id
int64 5
4.87M
| title
stringlengths 1
208
| text
stringlengths 0
233k
| is_disambiguation_page
bool 2
classes | is_sexual_page
bool 2
classes | is_violent_page
bool 2
classes | url
stringlengths 31
778
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5,920 |
11æ18æ¥
|
11æ18æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ãã
ãã¯ã¡ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã322æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯323æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš43æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8818%E6%97%A5
|
5,921 |
11æ19æ¥
|
11æ19æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ãã
ããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã323æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯324æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš42æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8819%E6%97%A5
|
5,922 |
11æ21æ¥
|
11æ21æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ããã¡ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã325æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯326æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš40æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8821%E6%97%A5
|
5,923 |
11æ23æ¥
|
11æ23æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ãããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã327æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯328æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš38æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5
|
5,924 |
11æ24æ¥
|
11æ24æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ããã£ãããã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ãããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã328æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯329æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš37æ¥ããã
1944幎 ã¬ã€ãæ²æµ·æŠã«ãŠæŠèŠæŠèµãææ²ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5
|
5,925 |
11æ25æ¥
|
11æ25æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã329æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯330æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš36æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8825%E6%97%A5
|
5,927 |
11æ27æ¥
|
11æ27æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ããã¡ã«ã¡ããã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ããªãªã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã331æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯332æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš34æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8827%E6%97%A5
|
5,928 |
11æ28æ¥
|
11æ28æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ã«ãã
ãã¯ã¡ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã332æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯333æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš33æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A5
|
5,929 |
11æ30æ¥
|
11æ30æ¥(ãã
ããã¡ãã€ãããã
ãã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã334æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯335æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš31æ¥ããã11æã®æçµæ¥ã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5
|
5,930 |
12æ4æ¥
|
12æ4æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãã£ã)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã338æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯339æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš27æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%884%E6%97%A5
|
5,931 |
12æ7æ¥
|
12æ7æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãªã®ã)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã341æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯342æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš24æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%887%E6%97%A5
|
5,932 |
12æ12æ¥
|
12æ12æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ãã«ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã346æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯347æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš19æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8812%E6%97%A5
|
5,933 |
GNU/Linux
|
GNU/Linux(ãªããGNU/Linuxãªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ãç¥ããŠGNU/Linuxã·ã¹ãã )ã¯ãäžè¬ã«ãLinuxããšåŒã°ããŠãããã®ããGNUãããžã§ã¯ãã«ãããœãããŠã§ã¢ãæ°å€ãå©çšããŠãããglibcãbashã®ãããªéèŠãªã©ã€ãã©ãªããœãããŠã§ã¢ã¯GNUãéçºããŠãããšããŠããã®åŒç§°ãšããŠGNUãããžã§ã¯ãåŽã䞻匵ããŠããåŒç§°ã§ããã
äžè¬ã«Linuxã䜿çšããå Žåããã«ãŒãã«ãšããŠLinuxã«ãŒãã«ã䜿çšãããã以å€ã¯GCCãGNU BinutilsãGNU Core Utilitiesãªã©ãã¯ãããšããå¿
é ã«ããŠå€æ°ã®GNUã®ãããã¯ãã䜿çšãããŠãããã®ãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®ãããã®ãããªã·ã¹ãã ããGNU/Linuxã·ã¹ãã ããšåŒã¶ã¹ãã ãšGNUãããžã§ã¯ãã¯äž»åŒµããŠãããLinuxã«ãŒãã«éçºè
ã®ãªãŒãã¹ã»ããŒãã«ãºã¯ãã®åŒç§°ã«ã€ããŠéšåçã«åãå
¥ããŠããããå
šãŠã®Linuxã·ã¹ãã ã«å¯ŸããŠã®åŒç§°ãšããŠã¯å察ããŠãããå人çã«ã¯LinuxãšåŒã³ç¶ããããšããŠãã(GNU/Linuxåç§°è«äº#ãLinuxãæ¯æã«è©³çް)ã
Debianã¯ãã®æç«çµç·¯ãªã©ããããã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®æ£åŒåããDebian GNU/Linuxããšãããªã©GNUãããžã§ã¯ããå°éããç«å Žããšã£ãŠããããŸãDebianãããžã§ã¯ãã¯ä»ã®ãããã¯ãã«ããã®åœåæ¹åŒã転çšããŠãããã«ãŒãã«ã«GNUãããžã§ã¯ã補ã®ã«ãŒãã«Hurdã䜿çšããã®ä»ã®GNUãããžã§ã¯ã補ãœãããŠã§ã¢ããããããDebian GNU/HurdãããFreeBSDã®ã«ãŒãã«ã䜿ããDebian GNU/kFreeBSDããªã©ãããã
ãªããéã«GNUãããžã§ã¯ãã®ãããã¯ããäžå䜿ããªãLinuxã·ã¹ãã ãšãããã®ã«ã€ããŠãå
·äœäŸãšããŠGNUãããžã§ã¯ããFAQã§AndroidãæããŠãããšããäŸãåºãè
ããããããããFAQãã¡ãããšèªããšãããããAndroidã¯äžè¬ã«Linuxã·ã¹ãã ãšåŒã°ããŠãããã®ãšã¯å
šãéããã®ãªã®ã§ãAndroidãLinuxã·ã¹ãã ãšåŒã¶ããšèªäœãééãã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããã ãããã«ãããŠå®éã®ãšãããäŸãã°ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã¯ãå®çšçã«ã¯ãgccã§ããäžå¯èœã§ãããgcc以å€(ç¹ã«Clang)ã§ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã«ã¯ãããã€ãæåãããšããå ±åã¯ããããæ¬æ Œçãªãã®ã¯2016幎çŸåšLLVMLinuxãšãããããžã§ã¯ãã§é²è¡äžã®ç¶æ
ã§ããããŸããã«ãŒãã«ãšã®çµã³ã€ããç¹ã«åŒ·ãã³ã³ããŒãã³ãã«æšæºCã©ã€ãã©ãªãããããããã«ã€ããŠã¯GNU Cã©ã€ãã©ãª(glibc)以å€ã«muslãªã©ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux
|
5,934 |
Beowulf
|
Beowulfã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãæ§æããæ¹åŒã®ååã§ãLinuxãBSDç³»OSãªã©ã®ããªãŒãªPC-UNIXãèŒããããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã«ãã髿§èœèšç®ã®å®çŸæ³ã§ããã
"Beowulf"ãšã¯ãããŸã§æ¹åŒã«ä»ããããåç§°ã§ãããBeowulfãæ§æããã«åœãã£ãŠãããã䜿ããœãããŠã§ã¢ã¯ç°ãªãç¹ã«å¿
èŠãªèŠçŽ ãšãªããœãããŠãšã¢ã®éšåã¯ãªãã
ä»ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿:MOSIXã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf
|
5,935 |
ãšã«ãã³
|
ãšã«ãã³ã»ãã·ããçåœ(ãšã«ãã³ã»ãã·ãããããããã¢ã©ãã¢èª: اÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ£Ø±Ø¯ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙØ§ØŽÙ
ÙÙØ©:è±èªå Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan)ãéç§°ãšã«ãã³ã¯ãäžæ±ã»è¥¿ã¢ãžã¢ã«äœçœ®ããç«æ²åäž»å¶åœå®¶ã§ãããéŠéœã¯ã¢ã³ãã³ãã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ããã¬ã¹ããæ«å®èªæ²»åºããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ãã€ã©ã¯ãã·ãªã¢ãšé£æ¥ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã»ãã¬ã¹ããæ«å®èªæ²»åºãšã¯ãšã«ãã³å·ã𿻿µ·ãåœå¢ã§ããã
ç«æ²åäž»å¶ããšãçåœã§ãããã€ã¹ã©ãŒã ã®é èšè
ã ãã³ããã®åŸåŒã¢ãªãŒãšã ãã³ããã®åšãã¡ãŒãã£ãã®å€«åŠ»ã«é¡ãããŒã·ã å®¶åºèº«ã®åœçãäžè¥²çµ±æ²»ããã
åœæ°ã®åæ°äœãã¯äžæ±æŠäºã«ãã£ãŠã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã«å æããããã¬ã¹ãããã飿°ãšããŠæµå
¥ãã人ã
(ãã¬ã¹ãã飿°)ãšãã®åå«ã§ããã
ã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®æ£åŒåç§°ã¯ ãØ§ÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ£Ø±Ø¯ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙØ§ØŽÙ
ÙÙØ©(ã©ãã³æå転å: al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah Al-HÄshimiyyah; å®éã®åèªçºé³:ã¢ã«=ãã ã©ã«(ãã¥)ã»ã«=ãŠã«ãã¥ã³ããŒã€(ãã¥)ã»ã«=ããŒã·ããŒã€ãåãã¡æžãã«ã¿ã«ã衚èš:ã¢ã«=ãã ã©ã«ã»ã¢ã«=ãŠã«ãã¥ã³ããŒã€ã»ã¢ã«=ããŒã·ããŒã€)ãéç§° Ø§ÙØ£Ø±Ø¯Ù(æèªçºé³:al-Urdunn, ã¢ã«=ãŠã«ãã¥ã³ããå£èªçºé³:al-Urdun; ã¢ã«=ãŠã«ãã¥ã³)ã
å
¬åŒã®è±èªè¡šèšã¯ãHashemite Kingdom of Jordanãéç§° JordanãHashemiteãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®ããŒã·ããŒã€ãKingdomããã ã©ã«ãJordanããŠã«ãã¥ã³ããŒã€éšåã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããã
ããŒã·ããŒã€ã¯ãé èšè
ã ãã³ããã®æœç¥ç¶ããŒã·ã ã®åå«ã®å®¶ç³»ã§ããããŒã·ã å®¶ã«ã¡ãªãããšã衚ã圢容è©ãããŒã·ã å®¶ã®ãã
ãšã«ãã³ã®åç§°ã¯ãåœåã®è¥¿ãæµãããšã«ãã³å·ã®åã«ç±æ¥ããããšã«ãã³å·ã¯ãããã©ã€èªèµ·æºã®æ²³å·åã§ãèæžã«åãçŸããããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã§ã¯ãŠã«ãã¥ã³ããšãŒããã諞èšèªã§ã¯ãšã«ãã³ãããã¯ãžã§ã«ãã³ãšãªãããšã«ãã³å·ã®ååãåœåãšãªã£ãã®ã¯ããã®åœãç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã«æç«ããã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å§ä»»çµ±æ²»é ãã©ã³ã¹ãšã«ãã³(ããšã«ãã³å·ã®åãããã®æ)ãå身ãšããããã§ããã
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®è»¢åã§ã¯è¡šèšã®ãããããããæ¥æ¬ã®å€åçã§ã¯ãåŸæ¥è±èªå¯ãã«ããžã§ã«ãã³ã»ãã·ã§ãããçåœããšè¡šèšããŠãããã2003å¹Žã®æ¹æ£ã§ãããšã«ãã³ã»ãã·ã§ãããçåœããšãããããšã«ãã³ã»ãã·ããçåœãã®è¡šèšã¯ã2005å¹Žæ¥æ¬åœéå芧äŒ(æç¥äžå)ãžã®ãšã«ãã³æ¿åºã«ããåºå±ã®éã«çšããããŠãããä»ã«ãããšã«ãã³ã»ããŒã·ã çåœããªã©ãšè¡šèšãããããšãããã
ãšã«ãã³ã®åœåã¯ãããã50äžå¹Žåã®æ§ç³åšæä»£ãã人é¡ãäœã¿çããŠããããšãç¥ãããçŽå
å8000幎çŽã«ã¯äººé¡æå€çŽã®èŸ²æ¥ãå¶ãŸããã西ã¢ãžã¢ã«ææãçºéãããšäº€æã®äžå¿å°ãšããŠæ ããçŽå
å13äžçŽããããã¯ãšãã 人ãäœã¿çããã¢ã³ãã³ã«ã¯æ§çŽèæžã«ç»å Žããã¢ã³ã¢ã³äººã®åœããã£ããçŽå
å1äžçŽããã«ã¯åéšã«ããã©éºè·¡ãæ®ãããããã¢çåœãçºå±ããããçŽå
1äžçŽãã2äžçŽã«ããŒãåžåœã«äœµåãããã
7äžçŽã«ã¯ã€ã¹ã©ã åžåœã®æ¯é
äžã«å
¥ããã¢ã©ãã¢èªãšã€ã¹ã©ã æã浞éããŠã¢ã©ãåã»ã€ã¹ã©ã åãé²ãã ãããã¹ã«ã¹ã«éœãããŠãã€ã€æãæ»
ã³ã€ã¹ã©ã äžçã®äžå¿ãã·ãªã¢å°æ¹ããé¢ãããšããã®èŸºå¢ãšããŠéœåžææã次第ã«è¡°ããŠãã£ãã
19äžçŽã«å
¥ããšãåœæãã®å°æ¹ãæ¯é
ããŠãããªã¹ãã³åžåœã¯ããã·ã¢ããé亡ããŠãããã§ã«ã±ã¹äººãã·ãªã¢å°æ¹ã®äººå£åžèå°åž¯ã«äœãŸãããããã«ãªããæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«æŽ»æ°ä»ãå§ãããç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã®1919幎ã«ã€ã®ãªã¹å§ä»»çµ±æ²»é ãã¬ã¹ããã«çµã¿å
¥ãããã1923幎ã«ããžã£ãŒãºçåœãèšç«ããããŒã·ã å®¶ã®ã¢ããã¥ãã©ãŒã»ãã³=ããµã€ã³ãè¿ãå
¥ããããŠãã©ã³ã¹ãšã«ãã³çåœãæç«ããããã®æ¿åºã«å¯Ÿããã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ä»£è¡šè
ã¯æåã¯Tã»Eã»ãã¬ã³ã¹ãã€ãã§ãžã§ã³ã»ãã£ã«ããŒã§ããããã¬ã¹ããã®é«çåŒåå®ã®ç®¡èœäžã«ãã£ãã
ãã©ã³ã¹ãšã«ãã³çåœã¯ç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã®1946幎ã«ç¬ç«ãã1949幎ã«åœåããšã«ãã³ã»ãã·ããçåœã«æ¹ããã1950幎ã«ã¯ããšã«ãµã¬ã ãå«ããšã«ãã³å·è¥¿å²žå°åºãé åã«å ãããã1967幎ã®ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžæ±æŠäºã§ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã«å¥ªããããäžæ±æŠäºã¯ãã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã«å é ãããå°åãã倧éã®ãã¬ã¹ããäººã®æµå
¥ãããããããå ããŠ1990幎代以éã«ã¯ãæ°äž»åã«äŒŽãç宀ã®è¿ä»£å䞻矩ã«å察ããä¿å®æŽŸãã€ã¹ã©ã 䞻矩掟ãå°é ããŠãåœå
ã®äžå®å®èŠå ãšãªã£ãŠããã
1952幎1æ8æ¥ã«å¶å®ãããæ²æ³ã«åºã¥ãããåœç(ããªã¯)ãå
éŠãšããç«æ²åäž»å¶ã§ãããåäž»ã¯äžè¥²å¶ãšãªã£ãŠãããåœçã¯å
é£ãšå
±ã«è¡æ¿æš©ãå·è¡ãããäºé¢å¶ã®è°äŒãæããŠããã
ãžã£ã¹ãã³é©åœ(ã¢ã©ãã®æ¥)ã®åœ±é¿ã§ãéŠçžãåœçãä»»åœããã®ã§ã¯ç¡ãåœæ°ã«çŽæ¥éžã°ããè°äŒãéžåºããè°é¢å
é£å¶ãžã®ç§»è¡ãšéžææ³æ¹æ£ãèŠæ±ãããããäž»ã«ã ã¹ãªã åèå£ãã¢ã©ãæ°æäž»çŸ©æ¿å
ã巊掟æ¿å
ããçµéããŠã¢ã³ãã³ãªã©ã§æè°ãã¢ã宿œãããããŸããåœçã®é·å¹Žã®æ¯æåºç€ã ã£ããããŠã£ã³ã®éšæé·ããã¢ããã¥ãã©ãŒ2äžåœçã«å¯ŸããŠãã©ãŒãã¢çåŠãšãã®äžæã®æµªè²»çãæ¹å€ãã声æãåºããŠãããããããããããçå¶æåãæ±ããåäœå¶éåã«ã¯å°ã£ãŠããªãã
ã€ã¹ã©ã äžçã§ã¯ç©å¥æŽŸã«äœçœ®ä»ãããããã¢ã©ã諞åœãäžæ±å
å€ã®ã€ã¹ã©ã 諞åœã ãã§ãªããäžçååœãšå調ããå
šæ¹äœå€äº€ãå±éããŠãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ãšã¯1994幎ã«å¹³åæ¡çŽãçµã³ããšãžãã(1979幎)ã«æ¬¡ãã§ã¢ã©ã諞åœã§ã¯2çªç®ã«åœäº€ãæš¹ç«ããã2018幎ã«ã¯ãã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã«å¯ŸããŠå¹³åæ¡çŽã®äžç°ãšããŠè³è²žããåœå¢å°åž¯ã®åå°ã®å¥çŽãå»¶é·ããªããšéåããã
察ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«åå¹³ã«èŠãããããã«ãæ±è¥¿å·æŠæä»£ãã芪西åŽã»æ¬§ç±³æ¿çããšã£ãŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã¯åå€§è¥¿æŽæ¡çŽæ©æ§(NATO)éå çã®æŠç¥çããŒãããŒè«žåœã®äžã€ã«äœçœ®ä»ããããŠããã
ãã¢ããã¥ã«2äžç¹æ®äœæŠèšç·Žã»ã³ã¿ãŒ(KASOTC)ããéèšãããããšã«ãã³éžè»ããšã«ãã³æµ·è»ããšã«ãã³ç©ºè»ããšã«ãã³ç·åç¹æ®äœæŠè»ããæãã
12ã®ã ããŒãã¡ã¶(çãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®ããŒãå転èš: muhafazat, åæ°åœ¢: muhafazah)ã«åãããŠããã
æ±éšã¯ä¹Ÿç¥ããæ£®æé«åã§ããªã¢ã·ã¹ãšå£ç¯çãªå·ã®æµãããããçæŒãããŠããã西éšã¯èŸ²å°ãçºéããå°äžæµ·æ§ã®åžžç·æš¹ãåºãããåœã®æé«å°ç¹ã¯ãŠã ã¢ã«ããå±± (Jabal Umm al Dami) ã§æµ·æ1854mãé äžã¯éªã§èŠããããè¥¿éšæžè°·ãé€ããåœã®å€§éšåã¯æµ·æ300m以äžã§ãããå西端ã§ã¢ã«ãæ¹Ÿã«æ¥ããã
å€ã®å¹³åæ°æž©ã¯30°Cãå¬ã¯1°CãŸã§äžããã11æãã3æã®å¬å£ã¯è¥¿éšã®ééšã倧ãããã¢ã³ãã³(æšé«çŽ1000m)ã§ã¯éªãéãã
åœåã®è¥¿éšã«ã¯å€§å°æºåž¯ã®å端ã§ããããšã«ãã³æžè°·ããããããã«ã¯æ»æµ·ããããæšé«ã極ããŠäœãããã®å°åã¯å¬ã§ãæž©æã§ãããè¿å¹Žã®çæŒæè¡ã®çºéã«ãããéèãæç©ã®äžå€§çç£å°ã«å€è²ããã
ãšã«ãã³æžè°·ã®æ±åŽã«äœçœ®ããé«åå°åž¯ãã¢ã³ãã³ãã«ã©ã¯ãªã©ããã®é«å°åž¯ã«äœçœ®ãããåéšã«ã¯ãšã«ãã³æé«å³°ã®ã©ã å±± (1,754m) ãããã
åœåã®80%ã¯ç æŒ å°åž¯ã«å±ããã
IMFã®çµ±èšã«ãããšã2019幎ã®äžäººåœããã®åç®GDPã¯4,400ãã«ã»ã©ã§ãç£æ²¹åœãå€ãäžæ±ã§ã¯ããäœãæ°å€ã§ããã
çŸåšèŸ²æ¥åŸäºè
ã¯18äžäººãããäž»ã«æå®ãäžå¿ã«æ œå¹ããŠããã çç£æ¥ãšããŠã¯ã©ã¯ããçã銬ãé¶ãè²ãŠãçä¹³ãåµããšã£ãŠããã äœãããšã«ãã³çµæžãæ¯ããŠããã®ã¯ãªã³é±ç³ãšå€©ç¶ã¬ã¹ã§ããªã³é±ç³ã¯256äžãã³ã倩ç¶ã¬ã¹ã¯9.6åå
ãžã¥ãŒã«ãç£åºããŠããã æŒç²éã¯526ãã³ã§ããã çŸç¶ã§ã¯ç³æ²¹ãã»ãšãã©ç£åºããªãããã1990幎代ã¯ã€ã©ã¯ãè¿é£è«žåœãã茞å
¥ãããã€ã©ã¯ã®ãµãããŒã ã»ãã»ã€ã³äœå¶åŽ©å£åŸã¯æ¹Ÿå²žååäŒè°è«žåœããã®äŸçµŠãããããšãžããããã¯2003幎ã«å®æããã¢ã«ã湟ãŸã§ã®ã¢ã©ãã¬ã¹ãã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«ããã¬ã¹ã茞å
¥ããŠãããã€ã©ã¯ãšãã¬ã¹ããã§ã®ç€ŸäŒäžå®ã®ããããããå°åã®å€ãã®äºæ¥å®¶ãã¢ã³ãã³ã«äºåæã眮ããŠããã 2000幎ã«WTOã«å çã2001幎12æã®ç±³åœãšã®èªç±è²¿æåå®ä»¥éãç±³åœãšã®è²¿æãé£èºçã«æ¡å€§ããŠãããæ¿åºã¯ãªã³é±ç³ãã«ãªé±ç³ã®èŒžåºãããã¯æµ·å€ããã®ééãå€åœããã®æ¯æŽã«é Œããªãç£æ¥ãäŸãã°ITã芳å
ç£æ¥ã奚å±ããŠãããäœçšéãšèŠå¶ç·©åã®ã¢ã«ãçµæžç¹åº (ASEZA) ã«çµæžæé·ã¢ãã«ã®æåŸ
ãããã
ãšã«ãã³çµ±èšå±çºè¡šã®GDPæé·çã¯2012幎ã2.7%ã2013幎ã2.8%ãšãªã£ãŠããã
æ±éšç æŒ ã®Rishaã¬ã¹ç°ã1987幎ã«çºèŠãããåèµéã¯ããã»ã©å€ãã¯ãªããããšã«ãã³å
šäœã®çºé»éã®1å²ãæ¯ããŠãããåéšã«ã¯äžç第3äœãèªããªã³é±ç³åèµéããããæ¡æãããé±ç³ã¯ééã§ã¢ã«ã枯ãžéã°ã茞åºãããããŠã©ã³é±ç³ã¯äžçã®2%ã®åèµéããããæè¿æ³šç®ãããŠããã®ããªã€ã«ã·ã§ãŒã«ã§ã400åãã³ã®ç³æ²¹ã®ååšãæšå®ãããããã€ã€ã«ã»ãããã»ã·ã§ã«ãšã®éã§éçºå¥çŽãç· çµãããã
äœæ°ã¯ã»ãšãã©ã¢ã©ã人ã§ããããããã«ã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢äººãããã§ãã§ã³äººã»ãã§ã«ã±ã¹äººã»ã¢ãããºäººã»ã¢ãã£ã²äººã»ã¢ãŽã¡ãŒã«äººãªã©åã«ãã«ã¹ç³»ã®æ°æããããåã«ãã«ã¹ç³»ã®æ°æã¯ã19äžçŽã«ãã·ã¢åžåœã®äŸµç¥ãéããŠãªã¹ãã³åžåœã«ç§»äœããåœæã¯äººå£åžèã ã£ããªã¹ãã³é ã®ãšã«ãã³ãžãšå
¥æ€ãããã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢äººã¯ãç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠäžã®ãªã¹ãã³åžåœã«ããã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢äººè殺ãéããŠã·ãªã¢ããšã«ãã³ã«ç§»äœããã1967幎ã®ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžæ±æŠäºä»¥éæµå
¥ãããã¬ã¹ãã飿°ã®äººæ°ã¯ã2009幎ã®èª¿æ»ã«ãããš324äžãšãããŠããããšã«ãã³åœç±ãååŸããŠãããªã©ãšã«ãã³åœæ°ãšããŠååããŠãããã2015幎ã«ã¯ã¬ã¶çŽäºãªã©ã«ããæ°ãã«æµå
¥ãããã¬ã¹ãã人ãäžå¿ã«ããã37äžäººã飿°ãã£ã³ãã«åšäœããŠããã
2013幎æç¹ã§ãé£åœã·ãªã¢ã®å
æŠããéããŠããã·ãªã¢é£æ°ã倧éã«æµå
¥ããšã«ãã³äººå£ã®1å²ã«éãã€ã€ããã
ã€ã©ã¯ã»ã·ãªã¢é£æ°ã®æµå
¥ãåããŠã2016幎ã«ã¯äººå£ã970äžäººãçªç Žãã1000äžã«è¿«ãã»ã©ã«ãªã£ãŠããäžç屿ã®äººå£å¢å åœãšãªã£ãŠãããããããå
šäººå£ã®30%ãéãšã«ãã³åœç±ãšãªã£ãŠãããã¶ãŒã¿ãªé£æ°ãã£ã³ãã¯äžçæå€§ã®ã·ãªã¢é£æ°ãã£ã³ããšãªã£ãŠãããäžææã¯34äžäººã«éãããã2015幎3æ26æ¥çŸåšã§ã¯8äž3å人ãšãªã£ãŠããã
å
¬çšèªã¯ã¢ã©ãã¢èªã§ã話ãèšè(ã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€)ã¯ãšã«ãã³æ¹èšã
宿ã¯ã€ã¹ã©ã æã¹ã³ã掟ãã»ãšãã©ããã®ä»ã«ããªã¹ãæãªã©ãä¿¡ä»°ãããŠããã
ãšã«ãã³åœå
ã§ãä»ã®äžæ±è«žåœåæ§ã«ããµãã«ãŒãå§åçã«1çªäººæ°ã®ã¹ããŒããšãªã£ãŠããã1944幎ã«ã¯ãããµãã«ãŒãªãŒã°ã®ãšã«ãã³ãªãŒã°ãåµèšãããããšã«ãã³ãµãã«ãŒåäŒ(JFA)ã«ãã£ãŠæ§æããããµãã«ãŒãšã«ãã³ä»£è¡šã¯ããããŸã§FIFAã¯ãŒã«ãã«ããã§ã¯2014幎倧äŒã«å€§éžéãã¬ãŒãªãã«é²åºãããããŠã«ã°ã¢ã€ä»£è¡šã«æãæªåºå Žã§ããããããAFCã¢ãžã¢ã«ããã«ã¯4床åºå ŽããŠããã2004幎倧äŒãš2011幎倧äŒã§ã¯ãã¹ã8ã®æçžŸãåããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3
|
5,936 |
人å£
|
人å£(ãè±: population)ã¯ããã人ééå£ã®ç·äœãæãæŠå¿µã§ããããŸããã®éå£ãæ§æãã人éã®ç·æ°ãæãçµ±èšäžã®æŠå¿µã§ããã人å£ã®èšæž¬æ¹æ³ãå€åãç ç©¶ããåŠåã¯ã人å£çµ±èšåŠãšåŒã°ããã
ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®çµæžåŠè
ã§ããããã¹ã»ãããŒãã»ãã«ãµã¹ã¯ã1798幎ã«ã人å£è«ããèãã人å£åé¡ãè«ããããŸãã人å£ã®æŽå²çãªå€é·ãç ç©¶ãããæŽå²äººå£åŠããã人å£çŸè±¡ã®å°ççååžãªã©ãç ç©¶ããã人å£å°çåŠããããã
äžè¬çã«ã¯ãåœå®¶ãç¹å®ã®å°åã«ããéå£ã«ã€ããŠçšãããã(äžçã®äººå£ãæ¥æ¬ã®äººå£ãçã®äººå£ãªã©)ãæ¥æ¬ã®äººå£ãšããŠæãäžè¬çã«çšããããŠããã®ã¯ãåœå¢èª¿æ»ã«ãããã®ã§ãããåœå¢èª¿æ»ã§ã¯å€åœäººãå«ãã人å£ãææ¡ãããŠãããåœç±å¥ã®éèšçµæãããã詳ããã¯ä»€å2幎åœå¢èª¿æ»(ç·åççµ±èšå±) ãåç
§ã
äœæ°åºæ¬å°åž³ã«ãã人å£ã¯ãæ¥æ¬äººã®ã¿ã«é¢ããçµ±èšã§ãã£ããããäœæ°åºæ¬å°åž³æ³ã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸãã®æœè¡åã³ãå€åœäººç»é²æ³ãã®å»æ¢(2012幎)ã«ãããäœæ°åºæ¬å°åž³æ³ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ãå€åœäººãå«ãŸããããšãšãªã£ãã詳ããã¯äœæ°åºæ¬å°åž³ã«åºã¥ã人å£ã人å£åæ
åã³äžåž¯æ°(å¹³æ25幎3æ31æ¥çŸåš)(ç·åçèªæ²»è¡æ¿å±äœæ°å¶åºŠèª²) ãåç
§ã
20äžçŽãã21äžçŽã«ãããŠã人é¡ã¯äººå£ççºãšåŒã°ãã人é¡å²äžæå€§ã®äººå£å¢å ãçµéšããŠãããéå»6000幎éã«ååšããå
šãŠã®äººå£ã®ããããã5åã®1ã2022幎çŸåšã®äººå£ã§ããã詳ããã¯ãäžçäººå£ #ä»åŸã®äºæž¬ããåç
§ããŸããç±³åœPRB (Population Reference Bureau)(è±èªç)ã®ç ç©¶ã«ããã°ã人é¡å²äžãããŸã§çŽ20äžå¹Žéã«ååšããç·äººå£ã®7%è¿ããçŸåš(2022幎)ã®äžç人å£ãå ããŠããã
21äžçŽã®çŸåšãå
é²åœãã¯ããäžçã®å€ãã®åœã
ã§è幎人å£ã®çžå¯Ÿçå¢å ãããªãã¡ç€ŸäŒã®é«éœ¢åãé²ãã§ããã
åœéé£åã¯ã2050幎ã«ã¯äžç人å£ã®18%ã65æ³ä»¥äžãšãªããšäºæž¬ããŠãããOECD諞åœã«ãããŠã¯çŸå çåœã®å
šãŠã«ãããŠã2050幎ã«ã¯1人ã®è人(65æ³ä»¥äž)ã3人以äžã®çç£äººå£(20-65æ³)ã«ãŠæ¯ãã瀟äŒãšãªããšäºæž¬ãããŠããã
æ¥æ¬ã®ç·åçã®2007幎2æã®ææ¬¡æšèšã§ã¯ãç·äººå£1å2774äžäººã«å¯Ÿããè幎人å£2694äžäººã§ãèå¹Žäººå£æ¯ã21.1%ãšãªããè¶
é«éœ¢ç€ŸäŒã§ãã21%ãè¶
ããããªããæ¥æ¬ã®ç·åçã®2007幎ã®å¹Žæ¬¡æšèšã§ã¯ãç·äººå£127,771å人ã«å¯Ÿããè幎人å£27,464å人ã§21.5%ã§ãã£ãã
åäºæ¯å¥äººå£ã§ã¯ãå幎çãŸããæãå°ãªã(2022幎1æ1æ¥çŸåš)ãããã¯ãäžå(ã²ã®ãããŸ)ã®å¹Žã«çãŸããåã©ã(ãšãã«å¥³ã®å)ã¯ãããªããšããè¿·ä¿¡ãããäžåã«ããã1966幎ã®åºçæ°ãå°ãªãã£ãããšã倧ããªåå ãšèããããã1966幎ã¯ãåºçæ°136äž974人(åèšç¹æ®åºçç1.58)ã§ããã1965幎ã®åºçæ°182äž3697人(åèšç¹æ®åºçç2.14)ã1967幎ã®åºçæ°193äž5647人(åèšç¹æ®åºçç2.23)ãšååŸã®å¹Žãããåºçæ°ãå°ãªããæ¬¡ã®äžåã¯1966幎ãã60幎åŸã®2026幎ã§ããã
