} :æ·¡ç· Fe 3 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe^3+}}} :é»è€ Cu 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Cu^2+}}} :é Ni 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Ni^2+}}} :ç· Cr 3 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Cr^3+}}} :ç· Mn 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {Mn^2+}}} :æ·¡æ¡ MnO 4 â {\displaystyle {\ce {MnO4^-}}} :赀玫 CrO 4 2 â {\displaystyle {\ce {CrO4^2-}}} :é» Cr 2 O 7 2 â {\displaystyle {\ce {Cr2O7^2-}}} :èµ€æ© [ Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {[Cu(NH3)4]^2+}}} :æ·±é [ Cr ( OH ) 4 ] â {\displaystyle {\ce {[Cr(OH)4]^-}}} :æ¿ç· [ Ni ( NH 3 ) 6 ] 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {[Ni(NH3)6]^2+}}} :é玫
CuO {\displaystyle {\ce {CuO}}} :é» Cu 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Cu2O}}} :èµ€ Fe 2 O 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe2O3}}} :èµ€è€ Fe 3 O 4 {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4}}} :é» FeO {\displaystyle {\ce {FeO}}} :é» Al 2 O 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {Al2O3}}} :çœ Ag 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2O}}} :è€è² ZnO {\displaystyle {\ce {ZnO}}} :çœ MnO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {MnO2}}} :é» HgO {\displaystyle {\ce {HgO}}} :é»
Fe ( OH ) 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe(OH)2}}} :ç·çœ Fe ( OH ) 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe(OH)3}}} :èµ€è€ Cu ( OH ) 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Cu(OH)2}}} :éçœ Cr ( OH ) 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {Cr(OH)3}}} :ç°ç· Ni ( OH ) 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Ni(OH)2}}} :ç· ãã®ä»:çœ
BaCrO 4 {\displaystyle {\ce {BaCrO4}}} :é» PbCrO 4 {\displaystyle {\ce {PbCrO4}}} :é» Ag 2 CrO 4 {\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2CrO4}}} :èµ€è€
ZnS {\displaystyle {\ce {ZnS}}} :çœ CdS {\displaystyle {\ce {CdS}}} :é» MnS {\displaystyle {\ce {MnS}}} :æ·¡èµ€ SnS {\displaystyle {\ce {SnS}}} :è€ ãã®ä»:é»
ãªã¢ã«ãŒãªãKæåååããšãããããããªã銬å
äž¡æ§éå±: Al , Zn , Sn , Pb {\displaystyle {\ce {Al,Zn,Sn,Pb}}} ãããããªãäž¡æ§ã«æãããã
朮解æ§: NaOH , KOH , H 3 PO 4 , P 4 O 10 , CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH,KOH,H3PO4,P4O10,CaCl2}}}
颚解æ§: Na 2 CO 3 â
10 H 2 O , CuSO 4 â
5 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2CO3.10H2O,CuSO4.5H2O}}} | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããæ²æ®¿åå¿ãã€ãªã³ãååç©ã®è²ãæ°äœã®çºçãªã©ã«ã€ããŠãŸãšããã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ°Žé
žåãããªãŠã ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãéå°ã«å ããæ²æ®¿ãé¯ã€ãªã³ã圢æã溶解ãããã®ãäž¡æ§éå± + Cr 3 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cr^3+}}} ã",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Al ( OH ) 3 â N a O H [ Al ( OH ) 4 ] â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Al(OH)3 ->[NaOH] [Al(OH)4]^-}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zn ( OH ) 2 â N a O H [ Zn ( OH ) 4 ] 2 â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Zn(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Zn(OH)4]^2-}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Sn ( OH ) 2 â N a O H [ Zn ( OH ) 4 ] 2 â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Sn(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Zn(OH)4]^2-}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Pb ( OH ) 2 â N a O H [ Pb ( OH ) 4 ] 2 â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Pb(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Pb(OH)4]^2-}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Cr ( OH ) 3 â N a O H [ Cr ( OH ) 4 ] â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cr(OH)3 ->[NaOH] [Cr(OH)4]^-}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãéå°ã«å ããæ²æ®¿ãé¯ã€ãªã³ã圢æã溶解ãããã®ã Cu 2 + , Cd 2 + , Ag + , Ni 2 + , Zn 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cu^2+,Cd^2+,Ag^+,Ni^2+,Zn^2+}}} ãã©ããéã«äŒãããã",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Cu ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cu(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Cu(NH3)4]^2+}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ag 2 O â N H 3 [ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ag2O ->[NH3] [Ag(NH3)2]^+}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Ni ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Ni ( NH 3 ) 6 ] 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ni(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Ni(NH3)6]^2+}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Zn ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Zn ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Zn(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Zn(NH3)4]^2+}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Cd ( OH ) 2 â N H 3 [ Cd ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cd(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Cd(NH3)4]^2+}}}",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®é¯ã€ãªã³ã¯ããžã¢ã³ãã³é(I)ã€ãªã³ããããµã¢ã³ãã³ããã±ã«(II)ã€ãªã³ãé€ããŠé
äœæ°4ã§ããã",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Fe 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe^2+}}} ãŸã㯠Fe 3 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe^3+}}} ãå«ã氎溶液ã«ããããµã·ã¢ããé(II)é
žã«ãªãŠã K 4 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] {\\displaystyle {\\ce {K4[Fe(CN)6]}}} 氎溶液ããããµã·ã¢ããé(III)é
žã«ãªãŠã K 3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] {\\displaystyle {\\ce {K3[Fe(CN)6]}}} 氎溶液ããã¢ã·ãªã³é
žã«ãªãŠã KSCN {\\displaystyle {\\ce {KSCN}}} 氎溶液ãå ããã",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®å
ãéçœè²æ²æ®¿ãšè€è²æº¶æ¶²ã«ãªããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯åããã«ããã",
"title": "æ²æ®¿"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããååç©ã®è²ã«ã€ããŠæ±ãã",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¡©åç©ãç¡«é
žå¡©ãçé
žå¡©ã¯ãã¹ãŠçœã",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Fe 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe^2+}}} :æ·¡ç· Fe 3 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe^3+}}} :é»è€ Cu 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cu^2+}}} :é Ni 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ni^2+}}} :ç· Cr 3 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cr^3+}}} :ç· Mn 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Mn^2+}}} :æ·¡æ¡ MnO 4 â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {MnO4^-}}} :赀玫 CrO 4 2 â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CrO4^2-}}} :é» Cr 2 O 7 2 â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cr2O7^2-}}} :èµ€æ© [ Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[Cu(NH3)4]^2+}}} :æ·±é [ Cr ( OH ) 4 ] â {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[Cr(OH)4]^-}}} :æ¿ç· [ Ni ( NH 3 ) 6 ] 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[Ni(NH3)6]^2+}}} :é玫",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "CuO {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CuO}}} :é» Cu 2 O {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cu2O}}} :èµ€ Fe 2 O 3 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe2O3}}} :èµ€è€ Fe 3 O 4 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe3O4}}} :é» FeO {\\displaystyle {\\ce {FeO}}} :é» Al 2 O 3 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Al2O3}}} :çœ Ag 2 O {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ag2O}}} :è€è² ZnO {\\displaystyle {\\ce {ZnO}}} :çœ MnO 2 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {MnO2}}} :é» HgO {\\displaystyle {\\ce {HgO}}} :é»",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "Fe ( OH ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe(OH)2}}} :ç·çœ Fe ( OH ) 3 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Fe(OH)3}}} :èµ€è€ Cu ( OH ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cu(OH)2}}} :éçœ Cr ( OH ) 3 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Cr(OH)3}}} :ç°ç· Ni ( OH ) 2 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ni(OH)2}}} :ç· ãã®ä»:çœ",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "BaCrO 4 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {BaCrO4}}} :é» PbCrO 4 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {PbCrO4}}} :é» Ag 2 CrO 4 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ag2CrO4}}} :èµ€è€",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ZnS {\\displaystyle {\\ce {ZnS}}} :çœ CdS {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CdS}}} :é» MnS {\\displaystyle {\\ce {MnS}}} :æ·¡èµ€ SnS {\\displaystyle {\\ce {SnS}}} :è€ ãã®ä»:é»",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªã¢ã«ãŒãªãKæåååããšãããããããªã銬å",
"title": "è²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äž¡æ§éå±: Al , Zn , Sn , Pb {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Al,Zn,Sn,Pb}}} ãããããªãäž¡æ§ã«æãããã",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "朮解æ§: NaOH , KOH , H 3 PO 4 , P 4 O 10 , CaCl 2 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {NaOH,KOH,H3PO4,P4O10,CaCl2}}}",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "颚解æ§: Na 2 CO 3 â
10 H 2 O , CuSO 4 â
5 H 2 O {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Na2CO3.10H2O,CuSO4.5H2O}}}",
"title": "ãã®ä»"
}
]
| 髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããæ²æ®¿åå¿ãã€ãªã³ãååç©ã®è²ãæ°äœã®çºçãªã©ã«ã€ããŠãŸãšããã | {{pathnav|é«çåŠæ ¡ã®åŠç¿|é«çåŠæ ¡çç§|é«çåŠæ ¡ ååŠ|pagename=ç¡å¹ŸååŠãŸãšã|frame=1|small=1}}
髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããæ²æ®¿åå¿ãã€ãªã³ãååç©ã®è²ãæ°äœã®çºçãªã©ã«ã€ããŠãŸãšããã
== æ²æ®¿ ==
* ç¡é
žã€ãªã³ <chem>NO3^-</chem>
: æ²æ®¿ãã«ãã
* å¡©åç©ã€ãªã³ <chem>Cl-</chem>
: <chem>Ag^+,Pb^2+,Hg2^2+</chem>ãšæ²æ®¿ãã€ããã<chem>AgCl</chem> ã¯å
ã§åè§£ã<chem>PbCl2</chem> ã¯ç±æ¹¯ã«æº¶ããã
* ç¡«é
žã€ãªã³ <chem>SO4^2-</chem>
: <chem>Ba^2+,Ca^2+,Sr^2+,Pb^2+</chem>ãšæ²æ®¿ãã€ããã{{ruby|銬|Ba}}{{ruby|鹿|Ca}}ã«{{ruby|ãã|Sr}}{{ruby|ãª|Pb}}ç¡«é
žã
* çé
žã€ãªã³ <chem>CO3^2-</chem>
: ã¢ã«ã«ãªéå±ã<chem>NH4^+</chem>以å€ã𿲿®¿ãã€ããã
* ã¯ãã é
žã€ãªã³ <chem>CrO4^2-</chem>
: <chem>Ba^2+,Pb^2+,Ag^+</chem>ãšæ²æ®¿ãã€ããã{{ruby|ã|Ba}}{{ruby|ã|Pb}}ãã{{ruby|é|Ag}}{{ruby|貚|è€}}ã§è²·ã£ãã{{ruby|èŠåŽ|CrO4}}ãããBa,Pbã®æ²æ®¿ã¯ããããšåãé»è²ãAgã¯èµ€è€è²ã
* æ°Žé
žåç©ã€ãªã³ <chem>OH^-</chem>
: ã€ãªã³ååŸåã§ <chem> Li^+</chem> ~ <chem>Na^+</chem> æ²æ®¿ãã«ããã<chem>Mg^2+</chem> ~ <chem> Cu^2+</chem> + <chem>Mn^2+</chem> æ°Žé
žåç©ãæ²æ®¿ã<chem>Hg^2+,Ag^+</chem> æ°Žé
žåç©ãåè§£ãé
žåç©ãæ²æ®¿ãæ°Žé
žåç©ã¯å ç±ãããšé
žåç©ãçæããã<chem>Na^+</chem>ãŸã§ã¯<chem>NaOH</chem>æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãæ²æ®¿ãäœãã«ããããšãã飿³ã§ããã<chem>Hg^2+,Ag^+</chem>ã¯åå¥ã«èŠãããã®éã®ã€ãªã³ååŸåã®éå±ã€ãªã³ã¯æ²æ®¿ãããšèŠããã
* ç¡«åç©ã€ãªã³ <chem>S^2-</chem>
: ã€ãªã³ååŸåã§ <chem> Li^+</chem> ~ <chem> Al^3+</chem> æ²æ®¿ãã«ããã<chem>Mn^2+</chem> + <chem>Zn^2+</chem> ~ <chem>Ni^2+</chem> äžã»å¡©åºæ§ã§æ²æ®¿ã<chem>Cd^2+</chem> + <chem>Sn^2+</chem> ~ <chem>Ag^+</chem> æ²æ®¿ããã{{ruby|ãã|Al}}{{ruby|ãŸ|Mn}}ã{{ruby|ã|Zn}}{{ruby|ã«|Ni}}ãã{{ruby|ã|Cd}}{{ruby|ã|Sn}}{{ruby|ã|Ag}}ïŒ
=== é¯ã€ãªã³ ===
æ°Žé
žåãããªãŠã ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãéå°ã«å ããæ²æ®¿ãé¯ã€ãªã³ã圢æã溶解ãããã®ãäž¡æ§éå± + <chem>Cr^3+</chem>ã
<chem>Al(OH)3 ->[NaOH] [Al(OH)4]^-</chem>
<chem>Zn(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Zn(OH)4]^2-</chem>
<chem>Sn(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Zn(OH)4]^2-</chem>
<chem>Pb(OH)2 ->[NaOH] [Pb(OH)4]^2-</chem>
<chem>Cr(OH)3 ->[NaOH] [Cr(OH)4]^-</chem>
ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢ã®æ°Žæº¶æ¶²ãéå°ã«å ããæ²æ®¿ãé¯ã€ãªã³ã圢æã溶解ãããã®ã<chem>Cu^2+,Cd^2+,Ag^+,Ni^2+,Zn^2+</chem>ã{{ruby|ã©ã|Cu}}{{ruby|ã|Cd}}{{ruby|é|Ag}}{{ruby|ã«|Ni}}{{ruby|äŒãã|Zn}}ãã
<chem>Cu(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Cu(NH3)4]^2+</chem>
<chem>Ag2O ->[NH3] [Ag(NH3)2]^+</chem>
<chem>Ni(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Ni(NH3)6]^2+</chem>
<chem>Zn(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Zn(NH3)4]^2+</chem>
<chem>Cd(OH)2 ->[NH3] [Cd(NH3)4]^2+</chem>
ãããã®é¯ã€ãªã³ã¯ããžã¢ã³ãã³é(I)ã€ãªã³ããããµã¢ã³ãã³ããã±ã«(II)ã€ãªã³ãé€ããŠé
äœæ°4ã§ããã
<chem>Fe^2+</chem> ãŸã㯠<chem>Fe^3+</chem> ãå«ã氎溶液ã«ããããµã·ã¢ããé(II)é
žã«ãªãŠã <chem>K4[Fe(CN)6]</chem> 氎溶液ããããµã·ã¢ããé(III)é
žã«ãªãŠã <chem>K3[Fe(CN)6]</chem> 氎溶液ããã¢ã·ãªã³é
žã«ãªãŠã <chem>KSCN</chem> 氎溶液ãå ããã
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!<chem>Fe^2+</chem>
!<chem>Fe^3+</chem>
|-
|<chem>K4[Fe(CN)6]</chem>
|éçœè²æ²æ®¿
|æ¿éè²æ²æ®¿
|-
|<chem>K3[Fe(CN)6]</chem>
|æ¿éè²æ²æ®¿
|è€è²æº¶æ¶²
|-
|<chem>KSCN</chem>
|å€åãªã
|è¡èµ€è²æº¶æ¶²
|}
ãã®å
ãéçœè²æ²æ®¿ãšè€è²æº¶æ¶²ã«ãªããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯åããã«ããã
== è² ==
髿 ¡ååŠã§æ±ãããååç©ã®è²ã«ã€ããŠæ±ãã
å¡©åç©ãç¡«é
žå¡©ãçé
žå¡©ã¯ãã¹ãŠçœã<!-- i.e. <chem>AgCl,PbCl2,Hg2Cl2,BaSO4,CaSO4,SrSO4,PbSO4,BaCO3</chem> -->
=== 氎溶液äžã®ã€ãªã³ ===
<chem>Fe^2+</chem>ïŒæ·¡ç·ãã<chem>Fe^3+</chem>ïŒé»è€ãã<chem>Cu^2+</chem>ïŒéãã<chem>Ni^2+</chem>ïŒç·ãã<chem>Cr^3+</chem>ïŒç·ãã<chem>Mn^2+</chem>ïŒæ·¡æ¡ãã<chem>MnO4^-</chem>ïŒèµ€çŽ«ãã<chem>CrO4^2-</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>Cr2O7^2-</chem>ïŒèµ€æ©ãã<chem>[Cu(NH3)4]^2+</chem>ïŒæ·±éãã<chem>[Cr(OH)4]^-</chem>ïŒæ¿ç·ãã<chem>[Ni(NH3)6]^2+</chem>ïŒé玫
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:ÐОÑ
ÑÐŸÐŒÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð»ÐžÑ.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Cr2O72-]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Potassium chromate sПlution.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|CrO42-]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Synthesizing Copper Sulfate.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Cu2+]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Green rust from FeSO4.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Fe2+]]
=== é
žåç© ===
<chem>CuO</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>Cu2O</chem>ïŒèµ€ãã<chem>Fe2O3</chem>ïŒèµ€è€ãã<chem>Fe3O4</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>FeO</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>Al2O3</chem>ïŒçœãã<chem>Ag2O</chem>ïŒè€è²ãã<chem>ZnO</chem>ïŒçœãã<chem>MnO2</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>HgO</chem>ïŒé»
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:CopperIIoxide.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|CuO]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:CopperIoxide.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Cu2O]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Iron(III)-oxide-sample.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Fe2O3]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Fe3O4.JPG|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Fe3O4]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Iron(II) oxide.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|FeO]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Oxid hlinitÜ.PNG|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Al2O3]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Zinc oxide sample.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|ZnO]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Manganese(IV) oxide.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|MnO4]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:HgOpowder.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|HgO]]
=== æ°Žé
žåç© ===
<chem>Fe(OH)2</chem>ïŒç·çœãã<chem>Fe(OH)3</chem>ïŒèµ€è€ãã<chem>Cu(OH)2</chem>ïŒéçœãã<chem>Cr(OH)3</chem>ïŒç°ç·ãã<chem>Ni(OH)2</chem>ïŒç·ãããã®ä»ïŒçœ
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Hydroxid ÅŸelezitÜ.PNG|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Fe(OH)3]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:á¡áááááá«áá¡ á°ááá áá¥á¡ááá.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|Cu(OH)2]]
=== ã¯ãã é
žå¡© ===
<chem>BaCrO4</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>PbCrO4</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>Ag2CrO4</chem>ïŒèµ€è€
=== ç¡«åç© ===
<chem>ZnS</chem> ïŒçœãã<chem>CdS</chem>ïŒé»ãã<chem>MnS</chem>ïŒæ·¡èµ€ãã<chem>SnS</chem>ïŒè€ãããã®ä»ïŒé»
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Zinc_sulfide.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|ZnS]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Cadmium_sulfide.jpg|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|CdS]]
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Sulfid_manganatÜ.PNG|äžå€®|ãµã ãã€ã«|MnS]]
=== çè²åå¿ ===
{{ruby|ãª|Li}}{{ruby|ã¢ã«|èµ€}}ãŒ{{ruby|ãª|Na}}{{ruby|ã|é»}}{{ruby|K|K}}{{ruby|æ|玫}}{{ruby|å|Cu}}{{ruby|å|ç·}}{{ruby|åã|Ca}}{{ruby|ãšã|æ©}}{{ruby|ãã|Sr}}ã{{ruby|ãããªã|çŽ
}}{{ruby|銬|Ba}}{{ruby|å|ç·}}
<gallery>
ãã¡ã€ã«:Flametest--.swn.jpg|ã¬ã¹ããŒããŒã®è²
ãã¡ã€ã«:FlammenfÀrbungLi.png|ãªããŠã
ãã¡ã€ã«:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|ãããªãŠã
ãã¡ã€ã«:FlammenfÀrbungK.png|ã«ãªãŠã
ãã¡ã€ã«:FlammenfÀrbungCa.png|ã«ã«ã·ãŠã
ãã¡ã€ã«:FlammenfÀrbungSr.png|ã¹ããã³ããŠã
ãã¡ã€ã«:Flametest--Cu.swn.jpg|é
ãã¡ã€ã«:BaCl Flame colour.jpg|ããªãŠã
</gallery>
=== æ°äœ ===
* <chem>Cl2</chem> é»ç·
* <chem>NO2</chem> èµ€è€
* <chem>O3</chem> æ·¡é
* <chem>F2</chem> æ·¡é»
== æ°äœã®å®éšå®€ççºçæ¹æ³ ==
; æ°ŽçŽ H<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>Zn + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2 ^</chem>
; é
žçŽ O<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2 ^</chem>(è§Šåª:MnO2)
: <chem>2KClO3 -> 2KCl + 3O2 ^</chem>(è§Šåª:MnO2)
; ãªãŸã³O<sub>3</sub>
: <chem>3O2 -> 2O3</chem>(玫å€ç·ã®ç
§å°)
; çªçŽ N<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>NH4NO2 -> 2H2O + N2 ^</chem>(å ç±)
; å¡©çŽ Cl<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>MnO2 + 4HCl -> MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ^</chem>
: <chem>Ca(ClO)2.2H2O + 4HCl-> CaCl2 + 4H2O + 2Cl2 ^</chem>
; å¡©åæ°ŽçŽ HCl
: <chem>NaCl + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl ^</chem>
; ããåæ°ŽçŽ HF
: <chem>CaF2 + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + 2HF ^ </chem>
; ç¡«åæ°ŽçŽ H<sub>2</sub>S
: <chem>FeS + H2SO4 -> FeSO4 + H2S ^ </chem>
; ã¢ã³ã¢ãã¢NH<sub>3</sub>
: <chem> 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 ^ </chem>(å ç±)
:
; äºé
žåççŽ CO<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ^ </chem>
; äžé
žåççŽ CO
: <chem>HCOOH -> H2O + CO ^</chem>(æ¿ç¡«é
žã§ã®è±æ°Žåå¿)
; äºé
žåçªçŽ NO<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>Cu + 4HNO3 -> Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 ^</chem>(HNO<sub>3</sub>ã¯æ¿ç¡é
ž)
; äžé
žåçªçŽ NO
: <chem>3Cu + 8HNO3 -> 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO ^</chem>(HNO<sub>3</sub>ã¯åžç¡é
ž)
; äºé
žåç¡«é»SO<sub>2</sub>
: <chem>Cu + 2H2SO4 -> CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 ^ </chem>
: <chem>NaHSO3 + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + H2O + SO2 ^</chem>
== ãã®ä» ==
äž¡æ§éå±ïŒ<chem>Al,Zn,Sn,Pb</chem> {{ruby|ã|Al}}{{ruby|ã|Zn}}{{ruby|ãã|Sn}}{{ruby|ãª|Pb}}ãäž¡æ§ã«æãããã
朮解æ§ïŒ<chem>NaOH,KOH,H3PO4,P4O10,CaCl2</chem>
颚解æ§ïŒ<chem>Na2CO3.10H2O,CuSO4.5H2O</chem>
[[ã«ããŽãª:ç¡æ©ååŠ]] | 2022-09-11T08:59:59Z | 2023-12-14T14:03:36Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Pathnav",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Ruby"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6_%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A8%E3%82%81 |
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ãäžå®ã®å Žæã«éãŸããå±
äœããªãã瀟äŒçãªç掻ããã空éãéèœãšãããŸããéèœã¯æèœãšéœåžã®2ã€ã«åºåãããŸãã",
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ãªæèœã¯ãããããå±
äœæèœã®æ©èœã®ããã®å®¶å±ã ãã§ãªããçæ¥ã瀟äŒç掻ã®ããã®æœèšããå«ãã§ããŸãã蟲æ¥ãå¶ãå Žåã«ã¯ãå®¶çã»èŸ²æ©å
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ããããã®æœèšã®ã»ããããããã®èŸ²æ¥çµå¶ã«åãããåºç»ã®èŸ²å°ãããããžã®éè·¯ãçšæ°Žè·¯ãªã©ãæŽåãããªããã°ãªããŸããã",
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ãå¯éããŠããŸããããããæŒæããææ¥ãçæ¥ã®äžå¿ãšããå±±æã§ããèªå®¶ã§æ¶è²»ããããã®èªçµŠçãªèŸ²æ¥ãè¡ã£ãŠãããä¹ããå¹³å°ã«å°èŠæš¡ãªèŸ²å°ãèŠãããŸãã",
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"text": "人ãç©ã®äº€æµã掻çºã«ãªãã«ã€ããŠãéèœã®ç«å°ã«ã¯ãç€ŸäŒæ¡ä»¶ã匷ã圱é¿ããããã«ãªããŸãããäŸãã°ãç©è³ã®äº€æç¹ãšãªãå±±å°ãšå¹³éãšãæ¥ããå Žæããäž»èŠäº€é路沿ããéèŠãªéè·¯ã®äº€ãããšãããªã©ã«ã¯ãæ°å€ãã®éèœãçºéããŸããã颿±å¹³éã®åšèŸºéšã«ã¿ãããè°·å£éèœã¯ããã®å
žåã§ãã",
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"text": "å
éžã¢ãžã¢ã®éç§å°åãšèŸ²èå°åãšãæ¥ããå Žæã®è¿ãã«ããäž¡è
ã®äº€æã«ãã£ãŠçºéããéèœãã¿ãããŸãã倿µãç«ç
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"text": "ãããŠèŸ²æ¥ãæŒæ¥ãäž»ãšããéèœã ãã§ãªããåæ¥ãæ¿æ²»ãªã©ã®æ°ããªæ©èœããã£ãéèœãçºéããããã«ãªããŸããããããã®éèœã¯ãåšèŸºã®å°åãžã®åœ±é¿åãæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«åŒ·ããããã«ãªããå€ãã®äººå£ãæ±ããäžå¿éèœã«æé·ããŠãããŸãããå€ãã®éèœã¯ãäžè¬ã«ããããã®èªç¶æ¡ä»¶ãšç€ŸäŒæ¡ä»¶ãçµã¿åããã£ãŠç«å°ããŠããŸãã",
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ã«ãã£ãŠã倧ããéæã𿣿ãšã«åããããŸããæŽå²ã®å€ãå°åã§ã¯ãç°æ€ããçš²åããªã©ã®å
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"text": "ãšãŒãããã®æèœåœ¢æ
ã¯ã»ãšãã©å¹³ééšãäžå¿ãšããéæã§ããå®¶æãé€ãããã®èŸ²å°é¢ç©ãå°ãããŠæžã¿ãå°åœ¢çãªå¶çŽãããŸããªãããã§ããäžäžä»¥éã®éæå°åã§ã¯ãæèœã¯éè·¯ãåºæºãšããŠèšç»çã«ã€ãããããããå®¶å±ã¯éè·¯ãæ°Žè·¯ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠååžããŸãããããããéæãè·¯æãšãã³ãŸããè·¯æã®èåŸã«çްé·ã垯ç¶ã®èå°ãåçã«å²ãããŠãããŠããŸãããã€ããããŒã©ã³ãã®æ£®æå°åã«çºéããæå°æã¯ãè·¯æã®äžé¡åã§ãã",
"title": "éèœã®æãç«ã¡"
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"text": "åºå Žæãåæ(ç°æ)ãšãã°ããéæã§ã¯ãå€åŽã«å®¶å±ãé
眮ããŠæã®äžå¿ã«åºå Žãã€ãããããã«æäŒãå
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"text": "æ¥æ¬ã®æèœãã¿ããšãå±±å°ãäžéµã®éºãçå°ã®åšçžãæ²ç©å°ã®åŸ®é«å°ãªã©ã«éæ(塿)ãããååžããŠããŸããäžäžåŸæããè¿äžåæã«ãããŠãçš²äœçšã®èŸ²æ¥çšæ°Žã®ç®¡çãç°æ¿ éèœã®ããã«äŸµå
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µæã«ã¯ãé路沿ãã«çåç¶ã«èŸ²å®¶ãšèå°ã䞊ã¶åœ¢æ
ãèŠãããŸãã",
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"text": "蟲家ã1æžãã€åæ£ããŠå±
äœããæèœã¯ãæ£æãšãã°ããŸããæ£æã¯ãéçºã®æŽå²ãæ¯èŒçæ°ããã蟲æ¥ã®çµå¶èŠæš¡ã®å€§ãããšããã«ããèŠãããŸããå蟲家ã®åšãã«èå°ãéããããå©ç¹ããããã©ã®èŸ²å®¶ãèå°ãŸã§ã®è·é¢ãè¿ããããæ¥é ã®èäœãåç©«ã«äŸ¿å©ã§ããæ£æã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãã«ããã®åå°åå²å¶åºŠ(ã¿ãŠã³ã·ããå¶)ã«ãã£ãŠåå°åºç»ããªãããå°åãããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã®å°éºŠæ œå¹å°åãåæµ·éã®éæå°ãªã©ã®ããã«ãèšç»çã«åºç»ããã蟲å°ãåºããå°åã«ããã¿ãããŸãããŸããæ£æã¯ãåãšãŒããããã€ã¿ãªã¢åéšãã¢ã«ãã¹å°åãªã©ã«ã¿ãããŸããè¿ä»£ã«å
¥ã£ãŠããã®å²ã蟌ã¿éåããæ¿çã«ãã蟲å°ã®æŽççµ±åã«ãã£ãŠåºæ¥ãŸãããç¹ã«å±±ééšã®å·æ¶Œãªå°åã§ã¯ãå°åœ¢çãªå¶çŽããã£ãŠç©ç©æ œå¹ãåºæ¥ãå®¶ç飌è²ã«äŸåããŠãããããæ£æããæ°æžã®å®¶å±ãããªãå°æãé©ããŠããŸããã",
"title": "éèœã®æãç«ã¡"
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"text": "æ¬å·ä»¥åã®æ¥æ¬ã§ããæè¿ãŸã§ç ºæ³¢å¹³éãåºé²å¹³éã倧äºå·æç¶å°ãªã©ã§å
žåçãªæ£æãã¿ãããŸããããããããšãŒãããã®ããã«æ¿çã§å€§èŠæš¡ã«é²ããããæ£æã«æ¯ã¹ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ£æã¯ãå°èŠæš¡ã«é²ããããä»ã§ã¯ããã«ãåžè¡å°åã®æ³¢ãæŒãå¯ããŠããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éèœã®æãç«ã¡"
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äœãã人ã
ã¯ãäŒçµ±çã«åå°ãšã®ã€ãªããã匷ããäžè¬ã«æèœãšãã®åšèŸºã®éãããç¯å²ã®äžã§ããæ¥åžžçæŽ»ãéãããŸãããŸããäž»ã«äœäžä»£ã«ãããã£ãŠããã«äœã¿ç¶ããŠãã人ã
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±åäœã圢æãããŠããŸãããããããè¿å¹Žããã®å€åãæ¿ãããªã£ãŠããŸããäŸãã°ãæ¥æ¬ã®èŸ²æãå±±æã§ã¯ããããŸã§äŒçµ±çãªæç¥ããå å©è¬ç¥ãèŸ²äœæ¥ãªã©ãéããŠã人ã
ã¯ãäºãã«ååãåã£ãŠããŸãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã®é«åºŠçµæžæé·æãããéœåžéšã§ã®éçšã®æ©äŒãæ±ããŠæãé¢ããè¥è
ãçžæ¬¡ããŸããããã®çµæãéœåžåšèŸºéšã®äžéµå°ã蟲å°ã¯åãéãããäœå®
ããã«ã建ã¡äžŠã¶ããã«ãªããŸããããã®çŸè±¡ãæèœã®éœåžåãšãããŸããããã«ãè¥è
ãéããæèœã§ã¯æ¥µç«¯ãªäººå£æžå°(éçå)ãšé«éœ¢åãæããŸãããçŸåšã倧éœåžããé ãé¢ããå±±éã®å°åã§ã¯ã人å£ã®50%以äžã65æ³ä»¥äžã®é«éœ¢è
ã«ãã£ãŠæ§æããã蟲æãå±±æãçãããããŸããããã®ãããªæèœã§ã¯ãå
±åäœãšããŠã®æ©èœã®ç¶æãå°é£ãšãªã£ãŠãããæèªäœã®åç¶ãéçã«éããŠãããšããããŠããŸãã",
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±åäœã®ããã¿ã®æ¥æ¿ãªåŽ©å£ãé²ãã§ããŸãã",
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ãæ®ããæèœãšç¬¬2次ã»ç¬¬3æ¬¡ç£æ¥åŸäºè
ãéäžããŠå±
äœããéœåžãšã®åºå¥ã¯é£ãããªã£ãŠããŸãã",
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"text": "人ã
ã¯ããªãéœåžã«éãŸãã®ã§ãããããå€ãã®éœåžã«ã¯ãåçš®ã®å°éåºããããŒããããã«ãéè¡ãªã©ãèŠãããŸãããŸãã圹æãåŠæ ¡ã®ã»ããåç©é€šã»çŸè¡é€šã»ããŒã«ãªã©ã倿°ãããŸãããã®ãããªéœåžæœèšã¯ãåæ¥ã»æ¿æ²»ã»æè²ã»å𝿥œãªã©ã®æ ç¹ãšãªãããã®éœåžã«äœãã§ãã人ã
ã ãã§ãªããåšå²ã®æèœãè¿ãã®ããå°ããªéœåžã«äœãã§ãã人ã
ãããå©çšããŸããéœåžããã£ãŠããããã®ãããªè²¡ãšãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸãã圹å²ãäžå¿å°æ©èœ(éœåžæ©èœ)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€ãã®éœåžãšãã®åšèŸºãšã¯ééãéè·¯ã§çµã°ããé»è»ããã¹ãªã©ã®å
Œ
±äº€éæ©é¢ãæŽåãããçºéããŠããŸããéœåžã¯ã財ãç§»åãã人ã
ã亀æµããçµç¯ç¹ãšããªã£ãŠããŸãã倿°ã®åŽåè
ãéãŸã£ãŠã¢ããçç£ããæ©èœããã€éœåžããããŸããèŠæš¡ã®å€§ããªéœåžã«ã¯ãå€§äŒæ¥ã®æ¬ç€Ÿãæ¯ç€Ÿãªã©ã®ç®¡çæ©èœãéäžãããããã«é¢é£ããæ
å ±ãµãŒãã¹æ¥ãçç£è
ãµãŒãã¹æ¥ãéç©ããŸããæ§ã
ãªæ©èœã䜵ãæã£ãéœåžã¯ãè€åéœåžãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人ã
ã¯ããã®ãããªæ©èœã«åŸäºããããã«ããããã¯å€çš®å€æ§ãªãµãŒãã¹ãæ±ããŠéœåžã«éãŸããŸããããããŠéœåžåãäžå±€é²ã¿ãŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžã®æç«ã¯å€ä»£ãŸã§é¡ããŸããã®ãªã·ã£ã®éœåžåœå®¶(ããªã¹)ã¯ã¢ã¯ãããªã¹ãšãã°ããäžãäžå¿ã«çºéããã¡ãœãã¿ãã¢ã®ãããã³ãäžåœã®é·å®(çŸåšã®è¥¿å®)ãæ¥æ¬ã®å¹³å京ãå¹³å®äº¬ã¯ã宮殿ãäžå¿ã«èšç»çã«å»ºèšãããéœåžã§ãããå€ä»£ã®éœåžã¯ãæ¿æ²»ãå·ãè¡ãç¥æ®¿ãçå®®ãªã©ãäžå¿ã«ãã€ãæ¿æ²»æ©èœã®åŒ·ãéœåžã§ããã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããåºãçºéããã®ã¯ããšãŒããããªã©ã§äº€æãçãã«ãªã亀æéœåžããããããäžäžä»¥éã§ããããããéœåžã«ã¯ã倿µã®äŸµå
¥ãé²ãããã«åšå²ãé«ãåå£ã§åãå²ãã åééœåžã«èµ·æºãæã¡ãŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããåžæ°ã¯åæ¥ãæå·¥æ¥ãªã©ã®çµæžåãèæ¯ã«é äž»ãåœçããèªæ²»æš©ãç²åŸããŸããããã®çµæã忥æ©èœãäžå¿ãšããéœåžãçºéããŸããããã¬ãŒã¡ã³ããã³ãã«ã¯ããããã¢ã¯ãã®ä»£è¡šäŸã§ãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¿ä»£ã«ãªã£ãŠç£æ¥é©åœãæ³¢åãããšãçç°ã枯湟åšèŸºã«å·¥æ¥ãäžå¿ãšããéœåžãçãŸããå€ãã®åŽåè
ãéäœããããã«ãªããŸãããããã«é¢é£ç£æ¥ãéãŸããæ§ã
ãªæ©èœããã£ã倧éœåžã«æé·ããŸããã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªéœåžçºéã®çµç·¯ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã§ãåãããã«ã¿ãããŸããåéã¯ãåæã«ã¯é²åŸ¡ã«æå©ãªå±±å°ãå°å°ã®å
端éšã«äœãããŸããããæŠåœæä»£ãéãããšäº€æã«äŸ¿å©ãªæ²³å£ãæ²³å·æ²¿ãã®å¹³å°ã«ç¯ãããããã«ãªããŸãããç¹ã«ãæ±æžæä»£ã«å
¥ã£ãŠç€ŸäŒãå®å®ãããšãåäžçºã枯çºãçºå±ããŸãããæ¥æ¬ã®éœéåºçåºæåšå°ã¯ãè¡æ¿ãçµæžã®æ ç¹ãšãªã£ãŠããåäžçºããçºå±ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ç§éãäœãéœåžã¯ãäžè¬ã«è¡æ¿ã»æåã»çç£ã»æ¶è²»ã»äº€éãªã©ã®æ§ã
ãªéœåžæ©èœãåããŠããŸãããã©ã³ã¹ã®ããŒã¹ã¯ãè¿ãã®ã«ã³ããã¢ãã³ãªã©ãšäžŠãã§ãäžçææ°ã®èгå
ä¿é€éœåžãšããŠç¥ãããŠããããšãŒããããã¯ãããšããŠäžçåå°ããå€ãã®äººã
ã蚪ããŸãã芳å
ä¿é€éœåžã¯ã芳å
ãé¿æã»é¿å¯ãç®çãšããŠããŸããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯è»œäºæ²¢ãåœãŠã¯ãŸããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸãããšã«ãµã¬ã ã¯ãŠãã€æã»ããªã¹ãæã»ã€ã¹ã©ãŒã ã®èå°ã§ãã宿ã«é¢ããæ©èœãåè¶ãã宿éœåžãšããŠãäžçäžã®ä¿¡è
ã®ä¿¡ä»°ãéããŠããŸããèšç»çãªåžè¡å°ããã€ãã©ãžãªã¢ããã£ã³ãã©ã¯ãéŠéœã»è¡æ¿æ©èœãéããç®çã§å»ºèšãããæ¿æ²»éœåžã§ãããã©ã³ã¯ãã«ãããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã¯ãäžççèŠæš¡ã®åæ¥ã»éèéœåžãšããŠç¥ãããŠããŸãããªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒãããã€ãã«ãã«ã¯ã¯ã倧åŠãç ç©¶æ©é¢ãäžå¿ãšããåŠè¡éœåžãšããŠç¥ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãæ±æžæä»£ããã®ç¹ç¶ç£æ¥å°åã«ããæç¥çè±ç°åžã¯ãç¹ç¶é¢é£ç£æ¥ã§èç©ããŠããæè¡ãèªåè»ç£æ¥ã«å¿çšããäžççèŠæš¡ã®èªåè»å·¥æ¥éœåžãšããŠçºå±ããŸãããããããéœåžã¯çºå±ããã°ããã»ã©æ§ã