å幎çãŸãã®æ¬¡ã«å°ãªãã®ãé
幎çãŸãã§ãããããã¯1945幎ã®ç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã®æŠæ³æªåã«ããåºçæ°æ¿æžã倧ããªèŠå ãšèããããããåèšç¹æ®åºççã®é廿äœå€ãé
幎ã§ãã2005幎ã«èšé²ããŠããã
äžè¯æååã§ããäžåœå€§éžãå°æ¹Ÿãäžçåå°ã®è¯åã«ãããŠã¯ç¹ã«éŸå¹Ž(蟰)ã¯çžèµ·ãè¯ããšãã12å¹Žåšæã§ãããŒããŒã ã«ãªãåŸåã«ãããè幎(å·³)ã¯çžèµ·ãè¯ããªããšããå°åãšãªãåŸåãããããŸãã壬蟰(ã¿ãã®ã ãã€)ã¯å¥³åãä»ããããšã§âåŠåš âãšãªããããããã«çžèµ·ãè¯ããšãããŠããã
ç¬è£åœå®¶ã¯å¹³æ°ã§äººå£ãæžãæããããšãç¥ãããŠãããè¿å¹Žãåæé®®ãäžåœã®äººå£çµ±èšã®æé ãæ¹ç«ã話é¡ãšãªã£ãŠãããæ£ç¢ºãªäžçã®ç·äººå£ã¯ããããªãã®ãçŸå®ã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3
|
5,937 |
æ°çŽèæž
|
ãæ°çŽèæžã(ãããããããããã®ãªã·ã¢èª: ÎαιΜή ÎιαΞήκηãã©ãã³èª: Novum Testamentumãè±èª: New Testament)ã¯ã1äžçŽãã2äžçŽã«ãããŠããªã¹ãæåŸãã¡ã«ãã£ãŠæžãããææžã§ããæ§çŽèæžããšãªãã¶ããªã¹ãæã®æ£å
žããŸããã€ã¹ã©ã æã§ãã€ãšã¹(ã€ãŒãµãŒ)ãé èšè
ã®äžäººãšããŠèªããããšããããã®äžéš(çŠé³æžã«çžåœãããã®ã§çŸåšèªãŸããŠãããã®ãšã¯ç°ãªããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã§ãã€ã³ãžãŒã«ããšåŒã°ãã)ãåå
žãšãããŠããããæ°çŽèæžãã«ã¯27ã®æžãå«ãŸãããããããã¯ã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãã®ç涯ãšèšè(çŠé³ãšåŒã°ãã)ãå代æäŒã®æŽå²(ã䜿åŸèšè¡é²ã)ãå代æäŒã®æå°è
ãã¡ã«ãã£ãŠæžãããæžç°¡ãããªã£ãŠããããšããã®é»ç€ºé²ããæåŸã«ããããŠãããçŸä»£ã§èšããšããã®ã¢ã³ãœããžãŒã«ãããããæ§çŽèæžãããããã©ã€èªèæžãããæ°çŽèæžãããã®ãªã·ã¢èªèæžããšåŒã¶ããšããããå
容çã«ã¯ã€ãšã¹ãçãŸããåãŸã§ãæ§çŽèæžãã€ãšã¹çèªåŸãæ°çŽèæžããŸãšããŠããã
æ§çŽãæ°çŽãšããåç§°ãã®ãã®ã«ä¿¡ä»°çãªæå³ããããããã¯ç¥ãšäººéãšã®å€ãå¥çŽã®æžãæ§çŽèæžã§ãããæ°ããå¥çŽãæ°çŽèæžãšããæå³ã§ãããã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ãåŒçšããã€ã°ããã£ãŠã¹ã®ãæ°çŽèæžã¯ãæ§çŽèæžã®äžã«é ãããŠãããæ§çŽèæžã¯ãæ°çŽèæžã®äžã«çŸããããŠãããããšããããšã°ã¯æåã§ããã
ãæ°çŽèæžããšããåç§°ã¯ã®ãªã·ã¢èªã®ãã«ã€ããŒã»ãã£ã¢ããŒã±ãŒã(ÎαιΜή ÎιαΞήκη)ãããã¯ã©ãã³èªã®ãããŒãŽã ã»ãã¹ã¿ã¡ã³ãã¥ã ã(Novum Testamentum)ãšããèšèã®èš³ã§ããããããšã¯ããã©ã€èªã«ç±æ¥ããŠããããã«ã€ããŒã»ãã£ã¢ããŒã±ãŒããšããèšèã¯ãã§ã«ã»ããã¥ã¢ã®ã³ã¿ã®ãšã¬ãã€æž31:31ã«èŠãããšãã§ããããããã©ã€èªã§ã¯ãããªããã»ããã·ã£ãŒã(×ך×ת ××ש×)ã§ãããçŽå
å7äžçŽåŸåã®ãšã¬ãã€ã®ãæ°ããå¥çŽãã®ææ³ã¯æ°çŽèæžã®èè
ã«åŒ·ã圱é¿ãäžãããšãããã
æ°çŽããªãã¡æ°ããå¥çŽãšããåŒã³æ¹ã¯ãã¯ããã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãã«ãã£ãŠç¥ãšã®å¥çŽãæŽæ°ããããšèããå代æäŒã®äººã
ã«ãã£ãŠçšããããã2äžçŽã®ãã«ãã¥ãªã¢ãã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã³ãã£ãŠã¹ã¯ç¥ãšã®æ°ããå¥çŽã瀺ããæžç©ã®éåãšããŠãæ°çŽèæžããšããèšèãçšããŠãããã©ãã³æç¶ã®ãã«ãã¥ãªã¢ãã¹ã¯åããŠã©ãã³èªã®ãããŒãŽã ã»ãã¹ã¿ã¡ã³ãã¥ã ããšããèšèãçšããŠãããããšãã°ããã«ããªã³åé§ã3å·»14ã§ã¯ãããã¯ç¥ã®èšèãšããŠãããšãããã¹ãäºã€ã®å¥çŽãããªãã¡åŸæ³ãšçŠé³ã§ããããšãã£ãŠããã
5äžçŽã®ã©ãã³èªèš³èæž(ãŽã«ã¬ãŒã¿)ã§ã¯ãã³ãªã³ãã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽäºã3ç« ã§ãæ°ããå¥çŽã(Novum Testamentum)ãšããèšèã䜿ãããŠããã
ãæ°çŽèæžãã®åæžã¯ãã¹ãŠã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ããšãã®æãã«åŸããã®ãã¡ã®æžã§ããããããããèè
ãæç«ææãæç«å Žæãªã©ãç°ãªã£ãŠãã(ããããåãããæ°çŽèæžãã€ããããšããŠæžãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããèè
ãæç«ææãæç«å Žæãã°ãã°ããªæžç©ããŸãšããŠæç«ãããã®ãšããã)ãåãããã«å€ãã®æžç©ã®éåäœã§ãããæ§çŽèæžããšæ¯ã¹ããšãæç«æé(å
šæžç©ã®ãã¡ã§æåã®ãã®ãæžãããŠãããã¹ãŠããŸãšãŸããŸã§ã®æé)ãçããšããããšããããã
以äžã¯ãæ°çŽèæžã27æžãšäŒæ¿ã«ããèšè
ã®ãªã¹ãã§ããããªãåæžã®åŒç§°ã¯ãçŸä»£ã®æ¥æ¬ããªã¹ãæã«ãããŠåºãçšããããŠããã§ããããæ°å
±åèš³èæžãããã£ãšãåèªã«è¿ããšãããŠãããå£èªèš³èæžãã«ããã衚èšãçšãããã以å€ã®åŒç§°ãç¥ç§°ã䜵èšããŠããã
ã€ãšã¹ã®çæ¶¯ãæ»ãšåŸ©æŽ»ã®èšé²
èæžèªèº«ã®èªå·±èšŒèšãšæäŒã®äŒæ¿ã§ã¯ããã¿ã€çŠé³æžãã¯ã¢ã«ãã§ãªã®åã§ãçšåã§ãã£ã䜿åŸãã¿ã€ã«ãã£ãŠæžããããšãããŠãããããã«ã³çŠé³æžãã¯ãããã®åè¡è
ã§ãã£ããã«ã³ããããã®è©±ããŸãšãããã®ã§ãããšããããã«ã«çŠé³æžãã¯ããŠãã®ååè
ã§ãã£ãå»åž«ã«ã«ã«ãã£ãŠæžããããšãããããšããçŠé³æžãã¯ã€ãšã¹ã«ãæãæãããåŒåããšåŒã°ãããŒããã€ã®åãšãããèè
ã§ãããšãããŠããã
ãæ°çŽèæžãã¯å€ãã®èšè
ã«ãã£ãŠæžãããæžç©ã®éåäœã§ãããäŒæ¿ã§ã¯ãã®ã»ãšãã©ã䜿åŸèªèº«ãããã¯äœ¿åŸã®å䌎è
(ãã«ã³ãã«ã«)ã«ãã£ãŠæžããããšäŒããããŠããããããŠããã®äœ¿åŸæ§ãæ°çŽèæžã®æ£å
žæ§ã®æ ¹æ ãšããããããšãã°ããã¢ã¹ã¯140幎ããããé·èã«ããã°ããããã®éèš³ã§ãã£ããã«ã³ã¯ããªã¹ãã«ã€ããŠåœŒããèããããšãé åºçã«ã¯æ£ç¢ºã§ã¯ãªããã®ã®ãå¿ å®ã«æžãåã£ãããšæžãããšãã(ãšãŠã»ããªã¹ããæäŒå²ãã®äžã§ããã®ããã«åŒçšããŠãã)ãããã«ãšãŠã»ããªã¹ã®åŒçšã«ããã°ãšã€ã¬ãã€ãªã¹ã¯180幎ããããããŠãã®å䌎è
ã§ãã£ãã«ã«ã¯ããŠãã®èªã£ãçŠé³ãèšé²ããããã®åŸã«äœ¿åŸãšããããšãã§ãœã¹ã§çŠé³æžãèšããããšèšããŠãããšããã
ãããã®äŒæ¿ã«ã¯èšŒèšèªäœã®ä»ã®å€çãªèšŒæ ã¯ãªããè¿ä»£ä»¥éã®æ¹å€çèæžç ç©¶ã§ã¯äŒæ¿éãã®èè
ã§ãªãèè
ãæ³å®ããããšãå€ãããæ°çŽèæžãã«ããããããåæžã¯æåã®èè
ã ãã§ãªããåŸä»£ã®äººã
ã«ãã£ãŠå çä¿®æ£ãããŠãããšã䞻匵ããããå çãããå¯èœæ§ãé«ãéšåãšããŠæåãªãã®ã¯ããã«ã³çŠé³æžãã®æ«å°ŸãšããšããçŠé³æžãã®ãå§Šæ·«ã®å¥³ãã®ãã ãã§ããã
ã«ã«ä»¥å€ã®3æžã¯ãããããŠãã€æŠäºäžã®ãšã«ãµã¬ã é¥èœãšè§£éã§ããèšåããããããã70幎ã®åºæ¥äºã§ããããšããã3æžã®å®æã¯ãããé¡ããªããšæšæž¬ãããŠããããŸãã«ã«æžã¯æŽã«éã£ãŠãšã«ãµã¬ã ç¥æ®¿ã®ç Žå£åŸã®å®æã§ãããšèããããŠããããã ãã«ã«æžã®èè
ã¯ã«ã«æžã®ç¶ç·šãšããŠäœ¿åŸèšè¡é²ãæžããŠãããã䜿åŸèšè¡é²ã¯ããŠãã®ããŒã宣æãŸã§ã§çµãã£ãŠãããåŸä»£ã®äŒæ¿ã«èŠããããŠãæžç°¡ã®äžã§ç€ºåãããã€ããªã¢å®£æãšãæåãªããåžè¿«å®³äžã§ã®ããŒãã§ã®æ®æ(çŽå
64幎é )ãŸã§ã¯èšãããŠããªãããã®åå ã¯äžæã§ããã ãŸãã€ãšã¹ã®å¥è¹ãšãããäºè±¡ã«ã¯åœæã®æ°çåžãŠã§ã¹ãã·ã¢ãã¹ãç§°æããããã«æµåžãããå¥è¹èãšé¡äŒŒãããã®ãå€ãããããã®æžããæ°çŽèæžããšããŠãŸãšããããã®ã¯150幎ãã225幎ããã®éã§ãããšãããããçŠé³æžã§æãé
ãæç«ãšãããããšããçŠé³æžãã¯ãŠã¹ãã£ãã¹ã«ããåŒçšãèŠãããããšããçŽå
160幎é ãŸã§ã«ã¯æç«ããŠããã
ã€ãšã¹ã®æ»åŸã®å代æäŒã®æŽå²
æžç°¡ã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªå
容ã®ãã®ãå«ãŸããŠãããæŽå²çããªã¹ãæäŒã¯ãããç¥ã®å瀺ã§ãããšããŠããããæ¹å€çç ç©¶ã§ã¯ããããããåæã®ããªã¹ãæææ³ãã©ã®ããã«çºå±ããŠãã£ãããããããç¥ãããšãã§ãããšäž»åŒµããããæžç°¡ã®äžã«ã¯èè
ã®ååãæžãããŠãããã®ãããããé«çæ¹è©ã§ã¯ãããã¯æ¬åœã®èè
ãšããããã§ã¯ãªããšãããããè¿ä»£ä»¥éã®é«çæ¹è©ã«ãã£ãŠãå€ãã®æžç°¡ããèè
ãšããã人ç©ã®åãåããåœäœã§ãããšäž»åŒµãããã
ãããŠãæžç°¡ããšã¯äœ¿åŸããŠãã®æçŽ(æŽå²çããªã¹ãæäŒãããŠãã®ãã®ãšããŠããæçŽ)ã®ç·ç§°ã§ãããè¿ä»£ã®é«çæ¹è©ã§ã¯ç§äŒæžç°¡ã ãã§ãªããããã€ãã®ããŠãæžç°¡ã¯åã«ããŠãã®åãåããã ãã®ãã®ã§ãããšäž»åŒµããããã®ãããªãã®ã¯ãæ¬äŒŒããŠãæžç°¡ããªã©ãšåŒã°ãããäžè¬ã«é«çæ¹è©ã§ã¯ããŠãæžç°¡ã®æç«ãçŠé³æžçŸ€ã«å
ç«ã€ãšããŠããã
å
¬åæžç°¡ãšã¯ç¹å®ã®å
±åäœãå人ã«ããŠããããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããåºã察象ã«ããŠãŠæžãããæžç°¡ãšããæå³ã§ãããåã
ã®æžç©ã«ã¯äŒæ¿ã®èè
ãã¡ãããããè¿ä»£ä»¥éã®æ¹å€çç ç©¶ã¯ããããåã«äœ¿åŸã®æš©åšãå©çšããããã«èè
åãšããŠãã®åãå ãããšäž»åŒµããã
äžèšã®27æžä»¥å€ã«ããæ°çŽèæžãã®æ£å
žã«ã¯å«ãŸããªãææžçŸ€ããããå€å
žãšåŒã°ãããææãå°åã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããããæ£å
žã«å«ãŸããŠããããšãããã
ã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ããšåŒåãã¡ã«ãã£ãŠçšããããŠããèšèã¯ã¢ã©ã èªã§ãã£ã(ããã©ã€èªãšãã説ããã)ãããããæ°çŽèæžãã®ã»ãšãã©ã®æžã¯ãã³ã€ããŒããšåŒã°ãã1äžçŽã®ããŒãåžåœå
ã§å
¬çšçã«åºãçšããããå£èªçãªã®ãªã·ã¢èªã§æžãããŠãã(ãã¢ãã±ãŒ(ã¢ããã£ã«æ¬å€æäœ)ããšåŒã°ããããããå€å
žã®ãªã·ã¢èªã¯çšããããŠããªã)ã
ãã®åŸãæ©ãææã«ã©ãã³èªãã·ãªã¢èªãã³ããèªãªã©ã«ç¿»èš³ãããŠå€ãã®äººã
ã®éãžãšåºãŸã£ãŠãããããæç¶ãã¡ã¯ããã¿ã€çŠé³æžãã®ãªãªãžãã«ã¯ã¢ã©ã èªã§ãããããã©ã€æžãããã©ã€èªçããªãªãžãã«ã§ãã£ããšäŒããŠããããçŸä»£ã®èæžåŠã§ã¯ãã®èª¬ãæ¯æããåŠè
ã¯ããããŠå°æ°ã§ããã
è¿ä»£ä»¥éã®èæžåŠã¯ãèæžã®æç®åŠçé«çæ¹è©ç ç©¶ã«ãã£ãŠãªãªãžãã«ã®å§¿ãèŠãã ãããšåªããŠããã
çŠé³æžã®è³æãšçžäºã®åç
§é¢ä¿ã®è§£æã¯éèŠãªèª²é¡ã§ããã
çŸåšã倿°ã®ç ç©¶è
ã®èŠè§£ã¯ããã«ã³çŠé³æžããæåã«æžãããããã«ã³çŠé³æžããšä»ã®è³æ(åŸè¿°ã®Qè³æ)ãããšã«ããã¿ã€çŠé³æžããšãã«ã«çŠé³æžããæžãããããšããçŠé³æžããæåŸã«æžããããšãã説ã§ããã
ãŸããããã¿ã€çŠé³æžããããã«ã³çŠé³æžãããã«ã«çŠé³æžãã«ã¯å
±éããå
容ãå€ããããå
±èгçŠé³æžããšåŒã°ãããäžæ¹ãããšããçŠé³æžãã¯å
±èгçŠé³æžãšã¯ç°ãªãèŠç¹ããã€ãšã¹ãæãåºããç¬èªã®ãšããœãŒããèšèãçã蟌ãã§ãããå
±èгçŠé³æžããªãå
±éç¹ãå€ãã®ããå
±èгçŠé³æžã¯äºããã©ã®ããã«åç
§ããã®ããšããåé¡ããŸã解決ããããšãèè
ãç¹å®ããããã®ç¬¬äžæ©ãšãªããããããçŠé³æžã¯äžäººã®äººéãã€ãšã¹ãå®éã«ç¥ãå人ã«ãã£ãŠå·çããããã®ãªã®ã?ãããã¯å人ã«ãã£ãŠæžããããã®ãã°ã«ãŒãã«ãã£ãŠè£å®ãããã®ã?ãçŠé³æžãã¯çæãããã¯é·æã«æžãããã®ã?ãªã©ãšãã£ãåé¡ããèããããšã«ãªãã
çŸä»£ã®èæžç ç©¶ã§ãã£ãšãåºãæ¯æãããŠãã仮説ã¯äºè³æä»®èª¬ã§ãããããã¯ããã¿ã€çŠé³æžããšãã«ã«çŠé³æžãããããã«ã³çŠé³æžãããã³Qè³æãšåŒã°ããã€ãšã¹ã®èšèè³æãããšã«æžããããšããèŠæ¹ã§ãããQè³æã®Qãšã¯ãã€ãèªã®Quelle(ã¯ãã¬)ããªãã¡ãè³æããæå³ããŠãããQè³æãã©ããªãã®ã§ãã£ãã®ããšããè°è«ã¯ããŸã ã«æ±ºçãèŠãŠããªããå€ãã®åŠè
ãã¡ã¯Qè³æãšããåç¬ã®è³æããã£ããšèããå°æ°ã®åŠè
ãã¡ã¯Qè³æãšããã®ã¯è€æ°ã®ææžè³æãšå£äŒè³æã®é倧æã§ãããšèããŠããããã ããããŸã§Qè³æã®ååšã¯ä»®èª¬ã«ãããããã®ååšãçããã®ããããè³æãã®ãã®ã«ã€ããŠãããããããªãããããã®èè
ã«ããã£ãŠã¯äœãæ
å ±ããªãããã人ã
ã¯èªé²ã®åœ¢åŒãåãå€å
žãããã¹ã«ããçŠé³æžããQè³æã§ãã(ãããã¯ããã«è¿ã)ãšèããŠããã
çŸä»£ã®é«çæ¹è©ã¯ããŠãã®äžã€ã®æžç°¡(åŸè¿°)ãé€ããŠããæ°çŽèæžãã®è«žæžã䜿åŸã®æã§æžããããšã¯èããŠããªããè¿ä»£çãªèæžç ç©¶ãå§ãŸã£ã18äžçŽä»¥åã®ããªã¹ãæã§ã¯(ãããã©ã€äººãžã®æçŽãã®èè
ãããŠããã©ããããé»ç€ºé²ãããšããã®æçŽäºãäžãã®èè
ã䜿åŸãšãããã©ãããé€ããŠã¯)èè
ã®äŒæ¿ã«é¢ããŠç矩ãããããããšã¯å°ãªãã£ãããã ãçŸä»£ã®èæžåŠè
ã§ãã·ã§ãŒãŠã£ã³ã»ãã¯ã€ã(A. N. Sherwin-White)ãFã»Fã»ãã«ãŒã¹(F.F. Bruce)ããžã§ã³ã»ãŠã§ã³ãã (John Wenham)ãã²ãŒãªãŒã»ããŒããŒãã¹(Gary Habermas)ãªã©ã¯ãæ°çŽèæžã«æžãããŠããããšãäŒæ¿ã¯æ±ºããŠæ ¹æ ã®ãªããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããæ¯èŒçä¿¡é Œãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšããç«å Žã«ç«ã£ãŠãããç¹ã«ãžã§ã³ã»ããã³ãœã³(John A.T. Robinson)ã«ããã£ãŠã¯ãæ°çŽèæžãã®æç«ã¯çŸä»£ã®å®èª¬ãããæ©ããèè
ã«é¢ããäŒæ¿ããã¹ãŠçæ£ã§ãããšããããããŠäŒçµ±çãªç«å Žã«ç«ã£ãŠããã
é«çæ¹è©åŠè
ãã¡ã«ãã£ãŠãçæ£ã§ãããšèªããããããŠãã®äžæžç°¡ãšã¯ããããŒãã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽãããã³ãªã³ãã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽäžãããã³ãªã³ãã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽäºãããã¬ã©ãã€ã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽããããã£ãªãã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽãããããµããã±ã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽäžãããããŠããã£ã¬ã¢ã³ãžã®æçŽãã§ããããããµããã±ã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽäºãããã³ããµã€ã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽããããšãã§ãœã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽãã«é¢ããŠã¯ä»ã§ãæèŠãåãããŠãããããã¢ããžã®æçŽäžããããã¢ããžã®æçŽäºããšãããã¹ãžã®æçŽãã¯ãçŠé³äž»çŸ©çãªç¥åŠè
ãã¡ã¯çæ£ã§ãããšèããŠãããçŸä»£ã«ãããŠãããã©ã€äººãžã®æçŽããããŠãã®ãã®ã§ãããšèããåŠè
ã¯ãŸãããªãããããã©ã€æžãã®èè
ã®åé¡ã¯å®ã«3äžçŽããè°è«ãããŠããããã«ãã³ã»ã«ã¿ãŒã¯ãããã©ã€äººãžã®æçŽãã®èè
ãã¢ãã(è±èªç)ãšããæèŠãæç€ºããŠããã
ããŠãæžç°¡ä»¥å€ã®æžç©ã®èè
ã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠãçµè«ã¯åŸãããŠããªãããŸãåçŠé³æžã®ãèè
ãã¯ããšããšäŒæ¿ã«ç±æ¥ãããã®ã§ãããæ¹å€åŠè
ã®éã§ã¯ãçŠé³æžãšæçŽãå«ããšããæžç°¡ã«é¢ããŠã¯å代æäŒã®äžã«ãã£ãããšããæå£ããšãããã¹ãã°ã«ãŒãã«ç±æ¥ãããšããæèŠãåªå¢ã§ãããããšããã®é»ç€ºé²ããããšããæå£ãã«ç±æ¥ãããã®ãã©ããã¯æèŠã®äžèŽãèŠãŠããªãã ãã ããäžéšã®åŠè
ã¯ãšããã®çŠé³æžã«ã€ããŠã段éçç·šéã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãã®æäœè«çãªåŒ·ãçµ±äžæ§ãä¿ã€ã®ãå°é£ã§ãããšèããŠããããŸãçŽå
2äžçŽãã4äžçŽãŸã§ã®èšŒèšã¯ç¹ã«çŠé³æžã«é¢ããŠäžè²«ããŠäœ¿åŸãšããã«ç±æ¥ãããã®ã§ãããšäŒããããŠããã®ã«å¯Ÿãããšããæå£ãã®ååšã«é¢ããå蚌ã¯ã»ãšãã©åŸãããŠããªãã
èæžåŠè
ãã¡ã®å€ãã¯å€å
žã®èè
ã®çæ£ãã«ã€ããŠãç矩ã瀺ããŠãããããšãã°ãã°ã»ãããã£åæ¬ã«ãããããããããã¹ã«ããçŠé³æžããããã£ãªãã«ããçŠé³æžããªã©ãããããåŠè
ãã¡ã¯ãããã®åæ¬ã¯2äžçŽååŸã«æžããããã®ã§ããã®ååãã€ããŠãã䜿åŸã«ããèäœã§ã¯ãªããšèããŠããã
èæžç ç©¶ãç¹ã«çŠé³æžãå²çã€ãšã¹ã®ç ç©¶ã«ãããŠã¯ç ç©¶è
ã®èŠç¹ã倧ããªæå³ãæã€ãããªãã¡ãããå人ã®çµéšã宿çä¿¡æ¡ã信念ãšãã£ããã®ããã®ãŸãŸç ç©¶ã«æåœ±ããããããšãã°çŠé³æžã®ç ç©¶ã«ã€ããŠãããªããæŽå²çãªã¢ãããŒãã¯ãã¡ãããã«ããªãã¯ããããã¹ã¿ã³ããæ£æããããã®èŠç¹ããããŠãã€æã®èŠç¹ããã瀟äŒç§åŠçãªèŠç¹ããããã§ãããºã ã®èŠç¹ãããªã©ãããŸããŸãªç«å Žããã®ç ç©¶ãè¡ããããå²çã€ãšã¹ã«é¢ããéå»25幎éã®ç ç©¶ã ãã§ãããŸããŸãªãã®ããããäºãã«ççŸããããã®ãããããããããã®ãããªå¹
ã®åºãã«ã¯å人ã®ã€ãšã¹ã«é¢ããèŠæ¹ã®éçãè¶ããåããããããã®ãããªèŠè§£ã®éãã«ããè°è«ãå€ãã®çµæãçãã§ããããšãäºå®ã§ããã
äŒæ¿ã«ããã°ããã£ãšãæ©ãææã«æžãããã®ã¯ããŠãã®æçŽã§ãããæåŸã«æžãããã®ã¯äœ¿åŸãšããã®æžãããšããææžã§ãããšããã䜿åŸãšããã¯é·åœãã100幎ããæ»ãã ãšããäŒæ¿ãããããæäŒææžå€ã®èšŒæ ã¯ãªãã2äžçŽãã3äžçŽã®ããã¢ã¹ãã¢ã¬ã¯ãµã³ããªã¢ã®ã¯ã¬ã¡ã³ã¹ãããããªã¥ãã¹ã®èšŒèšãããšããææžã¯1äžçŽçµããã«äœ¿åŸãšããã«ãã£ãŠæç«ãããšããäŒçµ±çèŠè§£ãçãŸããããšã€ã¬ãã€ãªã¹ã¯185幎ã«ããã¿ã€çŠé³æžãšãã«ã³çŠé³æžã¯ããããšããŠããããŒãã«æ»åšäžã«æžãããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããããã«åŸããš60幎ããã«ãªãããã«ã«çŠé³æžãã¯ãããããããã«åŸã«æžããããšãããçŸä»£ã«ãããŠãã®ãããªäŒæ¿ãå€ä»£ã®èšŒèšãæ¯æããã®ã¯å°æ°æŽŸã§ããã
çŸä»£ã®å€ãã®èæžåŠè
ãã¡ã¯ããã€ãã®æžç°¡ãé€ãã°æ°çŽææžã®æç«ææã«é¢ããŠã¯æèŠã®äžèŽãèŠãŠãããããšãã°çŠé³æžã®æç«ææã§ãã£ãšãåºãåãå
¥ããããŠããã®ã¯ã65幎ãããæåã«ããã«ã³çŠé³æžãããããã¿ã€çŠé³æžãã70幎ãã85幎ã«ãããŠããã«ã«çŠé³æžãã80幎ãã95幎ã®éã«æç«ãããšãã説ã§ããã
æ°çŽææžã®äžã§ãã£ãšãæ©ãæžããããšãããã®ã¯ããŠãã®ããµããã±ã®ä¿¡åŸãžã®æçŽäžã§49幎ãããšèããããããŸããå°æ°æèŠã§ã¯ããããã¬ã©ãã€æžã«é¢ããŠã¯49幎ãšãã説ããããé«çæ¹è©ã§ã¯äœ¿åŸã®åãå ããå
¬åæžç°¡ã«ã€ããŠã¯70幎ãã150幎ã®éã«æç«ãããšèŠãããŠãããé«çæ¹è©ã®èŠè§£ã§ã¯æ°çŽææžã§ãã£ãšãé
ãæžãããã®ã¯ãããã®æçŽäºã§ãããšããèæžèªèº«ã䞻匵ãã䜿åŸãããã®èšè
æ§ã¯åŒ·ãçåèŠãããŠããã
å°æ°æèŠã ãããžã§ã³ã»ããã³ãœã³ã¯ãæ°çŽèæžã®æç«ãããã£ãŠã(Redating the New Testament, 1976幎)ã®äžã§ãæ°çŽææžã¯ãã¹ãŠçŽå
70幎以åã«æç«ãããšãã説ãå±ããããã®æ ¹æ ã¯ãããã¿ã€çŠé³æžã24:15-21ããã³ãã«ã«çŠé³æžã23:28-31ã«ãããŠã€ãšã¹ã«ãããšã«ãµã¬ã ç¥æ®¿åŽ©å£ãžã®é èšçèšåãèšèŒãããŠããã«ãããããããã®çµæãæžãããŠããªãããšããšããŠãããäžæ¹ã倿°èª¬ã¯ããã®äºã€ã®èšäºã¯ãç¥æ®¿åŽ©å£ãžã®äºèšçèšåããã£ãŠãäž¡çŠé³æžãç¥æ®¿åŽ©å£ã®ã®ã¡ã«æžãããããšãåæ ããŠãããšèããŠãã
1830幎代ããã€ãã»ãã¥ãŒãã³ã²ã³åŠæŽŸã®ç ç©¶è
ãã¡ã¯ãæ°çŽèæžãã3äžçŽåŸåã«æžããããšãã説ããšãªããããçŸä»£ãŸã§ã«çºèŠãããæå€ã®åæ¬ã®æçã¯125幎ãŸã§ããã®ãŒããäžã95å¹Žã«æžãããããŒãã®ã¯ã¬ã¡ã³ã¹ã®æžç°¡ã«ã¯ãæ°çŽèæžãã«å«ãŸãã10ã®æžç©ããåŒçšããŠããããšã§åŠå®ããããããã«120幎ã«ããªã¥ã«ã«ãã¹ã¯èæžã®16ã®æžç©ããåŒçšããŠããããããã®åŒçšã埮åŠã«ç°ãªã£ãŠããããšãããæ°çŽææžã¯åçããã£ãŠäœåºŠãæ¹èšãè¡ãããããšã§çŸä»£ã«äŒãã圢ã«ãªã£ãå¯èœæ§ãèããããŠããã
ãæ°çŽèæžãã¯åãããçŸåšã®ãããªæ£å
žãšããŠç»å Žããããã§ã¯ãªãã£ãããã§ã«æç¶ãã¡ã®ææžã«ãã£ãŠãæäŒå
ã§æ£å
žçã«èªãŸããææžçŸ€ã«ã¯äžå®ã®æ¯å¹
ããã£ãããšã¯ç¥ãããŠãããã20äžçŽã®ãã°ã»ãããã£åæ¬ã®çºèŠãªã©ã«ãããå代æäŒã®æä»£ã§ã¯ã䜿åŸã®æçŽãæ§ã
ãªçŠé³æžãé»ç€ºé²ãªã©ãçŸåšèæžã«å«ãŸããããã¯ããã«å€ãã®ææžãäœæãããŠããããšãããã£ãŠããã
ãããã®ææžã¯ç€Œæãä¿¡ä»°æè²ã«çšãããããæåã®æ°çŸå¹Žéã«ã¯ãããææžãæ£çµ±ãéæ£çµ±ãã¯å€§èŠæš¡ãªæäŒäŒè°ã§ã¯ãªãå°äººæ°ã°ã«ãŒãã®éäŒã§æ±ºå®ããããšæšå®ããããä¿¡ä»°ã°ã«ãŒãã«ããææ³ãç°ãªããèå
žã¯ã°ã«ãŒãããšã«ç°ãªã£ãŠããããšã ããããã®ããã«åæã®äžã€ã®äžçŽã§ã¯ãŸã ãæ°çŽèæžãã¯ç¢ºå®ããŠããããæ§ã
ãªèгç¹ããæžããã倿°ã®ææžãä¹±ç«ããŠãããšæšæž¬ãããã
ãã®äžã§2äžçŽãŸã§ã«ã¯ããã¿ã€ä»¥äžã®åçŠé³æžãšããŠãã®æžç°¡éãæåèŠãããŠãã£ãããä»ã®æžç©ã®åªå£ã¯æªç¢ºå®ã§ãã£ãã2äžçŽã®ãšã€ã¬ãã€ãªã¹ãšãã«ãã¥ãªã¢ãã¹ã¯ãåçŠé³æžãš13ã®ããŠãæžç°¡ãå«ãããã€ãã®äœ¿åŸæžç°¡ããéæã«ãã£ãŠæžããããã®ã§ããã©ã€èªã®æžç©(ãæ§çŽèæžã)ãšåã䟡å€ãæã€ãšããããã以å€ã®æžç©ã¯å°éãããŠã¯ããããäžè¬ã«ã¯ãæ°çŽèæžããšåãæš©åšããã€ãšã¯èããããŠãããããã£ãããšæ£å
žçŸ€ããã¯æé€ãããŠãã£ãã
ãæ°çŽèæžãæ£å
žã®ç¢ºå®äœæ¥ã¯ãã·ããã®ãã«ããªã³ã®ãæ£å
žãéžæäœæ¥ã«å§ãŸããåœŒã¯æ§çŽèæžãæé€ãããã«ã«çŠé³æžããšããŠãæžç°¡(ãããããç§äŒæžç°¡ã3éãé€ã)ã®ã¿ããæ£å
žããšãã(ãã ããæ§çŽã®åŒçšãªã©ãåé€ãããã«ããªã³ã®ç·šéã«ãããã®ã§ãã)ããšããããã«ããªã³ã«åŸã£ããã®ã¯å€ãã¯ãªããããã«åœŒèªèº«ãç°ç«¯ãšããŠæé€ãããŠããŸããåææã«å€ä»£æäŒå
ã§ãæ£å
žåã®è°è«ãæ¬æ Œåãããšæšå®ãããã200幎é ã«ã¯ãã ã©ããªæçããšããããæ£å
žãªã¹ããäœæãããããã®ã ã©ããªæçã®æ£å
žè¡šã¯ãçŸä»£ã®ãæ°çŽèæžããšã»ãŒåãã§ããããçŸåšã§ã¯å€å
žã§ããããœãã¢ã³ã®ç¥æµããšããããã®é»ç€ºé²ããå«ãŸããã
çŸä»£ã®ãæ°çŽèæžãã®ææžãšäžèŽããææžè¡šãã¯ãããŠçŸããã®ã¯ã¢ã¬ã¯ãµã³ããªã¢ã®ã¢ã¿ãã·ãªã¹ã®367å¹Žã®æžç°¡ã§ãã(ãã¢ã¿ãã·ãªã¹ã®ç¬¬39åŸ©æŽ»ç¥æžç°¡ã)ããã®æçŽã®äžã«æžãããææžçŸ€ãæ°çŽèæžæ£å
žãšããŠäžå¿ã®ç¢ºå®ãèŠãã®ã¯397幎ã®ç¬¬3åã«ã«ã¿ãŽæäŒäŒè°ã«ãããŠã§ãã£ããããããã®äŒè°ã«ãããŠããã€ã³ãã®æçŽããšããšããã®é»ç€ºé²ãã®æ±ãã«ã€ããŠã¯æ±ºçããªãã£ããææãé£ãã§16äžçŽã宿æ¹é©è
ãã«ãã£ã³ã»ã«ã¿ãŒã¯ãããããŠãã€ã³ãã®æçŽããããŠãã®æçŽãããããã©ã€äººãžã®æçŽããããšããã®é»ç€ºé²ãã®æ±ãã«ã€ããŠè°è«ãæèµ·ãã(æçµçã«ã¯æé€ãããªãã£ã)ãçŸä»£ã§ããã€ãèªã®ã«ã¿ãŒèæžã¯ãããã®æžç©ãæåŸã«ãŸãšããŠããã®ã¯ãã®åæ®ã§ããããã®ãããªå®ææ¹é©è
ã®åããåããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã¯ããªãšã³ãå
¬äŒè°ã«ãããŠäœãæ£å
žããšããããšãå確èªããŠããã
ãæ°çŽèæžãã®ã®ãªã·ã¢èªããã¹ãã¯å€ãã®ååçã«ãã£ãŠæžãåãããåŸäžã«äŒãã£ãã忬ã¯å€ä»£ã§ã¯å·»ç©(ã¹ã¯ããŒã«)ã®åœ¢ããšã£ãŠãããããããŠã³ããã¯ã¹(å忬)ã®åœ¢åŒãäž»æµãšãªã£ãããæ°çŽèæžãã®ã®ãªã·ã¢èªããã¹ããšäžèšã§èšã£ãŠãå€ãã®ç°åãå«ããã®ã倿°ãããããããç ç©¶ã»åé¡ãããšããã€ãã®ã¿ã€ãã«åããããšãã§ããããã®ãããªã¿ã€ãããåããšãããããããäžã®ãããªã«ããŽãªãŒã«åããã
çŸä»£ã®ãæ°çŽèæžãã®ç¿»èš³ã¯ã培åºããæ¯èŒã»ç ç©¶ã«ãã£ãŠåçŸãããããåæã«è¿ãããã¹ããçšããŠè¡ãããããã£ãšãä¿¡é Œæ§ã®é«ãããã¹ããšãããŠããã®ãªã·ã¢èªæ¹å€çèæžã¯ãæ ¡èšè
ã®ååããšã£ãŠããã¹ãã¬ã»ã¢ãŒã©ã³ãããšåŒã°ããŠããã
ãã¹ããªãŠã¹æŽŸã®ããªã¹ãæ(æ¯æ)ããæµè¡ããããšèšãããäžåœã®åä»£ã«æŒ¢èš³èæžããã£ãããšã¯ç¢ºãã§ããããããæ¥æ¬ã«ãäŒãã£ããšãã説ããããè£ã¥ããšãªãäºå®ã¯ãªãã
æ¥æ¬ãžæåã«æ°çŽèæžããããããã®ã¯1549å¹Žã«æ¥æ¥ãããã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³ã»ã¶ããšã«ã§ããã圌ã¯åšé²ã®å€§å倧å
æ°ã«å¯ŸããŠæºããèæžãšæ³šéæžã瀺ããããã®äžã«ããããã®èãªãæããå
šéšå«ãŸããŠããããšèªã£ããšããããããŠåæä»£ã®è¥¿æŽäººã®èšŒèšã«ããã°1613幎ãŸã§ã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ãããèæžã京éœã§åºçãããŠããããããããã®åŸæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯å®£æåž«ã远æŸãããŠããªã¹ãæã匟å§ãããããšãããããã®èæžã¯æçããæ®ã£ãŠãããã仿¥ã«äŒããã®ã¯æçŸ©æžãå
žç€Œæžãªã©ã«äœ¿ãããäžéšã®ç¿»èš³èå¥ã ãã§ããã
19äžçŽã«ãªããšæ¥æ¬ã«å
¥åœã§ããªããããã¹ã¿ã³ãã®å®£æåž«ãã¡ããäžåœã§æŒ¢èš³èæžãåç
§ããªããæ¥æ¬èªèš³ãéå§ããããã®æ¹æ³ã¯éåœçŽåŸã«æ¥æ¥ãæããã宣æåž«ãã¡ã«ãåŒãç¶ãããããã£ãšãæåãªã®ã¯ããã³ã«ãã1872å¹Žã®æ°çŽèæžç¿»èš³ã§ãããã
ããã³ã¯ãã®åŸãåšæ¥ã®å®£ææäŒãã«åŒã³ãããŠç¿»èš³å§å¡ç€ŸäžãçµæããŠ1880å¹Žã«æ°çŽèæžã1887幎ã«ã¯æ§çŽèæžã宿ããããææ²»å
èš³ãšåŒã¶ãæ°çŽèæžã¯ãã®åŸ1917å¹Žã«æ¹èš³ãããããã¯å€§æ£æ¹èš³ãšåŒã°ããŠãããææ²»å
èš³ãå€§æ£æ¹èš³ãä»åœãšåæ§ã«åºçã¯è±åœå€åœèæžåäŒãåç±³èæžæäŒãåè±èæžåäŒã§ãããæ¥æ¬ç€ŸäŒã®äžã«åºãæ®åããããã®åŸãæ¥æ¬èæžåäŒãèšç«ããã第2次äžç倧æŠåŸã«æ§æ°çŽèæžã®å£èªè𳿹å®ãè¡ããã(æ°çŽã1954å¹Žãæ§çŽã1955幎)ãä»ã«ãå£èªèš³èæžã¯å€ãååšããããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯èæžåäŒã®ãã®èš³ãå£èªèš³ãšåŒã¶ã
äžçåå°ã§è¡ãããã®ãšåæ§ã«ããããèæžåäŒç³»ã®ç¿»èš³ã¯ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãç³»ã®äºæ¥ã§ãããã«ããªãã¯æäŒãæ£æäŒã¯ãŸãå¥ã®æ¥æ¬èªèš³èæžãçšããŠãããããã20äžçŽåŸåã«ãªã£ãŠäžççã«ãšãã¥ã¡ããºã ã®æµããé²ã¿ãã«ããªãã¯ãšãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã®å
±åã§ã®èæžç¿»èš³äœæ¥ãè¡ãããããã«ãªã£ããæ¥æ¬ã§ããã®åããåããŠè«žææŽŸã代衚ããèæžåŠè
ãã¡ãçµéãã1978å¹Žã«æ°çŽèæžã®ã¿ã§ããããå
±åèš³èæžã®çºè¡ãè¡ãããããã®å
±åèš³ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æ¹å€çæèŠãçžæ¬¡ããå翻蚳ãè¡ãããŠ1987å¹Žã«æ°å
±åèš³èæžãçºè¡ããããããã¯æ°çŽã»æ§çŽã«å ãããããã¹ã¿ã³ãç³»èæžã§ã¯åŸæ¥å«ãŸããŠããªãã£ãææžçŸ€ãæ§çŽèæžç¶ç·šãšããŠå«ãã§ãããçŸåšãæ¥æ¬ã®ããªã¹ãæäŒã«ãããŠãã£ãšãåºãçšããããŠããã®ããã®æ°å
±åèš³èæžã§ãããæ°å
±åèš³èæžã«ã¯ããŒãã»ã«ããªãã¯ã®è§£éãšèš³èªãåæ ãããŠããã
仿¹ãæ¥æ¬æ£æäŒã§ã¯æ¥åžžçã«ã¯èæžåäŒèš³ãçšãããã®ã®ãå¥ç¥ç€Œã«ãããŠã¯çŸåšãèªæŽŸã®èš³ã§ããæ¥æ¬æ£æäŒèš³èæžãçšããŠããã
ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã®ãã¡èæžä¿¡ä»°ã®æäŒã«ãã£ãŠèš³ãããæ°æ¹èš³èæžã¯ããšãã¥ã¡ãã«ã«æŽŸã«å¯Ÿæ¯ãããçŠé³æŽŸã®ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã§ãã䜿ãããŠãããæ°æ¹èš³ã¯æèªèš³èæžä»¥æ¥ã®æ¥æ¬ã®ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã®èš³èªãç¶æ¿ããŠããããŸãçŠé³æŽŸã«ããèš³ãšããŠã¯çŸä»£èš³èæžãããã
ãã®ä»ã«ããåºçãããæ¥æ¬èªèæžã¯å€æ°ååšããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8
|
5,938 |
æ¥æ¬ã®ä»æ
|
æ¥æ¬ã®ä»æ(ã«ã»ãã®ã¶ã£ããã)ã¯ã5äžçŽã«çœœè³åœãããããããããšãã説ãã西æŠ538幎(æ¥æ¬æžçŽã§ã¯552幎)ã«çŸæžãããããããããšãã説ãªã©ãããããå®æŽŸã«ããäŒæ¥ææãäŒæ¥å
ã®å°åãç°ãªãã
2013幎ã®çµ±èšã§ã¯çŽ8470äžäººã仿åŸã§ãããšããããçŸä»£ã§ã¯ã仿ãšç¥éã¯åºå¥ãããããšãå€ããã广«ãŸã§ã¯ä»ãšç¥ãäžäœã§äžå¯åãšããç¥ä»ç¿åãšåŒã°ããèŠæ¹ããã£ãã
äŒçµ±çãªä»æã®å®æŽŸã¯æŒ¢èš³çµå
žãçšãã倧ä¹ä»æã§ãè¯å³å®ãæ³çžå®ãåŸå®ãçèšå®ã倩å°å®ãæ¥è®å®ãæµåå®ãæµåçå®ãèé念ä»å®ãæå®ãæ¹æŽå®ãèšæžå®ã黿ªå®ã®13å®ãããã
æååºã®å®æå¹Žéã®çµ±èšã«ãããšãçŸåšã®æ¥æ¬ã®ä»æåŸã®å€§åã¯ããããéå仿ã«å±ããæµåæç³»(æµåå®åã³æµåçå®)ã®å®æŽŸãšæ¥è®å®ç³»ã®å®æŽŸãç¹ã«å€§ããªå²åãå ããŠããã
æ¥æ¬ã«ã¯ãçŽ7äž5000ã®å¯ºé¢ã30äžäœä»¥äžã®ä»åãååšãããæ¥æ¬æå€ã®å®å¯ºã§ããå倩ç寺ãäžçæå€ã®æšé 寺é¢ã§ããæ³é寺ããããæå€ã®ä»å
žå€ææžãæ¥æ¬ã«ååšããã
æ¥æ¬ã¯2013幎ã®çµ±èšã§ã¯çŽ8470äžäººã仿åŸã§ãããšããã ãäžæ¹ãçŸä»£ã®æ¥æ¬äººã¯ç¹å®ã®ä¿¡ä»°å®æãå®æèŠ³ãæã£ãŠããããèªãã仿åŸãšåŒ·ãæèããæ©äŒãå°ãªã人ãå€ãããããªã¿ãã«åœé幎éã®2013幎床çã§ã¯99%ã®æ¥æ¬äººãåºçŸ©ã®ä»æåŸãšãããŠããã
2008幎ã®ISSPåœéæ¯èŒèª¿æ»[宿](NHKæŸéæåç ç©¶æ)ã«ãããšã宿ãä¿¡ä»°ããŠãã人ã¯ç·æ§ã®å Žå40代ã§19%ã§ãããã®ã50代ã§41%ãšæ¥æ¿ã«æ°å€ãäžæãã女æ§ã®å Žå30代ã®28%ãã40代ã§39%ãšæ¥äžæããçµæãåºãŠãããç·æ§ã¯èŠªã®è¬åãä¿¡ä»°å¿ãæã€ãã£ããã«ãªãããããšãããã
æ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã«ã¯æ°å€ãã®æ§ã
ãªå®æŽŸãååšãããåå
«å®ãšåŒã°ãã18ã®å®æŽŸã¯ãäžè«å®ã»æ³çžå®ã»è¯å³å®ã»åŸå®ã»å¶èå®ã»æå®å®ã»å€©å°å®ã»çèšå®ã»èé念ä»å®ã»æµåå®ã»èšæžå®ã»æ¹æŽå®ã»æµåçå®ã»æ¥è®å®ã»æå®ã»æ®åå®ã»é»æªå®ã»ä¿®éšå®ã§ããã
1940幎ã®å®æå£äœæ³å
¬åžä»¥åã«ã¯ãããã13å®56掟ãå
¬èªãããŠããã13å®ãšã¯è¯å³å®ãæ³çžå®ãåŸå®ãçèšå®ã倩å°å®ãæ¥è®å®ãæµåå®ãæµåçå®ãèé念ä»å®ãæå®ãæ¹æŽå®ãèšæžå®ã黿ªå®ã§ãããåæ³å
¬åžåŸãããã13å®56掟ã¯28å®æŽŸã«åç·šãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡å€§æŠåŸã¯ããã«å掟ç¬ç«ãããã®ãå€ãããäŒçµ±ä»æã®13å®ã®ç³»èã¯ããããçŸä»£ã«åŒãç¶ãããŠããã
ããã§ã¯ããããäŒçµ±ä»æ13å®ã®å®ç¥ãšæ¬å±±ãèšèŒããããã以å€ã®å®ãæŽŸãæ¯èŒçè¿å¹Žã«æç«ããä»æç³»ã®æ°å®æã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããããã®é
ãåç
§ã
å¥è¯ä»æç³»(åéœå
å®ç³»)
å¹³å®ä»æ(å¹³å®äºå®)ç³»ã»å¯æç³»
æ³è¯ç³»(éå仿æ³è¯ç³»)
æµåç³»(éå仿æµåç³»)
çŠ
å®ç³»(éå仿çŠ
ç³»)
äŒçµ±ä»æ13å®ã¯ãããã倧ä¹ä»æã§ãããä¿¡è
æ°ã»èŠæš¡ãšããŠã¯ã éå仿(æµåå®ã»æµåçå®ãæ¥è®å®ãçŠ
å®)ã倧å¢ãå ãããããããéå仿ã¯ãæ³è¯çµãæ ¹æ¬çµå
žãšããªãããä»çµå
žã坿ãŸã§å€§ä¹ä»æãåºãåãå
¥ãã倩å°å®(å»¶æŠå¯º)ãæ¯äœãšããŠ(ãããã¯ãã®åœ±é¿äžã§)èªçã»çºå±ãããã®ã§ããããŸãããã®å€©å°å®ã®éç¥ã§ããææŸã¯ãäžçµçŸ©çã§æ³è¯çµãéãããè埳倪åã®åœ±é¿ã®äžã§ãæ³è¯çµãæ ¹æ¬çµå
žãšãã(äžåœã®)倩å°å®ã«åŸåãããšãããŠããããã®ãããªã€ãªããã®äžã«ãè埳倪åããææŸãçµãŠãéå仿ããçŸåšã«è³ããŸã§ã®ãæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã®å€§ããªæœ®æµãèŠãããšãã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã®å
å€ãããã«ãããŠãã倧ä¹ä»æã§ã¯ãåºå®¶è
ã®ã¿ãªããåšå®¶è
ãå«ããäžåã®è¡çã®ææžãæ²ããããæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æãç¹ã«ãå¹³å®äºå®(倩å°å®ãçèšå®)ãšéå仿ã§ã¯ããå±±å·èæšææä»æ§(æä»)ããšã衚çŸãããããã«ã人éã®ã¿ãªãããåç©ãæ€ç©ãæŽã«ã¯å±±å·ãšãã£ãç¡æ©ã®èªç¶ãŸã§ã仿§ãå
å
ããŠãããšã®äžçèŠ³ãæŠãå
±éããŠããç¹ã«ç¹è²ããããããã¯ãä»æäŒæ¥åããæ¥æ¬ã«æ ¹ä»ããŠããèªç¶ä¿¡ä»°(ã¢ãããºã )ã仿ã«åæ ãããã®ãšãããŠããããã®éçšãšããŠã¯ãç¹ã«ãæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã®è»¢ææãšãªã£ãå¹³å®äºå®(倩å°å®ãçèšå®)ããããããç¥ãæ»è
(éé)ã®ããå ŽæãšãããŠãããå±±ããæ¬æ ãšããã山岳仿ããšãªã£ãããšã倧ããªåœ±é¿ãäžãããšã®ææã®ã»ããå¹³å®äºå®ãã®ãã®ã®èªç¶ä¿¡ä»°ãšã®èŠªåæ§ãã€ãŸãã倪éœç¥èµ·æºã®å€§æ¥åŠæ¥ãä¿¡ä»°ã®äžå¿ã«æ®ãããªã©èªç¶ä¿¡ä»°ãå
ã
ç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠããçèšå®ã¯ãã¡ããã®ããšã倩å°å®ã«ãããŠããæ ¹æ¬çµå
žã§ããæ³è¯çµãææžã®å¹³çæ§ã匷調ãããã®ã§ãããããäžç©ãå¹³çã«ä»æ§ãæãããšã®ææ³ãšèŠªåçã§ãã£ããšã®ææããããŠããã
ãŸããææ²»ç¶æ°ã«ãã匷å¶çãªç¥ä»åé¢ãè¡ããã以åã¯ãç¥éã®ç¥ãšä»ã¯äžäœã§æ··æ·ããä¿¡ä»°äœç³»ã§ãã£ã(詳现ã¯ãç¥ä»ç¿åããåç
§)ãæ¥æ¬ã«ä»æãäŒæ¥ããã®ã¯ãæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã«ãããšãé£é³¥æä»£ã552幎ãšãããä»ã¯æ°æ¥ã®ãç¥ããšããŠæ¬ãããã6äžçŽæ«ã«ã¯æ¢ã«ç¥å®®å¯ºã建ç«ãããšãããæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã¯åœåããç¥ãšä»ã¯åããã®ãšããŠä¿¡ä»°ãããŠããããã®çŽ æŽãªèŠ³å¿µã¯æ¬å°å迹説ãšããŠçè«åããããããã«æ¥æ¬å²ã«ãããç»æãšãªã£ãæŠåœæä»£ã«ã¯ã倩鿿³ã«ããã諞å®ã¯ã²ãšã€ããšããçµ±äžçæ çµã¿ã圢æãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ãã®ããã«æ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®æåçã»ç²Ÿç¥çåå£ã®äžã§ãåºæã®å±éã»çºå±ãéãããã®ã§ãã€ã³ãã§é迊ã®èª¬ããåæä»æãšæ§çžãç°ã«ããŠããããšã¯åŠå®ã§ããªããäžæ¹ã§ãäŸãã°ã芪éžã®ä»åææ³ãæ¥æ¬ã«ãããçŠ
å®ã®å±éã»æµžéã«ã€ããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®ç²Ÿç¥çåå£ã仿ãéããŠé¡çŸãããã®ã§ãããšãããªã©ãçãæå³ã§ã®ä»æã®å£æ ¹ãè¶
ãã圢ã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã®æçŸ©ã»äŸ¡å€ãç©æ¥µçã«èŠåºãããšããèšèª¬ãããã
ãŸããæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ç€ŸäŒã»æåå
šäœã«æåœ¢ç¡åœ¢ã®åœ±é¿ãäžããŠãããã®ã§ã宿以å€ã®åéãžã®ææ³ç圱é¿ã®äŸãšããŠãçŠ
å®ã®ç²Ÿç¥ãåãå
¥ãããšãããè¶éãªã©ã®äŒçµ±æåãããã»ããè¿çŸä»£ã«ãããŠããæ¥æ¬ã®ä»æææ³ãåæ ãããå¿ççæ³ãšãããæ£®ç°çæ³ãæãããããšãšãã«ãæ²³åéŒéã«ãã£ãŠæ¥æ¬ã«æ®åããããšãŒãããçºç¥¥ã®ãŠã³ã°å¿çåŠã«åºã¥ãå¿ççæ³ã®éçšã«ãããŠãããæ¥æ¬äººã®æ·±å±€å¿çãžã®ä»æã®åœ±é¿ãè²æ¿ãèŠåºãããããã仿ã®ç¥èŠã»èŠç¹ã倧倿çšã§ããæšã®ææããããŠããããŸããçŸä»£ã«ãããŠã¯ã仿ã«ãããçæ³ã»çŠ
å®ã®ææ³ãåºç€ãšãã€ã€é宿çãªçæ³ææ³ãšããŠäœç³»ç«ãŠããã€ã³ããã«ãã¹ããé仿åœããæ¥æ¬ã«ç޹ä»ããããšããé茞å
¥ã®çŸè±¡ãçããŠããã
ä»éã説ããå
ã
ã®åæä»æã¯ã人éã¯ãªãèŠããã®ããšã®åããåæçã«è§£æããäžã§ãèŠãã¿ããè§£æŸãããæ¹æ³ãæç€ºãããã®ã§ããããã®åŸã«æ§ã
ãªåœã»å°åã§å€æ§ãªå±éãèŠãã仿åå®æŽŸããäžçèŠ³ãææžèŠ³ã»æ¹æ³è«ã®éããããããã®ã®ãçèç
æ»ãã¯ãããšããèŠãã¿ããã®è§£æŸãç®çãšããããšã§ã¯æ¬æ¥å
±éããŠãããããããçŸä»£ã®æ¥æ¬ã®ä»æã¯ãè¬åŒä»æãšã®èšèã«è±¡åŸŽãããããã«ã倧åã®äººã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãè¬åŒãã¯ãããšããæ»åŸã®æ³èŠã»ååŒãè¡ãååšã§ãããªããä»ææ¬æ¥ã®åœ¹å²ãæããããšã¯ã»ãšãã©ã§ããŠããªããšããææãããã
ãã®ãããªèª²é¡ã»çŸç¶ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ã仿çããããæ»ãšããæãéãã©ã€ãã€ãã³ãã«ãããŠä»æãæãããŠãã圹å²ãè¯å®çã«æãã€ã€ããããã«ãšã©ãŸãããšãªããçµæ«å»çã«ãããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ã±ã¢ãçœå®³ãªã©ã®éºæã«å¯Ÿããã°ãªãŒãã±ã¢ãé·å¯¿åœã»é«éœ¢å瀟äŒã«ãããèããžã®åãåãæ¹ãã€ãªãããåžèåããå°å瀟äŒã«ãããŠäº€æµã»é£æºæ ç¹ã«ãªããªã©ãçŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã«ãããŠä»æã ããããæããããšã®ã§ãã圹å²ãç©æ¥µçã«èŠåºããŠããããšããåããèŠãããã»ããåæä»æã»äžåº§éšä»æã»ãããã仿ãªã©ã§ã®åºå®¶è
ã®éãŸãã§ããå§äŒœ(ããã)ãã¢ãã«ã«ã人çã«è¡ãè©°ã£ãéã«äŸ¡å€èгããªã»ããããå Žæ(ã»ãŒããã£ããã)ãšããŠã®åœ¹å²ãæå±ããæèŠãããã
ãæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã«ãããšã仿ãäŒæ¥ããã®ã¯é£é³¥æä»£ã552幎(欜æå€©ç13幎)ã«çŸæžã®èç(èæç)ã«ããé迊ä»ã®éé
åãšçµè«ä»ãç®äžãããæã ãšãããŠãããããããçŸåšã§ã¯ãäžå®®è埳æ³çåžèª¬ã(è埳倪åã®äŒèš)ã®ãå¿çžå³¶å€©çåŸ¡äž æå幎åæåäºæ¥ãããå
è寺䌜èçžèµ·ã(å
èå¯ºã®æãç«ã¡ã»å€é·ãèšè¿°ãããã®)ã®ã倩忡æ¥å²å»£åºå€©çäžå¹Žæ³æååäºæããæ ¹æ ã«538幎(æå幎ã宣å倩ç3幎)ã«ä»æãäŒãããããšèãã人ãå€ãããã§ãããæŽå²ã®æç§æžã«ã¯ãã¡ãã®å¹Žå·ãèŒã£ãŠããããã®ä»ã«ã¯ãæ¢æžãã«ãããšãæ¶æ¡ã§ã¯å€§æ2幎(458幎)ã«çœœè³åœããå§ãæ¥ãŠä»æãããããããšãããããæ¶æ¡ãæ¥æ¬ãæããŠãããšã¯ç¢ºå®ããŠããªãã
ãæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã«ã¯ä»æãäŒæ¥ããéã«ãèµ·ããéšåã«ã€ããŠãèšãããŠãããæ¬œæå€©çãã仿ãä¿¡ä»°ã®å¯åŠã«ã€ããŠçŸ€è£ã«åããæãç©éšå°ŸèŒ¿ãšäžè£éåã(ç¥éå¢å)ã¯ä»æã«å察ãããäžæ¹ãèæçš²ç®ã¯ã西åœã§ã¯çã仿ãä¿¡ããŠãããæ¥æ¬ãã©ãããŠä¿¡ããªãã§ããããã(ã西è諞åäžç犮ä¹,è±ç§æ¥æ¬è±çšèä¹ã)ãšããŠã仿ã«åž°äŸããããšèšã£ãã®ã§ã倩çã¯çš²ç®ã«ä»åãšçµè«ä»ãäžãäžãããçš²ç®ã¯ç§éžã寺ãšããŠä»åãæãã ããã®åŸãç«ç
ãæµè¡ããšã尟茿ãã¯ãå€åœããæ¥ãç¥(ä»)ãæãã ã®ã§ãåœæŽ¥ç¥ã®æããè²·ã£ãã®ã (ãææ¥äžé è£èš èŽæ¯ç
æ» ä»äžé è埩 å¿
ç¶ææ
¶ 宿©ææ£ ææ±åŸçŠã)ãšããŠã寺ãçŒãä»åã飿³¢ã®å æ±ã«æšãŠãã
ãã®åŸã仿ã®å¯åŠãå·¡ãäºãã¯ç©éšå°ŸèŒ¿ã»èæçš²ç®ã®åäŸé(ç©éšå®å±ãšèæéЬå)ã®ä»£ã«ãŸã§æã¡è¶ãããäžæªã®ä¹±ã§ç©éšæ°ãè¡°éãããŸã§ç¶ããããã®æŠãã¯äžæçã«èææ°åŽãäžå©ãšãªããã銬ååŽã«åæŠããŠããè埳倪åãå倩çã«é¡ããããŠæŠã«åãŠãããã«ç¥ãããã®éãã«ãªã£ãäºããææŽ¥åœã«å倩ç寺(倧éªåžå€©ç寺åº)ã建ç«ããã銬åã諞倩çã»å€§ç¥çãã¡ã«é¡ããããæŠåã®æã«ã¯ã諞倩çã»å€§ç¥çã®ããã«å¯ºå¡ã建ãŠãŠäžå®ãåºããããšãèªã£ãããã®ããã銬åã¯æ³è寺(å¥åé£é³¥å¯ºãå¥è¯ã«ç§»ã£ãŠããã¯å
è寺)ã建ç«ãããè埳倪åã¯ãæ³è¯çµãã»ãç¶æ©çµãã»ãåé¬çµãã®äžã€ã®çµã®è§£èª¬æž(ãäžçµçŸ©çã)ãæžãããåäžæ¡æ²æ³ãã®ç¬¬äºæ¡ã«ãã節(ãã€ã)ãäžå®ãæ¬ãž äžå¯¶ãšã¯äœ(ã»ãšã) æ³(ã®ã)å§(ã»ãã)ãªãã(ã節æ¬äžå¯¶ äžå¯¶è
äœ æ³ å§ä¹ã)ãšæžããªã©ã仿ã®å°å
¥ã«ç©æ¥µçãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã®åŸã仿ã¯åœå®¶é®è·ã®éå
·ãšãªããç宀èªã寺ã建ãŠãããã«ãªã£ãã
倩æŠå€©çã¯å€§å®å€§å¯º(åŸã®å€§å®å¯º)ã建ãŠãæçµ±å€©çã¯è¬åž«å¯ºã建ãŠãããã®ãããªåãã¯èæŠå€©çã®æã«é ç¹ã«éããã
çŸæžããã¯ä»æãšå¯ºé¢å»ºç¯ã®ããã«çŠãªã©ã®å»ºç¯æè¡ãäŒãã£ããæåã«æ¡çšãããã®ã¯é£é³¥å¯ºã§ããã7äžçŽãããŸã§ã¯ä»æå¯ºé¢ã®ã¿ã«çšããããŠããã
æ¥æ¬ãžã®å
¬çãªä»æäŒæ¥ã¯ã欜ææã®ããšãšããŠééãã¯ãªãããå
¬äŒä»¥åã®æ°éã«ãŒãã§ã®ä»æäŒæ¥ãæ³å®ã§ãããããªãã¡ãç§äŒã説ã§ãããæ¬œææä»¥åã®ä»æäŒæ¥ã®æ ¹æ ãšããã岿ã«ãæ¶æ¡ç¥èšãèšäºãããããæ¶æ¡ç¥èšãèšäºã¯ãããšãåç°å¯ºçžèµ·ãã«èšãããå»¶æŠå¯ºå§ãçŠ
å²èšãããã«ãå€§æ¥æ¬åœæ³è¯éšèšãã«åŒçšããããã®ã«ããæ¶æ¡ç¥èšããäŸæ ããããç¶äœå€©çåå
幎壬å¯
(522幎)æ¥äºæã«æž¡æ¥ããåžéЬéçãã倧ååœé«åžé¡åç°åã«èå ãçµã³ãæ¬å°ãå®çœ®ããŠãåž°äŸç€Œæãããšãããäžäººããããã倧åã®ç¥ããªããšåŒãã ãšãããçŸæžã®çæããæ¥æ¬ã®çæãžãšããå
¬äŒä»¥åã«ãäžåœç³»æž¡æ¥äººã«ãã£ãŠä»æãæ¢ã«äŒããããŠããããŸããæ¬œææä»¥åã®ä»æäŒæ¥ã«ã€ããŠããæ¥æ¬åœçŸå ±åæªéç°èšãã«ãæé倩ç代ã«å€§éšå±æ éå€é£ãåæ³åœã®æµ·äžãããé¹éã«åœããæ¥ ããçºèŠããŠãããã§ä»åãå¶äœããããšçåã«äžå¥ãããšãããçåã¯ãé¡ãµæã«äŸãã¹ãããšèš±å¯ããããã§å€§éšå±æ éå€é£ã¯èæéЬåã«ãã®ããšãåãããšãããèæéЬåã¯æ± èŸºçŽæ°·ç°ãè«ããŠãä»è©è©ã®äžè»ã®åããé ãããåãè±æµŠå¯ºã«çœ®ãã諞人ãä»°ãæ¬ã£ããšãããå»ä»æŽŸã®ç©éšå®å±ãããã»ããä»ã®åãåœã®å
ã«çœ®ãã¹ãããããªã»é ãæ£ãŠéããããä»åœå®¶ã«çœèµ·ãã¯ãé£ã®åœã®å®¢ç¥ã®åãå·±ãåœã®å
ã«çœ®ãã«å ããŠãªããæ¯ã®å®¢ç¥ã®åãåºããŠéå¿œã«æ£ãŠãè±åœã«æµãããšäž»åŒµããããã®ãè±åœããä¹å·ã®è±åœãšããã°ã倧åãžã®å
¬äŒä»¥åã«è±åœã«ä»æãäŒãã£ãŠããŠã倧åã®äººã
ããä¹å·ãç¹æ®ãªå°åãšããŠèªèããŠãããšã¿ãããšãã§ããããŸããè±åœãã«ã€ããŠãçšæå€©çãç
æ°ã«ãªã£ãæã«ãæãäžå®ã«åž°ãããšæãµãå¿éè°ãããšè¿°ã¹ããšãããç©éšå®å±ãšäžè£åæµ·ããäœãåœç¥ãèããŠãä»ç¥ãæ¬ã³ããç±æ¥ãæ¯ã®è¥ãäºãèããããšäž»åŒµãã察ããŠèæéЬåããè©ã«éã²ãŠå©ãå¥ãã¹ããè©ãç°ãªãèšãçããããšåè«ããæã«ç©Žç©éšçåããè±åœæ³åž«ããåŒãŠãå
è£ã«å
¥ã£ããšããããã®ãè±åœæ³åž«ããåºæåè©ã§ãªãããè±åœãã®æ³åž«ãšèãããªãã°ããè±åœãã¯ä»æãšé¢ä¿æ·±ãåœã§ãã£ãããšãåŠå®ã§ããªãããŸããä¹å·ã®ä¿®éšéã®è¡å ŽãšããŠã§æåãªåœŠå±±ã®éåµã«ã€ããŠäžåœåéå§ã»åæ£ããä»æãæ¥æ¬ã«åŒãããããæž¡æµ·ããŠä¹å·å岞ã«å°çãããšãããæš¹æšã§ãããããæ¥åå±±(圊山)ã®ç§éºãªå§¿ã«å¿ã²ãããç³å®€ãé ã£ãŠäœãããšã«ãªããããã圊山ã®éæ³å¯ºã®ã¯ããŸããšããããã®å¹Žã¯531幎ã§ãããããã«ã4äžçŽãªãã5äžçŽãšæšå®ãããå
šåœåå°ã®å€å¢³ããåºåããæŒ¢åŒé¡ã«ãéæã®ç¥ä»ãšç°ãªãä»åã衚çŸãããŠããé¡ãå«ãŸããŠããããšãªã©ãããå
¬äŒä»¥åã®ä»æäŒæ¥ãæ³å®åºæ¥ãã
ãæ°Žé¡ãã«ç¶äœå€©çæ²»äžäžã«å(ãããã)ãã仿ãäŒæ¥ãã以äžã®èšäºãããã
ç¶äœå€©çæä»£ã«ä»æã®æž¡æ¥ã瀺ããŠãããããã®å¹Žæã¯èšãããŠããããç¶äœå€©ç埡治äžã«ãååããä»æãæž¡ã£ãããšãäŒããŠãããäžæ¹ããæ°Žé¡ãã®èè
ã¯äžå±±å¿ 芪ãšãããããã¯æºé
é Œã®äœãšãããããäžå±±å¿ 芪ã¯å»ºä¹
å
幎(1195幎)ã«æºé
é Œã¯å»ºä¹
å
幎(1190幎)ã«èšå»ããŠãããç¶äœå€©çæ²»äžäžã®ååããã®æž¡æ¥ãšããŠããåŸä»£ã®å²æã§ããããšã¯æ³šæãèŠããã
äžåœãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»æã®çºå±ã«äŒŽãåŸä»€æ³ã®äžã«å§å°Œã®çµ±å¶(仿ãã®ãã®ã®çµ±å¶ã§ã¯ãªã)ãå®ããæ³ä»€(å§å°Œä»€)ãå°å
¥ããããã ããäžåœã§ã¯ã仿ã®åºå®¶ããå®¶ãã®ç§©åºãç Žå£ãããªã©ãåæè«çã«åããªããšãã迫害ãããã®ã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯é®è·åœå®¶ã®çºæ³ã®äžãå§å°Œä»€ãå§ç¶±ã»åºŠçå¶åºŠãå°å
¥ãããŠå®åçµç¹ã®äžå¡ãšãŸã§åããã®ã¯è峿·±ãããšã ãšèšãã(å§æ£ã»å§éœãªã©ã¯åŸä»€å¶ã§å®ããããå§å®)ããã£ãšãããããçµ±å¶ã«ã€ããŠåœå®¶ã建ç«ããå®å¯ºãšãã以å€ã®è²Žæãæ°è¡ã«ãã£ãŠå»ºãŠãããæ°é寺é¢(ç§å¯º)ãšã§ã¯æž©åºŠå·®ããã£ããšããããåŸè
ã«å¯Ÿããçµ±å¶ãã©ããŸã§è¡ãããŠãããã«ã€ããŠã¯æèŠãåãããŠããã
ããããåéœå
å®ãšåŒã°ãããäžè«å®ãæå®å®ãæ³çžå®ãå¶èå®ãåŸå®ãè¯å³å®ãªã©ã倧å¢ã極ããããŸããèæŠå€©çã¯äœãåè¬å€©çã«è²ããåºå®¶ãããèæŠã¯åŠ»ã®å
æçåã®åœ±é¿ããä¿¡ä»°ã«åããåœå寺ãåœå尌寺ã®å»ºé ãåœãã倧åã®åœå寺ã§ããæ±å€§å¯ºã«å€§ä»ã建é ãããåºå®¶ããèæŠäžçã¯ãäžå®ã®å¥ŽããšãŸã§ç§°ããã仿ãå®çããã«ã€ããŠãå®ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ç¥ã
ãä»ãå身ãšããŠçŸããæš©çŸã§ãããšããèãã§ããæ¬å°å迹説ãèµ·ãããæ§ã
ã®ç¥ã®æ¬å°(ä»)ãå®ããããç¥åãå§äŸ¶ã®åœ¢ã§å¶äœãããããšããã£ãããããã仿³ãçãã«ãªã£ãŠãããšãä»åºŠã¯æåŸãªã©ãç¡èŠããå§ãªã©ãå¢ããããããããèæŠå€©çã®æä»£ã«éçãæããããéçã¯æ±å€§å¯ºã«æå£ãèšããå§äŸ¶ã«æãæãããèæŠå€©çãéçããæãæãã£ããéçã¯åææå¯ºã建ç«ããããã«äœãã ã
ãã®åŸããã寺é¢çŸ€ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«å£ãåºãããã«ãªã£ããæ¡æŠå€©çã¯ã圌ãã®åœ±é¿åã匱ããããã«å¹³å®äº¬ã«é·éœãã空海åã³ææŸãé£å䜿ãšãšãã«äžåœã«éãåºãã坿ãåŠã°ãããæ°ãã仿ããã£ãŠãå¥è¯ã®æ§ä»æã«å¯Ÿæãããããšããã®ã§ãããææŸ(倩å°å®)ã空海(çèšå®)ã«ã¯ãããããæ¯å¡å±±ãšé«éå±±ãäžããŠå¯ºãéããã坿ãåºããããã
ãæ«æ³ç¯æèšãã§ã¯å¹³å®æä»£äžæãé迊å
¥æ»
ã®äºå幎åŸã«ããããšãããæ£æ³ã®å幎ã»åæ³ã®å幎ã®åŸãä»æãæ»
ã³ãæé»æä»£ãããªãã¡æ«æ³ã®äžãå§ãŸã£ããšèãããããæ«æ³ã®äžã«ã¯ã©ããªã«åªåããŠã誰ãæããåŸãããšãã§ããªããåœãè¡°ã人ã
ã®å¿ãèã¿ãçŸäžã§ã®å¹žçŠãæåŸ
ã§ããªãããã®ãããªäººã
ã®ç¶æ³ãããã²ãããæ¥äžã®å¹žããé¡ãæµåä¿¡ä»°ãæµè¡ããã貎æãé¿åŒ¥éä»ã«ããããæ¥µæ¥œæµåã«è¿ããããããšãé¡ã£ãŠæ¥è¿å³ãªã©ãçãã«æããããã®ç©¶æ¥µãšããŠå®æ²»ã®å°ã«å¹³çé¢ã建ç«ããããã®é³³å°å ã®å§¿åœ¢ã¯ãæ£ã«æ¥µæ¥œã®é¿åŒ¥éä»ã®å®®æ®¿(ããã§ã)ãæš¡ãããã®ã§ããã
å¹³å®æä»£æ«æã«å
¥ããšç€ŸäŒäžå®ãå¢å€§ããåºå€§ãªæé ã®æã¡äž»ã§ããè£çŠã§ãã£ã倧寺é¢ã¯çè³ãªã©ã«çãããå±éºæ§ãé«ããªã£ããããã§èªåææžãšããŠå§äŸ¶ãä¿¡åŸãæŠè£
ããã®ãå§å
µã§ãããã ããæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«å§å
µãã®ãã®ãå¢åæ¡å€§ã®ããã®æŠè£
éå£ãšåãã察ç«å®æŽŸã»å¯ºé¢ãžã®æ»æãæå»·ãžã®åŒ·èšŽãªã©ã®æŠåè¡äœ¿ãè¡ãéå£(寺瀟å¢å)ãšããŠç€ŸäŒã®äžå®èŠçŽ ã®1ã€ã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ãããŸãã寺é¢å
ã«ç³å£ãå ãå·¡ãããçã®äžçš®ã®åå¡åãé²ãã寺é¢ãçŸããã
éåæä»£ã«å
¥ããšãåæä»£æ«æããã®åä¹±ã§ä»æã«ãå€é©ãèµ·ããããããŸã§ã®ä»æã®äž»æµããé®è·åœå®¶ããæšæŠããåœå®¶ã貎æã®ããã®ååŒãç ç©¶ã«çœ®ãããŠãããã®ããæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«æ°è¡ã®ææžã®ããã®ãã®ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ãã®ã§ãããäž»ãšããŠå¡å±±ã§åŠãã å§äŸ¶ã«ãã£ãŠä»æã®æ°è¡åãå³ãããæ°ããå®æŽŸãäœãããŠãã£ãã ãããã®å®æŽŸã§ã¯ããããŸã§ã®å®æŽŸãšéããé£ããçè«ãå³ããä¿®è¡ã§ã¯ãªããåšå®¶ã®ä¿¡è
ãçæŽ»ã®åéã«å®è·µã§ãããããªæããæã(æè¡)ã説ãããŠããã
ç¹ã«åºãŸã£ãã®ã¯å¿µä»ææ³ã§ãã£ãããåç¡é¿åŒ¥éä»ããšå¿µä»ãå±ãç¶ãã(ç§°å念ä»)äºã§æããããšããæ³ç¶ã®æµåå®ãæµåå®ããããã«èžã¿èŸŒãã§ãå人ãªãããŠåŸçãéãããã¯ããæªäººããããšããæªäººæ£æ©ã®æãã説ãã芪éžã®æµåçå®(äžåå®)ãèžããªãã念ä»ãå±ããèé念ä»ãæå®ããã£ãã
察ããŠãæ¡å€§ãã念ä»ãèŠæããæ¥è®ã¯ãåç¡åŠæ³è®è¯çµããšå±ããããšã§æããããšããæ¥è®å®ãåµèšããã
ãã®ããã«éåæä»£ã«ã¯ä¹±ç«ãšããããã»ã©æ°ããå®æŽŸãèªçããããããã®å®æŽŸã¯ãå®çãããŸã§äŸå€ãªãæ¢åã®å®æŽŸã«åŒŸåŸãããããåæã«æ§å®æŽŸã®é©æ°ãåŒãèµ·ãããã匟åŸã®äžã§ãæ¥è®å®ã®æ¥è®ã¯éæ¿ãªããšã§ç¥ãããä»å®ãéé£ã埡é¡ç®ãå±ããªããã°åœãæ»
ã¶ãšèšããå¹åºã«åŒ·ã匟å§ããããããããæ°è¡ã«æµžéãäžè¬åãããšããã®åŒŸå§ãæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«æ²éåããŠãã£ãã
éåæä»£ã¯ãæŠå£«ã貎æããæš©åã奪ããåãçã
ãšã€ããŠããæä»£ã§ããã£ãããã®æä»£ã«ã¯èšæžå®ã𿹿Žå®ãšããäºã€ã®çŠ
å®ããçžæ¬¡ãã§äžåœãããããããããåãã€ãã€ã€ãã£ãæŠå£«ã«å¥œãŸããäºãããéåãªã©ã«å€ãã®çŠ
寺ã建ãŠããã倧ãã«æ ããããã®ä»£è¡šçãªãã®ããéåäºå±±ããšããããŸããèé¢åž«é¬ã仿岿žã§ãããå
äºšéæžããèããã
æŽã«åŸæ¥ã®ä»æã®éã§ãçŸç¶ãæ¹å€ããåããé«ãŸã£ãŠãããç¹ã«åŸå®ãããããæŽŸçããçèšåŸå®ãªã©ã§ã¯ç€ŸäŒäºæ¥ãªã©ã«ä¹ãåºããªããæ°è¡ã®ææžã«å ããã ãã§ã¯ãªããèªãåœå®¶ã®æå®ããæå£ãæåŠããŠç¬èªã®ææååŒãéå§ãããªã©ãæ°ããå®æŽŸããã驿°çãªåãããèŠããã
1333幎ã«éåå¹åºãæ»
亡ããå忿代ããå®€çºæä»£ã«ã¯æ¿æ²»çäžå¿å°ã¯äº¬éœã«ç§»ããéåå¹åºæ»
亡åŸã«åŸéé倩çã«ãã建æŠã®æ°æ¿ãéå§ããããšãäºå±±ã¯éåããäº¬éœæ¬äœã«æ¹ãããã京éœäºå±±ãæç«ãããè¶³å©å°æ°ã京éœã«æŠå®¶æ¿æš©ãæç«ããããšã以åããæŠå£«ã«äººæ°ã®ãã£ãçŠ
å®ã®äºå±±ãå®ããããèšæžå®ã¯å¹åºã«ä¿è·ããããå®€çºæä»£ã®åæã«ã¯åçŠ
寺ãªã©ã®çŠ
å®ãšæ§ä»æå¢åã®å»¶æŠå¯ºãªã©ã®å€©å°å®ã¯å¯Ÿç«ããåæã®å¹åºã«ãããŠæ¿æ²»åé¡ã«ããªãããŸããå°æ°ã®å€©éŸå¯ºè¹ã®æŽŸé£ã«ååãã倢çªçç³ãåŒåã®æ¥å±åŠè©ã¯æ¿æ²»çã«ã圱é¿åãæã¡ã圌ãã®åŒåå§ã3代å°è»ã®è¶³å©çŸ©æºæä»£ã«äžåœã®ææãšæ¥æè²¿æ(åå貿æ)ãéå§ããéã«ã¯å€äº€é¡§åã«ããªãã
ãã®ãããªæŠå®¶ãšä»æçã®æ¥è¿ã¯è²Žææååã³æŠå£«æåã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒãã矩æºã®æä»£ã®é¹¿è寺(éé£å¯º)ãªã©åå±±æåãè¶³å©çŸ©æ¿æä»£ã®æ
ç
§å¯º(éé£å¯º)ãªã©æ±å±±æåã«èåã®è·¡ãèŠãããšãã§ãããå®€çºæä»£ã®æåã«ã¯ä»æã«åœ±é¿ãããæ°Žå¢šç»ã»æžé¢é ã»è¶ã®æ¹¯ã»çãè±ã»æ¯å±±æ°Žã®åºåãªã©ãåŸäžã«æ®ãå€ãã®äœåãçãŸããããŸãã寺é¢ã®äžã«ã¯å®å®ããåå
¥ã確ä¿ããããã«ãæé ããã®åå
¥ãç¥ å é(äŸé€æ)ãªã©ãå
æã«éèæ¥ã«é²åºãããšããããã£ãããŸããåœæåç Šåãé²ãã§ãã寺é¢ã«è³ç£ãé ãã人ã
ããããã®è³ç£ãå
æãšãªã£ããããããé«å©ã§ã®è²žä»ã«èãåããªããªã£ã人ã
ã埳æ¿äžæãåŒãèµ·ããã寺é¢ããã®æ»æã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãããšããã£ãã
å§å
µã®æŠè¡ãæŠå£«ã®ããã«æŽç·Žãããå®èµé¢æµæ§è¡ã®ããã«æµæŽŸãšããŠç¢ºç«ããäŸããã£ãã
æ¹æŽå®ã¯å°æ¹ã庶æ°ã®éã§åœ±é¿åãæã£ãã京éœã®éœåžåå·¥æ¥è
ã®éã§ã¯æ¥è®å®ãæ®åãããã¡ãªã¿ã«ããã®æä»£ã®åžæè
ãšããŠã¯æµåçå®ã®è®åŠãæ¥è®å®ã®æ¥èŠªãªã©ãæåã§ããã
å¿ä»ã®ä¹±åŸã«ãªããšãæ²»å®ãæªåããããã宿å¢åãå§å
µã匷åãæŠåã匷åãããæ³è¯å®ã«ããå±±ç§æ¬é¡å¯ºçŒãèšã¡ã倩å°å®ã«ããå€©ææ³è¯ã®ä¹±ãªã©ãéæ¿æŽŸå®æå£äœã«ãã宿æŠäºãèµ·ãã£ããäžã§ãå è³åœäžæçã®äžåäžæã¯å®è·å€§åã®åšæš«æ°ãæ»
ãŒããçŽ80幎éã«æž¡ã£ãŠå è³äžåœãæ¯é
ãã(äž»ã«åŸŽçšæš©ãšè£å€æš©)ãç³å±±æ¬é¡å¯ºãªã©ã¯ãããªãã倧åå®¶ã®ãããªåŒ·åºãªçµç¹ãšãªãã圌ãã®å¢åã¯å®è·å€§åããã³æŠåœå€§åãåœã統治ããäžã§äœããã®å¯Ÿå¿çããšãããšãå¿
é ãšãªãã»ã©å€§ããã倧åã®å€ãã¯åŠ¥åã®éããšã£ãã
ãããå°ŸåŒµã®æŠåœå€§åã»ç¹ç°ä¿¡é·ã¯ãã倩äžåžæŠããšããæ¹éã®äžãå®å察æããŠãã宿å¢åã培åºçã«èšäŒãããå»¶æŠå¯ºçŒãèšã¡ãé·å³¶äžåäžæãç³å±±åæŠãªã©ãæåã§ããããŸããä¿¡é·ã¯ãæ¥è®å®ã®å§ãšæµåå®ã®å§ãšã®å®è«ãäž»å¬ãã(å®åå®è«)ãçµæãæµåå®ãåå©ãããããä¿¡é·ã¯æ³è¯å®ã«ä»å®æŽŸãéé£ããªãããçŽæããããããã宿å¢åãæããããã®çã ã£ããšãããã
ä¿¡é·ãæ¬èœå¯ºã®å€ã§æ»ã¬ãšã圌ã®å®¶è£ã®è±è£ç§åãå®è³ªçãªåŸç¶è
ã®åº§ã«ã€ãããç§åã¯æŠãä¿¡é·ã®è·¯ç·ãåŒãç¶ããèªèº«ã«æµå¯Ÿããæ ¹æ¥å¯ºãé«éå±±ã屿ããããäžåäžæã¯ç§åè»ãšäžæè»ããææããçŠè§£ãããããã«æå寺瀟ã倧ååã®åäžçºãžåŒã£è¶ããããããå§å
µã®åœ±é¿åã倧ããã£ã倧åã«åŒã»è±è£ç§é·ã掟é£ããããåç©ã»æ£ç¡äºä»€ã«ãã£ãŠå¯ºé¢ã®æŠè£
è§£é€ã倧ããé²ãããªã©ã寺瀟ãžã®çµ±å¶ã匷ããã寺é¢ã®çµ±å¶ãšæŠè£
è§£é€ã¯ç¶ãæ±æžå¹åºã§ã倧ããªåé¡ãšããŠåŒãç¶ãããŠããã
ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããã€ã¹ã1585幎ã«èããæ¥æ¬§æåæ¯èŒã§ã¯ããã®æä»£ã®ä»æå¯ºé¢ã®å èœãææãããŠããã
è±è£ç§åã®æ»åŸã«æš©å¢ãææ¡ãã埳å·å®¶åº·ã¯ã寺é¢è«žæ³åºŠãå¶å®ãã寺瀟å¥è¡ã眮ãã仿ãåãç· ãŸã£ãã人ã
ãå¿
ãããããã®å¯ºé¢ã«ç»é²ãããããã«ã(寺è«å¶åºŠ)ãåžææŽ»åãå®è³ªçã«å°ãããéå仿ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãæªå®¶å¶åºŠã«ãã£ãŠå
šåœã«å¯ºé¢ãäœãããããšã§ãå
šé¢å±éããªããããæµåçå®ã®æ¬é¡å¯ºã¯ãæ±è¥¿ã«åè£ãããããå¢åã匱äœåãããããããçŸä»£ã«è³ããŸã§æå€§ã®å®æŽŸãšãªã£ãŠãããå
šåœã®ä¿®éšéã¯ãèè·é¢ãæ¬å±±ãšããæ¬å±±æŽŸãšãééå¯ºãæ¬å±±ãšããåœå±±æŽŸã®ããããã«å±ããããã«èŠå¶ãããããŸããæ±ååŠãåœåŠã®ç«å Žããã®æä»è«ãèµ·ãã£ãã
1665幎(坿5幎)ã«æ±æžå¹åºã¯å¯æå°ç¥ãšè«žå®å¯ºé¢æ³åºŠã®å¶å®ãè¡ããä»æå¯ºé¢ã«å¯ºé ãå®å µããäžæ¹ã§æŽãªãçµ±å¶(æªå®¶å¶åºŠ)ãè¡ã£ããå¹åºã¯åŠåã奚å±ãããããåå®æŽŸã§ãæªæãåŠå¯®ãªã©ãšåŒã°ããåŠæ ¡ãæŽåãããæåŠç ç©¶ãé²ãã äžæ¹ã§ãæ°çŸ©ã»ç°è°ã¯çŠæ¢ããããæ±æžå¹åºãæ¥è®ã®æçŸ©ãä¿¡ããªãäºãçç±ã«åŸãäºãæçµ¶ããæ¥è®å®ã®äžæŽŸã®äžåäžæœæŽŸã¯ãçŠæä»€ã®ããªã¹ãæãšåæ§ã«å³ãã匟å§ãåããã