ãªæ©èœã䜵ãæã¡ãŸãã®ã§ãçŸåšã§ã¯ãäžã€ã®æ©èœã®ã¿ãåªããŠããéœåžã¯ããŸããããŸããã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžã¯ãé路網ã®åœ¢æ
ã«ãã£ãŠãåé¡åºæ¥ãŸããå京ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®è¡ã¯çŽäº€è·¯åã§ãã¢ãžã¢ã®å€ä»£éœåžãæ°å€§éžãªã©ã«ããã¿ãããŸããããªãã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ãªã©ã¯ã1500幎代ãã1800幎代ã«ãããŠæŸå°ç°ç¶è·¯åã«çºå±ããéœåžã§ãé路網ãéäžããäžå¿ç¹ã«å®®æ®¿ãèšå¿µç¢ãªã©ããããéŠéœãšããŠã®åšå³ãšçŸèгãåªå
ããæ§é ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã西ã¢ãžã¢ãåã¢ããªã«ã«å€ãã¿ãããè¿·è·¯åã¯ã倿µã®äŸµå
¥ãé²ããšãšãã«ãåŒ·ãæ¥å°ããé®ã广ããããŸãããã®ã»ããã¯ã·ã³ãã³D.C.ã®ãããªæŸå°çŽäº€è·¯åãã¿ãããŸããäžè¬çã«ãå€ãã®éœåžã¯ãæèœã«æ¯ã¹ããšèšç»çã«ã€ããããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããé路網ã¯å¹³é¢çã§ãããåçŽçã«ããéœåžã®çºå±åœ¢æ
ã«ã¯æ§ã
ãªéããã¿ãããŸãããšãŒãããã§ã¯ãæ§åžè¡ãªã©ã®äžå¿éšã«äœã建ç©ãå¯éããé«å±€ãã«ã¯éå€ã«å»ºãŠãããŠããŸããæŽå²çæ¯èгãéèŠãããããéœå¿éšã§ã®é«å±€ãã«ã®å»ºèšãå¶éãããŠããããã§ããäžæ¹ãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯éœåžã®æŽå²ãæ°ãããããéœå¿éšã§ã¯é«å±€ãã«ã®éçºãé²ãã§ããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãéå€ã«ã¯äžæžå»ºãŠã®äœå®
ãäœéå±€ã®å»ºç©ããããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžã¯çµ¶ããæ¡å€§ããŠããŸããäŸãã°ãããªã¯10äžçŽé ã«ã»ãŒãå·ã®äžæŽ²ã§ããã·ãå³¶ãäžå¿ã«çºéãã12äžçŽã«ã¯åå£ãç¯ããããšãŒãããã®ä»£è¡šçãªäžäžéœåžãšãªããŸããããã®åŸãåå£ã®ä¿®åŸ©ã»å»ºç¯ãç¹°ãè¿ãã19äžçŽåãã«ã¯ãåžè¡ã¯çŸåšã®6ã€ã®ã¿ãŒããã«é§
ã«å²ãŸããåºåã«ãŸã§æ¡å€§ããŸãããããã«19äžçŽåã°ã«ã¯åžè¡ã®å€åŽã«æ°ãã«åå£(çŸåšã®é«ééè·¯ç°ç¶ç·)ãç¯ããã人å£ã100äžã«éããŸãããçŸåšãããã«åšèŸºã«æ°ããåžè¡å°ãåºãã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧éœåžåã®äžå¿éš(éœå¿)ã¯ãäº€éæ©é¢ãæ
å ±éä¿¡ç¶²ãéäžããéœåžåã®äžæ¢ãšãªã£ãŠããŸããããã«ã¯ãæ¿åºã»è¡æ¿æ©é¢ãªã©ã®å®å
¬åºè¡ãéèæ¥ãå€§äŒæ¥ã»å€åœç±äŒæ¥ã®æ¬ç€Ÿãæ¯ç€Ÿãªã©ãéäžããŸããããã¯äžå¿æ¥åå°åº(CBD)ãšãã°ãããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®ãã³ããã¿ã³ããã³ãã³ã®ã·ãã£ãªã©ãå
žåçãªäŸã§ããäžå¿æ¥åå°åº(CBD)ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯æ¬¡ã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœå¿ãšå€çžã®æ°ããäœå®
ã»å·¥æ¥å°åã®äžéã«äœçœ®ããå€ãããã®åžè¡å°ã¯ãäœå®
ãååºã»å·¥å Žãªã©ã®æ§ã
ãªéœåžæ©èœãããæ··åšãããŸãŸã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãäœæåŸå±€ã®äººã
ãé«éœ¢è
ãå€åœäººåŽåè
ãªã©ã®å±
äœå°ãšãªã£ãŠãããšãããèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããéœå¿ã®åšèŸºéšã«ã¯ãéå€ãžåããééã®ã¿ãŒããã«ãäžå¿ã«ããŠåæ¥ã»å𝿥œæœèšã®éäžããå¯éœå¿ãæ°éœå¿ãçºéããŸããæ±äº¬ã®æžè°·ãæ± è¢ã倧éªã®å€©ç寺ãåŒççããããŸåžãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãããã³ãã³ãããªã§ãåæ§ã®äŸãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªå°åºããšã«åãããæ©èœã®éãã¯ãéœåžã®å
éšæ§é ãšãã°ããŸãããã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ããããŸã§åå¿åæ§é ãã«ãæåœ¢æ§é ã¢ãã«ã倿 žå¿æ§é ã¢ãã«ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æãããŠããŸãããããããå®éã«ã¯ãå°åœ¢ãæ²³å·ãªã©ã®èªç¶ç°å¢ã®ã»ãã«ãå°äŸ¡ã亀éç¶²ã«ãå·Šå³ããããããããããå
¥ã亀ãã£ãè€éãªæ§é ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžãçºéããã«ã€ããŠãåžè¡ãæ¡å€§ããåšèŸºå°åã®éœåžåãé²ã¿ãŸããã倧éœåžã®åšèŸºã§ã¯ã倧éœåžãžéå€ãã人ã
ãäœãäœå®
éœåž(ãããã¿ãŠã³)ãã€ãããã移転ããå·¥å Žã倧åŠãç ç©¶æãªã©ãäžå¿ãšããŠæ°ããéœåžã圢æãããŸãããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯å€§éªåºã®åéãã¥ãŒã¿ãŠã³ãæ±äº¬éœã®å€æ©ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŠã³ã®ãããªäœå®
éœåžããçæ³¢ç ç©¶åŠåéœåžãé¢è¥¿æååŠè¡ç ç©¶éœåžãªã©ãå
žåçãªäŸã§ãããã®ããã«å€§éœåžã®åšèŸºã«ç«å°ãã倧éœåžã®æ©èœã®äžéšãæ
ãéœåžã¯è¡æéœåžãšãã°ããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧éœåžã«æé·ããéœåžã¯ãåšèŸºå°åã«å·¥æ¥è£œåããµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããŸããäžæ¹ãåšèŸºå°åã¯éœåžã«èŸ²ç£ç©ãäŸçµŠããããéå€ã»éåŠè
ãéã蟌ã¿ãŸããããããŠãæ¥åžžç掻ã®äžã§éœåžæ©èœãéããŠéœåžãšå¯æ¥ãªé¢ä¿ããã¡ãéœåžãäžå¿ã«æ¥åžžç掻ãçç£æŽ»åãäžäœãšãªãå°åã圢æãããŸãããã®ç¯å²ãéœåžåãšãã³ãŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžåã®ç¯å²ã¯äžå¿ãšãªãéœåžã®äººå£èŠæš¡ãšå¯æ¥ã«é¢ä¿ããŸãã倧ããªéœåžã»ã©æ¿æ²»ã»çµæžã»æåã®äžå¿ãšãªãæ©èœãéäžãããããåšèŸºå°åã«åãŒã圱é¿åã¯åŒ·ããªããéœåžåãåºããªããŸãããããã倧éœåžãã¡ããããªã¹(巚倧éœåž)ãšãã³ãããªã»æ±äº¬ã»ãžã£ã«ã«ã¿ãªã©ãæããããŸãããŸããè¡æ¿äžã®åžåãè¶ããŠåšèŸºå°åãåãããéœåžåã®ç¯å²ã倧éœåžå(ã¡ããããªã¿ã³ãšãªã¢)ãšãããŸããããã«å¯ŸããŠãé£ç¶ããå€ãã®éœåžãã亀éç¶²ãæ
å ±éä¿¡ç¶²ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠãåºç¯å²ã«äžã€ã®ãŸãšãŸããšããŠå¯æ¥ã«ã€ãªãã£ãã¡ã¬ãããªã¹(巚垯éœåž)ãçŸããŸããã代衚äŸãšããŠãã¢ã¡ãªã«åæ±å²žå°åãæ¥æ¬ã®æ±æµ·éã¡ã¬ãããªã¹ããããããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ãçµæžã»ç€ŸäŒã®ã°ããŒãã«åã®äžã§ã人ãç©ã»æ
å ±ã»è³éãªã©ã®åœéæµåãæŽ»çºã«ãªãããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ããã³ãã³ã»éŠæž¯ãªã©ã¯ãåœééèåžå Žãå€åœç±äŒæ¥ãªã©ãéäžããäžçéœåž(ã°ããŒãã«ã·ãã£)ãšããŠçºå±ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ãäžçã®åœã
ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ã¯ãããããã®ç®¡èœå°åã®è¡æ¿ã®äžå¿ãšããŠæ©èœããã ãã§ãªããåœã»çã»åžçºæããããã¯é£éŠã»å·ã»åžçºæãªã©ãšãã£ãè¡æ¿çµç¹ã«ãã£ãŠãçžäºã«é£çµ¡ã»æç€ºããããŠããŸããäŒæ¥ã®æ¬ç€Ÿã»æ¯ç€Ÿã»æ¯åºã»å¶æ¥æãªã©ããäŒæ¥å
ã§ã®æ
å ±ã»æä»€ãäŒãããããã¯ãŒã¯ã圢æããŠããŸãããããã®åçµç¹ã¯ã倧éã®æ
å ±ãåéã»èšé²ãããšãšãã«ãå å·¥ããŠæ°ããªæ
å ±ãã€ããåºããçºä¿¡ããŠãããŸããåçš®ã®ããŒã¿ãåéããçµå¶æ¹éããã®å®æœã®ããã®æ¹çãæ±ºå®ããŠé£çµ¡ããæ©èœãäžæ¢ç®¡çæ©èœãšãããé¢ä¿ããå°åã®æ¿æ²»ã»çµæžã瀟äŒç掻ã«éèŠãªåœ±é¿ãäžããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžã«ã¯ãããããã®èŠæš¡ã«å¿ããŠå€ãã®äžæ¢ç®¡çæ©èœãéç©ããŠããŸããçŸä»£ã®ããã«æ
å ±ç€ŸäŒãšãªããçµæžã®äžççãªçµã³ã€ãã匷ããªããšããã®åœ¹å²ã¯æ¥µããŠå€§ãããªããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¢ç®¡çæ©èœãæ
ãéœåžã¯ãæ
å ±ã»æä»€ã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®äžæ¢ãšãªããŸããäžæ¹ãåºå
æ©é¢ãæ¯åºãããããäžå°ã®éœåžã§ã¯ãæ
å ±ã»æä»€ã®çºä¿¡ãããåä¿¡æ©èœã«éç¹ãããåŸåããããŸãã倧尿§ã
ãªèŠæš¡ã®éœåžã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»çµæžçãªæ©èœãéããŠãäžäœããäžäœãžãšçžäºã«éå±€çé¢ä¿ã§çµã³ã€ããŠããŸãããã®ãããªéœåžéã«ã¿ãããçžäºã®é¢ä¿ãéœåžã·ã¹ãã ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
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"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã®ãªã¹ããã©ã³ã¹ã§ã¯ãäžæ¢ç®¡çæ©èœã®éŠéœãžã®éäžåºŠã¯æ¥æ¬ããããã«å€§ãããäžæ¥µéäžåã瀺ããŸããäžæ¹ããã€ãã§ã¯ãéã«äžæ¢ç®¡çæ©èœãå€ãã®éœåžã«åæ£ãã倿¥µåæ£åã瀺ããŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãäžæ¢ç®¡çæ©èœã®éäžã®åºŠåããšããŠã¯ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®éŠäœã¯å€ãããªããã®ã®ãããµã³ãŒã«ã¹ãªã©ã»ãã®éœåžã®æ¯éãå¢å€§ããŠãããå
šäœãšããŠã¯åæ£ããåŸåãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
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"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éœåžã®çºéã¯ãéœåžã人å£èŠæš¡ã®é ã«äžŠã¹ãŠã¿ããšããããããŸããäžè¬çã«ãéœåžã®çºéã®æŽå²ãå€ãåœã»ã©ã人å£èŠæš¡ã1äœã®éœåžãš2äœä»¥äžãšã®éããã¯å€§ãããããŸãããããã«å¯ŸããŠã第2次äžç倧æŠåŸã«æ€æ°å°ããç¬ç«ããåœã
ã§ã¯ãéŠéœãªã©åªå
çã«è³æ¬ãæäžãããéœåžã«ãæ¿æ²»ã»çµæžã»æåãªã©ã®äžæ¢æ©èœãéäžããŠããŸããããã«ã蟲æããè·ãæ±ããŠäººå£ãæµå
¥ããããã2äœä»¥äžã®éœåžãšã®å·®ãéåžžã«å€§ãããªããŸãããã®ãããªéœåžãéŠäœéœåž(ãã©ã€ã¡ãŒãã·ãã£)ãšãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "20äžçŽåŸå以éã®äžçã®å€§éœåžã®äººå£å¢å ãã¿ããšãããªããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®ããã«æ©ãããéœåžåã®é²ãã éœåžãããçºå±éäžåœã®éœåžã®æ¹ãæ¥éã«å¢å ããŠããŸãããã®ããã瀟äŒåºç€(ã€ã³ãã©ãã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒ)ã®æŽåã远ãã€ãããå±
äœç°å¢ã壿ªãªãŸãŸæ¹åãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çºå±éäžåœã®å€§éœåžã§ã¯ãéœåžã®å
éšãééã»äž»èŠé路沿ããªã©ã«ã¹ã©ã (äžè¯äœå®
è¡)ã圢æãããŠãããåžè¡å°ã®æ¡å€§ã«äŒŽã£ãŠéœåžåšèŸºéšã«ãå¢ããŠããŠããŸããæ¿åºæ©é¢ã忥æœèšãéãŸãè¿ä»£çãªéœå¿éšã®ãããã°ã«ã壿ªãªå±
äœç°å¢ã®ã¹ã©ã ãåºããéœåžããããŸããã¹ã©ã ã®äžã«ã¯ãæ°Žéã黿°ãäžæ³ã«åŒãããäžæ°ŽåŠçã®èšåãæŽã£ãŠããªãå ŽæããããŸãããã®ããæ°Žè³ªæ±æ¿ãæããç±åž¯ã®å°åã§ã¯ææçãããçºçããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¹ã©ã å±
äœè
ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯ã蟲æéšã§ã®è²§å°ã«èããããŠéœåžéšã«åºãŠãã人ã
ã§ãã圌ãã¯ã蟲æ¥ã®å€§èŠæš¡åãæ©æ¢°åãéœåžéšãžã®ç£æ¥ã®éäžãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåå°ãä»äºã倱ãã蟲æããæŒãåºãããŠãã蟲æ°ããã®å®¶æãäž»äœãšãªã£ãŠããŸããããããéœåžã«ç§»ãäœãã§ãå®è·ã«å°±ãã人ã
ã¯ãããã§ãé²å€©åãä¿®çæ¥ãªã©ã®ã€ã³ãã©ãŒãã«ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãšãã°ããéšéã§åããçæŽ»ãæ¯ããŠãã人ãããŸãããã®éšéã§åã人ã
ã®äžã«ã¯ãããŒã ã¬ã¹ã芪ã»èŠªæãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠé€è²ã»ä¿è·ãããã«è·¯äžã§éå£ç掻ããã¹ããªãŒããã«ãã¬ã³ãªã©ãå«ãŸããŠããŸãããŸããçèšãç«ãŠãããªãè
ã®äžã«ã¯ãçæŽ»èŠããéãããããå¯èŒžã麻è¬ååŒãªã©ãšãã£ãç¯çœªã«æãæããŠããå Žåãã¿ãããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çºå±éäžåœã§ã¯ãéœåžç°å¢ãçæŽ»ã»å±
äœç°å¢ãªã©ã«ã€ããŠã®æ§ã
ãªéœåžåé¡ãæ±ããŠããŸããããã®è§£æ±ºã«ã¯è«å€§ãªè²»çšãšé·ãæéãå¿
èŠãšããŠããŸãããŸããäžè¬ã«çºå±éäžåœã®éœåžåé¡ã¯ãããã€ãã®èª²é¡ãè€åçã«é¢é£ããŠããå Žåãå°ãªããããŸãããçŸåšã§ã¯ã倧éœåžãäžå¿ã«ãéœåžå
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å±€åãã«å®äŸ¡ãªäœå®
ã建èšããŠãã¹ã©ã ã®äœæ°ãããŒã ã¬ã¹ãªã©ã«æäŸããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããçºå±éäžåœã®äžã«ã¯ãã€ã³ãã¬ã諞å€åœããã®åµåã®å¢å ãªã©äžå®å®ãªçµæžç¶æ³ã«èŠããã§ããããã®å¯Ÿçãååã«é²ããããŠããªãåœããããŸãããã®ãããå
é²åœã«éœåžåºç€æŽåã®ååãæ±ããŠããåœããããŸããããã«å¯ŸããŠãäŸãã°NGOãªã©ã®æã«ããäœå®
建èšããã¹ããªãŒããã«ãã¬ã³ã®ããã®åŠæ ¡ã¥ãããªã©ãè¡ãããããã«ãªã£ãŠããŠããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
é²åœã®å€§éœåžã§ã¯ã第2æ¬¡ç£æ¥ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠã第3æ¬¡ç£æ¥ã«æºãã人ã
ã®å²åãé«ããããã«äœã人ã
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é¢ãªã©ããã®å»ç廿£ç©ãªã©ã倧éã«æåºããããã®åŠçã«ã¯äžæ³ææ£ã®åé¡ãå«ããŠãå€é¡ã®è²»çšãšåŽåããããããŠããŸãããŸããäžäžæ°Žéã®æŽåãåžè¡å°ã®ç
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããšãŒããããªã©ã®å€§éœåžã®äžã«ã¯ãéœå¿éšããã®åšèŸºã®å€ãããã®åžè¡å°ã«ãããå°åã§ãã€ã³ããŒã·ãã£åé¡ãé¡åšåããŠãããšãããã¿ãããŸããæ©ãããåžè¡åããå°åã¯ãéè·¯ãçã建ç©ãã©ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãªã©ã®ç€ŸäŒåºç€ã®èæœåãé²ãã§ããŸãããã®ãããäœæåŸè
ãç§»æ°ã»é«éœ¢è
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããããã€ãã®éœåžã§ã¯ãèæœåããäœå®
ãå·¥å Žã»æè»å Žãªã©ã®æœèšãåãå£ããŠåéçºãè¡ã£ãŠããŸãããã®è·¡å°ã«æ°ãã忥æœèšãé«çŽãªé«å±€äœå®
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
é²åœã®å€§éœåžã§ã¯ãéœå¿å°åã®ç©ºæŽåãæ¥µåºŠã®æ©èœéäžãšãã£ãéœåžåé¡ãè§£æ¶ãããããæ§ã
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ãå¯éœå¿ã圢æãããŠãããããã«ã¯é«å±€ã®ãªãã£ã¹ãã«ãé«çŽã¢ããŒããã·ã§ããã³ã°ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãªã©ããããŸãããŸãããšãŒãããã®å€§éœåžã§ã¯ãéœå¿å°åã«æ®ãäŒçµ±çãªå»ºç©ãããã€ãŠã®é°å²æ°ãæ®ããªããåéçºããŠããäŸãå°ãªããããŸãããäžæ¹ãéœå¿å°åã§äŸçµŠãéå°ãã¿ãšãªã£ããªãã£ã¹ãã«ãæ¹è£
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客ãéãã人æ°ã¹ããããšãªã£ãŠãããšããããããŸãã",
"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ã人å£ã®éäžã«å¿ããåžè¡å°ã®æ¡å€§ãã€ã³ãã©ã®æŽåãäžæ¹çã«é²ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããåšå²ã®ç°å¢ãè³æºã»ãšãã«ã®ãŒã®æ¶è²»ã«é
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšã§ã¯ãéœåžãšèŸ²æã®éã°ããã§ã¯ãªãã倧éœåžãšå°æ¹éœåžãšã®éã«ãå°åæ Œå·®ãç®ç«ã£ãŠããŸããäžè¬ã«ãå°æ¹ã®äžå°éœåžã§ã¯ã倧éœåžã«æ¯ã¹ãŠéçšã®æ©äŒãå°ãªããåŽå人å£ã®å€§å¹
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã®å€§éœåžã§ç掻ãã人ã
ã®å€ãã¯ãéœåžã»å±
äœåé¡ãé¢ç©ãå°ããããã«äŸ¡æ Œã®é«ãå®¶ããã¡ããŸãé倿éãæ¯èŒçé·ãå Žæã«äœãã§ããŸããæ±äº¬ã»åå€å±ã»äº¬éªç¥ã®äžå€§éœåžåã«äººå£ãéäžããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ãç¹ã«é«åºŠçµæžæé·æä»¥éã§ããããã«äŒŽãã倧éœåžã§ã¯äœå®
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ãç¶ããå°äŸ¡ã次第ã«é«éš°ããŠãããŸããããŸããåžè¡å°ãåšèŸºéšãžãšæ¥éã«æ¡å€§ããéå€ã§ã¯ç¡ç§©åºãªéçºãè¡ãããçµæãã¹ãããŒã«çŸè±¡ãã¿ãããŸãããäžæ¹ãé«å±€ã®ãªãã£ã¹è¡ãå®åºè¡ãååžããéœå¿å°åã§ã¯ãå±
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãé«åºŠçµæžæé·æã«éçºã»å»ºèšããã倧éªåºã®åéãã¥ãŒã¿ãŠã³ãæ±äº¬éœã®å€æ©ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŠã³ãªã©ã§ã¯ãå±
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"title": "éœåžã®æãç«ã¡"
}
]
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"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬ãŠãããã§ã¯",
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"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸä»£äžçã¯åœå®¶ãäžã€ã®åºæ¬åäœã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããç¹ã«ããã€ãŠæ€æ°å°ã ã£ãã¢ãžã¢ãã¢ããªã«ã®åœã
ãç¬ç«ãæãããŸããã以éãäžéšã®èªæ²»é ã忥µå€§éžãé€ããäžçäžã®ã»ãšãã©ã®å°åã¯ç¬ç«åœå®¶ã«ãªããŸãããããã«ã1990幎代ã«ã¯ãœé£ããŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ãªã©ã瀟äŒäž»çŸ©åœã®è§£äœã«ãã£ãŠç¬ç«åœã®æ°ãå¢å ããçŸåšãäžçã«ã¯çŽ200ã®åœå®¶ããããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
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{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "䞻暩ã»é åã»åœæ°ãåœå®¶ã®äžèŠçŽ ãšãããŸãã䞻暩ãšã¯ä»åœããã®å¹²æžãåããã«èªãã®æã§é åãåœæ°ã統治ããæš©å©ã§ããé åãšã¯äž»æš©ãè¡ãæž¡ãç¯å²ã§ããåœæ°ãšã¯åœç±ããã€åœå®¶ã®æ§æå¡ãæããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœå®¶ã®äž»æš©ãè¡ãæž¡ãé åã¯ãé åã»é æµ·ã»é 空ããæãç«ã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "é åã¯ãéžå°ã®ã»ãã«æ²³å·ã»æ¹æ²Œãªã©ã®å
æ°Žé¢ããå«ãã§ããŸããé åã®åœ¢æ
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ã§æãç«ã€åœããããŸãããŸããé åãåå°ã«åæ£ããŠããåœããããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "é æµ·ãšã¯é åã«æ¥ããäžå®ã®å¹
ããã£ãæµ·åã§ããçŸåšãå€ãã®åœã12æµ·é(çŽ22km)ãæ¡çšããŠããŸããé æµ·ã¯ãéåžžãæµ·å²žã®äœæœ®ç·ãåºç·ãšããŠãããããã®è·é¢ã§æ±ºå®ãããŸããæµ·å²žç·ã®åºå
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åŽã«ããæ¹Ÿãå
æµ·ã¯å
æ°Žãšãã°ããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããé æµ·ã®å€åŽã§ããæ¥ç¶æ°Žåãšãã°ããæµ·åã§ã¯ãåºå
¥åœç®¡çãªã©ã«é¢ããæš©å©ã沿岞åœã«èªããããŸãã1982幎ã«èª¿å°ãããåœé£æµ·æŽæ³æ¡çŽã«ãã£ãŠã沿岞ãã200æµ·é(çŽ370km)ãŸã§ã®æµ·åãæä»ççµæžæ°Žå(EEZ)ãšããŠãæ°Žç£è³æºãé±ç£è³æºãªã©ã«å¯Ÿããæ²¿å²žåœã®æš©å©ãèªããããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
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"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«ããã®å€åŽã®æµ·åã¯ãå