ãããã®å¹åºã®çµ±å¶ã«ããæ±æžæä»£ã®ä»æã¯å èœãããšãããè¿äžä»æå èœè«ãã¯æŠåã«ããã宿å²ã®é説ã§ãã£ãããæŠåŸã«ãªããšå€ãã®æ¹å€ãè¡ããããäžæ¹ã§è¿äžä»æææ³ã®åæ€èšã¯ãæªã äžååãªæ®µéã§ãããäžããã®æŒãã€ããšè§£éããããã寺è«å¶åºŠã ãã瀟äŒã®å®å®ã«äŒŽãè©æå¯ºãæ±ããæ°è¡ã®ææãç¡èŠã§ããªããä»åãèŠæ Œåããããã®ã倧éçç£ããåå°ã®å¯ºã«åããããããçŸè¡çãªèгç¹ã¯ãšãããä¿¡ä»°ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã身è¿ã«ååšãã人å¿å®å®ã®æçŸ©ã¯å€§ããã
1654幎(æ¿å¿3幎)ã«æ¥æ¥ããæã®é å
éçŠã¯é»æªå®ãåžæããŠããã
å¹åºã®å¯ºç€Ÿæ¿çãæ
ã£ã以å¿åŽäŒãå€©æµ·ãæ¥ã
ã®è·æ¥ç掻ã®äžã§ã®ä¿¡ä»°å®è·µã説ããéŽæšæ£äžãç¬åã§å€§èµçµãåè¡ããéçŒéå
ããµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããç ç©¶ãæåŸåŸ©èãæå±ããæ
é²ãèšæžå®äžèã®ç¥ãšç§°ãããçœé ããæŽ»èºããã
æ±æžæä»£åŸåããæ¬å±
宣é·ãç¥ãšããåœåŠã®å»¶é·ã«ããææ²»ç¶æ°ãæãéããããåœåŠçãªææ²»æ¿æš©ãæ§é·å·è©åºèº«è
ã«ãã圢æãããã倧æ¿å¥éã«ããã倩çã«æ¿æš©ãè¿äžããããšãæ°æ¿åºã®ç¥ééèŠã®æ¿çãè¡ããããäžç¥ä»€ãéåæ¿çã«ãã£ãŠå
šåœã§å»ä»æ¯ééåãè¡ãããå¯ºé¢æ°ãæžå°ããã1871幎(ææ²»4幎)ã«ææ²»æ¿åºã¯å€ªæ¿å®éãåºãèç¡å§ãåšç±ããæ®åå®ã廿¢ããããŸããå§äŸ¶ã®èé£åŠ»åž¯ãäžåäžæœæŽŸãããªã¹ãæã®åžæãè§£çŠããããç¥éã®æåéåãå
šåœã§è¡ã£ãçµææå°è·ã®äººå¡äžè¶³ã«é¥ã£ãããã仿ãè§£äœãç¥éäž»å°ã®åºã«çµ±åãã倧æé¢äœå¶ãäœããããæ¬§å·ã®å®æèŠå¯ããåž°åœããå³¶å°é»é·ãã¯ãå§äŸ¶ã®èº«åãšä¿¡æã®èªç±ãä¿èšŒããã¹ããšããæ¹å€ã®å»ºçœãè¡ããæ±è¥¿çå®ã®å€§æé¢ããã®è±éãå®çŸããã1875幎(ææ²»8幎)ã«å€§æé¢äœå¶ã¯å®è³ªçã«çŠè§£ããã
ãã®åŸãåå®æŽŸã¯æå£çµç¹ã®åç·šæã«å
¥ããæ¥æž
ã»æ¥é²æŠäºã®æŠéæã«ä»æã®è¿ä»£åãæšãé²ãã西欧ã®ä»æåŠã®å°å
¥ããå®é倧åŠã®èšç«çã®æè²æŽ»åã瀟äŒçŠç¥æŽ»åã«é²åºããã1901幎ã«ã¯æäžå°ç²Ÿã倧ä¹éä»èª¬ã䞻匵ããŠå€§ããªåé¿ãåŒã³ãåœå
å€ã§å€§ä¹ä»æã®æŽå²ãšæçã«é¢ããç ç©¶ãçããšãªã£ãã
èªç±æ°æš©éåãæ¥é²æŠäºãªã©ãçµäºããææ²»æä»£åŸæã«ã¯ã倩äžåœå®¶ãè«ããæ°éãéæœ®ããå人çãªåé¡ã«é¢å¿ãç§»ãã¢ãããŒãªç€ŸäŒç¶æ³ã蚪ããŠãããæž
æ²¢æºä¹ã¯å人ã®å
é¢ã«é¿åŒ¥éåŠæ¥ãå®çœ®ããã䞻芳çãªä»åä¿¡ä»°ã§ããã粟ç¥äž»çŸ©ããæ²ããå€§è°·æŽŸã®æ¹é©ã詊ã¿ããæ«æãããããããã粟ç¥äž»çŸ©ãã®ç念ã¯çŸä»£ã«è³ããŸã§åŒãç¶ãããè¿ä»£ä»æã®å
é§çãªéåãšãªã£ãããã®åŸããè¿è§åžžèŠ³ã®æ±éäŒé€šãªã©ã信念ã®ä¿®é€ãä¿ããä¿®é€äž»çŸ©ããæ²ãã仿éåãããã€ãçŸããèè±ç¶æ
ã«ãã£ãé幎局ã«ã¢ãããŒããã®æéã®éã瀺ããã
ææ²»æä»£ã«ã¯ãæ¢åã®å®æŽŸããé¢è±ãã圢ã§ãåšå®¶ãäž»èŠãªæ
ãæãšããä»æç³»æ°å®æãåºçŸãå§ããããã®å€ãã¯æ³è¯ã»æ¥è®å®ã®ç³»èã«å±ãã人ã
ã«ãã£ãŠèãããããã®æä»£ã«ç¹ã«æåããæå£ãšããŠãç°äžæºåŠã®ç«æ£å®åœäŒããé·æŸæ¥æã®æ¬éä»ç«è¬ãæå±±èŸ°åã®ä»ææåææžäŒãããããã®çµç¹éå¶ã®ããæ¹ã¯åŸã®æ¥è®ç³»æ°å®æã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããã
ææ²»æ«å¹Žã®å€§éäºä»¶ã«å
å±±æç«¥ãã®å§äŸ¶ãé£åº§ããããšã«è¡æãåããç°äžæºåŠã¯ãæ¥è®ã®æããåœå®¶ãç€ŸäŒæŽ»åã®åºæ¬çãªæå°ç念ãšãããæ¥è®äž»çŸ©ããšããã·ã§ããªã¹ãã£ãã¯ãªä»æçåœäœè«ãçµåããããã£ã³ããŒã³æŽ»åãè¡ããè»äººãç¥è人ãäžå¿ã«å€§æ£æä»£ã®æµè¡ææ³ãšãªã£ããæ¥è®äž»çŸ©è
ã§æåãªäººç©ã«å®®æ²¢è³¢æ²»ãç³åèçŸãããã1924幎(倧æ£13幎)ã«ã¯ãæ³è¯ç³»æ°å®æã®éåäŒãçºè¶³ããŠããã
æ¢åå®æŽŸã瀟äŒçŠç¥äºæ¥ã«ã³ãããããããšã§ãè¿ä»£çãªå®æå£äœãžãšå€é©ããåãçµã¿ãè¡ãããã1915幎(倧æ£4幎)ã«ã¯ä»æåå®æŽŸæè©±äŒãæ¹ç§°ãã仿é£åäŒãçºè¶³ããæ¿æ²»ãšå®æã«é¢ãã諞åé¡ã«ä»æçã®åœ±é¿åãè¡äœ¿ããã
è¿ä»£ã®æ¿åºã¯ãç¥ä»å€ç¶ä»€ä»¥éã倪æ¿å®åžéãæççãªæ³ä»€ãè¡æ¿äžã®ééã«ãã£ãŠå®æã管çããŠããããçµ±äžçãªæ³å
žãšããŠã¯1939幎(æå14幎)ã®å®æå£äœæ³ãæåã§ãã£ããåœå®¶ç¥éäœå¶ã確ç«ããéçšã§ç¥ç€Ÿã¯å®æã§ã¯ãªããšããããšã§å
¬æ³äžã®å¶é ç©æ³äººãšããŠæ±ãããããä»æãææŽŸç¥éãããªã¹ãæã®å®æå£äœã¯æ°æ³ã®å
¬çæ³äººãé©çšãããªããŸãŸã§ãã£ãã宿ã«é¢ããæ³åŸã®å¿
èŠæ§ã¯æ¿çã«ãããŠãèªèãããŠããã1899幎(ææ²»32幎)ã«ã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡å®ææ³æ¡ã貎æé¢ã«ææ¡ãããããåŠæ±ºãããã1927幎(æå2幎)ã1929幎(æå4幎)ã«ãå®ææ³æ¡ãè°äŒã§ææ¡ãããããå¯©çæªäºã«çµãã£ãã宿å£äœæ³ã®å¶å®ã«ãã£ãŠãäžè¬ã®å®æå£äœã¯åããŠæ³äººãšãªããããªã¹ãæãåããŠæ³çå°äœãåŸãããç£ç£ã»çµ±å¶è²ãåŒ·ãæ³åŸã§ãã£ãã
1932幎ãè¡çå£äºä»¶ãçºçããã
1941幎3æ24æ¥ãå€§æ¥æ¬ä»æäŒ(è²¡å£æ³äºº)ãçµæããã10æ6æ¥ã«ã¯æ±äº¬ã§ã仿åŸéåŸå¥å
¬å€§äŒãã²ããããã
ç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã®æ¥æ¬è»ã§ã¯è«žå€åœã®åŸè»èè·è
(åŸè»ãã£ãã¬ã³)ã«çžåœããè·ãšããŠåŸè»å§ãååšãããè»å±æ±ãã§ããã宿è
ã§ã城å
µå¯Ÿè±¡ã§ãã£ãããå§äŸ¶ã ã£ãå
µå£«ãèšæã«æ³äºãå·ãè¡ããªã©å人çãªæŽ»åãäžå¿ã§ãã£ãããªãæµåçå®ã®åæå£ã¯è»éåžæäœ¿ãšåŒã¶åžæäœ¿ã掟é£ãè»äººã«åžææŽ»åãè¡ã£ãŠããã
ç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã1945幎(æå20幎)12æ28æ¥ã«å®ææ³äººä»€ãå¶å®ã»æœè¡ããã宿å£äœãžã®èŠå¶ãæ€å»ãããã1946幎2æ6æ¥ã仿é£åäŒãçµæãããã1951幎(æå26幎)ã«å®ææ³äººä»€ãæ€å»ãããèªèšŒå¶ãå°å
¥ãã宿æ³äººæ³ãå¶å®ããããé«åºŠçµæžæé·ãšæãåããããŠãæ¥è®æ£å®ç³»æ°å®æã®åµäŸ¡åŠäŒãæ³è¯ç³»æ°å®æã®ç«æ£äœŒæäŒãªã©ã倧ããå¢åã䌞ã°ãããåµäŸ¡åŠäŒã¯å®ææ¿å
å
¬æå
ãçµç¹ããæ¿çã«åœ±é¿åãæã£ãŠããã1970幎代ã«ã¯ãå¯æç³»æ°å®æã§ããé¿å«å®ãçåŠèã䌞匵ãã念äœå®äžå¯¶å±±ç¡é壜寺(ç¡é壜æ)ããã®ææã«çãŸããããŸããæŒ¢èš³çµå
žäžå¿ã§ãã£ãæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠãããã仿ã»åå§ä»æã»äžåº§éšä»æã»ãã³ãã¥ãŒæçã®åœ±é¿ãåããæ°å®æãå¢å ããã
1980幎代ã«ã¯ãããããæ°ã
宿ããŒã ãèµ·ãããäžã§ããªãŠã ççæã¯åœæããè¯ããæªããæ³šç®ã®çã§ãã£ããã1995幎ã®åŒ·å¶ææ»ä»¥éã1980å¹Žä»£æ«æãã1990å¹Žä»£äžæã«ãããŠãªãŠã ççæäºä»¶ãšåŒã°ããäžé£ã®äºä»¶ãèµ·ãããŠããããšãçºèŠããããããã£ããã«ããŠ1995幎(å¹³æ7幎)ã«ã¯å®ææ³äººæ³ãäžé𿹿£ãããã
å²äŒç ç©¶ã®çãã ã£ãäžåœä»æã®åœ±é¿ãããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯å¥è¯æä»£ã«ãå»¶æŠå§é²ããªã©ã®å§äŒãèããããéåæä»£ã«ãªããšæ¬æ Œçãªä»æå²äŒãèãããããã«ãªãããäžã§ã圱é¿åã倧ããã£ãã®ãåç¶ã®èãããäžåœä»æ³äŒéçžèµ·ãã§ããããã®æžã¯ãã€ã³ãããäžåœãçµãŠæ¥æ¬ãžãšäŒæããä»æè«žå®ã®æåŠãç·åçã«ä¿¯ç°ãããã®ã§ããã®ä»æå²ã¢ãã«ã¯äžåœä»æå²èгãšããŠè¿ä»£ã«è³ããŸã§é·ããçšããããã
ææ²»æä»£ã«å
¥ããå®éå€ã®ä»æåŠè
ã«ãèªç±ã«ä»æç ç©¶ãè¡ããããã«ãªããšãåŠè¡çèŠç¹ãåãå
¥ããæ°ããªæ¥æ¬ä»æéå²ãèãããããã«ãªããææ²»æ«ããå€§æ£æä»£ã«ã¯é忰仿ã®ç¥åž«ãã¡ãçŸåœ¹ã ã£ãææãæ¥æ¬ä»æã®é ç¹ãšèãããé忰仿äžå¿å²èгã圢æããå§ãããååéã¯ãæ¥æ¬ä»æå²ãšããªã¹ãæå²ã®çºå±æ®µéã察æ¯ããããæ±è¥¿ã®å®ææ¹é©ã(1911幎)ãèããåœå®¶ä»æãšããŠåºçºããæ¥æ¬ä»æãéåæã«é ç¹ãè¿ãããã®åŸè¡°éãããšããåºæ¬çãªå³åŒã瀺ã倧ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããã
ãã«ã¯ã¹äž»çŸ©ãéçããæŠåŸã®æŽå²åŠã«ãããŠããé忰仿ãåæš©åã»æ°è¡è§£æŸã®ã ãŒãã¡ã³ããšããŠè©äŸ¡ãããè¿ä»£çãªå顿èããèŠãé忰仿äžå¿å²èгãå®¶æ°žäžéãäºäžå
è²ãã®ç ç©¶ã«ãã£ãŠææãäžããé·ãã圱é¿ãäžãç¶ããããããã1970幎代ãããé»ç°ä¿éã®ãé¡å¯äœå¶è«ããç®åããšããŠé忰仿äžå¿å²èгãžã®ç矩ãçããããã«ãªããé»ç°ã®ãé¡å¯äœå¶è«ãã¯è«äºãåŒã³ä¿®æ£ãäœåãªããããããçµæçã«é忰仿äžå¿å²èгãæç Žãã転æ©ãšãªãããããŸã§æ§ä»æãšåŒã°ããŠè»œèŠãããŠããäžäžã®é¡å¯ä»æç ç©¶ããè¿äžä»æå èœè«ã®åæ€èšãçããšãªã£ãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99
|
5,940 |
12æ14æ¥
|
12æ14æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ããã£ãããã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ãããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã348æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯349æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš17æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8814%E6%97%A5
|
5,941 |
12æ15æ¥
|
12æ15æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã349æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯350æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš16æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8815%E6%97%A5
|
5,942 |
12æ16æ¥
|
12æ16æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ãããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã350æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯351æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš15æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5
|
5,943 |
12æ17æ¥
|
12æ17æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ããªãªã«ã¡ããã
ãã«ãã€ãã
ããã¡ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã351æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯352æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš14æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8817%E6%97%A5
|
5,944 |
12æ18æ¥
|
12æ18æ¥(ãã
ãã«ã〠ãã
ãã¯ã¡ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã352æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯353æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ã¯ãããš13æ¥ãšãªãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8818%E6%97%A5
|
5,946 |
12æ21æ¥
|
12æ21æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ã«ãã
ããã¡ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã355æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯356æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš10æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8821%E6%97%A5
|
5,947 |
12æ22æ¥
|
12æ22æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ã«ãã
ãã«ã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã356æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯357æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš9æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8822%E6%97%A5
|
5,948 |
12æ23æ¥
|
12æ23æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ã«ãã
ãããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã357æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯358æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš8æ¥ããã
â»ãªãæ°å€©çèªçæ¥ã¯ã2020幎(什å2幎)ããã2æ23æ¥ãã«ç§»è¡ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5
|
5,949 |
12æ24æ¥
|
12æ24æ¥(ãã
ãã«ãã€ã«ãã
ããã£ãããã
ãã«ãã€ã«ãã
ãããã«ã¡)ã¯ãã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠã§å¹Žå§ãã358æ¥ç®(é幎ã§ã¯359æ¥ç®)ã«ãããã幎æ«ãŸã§ããš7æ¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5
|
5,950 |
倧éèªç©ºæ©æå¢äºä»¶
|
倧éèªç©ºæ©æå¢äºä»¶(ã ããããããããããã€ãããããè±: Korean Air Lines Flight 007ãæ: ëííê³µ 007íž ê²©ì¶ ì¬ê±Žãé²: ÐаÑаÑÑÑПÑа Boeing 747 МаЎ СаÑ
алОМПЌ)ã¯ã1983幎(æå58幎)9æ1æ¥ã«å€§éèªç©ºã®ããŒã€ã³ã°747ãããœããšãé£éŠã®é 空ã䟵ç¯ããããã«ãœé£é²ç©ºè»ã®æŠéæ©ã«ããæå¢ãããäºä»¶ãä¹å¡ã»ä¹å®¢åãããŠ269人å
šå¡ãæ»äº¡ããã
ãªãã倧éèªç©ºã¯ãã®5幎åã«ããã1978幎4æ20æ¥ã«ãèªæ³ãã¹ã§ãœé£é 空(ã³ã©åå³¶äžç©º)ã䟵ç¯ãããœé£è»æ©ã«è¿æãã2äººãæ»äº¡ã13人ãè² å·ããäºä»¶ãèµ·ããã(倧éèªç©ºæ©éæäºä»¶)ã
æ¥æ¬ã§å€§éèªç©ºæ©äºä»¶ãšåŒã¶å Žåããã®äºä»¶ã®äºãæãå Žåãš1987幎11æ29æ¥ã®å€§éèªç©ºæ©çç Žäºä»¶ãæãå Žåã«åãããã
倧éèªç©º007䟿ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã«ãããžã§ã³ã»Fã»ã±ããã£åœé空枯ãåºçºããã¢ã©ã¹ã«ã®ã¢ã³ã«ã¬ããžåœé空枯ãçµç±ã倧鿰åœã»ãœãŠã«ã®é浊åœé空枯ã«åãããåœæé±4䟿ã§éèªãããŠããå®æäŸ¿ã§ãã£ãããªãããã®äŸ¿ã¯1979幎4æã«éèšããããã®ã§ãäºæ
æ©ã«ã¯ âI LOVE NEW YORKâ ãšããã¹ããã«ãŒã貌ãããŠããã
åœæ¥äœ¿çšãããæ©äœã¯ãããŒã€ã³ã°747-230(æ©äœèšå·HL7442)ã§ããã¡ãŒã¹ãã¯ã©ã¹ãšãšã³ãããŒã¯ã©ã¹ã®2ã¯ã©ã¹ãçšæãããä¹å®¢240人ãä¹åå¡ã¯åç³å¯
(ãã§ã³ã»ãã§ã³ã€ã³)æ©é·ä»¥äž29人(ãã¡6人ããããããããã= æ¥åç§»åã®ããä¹åããéçªã®ä¹åå¡)ã§ãã£ããä¹å®¢ä¹å¡ã®åœç±ã¯äžã®ãšããã§ããã
çºçåœã®éåœäººãšã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®ä¹å®¢ãå€ããå ãããããœãŠã«ã§ä¹ãç¶ãèªåœãžåããæ¥æ¬ãå°æ¹Ÿããã£ãªãã³ãåœæã¯ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®æ€æ°å°ã§ãã£ãéŠæž¯ã®ä¹å®¢ãå€ãã£ã(ãªãããã£ãªãã³äººã®ãã¡ã4人ã¯åšæ¥åšäœè
ã§ããã®ãã¡ã®1äººã¯æšªæµåžã®ã»ã³ãã»ãžã§ã»ãã»ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã·ã§ãã«ã»ã«ã¬ããžã«éåŠããå°åŠçã§ãã£ãããŸããã«ãã人ã®ãã¡1人ã¯é¹¿å
å³¶åžã®ã©ã»ãµãŒã«äžåŠæ ¡ã»é«çåŠæ ¡ã®é¢ä¿è
ã§ããã£ãã)ã
æ¥æ¬äººä¹å®¢ã®å€ãã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªç©ºããã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³èªç©ºã®çŽè¡äŸ¿ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠèªç©ºåžãå®äŸ¡ãªå€§éèªç©ºã䜿ããéæµŠåœé空枯ãçµç±ããŠæ¥æ¬ãžåž°åœãã芳å
客ãçåŠçã§ãã£ããç¹ã«ä¹å·ãã¯ãããšããè¥¿æ¥æ¬åšäœè
ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãæç°çµç±ã§ç§»åãããããå®äŸ¡ã§å©äŸ¿æ§ãé«ããããã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšã®ç§»åã«ãããŠãœãŠã«ãçµç±ããã±ãŒã¹ãå°ãªããªãã£ãã
â»æå»ã¯æ±äº¬/ãœãŠã«æé (UTC+9)ã
1983幎8æ31æ¥
9æ1æ¥
èªç©ºè·¯ãå€ãã007䟿ã¯ãèªç©ºèªè¡éçšå
å屯åºå°ã®åéšèªç©ºèŠæç®¡å¶å£ç¬¬18èŠæçŸ€(çšå
ã¬ãŒããŒãµã€ã)ã«ããæ¢ç¥ã»è¿œå°ŸãããŠãããããã®ç©ºåãé£è¡ãã西åŽè«žåœã®èªç©ºæ©ã«é¢ããé£è¡èšç»ãååšããªãã£ãããšãããèªç©ºèªè¡éã¯ã007䟿ãšãã®åšãã«é£è¡ãããœé£é²ç©ºè»æŠéæ©ãããœé£é åå
ãé£è¡ãã圌æäžæã®èªè·¡ããšããŠæ±ã£ãã
ãããšã¯å¥ã«ãéžäžå¹åç£éšèª¿æ»éšç¬¬2課å¥å®€(éç§°ã調å¥ããéä¿¡ååã䞻任åãšããæ©é¢)ã¯ããœé£ã®æŠéæ©ãå°äžãšäº€ä¿¡ããŠããé³å£°ãååããããµã€ã«çºå°ãã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã確èªãããããã®æç¹ã§ã¯ãœé£é åå
ã§ã®é ç©ºäŸµç¯æ©ã«å¯Ÿããéåžžã®è¿æèšç·Žãè¡ãããŠãããšèããŠãããå®éã«æ°éæ©ãæ»æãããŠãããšããäºå®ã¯ææ¡ããŠããªãã£ãããã®é²é³ããŒãã¯ãåŸã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ããœé£ã«å¯Ÿãæå¢ã®äºå®ã远åããããã«ãäžæœæ ¹åº·åŒéŠçžã®å€æã§æ¥æ¬åœæ¿åºããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœé£éŠæ¿åºãžåŒãæž¡ããŠããã
007äŸ¿ã®æå¢çŽåŸãèªç©ºèªè¡éã®çšå
ã¬ãŒããŒãµã€ãã远尟ããŠãã圌æäžææ©ã®æ©åœ±ã®1ã€ãæ¶å€±ãããè¡æ¹äžææ©ãããªãã9æ1æ¥ã®ååã«æ¥æ¬ãéåœ(倧é±)ãã¢ã¡ãªã«(ãšã«ã¡ã³ãã«ã)ããœé£(ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯)ã®åèªç©ºåœå±ã«ç
§äŒãããšãããåèšã®3åœããã¯ãè©²åœæ©ããªãããšã®è¿çãåãããœé£ããã¯è¿çããªãã£ãã
ããµã€ã«åœäžã®30ç§åŸããããŸã§007䟿ãé信管å¶ããŠããæ±äº¬èªç©ºäº€é管å¶éšã«éé³ãæ··ãã£ã007䟿ããã®åŒã³åºããå
¥ã£ããããã®ãŸãŸé£çµ¡ãéåãã(ãæ¥æžå§ã«ããç·æ¥éäžãããæšã®äº€ä¿¡ã®å
容ã¯ãéŽæšæŸçŸã®é³å£°åæã«ãã倿)ã代ããã«åŒã³ãããäŸé Œããããä»è¿ã®é£è¡æ©ããã007䟿ãžã¯ç¡ç·ãéããªãã£ãã
9æ1æ¥(äžèšã¯ããããæ¥æ¬æšæºæ)ã®æã®æç¹ã§æ¥æ¬æ¿åºãã倧éèªç©ºæ©ãããµããªã³æ²ãã§è¡æ¹äžæã«ãªã£ãããšãå
¬åŒçºè¡šããåå7æååŸã«ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ãã¬ããã©ãžãªã§ã¯ããã¥ãŒã¹éå ±ããšããŠã倧éèªç©ºæ©ãè¡æ¹äžæã«ãªã£ãããšå ±ãããååœã®éä¿¡ç€Ÿãæ±äº¬çºã®æ
å ±ãšããŠå€§éèªç©ºæ©ã®è¡æ¹äžæãå ±ããã
æ
å ±ãé¯ç¶ãå¢èœèª¬ããã€ãžã£ãã¯èª¬ãæµããäžãåå11æã«ã¯ããæ
客æ©ã¯ãµããªã³ã®ãã¹ãªã¹ã¯ä»è¿ã®ç©ºæž¯ã«åŒ·å¶çéžãããããä¹å¡ä¹å®¢ã¯å
šå¡ç¡äºããšéåœå€åçãçºè¡šããšããå€é»ãå
¥ããæ¥æ¬ã®æ°æŸåå±ãæŒã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ã®ãããé
ç®ãšããŠå ±ãããããããããã¯çµå±èª€å ±ãšåããããã¹ã³ãã ãã§ãªãä¹å®¢ã®å®åŠãæ°é£ãæ¥éã®é¢ä¿è
ãæ¯ãåãããããŸãããœé£ã®æŠéæ©ãçºé²ããããµã€ã«ãçºå°ãã圢跡ã確èªããããããã«å¯ŸããŠãœé£åŽã¯å¢èœã®ã¿ãèªããæå¢ã«ã€ããŠã¯è§Šããªãã£ãã
ãã®ãããªæ¥æ¬ãéåœãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãªã©ã®è¥¿åŽè«žåœã®å ±éããã£ããã®ã®æ¥æ¬ãéåœãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æ¿åºããã¹ã³ãããã®åãåããã«å¯ŸããŠãœé£ã¯ã該åœããèªç©ºæ©ã¯åœå
ã«ããªãããé ç©ºäŸµç¯æ©ã¯æ¥æ¬æµ·ãžé£ã³å»ã£ãããšäºä»¶ãžã®é¢äžãåŠå®ãããããã«å¯ŸããŠã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœé£éŠæ¿åºã¯ããã®æ¥ã®å
ã«ããœé£è»æ©ã007䟿ãæå¢ããããšçºè¡šãæ¥æ¬åœå±ãæäŸãããœé£è»æ©ã®ååããŒããéé³ãé€å»ãããã·ã¢èªã®ãããããä»ããäžã§äžéšæŸéããã
ãã®ååããŒããããããæ¥æ¬ãããŒããã¢ã¡ãªã«åŽã«æäŸããŠå
¬è¡šããããšã«ã€ããŠã¯é²è¡æ©å¯ä¿æã®äžããåœæã®åŸè€ç°æ£æŽå
é£å®æ¿é·å®ãé²è¡åºå¹¹éšã¯æ¶æ¥µçã§ãã£ããããããåœæã®äžæœæ ¹åº·åŒå
é£ç·ç倧è£ã¯ã亀信èšé²ãæäŸããŠæ¥æ¬ã®ååèœåãå€å°ç¥ããããšããŠããã®å Žåã«ã¯æã¯ãªããšèããããœé£ã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬ã®åŒ·ãç«å Žãé®®æã«ãã奜æ©ã§ããã察米å奜ååé¢ä¿ã匷åããæå³ããã£ããã¬ãŒã¬ã³ã«ç¥ãããŠããã®ã¯ãåŸã«ãªãããšã¯ãã£ãŠããæã«ãªãããšã¯ãªãããšèããå察æèŠãæŒãåã£ãŠæäŸããã
ãã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ããæ£åŒçºè¡šãåããŠãäºä»¶ã®åœäºåœã§ããæ¥æ¬ãéåœãã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã£ãªãã³ãªã©ã®è¥¿åŽé¢ä¿è«žåœã§ã¯ãœé£ã«å¯Ÿããéé£ãèµ·ããããœé£æ¿åºã«å¯ŸããŠäºå®ã®å
¬è¡šãæ±ããã
ãã®æ¥ã«ã¯ãåæµ·éã®ãªããŒãã¯æµ·æ²åã§ææ¥ããŠããæ¥æ¬ã®æŒè¹ãæ
å®¢æ©æ©äœã®ç ŽçãéºåãçºèŠããããããšååŸããŠãæµ·äžä¿å®åºãã¢ã¡ãªã«æµ·è»ã®è¹èãæ©äœãå¢èœãããšæãããä»è¿ã«åããŠæçŽ¢ã«åãã£ãã
9æ2æ¥ã«ã¯ããœé£ã®ãã³ã©ã€ã»ãªã¬ã«ã³ãåè¬ç·é·ããé ç©ºäŸµç¯æ©ã¯èªæ³ç¯ãç¹ç¯ããŠããªãã£ãããæ£åŒãªæé ã®èŠåã«å¿çããªãã£ãããæ¥æ¬æµ·æ¹é¢ãžé£ã³å»ã£ãããšãã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ã§ãã¬ãã«ã¡ã©ãå
¥ããèšè
äŒèŠã§çºè¡šãã(åŸã«007䟿ã®èªæ³ç¯ã¯ç¹ç¯ããŠãããååãªèŠåã¯è¡ãããŠããªãã£ãããšããã€ãããã蚌èšãã)ã
ããã«å¯Ÿãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã¬ãŒã¬ã³å€§çµ±é ã¯ãœé£æ¿åºããããã€ãããšéé£ããä»ãåœäºåœã§ããéåœã®å
šæç
¥å€§çµ±é ããœé£ãæ¿ããéé£ãããæ¥æ¬ã西ãã€ãããã£ãªãã³ãå°æ¹Ÿãªã©å€ãã®è¥¿åŽè«žåœã®æ¿åºããœé£ã®å¯Ÿå¿ãéé£ããã
9æ6æ¥ãåœé£å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒã«ãããŠéžäžå¹åç£éšèª¿æ»éšç¬¬2課å¥å®€ãååãããœé£è»æ©ã®ååããŒãã«ãè±èªãšãã·ã¢èªã®ãããããã€ãããããªããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãã£ãŠååœã®åœé£å€§äœ¿ã«åããŠäžæ ããããœé£è»æ©ã«ããæå¢ã®äºå®ãæ¹ããŠäžçã«åãããããããã«å¯ŸããŠãœé£ã®åœé£å€§äœ¿ã¯ãããªã®äžæ äžã¯äžè²«ããŠç»é¢ããç®ããããç¶ããŠããããã®åŸããœé£ã®ã¢ã³ãã¬ã€ã»ã°ãã ã€ã³å€å倧è£å
Œç¬¬äžå¯éŠçžã¯å€§éèªç©ºæ©ã®æå¢ãèªãã声æãæ£åŒã«çºè¡šããã
9æ9æ¥ããœé£ã®ãªã¬ã«ã³ãåè¬ç·é·ãã倧éèªç©ºæ©ã¯æ°éæ©ãè£
ã£ãã¹ãã€æ©ã§ãã£ãããšã®å£°æãçºè¡šã13æ¥ã«ã¯ç·æ¥å®ä¿çäºäŒã§ãœé£ãžã®é飿±ºè°ãäžçšãããããåžžä»»çäºåœã®ãœé£ã®æåŠæš©ã®è¡äœ¿ã«ããåŠæ±ºãããã
9æ13æ¥ã倧éèªç©ºæ©ãšæåŸã®äº€ä¿¡ãè¡ã£ãæ¥æ¬ã®é茞çèªç©ºå±ã亀信èšé²ãå
¬è¡šããæå¢çŽåãŸã§å
šãç°åžžããªãã£ãããšã確èªãããããªããåœäºè
ã§ããéåœã¯åœæãœé£ãšã®åœäº€ããªãã£ãããã«åœéé£åã«å çããŠããªãã£ãããšããã(å çã¯1991幎)ããœé£ãžã®æè°ã亀æžãåœé£ã§ã®æŽ»åã¯ãåœé£å çåœã§ãœé£ãšåœäº€ãããããã€äºä»¶ã®åœäºè
ã§ããæ¥æ¬(äºä»¶æã«åœè©²æ©ã®ç®¡å¶ãæ
åœããããã«é£æ¥ããå
¬æµ·äžã«åœè©²æ©ãå¢èœãå€ãã®èªåœæ°ã被害ã«éã£ã)ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«(åœè©²æ©ã®åºçºåœãã€è£œé åœã§ãããå€ãã®èªåœæ°ã被害ã«éã£ã)ãäž»ã«è¡ã£ãã
äºä»¶åŸããã«ãæ¥ç±³ãœã®è¹è¶ãèªç©ºæ©ã倧éèªç©ºæ©ãå¢èœãããšæ³å®ãããæšºå€ªã®è¥¿ã®æµ·éЬ島åšå²ã®æµ·åãè¹è¶ãèªç©ºæ©ã«ãã£ãŠæçŽ¢ãããããœé£ã¯é æµ·å
ãžã®æ¥ç±³ã®èŠèã®ç«ã¡å
¥ãã¯èªãããå
¬æµ·äžã§ã®æçŽ¢ã«å¯ŸããŠãæ¥ç±³ã®èŠèã«å¯ŸããŠé²è·¯åŠšå®³ãªã©ãè¡ã£ãã
ãã®åŸããœé£ã¯ååããæ©äœã®äžéšãéºåãªã©ã®äžéšã®ååç©ä»¶ãæ¥æ¬åŽãžåŒãæž¡ããããäžæ¹ã§ããã以å€ã«éºäœã¯èŠã€ãã£ãŠããªããããšãããã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ã¯ååããŠããªããããšã䞻匵ãããã ããæ©äœã®ç Žçãéºäœã®äžéšãåæµ·éã®æ²¿å²žã«äºä»¶çŽåŸããæ¬¡ã
ãšæµãçããŠãããä»è¿ã§ææ¥ããŠããæ¥æ¬ã®æŒè¹ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååããããŠããããããã®ãããªãœé£ã«ããçºè¡šå
容ã¯åœæããçåèŠãããŠãã(ãªããåæµ·éæ²¿å²žã«æµãçããéºäœã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯ãç®èçµç¹ã®äžéšãªã©å圢ãçããŠããªããã®ã§ãã£ã)ã
ãœé£åŽ©å£åŸã«è¡ãããã€ãºãã¹ãã€çŽã®åæã§ã¯ãè€æ°ã®éºäœãšãã®äžéšããã³æ°ã
ã®éºåããœé£åŽã«ãã£ãŠå®éã«ååãããŠãããã®ã®ãæ¥æ¬åŽã«åŒãæž¡ããããã®ä»¥å€ã®å
šãŠã蚌æ é æ»
ã®ãããæ€æ»åŸã«å
šãŠçŒåŽãããŠããããšãæããã«ããã(ãã ããåœå±ã®æç€ºã§èª¿æ»ã«åœãã£ããã€ããŒã¯åœæèŠã€ããéºäœã¯å°ãªãããããã»ãšãã©æå·ããŠãããšèšŒèšããŠãã)ããªããæ¥æ¬åŽã«æŒçããéºçåã¯èº«å
確èªãã§ããªããŸãŸ2003幎ã®å¿ éç¥ã«ãããŠéºæäŒã®äºæ¿ã®å
ã§çŒåŽåŠåã«ããã(ãã以åã«éºäœã®äžéšãåæ§ã«ç«è¬ãããŠãã)ã
ååœãå¿
æ»ã«ãªã£ãŠæçŽ¢ããŠãããã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå®éã«ã¯äºä»¶åŸéããªããœé£åœå±ã«ãã£ãŠååãããŠããããœé£åœå±ã¯ãã³ãã¯ããããã€ã¹ã¬ã³ãŒããŒãšãã©ã€ãããŒã¿ã¬ã³ãŒããŒã®åæãå³åº§ã«æžãŸãã1983幎11æ28æ¥ã«ã¯æ¥µç§å ±åæžã«ãããŠã¹ãã€è¡çºèª¬ãåŠå®ããŠãããã ããå®éã«ã¯ããã¹ãã€é£è¡èª¬ãã®å蚌ãšãªãããå¯èœæ§ãããããšã®å ±åã«åºã¥ããã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ã¯ãã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ååã®äºå®ãå
¬è¡šããªãã£ããæ¥ç±³ã¯äžèšã®äºå®ãç¥ããªããŸãŸããã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ãå幎以äžãæçŽ¢ãç¶ããŠããããšã«ãªãã
ãªãããã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ã®ã極ç§ãã®ååæç€ºæžããœé£åœå±ããæšºå€ªã®å°å
äœæ°ã«æž¡ãããŠããããšãå°å
äœæ°ããã®æç€ºæžãšåããã®ãå®éã«æµ·äžããåŒãæããããšããããŠãäœæ°ãå¯ãã«èªå®