¬æµ·ãšããŠè¹è¶ã®èªè¡ãæŒæ¥ã誰ã§ãèªç±ã«åºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é 空ã¯ãé åã»é æµ·ã®äžç©ºã«ãããŸããããåœã®èªç©ºæ©ãä»åœã®é 空ãééããå Žåãäºåã«åœå®¶éã®åå®ãçµã°ãªãéãèªç±ãªé£è¡ã¯åºæ¥ãŸãããé 空ã®ç¯å²ã¯èªç©ºæ©ã®é£è¡å¯èœãªå€§æ°åå
ãšãããŸãããäººå·¥è¡æãå®å®ç©ºéã«å€æ°æã¡äžããããŠããçŸåšããã®å©ç𿹿³ãšã«ãŒã«ã®ç¢ºç«ã«ã€ããŠåœéçã«è°è«ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
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"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžçã®å€ãã®åœã¯é£åœãšéžç¶ãã§æ¥ããŠãããåœå®¶ãšåœå®¶ãšã®å¢çç·ãåœå¢ã§ãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å±±èãæ²³å·ãªã©ã®å¢çã¯èªç¶çåœå¢ãšãã°ããã®ã«å¯Ÿãã緯床ãçµåºŠãªã©ã§å®ããããçŽç·çãªåœå¢(æ°ççåœå¢)ã¯äººçºçåœå¢ãšãã°ããŠããŸãã人çºçåœå¢ã¯æ°æã®ååžãšç¡é¢ä¿ã«åŒãããæ°æéã®å¯Ÿç«ãçŽäºãçµ¶ããŸãããåœå¢ã¯ã飿¥ãã2åœéã®åœå¢åå®ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºå®ãããŸããããããäºãã«äž»åŒµã察ç«ããåœå¢çŽäºã«çºå±ããå ŽåããããŸããæµ·ãéãŠãŠä»åœãšæ¥ããå Žåã§ããé æµ·ãæä»ççµæžæ°Žåã®ç¯å²ãéãªãããå Žåã¯ãé¢ä¿æ²¿å²žåœã®åè°ã«ãã£ãŠå¢çç·ãèšå®ããå¿
èŠããããŸããç¹ã«å¢çç·åšèŸºã«æµ·åºæ²¹ç°ãæµ·åºã¬ã¹ç°ãªã©ãèŠã€ãããšãè³æºéçºãå·¡ãäºãã«çºå±ããŸãã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœå®¶ã¯ãæ§ã
ãªèгç¹ããåé¡åºæ¥ãŸããæ¥æ¬ãªã©ã®å€ãã®åœã®ããã«ãå°æ¹èªæ²»äœã«æ¯ã¹ãŠãäžå€®æ¿åºã®æš©éã匷ãåœå®¶ãäžå€®éæš©åœå®¶ãšãããŸãããŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã·ã¢ã®ããã«ãåžæ³æš©ãšç«æ³æš©ãªã©ã®æš©éããã€å·ãå
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šãŠã®åœæ°ãäžã€ã®æ°æã«å±ãããšããåäžæ°æåœå®¶ã¯ã»ãšãã©ååšããŸãããããã«å¯ŸããŠã倿°æåœå®¶ãšã¯ããã€ãžã§ãªã¢ãã¹ãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ãäžåœãªã©ã®ããã«ãè€æ°ã®æ°æããæ§æããããããããåŒ·ãæ°ææèãæã£ãŠããåœãæããŠããŸããè¿ä»£ä»¥éã®åœå®¶åœ¢æã®éçšã§ã¯ããã®ãããªæ°ææèããã·ã§ããªãºã (æ°æäž»çŸ©)ãéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "åœå®¶ãšé å"
}
]
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"text": "人éã¯æåãªãã§ã¯çæŽ»åºæ¥ãŸãããæåãç²åŸããèœåã¯äººé¡ã«å
±éããŠåãã£ãŠããŸãããã©ã®ãããªæåã身ã«ã€ããŠããã®ãã¯ãå°åãæä»£ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããäžçäžã§å€æ§ãªç掻æåãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "æåãšèªç¶ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°åã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªã倿§ãªç掻æåã¯ããªãçãŸããã®ã§ããããã人ééå£ã¯æåãéããŠèªç¶ç°å¢ã«åããããŸãããŸããèªç¶ç°å¢ã¯æåã®åœ¢æã«åœ±é¿ãåããŸããç°ãªãèªç¶ç°å¢ã«é©å¿ããçµæãšããŠãçæŽ»æåã®å€æ§æ§ãçãŸããŸãã人ééå£ã倿§ãªèªç¶ç°å¢ã«é©å¿ããŠããçµæãšããŠã®ç掻æåã¯ã人é¡ã®å°åçãªå€æ§æ§ã®åç¹ãšããããŸãã",
"title": "æåãšèªç¶ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åãå°åã«æ®ãã人ã
ããè¡£ã»é£ã»äœãªã©ç掻ã«å¯çããäºæã«ã€ããŠãå
±éã®èšèªãç¿æ
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±éããŠãããšæããæåããå°åã®æåããšãããŸãããã ããåãå°åã«äœã人ã®å®æãèšèªãç°ãªã£ãŠããŠããé£ã¹ç©ãçãç©ã䌌ãŠããã®ã§ãå°åã®æåãèŠå®ããèŠçŽ ã¯äžã€ã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "æåãšèªç¶ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããŠã人ã»ç©ã»æ
å ±ãªã©ãåœå¢ãè¶ããŠç§»åããã°ããŒãã«åãé²è¡ããå°ååºæã®æåã¯ãåŸã
ã«å€ãã£ãŠããå ŽåããããŸãã",
"title": "æåãšèªç¶ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŸãã°ãã€ãã€ããã¯ã¢ã¶ã©ã·ã®ç©çã«GPSãæŽ»çšããããã«ãªããã¢ããªã«ã§ã¯ç§çæ°ãæºåž¯é»è©±ãå©çšããŠå®¶çã®äŸ¡æ Œãæãããããã«ãªããšãã£ãå€åãã¿ãããŸãã",
"title": "æåãšèªç¶ç°å¢"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人é¡ã®é£æã®ç²åŸæ¹æ³ã®éãã¯ãèªç¶ç°å¢ãšæ·±ãé¢ãããæã£ãŠããŸããã幎äžé«æž©æ¹¿æœ€ãªç±åž¯ã§ã¯ãæççšã®ããããã€ã¢é¡ãªã©ãäž»ã«æ œå¹ãããŸããã蟲èã«é©ããªã也ç¥åž¯ãäºå¯åž¯ã§ã¯éç§ãäžå¿ã§ãããäžæ¹ãç©çãæ¡éãäžå¿ã«ç掻ãã人ã
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"title": "çæŽ»æåã®å°åæ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããç©çæ¡éæ°ã®ããã«å€ç«ããŠããããã«èŠãã瀟äŒã®æåããçŸåšã§ã¯åšå²ã®èŸ²èæ°ãç§çæ°ã®æåãšã®å¯æ¥ãªé¢é£ã®äžã«ãããéœåžã®åå·¥æ¥ãšæ¶è²»ãäžå¿ãšããçæŽ»æåãšãã€ãªãã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»æåã®å°åæ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€§èŠæš¡ãªæŸç§ããšããªãç§çã¯ããŠãŒã©ã·ã¢ã§ã¯äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã»è¥¿ã¢ãžã¢ã»ãšãŒããããšããã©ã€å±±èãã¢ããªã«ã§ã¯ãµãã©ç æŒ ã®åšèŸºããã€ã«å·äžæµã®æ±ã¢ããªã«åéšãåç±³ã§ã¯ã¢ã³ãã¹å±±å²³å°åž¯ã«ãããããç¹æã®å®¶ççš®ãšå©çšæ³ãæã£ãŠååžããŠããŸããç¹ã«åºå€§ãªæŸç§é¢ç©ãå¿
èŠãšããéç§ã¯ã湿最ãªç±åž¯ãã¢ã³ã¹ãŒã³å°åž¯ã«ã¯ããŸãèŠããããã¹ãããããµããã®ãããªèåãåºããå°åãäžå¿ã«ååžããŠããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»æåã®å°åæ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãæ§ã
ãªåœ¢ã®èŸ²èã¯ãäœç·¯åºŠå°åããäžç·¯åºŠå°åãäžå¿ã«åºãã£ãŠããŸããããã蟲èæåã¯ãäœç©ã®çš®é¡ãæ œå¹æè¡ããã®å©çšåœ¢æ
ãªã©ã«ãããŠå°åæ§ãæã£ãŠããŸããäžç·¯åºŠå°åã§ã¯ç±³ãå°éºŠãªã©ã®ç©ç©ãšè±é¡ãªã©ãçµã¿åããã蟲èãåºãèŠãããäžæ¹ãäœç·¯åºŠå°åã§ã¯ã€ã¢é¡ãããããäž»é£ãšãã蟲èãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "çæŽ»æåã®å°åæ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "倧å°ãè³æºãšããŠå©çšããçæ¥ã®ç§çãšèŸ²èã«å¯Ÿããæµ·ãå·ãæ¹ã®è³æºãå©çšããçæ¥ãæŒåŽã§ãã倪平æŽã«ããããªãã·ã¢ãã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ããã¯ããã·ã¢ãšåŒã°ããå³¶ã
ã§ã¯å€æ§ãªæŒåŽæåãã¿ãããŸããããããå³¶ã
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äœå°åãåºããŠãããŸããã",
"title": "çæŽ»æåã®å°åæ§"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æããå¯ããã身ãå®ãã®ããè¡£æã®åºæ¬çãªåœ¹å²ã§ããäžçã§ã¯ãããããã®å°åã®èªç¶ç°å¢ã«å¿ããŠãè¡£æã®çŽ æãåœ¢ãæ§ã
ã«å·¥å€«ãããŠããŸããå¯å·ãªå°åã§ã¯ãé²å¯ã®ããã«ãå€ãããåç©ã®æ¯ç®ãç®(ç£ç®é©)ã䜿ã£ãè¡£æãççšãããŠããŸãããäžæ¹ã髿ž©ã§æ¹¿æœ€ãªå°åã§ã¯ãåžæ¹¿æ§ã®ããæšç¶¿ã麻ãçšãããã£ãããšããŠäœãç· ãã€ããªã圢ã®è¡£æãã¿ãããŸãã1æ5~6mãããé·ãåžãäœã«å·»ãã€ããŠçããµãªãŒã¯ãå€ãããäŒããã€ã³ãã®å¥³æ§ã®æ°æè¡£è£
ã§ãããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ãªã©ã®ä¹Ÿç¥å°åã«äœã人ã
ã¯ãåŒ·ãæ¥å·®ããç åµããèãå®ããããé·è¢ã§è£Ÿã®é·ãè¡£æãçãŠããŸãããŸããå¬ãå€ã®æ°æž©ãäœãã¢ã³ãã¹å°æ¹ã®ãã«ãŒã«äœãå
äœæ°ã¯ãé ãéŠãè©ã®ãããããå·æ°ãå
¥ã蟌ãã®ãé²ãããããã³ãã§ãšãã°ããæ¯ç¹ç©ã®äžçããŸãšã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®è¡£æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããè¡£æã¯ã宿ãå°åã®äŒçµ±æåãéçŽã®éããªã©ç€ŸäŒç°å¢ãçµæžçç°å¢ã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããŸããã€ã¹ã©ãŒã ã§ã¯ã女æ§ã¯å®¶æä»¥å€ã®ç·æ§ã«ã¯èãèŠããŠã¯ãããªããšãããŠããããã女æ§éã¯é ã«ã¹ã«ãŒããå·»ããäœãé ããããªåœ¢ã®ãã£ãããšããè¡£æãçãŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®è¡£æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ããã«è¡£æã®çŽ æã¯ãå°åã®èªç¶ç°å¢ã«ãã£ãŠæ§ã
ã§ãæ œå¹ã»é£Œè²ãããäœç©ãå®¶çã«ãå·Šå³ãããŠããŸãããããããããããå¶çŽãçµæžãæè¡ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠå
æãããçŸåšã§ã¯ãå®äŸ¡ã§äžå€«ãªæ¢è£œæã倧éã«çç£ãããçæéã«å€§éã«è²©å£²ãããã¡ã¹ããã¡ãã·ã§ã³ãšåŒã°ãã販売圢æ
ãçŸããŸããã",
"title": "äžçã®è¡£æ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "人é¡ã¯ãåç©æ§ãšæ€ç©æ§ã®é£ç©ãæºéãªãé£ã¹ãé飿§ã®åç©ã§ããé£ç©ã®æçã«ã¯ãç
®ããçŒãããããå ç±ããæ°Žããããªã©ã®æ¹æ³ãå«ãŸããå ç±ã«ãã£ãŠçã®ãŸãŸã§ã¯æ¶ååºæ¥ãªãåæãé£ã¹ãããããã«ãªããæ°Žãããã¯ææ¯ãªã€ã¢é¡ãªã©ããæ¯ãæã广ããã¡ãŸããããããæçæ³ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠã人é¡ã¯å€æ§ãªé£æãçšããããããã«ãªããå°çäžã®æ§ã
ãªçæ
ç³»ã«é©å¿ããçæŽ»ãç¯ããããã«ãªããŸããã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é£äºã®ãšãæ¹ãäœæ³ãæåã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããŸããæ±åã¢ãžã¢ã®éœåžã§ã¯ãå±å°ã§ã®é£äºé¢šæ¯ãç¹åŸŽçã§ããçš²äœã®çããªã¢ã³ã¹ãŒã³å°åž¯ã§ã¯ã麺ã¯å°éºŠãããç±³ç²(ããŒãã³)ãããçšããããŸãã宿ãšé£ç掻ã®é¢ä¿ãæ·±ããäŸãã°ã€ã¹ã©ã æã§ã¯ãé£ã¹ãŠããçŽ æèª¿çæ³ãèªããããé£åããã©ãŒã«ãšãããããã§ãªãé£åãšåºå¥ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšã§ã¯æåã®éããè¶ããŠãæã®äººã
ãå£ã«ããªãã£ããã®ãé£ã¹ãããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããšã¹ããã¯æçã®æµè¡ã¯ãä»ãäžçã®å€ãã®éœåžç掻ã«èŠãããçŸè±¡ã§ãããé£ç掻ã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠå°åã®æåãæ ãåºãé¡ãšããããã ãããããšã¹ããã¯æçã®æµè¡ã¯ãæå倿§æ§ã®æ¥œãã¿ãšããŠååšããŠãããšããããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®é£æåã®åœ±é¿ã§ãåäžçŽã®éã«ã³ãŒã©ãã³ãŒããŒã飲ã¿ãªãããã³ããŒã¬ãŒãé£ã¹ããšãã£ãå
æ¯ããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ããäžçåå°ã§èŠãããããã«ãªããŸããããããããã¡ã¹ãããŒãã¯ãå
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"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äŒçµ±çãªäž»é£ã¯ããã®å°åã§æ œå¹åºæ¥ãäœç©ãšæ·±ãé¢ããããããŸããã³ã¡ãå°éºŠããšããããããã€ã¢é¡ãéç©ãèãä¹³ã¯ãäžçåå°ã§äž»é£ãšãããŠãããé£ã¹æ¹ã«ã¯å°åããšã®ç¹è²ããããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°éºŠã¯è¥¿ã¢ãžã¢ã§æåã«æ œå¹ããäž»é£ãšãªããŸããããã®åŸã亀æã®æ¡å€§ã«ãããå°äžæµ·æ²¿å²žãããšãŒãããã»åã¢ãžã¢ã»äžåœããšãŒããã人ãé²åºããåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã§äž»é£ãšãããŸãããå°éºŠã®é£ã¹æ¹ã«ã¯2éããããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããããŠã¢ãã³ã·ãªã©ã®éç©ã¯ãã¢ããªã«å€§éžãã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ååžããŸããéç©ã®é£ã¹æ¹ã¯ã次ã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã€ã¢é¡ã¯ãã€ã ã€ã¢ãã¿ãã€ã¢ãé£ã¹ãæ±åã¢ãžã¢ãå倪平æŽã®å³¶ã
ãšããã£ããµã(ãããªã¯)ããžã£ã¬ã€ã¢ãé£ã¹ãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã¢ããªã«ã«ååžããŸããã¢ã³ãã¹å°æ¹ãåç£ã®ãžã£ã¬ã€ã¢ã¯ã16äžçŽã«ãšãŒããããžãã¡èŸŒãŸããçŸåšã§ã¯ãã€ããªã©ã®äž»é£ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã³ã¡ã¯å€ã«éšéãå€ãæ±ã¢ãžã¢ãæ±åã¢ãžã¢ãäžå¿ã«åºãããŸãããã³ã¡ã®é£ã¹æ¹ã¯ã次ã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ãšåãçš²äœèŸ²æ¥ãäžå¿ãšããå°åã§ã¯ãäž»é£ãšããŠã®ç±³é£¯ã«å¯ŸããŠå¯é£(ããã)ããããšããèããåºãã¿ãããŸããäž»é£ãšå¯é£ã®åºå¥ã¯ãç§éã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ããèªç¶ã®ããã«æãããŸãããããããã®åºå¥ã¯æ±ºããŠäžççã«å
±éã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ããªã«ãäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã®ç§çæ°ã蟲èãšç§çã®çµã¿åãããèŠããããšãŒãããã§ã¯ããã®ãããªã¯ã£ãããšããåºå¥ã¯ãããŸããããããã®å°åã§ã¯ã乳補åã®å©çšãç®ç«ã¡ãŸããäŸãã°ãã¢ã³ãŽã«ã®éç§æ°ã¯å€ãã®å€§åå®¶çã®ä¹³ãå©çšãããããã®å å·¥åãšããŠãã¿ãŒãããŒãºãã€ããããŸãããŸãã乳補åãšäžŠãã§çŸã»ã€ã®ã»çã®èãå¬å Žã®ä¿åé£ãšããŠçšããããŸãã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªãã忥µæµ·æ²¿å²žã§ã¯ããã«ã€ãã¢ã¶ã©ã·ãªã©ããäŒçµ±çã«é£ã¹ãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžçã®é£ç掻ã¯ã亀æã®çºå±ãçç£æè¡ãé£åå·¥æ¥ã®çºéãçæŽ»æ°Žæºã®åäžã«ãã£ãŠãè¿ä»£ä»¥éã倧ããå€åããŸããããšãŒãããã§èé¡ãåºãé£ã¹ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ã18~19äžçŽã®ç£æ¥é©åœä»¥éã«éããããšãŒãããã®ã»ãšãã©ã®å°åãäŒçµ±çã«å°éºŠãäž»é£ãšããŠããŸããã",
"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãé£ç掻ã«ã¯ã颚åãç°å¢ã®ã»ããæ°æçã»å°åçãªå€æ§æ§ãæ·±ãæ ¹ä»ããŠããŸãããã®ããäžçäžã©ãã«è¡ã£ãŠãããã®æŽå²ã®äžã§çãŸããé·åæçããããå°åã®ç¬èªæ§ãé
åã«ããªã£ãŠããŸãããé£ç掻ã®ã°ããŒãã«åã¯åœå¢ãè¶ããäŸãã°äžåœæçãã€ã¿ãªã¢æçãã€ã³ãæçãéåœæçãªã©ãå€åœæçåºã建ã¡äžŠã¶å
æ¯ã¯ãäžçã®å€§éœåžã«å
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"title": "äžçã®é£ç掻"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ±åã¢ãžã¢ãåã¢ãžã¢ãªã©é«æž©å€æ¹¿ãªå°åã§ã¯ãé«åºã«ããŠéæ°æ§ããããã屿 ¹ã®åŸé
ãæ¥ã«ããŠéšæ°Žãæµãããããããªã©ã®å·¥å€«ããªãããŠããŸããäžæ¹ãåã¢ããªã«ã西ã¢ãžã¢ã®ããã«ã也ç¥ããŠããŠå¯æã®å·®ã倧ããå°åã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¿ãªæ°æž©ã®å€åã宀å
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"title": "äžçã®äœå±
"
},
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"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããäœå±
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"title": "æ¥æ¬ã®è¡£é£äœ"
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{
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"text": "å°±è·æŽ»åã»è»¢è·æŽ»åãäºåç³»ã®è·å Žãã¿ããšãã¯ã€ã·ã£ãã«ãã¯ã¿ã€ãèåº(ã¹ãŒã)ãççšããç¿æ
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"title": "æ¥æ¬ã®è¡£é£äœ"
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{
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"title": "æ¥æ¬ã®è¡£é£äœ"
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{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã®äœå®
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"title": "æ¥æ¬ã®è¡£é£äœ"
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蚌æ | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ã忝åã«ã€ããŠåŠã³ãŸããé«çåŠæ ¡ã®æ°åŠäžè§æ¯ãäžè§é¢æ°ã®åºç€ç¥èã䜿ããªããšçè§£ãå°é£ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ãæåã«æ°åŠIã®äžè§æ¯ã«ã€ããŠç°¡åã«åŸ©ç¿ããŠãããæ¬é¡ã«å
¥ããŸãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŽè§äžè§åœ¢ã§ã¯æ¬¡ã®æ§è³ªããããŸãã",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "sin Ξ = B C A B {\\displaystyle \\sin \\theta ={\\frac {BC}{AB}}}",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŽçããŠ",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "B C = A B sin Ξ {\\displaystyle BC=AB\\sin \\theta }",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "cos Ξ = A C A B {\\displaystyle \\cos \\theta ={\\frac {AC}{AB}}}",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æŽçããŠ",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "A C = A B cos Ξ {\\displaystyle AC=AB\\cos \\theta }",
"title": "äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çéåéåãããŠããç©äœãçæšªããèŠãããã©ã®ããã«èŠããã§ããããã",
"title": "忝åãšã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å°äžåŠæ ¡ã§ç¿ã£ãçäœãäŸã«ããŠããã®äžãç©äœãåã£ãŠãããšããŸãããã(çœç¢å°éšå)",
"title": "忝åãšã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "埩ç¿ã«ãªããŸãããçéåéåã¯å¹³é¢äžã®åšæéåãªã®ã§ãçäœã®åšãã®éšå(çœç¢å°éšå)ãçæšªããèŠããšçŽç·äžã瞊ã«åŸåŸ©éåããŠããããã«èŠããŸãããã®åŸåŸ©éåã忝åãšãããŸãã",
"title": "忝åãšã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã§ãå転æ°ãšåšæã¯çéåéåã®èª¬æãšå
šãå€ãããŸããã",
"title": "忝åãšã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã«çéåéåã®è§é床ã¯ãè§æ¯åæ°ãšååã倿ŽããŠããã ãã«éããŸããã",
"title": "忝åãšã¯"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åéåã®åŒãšå³ãæžããã°åŒãå°ããŸãããããäœåãç¹°ãè¿ããšã忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床ãã¯èŠããããŸãã",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äœçœ®ã¯æšªã»çžŠãšãããŸãããããã§ã¯çžŠãèŠãŠããŸãããããµã€ã³ã®å
容ã«ãªããŸãããããã£ãŠãäœçœ®ã«çéåéåã®è§é床ã®èª¬æãå転è§ã«çŽããåŒã«çŽãã B C = A B sin Ξ {\\displaystyle BC=AB\\sin \\theta } ã«ä»£å
¥ããã ãã§å
¬åŒã宿ããŸãã",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éãã¯æ®é暪ã«é²ã¿ãŸãã®ã§ãã³ãµã€ã³ã®å
容ã«ãªããŸãããããã£ãŠãéãã«çéåéåã®è§é床ã®èª¬æãå転è§ã«çŽããåŒã«çŽãã A C = A B cos Ξ {\\displaystyle AC=AB\\cos \\theta } ã«ä»£å
¥ããã ãã§å