ãªã©ã«æã¡åž°ã£ãŠããéšåãæå¢ããã倧éèªç©ºæ©ã®ãã®ã§ãã£ãããšããæ¥æ¬ãã¬ãã®ã倧远跡ãã®åæã«ãããœããšãé£éŠã®åŽ©å£çŽåŸã®1991幎ã«å€æããŠãã(ãã®çªçµã¯ãç¿1992幎4æ4æ¥ã«æŸéããã)ããã®çªçµã§ã¯ããã·ã¢åœé²çã®èš±å¯ã®äžãæœæ°ŽèãçšããŠå¢èœçŸå Žã®æ®åœ±ãè¡ãããäºä»¶åŸ10幎è¿ãçµã£ãŠãçŸå Žä»è¿ã«æ²ãã§ããæ©äœã®æ®éªžãç ç²è
ã®è¡£æããããŠéºéªšã®äžéšãæ®åœ±ãããŠããããžã£ãŒããªã¹ãã®ã¢ã³ãã¬ã€ã»ã€ã¬ãŒã·ã¥ãå
¥æããŠããåŒãæããããæ¬ã®äžéšãæ¥æ¬äººä¹å®¢ã®ãã®ãšæšå®ãããéºæã«æž¡ãããã
æ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯å¶è£æªçœ®ãšããŠ2é±éã®æ¥æ¬èªç©ºãšã¢ãšããããŒãã«ããå®æäŸ¿çžäºä¹ãå
¥ãã忢ããæç°åœé空枯-ã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ç·ãæç°-ããããã¹ã¯ç·ãªã©ã®éè¡ã忢ããã
äºä»¶åŸã«éºæã«ãã£ãŠå®è°·å²¬ã«æ
°éç¢ãç¥ãã®å¡ãã建ãŠãããã
äºä»¶åœæICAOçäºäŒã¯ãæ°éèªç©ºæ©ã®èŠæã¯é¿ããã®ãæãŸãããæåŸã®ææ®µãšããŠã®ã¿çšããã¹ãããšããããªãå Žåã§ãæŠåšã®äœ¿çšãæ
ãã¹ãããšãå§åããŠãããäºä»¶ã奿©ãšããŠç¿1984幎ã«ã·ã«ãŽæ¡çŽã®æ¹æ£ãè¡ãããããã«ããé 空ã䟵ç¯ããæ°éèªç©ºæ©ãæå¢ããããšã¯æç€ºçã«çŠæ¢ãããããšã«ãªã£ã(åæ¡çŽ3æ¡ã®2)ã
æå¢æãã€ãããã§ãããªã·ããŒãŽã£ãäžäœã¯1986å¹Žã«æŠéæ©ã®äºæ
ã§éå·ãè² ã£ãããã«é圹ããã¢ãã£ã²å
±ååœã®ãã€ã³ãŒãåžã§æ®ãããŠããããœé£åŽ©å£åŸã®1991幎ã倧远跡ãã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã§ãè»ä»€ã®ãããšã¯ããçµæçã«æ°éæ©ãæå¢ããããšã¯éºæŸã ãšã³ã¡ã³ããã(ååžãã劻ã¯ãæå¢ã¯çŸ©åãã§ãã£ãæšã®ã³ã¡ã³ã)ãããããªãããã®åŸã®ããã·ã§ãã«ãžãªã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ãã£ã³ãã«ãã®ããã¥ã¡ã³ã¿ãªãŒãã¡ãŒããŒ!:èªç©ºæ©äºæ
ã®çå®ãšççžãã·ãªãŒãº(ã·ãŒãºã³7ã倧éèªç©º007䟿ã)ã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã§ã¯ãæå¢ããæ©äœã¯åµå¯æ©ã ãšä»ãä¿¡ããŠãããšããç°ãªãã³ã¡ã³ããããŠããããã®åŸããªã·ããŒãŽã£ãã¯é·ãéç
ã®åŸã«2015幎9æ23æ¥ã«æ»å»ããã
äºä»¶ã奿©ã«ãè»äºçšéã«éçºãããè¡ææž¬äœã·ã¹ãã ã§ããGPSããæ°éèªç©ºæ©ã®å®å
šãªèªè¡ã®ããã«éæŸãããã
ãœé£æ¿åºã«ãããã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ã®é å¿ãªã©ã«ãããäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠã®å€ãã®çåç¹ããå·æŠãçµçµãã1990幎代ãŸã§è§£æãããªããŸãŸã§ãã£ããã ããã®åŸãå·æŠãçµçµããããšãåããŠ1991幎11æã«ããªã§è¡ãªãããåœéãã察çäŒè°ã«ãããŠãªã¬ã°ã»ã«ã«ãŒã®ã³ãœé£åœå®¶ä¿å®å§å¡äŒ (KGB) è°é·é¡§åãããã®äºä»¶ã®è©³çŽ°ãæ¥æ¬åŽã«å ±åããããšäœã
æ·³è¡(å
å代å
é£å®å
šä¿éå®€é· åäºä»¶çºçåœæãé²è¡åºãçŸ é²è¡çãé·å®å®æ¿ã®å®æ¿é·ãšããŠå¯Ÿå¿ã«é¢äžããŠãã)ã«è¡šæããã
ãã®åŸãå®éã«ãã·ã¢æ¿åºã¯ååãç§å¿ããŠãã007䟿ã®ãã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹(äžèšã®ããã«ãèšé²ã¯å¢èœã®11ååã§éåããŠãã)ãICAOã«æåºããåãããŠæ®ãããéºåã®éºæãã¡ãžã®åŒæž¡ããè¡ã£ããICAOã¯ãããé«ãè§£ææè¡ãæã€ç¬¬3åœã§ãããã©ã³ã¹ã®èªç©ºåœå±ã«æåºãè§£æãäŸé Œãããã®çµæãããšã«èª¿æ»ã®æçµå ±åããŸãšããã
ããã«ãããšãèªè·¯éžè±ã®åå ã¯ä»¥äžã®ãããããšããããã©ã®ä»®èª¬ãæ£ãããã¯ã蚌èšã§ããè
ãçåããŠãããäžæã®ãŸãŸã§ããã
ãªãã007䟿ã®ãã€ã¹ã¬ã³ãŒããŒã«ã¯æ©é·ãšå¯æçžŠå£«ãèªç©ºæ©é¢å£«ãããã³ãç¹°ãè¿ãã®ãèšé²ãããŠããããšãããèšå®ãã¹ãããã¯åãæ¿ããã¹ã«æ°ã¥ããªãã£ãåå ãšããŠç²åŽã«ãããã¥ãŒãã³ãšã©ãŒãææãã声ããããå®éã«3人ã®éèªä¹åå¡ã¯ãäºæ
åã«ãœãŠã«âã¢ã³ã«ã¬ããžâãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯âããã³ãâã¢ã³ã«ã¬ããžãšããå€åã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«ã§ãããäŒé€ãåã£ãŠããããžã£ãŒããªã¹ãã®å°å±±å·ãèæžã§ãæå·®ã«ç²ããŠäŒé€ãåããšããã®ã¯ãåã«ç ãã°ãããšããåçŽãªæéã®ã€ãã€ãŸåããã§ã¯è§£æ±ºããªãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããä¹å¡ãã¯æå·®ãŒããæããããªãã£ãçµæãæ³šæåãæ£æŒ«ã«ãªã£ãå¯èœæ§ãããã
ICAOã®æçµå ±åæžã¯æ¥æ¬ã®éºæã«ã¯åæ¬ã®ã³ããŒã®ã¿ãææž¡ãããæ¥æ¬åœæ¿åºã¯ãICAOã«ãã調æ»ã®äžç«æ§ãäžè²«æ§ã倱ãæããããããšããŠãå
¬åŒã®æ¥æ¬èªç¿»èš³ã¯äœæããŠããªãããã€ã¹ã¬ã³ãŒããŒã®é³å£°ã¯ãå°å±±å·ãICAOæ¬éšãžåºåããŠèããèæžããã€ã¹ã¬ã³ãŒããŒæå¢ã®èšŒèšãã«æ¥æ¬èªèš³ãåé²ããã
ICAOã«ããæçµå ±åãåºãŠé 空䟵ç¯ã®åå ãè§£æããã以åã«ããé 空䟵ç¯ã®åå ããšããŠãœé£æ¿åºã責任ãéåœãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«æŒãä»ããããã«å±éããæ ¹æ ã®ãªã䞻匵ããããŠè¥¿åŽã®äžéšã®ãã¹ã³ããç ç©¶å®¶ã®éã§èšããã説ã«ã¯äžèšã®ãããªãã®ãããã
ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è»ãåçåœã§ããéåœæ¿åºããã³åœå¶èªç©ºäŒç€Ÿã§ãã£ã倧éèªç©ºã«å¯Ÿãããœé£æ¥µæ±ã«é
åãããæŠéæ©ã®ã¹ã¯ã©ã³ãã«ç¶æ³ãç¥ãããããããã¯ãè¿é£ã§åµå¯é£è¡ãè¡ãªãã¢ã¡ãªã«ç©ºè»æ©ã«å¯Ÿãããœé£è»æ©ã®åšææŽ»åãããä¹±ããããã«ãæ°éæ©ã«ããæ
æã®é 空䟵ç¯ãæç€ºããäºæ
æ©ãããã«åŸã£ãããšãã説ã§ããã
æå¢äºä»¶çŽåŸã®ãœé£æ¿åºããéæŠè£
ã®æ°éæ©ãæå¢ããããšããããšã«ããã€ã¡ãŒãžããŠã³ãèŠãé ãããã«ã007䟿ã®ãã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ãååãããšããäºå®ãé ããŠãŸã§ãã®èª¬ã匷硬ã«äž»åŒµããã»ããåœæãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãéåœåœå
ããããŠæ¥æ¬ãªã©ã®è¥¿åŽè«žåœã§ããã¹ã³ããäžå¿ã«åœå±ã®é°è¬ã®ååšãè°è«ããããããã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ã®å
容ã亀信èšé²ã®é³å£°ãå
¬éãããåå ãè§£æãããçŸåšã§ã¯åœäºåœã®ãã·ã¢æ¿åºã«ãã£ãŠãåŠå®ãããŠããã
ãæ©é·ãçæç¯çŽã®ããã«æå³çã«èªè·¯ãåã«ããããã¹ã¯ã©ã³ãã«ãåããå±éºãæ¿ç¥ã§ãœé£é 空ã䟵ç¯ããããšãã説ã§ããããã®èª¬ã®æ ¹æ ã¯ãåœæã®å€§éèªç©ºæ©ã¯èªç©ºéè³ãä»ç€Ÿã«æ¯ã¹ãŠå®ãããçæãç¯çŽããããšã¯æ©é·ã®äœ¿åœã§ãã£ãããšããå ±éããã£ãããããããã®èª¬ã®æ¬ ç¹ãšããŠã以äžãææãããŠããã
ãã®äºä»¶ã®çåç¹ã«ãæ°éæ©ãšèªèããäžã§æå¢ããã®ãããšããããšããããããœé£åŽ©å£åŸã«è¡ããããæå¢ããæŠéæ©ã®ãã€ãããã®ã²ã³ããžãŒã»ãªã·ããŽã£ããäžäœãå°äžã®ææ®å®ã«å¯Ÿãããã®åŸã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã®äžã§ãã007䟿ãèªè¡ç¯ãç¹ç¯ããŠãããããšãšãããã€ããããå°äžãã007䟿ã âæ°éæ©ãè£
ã£ãã¹ãã€æ©â ãšèªèããŠãããããšãæããã«ãªã£ãããŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«è»ãæå¢åŸã®ãœé£è»ã®å°äžåºå°å士ã®äº€ä¿¡ãååããäžã§ãæå¢2æéåŸã«ãã©ãããæã
ã¯æ°éæ©ãæå¢ããŠããŸã£ããããããšããå ±åããªãããŠããã
ãããè£ä»ããããã«ã1976幎ã«åœé€šç©ºæž¯ã§ã®ãã¬ã³ã³äžå°äº¡åœäºä»¶ã§ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«äº¡åœãã空è»é¡§åãšãªã£ãŠãããŽã£ã¯ãã«ã»ãã¬ã³ã³å
ãœé£é²ç©ºè»äžå°ã¯äºä»¶åœæãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœé²ç·çã®äŸé Œã§äº€ä¿¡ãè§£èªããé 空ã䟵ç¯ããã°ãæ°éæ©ã§ããããšæå¢ããã®ããœé£ã®ããæ¹ã ããœé£ã®è¿ææ©ã¯ãæåããç®æšãæå¢ããã€ããã§çºé²ããŠãããå°äžã®é²ç©ºæä»€ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã¯ç®æšãæ°éæ©ãã©ããåãããªããŸãŸã䟵å
¥æ©ãè¿æã§ããªãã£ã責任ãåãããã®ãæãããã€ãããã«ããµã€ã«ã®çºå°ãæç€ºããããšã1997幎8æã®åæµ·éæ°èã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã§èšŒèšããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F%E6%92%83%E5%A2%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6
|
5,954 |
ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³
|
ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³(Native Americans ãã€ãã£ãŽã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³)ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®å
äœæ°æã®ç·ç§°ã1492幎ã«ãšãŒãããç³»çœäººãçŸåšã®åç±³å°åã«å°éãã以åã«ãçŸå°ã«å±
äœããŠããæ°æã®ç·ç§°ã§ããããã®éå£ã®ã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£åœ¢æã«ã¯ãå°åæèãå±
äœå°åã«ãããåèæ°æã®ååšããã€ãã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ç¹å¥ä¿çå°ãšã®è·é¢çã®èŠçŽ ãé¢é£ããŠããã2013幎çŸåšãé£éŠæ¿åºãèªããéšæéå£ã¯566ãå·æ¿åºã¬ãã«ã§ã¯ããã«70ã®éå£ãååšãããšããããŠããã
ããã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããªã©ã®åŒç§°ãããã£ãŠã¯æ§ã
ãªè°è«ããã(en:Native American name controversyãåç
§)ãããªãã£ã«ã«ã»ã³ã¬ã¯ããã¹ãåªå
ããç¶æ³ã«ãããŠã¯ãããã€ãã£ãŽã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ãã䜿çšãããŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã«ãããŠããã€ãã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ä»ã«ãã¢ã©ã¹ã«ã®ãšã¹ãã¢ãŒãå«ãŸããããã«ãã¯ã€å
äœæ°ãä»ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœé ã®å°åã®å
äœæ°ãå«ãå ŽåãããããŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«å·ã®å
äœæ°æå
šäœãæããŠããã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ããšããå Žåãããã
æ¬èšäºã§ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®å
äœæ°ã®ãã¡ãäž»ã«æ¬åã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæ±ããã¢ã©ã¹ã«ã®å
äœæ°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã¢ã©ã¹ã«å
äœæ°ããã¯ã€ã®å
äœæ°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã¯ã€å
äœæ°ãåç
§ããããã以äžãæ¬èšäºã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããçšããããšãå€ãããæ¬èšäºã®ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœæ¬åã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããæããŠããã
çœäººãäž»ã«ããªã¹ãæåŸã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æŠäºã«ä»£è¡šãããåç±³æ€æ°å°æŠäºã«ãã£ãŠå€§éèæ®ºãæ°ææµåã匷å¶ç§»äœãè¡ãããããããã®æŠäºã®åœ±é¿ã«ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ä»æ¥ã§ãè²§å°ãã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«äŸåçãªã©ã®åé¡ã«èŠãã¿ç¶ããŠããããŸããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ãã©ãã¯ãã«ãºãªã©çœäººã«å¥ªãããåå°ã®è¿éãæ±ããŠéãç¶ããŠããããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœæ¿åºãæ¿åºãæ¯æãã人ã
ã¯åå°ãè¿éããã€ããã¯ãªãã
ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã®Yæè²äœãããã°ã«ãŒãã¯ãããã°ã«ãŒãQã倧åãå ããŠãããQ系統ã¯ã±ãã人ãã»ãªã¯ã人ãªã©ã®ã·ããªã¢ã®äžéšã§ãèŠããããããŠãŒã©ã·ã¢å€§éžã§ã¯ããŸãèŠãããªã系統ã§ããããã®ä»ããããèªæãè©±ãæ°æã«ã¯ããããã°ã«ãŒãC2 (Yæè²äœ)ãèªããããã
ããã³ã³ããªã¢DNAãããã°ã«ãŒãã¯AãBãCãDãXãèŠãããã
æ®ã©ã®éºäŒåã¿ã€ããåã¢ãžã¢ãæ±ã¢ãžã¢ãšå
±éããŠããããšããããã€ãã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã®ç¥å
ãã·ããªã¢ããããŒãªã³ãžã¢ãéã£ãŠç§»äœããŠããããšã¯ç¢ºå®ã§ããããã®å¹Žä»£ã«ã¯è«žèª¬ãããè€æ°æ³¢ãååšãããšããèŠæ¹ããããäžæ¹ã§åç±³æ±éšã§ã¯ããªãã®é »åºŠã§æ¬§å·ã«å€ãYæè²äœ-RãmtDNA-Xã芳å¯ãããããšãããæå²ä»¥åã®ããææã«ãšãŒãããããçŽæ¥ç§»äœãååšããå¯èœæ§ãææãããŠããã
åéšã®éšæã¯èã®è²ãèµ€é»ã錻çãéãé«ãçãäžãã£ãŠããã¯ã·éŒ»ã§ãã人ãå€ãããŸãå€§èªæµ·æä»£ä»¥éã¯ããšãŒããã人ãšã®æ··è¡ãã¢ããªã«é»äººãšã®æ··è¡ãé²ãã éšæãå€ãã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æŽå²ã¯å£æ¿æåã®äŒçµ±ãšã¢ãŒãã¯ãŒã¯ã«ãã£ãŠåãç¶ãããŠãããããæåã®ææžã«ããæŽå²ã¯ããšãŒãããç³»ã®çœäººã«ãã£ãŠããããããããåºæã®èšèªã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«å
äœæ°è«žèªã§ãããè±èªã®ã¿ã話ã人ã
ãå¢å åŸåã«ããã
2010幎ã®åœå¢èª¿æ»ã§ã¯çŽ309äžäººãéšæããšã«èŠããšãå€ãã®äººå£ãæã€éšæã¯ãããããã§ãããŒããã§ã¯ããŒãã¹ãŒãããã¯ãã¢ããããã©ã ããŒããã©ãã¯ããããã€ãã³ã€ããããŠããšããã§ããã
ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã¯å
šç±³ã®éœåžã®äžã§æãå€ãã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãäœã¿ã2014幎ã«ã¯ã22äž8000人 ãã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³(ã¢ããŒã¯æãã¢ãã«ã³æãªã©)ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã§æ®ãããŠãããéœåžéšã§æ®ãããä¿çå°å€ã®çœäººã®çºã§æ®ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ããã·ãã£ãŒã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããšåŒã°ããã
2003幎ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå¢èª¿æ»ã«ãããšãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœå
šäœã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®äººå£2,786,652åã®äžåã®äžãã3ã€ã®å·ã«å±
äœããŠãã(ã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·413,382åãã¢ãªãŸãå·294,137åããªã¯ã©ããå·279,559å)ã
å€ãã®éšæãããŠã¢ãã³ã·ãäž»é£ãšããã€ã³ã²ã³ãã¡ãã«ããã£ããŠãªãªã©ãæ œå¹ããŠãããç©çãæŒåŽãæ¡éãšèŸ²æ¥ãçµã¿åãããéšæãå€ããããšãããé€ãã°å€ãã®éšæãçšåºŠã®å·®ã¯ããç§»åæ§ã®ç掻ãéã£ãŠãã(ããšããã¯ããŠã¢ãã³ã·ãªã©ã®èŸ²æ¥ã®ã¿ã«ãã£ãŠç掻ããã¢ãããšåŒã°ããéåäœå®
ã«å®äœãããšãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšããŠã¯çããçæŽ»ãéã£ãŠãã)ããšãŒãããäººãšæ¥è§Šãã以åã®å®¶çã¯ã·ãã¡ã³ãã§ãŠãšç¬ã ã£ããç¬ã¯çŸåšããéšæã«ãã£ãŠååŒãªã©ã§é£æãšãããŠãããã³ã¢ã³ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ããã°ãšããç¬çš®ãååšãããåç±³ã«ã¯ãã€ãã·ã·ã®äžçš®ããã«ãªãŒãããããžã®ä»²éããã°ããŒã³ãªã©ããããããããã¯å®¶çåãããªãã£ãã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®é£æåã®ãã¡ãããã«ã³ããµã³ã¿ãã·ã¥ããæããã³(ãã©ã€ãã¬ãã)ããªã©ã¯ä»æ¥ã§ãããç¥ãããŠãããç±³åœæ°ã®é£æåã«åã蟌ãŸãããã®ããããç±³åœã®éèŠãªäœç©ã§ããããŠã¢ãã³ã·ãã«ããã£ããŠãªãã€ã³ã²ã³ãã¡ãã¿ãã³ãããŠã¬ã©ã·ã¯å
æ¥ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæ œå¹ããŠãããã®ã§ããã
å西éšã®ããšãã諞æããããæã¯ã19äžçŽåãé ããã¹ãã€ã³äººã®æã¡èŸŒãã ãããžã®æŸç§ãè¡ãããã«ãªã£ãã圌ãã®å®¶çæ°ã¯é£éŠã«ãã£ãŠé æ°ãå¶éãããŠããã幎次ããšã®ãã§ãã¯ã§é æ°ãè¶
ããå®¶çã¯ãçœäººã®ç®¡çå®ã«ãã£ãŠåŒ·å¶çã«æººæ»ãããããã
ã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢ã®æé¯šæ°æãã«æã¯ã1999幎5æ17æ¥ãé£éŠæ¿åºãæ¡çŽãç Žã£ãŠ70幎éçŠæ¢ããŠããã³ã¯ã¯ãžã©æŒããããã«äŒŽãããã©ããã®ç¥ç¥ãšäœµããŠåŸ©æŽ»ããããã·ãŒã»ã·ã§ããŒããªã©åæé¯šå£äœããã®è
è¿«ãå«ããããå·èŠå¯ã«ããæŒåž«éã®é®æãšããå§åãåãããªãã2007幎9æ12æ¥ã«ããåã³æé¯šãè¡ã£ãã圌ãã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§å¯äžæé¯šãæ¡çŽã§ä¿èšŒãããŠããéšæã§ããã«ãããããããçŸåšãå
šç±³åå°ã®é¢ä¿è
ã§ãåœäºè
ã§ããªãè
ãã¡ããæ¹å€ã蚎远ãåããŠããã
ããããŒå±±èåšèŸºã®éšæã¯ãæŸã®å® ããã³ã°ãªãäž»é£ãšããããã€ãŠã¯å¹Žã«äžåºŠãéšæç·åºã§ãã³ã°ãªæ¡éã«åºãããéã«ã¯æãå
šãã®ç¡äººã«ãªã£ãããã³ã°ãªã¯ä¿åå°å±ã«èããããç²ã«æœããŠãã³ã«å å·¥ããŠé£ã¹ãã
åæ±éšãå西海岞éšã®éšæã¯äŒçµ±çã«é®ãç»è£œã«ããŠäžå¹Žåã®äž»é£ãšãããããããä¿çå°ãžã®ãã 建èšãæŒçæš©ã®å¥å¥ªãªã©ã§ããµã±æŒã®çŸç¶ã¯å¹Žã
å³ãããªã£ãŠãããåæ±éšã§ã¯ãè¿å¹Žã«ãªã£ãŠããããé®ã®äŒçµ±æŒåŸ©æŽ»ãèªããããéšæãããã1960幎代ã®ã¬ãããã¯ãŒéåã§ãçã£å
ã«è¡ãããå€§èŠæš¡ãªæè°è¡åã¯ããµã±æŒã®æš©å©ãããã£ãŠæè°ããããã«é£éŠæ³ãå·æ³ãç Žã£ãŠæŒãããããã£ãã·ã¥ã»ã€ã³ãéåã ã£ãã
æ¯é«ªãéåã®æºãšèããç¥èãªãã®ãšããŠéåžžã«å€§äºã«ããããŸãããšãŒããã人ããã€ãŠè¡ã£ãŠããããšã§ããããå
±éã®é«ªåãããããšã§éšæã®åž°å±ãç€ºãææ®µãšããŠããã
æã®åçã«èŠãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æ¯é«ªã¯éåžžã«çŸããé·ããããã«ç¿ããããªãŠããæ ç»ãªã©ã§ã¯ç»å Žããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®èäººãæ¯é«ªè±ããªäººç©ãšããŠæãããŠãããããããåè¿°ã®å¹³åéšæã®äžã€ç·šã¿æ¹åŒãç¥ããªãã£ãããã«ããŠã©ãŒãã³ããããšããé·²ã®çŸœæ ¹ãé£ããŠç«ãŠããã¢ãã³ãã身ã«ä»ããŠæãããŠãããã®ãéåžžã«å€ããååæ¿çã®äžç°ãšããŠåŸè¿°ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¯å®¿åŠæ ¡ã«éãããç·å¥³å
ç«¥ã¯ãå
¥åŠãšåæã«é 髪ãçãåããããéœåžã«äœãã·ãã£ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éã§ã¯ãçœäººæåã«ååããŠç髪ãå€ããã®ã®ãè¿å¹Žã¯é·é«ªã埩掻ããŠããŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éå(AIM)ãåµèšããããšããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®è¥è
éã¯ãŸããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ã¢ã€ãã£ã³ãã£ãã£ãŒãåãæ»ãããã«é«ªã®æ¯ã䌞ã°ãå§ãããããã¯ããããŒæåã«ã圱é¿ãäžããã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åºæã®è®ç¿ã®ããã«å§äŒãããŠãããé ç®å¥ããã¯ãäžéšã®éšæã®éã§æŠæãšæ èªã瀺ããã®ãšããŠå€ãããéèŠãªãã®ã§ã¯ãã£ãããããããã¯18äžçŽååŸã«ãã¡ãã·ã³ãã€ã®ãªã¹ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®æ¿åºæ©é¢ãããæµå¯Ÿå¢åã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããšãŒãããäººãæ®ºãããŠããã®ã蚌æ ãšããŠé ã®ç®ãæžè³éããããŠãåéããããšãèµ·æºãšãªã£ãŠããã
é ç®å¥ãèªäœã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããå§ãŸã£ãåºæã®ç¿æ
£ã§ã¯ãªãããå€ä»£ãšãŒãããã«ãååšãããã19äžçŽã®åæ±éšãå¹³åéšã®è¥ãæŠå£«ã®éã§ã¯ããé ç®å¥ããã®é¢šç¿ã®æµžéã«äŒŽããæµéšæãæçºããã¹ãåŸé éšã«ã®ã¿é«ªã®æ¯ãæ®ããŠé ãåãããã骚çãæšçã®çãå
·ã§é·²ã®çŸœæ ¹ãšæ¿é£Ÿããã€ããã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãæµè¡ããã(â»äžæ®µãŠã£ã³ã¯ãã®å³ãåç
§)
ãããããã¢ãã«ã³åããã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã¯ã17äžçŽã«åæ±éšã®ã¢ã«ãŽã³ãã³æã®ç·éããç©ãã®éã«åŒãå°ãã®ã«é«ªãéªéã«ãªããªãããã«é ã®åŽé¢ãåã£ãŠãããã®ã§ããã
çŸä»£ã®é²å¯çã¢ãã©ãã¯ãããŒã«ãŒã¯å極åã®ã€ãã€ããããšã¹ãã¢ãŒã®é²å¯çãå
ã«ããŠãããã«ã€ãã¯ãã«ããŒã¯çŸåšã§ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®äœ¿ã£ãŠãããã®ã®ãã¶ã€ã³ãå¿ å®ã«åãç¶ãã§ãããã©ã¯ãã¹ã¯åæ±éšéšæã®ã¹ããŒããå
šäžçã«åºãŸã£ãäŸã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããã
ã»ãšãã©ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ç€ŸäŒã¯æ§çã«èªç±ã ã£ããç·å¥³ã®åœ¹å²ã¯å人ã®å€æã«ä»»ããããŸãã€ã³ãã®ããžã¥ã©ãŒã®ãããªèè·ã«åŸäºãã瀟äŒçåé°éœ(äž¡æ§å
·æè
)ã¯ãããžã¥ã©ãŒããã匷ãå°äœãæã£ãŠãããçœäººã«ãã£ãŠãããã®ååšã¯åŸ¹åºçã«åŒŸå§ããã瀟äŒçãªåœ¹å²ãšããŠã¯å§¿ãæ¶ããŠããããã¡ãã·ã³ãããšãã諞æã®äžéšã®ã»ããã¹ãŒæç€ŸäŒã«ãããããŠã£ã³ã¯ãã(å³å³)ãšåŒã°ããååšã¯ã女è£
ããããªããªã£ãããçŸåšã§ãå¥åšã§ããã人é¡åŠè
ã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ç€ŸäŒã«èŠããã瀟äŒçåé°éœãããã«ããŒã·ã¥ããšåŒãã§ããããæ¬æ¥ã®èªçŸ©ããç·åšŒããæããšã¯ãœãã ã§ãããããå·®å¥çã§äžé©åãšèããããŠããã1990幎ã«ãŠã£ããã°ã§éå¬ããããã€ãã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³=ãã¡ãŒã¹ãããŒã·ã§ã³éšæéã²ã€ã»ã¬ãºãã¢ã³äŒè°ã§ãããã«ä»£ããåŒç§°ãšããŠãªãžããŠã§ãŒèªã§ç€ŸäŒçåé°éœãæããããŒã·ã¥ã»ãããã¥ãŒã¯ã¯ã(ãäºã€ã®éãã®æ)ãã翻蚳åçšããããã¥ãŒã»ã¹ããªãããã䜿çšããããšãè°æ±ºãããã
1881幎ãã¢ã¡ãªã«é£éŠè°äŒã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å®æååŒãéåæ³åããããã€ãŠã¯ãçºæ±å°å±(ã¹ãšããã»ãããž)ãã®è©±ãããã ãã§é®æãããã®ã§ãããããã鮿ãæçã®å§åãåããŠããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¡ã¯èã
ãšä¿¡ä»°ãåãç¶ãã§ããã
ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã»ãã£ãŒãã¯ãçŸåšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éã«ãã£ãšãæ®åããŠãã宿ã§ãããã³ãã³ãææåŸã®é
é·ã¯ã¡ããŒã»ããŒã«ãŒãéç¥ãšãããããªã¹ãæã®ã·ã³ããªãã¯ãªèŠçŽ ãšå€ãã®ç°ãªã£ãéšæããã®éçãªç¿æ
£ã®èŠçŽ ãçµã¿èŸŒãã§1890幎代ã«èã£ãç¿åçãªæäŒã§ãããã¡ãªã¿ã«ãã¯ã¢ãèªèº«ã¯ç涯ãããªã¹ãæåŸã«ã¯ãªããªãã£ãã
ããšããšã¯ãã¡ãã·ã³ã®ãŠã£ãã§ãŒã«æãªã©ãè¡ããããšãŒãç©ããã®ååŒãå
ã«ãªã£ãŠããŠãããšãŒãã®ããããéçãªå¹»èŠãšããã®è¬å¹ã®äŒåŸæé ãååŒçã«æŽãããã®ã§ããã
ä¿çå°ã§æ®ããå§ããé ãé節ãªç
ã«åããã¯ã¢ãã¯ãåªãåž«ã«ããæ²»çãæãã ãã¡ãã·ã³äººãšã¿ã©ãŠãã©æã®æ··è¡å¥³æ§ã«ããã¡ãã·ã³åç£ã®ããšãŒãã䜿ã£ãæ²»çã«ãã£ãŠå
šå¿«ããã¯ã¢ãã¯ã人é¡åŠè
ã®ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã ãŒãã€ã®åŸãçŸã§ããã®ããšãŒããçšããååŒããã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã»ãã£ãŒããšããŠçµç¹åãã(ç±³åœå
ã§ã¯ãããšãŒãã¯ã³ãã³ãã®å±
äœããå西éšã«ããèªçããªã)ã宣æåž«éã«ãã£ãŠããšãŒãã¯ãæªéã®æå®ããšããã匟å§ãããŠããããè¿å¹Žãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯äœ¿çšãåæ³åãããã
ååŒã¯ãã£ããŒå
ã§å€éããæã«ãããŠè¡ãããããšãŒããè€æ°æåããããšã§é²ãããããæ²»çãç¥ç¥·ãäž»ãªç®çã§ãããæäŒ(ãã£ãŒã)ãšããèšèãã飿³ãããããªãããªã¹ãæçãªæçŸ©ã説æãšãã£ããã®ã¯ãªãã
ã¹ãŒæã«ãããŠã¯ãåãã£ãŒãã®æå°è
ãã¡ã¯ãã®3åã®1ããããšãŒãã®äŒåã«é¢ãã£ãŠãããšå ±åããŠãããçŸåšã§ã¯ããµã³ãŒã«ã¹ãããã¢ããªã¹ããã³ããŒãã·ã«ãŽãã©ãããã·ãã£ãŒãšãã£ãåå°ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã³ãã¥ããã£ãŒã§ããšãŒãã®ååŒãéãããéã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãä¿çå°ãžè¶³ãéã¶ç®çã®äžã€ãšãªã£ãŠããã
å西éšã®ããšãã諞æã®éèœã®äžå¿ã«ã¯ã¢ããã®å€ãäŒéæãããããšãå€ããå
ã
ã¯ã¹ãã€ã³äººã®å®£æåž«ãå
äœæ°ã®æ¹å®ã®ããã«åŒ·å¶çã«å»ºãŠããããã®ã ããçŸåšã§ã¯èŸ²èãšé¢ä¿ãã粟é矀ãžã®ç¥èãªååŒã®å·ãè¡ãããç¥ç¥·æãšãªã£ãŠãããéšå€è
ã«ããåçæ®åœ±ãåçãªã©ã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠããã
ãŸããããšãã諞æã®æã
ã®äžå¿éšã«ã¯å€ä»£ããããŽã¡ãšããå°äžç¥ç¥·æããããããŠã¢ãã³ã·ã®äœä»ãã»åç©«ãªã©ãäžå¿ãšããç¥ç¥·ãã幎äžè¡äºãšããŠè¡ãããŠãããå¹³åéšæãåœã®ç³§ã§ãããããã¡ããŒã®ç²Ÿéãä¿¡ä»°ããã®ã«å¯Ÿããããšããæã¯åœŒãã®åœã®ç³§ã§ããããŠã¢ãã³ã·ãç¥æ ŒåãããããŠã¢ãã³ã·ã®ä¹å¥³ãã¡ã ããããŠã¢ãã³ã·ã®æ¯ã ãä¿¡ä»°ããã®ã§ããã17äžçŽã«ã¯ã¹ãã€ã³äººå®£æåž«ãã¡ã«ãã£ãŠããŽã¡ã¯ãæªéã®å·£çªããšããŠç Žå£ããããåæã«ç¥èãªä»®é¢ãçŒãæãããåªãåž«ãåžç¥ã殺æ®ãããŠãã€ãã«ã¯ããšããã®åä¹±ãåŒãèµ·ãããã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠãããŽã¡ãçšããè¡äºã¯åŒŸå§ããç¶ãããçŸåšãããŽã¡ã§ã®ç¥ç¥·è¡äºã¯ãéšææ°ä»¥å€éå
¬éã§ããã
ã¢ãããæã¯ããã¬ã³ããšåŒã°ããå±±ã®ç²Ÿéãä¿¡ä»°ããèŠé¢ããããã¬ã³ã»ãã³ãµãŒãã«ããç¥ç¥·ã®èžããæ§ããããŸãããããæã¯ã圌ãã®ç¥è©±ã«åºã¥ããã€ã§ã€ããã§ã€ããšãã粟ééã®è¡é²è¡äºãæ°æ¥ããè¡ããããæãšãºãæã¯ã«ããŒããšãã粟é矀ãä¿¡ä»°ãããããããä»®é¢è¡äºã§ãããã¯ã©ã³(æ°æ)ãäžå¿ãšããŠè¡ãããã
ããšããæãããæããºãæã«å
±éããç¥è©±ã®ã¢ããŒãã¯ããäžçãäžåºŠæ»
ã³ã第äºäžä»£ã®å
ç¥ãå°åºããçŸãçŸåšã®å§ç¥ãšãªã£ãããšãããã®ã§ãããå西éšã«å°éããŠããæ¯èŒçæŽå²ãæµ
ããããæã®ç¥è©±ã¯ãããšããæã®ç¥è©±ãå容ãããã®ã§ãããšãããã
çãŸãããšãã«ç¥ç¶ããäžããããå®è·åç©ãããã©ã£ãç³ã®ãå®ãããã§ãã£ãã·ã¥ãã®ç¿æ
£ãæ ¹åŒ·ãã
ãã¥ãŒã¡ãã·ã³å·ã§ã¯ç¹ã«ãã¹ãã€ã³äººã®å®£æåž«ã«ãã£ãŠããããããã«ããªãã¯ãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å®æã®ç¿åãããèŠãããããã®èæ¯ã«ã¯ããã€ãŠããªã¹ãæã匷å¶ãã倿¥ã®ä¿¡ä»°ã匟å§ããŠããšããã®åä¹±ãèµ·ããããšãæèšãšãã宣æåž«éãéšææ°ã®å€æ¥ã®ä¿¡ä»°ã«å¯ŸããŠè²æ©ããããšããããæååŠè
ããã«ãã»ã¹ããŒãã³ãœã³ã¯ããå ±åããŠããããããšããã®äººã
ã¯è¡šåãã¯ã«ããªãã¯ãšèªç§°ããŠãããããããç¥ç¶ãã¡ãããªããªãã°ã圌ãã¯å€æ¥ã®ååŒãå§ããã®ã ã
ç¹å®ã®å®è·è人ãæã€ããšããã¯ãå®è·è人ã®èæ¥ãç¹å¥ãªæçãäœã£ãŠç¥ããããšããã蚪ãã芳å
客ã«ãæ¯ãèããããšããæ°æã®ãã©ã æŒå¥ãè© å±ãããã³èèžã¯ããµã³ã¿ãã§ã®èãã©ã³ã·ã¹å€§èå ã§ã®å®æçãªããµã®äžéšãšããªã£ãŠããã
ã¯ã©ã³(æ°æ)ãäžå¿ãšããã蟲èãšç©çã«é¢ä¿ãã粟é矀ãžã®ç¥ç¥·ãåºæ¬ã§ããã人身埡äŸã®è¡äºãå€ãè¡ãããæµå¯Ÿè
ãæå°è
ã®å¿èãèã¯ãéåãåŸããã®ãšããŠå瀌çã«é£ããããååŒã®èžãã«ã鹿ãªã©åç©ã®ä»®é¢ãçšããã
圌ãã®ç¥è©±ã»è±éèã«ã¯ããŽã£ã³ã©ã³ãã«å
¥æ€ãããŽã¡ã€ãã³ã°ã®ãã²ã«ãã³ç¥è©±ã®åœ±é¿ãææããåããããããŸãããã©ã³ã¹äººãæåæã«æ€æ°ãšåžæãè¡ã£ãå°åãšããŠãã«ããªãã¯ãšã®ç¿åããã°ãã°èŠããããäŸãã°ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯å·ã«ã¯ã«ããªãã¯ã«æ¹å®ããã€ãã³ã€æã«é¢é£ã®æ·±ããã©ã³ã(è±èªç)ã®ã«ããªã»ãã«ã¯ãŠã£ãµæäŒããªãŒãªãŒãºãŽã£ã«(è±èªç)ã®åç±³æ®è·è
æäŒ ãããã
ã€ã®ãªã¹äººãæ€æ°ãè¡ã£ãå°åã§ã¯ããã«ã°ãªã ã»ãã¡ãŒã¶ãŒãºãšæ¥è§Šããã¯ã³ããã¢ã°æã®ããã«ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã«æ¹å®ããéšæããã£ãã17äžçŽã®ãã¥ãŒã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã§ã¯ãæ¹å®ããå
äœæ°ã¯ããã¬ã€ã³ã°ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³(è±èªç)ãããç¥ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã)ãšåŒã°ããã圌ãã®éèœã¯ä»ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããéæè
ãé²è¡ããããã«éæè
ã®éèœã®å€åŽã«é
眮ãããããã£ãªããçæŠäºãçµçµãããšãã¬ã€ã³ã°ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¯éèœã«è»çŠãããåŸã«ãã¹ãã³æ¹Ÿã«æµ®ãã¶ãã£ã¢å³¶ã«æçãããŠé£¢ããšç
ããå€ããæ»ãã ãã¢ã€ããŒã»ãªãŒã°ã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããããŒããã¹å€§åŠã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæåããç®çã§ã¢ããŒã¬ã³æã®ç§åž«ãµã ãœã³ã»ãªãã«ã ãã®åºè³ã«ãã1769幎ã«åµç«ãããã
ç©çã«é¢ä¿ãã粟é矀ãžã®ç¥ç¥·ãåºæ¬ã§ãããéšæç¹æ ãç¥ãå€§èŠæš¡ãªååŒã§ã¯ãæ¥ã«è¡ããããŠãæã®ãçã®èžã(ãã¢ãŒã»ãã³ã¹)ããæåã
ã¢ã«ã¢ã³æãšåŒã°ããæ«æ¥èåŸã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãæäŒã®ç·æ¬å±±ã®ãããŠã¿å·è¿èŸºã§ã¯ã19äžçŽããåšèŸºéšæãžã®åæäŒãžã®æåãç±å¿ã«è¡ãããŠãããåœæã®ã¢ã«ã¢ã³ã®äžå€«å€åŠ»å¶ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ãåãå
¥ãããããã®ã ã£ãããã€ãŠã¯ã¢ã«ã¢ã³æåŸã¯åœŒããšçµèšãã西é²ããŠããå¹éЬè»éããŠã¿ã«äŸµå
¥ãããªãããå
±éããŠè¥²æãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«äººã®æ°æŽŸãå€ä»£ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«å€§éžã«å°éããŠãããšããã¢ã«ã¢ã³æžã«ããã°ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯æå
žã«ç»å ŽããçŽæã®æ°ã§ãããšãã(ãã ãåè¿°ã®ããã«ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å
ç¥ã¯ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«äººã§ã¯ãªãã¢ã³ãŽãã€ãã§ããããšã倿ããŠãã)ã
女æ§ã·ã£ãŒãã³ã®ç¿ä¿ãå€ãèŠãããæ·±ã森ã幟æ¥ãããŸããããšã§å瀺ãåŸããæ»è
ãç
ã§ãã¶ãããã€ã©ã«ããŠä¿åããéšæãå€ãã£ãã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«è¥¿æµ·å²žã§ã¯ã18äžçŽåŸåãããå
¥æ€ããŠããã¹ãã€ã³äººã®å®£æåž«ã«ãã£ãŠã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ããªã¹ãæåŸåãé²ãããããããã·ã§ã³ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããšåã¥ããããŠæ¯é
ãããçœäººã®èŸ²å Žãç§å Žã®äžåãããä»ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã®ç£ç£ã«äœ¿åœ¹ãããã
æŒçæ°ãå€ããé®ã鯚ã®è±æŒãç¥ãååŒãå€ããèžãã¯äŒçµ±äœå±
ã®ãã©ãŠã³ãã»ããŠã¹ãå
ã§è¡ããããã®ãå€ãã
ã©ã³ã¿ã»ã¹ãŒæã®ãã¯ã«ã³ã»ã¿ã³ã«ãã®ãããªãå倧ãªã粟éããä¿¡ä»°ãã粟éåŽæãåºæ¬ã§ããããããã¡ããŒã»ãã³ã¹ããã¢ãŒã»ãã³ã¹ã§æ¯ç®ã被ãããèžãã«ã¯ä»®é¢ã¯äœ¿ããªãããçœããããã¡ããŒãã¯å€§ç²Ÿéã®äœ¿ãã§ãããšèããã
ç©å¿ãã€ããç·åã¯ãåªãåž«ãšè¿èŠªè
ã«äŒŽãããŠèå±±ã«åãå
¥ããåæŒå€(女åã¯äºæŒå€)ç¬ãã§ããŽã£ãžã§ã³ãåŸãååŒ(ãŽã£ãžã§ã³ã»ã¯ãšã¹ã)ããè¡ããå瀺ãåŸãããã®ç¿æ
£ã¯è¿å¹Žãå
šãŠã®ååŒã®åã«è¡ããçºæ±å°å±(ã¹ãšããã»ãããž)ãã®ååŒãšäœµããŠãŸããŸãçãã§ããã
人éã®çèŽã®é¢šç¿ã¯ãªãã£ãããèŸ²èæ°ã§ããã£ãããŒããŒæããªãŒã»ãŒãžæã¯ãäŸå€çã«åç©«ç¥å¿µã®ãã人身埡äŸãè¡ã£ããçèŽã«ã¯ä»éšæã®ç·å¥³ã䜿ãããã
å¹³åéšæã®å€ãã¯ãéºäœãæ¯åžã§ããããå·»ãã«ããŠæš¹äžã«èŒããŠè¬éããããã³ãã³æãªã©ã¯ããã€ã§ãæ
人ã«äŒãã«è¡ããããå¢ã«é è骚ã䞊ã¹ãããããã®è¬éã®ç¿æ
£ã¯ãããªã¹ãæäŒããã®åŒŸå§ããã£ãããéºäœãçœäººã«ãã£ãŠæã¡å»ãããŠå€§åŠã®ç ç©¶ç©ã«ãããããèŠäžç©ãšããŠå£²ããããããããã19äžçŽæ«ã«ã¯æ¥éã«å»ããŠãã£ãã
ããµã³ã»ãã³ã¹ããšã¯ãã¹ãŒèªã®ããŠã£ã¯ã³ã€ã³ã¯ã»ã¯ãã(倪éœãèŠã€ããèžã)ããè±èš³ãããã®ã§ããã
å¹³åã®éšæã¯ãæ»ãã°ç¡æ¡ä»¶ã§ãç©çã®æ¥œåããžè¡ãããšãã§ãããã®ãããä»äžã¯æ¥œãã¿ããšã«è²»ããã¹ãã ãšèããããã ãã倧èªç¶ã®åã¯æŸçœ®ãããšè¡°éããããšããŠã¹ãŒæããã©ãã¯ãããæãã·ã£ã€ã¢ã³æãã«ã€ãªã¯æãªã©å¹³åéšæã®å€ãã¯ãæ¯å¹Žå€è³ã®é ã«ã倧èªç¶ã®å埩ãšéšæã®ç¹æ ãç¥ç¥·ããèªããç«ãŠãŠå€§ç²Ÿéã«ç¥ããæ§ãããã®ãµã³ã»ãã³ã¹ã®ååŒãè¡ãã
ãšãã«ã¹ãŒæã¯ããã®ååŒã®äžã§æå€§ã®èŠãšããŠãããã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã®ååŒããè¡ããããã¯ãå幎ã«ããã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã®èªãããç«ãŠããã®ããèžãèã®ç®èã«ç©Žãéããé·²ã®çŸœæ ¹ãéªšã®æ£ãçªãéãããããã¡ããŒã®ç®ã®ããŒãã§åºå Žã®äžå€®ã«ç«ãŠããããã³ã€ãã®ã®ããµã³ã»ããŒã«(倪éœã®æ±)ããšèº«äœãçµã³ã€ããã¡ãã£ã¹ã³ãã³ã®åå³ã§ç®èãã¡ããããŸã§å€ªéœãèŠã€ããªããèžã£ããèµ°ã£ããããããšã§ã倧粟éã«èªãã®èäœãæ§ããèŠè¡ã§ããã(å³åç
§)ããã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã§æãèçãªãã®ã¯ããããã¡ããŒã®é è骚ãèäžã«ã€ãªãã§èµ°ããã®ã§ãç¥ãã®åºŠåãã«ãã£ãŠé èéªšã®æ°ãå¢ããããããµã³ãã³ã¹ã§ããã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã®èªãããç«ãŠãè
ã¯ãç¿å¹Žããæ¯å¹Žéœåååãå¿
ããããè¡ããªããŠã¯ãªããªãã
ãã®ãã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã®èŠè¡ã¯ãã³ãã³æãå§ç¥ãšãããããã€ãŠãã³ãã³æã®ããªãŒããŒã(倪éœã®èžã)ãã¯è©³çްãªã€ã©ã¹ããšãšãã«æ±éšã®çœäººç€ŸäŒã«ãç¥ãããããã圌ãã¯ãããã°ããã¹ã¯ãªæªå€¢ã ãšããŠæ¬æ°ã«ããªãã£ãããã®éãããã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã¯è¥è
ã®åæ°ã詊ããã®ã§ãæå°è
ãšãªãããã®ééå瀌ã§ããããšèª¬æãããçŸä»£ã§ãããã«åã£ã解説ãããæç®ãããããããã¯ééãã§ããã19äžçŽã®ã¹ãŒæã®æŠå£«ã¯ããã®ãã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã«ã€ããŠããèªåã®èäœã¯ãèªåã«ãšã£ãŠäžçªå€§åãªãã®ã ãããããã倧粟éã«æ§ããã®ã ããšèª¬æããŠããã
20äžçŽã¹ãŒæã®ã¡ãã£ã¹ã³ãã³ãããŒãã»ãã£ãããŒãºã¯ããµã³ã»ãã³ã¹ããå
šãŠã®ååŒã®ãç¥ç¶ãã§ããããšè¿°ã¹ããŸããžã§ã³ã»ãã¡ã€ã€ãŒã»ã¬ã€ã ãã£ã¢ãŒ(è±èªç)ã¯ããçœäººã¯èªåã«éœåãããªãã§ãç°¡åã«çä»ããã2000幎åã«ã¯èªåéã®ä»£ããã«ã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãã«èŠçãå³ãããããã ãæã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯èªãèŠçãåŒãåããèªåã®èº«äœã§ãããäœéšãèªãã®ã ããç¥ç¶ããæ¥å¹Žç§ã¯èžããŸããããèäœã«äž²ãåºãã誰ãã®å埩ã«åœ¹ç«ãšããæãã®æ°ãå®å
šãªãã®ãšããããã«ããšã ããšèªã£ãŠããã
ãã€ãŠçœäººã«ãã£ãŠãµã³ãã³ã¹ã¯éè®ãªè¡çºãšããŠåŒŸå§ãåããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¡ã¯ãããé ããŠè¡ããããªãã£ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¡ã®ç²ã匷ã亀æžãšèª¬åŸã«ããããã©ã³ã¯ãªã³ã»ã«ãŒãºãã«ãã®æä»£ã«ãªã£ãŠãããããµã³ãã³ã¹ãèš±å¯ããããããã§ããã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã®ã¿ã¯çµ¶å¯ŸçŠæ¢ãããããã¬ããã»ãã¯ãŒãšãšãã«åŸ©æŽ»ãããã¹ãŒæã®äŒçµ±æŽŸãã¬ã€ã ãã£ã¢ãŒããã·ã¥ãŒã»ãã³ã° ãã«ãã£ãŠå
šç±³ã«åºããããããŸãè¿å¹Žã«ãªã£ãŠèŠå®ãç·©ã¿ã女æ§ã®ãã¢ãã·ã³ã°ãèŠãããããã«ãªã£ãã女æ§ã®å Žåã¯ãæéŠã«äž²ãåºãã
ã¯ã©ã³(æ°æ)ãäžå¿ãšããã蟲èãšç©çã«é¢ä¿ãã粟é矀ãžã®ç¥ç¥·ãåºæ¬ã§ãããã ã¹ã³ã®ãŒæãã»ãããŒã«æã¯ãå°å
ã§æ¡ããã€ãã³ãã(YauponãIlex vomitoria)ã®èãç
ããé»ã飲ã¿ç©ããã©ãã¯ã»ããªã³ã¯ããååŒã®éã«é£²çšããããã®é£²ã¿ç©ã¯ååŒã«ãšã£ãŠéåžžã«éèŠã§ããªã¯ã©ããã«åŒ·å¶ç§»äœãããããã°ã«ãŒãã¯ã代æ¿ç©ãç
ããŠãããã»ãããŒã«æã®è±éãªã»ãªãŒã©ã®åã¯ããã®ãé»ã飲æãã®ååŒã®ãé³é ããšãè
ããšããæå³ã§ããã
ããŒã¹ã»ã«ãã©ã€ãå·ã®ã©ã³ããŒæãå«ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ãããŒãªãã¹ã»ã¡ãœãžã¹ãæäŒã®ã©ã³ããŒã»ãªããŒäŒè°ãçµç¹ãããã¢ã¿ã«ãæãã«ã©ã³ã«ã¯æã¯ãæµå¯Ÿè
ãæå°è
ã®å¿èãèãããã¯ãŒãåŸããã®ãšããŠå®æçã«é£ããããã®ãããä»éšæããšãŒããã人ããã人é£ã人皮ããšèª€è§£ãããã
倧西æŽå²žãããã·ã·ãããŒæ²¿å²žã«ãããŠã¯ãçŽäºå幎åã«ãããŠã³ãã»ãã«ããŒããšåŒã°ããéšæçŸ€ããåç©ãããã©ã£ããæ°100ã¡ãŒãã«ãããç¡æ°ã®åå¡ã»å¡ã建é ããŠããããªãã€ãªå·ã®ãµãŒãã³ãã»ããŠã³ã(倧èã®å¢³äž)ã¯ãã®äžã€ã§ããããã®çŽç³»ã§ããããã§ãºæã¯ã18äžçŽã«ãã©ã³ã¹äººã«ææãç Žå£ããããŸã§ãã€ã³ã«åžåœããã€ææã®ããã«å€ªéœç¥ãé ããéœåžãç¯ããŠãã©ãããåã®ç¥æ®¿ãããã€ã建é ããŠãããç¥å®ãšå§äŸ¶ãããªã瀟äŒéçŽãæã£ãŠããã®ã¯åç±³ã§ããã§ãºæã ãã§ããã
1889幎1æ1æ¥ã«ãæ¥é£ãããã倧å°ãéã«èŠããããé£éŠæ¿åºã«ãã匷å¶ç§»äœæ¿çã§é£¢é€ç¶æ
ã«ãã£ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éã¯ãäžçã®çµãããæ¥ãããšããŠæãæŠããããã®å
šéšæçãªçµæ«æã®äžã§å瀺ãåããããããå·ã®ãã€ãŠãŒãæã®é èšè
ãŠã©ãã«ãæç¥ãšãªã£ãŠå§ãŸã£ãä¿¡ä»°ããã幜éèžãæ(ãŽãŒã¹ãã»ãã³ã¹æ)ãã§ããã
ããŽãŒã¹ãã»ãã³ã¹ãã®ä¿¡å¥è
éã¯ããŽãŒã¹ãã»ã·ã£ããšåŒã°ããèãªãè¡£æã身ã«ãŸãšãããã®ã·ã£ããçãŠæ»è
ã®éã®æãæããªããç·å¥³ã§æãç¹ããåãæããŠãããããšåãããšã§ãä¿¡è
ã®è¡£æã¯çœäººã®åŒŸãè·³ãè¿ãããã«ãªããããã«ã¯çœäººããã£ãŠããåã®ããããã¡ããŒã®çŸ€ããªã倧èåãéã£ãŠãããšããæçŸ©ã¯ãä¿çå°ãžã®åŒ·å¶ç§»äœã«ãã£ãŠé£¢é€ç¶æ
ã«é¥ã£ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éã«ããç±ççã«æ¯æããã倧平åãããã«å西éšã«ç¬ãéã«åºãã£ãŠãã£ãã
匟䞞ãéããªããªããšãããŽãŒã¹ãã»ã·ã£ãã®æçŸ©ãå§ããã®ã¯ãã¹ãŒæã®åªãåž«ããããã³ã°ã»ãã¢ã ã£ãããã®ãããé£éŠæ¿åºã¯ããã®æçŸ©ã§ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãããåæçã«ãªããšããŠãããšã«ã¹ãŒæã«å¯Ÿã培åºçã«åŒŸå§ãå ãããŠãŒã³ãããã»ããŒã®è殺ãèµ·ãã£ãããã®å€§è殺ã§ãä¿¡è
ãå
šæ»
ããããšã§ããŽãŒã¹ããã³ã¹ã¯æ¥éã«å»ããŠãã£ãã100幎ãçµãŠãé£éŠæ¿åºããé匟ãåããªããªããã®æçŸ©ãããã«æããŠãããã¯ãã¹ãŒæã®äŒçµ±æŽŸãAIMã1973幎ã®ãã€ã³ãªããžå±
çå°å
ã®ãŠã³ãããã»ããŒã®å æ ã®éã1975幎ã«ããŠã³ãããã»ããŒã§ãŽãŒã¹ãã»ãã³ã¹ã埩掻ãããéãé£éŠææ»å±(FBI)ææ»å®ãç¹ã¿ã«é ããŠãããç£èŠããŠããããšãããæšãéããã
ãããµã¹å·ã®ã«ãæä¿çå°(ã«ããããã§é£éŠ)ã§ã¯ããŽãŒã¹ãã»ãã³ã¹ã¯åŒŸå§ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãããçŸåšãŸã§ç¶ã幎äžè¡äºã§ããããã ãèžãã®äœæ³ãªã©ãéã£ãŠãããå³å¯ã«äžèšã®ååŒãšåããã®ãã¯åãããªãã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯èªãã®å®æãå®è·µããã®ã«é£éŠã®èš±å¯èšŒãå¿
èŠãšãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœå¯äžã®æ°æéå£ã§ããããé·²ã®çŸœæ³(Eagle feather law)ãã¯ãé£éŠãæ¿èªããéšæãç¥å
ã«æã€ããšã蚌æå¯èœãªå人ã ããããã¯ããŠã¯ã·ãšã€ãã¯ã·ã®çŸœã宿çãŸãã¯éçã«äœ¿çšããæš©éãäžããããããšãèŠå®ããŠãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšéã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®äž¡è
ãšããæ³ã人皮差å¥çã§éšæã®äž»æš©ã䟵害ããŠãããšããŠããã³ãã³ãã®ãé·²ã®çŸœæ³ãã®äŸ¡å€ãšåŠ¥åœæ§ãäºã£ãŠãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãéã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«é·²ã®çŸœãäžããããšã¯æããè¡ãããŠããæ
£ç¿ã§ãããåæ³ã¯ãããçŠããŠãããã圢骞åããŠããã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ãšã£ãŠãç
èã®èã¯ç¥èãªæž
ãã®ç¥å
·ã§ããããŸããã€ããåãªãå«ç
å
·ã§ã¯ãªããã©ã¡ãããã¹ãŠã®ååŒã«æ¬ ãããªãç¹å¥ãªååšã§ãããã©ããªéšæã§ãååŒã®éã«ã¯ãã»ãŒãžãæã®èãªã©ãšåãããç
èã®èã«ããæž
ããè¡ããããããŒã¹ãã€ãããŸãã¯ãã¡ãã£ã¹ã³ãã€ãããšåŒã°ããèãªããã€ããçšããå«ç
ãè¡ãããããã€ãã¯å€©äžã®ç²Ÿéãšã®é信圹ãæ
ããã¿ãã³ã®ç
ã¯ãã®åªäœã®åœ¹ç®ããããã©ã®éšæããããŠããç¶ç¥ããäŒããç¥èãªãã€ããä¿æããŠããã
ãã€ãã¯ãã¹ããŒãã®åœ¹ç®ãæã£ãŠãããåå¥œã®ææã衚ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã§ãéã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã§ããããŒã¹ãã€ããåã飲ãéã«ãçŽããèšèãéããããšã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿã«èš±ãããªãããµã³ãã£ã¢ã»ããšããæãšã¢ãããæããããæãã³ãã³ãæã18äžçŽã«çµãã åå¹³ã®ååŒã§ã¯ãåã飲ã¿ããç
èãåã«åããããã以åŸãµã³ãã£ã¢ãšåœŒããšã®äºãã¯äžåè¡ãããŠããªãã
20äžçŽã®ã¹ãŒæã®ã¡ãã£ã¹ã³ãã³ã§ã¬ãªãã«ãã»ã¯ããŠããã°ã®ç¶ããã³ãªãŒã»ã¯ããŠããã°ã¯ãåç£ç©å±ã§ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ãã€ãã売ãããŠããããšã®æ¯éã«ã€ããŠåãããéã«ããããè¯å®ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã®ãã€ãã¯ãçœäººã«ãšã£ãŠã®èæžãšåãã ããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ã¹ãŒæã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¡ã¯ãããœã¿å·ã®ãã€ãã¹ããŒã³åœå®èšå¿µç©ããããæ¡ããªãèµ€ãç³(ãã€ãã¹ããŒã³)ã§ãã€ãã®ç«ç¿ãäœãããã®é±ç©ã¯ãç»å®¶ãžã§ãŒãžã»ã«ããªã³ã«å ãã§ãã«ããªãã€ã(Catlinite)ããšåä»ããããŠãããã¹ãŒæã®äŒæ¿ã§ã¯ãã«ããªãã€ãã¯å
ç¥ã®è¡ã§åºæ¥ãŠãããšããããèãªããã€ãã®ç«ç¿ã®çŽ æãšãªãã«ããªãã€ãã®æ¡ç³å Žã¯å
šãŠã®éšæã«ãšã£ãŠäžç«ã®åå°ãšãããŠãããé·ããæ¡çŽãç Žã£ãçœäººã«ããäžæ³å æ ãç¶ããããçŸåšã§ã¯ã¹ãŒæãå ææš©ãæã¡ãããã§ã«ããªãã€ããæ¡æã§ããã®ã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã ãã§ããã
ã¹ãã€ã³ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å€§éžãåŸæããåœåã¯ã800äžäººãã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«å
äœæ°ãæ»äº¡ãããšæšå®ãããããããã¯çœäººãæã¡èŸŒãã äŒæç
ããçœäººãå
äœæ°ã«å¯ŸããŠè¡ã£ãæŠäºãªã©ã®æ®ºæ®ã«ãããã§ãã£ããå
äœæ°ã«å¯Ÿããæ®ºæ®ã¯ãåŸã«ã«ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã¡ãã·ã³ããã©ãžã«ããããŠãã©ã°ã¢ã€ãããªãã¢ã«ãŒã³ãã³ãšãã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å€§éžã®ããããå°åã§ãäœäžçŽã«ãããã£ãŠç¶ãããããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æŠäºãšãããã§ã¹ãã»ãã¹ãã£ããŒã倧éèæ®ºã«è²¢ç®ããããŸãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãããŠãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ãšãŒãããã®é¢šåç
ã«å¯Ÿããå
ç«ãæããªãã£ãããããšãŒããã人ãšåããŠæ¥è§Šããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ãã°ãã°å®¹æã«ãšãŒãããããã®äŒæç
ã«ææããæ(ãã)ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®äººå£ã¯æ¿æžããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ç€ŸäŒã¯æ·±å»ãªææã被ã£ãããŸããåããŠèŠã銬ãå
µåšã«ãã£ãŠãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ãããã¯ã«é¥ãããã£ãåæ°äººã®ã¹ãã€ã³éšå£«ã«å¯ŸããŠäœå人ãã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæèµ°ãããšããäºæ
ãæããããããéäºã«ãã£ãŠåå°ã奪ãããŠãã£ãã
ã¬ããæãšãã£ã©ãã«ãã£ã¢ãã¯ã³ããã¢ã°æãšããªãã¹æ€æ°å°ãã³ã³ã³ãŒãã®ããã«ãå
¥æ€è
ãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãåå¹³ãçµãã§çæéå
±åããäŸãããããå
¥æ€è
ã®äººæ°ãå¢ããæ°ããªå
¥æ€å°ã®éèŠãå¢ããšå
±ã«ç Žç¶»ããŠããã
å
¥æ€åæã«ã¯ãæèŽããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãè£å€ã§æçœªãšãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæŠäºã§æèãšãªã£ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã奎é·ãšããŠå£²è²·ããããšã¯åæ³ãšãããã
ãã¬ã³ãã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æŠäºãã¢ã¡ãªã«ç¬ç«æŠäºãªã©ããšãŒããã諞åœãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®è«žéšæãæŠåãšã¿ãªããŠåçãçµãã ããã«æ€æ°å°ããããäºãã«å·»ã蟌ãŸããäŸãå€ã(ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æŠäº)ãéšæã®å©å®³ãååèæ
®ããäžã§åæŠãããšããŠããçµæãšããŠæè
ã®åŽã«ã€ãããšã«ãªã£ãéšæã®éåœã¯éé
·ã§ãã£ãã
çœäººç€ŸäŒã®å€§èŠæš¡èŸ²åéæã§åå°ãæ°Žæºã奪ããããããããã¡ããŒãªã©ã®èªç¶è³æºãå·¡ã£ãŠåºŠã
察ç«ããèšé²ãæ®ãããŠãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã殲æ»
ããç®çã§ãçœäººãç
åèã®ä»çããæ¯åžãªã©ãèŽã£ãŠæ
æã«äŒæç
ã«ææãããããšããäºå®ãæŽå²ã«èšé²ãããŠããã
ãšãŒããã人ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å€§éžã«ãã£ãŠããããã«ãªã£ãé ã1890幎12æãŠã³ãããã»ããŒã®è殺ã«ãããçœäººã«ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æŠäºã¯çµçµããã
19äžçŽã«ãªããšããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åŒ·å¶ç§»äœæ³ããå¶å®ããã¢ã³ããªã¥ãŒã»ãžã£ã¯ãœã³å€§çµ±é ã«ãã£ãŠããä¿çå°å¶åºŠã«åºã¥ã匷å¶ç§»äœã«åŸããªãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã¯çµ¶æ»
ãããããšãããã€ã³ãã®æ€å»ããªã·ãŒããæšãé²ãããããããã¯ãŠãªã·ãŒãºã»ã°ã©ã³ã倧統é ãããŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ã·ã£ãŒãã³å°è»ãã«ãã£ãŠæŽã«åŒ·åãããæ°æèæ®ºã®æŠç«ã¯ããã«è¥¿éšãžãšæ¡å€§ãããåæ±éšã§ã®ãã»ãããŒã«æŠäºãã¯ãçœäººãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®åœå®¶éæŠäºãšããŠã¯æå€§çŽã®ãã®ã§ããžã£ã¯ãœã³ã¯ãã®æŠãã«çŠåäœæŠã«ããåŸ¹åºæ®²æ»
ãå³ã£ãããã»ãããŒã«æŠäºãã¯çŸåšããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ãããã æŠäºããšåŒã°ããŠããã
é·ãéååœæ¿åºã¯æ³åŸãå®ããçãä¿çå°ã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæŒã蟌ããŠåæ³ãè£
ã£ãããªãã§ãæåãªãã®ã«1838幎10æãã1839幎3æã«ãããŠã®ãã§ãããŒæã®åŒ·å¶ç§»äœããããããã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®é å°ã§éé±ãèŠã€ããå°äŸ¡ãæŽéš°ããããã«ç®ãã€ãã(åŸè¿°ã®æ³å¶å®æã®)倧統é ã¢ã³ããªã¥ãŒã»ãžã£ã¯ãœã³ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åŒ·å¶ç§»äœæ³ããå®ããã¢ã¡ãªã«åæ±éšã«äœãã§ãããã§ãããŒæãšã»ãããŒã«æããã§ã¯ããŒæãã¯ãªãŒã¯æãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æºå·(çŸåšã®ãªã¯ã©ããå·ã®ãªã¶ãŒã¯é«åè¿ã)ã«ç§»åããããšãããã®ã§ããã
å³ããå¬ã®ææãéžè·¯ã§ããããå€ãã®è
ã¯åŸæ©ã§1,000kmãã®æ
ããããããããã«1äž6,000人ã®ãã¡4,000人ãã5,000人以äžãæ»äº¡ãããã®ã¡ã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éã§ã¯ããã®æ²æšãªäºä»¶ããæ¶ã®æ
è·¯ããšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ãã
1862幎ããããã»ã«ãŒãœã³ã«ããæ®²æ»
æŠã«éäŒãããããæãã300ãã€ã«(çŽ483km)以äžé¢ãããã¹ã±ã»ã¬ãã³ã ãšããçŒç±äžæ¯ã®å°ã«åŸæ©ã§åŒ·å¶ç§»äœããããããéºãããµã³ã°ã¬ã»ãã»ã¯ãªã¹ãå±±èãè¶ãããã¥ãŒã¡ãã·ã³å·ãã»ãŒå®å
šã«æšªæããããã¡ã®ãã®æ
è·¯ã¯ããã³ã°ã»ãŠã©ãŒã¯ããšåŒã°ããã圌ãã¯ããã§èŸ²èã匷å¶ããããããããç æŒ ã®åå°ã§ã®èŸ²èã¯äžå¯èœã§ãã£ãã
ãã«ãã³ã·ãŒãé
é·(è±èªç)ã®ç²ã匷ãç°è°ç³ãç«ãŠã§ã1868幎ãéšæã¯å
ã®å°ã«åž°ãããšãèš±ããããããã®äŸå€äºã®çç±ãšããŠããããã®åå°ããçœäººã«ãšã£ãŠåœæã¯äŸ¡å€ã®ãªãç æŒ ã§ãã£ãããšã幞ãããããã®åŸåŸ©è·¯ã§å¥³ã»åäŸã»è人ãå«ããæ°çŸäººã®ãããã®æ°ãæ»ãã ãæ
é·ã«ã¯æ»ã£ããã®ã®ãããã«ã¯ãã§ã«è¿é£ã®ããæãäœã¿çããŠããŸã£ãŠããããããèªã§ã®å°åã¯å€±ãããŠããŸã£ãããŸããçŸåšãç¶ãããããšããã®åå°çŽäºã®åå ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«æ¿åºãšã®éã§ãäžæ¹çãªæ¡çŽã«çœ²åãããããããã«æ¿åºåŽãäžæ¹çã«ãããç Žãããšã®ç¹°ãè¿ããšãªããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®äžã«ã¯ã¬ããã»ã¯ã©ãŠããã¹ãããããã»ãã€ã«ã®ããã«é£éŠæ¿åºã®åŽã«ã€ããŠãæµæããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãéé£ããè
ããã£ããããããç¶æ³ã®äžã§ã決ããŠæ¡çŽã«çœ²åããªãã£ãã©ã³ã¿æã®ã¯ã¬ã€ãžãŒã»ããŒã¹ãéæè
ãéãäžããããã¢ãããæã®ãžã§ããã¢ãã®æµæã¯äžå®ã®æŠæãããããã®ã®ãçµå±ã¯ç±³åœéžè»ã®å
µåã«ãã£ãŠå±æãããããã20äžçŽåŸåã«ã¯ã¬ã€ãžãŒã»ããŒã¹ã¯éã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããåè©äŸ¡ããããµãŠã¹ãã³ã¿å·ãã©ãã¯ãã«ãºã«äžçæå€§çŽã®ç³åã¯ã¬ã€ãžãŒã»ããŒã¹èšå¿µç¢ã建èšäžã§ããããäŒçµ±æŽŸããã¯çåçºãåããŠããã
1868幎ã«ã¹ãŒæãšç±³åœæ¿åºã¯ã©ã©ããŒæ¡çŽã«ãã£ãŠããµãŠã¹ãã³ã¿å·ã«ããã¹ãŒæã®èå°ãã©ãã¯ãã«ãºã¯æ°žä¹
ã«ã¹ãŒæã®ãã®ã§ãããšç¢ºçŽãããããžã§ãŒãžã»ã¢ãŒã ã¹ããã³ã°ã»ã«ã¹ã¿ãŒããã©ãã¯ãã«ãºã«éé±ãèŠã€ãããšãéæè
ãéãæ±ããŠãã©ãã¯ã»ãã«ãºã«äŸµå
¥ããæ¡çŽã¯ç Žãããã
çµ¶æçãªç¶æ³ã«çœ®ããã西éšã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éšæã«ã¯ããŽãŒã¹ããã³ã¹ãèžãããšã§å¹³åãªã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®åœãéã£ãŠãããšããçµæ«çä¿¡ä»°ãŽãŒã¹ããã³ã¹ã倧æµè¡ãããä¿¡ãããã®ã¯é匟ãå¹ããªããšããããã®å®æãæããçœäººã¯ããŽãŒã¹ããã³ã¹ãçŠããã¹ãŒæã®ãŽãŒã¹ããã³ã¹æå°è
ãããã³ã°ã»ãã¢(è±èªç)ãå«ãããã°ã»ãããé
é·(è±èªç)ã®äžå£ããµãŠã¹ãã³ã¿å·ã®ãŠã³ãããã»ããŒã«é£è¡ãããçœäººã®è©±ã§ã¯äžäººãéã§æµæãããšããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®è©±ã§ã¯ãäžäººããã€ããæã£ãŠææŸããªãã£ãã ãã§200人以äžãèæ®ºããã(ãŠã³ãããã»ããŒã®è殺)ãããã«é£éŠæ¿åºãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æŠãã¯çµããã1890幎12æ29æ¥ã®ããšã§ããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®æŽå²ã§ã¯1890幎ã¯ããã³ãã£ã¢ãæ¶æ»