¬åŒã宿ããŸãã",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåŸã«ã忝åã®å é床ã§ãããçéåéåã®å é床ã®åŒã«ã B C = A B sin Ξ {\\displaystyle BC=AB\\sin \\theta } ã代å
¥ããŸããããããããã§ã¯ãäœçœ®ãšå é床ãå察ã®åãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããŸããããã§ãããé¿ããããããã€ãã¹ã®ç¬Šå·ãåã«ä»ããŸãã",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â
å
¬åŒ",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â
蚌æ1",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å³åœ¢ã䜿ã£ãŠèšŒæããŸãã",
"title": "忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çéåéåã®1å転ã®å転è§ã¯ã360床ã§ãã忝åã§ã¯ãäœçœ®ãç°ãªãããšã«çããæ¯åç¶æ
ãç¹°ãè¿ãã®ã§ãããäœçœ®ã¯0~360床éã®è§ã§è¡šãããŸããæåã«åºæºãšããäœçœ®ãåæäœçž(åæäœçœ®)ãšãããŸãããªãã忝åã®åæäœçž(åæäœçœ®)ã¯ã0ã§ã¯ãªãå ŽåããããŸãããã®å Žåã忝åã®äœçœ®ã«é¢ããåŒã«åæäœçž(åæäœçœ®)ãå ãããšãæ±ããããŸãã",
"title": "忝åã®åæäœçž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â
å
¬åŒ",
"title": "忝åã®åæäœçž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "x = A sin ( Ï t + Ξ 0 ) {\\displaystyle x=A\\sin(\\omega \\ t+\\theta _{0})}",
"title": "忝åã®åæäœçž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â
蚌æ",
"title": "忝åã®åæäœçž"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â
蚌æ",
"title": "埩å
åãšåšæ"
}
]
| æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ã忝åã«ã€ããŠåŠã³ãŸããé«çåŠæ ¡ã®æ°åŠäžè§æ¯ãäžè§é¢æ°ã®åºç€ç¥èã䜿ããªããšçè§£ãå°é£ã§ãã ããã§ãæåã«æ°åŠâ
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== äžè§æ¯ã®å©çš ==
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<math>\sin\theta=\frac{BC}{AB}</math>
æŽçããŠ
<math>BC=AB\sin\theta</math>
<math>\cos\theta=\frac{AC}{AB}</math>ã
æŽçããŠ
'''<math>AC=AB\cos\theta</math>'''
== 忝åãšã¯ ==
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å°äžåŠæ ¡ã§ç¿ã£ãçäœãäŸã«ããŠããã®äžãç©äœãåã£ãŠãããšããŸããããïŒçœç¢å°éšåïŒ
埩ç¿ã«ãªããŸãããçéåéåã¯å¹³é¢äžã®åšæéåãªã®ã§ãçäœã®åšãã®éšåïŒçœç¢å°éšåïŒãçæšªããèŠããšçŽç·äžã瞊ã«åŸåŸ©éåããŠããããã«èŠããŸãããã®åŸåŸ©éåã'''忝å'''ãšãããŸãã
ãããã§ã'''å転æ°'''ãš'''åšæ'''ã¯çéåéåã®èª¬æãšå
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ãããã«çéåéåã®è§é床ã¯ã'''è§æ¯åæ°'''ãšååã倿ŽããŠããã ãã«éããŸããã
== 忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床 ==
åéåã®åŒãšå³ãæžããã°åŒãå°ããŸãããããäœåãç¹°ãè¿ããšã忝åã®äœçœ®ã»éãã»å é床ãã¯èŠããããŸãã
äœçœ®ã¯æšªã»çžŠãšãããŸãããããã§ã¯çžŠãèŠãŠããŸãããã'''ãµã€ã³'''ã®å
容ã«ãªããŸãããããã£ãŠãäœçœ®ã«çéåéåã®è§é床ã®èª¬æãå転è§ã«çŽããåŒã«çŽãã'''<math>BC=AB\sin\theta</math>'''ã«ä»£å
¥ããã ãã§å
¬åŒã宿ããŸãã
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容ã«ãªããŸãããããã£ãŠãéãã«çéåéåã®è§é床ã®èª¬æãå転è§ã«çŽããåŒã«çŽãã<math>AC=AB\cos\theta</math>ã«ä»£å
¥ããã ãã§å
¬åŒã宿ããŸãã
æåŸã«ã忝åã®å é床ã§ãããçéåéåã®å é床ã®åŒã«ã'''<math>BC=AB\sin\theta</math>'''ã代å
¥ããŸããããããããã§ã¯ãäœçœ®ãšå é床ãå察ã®åãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããŸããããã§ãããé¿ããããããã€ãã¹ã®ç¬Šå·ãåã«ä»ããŸãã
â
å
¬åŒ
: <big><math>x = A \sin \omega\ t</math></big>
: <big><math>v = A\omega\cos \omega t </math></big>
: <big><math>a = -A\omega ^2 \sin \omega t</math></big>
: <big><math>a = -\omega ^2 x</math></big>
â
蚌æïŒ
å³åœ¢ã䜿ã£ãŠèšŒæããŸãã
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{{DEFAULTSORT:é«çåŠæ ¡ç©çãããããšã}} | 2022-09-16T18:07:50Z | 2024-03-16T02:54:51Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Stub"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86/%E5%8D%98%E6%8C%AF%E5%8B%95 |
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ãªãã®ããããŸããçš®åãçºèœããŠãã1幎以å
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ã®éã§ããèåã®æããç°å¢ã§ã¯ãéœæš¹ã¯é°æš¹ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠèã®å
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
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"text": "èæ€åç©ã®èŠèŠåš(çŒ)ã¯ãèŠç¥çµçްè(èŠçްè)ãšããå
ãæãã现èã1å±€ã«äžŠãã ç¶²èãæã£ãŠããŠãç©ã®åœ¢ãè²ãèŠåããããŸããåºä¹³é¡ã®ç¶²èã§ã¯ãå
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
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"text": "èŠçްèã¯ã圢ã®éãããããå°ã£ãéäœçްèãšæ£ç¶ã®æ¡¿äœçްèã®2ã€ã«åºå¥åºæ¥ãŸãããšãã«å€ç¯éšãšåŒã°ããéšåã«å
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"text": "äŸãã°ãç·éäœçްèã¯ç·è²å
ã匷ãåžåãããã®å
ã«åŒ·ãåå¿ããŸãã3çš®é¡ã®éäœçްèãåãããã«åå¿ãããšçœããšæããŸããç·ãšèµ€ã®éäœçްèãåãããã«åå¿ããã°é»è²ããšæããŸãã",
"title": "èŠèŠ"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ç¶²èäžã§ã¯ãããããã®èŠçްèãåäžã«ååžããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã黿ãšåŒã°ããèŠéã®äžå¿ã«çžåœããéšåã«éäœçްèãéåžžã«å€ãã黿åšèŸºéšã«ã¯æ¡¿äœçްèãå€ãååžããŠããŸããèŠéã®äžå¿ã»ã©ã现ããªåœ¢ãèå¥ã§ããè²ã®éããèŠåããããã®ã¯ããã®ãããªéäœçްèã®å¯åºŠãé«ãããã§ãã",
"title": "èŠèŠ"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¡¿äœçްèã«ã¯ãããã·ã³ãšããå
ãæããç©è³ªããããŸããããã¯ããªãã·ã³ãšããã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªã«ã¬ãããŒã«ãšããç©è³ªãçµåãããã®ã§ããªãã·ã³ãå
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æé å¿ã§ã¯ãæããæããæ¥ã«æãæã«å
¥ããšãæåã¯çã£æã§äœãèŠããŸãããããã°ãããããšæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«èŠããããã«ãªããŸããããã«å¯ŸããŠãæé å¿ã§ã¯ãæãæããæããæã«åºããšãæåã¯ãŸã¶ãããŠäœãèŠããŸãããããã°ãããããšæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«èŠããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "èŠèŠ"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªå
ã®åŒ·ãã®å€åã«å¯Ÿãã調ç¯ã¯ãäž»ã«ç¶²èã®èŠçްèã«ãããã®ã§ãã匷ãå
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
},
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"tag": "p",
"text": "å€çã®ææãå€åãããšãããã®çŒã¯ç³å(ã²ãšã¿)ã®å€§ãããå€ããŠçŒã«å
¥ãå
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "é ãã®ãã®ãèŠãæããè¿ãã®ãã®ãèŠãæããçŒãç¶²èã®äžã«åãçµã°ããããã«èª¿ç¯ããŸãããã®çŸè±¡ãé è¿èª¿ç¯ãšãããŸããããã¯æ°Žæ¶äœãåãå·»ããŠããæ¯æ§çãåçž®ãããŠæ°Žæ¶äœã®åããå€ããé è¿èª¿ç¯ãããŠããŸããæ®éããã®çŒã¯ãæ°Žæ¶äœã®åšèŸºéšã«ããæ¯æ§ç(æ¯æ§äœã®çè)ãåçž®ããªãç¶æ
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
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{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "å·Šå³ã®èŠçްèããã®ç¥çµã¯äº€å·®ããŠã倧è³ã®èŠèŠéã«äŒãããŸããããããèŠäº€åããšãããŸãã人éã®çŒã§ã¯ãäž¡çŒã®å
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãããªçµæã«ãªãã®ã¯ã人éãç«äœæ åãèŠããã®ãšé¢ä¿ããããŸããåããã®ãäž¡çŒã§èŠãæãå³ãšå·Šã®ç¶²èã«æ ãåãå°ãéããŸããäŸãã°ãé¡ã®åã«ãã人差ãæãå·Šå³ã®çŒã§èŠããšãæã¯èæ¯ã«å¯ŸããŠéãå Žæã«ããããã«èŠããŸãã倧è³ã¯ãå·Šå³ã®çŒããã®æ
å ±ãæ¯èŒããè·é¢æãç«äœæã«å€ããŠããŸãããã®ãããå·Šã®èŠèŠéã¯å³ã®èŠèŠéã®æ
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"title": "èŠèŠ"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããéãé³¥ã§ã¯ãå·Šå³ã®èŠç¥çµãå
šãŠäº€åããŠããŸããããããå
šäº€åããšãããŸããéãé³¥ã®çŒã¯é ã®æšªã«ãããå³çŒãšå·ŠçŒã§ã¯èŠãããã®ãå
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èŠãããŸããã",
"title": "èŠèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "空æ°ã®æ¯åã¯ãèŽèŠåšå®(è³)ã«ãã£ãŠé³ãšããŠå容ãããŸããåç©ã®äžã§ããèŽèŠãç¹ã«çºéããŠããã®ã¯ãèæ€åç©ãæè«ã§ãããŸããç«ãç¬ãæµ·è±ãèè ãªã©ã®èŽèŠåšã¯ãããã®è³ã«ã¯èãããªãè¶
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"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "â»é«çåŠæ ¡çç©ã®æç§æžã§ã¯ããã以å€ã®è³ã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã解説ãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã£ãäºæ
ãããããã®èŽèŠåšå®(è³)ã®æ§é ãšé³ã®åãå
¥ãæ¹æ³ã«ã€ããŠåŠç¿ããŠããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã®è³ã¯ãå€è³ãäžè³ãå
è³ã®3ã€ã®éšåãããªããŸããå€è³ã¯ãé³ãéããŠäžè³ãžãšå°ãåããããŸããå€è³ã«å
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è³ã®æžŠå·»ã管ã«ååšããŠããŸãã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "é³ãå
è³ã®ãªã³ãæ¶²ã®æ¯åãšããŠäŒãããšãããã«åå¿ããŠã³ã«ãåšå®(ã³ã«ãåš)ã®åºåºèãäžäžã«å°ããæ¯åããŸãããã®çµæãæèŠçްè(èŽçްè)ã®æ¯ãåããããèŽçްèãåºæ¿ãåããŸãããã®æ
å ±ãèŽç¥çµãã倧è³ã®èŽèŠã®äžæ¢(èŽèŠé)ãžãšäŒããããç§éã¯é³ãšããæèŠãšããŠåãå
¥ããããããã«ãªããŸãã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è³ã¯èŽèŠåšå®ã ãã§ã¯ãªãã平衡èŠã®æèŠåšå®ãšããããŸããå
è³ã«ã¯ãååº(ååºåšå®)ãšåèŠç®¡ãšåŒã°ãã2ã€ã®å¹³è¡¡æèŠåšããããŸãã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ååºã«ã¯ãæèŠæ¯ããã£ãæèŠçްèãããããã®äžã«çé
žã«ã«ã·ãŠã ã§åºæ¥ã平衡ç³(è³ç³)ãã®ã£ãŠããŸããäœãåŸããšå¹³è¡¡ç³ãåããŠæèŠçްèãåºæ¿ããã®ã§ãäœã®åŸããæãããŸãã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžæ¹ãåèŠç®¡ã®äžã«ããæèŠæ¯ããã£ãæèŠçްèããããŸããäœãå転ãå§ãããæ¢ããããããšãåèŠç®¡ã®äžã®ãªã³ãæ¶²ãå転ã«å¯ŸããŠãã©ã³ã¹ãåãããã«å転ãšå察æ¹åã«æµãããŸãããã®æµãã«ãã£ãŠãæèŠæ¯ã®æãå€åœ¢ããæèŠçްèãè奮ããŸãã3ã€ã®åèŠç®¡ã¯äºãã«äº€ãã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããããå¥ã
ã®æ¹åã®å転éåãæç¥åºæ¥ãŸãã",
"title": "èŽèŠ"
},
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"tag": "p",
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é£ã§é£è°æ±ºå®ãããã®æ±ºå®ãæ³åŸã«ããããªããã®ã§ãã£ãããæ³åŸã®å€æŽ (ãæ¹æ£ã) ãæ€èšãããŸããããä»åœäŒã§ã¯æå¿µãããŸããããããä»ãŸã§ã«è³ã麻éã«ããè³å(éæ³)ãè¡ã£ãŠããããšãåãããŸãããããã«ããã®ãããªå Žåã¯åŸæ¥ãæ²æãåŠåãäžãããŸããããèšåãåŠåã«ãšã©ãŸãäºã«ãªã£ãããšãæ¹å€ã济ã³ãŠããŸãããã®åŸã«èªå·±éœåéè·ãããŸãããã(æžé¡ããããšã¯ãã)é«é¡ã®éè·éãåãåã£ãããšãæ¹å€ã®è«ç¹ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¿æ²»å®¶ã®æ²³äºå
è¡ã¯é¢ä¿è
ã«åèšçŽ2900äžåãé
åžãããšããŠãæ²³äºæ¡éã¯ããŠã°ã€ã¹å¬¢ããšåŒã°ãããéžææŽ»åã«å䌎ããååãæ¿çãé£åŒãã女æ§ã«èŠå®ä»¥äžã®å ±é
¬ãæž¡ãããšããŠ(å
¬è·éžææ³éåã§)ãè¡è°é¢ããå»ããèªæ°å
ãé¢å
ããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æç¥çã§ã¯ã2019幎ã«éå¬ããããããã¡ããªãšã³ããŒã¬(ã衚çŸã®äžèªç±å±ã)ãã®å±ç€ºå
容ãäžé©åã ã£ããšããŠã倧æç§ç« ç¥äºã®ãªã³ãŒã«éåãçºçããŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1932幎ããå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºã§ææŠãã1945幎ãŸã§ãæ§æ¥æ¬è»ã®ã€ãã£ãæ
°å®æã§åãããã女æ§(æ
°å®å©Š)ããããåé¡ãæ·±å»åããŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2020幎8æ3æ¥ã«ã¯éåœã®å¹³æã«ããæ€ç©åã«ãæ
°å®å©Šåã«åäžåº§ããŠè¬çœªããå®åæäžéŠçžãæš¡ããåã2017幎ã«èšçœ®ããããšããŠãåžæ°å£äœãæ€ç©ååŽã«åã®æ€å»ãæ±ããŠæè°ããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2020幎7æããã·ã¢ã§æ²æ³æ¹æ£ã«é¢ããåœæ°æç¥šãè¡ãããŸãããæ°ããæ²æ³æ¡ã§ã¯ã倧統é ã®ä»»æãæ¹æ£ããããŒãã³å€§çµ±é ã®å»¶æã¯æå€§ã§2036幎ãŸã§å»¶é·ãããããšãšãªããŸãããŸããé åå²è²ã®çŠæ¢ã«ã€ããŠã®å
容ããããåæ¹é åã®è¿éã®å¹²æžãããäžå±€å°é£ã«ãªã£ãŠãããã®ãšã¿ãããŸããè³æããåœæ°ã¯å
šäœã®çŽ8å²ã§ãããå察ãã人ã
ã®äžã§ã¯ãã¢ãçºçããŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ°åã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ææç(COVID-19)ã¯ãäžåœã®æŠæŒ¢ã«ããæµ·é®®åžå Žã§æµè¡ããããšããã£ããã«ãäžçåå°ãžåºãããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ã47éœéåºçãã¹ãŠã«ãããŠææè
ã確èªãããŠããŸããæ
客è¹ããã€ã€ã¢ã³ãã»ããªã³ã»ã¹å·ãã§ã¯ãäžè¹ããéŠæž¯äººç·æ§ã®ææã確èªãããŸãããã®æ
客è¹ã§ã¯ãé壿æã確èªãããŠããŸããé壿æã®çºçå Žæãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãšãããŸããWHO(äžçä¿å¥æ©é¢)ã¯ãç·æ¥äºæ
宣èšãçºè¡šããããã³ãããã¯(äžçç倧æµè¡)ãã§ãããšããŸããããããåããã¹ããŒããèå°ãã©ã€ãã³ã³ãµãŒãããã¬ãçªçµãªã©ã§ã¯ãç¡èг客ããããã¯ããªã¢ãŒãããšãªããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®åç»ãµã€ãã§ã®é
ä¿¡ãªã©ã®è©Šã¿ãè¡ãããŠããŸã)ããšãªããŸãããç¹ã«ãé éã§è¡ãä»äºã ãã¬ã¯ãŒã¯ ããã㯠ãªã¢ãŒãã¯ãŒã¯ ãšãããŸããå€ãã®ã€ãã³ããåŒå
žã¯èŠæš¡ãçž®å°ããŠè¡ãããŸãããããŸããŸãªåºãå¶æ¥ã忢ããå©çšå®¢æžãè£åãªãå¶æ¥èªç²èŠè«ã«äŒŽããçµå¶ãç«ã¡è¡ããªããªã£ãããšã§éåºããåºã倿°ãããŸããéœæ§ã§ãããšçºèŠãã人ã¯ç
é¢ãããã«ãèªå®
ãªã©ã§ã®æ®é2é±éã®éé¢ãè¡ãããŠããŸããæ¥æ¬ã§ãå€ãã®èžèœäººãªã©ã®èåäººãææããŸãã(æ»äº¡ã«è³ã£ãäŸããããŸã)ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯ãžã§ã³ãœã³éŠçžãææããŸããããŸãããã©ãžã«ã®ãã«ãœãã倧統é ã¯ãçµæžæŽ»åãåªå
ããããããCOVID-19ããããŸã§ã®ææçãšäœãå€ããã®ãªããã®ãã®ããã«çºèšããŠããŸããããæ¬äººãææããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãšãã©ã®å°äžé«æ ¡ã§2020幎3æ2æ¥ãã5ææ«ãŸã§èšæäŒæ ¡ãè¡ãããŠããŸãã(å°åã«ãã£ãŠæéã¯ç°ãªããŸãããªããICTæ©åšã掻çšããé éææ¥ãè¡ã£ãåŠæ ¡ããããŸãã)ãäŒæ ¡äžã®åŠç¿ã®é
ããåãæ»ããããå€äŒã¿ãççž®ããããææ¥ææ°ãå¢å ããããªã©ããŠå¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸãããã®ãããªææ¥ã®é
ããããæ¬§ç±³ãšåã9æå
¥åŠå¶ã®å°å
¥ã«ã€ããŠè°è«ãããŠããŸããããŸãããã¹ã¯äžè¶³ãããã¹ã¯ã®è»¢å£²ãçžæ¬¡ãã ã®ã§ã1973幎(ç³æ²¹å±æ©/ãªã€ã«ã·ã§ãã¯)ã®ãšãã«å¶å®ããããåœæ°ç掻å®å®ç·æ¥æªçœ®æ³ãã«åºã¥ã転売ãçŠæ¢ããŸãããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯åçåŽåçã«ããCOVID-19ã«ã€ããŠã®æ
å ±ãç¥ãããšãã§ããã¢ããªãéçºãããŸãã(COCOA)ã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžçååœã§éœåžå°é(ããã¯ããŠã³)ãè¡ãããŠããŸããã€ã®ãªã¹ã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®äžéšå°åã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢ã»ã€ã³ããªã©ã§ã¯ äºå®äžã®ãå€åºçŠæ¢ä»€ããåºãããŸããããã€ããªã©ã§ã¯åœå¢å°éãè¡ãããŠããŸãããŸããã¹ãŠã§ãŒãã³ã§ã¯æäœç²åŸãç®çãšãããããŠå¯Ÿçããããããã«ãšã©ããŠããŸã(ãªããã©ããªç
æ°ã§ãæäœãç²åŸã§ããæ ¹æ ã¯ãããŸãã )ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã©ã³ã倧統é ã¯ãã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ããäžåœãŠã€ã«ã¹ããšæ¶æããããããäžåœã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ç ç©¶æããæµåºãããã®ã ããªã©ãšäž»åŒµããŠããŸã(èæ¯ãšããŠç®äžçºçæºãšãããæŠæŒ¢ã«ãŠã€ã«ã¹ç ç©¶æããããŸããããªããçç©ç ç©¶æãªã©ããç
åäœãæŒãåºããŠäºæ
ã«ãªãããšãw:ãã€ãªãã¶ãŒããšèšããŸã)ã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯ã1äžåž¯(1äœæ)ã«å¯ŸããŠ2æã®åžãã¹ã¯ (ææäºé²ã«ã¯ããŸã广çã§ãªã) ã®é
åžãè¡ã£ãŠããŸãããã®ãã¹ã¯ã¯ã¢ãããã¯ã¹ãšãã¹ã¯ãåãããŠãã¢ãããã¹ã¯ããšæ¶æãããŸããããããããã¹ã¯ã«æ±ããä»çããŠãããªã©äžè¯åãæ°å€ã確èªãããããã4æ25æ¥ã«æªé
åžã®ãã¹ã¯ãå
šãŠååããã®ã¡æ€åãè¡ããšçºè¡šããŸãããåºã§ã¯ãã¹ã¯ãåèãšãªããæ°éã®éã§ã¯ãäžèŠã§ããã°å¯ä»ãããšããåããèŠãããŸãããŸããäžéšã®å°åã§ã¯ãã¹ã¯ããã§ã€ã¹ã·ãŒã«ãã®é
åžãè¡ãããŸããããŸããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯æåŸã«é¢ä¿ã®ãªã1人ããã10äžåã®çµŠä»ãçºè¡šããŸããããç³è«æžãæžãããäžãéµéã倧åãšãããå€ãã®äººãæã«ããå€å Žã®7~8æé ã«ã¯ãäºå®äžã®ç¬¬2æ³¢ãå°æ¥ãã€ã€ãããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2020幎4æ7æ¥ãæ±äº¬äžŠã³ã«ç¥å¥å·ãåŒçãåèã倧éªãå
µåº«ãçŠå²¡ã®7éœåºçã察象ã«ãç·æ¥äºæ
宣èšããçºè¡šãããŸããããªããããã«åæµ·éãèšåãç³å·ãå²éãæç¥ã京éœã®6éåºçãå ãã13éœéåºçã¯ãç¹å®èŠæéœéåºçãã«æå®ãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "2020幎4æ16æ¥ãæ¿åºã¯å
šåœã«å®£èšã®å¯Ÿè±¡å°åãæ¡å€§ãããŸãã倧åŠã»æ ç»é€šã»ã©ã€ãããŠã¹ã»ã·ã§ããã³ã°ã¢ãŒã«ã»ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã«ãã§ãªã©ã®å¶æ¥èªç²èŠè«ãçºè¡šãããŸãããäžéšã®éœéåºçã§ã¯ãäŒæ¥èŠè«ã«åŸããªãåºåçºè¡šãè¡ãããŸããã2020幎5æ4æ¥ãç·æ¥äºæ
宣èšã®5æ31æ¥ãŸã§ã®å»¶é·ãçºè¡šããŸãããã5æ14æ¥ã«ã¯39éœéåºçã§å
è¡çã«è§£é€ããã5æ23æ¥ã«ã¯å€§éªã»äº¬éœã»å