ãã西éšãåã¡åãããèŒããã幎ãšãããŠããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ããŠã¿ãã°1890幎ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã²ãšãŸãåŸæããã幎ãªã®ã§ããã
ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ããã³ãã£ã¢ããæ¶æ»
ããã®ã¡ãçœäººã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åé¡ãåŠçãã¹ãããã®ååã«æ³šåãå§ããããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã®ã¢ããªãžããæ¥µåã®ãšã¹ãã¢ãŒãäžåœã®å°æ°æ°æçãšåãããæ¯é
æ°æã«ããååæ¿çã¯ãåç±³ã«ãããŠã19äžçŽæ«ããçµç¹çã«è¡ãããã代衚çãªãã®ã¯ããã³ã·ã«ããã¢å·ã«ãŒã©ã€ã«ã®ãã«ãŒã©ã€ã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å·¥æ¥åŠæ ¡(è±èªç)ãã®åµå§è
ã§ãããæ ¡é·ãåãããªãã£ãŒãã»ãã³ãªãŒã»ãã©ãã(è±èªç)ã«ãããã人éãæãããã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³(éè®äºº)ãæ®ºãããšããæšèªã«ä»£è¡šããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å女ã芪å
ããåŒãé¢ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¯å®¿åŠæ ¡ãã«éã£ãŠã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æåãèšèªãçŠããè»äºæç·Žãåºæ¬ã«ããæå°ã«ãããããªã¹ãæãè¥¿æŽæåã®åŒ·å¶åŠç¿ã§ãããååæ¿çã«ãã£ãŠèšèªãã¯ãããšããå°åæåã倱ãããçãå»¶ã³ãè
ãæ··è¡åãé²ã¿çŽç²ãªéšæã¯æ®ãå°ãªãã
ãããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¯å®¿åŠæ ¡ãã®åŠç§ã«çµå¶åŠãçµæžåŠãšãã£ããã®ã¯çç¡ã§ãæããããã®ã¯éŽã®ä¿®ç¹ãç¹ãç©ã®æå·¥æ¥ãªã©ã®æè¡ã®ã¿ã§ãã£ããçåŸãã¡ãéšæèªã奪ããã忥ããŠä¿çå°ã«æ»ã£ãŠããããã«ã¯éŽå±ãä»ç«ãŠå±ããªããåŠãã æè¡ã¯äœã®åœ¹ã«ãç«ããã倱æ¥è
ãšããŠçœäººã®çºãžåãã«åºãããåŸãªããªã£ããäžäžä»£åãŸã§ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¡ã¯ãããããååæ¿çã®åŒ·å¶æè²ã§éšæèªãçŠããããåŠæ ¡ã§éšæèªã話ãã°ããæ±ãèšèã話ããããšããŠç³é¹žã§å£ããããããããªã©ã®çœ°ãçœäººæåž«ããåãããããããçµéšãããè±èªãã話ããªã人ãå€ãã
ããã«å¯Ÿæãã1970幎代ããåéšæããšã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ãããéšæåŠæ ¡ããèšç«ããåããèŠãããããã«ãªã£ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å®å
šèªæ²»ã®åŠæ ¡ãšããŠã¯ãã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·ã«1971幎ã«åµèšãããããã¬ããŠã£ãã»ã±ãã¢ã«ã³ã¢ãã«çæå€§åŠ(è±èªç)ã(ç¥ç§°ãD-Q倧åŠã)ãç¥ãããããèªå¯ã®åªå€±ãåŠçæ°ã®æžå°ãè³ééçšã®äžåããéæ ¡ã®å±æ©ã«ãããããŠãããè¿å¹Žããã®ãããªåãã®äžãé£éŠãå·æ¿åºã®è²æ©ã§éšæèªåŠç¿ãéšæåŠæ ¡ãªã©ã§åãå
¥ããããããã«ãªããçŸåšã®åŠç«¥ã®äžä»£ãšãè±èªã®ããããªãäžäžä»£ä»¥åãšã®éã§èšèã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®çŸããããã«ãªã£ãäŸããããããããçµå±éšæèªã¯ä¿çå°å€ã§ã¯å®çšçã§ãªããããçµ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«çããèšèªãä¿åããã©ãæåçã«çºå±ãããŠããã®ãããã®å
è¡ããæ³šç®ãããŠããã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãŒãæ ¹æ¬ããç Žå£ããèªæ®ºçã®å¢å ãªã©æ·±å»ãªåé¡ãåŒãèµ·ããããŸäžã€ã®ç€ŸäŒå¶åºŠããç¡æå³ãªãé芪å¶åºŠãã§ãããããã¯ãè²§å°ã®ããçæŽ»å°é£ãšå·ãèªå®ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å®¶åºãããåºçåã«éžå®ããŠåŒ·å¶çã«åãäžããå®ã®èŠªãç¥ãããªããŸãŸçœäººã®å®¶åºã§è²ãŠããšãããã®ã§ããããããçœäººããããã°ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã殺ãã人éãæãããšã®çºæ³ã§çãŸãããäžæ¹çãªèã®æ ¹ãã©ã³ãã£ã¢ã®äžç°ã§ãã£ãã®ã ãã圌ãã¯çœäººã®å®¶åºã§ããªããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšããŠã®æåãæŽå²ãæããããããšã¯ãªããçœäººãšããŠã®ã¿è²ãŠãããã®ã§ããããããŠç©å¿ã€ããæã«ãã®åäŸãã¡ã¯ãèªåã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã§ãçœäººã§ããªãããšããã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ãŒã®åªå€±ã«èŠãã¿ããã®çµæãã»ãšãã©ã10代ã®ãã¡ã«ã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«äŸåçã«ãªããèªæ®ºããŠããŸããšããæ²åãçã¿ç¶ããŠããã
1969-1974幎ã«å®æœãããå
šåœèª¿æ»ã§ã¯ãå®ã«å
šç±³ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å
ç«¥ã®ãã¡25%-35%ãã圌ãã®å®¶ããåŒãé¢ãããå·ã®æ³å»·ãšçŠç¥ä»£çæ¥è
ã«ãã£ãŠçœäººã®å®¶åºã«çœ®ãããŠããã1974幎ã«ãããã匷å¶çãªå¯å®¿åŠæ ¡å¶ãé芪å¶åºŠã«ã€ããŠãããã¹ã»ãã³ã¯ã¹ã¯ãäžçš®ã®èªæã§ããããšæ¹å€å£°æãåºããŠããã
1978幎ããã®æ·±å»ãªæšçŠã®ç¶æ³ã«å¯Ÿããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åŽã®æè°ãšããæåçèæ®ºããšããåœéäžè«ã«ããæ¹å€ãåããé£éŠè°äŒã§å¶å®ãããã®ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å
ç«¥çŠç¥æ³ä»€(è±èªç)ã(ICWA)ã§ããããã®æ³ä»€ã¯ãéåã«åºããåŠãã®æ±ºå®ãå·ãä»£çæ¥è
ã«å§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®åã®åž°å±ããéšæäŒè°ã«ç®¡èœæš©ãèªãå§ãããããã®ã§ããããã®æ³ä»€ã®æœè¡ã§ç¡æå³ãªé芪å¶åºŠã¯è¿å¹Žãããã廿¢ã®åŸåã«ããããå·ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãããèªããããŸãçœäººã®ç¡ç¥ãšç¡çè§£ã«ãã£ãŠæªã ã«ãã®æ°ææµåã¯å®è¡ãããŠãããäºæãèš±ããªãç¶æ³ã«ããã
2000幎ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã³BIAã¯ããããååæ¿çãç¯çœªçè¡çºãšèªããè¬çœªãè¡ã£ãã(âãBIAã®æŽå²çãªè¬çœªã)
ãã€ãŠåè¡åœé£éŠãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšã®éã§ã¯ä¿çå°ãå§ãã371ã«äžãæš©å©ãå·¡ãæ¡çŽãçµã°ããŠããããããã¯ãŸã£ãããªããããã«ããç¶ããŠããããããã1879幎ã«ãã³ã«æã®ã¹ã¿ã³ãã£ã³ã°ã»ãã¢ãŒ(Standing Bear)é
é·ãšããªããæã®ã¹ãŒãããšã¹ãŒã¶ã³ã®ã©ã»ãã¬ã¹ã«å§åйããæé«è£ã§éšæåŒ·å¶ç§»äœã®éæ³å€æ±ºãåã¡åããŸã§ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯äººéãšããŠèªããããŠããªãã£ãããã®å€æ±ºã§åããŠãæé«è£ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯äººéã§ããããšã®æèšã倿±ºæã«æžãæ·»ããŠãããèªããã®ã§ããããã®çŸå¹Žäœããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å·®å¥å»æ¢ãšèªæ²»æš©ããã³æš©å©å埩ãæãããããããŸããŸãªå人ã»å£äœãæ¿æ²»æŽ»åãè¡ãããããæ¯æ£ãããããšããŠããã
æåæã®çµç¹ã ã£ã掻åã§ã¯ã1911幎ã«ãªãã€ãæã®ç°å¢ä¿è·éåå®¶ããŒã©ã»ã³ãŒããªã¢ã¹(Laura Cornelius)ãããªããæã®ã©ã»ãã¬ã¹ã«å§åйãšãã£ããæ±éšã§æ¬§ç±³åŒã®æè²ãåãããšãªãŒããã¡ãèµ·ããããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åäŒããããã圌女ãã¯ãåœéçã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æ¥(ãã·ã§ãã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ããŒ)ããäœãã10æ12æ¥ã®ãã³ãã³ãã¹ã»ããŒ(ã³ãã³ãã¹ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãçºèŠãã®èšå¿µæ¥)ãã«å¯ŸæããŠããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãçœäººã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãçºèŠããæ¥!ããšããã¹ããŒã¬ã³ãæ²ããã
1944幎ã«ã¯ãç¬¬äºæ¬¡å€§æŠã«ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®è²¢ç®äžã®åœ±é¿åãããã¯ã«ãã¯ã·ã³ãã³D.C.ã«æ¬éšãæã€ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åœæ°äŒè°å£(NCAI))ããçµæãããå§åå£äœãšããŠåéšæãã代衚è
ãéã蟌ã¿ãã倧声ã§åŒããŸããèµ€ãçªç¬ããšåŒã°ããã
圌ãã¯äŒçµ±è¡£è£
ã§ã¯ãªãæŽè£
ããæ¬§ç±³æåã®äžããéåãããããäž»æµã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãããæ¯æãéãããããããè¥ãäžä»£ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããã¯ãçœäººããªã¹ãæåããããã€ã¢ã¯ãµããã«ãã³ã¿ã¹ããã³ãããšæ¶æãããæ¯æå
±æãåŸãããªãã£ãã
ãããèžãŸãã1961幎ã«ã·ã«ãŽã§ãã¹ãŒæã®ãŽã¡ã€ã³ã»ãããªã¢(Vine Deloria, Jr.)ããŠã©ãŒã«ãŒãªããŒã»ãã€ãŠãŒãæã®ã¡ã«ã»ãã (Melvin Thom)ããã³ã«æã®ã¯ã©ã€ãã»ãŠã©ãŒãªã¢ãŒ(Clyde Warrior)ããã«ã»ãã³ãœãã¥ãŒ(William Pensoneau)ããããã»ã«ã€ãªã¯æã®ãžã§ã³ã»ããªã³ããšãã£ããå€§åŠæè²ãåããè¥ãäžä»£ãäžå¿ã«ããå
šç±³ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³è¥è
äŒè°(NIYC/The National Indian Youth Council)ããçµæãããã圌ãã¯ãè¥ãäžä»£ã¯å£°ãäžããã¹ãã ããšå±ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³äººæš©å®£èšããèµ·èãçºè¡šãããããã¯ãAIMãã®å身ãšãããã¹ãçµç¹ã§ãããæå°è
éã¯ã®ã¡ã«AIMã«åæµããããã³ã°ç§åž«ã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å£äœNIYCã«å£°ããããå£äœã¯å
¬æ°æš©éåã®äžéšã«é¢ãã£ãŠããããã«ãªã£ãã
ãŸã1960幎代ãã1970å¹Žä»£ã«æããŠãé»äººãã¡ã«ããå
¬æ°æš©éåã®çãäžãã(ãã©ãã¯ã»ãã¯ãŒ)ããããããã«åŒå¿ããŠåææã«èã£ããããã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æš©å©ååŸ©èŠæ±éåã¯ãã¬ããã»ãã¯ãŒéåããšåŒã°ããæ³šç®ãéãããé»äººãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éåã®æ¹åæ§ã®éãã衚ããã®ãšããŠãã·ãã«ã»ããŒãã«åå ããããšã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®å£äœã¯æ¶æ¥µçãåŠå®çã ã£ãç¹ããããããã
å
šç±³ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³è¥è
äŒè°ã¯ãã®ã¡ã«äžèšã®åæ±éšæŒæ¥æš©éåãçãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ãµãã€ãã«åŠæ ¡åäŒãã®åµèšè
ãšãªãã¢ã·ããã€ã³æã®ãã³ã¯ã»ã¢ãã ã¹(Hank Adams)ã茩åºããšãã«åœæé©çšã®æ±ºãŸã£ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«å¯Ÿããç©çã»æŒæ¥ã®æš©å©å¥å¥ªæ³ã«æè°ããã¯ã·ã³ãã³å·ã®ãã¡ãã¡ã§ãéæ³ã«ãéãç²ã£ãŠã¿ããããã£ãã·ã¥ã»ã€ã³(fish-ins)ãæè°è¡åã§æ³šç®ãããã
ã¬ããã»ãã¯ãŒã®äžã§ã1968幎7æ29æ¥ã«ããã¹ã»ãã³ã¯ã¹(Dennis Banks)ããã¯ã©ã€ãã»ãã«ã³ãŒã(Clyde Bellecourtãå代AIM代衚)ããå€§åŠæè²ãåããŠããªããè²§ããå°ååºèº«ã®è¥è
ã«ãã£ãŠåµèšããããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éå(AIM)ãç¥ãããŠããã
ãããœã¿å·ã®ååæã§åºåããäºå¹Žã«ãããæ§æ³ããŸãšãããªãžãã¯æã®ãã³ã¯ã¹ããã«ã³ãŒããã¡ã¯ãéæŸåŸãããã¢ããªã¹ã§çµæå€§äŒãéããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æš©å©å埩ã®ããã®ããŸããŸãªæŽ»åãå§ãããåœåããã®å£äœåã¯ãCIAC(ææ
®ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åè°äŒ)ãã ã£ããããCIAããšèªã¿ãéãªãããšã«ç°è°ãåºãŠã9æã«çŸåšã®ãAIMãã«æ¹ããããããAIMãã®åœåã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¥³æ§ã¡ã³ããŒã®ãç·æ§ã¯äœã§ãç®æš(Aim)ãç®æšãšçºèšããŠããã®ã ãããAIMã«ãããã©ãã§ããããšããçºèšã«ããã
圌ãã¯åè¿°ã®å£äœãšã¯éããèªããã¹ãã³ãºããšåä¹ããAIMã®ãžã£ã±ãããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®åãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšèªãããšæžããããããžãçãã髪ã䌞ã°ããŠç·šã¿ãããŒãºã骚ã®éŠé£Ÿãããã髪ãåžœåã«é·²ã®çŸœæ ¹ãã€ãããAIMã®è¥è
éã¯éçãªåŸãçŸãåŸãããã«ãèªãäŒçµ±æŽŸã®ã¡ãã£ã¹ã³ãã³ãã¡ãæ¢ããååãæ±ããã圌ãã¯ååæ¿çã«ãã£ãŠèšèªãæåã奪ãããäžä»£ã§ãããäŒçµ±çãªå®æååŒã®å®è·µã«ãã£ãŠãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšããŠã®æ°ææ§ååž°ã匷調ããããšã倧ããªç¹åŸŽã ã£ãã
æå°è
éã¯ãŸã1970幎ã«ã¹ãŒæã®äŒçµ±æŽŸå®æè
éã®æ¯æãåŸãŠã倿¥ã®å®æååŒãå®è·µããã1971幎ã«ã¯ããµã³ã»ãã³ã¹ãã®ãã¢ãã·ã³ã°ã®èªããç«ãŠãããŽãŒã¹ãã»ãã³ã¹ãã埩掻ããããã¹ãŒæããã¯ã¬ãªãã«ãã»ã¯ããŠããã°(Leonard Crow Dog)ãã¡å€æ°ããªãžãã¯æããã¯ãšãã£ãŒã»ãã³ãã³(Eddie Benton-Banai)ããªã¯ã©ããã®ã ã¹ã³ã®ãŒæããã¯ãã£ãªããã»ãã£ã¢ãŒ(Phillip Deere)ãšãã£ãããã§ã«æ°å°ãªããªã£ãŠããäŒçµ±æŽŸã®ã¡ãã£ã¹ã³ãã³ãã圌ãã粟ç¥çã«æ¯ããã
圌ãã¯ã¡ãã£ã¢ã«èšŽããããæŠè¡ãåããããŸããŸãªçµç¹ãšã®å
±éã»æ¯æŽãè¡ã£ãã圌ãã¯ãã³ã«æã®å¥³æ§éåå®¶ããŒãã»ããŒãºã®æå±ã«ãã£ãŠå
šå¡ãçŠé
ã®èªããç«ãŠãã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«ã«æººããè¥è
ãã¡ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æŠå£«ãã«çŠãããã圌ãã®æè°è¡åã¯ãã倧éäŒãéãã人ã
ã®å
±æãéãããããäºç¹ã培åºçã«æç¢ºã«ãããã®äºç¹ã«çµãããåæŽåäž»çŸ©ãæ²ãããçµç¹çµ±æ²»ã®ã¢ããã€ã¶ãŒã«ã¯ãã€ãã³ã€é£éŠã®ãªãã³ããŒã¬ææå°è
ã®ãªã¬ã³ã»ã©ã€ãªã³ãº(Oren Lyons)ãã€ããã
1969幎11æã«ã¯ãããã¢ããªã¹ã§ç¬¬äžåãå
šç±³ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æè²äŒè°ããéå¬ãããæ°åäººèŠæš¡ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãå
šç±³ããåå ãAIMãããã«åæµããã©ãã»ã«ã»ããŒã³ãºããå€§åŠææãªãŒã»ãã©ã€ããã³(Lee Brightman)ãã¹ãŒæã®æŽ»åå®¶ãã¡ãAIMã«å ãã£ããAIMã¯ãæè²åé¡å§å¡äŒããçµæããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æšæºæŽå²ææã®ãªãã§ãå·®å¥çãªããããœã¿ã»åã®æãã®æ°žä¹
䜿çšçŠæ¢ãèŠæ±ããŠæè²å§å¡äŒãæèšŽããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããéè®äººãæ±ãããæç§æžå·®å¥è¡šçŸã®åé€ãšäœµãããããå®çŸããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®åäŸãã¡ã¯ãçœäººã®åŠæ ¡ã«å
¥åŠãããããŠãããããå·®å¥çãªæç§æžå
容ã«å«æ°ãããå ŽåããããéåŠããŠããŸãããšããã£ãããŸãããã£ãã¯ã»ãããŒããœã³ã«ãã£ãŠããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¯å®¿åŠæ ¡ããžã®å¯ŸæãšããŠããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å
ç«¥ãžã®èšèªã»æŽå²æåã»èžè¡ãšäŒçµ±ã®æè²ããè¡ãã¹ãã1970幎ã«ãçåã®åŠæ ¡(ãµãã€ãã«ã»ã¹ã¯ãŒã«)ãã®ç¬¬äžå·ãããã¢ããªã¹ã«éèšãããã1975幎ã«ã¯ããã³ã¯ã»ã¢ãã ã¹ã«ãã£ãŠãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ãµãã€ãã«åŠæ ¡åäŒããçµæããããã®åãã¯ä»å·ãã«ããã«ãæ³¢åããŠãã£ãã
ãŸãããããŸã§é»äººã«å¯ŸããŠãšåæ§ãéã®äžã«é èœãããŠãããä¿çå°ã§ã®çœäººèŠå®ã«ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«å¯ŸããæŽåã«å¯ŸããAIMã¯ãèŠå¯å¯Ÿçå§å¡äŒããçµæãããããŒã«èªèŠå£ãçµç¹ããŠãçœäººèŠå®ã«ããæŽåè¡äœ¿ã®çŸå Žåçãæ®ããšããäœæŠã§è£å€ãèµ·ãããæã¿æ¶ããèš±ãããèŠå®ã®æŽåè¡çºãèªç²ãããŠãã£ãããŸãããã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®èŠå¯å®æ¡çšèŠæ±ãªã©ãå®çŸãããã
ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã»ãžã§ãŒã³ã»ãŠã£ã«ãœã³ãAIM女æ§ã¡ã³ããŒã¯ãè£å€å®ãéªå¯©å¡ããœãŒã·ã£ã«ã»ã¯ãŒã«ãŒãã®æèã察å¿ãããã«çœäººäžå¿ã§ãããæè²ã»å»çã®åéã§ããã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãäžåœãªæ±ããåããŠãããã®åçºã«æ³šåãããåæãã®åã®ããšã«çœäººãè¡ã£ãŠãããé芪å¶åºŠããªã©ã®æ€å»ãèŠæ±ããã
AIMã¯ããã¢ããªã¹ã§ã®çµæã®ã®ã¡ã«ããªãã€ãªå·ã¯ãªãŒãã©ã³ãã§çµç¹æ¡å€§ãè¡ããåœåãªãžãã¯æã ãã ã£ãã¡ã³ããŒããä»éšæã®è¥è
ãæ¬¡ã
åå ããŠãããã¯ãªãŒãã©ã³ãããã«ãŠã©ãŒããŒãã·ã«ãŽããã£ã¹ã¬ã€ã¯ãããŒãºãããä¿çå°ããã³ããŒããªã¯ã©ããã·ãã£ãã·ã¢ãã«ããªãŒã¯ã©ã³ãããµã³ãã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³ãããµã³ãŒã«ã¹ãªã©ãå
šç±³ã«æ¯å±ãå¢ãããŠãã£ãããããããªããã¯ã·ã³ãã³DCã®BIAãã«ã®å æ ããµãŠã¹ãã³ã¿å·ã®ãŠã³ãããã»ããŒããã©ãã¯ãã«ãºã®è¿éãèŠæ±ããŠå æ ãããã1500人以äžã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ããæè°éåãšããŠããµã³ãã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³ããã¯ã·ã³ãã³ãŸã§è¡é²ãããªã©å€§èŠæš¡ãªè¡åãæ¬¡ã
ã«å®è¡ããŠãã£ãã(âç Žãããæ¡çŽã®è¡é²)
ããã¹ã»ãã³ã¯ã¹ã¯ããããAIMã®éåã«ã€ããŠãããçºèšããŠããããæã
ã¯ãã®å€§éžã®ããšããããå°äž»ã ããã®å°äž»ããå°ä»£ãéãå§ããã ãã®ããšã ãã
ãããã®éåã¯ãä¿å®æŽŸã®çœäººã«ãšã£ãŠã¯éæ¿ã§ãé»äººéåå£äœããã©ãã¯ãã³ãµãŒå
ããšã飿ºãããã®éåã¯ãæŠåã§åŒŸå§ãããããã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ãããªãã§ã倧ããªåé¿ãåŒãã ããŠã³ãããã»ããŒå æ äºä»¶ãã¯ãå æ è§£é€åŸã«AIMãšé£éŠã»FBIãšã®çŸçãªãæ³å»·æäºãã«çºå±ãã以åŸãå·ã»é£éŠæ¿åºã¯AIMãååœå®¶çç¯çœªéå£ãšãããåAIMãã£ã³ããŒã³ã匷ããŠãã£ãã1973幎ãã76幎ãŸã§ã«ãAIMãšé¢ä¿ã®ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³çŽ300人ãããªã°ã©ã©æè°é·ãŠã£ã«ãœã³ã®ç§èšæŽåå£ãšãFBIã«ãã£ãŠæŸç«ã»éæãããå°ãªããšãã67äººãæ»äº¡ãããŠãããAIMç©ãã®å
é ã«ç«ã£ãå·åžæ³é·å®ã®ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãžã£ã³ã¯ããŒ(ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å°å¥³ãžã®åŒ·å§ŠãšæŽè¡ã§ãAIMããæèšŽããã)ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éåãæ¿ããæ¹å€ããã
åœæã1960幎代ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãåãå·»ãç¶æ³ã¯ããŸãã«æ°ææ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«çãããã®ã ã£ããããŸããŸãªã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æš©å©ãå¥å¥ªãããæ°ã
ã®éšæãçµ¶æ»
èªå®ãããŠãããã©ãã»ã«ã»ããŒã³ãºã¯ã¡ã€ãã©ã¯ãŒå·æè°è¡åã®äžã§ãèªèº«ãã¡ããçµ¶æ»
寞åã®çš®æããšåŒç§°ãããã¬ããã»ãã¯ãŒéåã¯ãããããªãã§èµ·ããã¹ãããŠèµ·ãã£ãåžæ°éåã ã£ãã
ããªãŠãã俳åªã®ããŒãã³ã»ãã©ã³ãã¯ãAIMåµèšåœæãããããæ¯æŽããééçã«ãæ¿æ²»çã«ãæŽå©ããã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®äžäººã§ããããã©ã³ãã¯é«é¡ãªæ ç»åºæŒå ±é
¬ãèŠæ±ããããšã§æåã ã£ããããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æš©å©å£äœã®éå¶è³éã«æäŸããããšãå€ãã£ãããŸããããã£ãã·ã¥ã»ã€ã³æè°è¡åããªã©ãæ§ã
ãªæè°éåã§ãè¡åããšãã«ããã
æã圱é¿ã倧ããã£ãã®ã¯ã1972幎ã®ãããŒãã³ã»ãã©ã³ãã®ã¢ã«ãããŒè³èŸéäºä»¶ãã§ããããããã¯åºæŒããæ ç»ããŽãããã¡ãŒã¶ãŒãã§ã®ã¢ã«ãããŒäž»æŒç·åªè³ã®æè³åŒã«ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¥³æ§ãã代çåºåžãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åé¡ã«çµ¡ããæè°å£°æãããããšãããã®ã§ãããããªãŠããã§ã®ãçœäººãã§ããããªã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãæŒããŠããããšãç®èã£ãããã»ã¢ãã«ã¯ãã»ã¢ããããšã®ãã©ã³ãã®ææã§ããã£ãªãã³ç³»ã®å¥³æ§ããã®ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¥³æ§ãã®åœ¹ãæŒãããªã©ãšããæ§ã
ãªæ¶æž¬ãåºåã£ãããå®éã«ã¯ããã€ãã£ãŽã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³(æ¯ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹äººããã€ã人ããªã©ã³ã人ã®ç³»çµ±ãç¶ã¯ãã¯ã€ãããŠã³ãã³ã»ã¢ããããšã¢ãªãŸãã®ãšã¯ã€æ(Yaqui)ãšããšããã®ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã®ç³»çµ±)ã®ããªãã«ã»ãã§ã¶ãŒã(Sacheen Littlefeather)ãç»å ŽããŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æ ç»äœåå
ã«ããã人皮差å¥åé¡ãç¹ã«ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã®å¯Ÿãã人皮差å¥åé¡ãæè°ãããããªãŠããçã¯å€§éšããšãªãããã以åŸããã§ã«æžå°ããŠããããªãŠããæ ç»ã®ã西éšåãããåçŽãªæªåœ¹ãšããŠã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯å§¿ãæ¶ãããšã«ãªããäºå®äžã西éšåããšãããžã£ã³ã«ã壿»
ãããŠããŸã£ãã
ãã®ã¬ãããã¯ãŒã®é«ãŸãã®äžã§èµ·ãã£ãããã©ã€ã¢ã³å¯Ÿã€ã¿ã¹ã«é¡(Bryan v. Itasca County)ããšåŒã°ããæ³å»·éäºã¯ã以åŸã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®æš©å©ã«é¢ããŠç»æçãªæ³ç倿ãåŒãåºããããšã§æŽå²çè©äŸ¡ãåããŠããã
1971幎ããããœã¿ã®ãªãŒãä¿çå°ã«äœããªãžãã¯æã®ãã©ã€ã¢ã³å
åŒã¯ãç«çœã§å®¶ãç¡ããããããç§»ååã®äœå±
ã賌å
¥ããããéããªãã€ã¿ã¹ã«é¡ã¯åœŒãã®äœå±
ã«è³ç£çšãšããŠ147.95ãã«ãè«æ±ãããããããã©ã€ã¢ã³å
åŒã¯ããã®äœå±
ãèªæ²»æš©ãæã£ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ä¿çå°å
ã«ããããšããçŽçšã®çŸ©åããªãããšã䞻匵ããããåããŠé¡ã¯ãããœã¿æé«è£å€æã«ãã©ã€ã¢ã³å
åŒã®äž»åŒµã®ç¡å¹ã蚎ãããã©ã€ã¢ã³å
åŒåŽã¯ä¿çå°ãæããŠæ§èšŽããããããŠãã®ä»¶ã¯åè¡åœæé«è£å€æã«äžåãããã
1972幎ãæé«è£å€æã¯ãã®èšŽãã«å¯Ÿããæºå ŽäžèŽã§ãã©ã€ã¢ã³å
åŒã®å蚎ãšããããã®å€æ±ºã¯1953幎ã«ç±³åœè°äŒãèªããããããœã¿ãå«ã6ã€ã®å·ã§ã®ä¿çå°ã§ã®éšæäž»æš©ãåºã«ããŠããããã®éšæã®äž»æš©ã確å®ããããã©ã€ã¢ã³è£å€ãã¯ããã®åŸã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æš©å©åé¡ãã¹ãŠã«åœ±é¿ããéèŠãªå€äŸ(åžæ°æ³280æ¡)ãšãªã£ããããã¯ã®ã¡ã«ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãèšç«ã®æ³çæ ¹æ ãšãªãããã®éçã«ã€ãªãã£ãã
ãã€ãã£ãŽã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã ãã§ã¯è§£æ±ºã§ããªãã£ãã人皮差å¥ã®è§£æ¶ãšäººæš©ã®ç¢ºä¿ã«å€§ããªè²¢ç®ãããã®ã¯ãããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ç§åž«ãšNAACPã®ååã ã£ã ãã¢ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ãšãã€ãã£ãŽã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã®èŠæ±ã«åŠ¥åãã圢ã§ãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ¿åºã¯ããããªã1954幎ããã®BIAã®éšæè§£äœæ¹éãæã¡åããã¡ããããŒæããã¯ã©ãŒãæã®åŸ©æŽ»ãèªããã
åŸå¹Žã®1970幎代ã«ã¯ã[äžäžäž¡é¢è°äŒã§ãä¿çå°ã®è§£æ¶ããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®èªæ²»æš©å¥å¥ªããªã©ååçãªæ³æ¡ããå
±åå
ãšæ°äž»å
ä¿å®æŽŸã®è³æã§å¯æ±ºãããAIMã®ã¿ãªãããå
šç±³ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã®éåå£äœãã¯ã·ã³ãã³DCã«éãŸããæè°è¡åãè¡ããã幎ãšãªã£ãã
ãã®æè°è¡åã®ãªãã§åœŒãããæå€§ã®æ°æç屿©ã®ã²ãšã€ããšããŠæ²ããã®ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšããåç§°ã®å¥å¥ªãã ã£ãã飢ããããªãã¹æ€æ°å°ã®ç§»æ°ãã¡ã«é£ç³§ãäžããŠä¿è·ãã蟲æ¥ãæããçåã®ææ®µãäžãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããããªãã«ããã°ããŒã³ã®æŠãã§ã«ã¹ã¿ãŒäžäœãšç¬¬7éšå
µéãç Žã£ãæ å
ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããããã¢ã¡ãªã«å
äœæ°(ãã€ãã£ãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³)ããšããåç§°ãžã®ããæ¿ãã«ãã£ãŠãã®ååšãç¡èŠããããä¿çå°ãããèªæ²»æš©ããšãã©ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æŽå²ããæ¹æ¶ãããŠãããšãããæ°ææµåã«å¯Ÿãã屿©ã§ããããããã£ãèæ¯ããå幎ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ä»£è¡šå£ã¯åœé£ã§ãæã
ã®æ°æåã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã§ããããšæ±ºè°è¡šæãè¡ã£ãŠããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯è¿å¹Žã«ãªã£ãŠã人皮差å¥ã§ããããšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å£äœã®æè°ãåãããŸã§ã倧åŠã髿 ¡ãªã©ãã¹ããŒãããŒã ã®ãã¹ã³ããã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãæ¡çšããããšãçãããªãã£ããããã¹ããŒãçã§ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãããŒãã«ããããŒã åã®äœ¿çšã¯åºãç¥ãããŠãããäŸãã°ã¯ãªãŒãã©ã³ãã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãºã®ã¯ããŒé