µåº«ã®3çã§è§£é€ã5æ25æ¥ã«ã¯åæµ·éã»åŒçã»æ±äº¬ã»ç¥å¥å·ã»åèã®5çã§è§£é€ãããå
šåœã§è§£é€ãšãªããŸãããããããå®å
šã«å
ã®çæŽ»ã«æ»ã£ãããã§ã¯ãããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å¯é空éã»å¯éå Žæã»å¯æ¥å Žé¢ã®ã3ã€ã®å¯(3å¯)ããé¿ãããœãŒã·ã£ã«ã»ãã£ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãšåŒã°ãããçŽ2mã®è·é¢ãåãããšãæšé²ãããŠããŸã(è·é¢ããšãããšã§ããããã¿ãå³ã«ãã飿²«ææãé²ããã)ããã¹ãã€ããŒã (å®¶ã§éããã)ããã¹ããŒã¬ã³ãšããæŽ»åãè¡ãããŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ±äº¬éœã§ã¯ã4æ25æ¥ãã5æ6æ¥ã®12é£äŒããSTAY HOMEé±éããšåä»ãããã®é£äŒã®éãå€åºã®èªç²ãã瀟å¡ã®äŒæããªã³ã©ã€ã³åž°ç(ãã¬ãé»è©±ã§å®å®¶ãšé£çµ¡ãåã)ãªã©ãèŠè«ããŠããŸããããŸãããçã«ã¯ãäŸå¹Žãšæ¯ã¹å®å®¶ã«åž°çãã人ã倧å¹
ã«æžå°ããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "5æ16æ¥ã倧éªåºã¯ç¬èªã®æéã倧éªã¢ãã«ãã«åºã¥ããäžéšã®èªç²èŠè«ãç·©åãããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "6æ1æ¥ãæææ¡å€§é²æ¢ã®ç¶æ³ããã¹ããã1ããããã¹ããã2ããžãšç§»è¡ãããŸãããããã®ç¿æ¥ã«ãæ±äº¬ã¢ã©ãŒãããçºä»€ãããŸããããããŠ6æ12æ¥ã«ãã¹ããã2ããããã¹ããã3ããžãšç§»è¡ãããŸããã6æ19æ¥ã«5éœåºçã®çå€ã®ç§»åãè§£çŠãããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "7æ22æ¥ãããäºå®äžã®ç¬¬2æ³¢ãå
šåœã«å°æ¥ãã€ã€ããäžã§ãçµæžæŽ»åãä¿é²ããããããGoToãã£ã³ããŒã³ããå§ãŸããŸãã(æ±äº¬éœã¯é€å€)ã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "7æåŸåãã8æã«ãããŠãåã³ææè
æ°ãå¢ãç¶ã(ææççº ãªãŒããŒã·ã¥ãŒã)ã第2æ³¢ãå°æ¥ãã€ã€ãããŸãããããããã¢ãããã¹ã¯ããšåãåžãã¹ã¯ãåã³å
šåœã®ä»è·æœèšãå»çæ©é¢ã«åé
åžããããããªã©ãæå¹ãªå¯Ÿçãæ¡ãããªãäžæ¹ã§ãåœäŒã¯éåžžéãéäŒããèšæåœäŒã¯æ²æ³ã«éåã(èšæåœäŒãéäŒããæ¡ä»¶ãæ²æ³ã§ç€ºãããŠãã)ãŠéãããŠããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ±äº¬éœã§ã¯ãååãªäºé²ãããŠããå®å
šãªé£²é£åºã§ããããšã瀺ãã¹ããã«ãŒãäœãããŸãããããã®ã¹ããã«ãŒã®è²Œã£ãŠããåºèã«ãããææã倿ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
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"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãç«ç
鿣ã®å¹æããããšãããæ¥æ¬å€æ¥ã®åŠæªã§ãã ã¢ãããš ã«æ³šç®ãéãŸã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
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"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å²äžåããŠãæ±äº¬ãªãªã³ããã¯ã»ãã©ãªã³ããã¯ãéå¬å»¶æã«ãªããŸããããŸããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã€(å
šåœé«çåŠæ ¡ç·åäœè²å€§äŒ)ããã³é«æ ¡éçãå²äžåããŠãæ¥å€å€§äŒãšãã«äžæ¢ãšãªããŸããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
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"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã®æ··ä¹±ããããSNSäžãªã©ã§ãã(æ ¹ãèããªããã)ãå«ããŠæ§ã
ãªæ
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å ±)ããšããã³ãããã¯(ææçã®äžçç倧æµè¡)ããçµã¿åãããŠãã€ã³ãã©ãããã¯ããšãåŒã°ããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããã®èª€ã£ãæ
å ±ããããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãã€ã¬ããããŒããŒã®è²·ãå ããªã©ãçºçããŸãããæ
å ±ãèŠæ¥µããåã§ãã ã¡ãã£ã¢ãªãã©ã·ãŒ ã®èœåã倧åãšãªããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ°åã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹(COVID-19)ã®åœ±é¿ã§ãªãªã³ããã¯åã³ãã©ãªã³ããã¯ãå»¶æãããéäŒåŒã¯2021幎7æ23æ¥ã®å®æœ(äºå®)ãšãªããŸãããèŠæš¡ã¯çž®å°ãããŸãããåç§°ã¯ãæ±äº¬2020ãã®ãŸãŸã§ãããã®ãªãªã³ããã¯åã³ãã©ãªã³ããã¯ã¯1964幎ã®éå¬ä»¥æ¥2床ç®ã®éå¬ãšãªããŸããããã«äŒŽãã2020幎床ã®ãæµ·ã®æ¥ãã7æ23æ¥(éäŒåŒåæ¥)ã«ããã¹ããŒãã®æ¥(æ§äœè²ã®æ¥)ãã7æ24æ¥(éäŒåŒåœæ¥)ã«ããå±±ã®æ¥ãã8æ10æ¥(éäŒåŒåœæ¥)ã«ç§»åãããŸããããŸãã3æ26æ¥ããéäŒåŒåœæ¥ãŸã§ã®121æ¥éã47éœéåºçã®ä»£è¡šè
ãåå ããèç«ãªã¬ãŒãè¡ãããäºå®ã§ããããæ°åã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ (COVID-19) ã®èŠ³æŠæ¡å€§é²æ¢çãšããŠäžæŠã¯è»ã§éã¶æ¡ã«ãªãããã®åŸå»¶æã«äŒŽãèç«ãªã¬ãŒãå»¶æãšãªããŸãããé åœã«ããã°ãåºçºå°ç¹ã¯2011å¹Žã«æ±æ¥æ¬å€§éçœã§ç倧ãªè¢«å®³ãåããçŠå³¶çã®äºå®ã§ããã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "2020幎5æ25æ¥ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãããœã¿å·ããã¢ããªã¹åžã§ãçœäººèŠå®ãé»äººã«æŽè¡ãå ããŠæ»äº¡ãããäºä»¶ãçºçããŸãããé»äººãžã®äººçš®å·®å¥ããã£ãŠããèµ·ããäºä»¶ã ã£ããšèãã人ã
ãå€ãããããŸããCOVID-19ã®æµè¡ã«äŒŽãå®¶ã«ããæéãæãªæéãå¢ãããããã人ã
ãäžçåå°ã§å·®å¥ã®æ ¹çµ¶ã«åããã¢ããããªã©ããŠéã£ãŠããŸãã",
"title": "æ¿æ²»"
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"tag": "p",
"text": "è¥¿æ¥æ®éé§
ã鿥ãã1971幎ãã49幎ã¶ãã« å±±æç·ã®æ°é§
ãé«èŒªã²ãŒããŠã§ã€é§
ãã鿥ããŸãããå±±æç·ã®30çªç®ã®é§
ãšãªããŸãã",
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"text": "2020幎7æã«ãäž»ã«ä¹å·ãäžéšå°æ¹ã§è±ªéšãçºçããå€ãã®äººãç ç²ãšãªããŸãããéšéã¯ã2018幎ã®ãè¥¿æ¥æ¬è±ªéšããªã©ããã®ããé廿é«ã®ãã®ãšãªããŸããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãå
šåœçã«æ¢
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ã(æ¢
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šåœã§çæãšãªã£ãŠããŸããç¹ã«ãéå²¡çæµæŸåžã§ã¯ãæé«æ°æž©ãæ¥æ¬ã®èŠ³æž¬å²äžæé«æ°æž©ãšäžŠã¶41.1 °C(2018幎ã«åŒçççè°·åžã§èšé²)ãèšé²ããŸããã",
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šäžçã®ã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®èšç®é床ã©ã³ãã³ã°ã«ãããŠ1äœãšãªããŸããã",
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æ±ºå®æŠã§æ°žç¬æç¢äºå ã«åå©ããæšæäžåºçäœãšã®å¯ŸæŠã®ææŠæš©ãç²åŸããæ£èæŠã§ãæž¡èŸºææ£èãšã®å¯ŸæŠã«åå©ããåã¿ã€ãã«ãç²åŸããŸããããæ£èãã®ç§°å·ãç²åŸããŠããŸãã",
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šãŠæ£ããäœçœ®ã«ãããŸãã人éã®è³ã§ã¯ã倧è³ã倧ããªé¢ç©ãå ããŠããŠãè³ã®æ©èœã®ã»ãšãã©ãããã«éäžããŠããŸããè³ã«ã¯ãå·Šåçãšå³åçããããŸããç°çœè³ªãšã¯ã倧è³ã®å€å±€ã®åç§°ãæãã倧è³ç®è³ªãšåŒã°ããŠããŸããããã«ã¯ãã¥ãŒãã³ã®çްèäœãéãŸã£ãŠããŸãã倧è³ã®å
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±é³Žç»åæ³(functional magnetic resonance imaging)ãéœé»åæŸå°æå±€æ®åœ±æ³(positron emission tomography)ãçšããç ç©¶ãããè³ãå®éã«ã©ã®ããã«åããŠããããåããããã«ãªããŸãããããã¯è³æ©èœãããã³ã°ãšåŒã°ããŠããŸãããè³ã®æ©èœãã©ãã«ã©ã®ããã«åºãã£ãŠããã®ãããæè¿åãã£ãŠããã°ããã§ãã",
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±åå°ãšå±çåå°ã¯ãèé«ãé¢äžããåå°ã§ããèã®è
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"text": "ãã ããæ³šæããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã¯ãç¥è©±ã¯ãããŸã§ãç©èªã§ãã£ãŠãæŽå²ãšã¯ããšãªããŸããç¥è©±ãããŸãã§æ¬åœã®æŽå²ã§ãããã®ããã«èšãããšã«ã¯ã泚æããŠãããªããã°ãªããŸããã",
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== åè ==
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"title": "å°çèŠæš¡ã®æ°åã®éã"
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幎æ¿ç·åå³¶å°é¢šã什åå
å¹Žæ±æ¥æ¬å°é¢šãæåã§ãã",
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"text": "éžäžãäžç©ºããçºãããšã森æãå»¶ã
ãšç¶ã颚æ¯ããæãŠããªãèåãåºãã颚æ¯ãç®ã«ããŸããå°çäžã«ã¯æ§ã
ãªç°å¢ããããããããã®ç°å¢ã«é©å¿ããæ€ç©ã§æ§æãããæ€çãæç«ããŠããŸããããã§ã¯éžäžã®æ€ç©ããã©ã®ããã«ååžããŠããããã¿ãŠãããŸãããã",
"title": "ãã€ãªãŒã "
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"text": "森æãèåã®ãããªæ€çã®å€èгãçžèгãšãããŸããããæ°åã®å°åã«ã¯ãæçµçã«ãã®æ°åã«åã£ãæ€ç©ããåªå çš®ãšããŠçè²ããŸããåªå çš®ã¯ããã®å Žæã®ç°å¢ã«é©å¿ãã圢æ
ããã€ã®ã§ãåããããªç°å¢ã®ããšã§ã¯ãåããããªçžèгããã€æ€çãæç«ããŸããäŸãã°ãã«ãããã·ããªã¢ãªã©ã®äºå¯åž¯å°åã«ã¯ãããããçš®é¡ã¯ç°ãªããŸãããã©ã®å°åã§ãéèæš¹ãåªå ãããããçžèгã¯ãã䌌ãŠããŸããããŸããçè²ããŠããæ€ç©ã®çš®é¡ãç¶æ
ã«å¿ããŠãç¹æã®åç©ãçæ¯ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ãã€ãªãŒã "
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"tag": "p",
"text": "éžäžã§ã¯äžè¬ã«çç£è
ãæ€ç©ããåºæºã«ããã®å°åã«çæ¯ããåç©ã埮çç©ãªã©ã®å
šãŠã®çç©ã®ãŸãšãŸãããã€ãªãŒã (çç©çŸ€ç³»)ãšãããŸããæ€ç©ã®çè²ã¯ãæ°æž©ãšéæ°Žéã®åœ±é¿ã匷ãåãããããéžäžã«ã¯ãå°ççãªæ°ååºåãšã»ãŒäžèŽããç¹åŸŽããçžèгããã£ããã€ãªãŒã ãæç«ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "ãã€ãªãŒã "
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"text": "éžäžã®ãã€ãªãŒã ã®åºæºã¯æ€çãªã®ã§ããã€ãªãŒã ã®ååžãšæ°åãšã®é¢ä¿ã¯ãæ€çãäžå¿ã«ç ç©¶ãããŠããŸããéžäžã®ãã€ãªãŒã ã¯ããã®å°åã®å¹Žå¹³åæ°æž©ãšå¹Žéæ°Žéã«å€§ãã圱é¿ãåããŸããéžäžã®ãã€ãªãŒã ãæ£®æã»èåã»èåã«åé¡ããå¹Žå¹³åæ°æž©ãšå¹Žéæ°Žéã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠèŠããšæ¬¡ã®éãã§ãã",
"title": "ãã€ãªãŒã "
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§èæš¹æãç¡¬èæš¹æãå€ç·æš¹æãèŠãããŸããäºå¯åž¯(å·åž¯)ã§ã¯ãéèæš¹æãèŠãããŸãã",
"title": "ãã€ãªãŒã "
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"title": "ãã€ãªãŒã "
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| null | === çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ° ===
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@atomicLoad}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@atomicLoad(comptime T: type, ptr: *const T, comptime ordering: AtomicOrder) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#atomicLoad @atomicLoad]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@atomicRmw}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@atomicRmw(comptime T: type, ptr: *T, comptime op: AtomicRmwOp, operand: T, comptime ordering: AtomicOrder) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#atomicRmw @atomicRmw]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@atomicStore}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@atomicStore(comptime T: type, ptr: *T, value: T, comptime ordering: AtomicOrder) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#atomicStore @atomicStore]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@bitCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@bitCast(value: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#bitCast @bitCast]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@bitOffsetOf}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@bitOffsetOf(comptime T: type, comptime field_name: []const u8) comptime_int</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#bitOffsetOf @bitOffsetOf]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@bitSizeOf}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@bitSizeOf(comptime T: type) comptime_int</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#bitSizeOf @bitSizeOf]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@breakpoint}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@breakpoint()</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#breakpoint @breakpoint]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@mulAdd}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@mulAdd(comptime T: type, a: T, b: T, c: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#mulAdd @mulAdd]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@byteSwap}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@byteSwap(operand: anytype) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#byteSwap @byteSwap]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@bitReverse}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@bitReverse(integer: anytype) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#bitReverse @bitReverse]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@offsetOf}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@offsetOf(comptime T: type, comptime field_name: []const u8) comptime_int</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#offsetOf @offsetOf]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@call}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@call(modifier: std.builtin.CallModifier, function: anytype, args: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#call @call]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cDefine}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cDefine(comptime name: []const u8, value) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cDefine @cDefine]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cImport}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cImport(expression) type</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cImport @cImport]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cInclude}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cInclude(comptime path: []const u8) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cInclude @cInclude]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@clz}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@clz(operand: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#clz @clz]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cmpxchgStrong}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cmpxchgStrong(comptime T: type, ptr: *T, expected_value: T, new_value: T, success_order: AtomicOrder, fail_order: AtomicOrder) ?T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cmpxchgStrong @cmpxchgStrong]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cmpxchgWeak}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cmpxchgWeak(comptime T: type, ptr: *T, expected_value: T, new_value: T, success_order: AtomicOrder, fail_order: AtomicOrder) ?T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cmpxchgWeak @cmpxchgWeak]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@compileError}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@compileError(comptime msg: []const u8) noreturn</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#compileError @compileError]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@compileLog}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@compileLog(args: ...) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#compileLog @compileLog]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@constCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@constCast(value: anytype) DestType</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#constCast @constCast]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@ctz}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@ctz(operand: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#ctz @ctz]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cUndef}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cUndef(comptime name: []const u8) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cUndef @cUndef]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cVaArg}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cVaArg(operand: *std.builtin.VaList, comptime T: type) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cVaArg @cVaArg]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cVaCopy}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cVaCopy(src: *std.builtin.VaList) std.builtin.VaList</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cVaCopy @cVaCopy]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cVaEnd}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cVaEnd(src: *std.builtin.VaList) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cVaEnd @cVaEnd]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cVaStart}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cVaStart() std.builtin.VaList</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cVaStart @cVaStart]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@divExact}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@divExact(numerator: T, denominator: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#divExact @divExact]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@divFloor}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@divFloor(numerator: T, denominator: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#divFloor @divFloor]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@divTrunc}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@divTrunc(numerator: T, denominator: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#divTrunc @divTrunc]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@embedFile}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@embedFile(comptime path: []const u8) *const [N:0]u8</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#embedFile @embedFile]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@enumFromInt}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@enumFromInt(integer: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#enumFromInt @enumFromInt]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@errorFromInt}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@errorFromInt(value: std.meta.Int(.unsigned, @bitSizeOf(anyerror))) anyerror</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#errorFromInt @errorFromInt]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@errorName}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@errorName(err: anyerror) [:0]const u8</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#errorName @errorName]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@errorReturnTrace}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@errorReturnTrace() ?*builtin.StackTrace</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#errorReturnTrace @errorReturnTrace]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@errorCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@errorCast(value: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#errorCast @errorCast]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@export}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@export(declaration, comptime options: std.builtin.ExportOptions) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#export @export]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@extern}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@extern(T: type, comptime options: std.builtin.ExternOptions) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#extern @extern]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@fence}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@fence(order: AtomicOrder) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#fence @fence]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@field}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@field(lhs: anytype, comptime field_name: []const u8) (field)</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#field @field]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@fieldParentPtr}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@fieldParentPtr(comptime ParentType: type, comptime field_name: []const u8, field_ptr: *T) *ParentType</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#fieldParentPtr @fieldParentPtr]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@floatCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@floatCast(value: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#floatCast @floatCast]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@floatFromInt}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@floatFromInt(int: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#floatFromInt @floatFromInt]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@frameAddress}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@frameAddress() usize</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#frameAddress @frameAddress]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@hasDecl}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@hasDecl(comptime Container: type, comptime name: []const u8) bool</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#hasDecl @hasDecl]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@inComptime}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@inComptime() bool</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#inComptime @inComptime]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@intCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@intCast(int: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#intCast @intCast]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@intFromBool}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@intFromBool(value: bool) u1</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#intFromBool @intFromBool]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@intFromEnum}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@intFromEnum(enum_or_tagged_union: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#intFromEnum @intFromEnum]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@intFromError}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@intFromError(err: anytype) std.meta.Int(.unsigned, @bitSizeOf(anyerror))</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#intFromError @intFromError]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@intFromFloat}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@intFromFloat(float: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#intFromFloat @intFromFloat]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@intFromPtr}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@intFromPtr(value: anytype) usize</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#intFromPtr @intFromPtr]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@max}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@max(a: T, b: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#max @max]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@memcpy}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@memcpy(noalias dest, noalias source) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#memcpy @memcpy]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@memset}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@memset(dest, elem) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#memset @memset]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@min}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@min(a: T, b: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#min @min]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@wasmMemorySize}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@wasmMemorySize(index: u32) u32</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#wasmMemorySize @wasmMemorySize]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@wasmMemoryGrow}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@wasmMemoryGrow(index: u32, delta: u32) i32</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#wasmMemoryGrow @wasmMemoryGrow]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@mod}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@mod(numerator: T, denominator: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#mod @mod]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@mulWithOverflow}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@mulWithOverflow(a: anytype, b: anytype) struct { @TypeOf(a, b), u1 }</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#mulWithOverflow @mulWithOverflow]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@panic}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@panic(message: []const u8) noreturn</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#panic @panic]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@popCount}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@popCount(operand: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#popCount @popCount]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@prefetch}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@prefetch(ptr: anytype, comptime options: PrefetchOptions) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#prefetch @prefetch]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@ptrCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@ptrCast(value: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#ptrCast @ptrCast]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@ptrFromInt}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@ptrFromInt(address: usize) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#ptrFromInt @ptrFromInt]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@rem}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@rem(numerator: T, denominator: T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#rem @rem]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@returnAddress}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@returnAddress() usize</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#returnAddress @returnAddress]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@setAlignStack}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@setAlignStack(comptime alignment: u29) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#setAlignStack @setAlignStack]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@setCold}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@setCold(comptime is_cold: bool) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#setCold @setCold]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@setEvalBranchQuota}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@setEvalBranchQuota(comptime new_quota: u32) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#setEvalBranchQuota @setEvalBranchQuota]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@setFloatMode}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@setFloatMode(comptime mode: FloatMode) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#setFloatMode @setFloatMode]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@setRuntimeSafety}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@setRuntimeSafety(comptime safety_on: bool) void</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#setRuntimeSafety @setRuntimeSafety]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@shlExact}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@shlExact(value: T, shift_amt: Log2T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#shlExact @shlExact]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@shrExact}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@shrExact(value: T, shift_amt: Log2T) T</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#shrExact @shrExact]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@sizeOf}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@sizeOf(comptime T: type) comptime_int</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#sizeOf @sizeOf]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@splat}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@splat(scalar: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#splat @splat]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@reduce}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@reduce(comptime op: std.builtin.ReduceOp, value: anytype) E</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#reduce @reduce]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@sin}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@sin(value: anytype) @TypeOf(value)</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#sin @sin]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@cos}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@cos(value: anytype) @TypeOf(value)</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#cos @cos]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@tan}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@tan(value: anytype) @TypeOf(value)</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#tan @tan]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@exp}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@exp(value: anytype) @TypeOf(value)</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#exp @exp]</ref>
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! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@truncate}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@truncate(integer: anytype) anytype</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#truncate @truncate]</ref>
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|æŽæ°åããããããåãæšãŠãããå°ãããŸãã¯åããµã€ãºã®æŽæ°åãçæããŸããå©çšå¯èœãªå Žåã¯å°çšã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢åœä»€ã䜿çšããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@Type}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@Type(comptime info: std.builtin.Type) type</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Type @Type]</ref>
|ã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°
|åæ
å ±ãåã«åæ§æããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@typeInfo}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@typeInfo(comptime T: type) std.builtin.Type</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#typeInfo @typeInfo]</ref>
|ã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°
|åã®ãªãã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³æ
å ±ãæäŸããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@typeName}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@typeName(T: type) *const [N:0]u8</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#typeName @typeName]</ref>
|ã¡ã¿ããã°ã©ãã³ã°
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|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@TypeOf}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@TypeOf(...) type</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#TypeOf @TypeOf]</ref>
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|åŒã®åãè¿ããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@unionInit}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@unionInit(comptime Union: type, comptime active_field_name: []const u8, init_expr) Union</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#unionInit @unionInit]</ref>
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|ãŠããªã³ã®åæåæ§æãšåãã§ããããã£ãŒã«ãåã¯èå¥åããŒã¯ã³ã§ã¯ãªããã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«æ¢ç¥ã®å€ã§ãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@Vector}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@Vector(len: comptime_int, Element: type) type</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Vector @Vector]</ref>
|ããŒã¿æ§é
|ãã¯ãã«ãäœæããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@volatileCast}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@volatileCast(value: anytype) DestType</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#volatileCast @volatileCast]</ref>
|ããŒã¿å€æ
|ãã€ã³ã¿ããvolatile修食åãåé€ããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@workGroupId}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@workGroupId(comptime dimension: u32) u32</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#workGroupId @workGroupId]</ref>
|ãã©ãããã©ãŒã äŸå
|æå®ãããæ¬¡å
ã®ã«ã¬ã³ãã«ãŒãã«åŒã³åºãå
ã®ã¯ãŒã¯ã°ã«ãŒãã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãè¿ããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@workGroupSize}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@workGroupSize(comptime dimension: u32) u32</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#workGroupSize @workGroupSize]</ref>
|ãã©ãããã©ãŒã äŸå
|æå®ãããæ¬¡å
ã®ã¯ãŒã¯ã°ã«ãŒããæã€ã¯ãŒã¯ã¢ã€ãã ã®æ°ãè¿ããŸãã
|-
! style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top"|{{Anchors|@workItemId}}<syntaxhighlight lang=zig>@workItemId(comptime dimension: u32) u32</syntaxhighlight><ref>[https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#workItemId @workItemId]</ref>
|ãã©ãããã©ãŒã äŸå
|æå®ãããæ¬¡å
ã®ã¯ãŒã¯ã°ã«ãŒãå
ã®ã¯ãŒã¯ã¢ã€ãã ã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãè¿ããŸãããã®é¢æ°ã¯0ïŒå«ãïŒãã <code>@workGroupSize(dimension)</code>ïŒæä»çïŒãŸã§ã®å€ãè¿ããŸãã
|}
[[ã«ããŽãª:Zig]] | 2022-09-29T21:47:48Z | 2024-02-10T05:57:04Z | [
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:Anchors",
"ãã³ãã¬ãŒã:See also"
]
| https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/Zig/%E7%B5%84%E8%BE%BC%E3%81%BF%E9%96%A2%E6%95%B0 |
35,680 | é«çåŠæ ¡å
Œ
±/æ¥æ¬çµæžã®é²å± æŠåŸããçŸä»£ã®èª²é¡ | æ¬ç¯ã¯ãæŠåŸã®æ¥æ¬çµæžå²ã«é¢ããç¹å¥è¬çŸ©ã§ãã
æ¥æ¬ã¯1945幎8æ15æ¥ããããã 宣èšãåãå
¥ããç¡æ¡ä»¶éäŒããŸããããã以éã1952幎ã®ãµã³ãã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³è¬åæ¡çŽã®çºå¹ã«ããç¬ç«ãŸã§ã®6幎éã«ããããGHQ(é£ååœè»ç·åžä»€éš)ã統治ããŸããã
GHQã«ããæåã®å é æ¿çã¯éè»äºåãšçµæžã®æ°äž»åã§ãããé£ååœè»æé«åžä»€å®ãã°ã©ã¹ã»ããã«ãŒãµãŒã¯ã女æ§åæ¿æš©ã®çµ±äžãåŽåå£çµæš©ãèªç±æè²ãå°å¶æ¿æ²»å»æ¢ãçµæžæ°äž»åãšãã5倧æ¹é©ãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã«åœä»€ããŸããã
GHQã®è²¡é¥è§£äœã¯ãè»éç£æ¥ã®æ
ãæ(財é¥)ããªããã財é¥ã«éäžããå¯ã®åé
ãå®çŸããŸãããã®äžã§ãèªç±ç«¶äºãä¿ããŠãäžç£éçŽãåµåºãããã®ã§ãã
1946幎ã«ãææ ªäŒç€ŸæŽçå§å¡äŒãçºè¶³ããŸãããææ ªäŒç€ŸæŽçå§å¡äŒã§ã¯ã4倧財é¥(äžäºã»äžè±ã»äœåã»å®ç°)ãšäžå°è²¡é¥ãªã©83財é¥ãæå®ããŸãããã®äžã§ææ ªäŒç€ŸæŽçå§å¡äŒãè²¡é¥æ¬ç€Ÿã®ææ ªãè²·ãåããäžè¬ã«å£²åŽãã圢ã§è²¡é¥ããªãããŸããã
1947幎4æã«å¶å®ãããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã¯ãææ ªäŒç€Ÿããã©ã¹ãã»ã«ã«ãã«ãçŠæ¢ããŠããŸãããŸããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã宿œããæ©é¢ãšããŠãå
¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãèšç«ãããŸããã
財é¥è§£äœåŸããªãæ®ãå·šå€§äŒæ¥ãåå²ããããã1947(æå22)幎12æãéåºŠçµæžåéäžæé€æ³ãå
¬åžãããå€§äŒæ¥325瀟ã売åŽã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªããŸãããããããå·æŠã«ããå é è»ã®å¯Ÿæ¥æ¿çã®è»¢æã«ãã売åŽã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãåãæ¶ãããŸãããæçµçã«æå®ãããã®ã¯18瀟ãšãªãããã¡å®éã«åå²ãè¡ãããã®ã¯11瀟ã«ãšã©ãŸããŸããã
1950幎代åã°ãã1960幎代ãéããŠæ¥æ¬çµæžã¯å¹Žå¹³å10%ãè¶
ããæ¥æ¿ãªçºå±ãéãããããé«åºŠæé·(é«åºŠçµæžæé·)ãšåŒã³ãŸããé«åºŠæé·æãšãããã®ã¯ãäžè¬ã«1955幎ãã1973幎ãŸã§ã®æéã§ãã
1971(æå46)幎12æãã1973(æå48)幎11æãŸã§24ãæç¶ããå¥œæ¯æ°ãåå³¶æ¹é ããŒã ãšãããŸããé«åºŠæé·æåŸã®å¥œæ¯æ°ãšããããŸãã
1972幎ã«éŠçžã«å°±ä»»ããç°äžè§æ ã¯ãæ¥æ¬åå³¶æ¹é èšç»ããã¹ããŒã¬ã³ã«æ²ããŸããããããåå³¶æ¹é èšç»ãžã®æåŸ
ã¯å°äŸ¡ã®æ¥éš°ã§æ¥æ¿ã«èããªããŸããã
1974å¹Žã®æ±ºç®ã§ã¯ãæŠåŸåããŠå®è³ªGDPããã€ãã¹æé·ãšãªããŸããã
1970幎代ã¯ç£æ¥æ§é ãå€åããæä»£ã§ãã1960幎代ã¯ãééŒã»èªåè»ãªã©éåé·å€§åã®éååŠå·¥æ¥ãæ¥æ¿ã«äŒžã³ãŸããããã®åŸããªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ããã£ããã«çè³æºã»çãšãã«ã®ãŒåãé²ããããéåé·å€§åãã軜èçå°åãžç§»è¡ããããã«ãªããŸããããããŠããšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ããã€ãªãã¯ãããžãŒãéä¿¡ãªã©ã®ãããããã€ãã¯ç£æ¥ãå°é ããŠããŸãã
10%å°ã®é«åºŠæé·ãã5%å°ã®å®å®æé·ã«è»¢æããã®ã§ãèšåæè³ãéå°ãšãªãäŒæ¥åçã¯å€§å¹
ã«äœäžããŸããã
ããããåªåã®çµæãçãšãã«ã®ãŒæè¡ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ããšãã«ã®ãŒæ¶è²»ãæå¶ããªããå®å®ããçµæžæé·ãæãããŸããã
æ¥æ¬çµæžã®äžççµæžã«ãããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã倧ãããªãã«ã€ããŠãæ¥æ¬ãäžçã®è²¿æé»åãç¬ãå ãããŠãããšã®æ¹å€(çµåžžåæ¯äžåè¡¡åé¡)ãçãŸããŸãããããã¯æ¥ç±³è²¿ææ©æŠã«ä»£è¡šãããŸããã
1981幎ã«å°±ä»»ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ããã«ãã»ã¬ãŒã¬ã³å€§çµ±é (åœæ)ã¯ãã«é«ã«ãã匷ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãæåããŸããããã®ããããã«ã¯åœé忝ã®èµ€åã«ãé¢ä¿ãªãååœé貚ã«å¯ŸããŠå¢äŸ¡ããŸããããã®åŸãåå®ãã«é«ãçãŸãå¯Ÿç±³è²¿ææ©æŠãåé¡ãšãªããŸãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®è²¿æåæ¯ã¯å¯Ÿæ¥æ¬ã§å€§å¹
èµ€åãšãªããŸããã
1970幎代åé ã®ãééŒãç¹ç¶ã«å§ãŸãã1980幎代ã«ã¯ãçèã»ãªã¬ã³ãžãèªåè»ãåå°äœãå·¥äœæ©æ¢°ãªã©ã®åç®ãåé¡ãšããŠåãäžããããŸãããæ¥æ¬ã¯ããã®åé¡ä»¥éã茞åºèªäž»èŠå¶ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«å·¥å Žã建èšããŠçŸå°çç£ãããªã©ã®å¯Ÿå¿ãæ¡ãããŸãããããã«ã建èšãéèé¢ã§ãèªç±åãèŠæ±ãããŸããã
ãšããããã®éãæ¥æ¬ã®çµåžžåæ¯é»åé¡ã¯å¢ãç¶ããç²åŸãããå€è²šãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãžæè³ããã圢ã§åœéçè³é埪ç°ã圢æãããŸãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®è²¡æ¿èµ€åãšçµåžžåæ¯èµ€åã«ãã£ãŠäžè¶³ããè³éãæ¥æ¬ãäŸçµŠããŸããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ååã®èµ€å(çµåžžåæ¯èµ€åãšè²¡æ¿åæ¯èµ€å)ã¯åœéåé¡ãšããŠåãæ±ããã第2æããã«ãã»ã¬ãŒã¬ã³æ¿æš©ã§å
é²åœãå調ããŠã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çµåžžåæ¯èµ€ååæžã«åãçµã¿ãŸããã
1985幎ã«ã¯ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®ãã©ã¶ããã«ã«å
é²5ãåœè²¡åçž(æ¥æ¬ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã西ãã€ããã€ã®ãªã¹ããã©ã³ã¹)ã»äžå€®éè¡ç·è£äŒè°ãéãŸããŸãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çµåžžåæ¯èµ€åãè§£æ¶ããããã«ãå€åœçºæ¿åžå Žã«ååœãå調ä»å
¥ããŠè¡ãéãããã«é«ã®æ¹åãæ±ºå®ããŸãããããããã©ã¶åæã§ãã
ãã®ãã©ã¶åæã«ãããååœããã«å£²ãã»èªåœé貚買ãã®å調ä»å
¥ãè¡ã£ãçµæãåãã«ã¬ãŒãã¯æ¥æ¿ãªåé«ã»ãã«å®ãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯èŒžåºç£æ¥ãäžå¿ã«ãåé«äžæ³ãã«ãªããŸããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¬ç¯ã¯ãæŠåŸã®æ¥æ¬çµæžå²ã«é¢ããç¹å¥è¬çŸ©ã§ãã",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ã¯1945幎8æ15æ¥ããããã 宣èšãåãå
¥ããç¡æ¡ä»¶éäŒããŸããããã以éã1952幎ã®ãµã³ãã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³è¬åæ¡çŽã®çºå¹ã«ããç¬ç«ãŸã§ã®6幎éã«ããããGHQ(é£ååœè»ç·åžä»€éš)ã統治ããŸããã",
"title": "æŠåŸåŸ©èæïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "GHQã«ããæåã®å é æ¿çã¯éè»äºåãšçµæžã®æ°äž»åã§ãããé£ååœè»æé«åžä»€å®ãã°ã©ã¹ã»ããã«ãŒãµãŒã¯ã女æ§åæ¿æš©ã®çµ±äžãåŽåå£çµæš©ãèªç±æè²ãå°å¶æ¿æ²»å»æ¢ãçµæžæ°äž»åãšãã5倧æ¹é©ãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã«åœä»€ããŸããã",
"title": "æŠåŸåŸ©èæïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "GHQã®è²¡é¥è§£äœã¯ãè»éç£æ¥ã®æ
ãæ(財é¥)ããªããã財é¥ã«éäžããå¯ã®åé
ãå®çŸããŸãããã®äžã§ãèªç±ç«¶äºãä¿ããŠãäžç£éçŽãåµåºãããã®ã§ãã",
"title": "æŠåŸåŸ©èæïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1946幎ã«ãææ ªäŒç€ŸæŽçå§å¡äŒãçºè¶³ããŸãããææ ªäŒç€ŸæŽçå§å¡äŒã§ã¯ã4倧財é¥(äžäºã»äžè±ã»äœåã»å®ç°)ãšäžå°è²¡é¥ãªã©83財é¥ãæå®ããŸãããã®äžã§ææ ªäŒç€ŸæŽçå§å¡äŒãè²¡é¥æ¬ç€Ÿã®ææ ªãè²·ãåããäžè¬ã«å£²åŽãã圢ã§è²¡é¥ããªãããŸããã",
"title": "æŠåŸåŸ©èæïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1947幎4æã«å¶å®ãããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã¯ãææ ªäŒç€Ÿããã©ã¹ãã»ã«ã«ãã«ãçŠæ¢ããŠããŸãããŸããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã宿œããæ©é¢ãšããŠãå
¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãèšç«ãããŸããã",
"title": "æŠåŸåŸ©èæïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "財é¥è§£äœåŸããªãæ®ãå·šå€§äŒæ¥ãåå²ããããã1947(æå22)幎12æãéåºŠçµæžåéäžæé€æ³ãå
¬åžãããå€§äŒæ¥325瀟ã売åŽã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªããŸãããããããå·æŠã«ããå é è»ã®å¯Ÿæ¥æ¿çã®è»¢æã«ãã売åŽã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãåãæ¶ãããŸãããæçµçã«æå®ãããã®ã¯18瀟ãšãªãããã¡å®éã«åå²ãè¡ãããã®ã¯11瀟ã«ãšã©ãŸããŸããã",
"title": "æŠåŸåŸ©èæïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1950幎代åã°ãã1960幎代ãéããŠæ¥æ¬çµæžã¯å¹Žå¹³å10%ãè¶
ããæ¥æ¿ãªçºå±ãéãããããé«åºŠæé·(é«åºŠçµæžæé·)ãšåŒã³ãŸããé«åºŠæé·æãšãããã®ã¯ãäžè¬ã«1955幎ãã1973幎ãŸã§ã®æéã§ãã",
"title": "é«åºŠçµæžæé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1971(æå46)幎12æãã1973(æå48)幎11æãŸã§24ãæç¶ããå¥œæ¯æ°ãåå³¶æ¹é ããŒã ãšãããŸããé«åºŠæé·æåŸã®å¥œæ¯æ°ãšããããŸãã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1972幎ã«éŠçžã«å°±ä»»ããç°äžè§æ ã¯ãæ¥æ¬åå³¶æ¹é èšç»ããã¹ããŒã¬ã³ã«æ²ããŸããããããåå³¶æ¹é èšç»ãžã®æåŸ
ã¯å°äŸ¡ã®æ¥éš°ã§æ¥æ¿ã«èããªããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1974å¹Žã®æ±ºç®ã§ã¯ãæŠåŸåããŠå®è³ªGDPããã€ãã¹æé·ãšãªããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1970幎代ã¯ç£æ¥æ§é ãå€åããæä»£ã§ãã1960幎代ã¯ãééŒã»èªåè»ãªã©éåé·å€§åã®éååŠå·¥æ¥ãæ¥æ¿ã«äŒžã³ãŸããããã®åŸããªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ããã£ããã«çè³æºã»çãšãã«ã®ãŒåãé²ããããéåé·å€§åãã軜èçå°åãžç§»è¡ããããã«ãªããŸããããããŠããšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ããã€ãªãã¯ãããžãŒãéä¿¡ãªã©ã®ãããããã€ãã¯ç£æ¥ãå°é ããŠããŸãã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "10%å°ã®é«åºŠæé·ãã5%å°ã®å®å®æé·ã«è»¢æããã®ã§ãèšåæè³ãéå°ãšãªãäŒæ¥åçã¯å€§å¹
ã«äœäžããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããåªåã®çµæãçãšãã«ã®ãŒæè¡ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ããšãã«ã®ãŒæ¶è²»ãæå¶ããªããå®å®ããçµæžæé·ãæãããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬çµæžã®äžççµæžã«ãããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã倧ãããªãã«ã€ããŠãæ¥æ¬ãäžçã®è²¿æé»åãç¬ãå ãããŠãããšã®æ¹å€(çµåžžåæ¯äžåè¡¡åé¡)ãçãŸããŸãããããã¯æ¥ç±³è²¿ææ©æŠã«ä»£è¡šãããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1981幎ã«å°±ä»»ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ããã«ãã»ã¬ãŒã¬ã³å€§çµ±é (åœæ)ã¯ãã«é«ã«ãã匷ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãæåããŸããããã®ããããã«ã¯åœé忝ã®èµ€åã«ãé¢ä¿ãªãååœé貚ã«å¯ŸããŠå¢äŸ¡ããŸããããã®åŸãåå®ãã«é«ãçãŸãå¯Ÿç±³è²¿ææ©æŠãåé¡ãšãªããŸãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®è²¿æåæ¯ã¯å¯Ÿæ¥æ¬ã§å€§å¹
èµ€åãšãªããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1970幎代åé ã®ãééŒãç¹ç¶ã«å§ãŸãã1980幎代ã«ã¯ãçèã»ãªã¬ã³ãžãèªåè»ãåå°äœãå·¥äœæ©æ¢°ãªã©ã®åç®ãåé¡ãšããŠåãäžããããŸãããæ¥æ¬ã¯ããã®åé¡ä»¥éã茞åºèªäž»èŠå¶ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«å·¥å Žã建èšããŠçŸå°çç£ãããªã©ã®å¯Ÿå¿ãæ¡ãããŸãããããã«ã建èšãéèé¢ã§ãèªç±åãèŠæ±ãããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãšããããã®éãæ¥æ¬ã®çµåžžåæ¯é»åé¡ã¯å¢ãç¶ããç²åŸãããå€è²šãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãžæè³ããã圢ã§åœéçè³é埪ç°ã圢æãããŸãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®è²¡æ¿èµ€åãšçµåžžåæ¯èµ€åã«ãã£ãŠäžè¶³ããè³éãæ¥æ¬ãäŸçµŠããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ååã®èµ€å(çµåžžåæ¯èµ€åãšè²¡æ¿åæ¯èµ€å)ã¯åœéåé¡ãšããŠåãæ±ããã第2æããã«ãã»ã¬ãŒã¬ã³æ¿æš©ã§å
é²åœãå調ããŠã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çµåžžåæ¯èµ€ååæžã«åãçµã¿ãŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "1985幎ã«ã¯ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®ãã©ã¶ããã«ã«å
é²5ãåœè²¡åçž(æ¥æ¬ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã西ãã€ããã€ã®ãªã¹ããã©ã³ã¹)ã»äžå€®éè¡ç·è£äŒè°ãéãŸããŸãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çµåžžåæ¯èµ€åãè§£æ¶ããããã«ãå€åœçºæ¿åžå Žã«ååœãå調ä»å
¥ããŠè¡ãéãããã«é«ã®æ¹åãæ±ºå®ããŸãããããããã©ã¶åæã§ãã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã®ãã©ã¶åæã«ãããååœããã«å£²ãã»èªåœé貚買ãã®å調ä»å
¥ãè¡ã£ãçµæãåãã«ã¬ãŒãã¯æ¥æ¿ãªåé«ã»ãã«å®ãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯èŒžåºç£æ¥ãäžå¿ã«ãåé«äžæ³ãã«ãªããŸããã",
"title": "å®å®æé·æïŒïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïœïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒ"
}
]
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[[ã«ããŽãª:æ¥æ¬ã®æŽå²]]
[[ã«ããŽãª:çµæžå²]] | null | 2023-01-25T15:00:23Z | []
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