é·(Chief Wahoo)ããã¯ã·ã³ãã³ã»ã¬ããã¹ãã³ãºãªã©ããããããããã£ãã䟮蟱çãªã«ãªã«ãã¥ã¢ãã¯çŸåšãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æš©å©å£äœã«ãšã£ãŠæãæŽ»çºãªæè°å¯Ÿè±¡ã®ã²ãšã€ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
æãåæã®äºäŸã§ã¯ã1970幎ã®ãã¹ã¿ã³ãã©ãŒã倧åŠã§ã®ãã¹ã³ããæè°ãããããã¹ã¿ã³ãã©ãŒã倧åŠã®ãããããŒã«ããŒã ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãºãã®ãã§ããããªè¡£è£
ãèžãã§å¿æŽããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ãã¹ã³ããã®å»æ¢ããå倧åŠã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åŠçéãç³ãå
¥ãããã®ã§ããªãã£ãŒãã»ã©ã€ãã³ç·é·ããããåãå
¥ããããã«ãçœäººã®å€§åŠé¢ä¿è
åŽããã¯ããªã廿¢ãããã ããšèœã
ããéé£ãéãŸãè«äºãšãªãã以åŸããããã£ãåæ¶çãªã¹ããŒãã»ãã¹ã³ããã«å¯Ÿãã廿¢èŠæ±ã¯å
šç±³ã«åºãã£ãŠããåç¢ãšãªã£ããã©ã€ãã³ç·é·ã¯ã®ã¡ã«ããèªã£ãŠãããããã«ããã°ãèã®ããã«ãç¹å®ã®å°æ°æ°æãã¹ãŠããã¹ã³ããã«ããæš©å©ããæã
ã®ã©ãã«ããã ããã?ã
2005幎8æããããããåã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ãã¹ã³ããéåãã®é«ãŸããåããå
šç±³å€§åŠäœè²åäŒ (NCAA)ã¯ããæµæãæã¡èåŸ
çãã«è¡šçŸãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ãã¹ã³ããã®äœ¿çšãããã¹ãã·ãŒãºã³ã®ããŒãã¡ã³ã以éçŠæ¢ããã
ãããšäœµããŠããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãºããããã¬ãŒãã¹ããšãã£ãããéçããŒã ã§ãçœäººã®å¿æŽå£ã«ããã矜食ããã€ãã倪éŒãå©ããææ§åã®å¿æŽããããæ¯ãåã(ææ§ãæ¯ãåããããªé¢šä¿ã¯ããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ã¯ãªã)ããšãã£ãå¿æŽãè¡ãããŠããããšã«å¯Ÿããã䟮蟱çãªã«ãªã«ãã¥ã¢ã§ããããšããŠã1980幎代ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å£äœãçæè°ãç¶ããŠããã
äžæ¹ããŠã¿å·ã®ããŠã¿å€§åŠãã¯NCAAã®æ±ºå®ãäžæãšããŠãå倧åŠã®ããŠãæ(UTE)ãããèµ°ããŠãæ(Running Ute)ãã®ããŒã åãåæšç»é²ãããã®èŠè¿ãã«ãŠãæåŠçã«å¯Ÿã奚åŠéãæ¯æããšçŽæãããããããå倧åŠããããå®ããã奚åŠéãæã£ãŠããªããšããŠã2008幎ããŠãæåŠçãã¡ãå倧åŠå
ã§ãã¢è¡é²ããããªã©ãæè°éåãé«ãŸãã€ã€ããã
ã¹ãŒæã¯ããŒã¹ãã³ã¿å·ã®ããŒã¹ãã³ã¿å€§åŠããŒããã¹æ ¡ã®ã¢ã€ã¹ããã±ãŒããŒã ãæŠãã¹ãŒæ(Fighting Sioux)ãã®åç§°æ€å»ãæ±ããŠãå倧ã®ã¹ãŒæåŠçãäžå¿ã«30幎æ¥ã®æè°éåãå±éããŠããããåæ ¡ã¯2000幎ã«ããããäŒçµ±çãªåã§ããããšããŠæåŠããå
šã¹ãŒæãšå·ãããã倧è«äºãšãªã£ãŠããããããµã¹å€§åŠãªãŒã¹ãã£ã³æ ¡ã®ãžã£ãŒããªãºã ææãããŒãã»ãžã§ã³ã»ã³ã¯ã2003幎ã«ããŒã¹ãã³ã¿å€§ã§è¡ã£ãæ°å€ãã®æ¹å€æŒèª¬ã®ãªãã§ããâéè®äººâããŒãã¹ã»ãžã§ãã¡ãŒãœã³ããã©ã³ã¯ãªã³ã»ã«ãŒãºãã«ããããâæŠãã¹ãŒæâãªã®ã§ããä»®ã«ç¬¬äºæ¬¡å€§æŠã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«åã£ãäžçããã£ããšããŠãâæŠããŠãã€äººâãšãããã¹ã³ããåãçãŸããäŒçµ±ã«åŸã£ãŠåç¶ããŠãããšãããã©ãã§ããããããšããã«æè°ããŠãããåããŒã ã®ãã¿ã©ã¡ãªã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã¹ã³ããé¡ã¯äžæããããªãžãã¯æã®ãã¶ã€ããŒãããããã»ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã«ããããŽã«çœ®ãæããããã
çŸåšã§ã¯äžå®ã®ä¿è·æ¿çãšããã«ãã瀟äŒä¿éå¶åºŠãåãããŠãããããã£ããç Žå£ãããæ°æã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ã®ä¿®åŸ©ã¯é£ãããçããç®çãåªå€±ããŠã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«é£²æãã®ã£ã³ãã«ã«èœæººããã±ãŒã¹ãèŠããããªã©ãæ·±å»ãªç€ŸäŒåŽ©å£çŸè±¡ãèŠããããäžã«ã¯äŒçµ±æåãèŠäžç©ãšãã芳å
åããŠç掻ã®ç³§ãåŸã人ãèŠãããç±³åœå°å瀟äŒã«æº¶ã蟌ãã§ç掻ãã人ããããããã®äžæ¹ã§ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å±
çå°ã®äžã§çœäººã»æ¬§ç±³ç€ŸäŒããæçµ¶ããŠæ®ãã人ããããäŒçµ±æåãå®ã人ãã¡ããããããã®å€ãã¯äžæ¯ã®å°ã極貧å°åã§ãæ¿åºããã®è£å©éãåºããããå€åŽææ¬²ãåããããªã©ã仿¥çãªåé¡ãæ±ããŠããããã®ããã«ãé·ãå·®å¥ãšæ°æè¡çªã®æŽå²ããåæ¹ã®éã«æºãæ®ããŠããéšåãæ ¹åŒ·ããé¢ä¿ä¿®åŸ©ã¯ç°¡åã§ã¯ãªãã
çŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ç€ŸäŒçå¹³çã®å®çŸãé£ãããšããããŠãããæ¿åºã®æ¿çãå°ãªãéçºè³éã§ã¯å¥åº·å»çãæè²ãªã©ã®ç¹ã§ç掻ã®è³ªãååã«åäžããã«ããã®ãçŸç¶ã§ãããç¹ã«å±
çå°å
ã§ã¯æ·±å»ãªåé¡ã§ãããäŸãã°ãã¹ãŒæãäœããµãŠã¹ãã³ã¿å·ã®ãã€ã³ãªããžå±
çå°(Pine Ridge Indian Reservation)ã¯ä»ã®å±
çå°ãããè²§ããããã®å±
çå°ã«äœãã¹ãŒæã®åå
¥ã¯å¹³åçãªã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®3åã®1(1999幎ã®å¹³å幎åã¯3800ãã«)ã倱æ¥çã¯3åã®85%ã§ãããäœæ°ã®97%ãé£éŠæ¿åºã®å®ããè²§å°ç·ãããäžã®ç掻氎æºã«ãããå€ãã®å®¶æã¯äžäžæ°Žéã黿°ãé»è©±ã®ãªãçæŽ»ãããŠãããå¹³å寿åœã¯ç·æ§47æ³ã女æ§50æ³ä»£ååãšã西åçã§æäœã®æ°Žæºã«ããã2002幎床ã®å±
çå°ã«ããã蟲æ¥ã®ç·çç£é«ã¯3300äžãã«ãšæšå®ãããŠããããå®éã®éšæã®åå
¥ãšãªã£ãã®ã¯ãã®3åã®1以äžã§ãããšããã
ããããè²§å°ã®äžãæªæå¹Žã®èªæ®ºè
ã®å²åã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå®¶å¹³åã®3åãè¶
ããŠãããå€ãã®ä¿çå°ã¯10åã«äžã£ãŠãããããæ°å¹Žå
ã§ãããã©ãã¯ãããæã®å°å¥³(åœæ18æ³)ãåŠæ ¡ã§ã®é£²é
ã責ããããåªççã ã£ãã«ãæãããã¢ã³ã¿ãå·ã®ä¿çå°ã§ç²Ÿç¥å®å®å€ãå€éæåããŠèªæ®ºãããã¢ã€ããå·ã®ãã©ãŒãããŒã«ä¿çå°ã®16æ³ã®å°å¹Žã¯ãé¡ååæã§éŠåãèªæ®ºãããããã¡ããã©2æ¥åã«åœŒã¯ãããŒãã»Fã»ã±ããã£äžé¢è°å¡ãšä¿çå°ã«é¢ããç¶æ³ã«ã€ããŠè©±ãåã£ãã°ããã ã£ãã麻è¬ãåžžçšããããã®ã£ã³ã°ã«æ§ããè¥è
ããããããããå³ããç¶æ³ã®äžã§ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éã¯èªåéã§äœãšãããããåé¡ã«åãçµãããšããŠããã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãçµå¶ã®ã»ãã芳å
ãè£œé æ¥ãªã©ã«é²åºããŠããéšæããããããŠã¿å·ã®ãŽã·ã¥ãŒãæã®ããã«ãä¿çå°ãæŸå°æ§å»æ£ç©ãçç©å
µåšå·¥å Žãªã©ã®ãç£æ¥ãšã¯åã°ããã®æ±æç©è³ªæçµåŠåå Žã«ãããŠããéšæãå€ããã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·ã®ç¹æ ã¯ãäžæµã®éšæã®æ°Žæºã奪ã£ãŠå®çŸããŠãããã»ãã«æããã³ãã³æã®ä¿çå°ã®å€§åã¯ããã 建èšã§æ²ããããããŠã£ã³ããªããŒã»ã·ã§ãŒã·ã§ãŒããŒæã®ä¿çå°ã¯å°äžæ žå®éšå Žã«ãããåœé£ã«æèšŽããäºæ
ã«ããªã£ãŠãããã»ãšãã©ã®ä¿çå°ãç£æ¥ãæãŠãããªã厩ãã«ãããã£ãè² ã®éºç£ãåãå
¥ããããããŠããã
ããªãŠããæ ç»ãã©ã¹ãã»ãªãã»ã¢ãã«ã³ã(1992幎)ã®æ®åœ±çŸå Žã§ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã©ãæ±ãããŠããããåºæŒããã©ãã»ã«ã»ããŒã³ãºã¯ããå ±åããŠããããæã
ã¯æ®åœ±äžããŸãã§ã¢ãã«ã³ã®æã¯âæ ç»ã«åºãŠãã(ã¹ãã¬ãªã¿ã€ãã®)ã¢ããªã«ã®æâã ãªããšèšãåã£ããããŒã¹ã«ãã©ã€ãã®ãã±å°ã«900人以äžã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ãšãã¹ãã©ãéãããã山奥ã®ããŒã€ã¹ã«ãŠã宿èã«æ³ãŸãããããããã§æã
ã¯2人éšå±ã«8人ãã€è©°ã蟌ãŸããããªãã匷å¶å容æã ã£ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®åºçªã¯äž»ã«å€ã ã£ãã®ã§ãå€ã®çãã«æ¥äžãã£ã±ããããããã¯çæãšæ¹¿æ°ãèããã°ãªããªãã£ããå»è
ã¯æ®åœ±ã§åºæã£ãŠããŠèŠåœããããæã
ã¯åºæ©ãããšãçŠãããããçœäººã¹ã¿ãããã¹ãã©ã€ããå§ããç¶ããŠæã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ãšãã¹ãã©ãã¹ãã«å
¥ã£ã...ã
ã¡ãã·ã³ãšãåœå¢ä»è¿ã®äžéšã®éšæãé€ãã°ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ã¯é
é ã®æåããªãã飲é
ãã³ã³ãããŒã«ããããšãã§ããªãããã®ããã圌ãã«ã¯é£²é
ã®ããŒã¹ãšãã£ããã®ããªããäžå£ããã°ãäžå£ãäžæ°ã«é£²ã¿å¹²ããŠæ³¥é
ããŠããŸãããã€ãŠçœäººãã圌ããšäžå¹³çãªæ¡çŽãçµã¶éãå€éã®ãŠã£ã¹ããŒãæã¡èŸŒãã ããšã¯ããç¥ãããäºå®ã§ããããããã人ã
ãä¿çå°ã§èªæŽ»ã®éãçµ¶ãããã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«äŸåçãšãªãã®ã¯ããšã¹ãã¢ãŒãã¢ããªãžããªã©ä»åœã®å
äœæ°ã«ãèŠãããåé¡ã§ãããå®å
šçŠé
ãæ²ããéšæèªæ²»åºãå€ãã
ã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ãšã£ãŠæ°žãã倱æ¥ã«äŒŽãæã€ã¶ãã§ããããŸãçœäººã«ãšã£ãŠã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«å¯Ÿããæ¿æ²»çå§åã®ææ®µã ã£ããã¢ã¡ãªã«çãã¿ã€ã ãèªã¯ãããäžè¥¿éšã®ä¿çå°ã®ã4,600äººã®æäººã®ãã¡ãç·æ§21%ã女æ§44%ãã3幎éã«å°ãªããšãäžåãé
©é
ã®çç±ã§é®æããããšããå€ãã®ä¿çå°ã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éãå€ã®è¡ã§é
ã£æã£ãŠãå®¶ãžæ»ãéäžã«èªåè»äºæ
ã§æ»ãªãªãããã«ãšãä¿çå°ã§ããŒãé
åºãéããããã«ããŠãããšå ±åããŠããã
ãNIYC(å
šç±³ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³è¥è
äŒè°)ãå¯è°é·ãåãããã³ã«æã®ãã«ã»ãã³ãœãã¥ãŒãã1969幎2æ24æ¥ã«ãäžé¢ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æè²å°å§å¡äŒã®åã§è¿°ã¹ã蚌èšã®ãªãã®ä»¥äžã®äžç¯ã¯ãã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«ã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠã®è°è«ã®éã«ãããåŒãåãã«åºãããäžæã§ããã
ãæã
ã¯ã¯ã€ã³ã«ã²ãããæ²¡é ããããªããªããé
ãã€ã¶ããŠãããšãã ãããå¯äžæã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãèªç±ãªæã ããã ãã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã«ã¯563ã®é£éŠæ¿èªéšææ¿åº(ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ããªããªãŒ)ãååšãããåè¡åœã¯ãããã®éšæã®èªæ²»æ¿åºããã³ãéšæã®äž»æš©ãšèªæ±ºæš©ãæ¡çŽäžã§æèšãèªããŠãããããã¯ã19äžçŽã«æšãé²ããããæ¡çŽäº€æžã®äžã§ã匷å¶ç§»äœãããããŠã®ä¿çå°ãžã®å®äœãšåŒãæãã«é£éŠãåºããæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããåä¿çå°ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å
åçæèœã®BIA(ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ç®¡çå±)ã®ç®¡çäžã«ããããããã®èªæ²»æ¿åºã¯ãããããã®ä¿çå°ã«çœ®ãããBIAçŽèœã®ä¿çå°äºåæã®ç£ç£äžã«ããã
éšææ¿åº(éšæè°äŒ)ã¯ãéšæé å°å
ã§ã®ç«æ³ã課çšãäœæ°æš©ãå
èš±ã®èªå¯ãªã©ãèªæ²»æ¿åºã®éšæã®åã®å¶éã¯å·ãžã®å¶éãšçãããäŸãã°ãäº€æŠæš©ãå€äº€é¢ä¿ã®ç· çµã硬貚ãçŽå¹£ã®è£œé ãªã©ãå«ãããšããŠããã°ãã°ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ä¿çå°ã¯ç¬ç«åœå®¶ã«çããåãæã€ããªã©ãšè¡šçŸãããããããã«ã¯æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ããã
ãªããªããéšæè°äŒã®æ±ºå®ã¯BIAã®æ¿èªãããã¯åœ±é¿ãªãã«ã¯è¡ããªããã®ã§ãããã»ãšãã©ã®éšæè°äŒã¯é£éŠã®åå¡ãšããŠè
æããŠãããéšæã®è¡äºãšãã£ããã®ã¯ã匷匱ã®å·®ãããããå¿
ãä¿çå°ç®¡çå®ãã¡ã®ç£èŠäžã«ãããèªæ²»æš©ãšã¯èšã£ãŠããã«ããã®å
äœæ°ã®ããã«äžå®ã®è£å€æš©ãæã€ããã§ããªãã䞻暩ã®ã²ãšã€ãšããŠããäŸã«æããããéšæèŠå¯ãããããŸã§å·èŠå¯ã®è£å©çæš©éããæã£ãŠããªããä¿çå°ã§çœªãç¯ããéšæå¡ã¯ãå·åœå±ã«ãã£ãŠè£ãããã®ã§ãããåŸè¿°ã®ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžããã§ããã«ãžããæã¡ããéšæãé£éŠã®èš±å¯ããšãã€ããŠãå·ã®èš±å¯ãäžãããå®çŸã§ããªãã§ããäŸã¯å€ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ãé£éŠãšå·ã®åæ¹ããçžãããŠãããèªäž»ç¬ç«ã®åŒ·ãã§ç¥ãããã€ãã³ã€é£éŠã®äžéšã¯ããã®éšæè°äŒã眮ããŠããªããã€ãŸãé£éŠããã®ééçãªæŽå©ããã£ããæã€ããšã§ãé£éŠãå¹²æžã§ããªãèªæ²»åãç¶æããŠããã®ã§ããã
ãŸããå·æ¿åºã«æ¿èªãããŠãããã®ã®é£éŠæ¿åºã«æ¿èªãããŠããªãå€ãã®éšæãååšãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ãå·ã®ãã€ã¢ãæãªã©ã¯é£éŠæ¿åºã®æ¿èªãæçµ¶ãç¶ããŠãããé·å¹Žã«ãããBIAããæ¿èªèŠæ±ãæåŠããç¶ããŠããã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·åéšã®ãªãŒããæ(Ohlone)ãªã©ã¯ãä»éšæã«ãã1969幎ã®ãã¢ã«ã«ãã©ãºå³¶å æ äºä»¶ãã«äžå¿«æã瀺ããããããã®ãšãã«ãã¯ãœã³å€§çµ±é ãããã¢ã«ã«ãã©ãºå³¶ãéšæã®ä¿çå°ãšããŠãæäŸããæã¡ãããããŠãããã䟮蟱ãšããŠæã£ãŠããããã
çŸåšãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ±éšã®å°ããªéšæã®å€ãããå
¬åŒãªæ¿èªãåŸãããšããŠãããé£éŠã«ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæããšããŠã®æ¿èªã¯ãéšæã«å¹Žéãæ¯çµŠãããããã«ãªããªã©ãçŸå®çãªå©çãçãããããéšæãšããŠã®æ¿èªãåŸãéçšã§æºããããªããã°ãªããªãå€ãã®äžæ¡çãªèŠåããããããããããŠå°é£ã§ãããéšæéå£ãšããŠæ¿èªãããããã«ã¯ãéšæã®å®¶ç³»ã®åºç¯å²ã«åã¶ç³»èäžã®èšŒæãæåºããªããã°ãªããªããããããŸã§å€ãã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã¯ãå€ãã®æš©å©ãå¥å¥ªãããŠãããããéºç£ã®çžç¶ãæçµ¶ããŠããã®ã§ããããŸããã¡ãã·ã³åœå¢ããŸãããããŽæ(ããã=ãªã»ãªãã æ)ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãããã¡ãã·ã³ãããéšæèªå¯ãæãŸããçŸåšãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæçã®å€å
ããšåŒã°ããç¶æ³ã«é¥ã£ãŠããã
ããŒãžãã¢å·ã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ç°æ§ãªåé¡ã«çŽé¢ããŠãããããŒãžãã¢å·ã«ã¯é£éŠæ¿èªéšæãååšããªãããããã¯ã²ãšãã«å·ã®äººå£åæ
çµ±èšå±ã®èšé²ä¿ã1912幎ãã1946幎ãŸã§åãããŠã©ã«ã¿ãŒã»ã¢ã·ã¥ããŒã»ãã¬ãã«ãŒ(Walter Ashby Plecker)ã«ãããšããã倧ããããã¬ãã«ãŒã¯åªçåŠãä¿¡å¥ããçœäººè³äžäž»çŸ©è
ã§ãããå·å
ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãšæ··äº€ãã€ã€ãããšä¿¡ããŠããããçœäººããšãæè²ãã®ãã äºã€ã®äººçš®ã ããæ¿èªãããšããæ³åŸãå·è°äŒã§å¯æ±ºããããã¬ãã«ãŒã¯èªæ²»äœæ¿åºã«ãã¹ãŠã®å·ã®ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããæè²ããšããŠååé¡ããããå§åããããããŒãžãã¢å·ã«å±
äœããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®èšé²ã®å€§ã
çãªç Žå£ãåŒãèµ·ããããé£éŠã«ããéšæã®æ¿èªãšããããçã¿åºãå©çãåããããã«ã¯ãåã
ã®éšæã¯1900幎以éã®éšæã®ç¶ç¶çãªååšã瀺ãå¿
èŠãããããé£éŠæ¿åºã¯ããã¬ãã«ãŒã«ããèšé²ã®ç Žå£ãç¥ããªãããã®ã圹æçãªèŠä»¶ããããŸã§æ²ããããšã¯ããªãã£ãã
çŸåšããã®èŠä»¶ãç·©åããæ³æ¡ããããŒãžãã¢å·éžåºã®ãžã ã»ãŠã§ã(Jim Webb)ããã³ãžã§ã³ã»ãŠã©ãŒããŒäžé¢è°å¡ã«æ¯æãããäžé¢ã®äž»èŠãªå§å¡äŒã«å¥œæçã«å ±åãããŠããããããäžé¢ã§ã¯ããŒãžãã¢å·ã®ãŽã¡ãŒãžã«ã»ã°ãã(Virgil Goode)è°å¡ããé£éŠã®æ¿èªã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãèšç«ã«ã€ãªãããå·å
ã®ã®ã£ã³ãã«ã®ä¿é²ã«ç¹ãããšããŠããã®æ³æ¡ã«å察ããã
2007幎12æãã©ã³ã¿ã»ã¹ãŒæã¯ãâã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœæ¿åºã¯ç¬ç«å°åã§ããããšãä¿éããæ¡çŽãç· çµä»¥æ¥150幎ã«ããã£ãŠéµå®ããŠããªããæãã®å¿èã¯ãã¯ãéçã«éããâãšããŠãæ¡çŽã®ç Žæ£ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã®ç¬ç«ã宣èšãç¬ç«åœå®¶ã©ã³ã¿å
±ååœã§ããããšã®æ¿èªãæ±ããæžç°¡ãããªãã¢ããããºãšã©ãããªãåã¢ããªã«å
±ååœãªã©ã«éä»ãããšå
±ã«åœåçã«ãå®£èšæžãæåºãããçŸåšãåœã¥ããã®æ¹åæ§ãå·¡ã£ãŠã¯ãéšæã¯äºæŽŸã«åè£ããŠããããæåãã®é
ã§ãäžè¿°ããããã«ãå¹³åéšæã§ãã圌ãã®æåã¯éšæå
šäœãçµ±æ¬ãããããªæå°è
ã¯ããããå人䞻矩ã«åºã¥ãåè°å¶ã ããã§ããã
ãããŸã§ãæ¡çŽäº€æžã®çªå£ã§ããã¯ãã®BIA(ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ç®¡çå±)ã¯æ¡çŽãç¡èŠããããŒãºæ³ãçŸã«ä¿çå°ãåæžããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«æåãå容ãããã¹ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³å¯å®¿åŠæ ¡ãªã©ãšãã£ãæœæ¿ã§åŒ·å¶çã«ååæ¿çãæŒãé²ããŠããã1887幎ã«1å3800äžãšãŒã«ãŒãã£ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ä¿çå°(Reservation)ã¯ã次ã
ã«BIAã«ãã£ãŠãä¿ç(Reserve)ãè§£æ¶ããããŠãçŸåšã§ã¯ç·èš5500äžãšãŒã«ãŒãŸã§åæžãããŠããŸã£ãããŸãã20äžçŽåé ããé£éŠæ¿åºã¯ãè¡ãèãŸã£ããããšãçç±ã«å€æ°ã®éšæãçµ¶æ»
èªå®ããæ¡çŽäº€æžãæã¡åããçµ¶æ»
æ¿çããæ¡ã£ãŠããã
ããããŠ1954幎ãã1966幎ãŸã§ã®éã«ãå
šç±³ã§100以äžã®éšæããçµ¶æ»
éšæããšããŠãè§£æ£ãããããããé£éŠæ¿åºã»BIAãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæããçµ¶æ»
æå®ããããšãããã«æ¬¡ã®ãããªäºæ
ãšãªãã
ãã®éšæèªå®è§£é€ã®æ¹éã«å¯Ÿãã1960幎代ããã¬ããã»ãã¯ãŒãšãšãã«æ£ãæ£ãã«ãªã£ãéšæå¡ãåçµéããŠãé£éŠã«éšæã®åèªå®ãè¿«ãåããçãã«ãªã£ãããã¯ãœã³æ¿æš©äžã§ã²ãšãŸããã®éšæè§£æ¶æ¹éã¯æã¡åãããã¡ããããŒæããã¯ã©ãŒãæã埩掻ããããããããã¯ãœã³å€±èåŸã®è°äŒã¯åã³ãçµ¶æ»
æ¿çããæã¡åºãããã以å€ã®éšæã¯çŸåšããã¢ã¡ãªã«å
åçãçžæã«é »ç¹ãªèšŽèšã䌎ãåèªå®äº€æžã匷ããããŠããã
ãã®åèªå®èŠæ±ã®æµããšããŠãæ··è¡åºŠã®é«ãéšæã»ã©ããäœåã®äžãŸã§ã®æ··è¡ãªãéšæå¡ãšã¿ãªãããšéšæç¬èªã®æ··è¡åºŠã®èŠå®ãèšããèŠå®ãç·©ããŠåçµéããããšããåŸåãããããµãæ¡ä»¥äžã®æ··è¡åºŠã§ãæ£éšæå¡ãšèªããéšæãããã(ãã®èŠå®ã§ããã°ã16åã®1ãã§ãããŒæã®è¡ãåŒããŠãããã«ã»ã¯ãªã³ãã³ãæ£åŒãªã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãšããããšã«ãªã)幎ã
ãã®èŠæ±ã¯åºããã€ã€ãããé£éŠåŽã察å¿ã«èŠæ
®ããŠããããšã¯ãããæ··è¡ãšååãæŒãä»ããŠããã®ã¯é£éŠæ¿åºã®ã»ãã§ããã
20äžçŽã«ã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ãã¹ãã£ãŒãŠç£çããšè¡šçŸãããBIAã§ãããã2000幎ã«å¯å±é·ã«å°±ä»»ããããŒããŒæã®ã±ãã³ã»ã¬ããŒ(Kevin Gover)å±é·ããååæ¿çãã«å¯ŸãããæŽå²çãªè¬çœªããè¡ãããã®æœæ¿ã¯è»åãã€ã€ããããã®äžæ¹ã2000幎7æãã¯ã·ã³ãã³å·ã®å
±åå
ã¯ãéšææ¿åºã廿¢ããæ±ºè°ãæ¡æããã2004幎çŸåšãæªã ã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ææå°ããç³çããŠã©ã³ãçãŸããŠãããšããäºæ
ãç³ãç«ãŠãããŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«è¡æ¿ç®¡çäºç®åºã«ãã1972幎ã®ç ç©¶ã§ã¯ãé£éŠæ¿åºã«ãã1000é
ç®ã®å¯Ÿã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³æ¯æŽããã°ã©ã ã®ãã¡ãéšæã«åœ¹ç«ã£ãŠãããã®ã¯ããã78é
ç®ã ãã§ãããšã®å ±åããªãããŠããã
2013å¹Žãæ¥æ¬å€§åŠã®æŠäº å²ã¯ã絶察貧å°çã»çžå¯Ÿè²§å°çãšãã«çœäººã®æ°Žæºã倧ããäžåãåæçµæãçºè¡šããŠããããã€ãã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ãšããã¹ããŒã¿ã¹ãè²§å°ã«å¯æ¥ã«çµã³ã€ããŠãããšç€ºåããããŸãããã«ããèªæ®ºçãé«ããšããããã
ã«ãžãäºæ¥ã¯çŸä»£ãçããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã«ãšã£ãŠã®äž»èŠãªçµæžåå
¥ã®ã²ãšã€ã§ãéšæãéå¶ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžããã¯ããçŸä»£ã®ãããã¡ããŒããšããšããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éèŠãªç£æ¥ãšãªã£ãŠãããä¿çå°ãçãäžæ¯ã®å°ã§ããéšæã«ã¯ãã«ãžããå¯äžã®åå
¥æºã§ããå Žåãå€ãã
1979幎12æ14æ¥ãã»ãããŒã«æã¯ãããªãå·ããªãŠããã®ä¿çå°ã§ãé«é¡è³çã®ãã³ãŽå Žãéèšããããããªãå·ã¯å³åº§ã«ããã忢ãããããšããéšæãšå·ã¯ã«ãžãçµå¶ã®æ¯éãå·¡ã£ãŠæ³å»·éäºãšãªã£ãããã®æŽå²çãªä¿äºã¯ããããªãã»ã»ãããŒã«æå¯Ÿãã¿ãŒã¯ãŒã¹ãè£å€ãšåŒã°ããŠããã1981幎ãé£éŠæé«è£å€æã¯ã»ãããŒã«æã®ãã³ãŽå Žçµå¶ã®æš©å©ãæ¯æãã倿±ºãäžããã1987幎ã«ã¯ã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢ã®ãããã·ã§ã³ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãã®ã«ããŸã³ã»ãã³ããé«é¡è³çãã³ãŽå Žãéèšããã®å·®ãæ¢ããèŠæ±ããå·ãšæ³å»·éäºãšãªã£ããç±³åœæé«è£å€æã¯ãåžæ°æ³280æ¡(ããã©ã€ã¢ã³å¯Ÿã€ã¿ã¹ã«é¡ãè£å€)ããåºã«ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã«ããè³åã®éå¬ã¯é£éŠãšå·ã®ç®¡èœå€ã§ãããã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·ã«ããã眰ããããšã¯ã§ããªããšè£æ±ºãäžããã
1988幎ãé£éŠè°äŒã¯ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®è³åå Žçµå¶ãšèŠå¶ã«é¢ãããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³è³åèŠå®æ³ä»€(IGRA)ããééããããããã¯ãé£éŠæ¿åºã«ãã£ãŠèªèãããéšæã(ã€ãŸãããçµ¶æ»
èªå®ããããéšæã¯ã«ãžãéå¶ã§ããªã)å·ãšã®äº€æžãçµãŠãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœã®èŠå®å
ããã³å®€å
ã§è¡ãããšãåæãšããŠãããèšãæããã°ãå·ããããçŠæ¢ããå Žåãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã¯ã«ãžãèšå¶ãã§ããªããšããããšã§ãããã
ãã®æ¡äŸã®å¶å®ã«ããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãéå¶ã®å¯©æ»ãšèªå¯æ¥åã«åœããããã¹ãé£éŠã¯ãå
šç±³ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³è³åå§å¡äŒ(NIGC)ããèšç«ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³åŽãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®ã«ãžãã«ããèªçµŠèªè¶³ãšçŠå©åçãä¿è·ãã¹ããå
šç±³ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³è³ååäŒ(NGIA)ããèšç«ããã
1992幎ãã³ããã«ããå·ã®ãã·ã£ã³ã¿ã±ããã»ãã¯ã©ãŒãæãããã©ãã¯ã¹ãŠããºã»ã«ãžãã»ãªãŸãŒããããªãŒãã³ããããã«ãã³ã¿ã»ã¹ãŒæãããã¹ãã£ãã¯ã»ã¬ã€ã¯ã»ã«ãžãããéã倧ããªå©çãåŸãŠå€§æåãä»ã®éšæãã®ã£ã³ãã«äºæ¥ã«ä¹ãåºããçŸåšãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãéå¶ããã«ãžãã¯377ã¶æãããã»ãšãã©ã®å·ã«ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžããéèšãããã¢ãããæããã§ã¯ããŒæããªãã€ãæãããã¯æ(ãªãžãã¯æ)ãªã©é£éŠæ¿åºãèªå®ãã562ã®éšæãã®ã£ã³ãã«äºæ¥ãéå¶ããŠããããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãã®å¹Žéç·åå
¥ã¯çŽ1å
6500ååã«éããŠããããããã®ã«ãžãã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯éœåžåããé¢ããå Žæã«ããããé è·é¢ã§ããã«ããããããæ¥å®¢æ°ã¯å¹Žæ¬¡å¢å€§ããŠãããä¿çå°å
šäœã最ã广ãç倧ã§ããã
1990幎代ã«å
¥ããšãããµãã¥ãŒã»ããããªã¬ãŽã³ãã¯ããåå°ã®å·è°äŒã§ãè³åã¯æè²ã»é埳çã«èš±ãããªãããšã®çç±ããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãã®éå¶çŠæ¢æ±ºè°ãçžæ¬¡ãã§ãããããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžãã®åå
¥ã®å€ãã¯ã没åãããåå°ã®è²·ãæ»ããããéè·¯ã®èè£
ã»æŽåãããéšæã®å»çãæè²ãå±
äœããªã©ã®è³éãªã©ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®çŠå©åçã«äœ¿ãããŠãããã®ã§ãããå·ãšã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³éšæã®ã«ãžããå·¡ãä¿äºã¯å¹Žæ¬¡æ¡å€§ããŠããã
ããããã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®è¡£é£äœã®æš©å©ãè©åããŠããçœäººããé埳ããçç±ã«ã«ãžããçŠæ¢ããã®ã¯çäžå°œã§ã¯ãªãããšã®å
å€ã®æ¹å€ãå€ãããŸãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã»ã«ãžããèªæ²»äœã«ããããçšåã¯è«å€§ãªãã®ã§ããããŸãéã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®éçšããçã¿åºãäžå€§äºæ¥ãšããªã£ãŠããã
äžæ¹ãã«ãžãçµå¶ãããéšæã®äžã«ã¯ååãªåå
¥ãåŸãããªããã®ããããã«ãžãã®èšç«ãéå¶ã仲ä»ããçœäººäŒæ¥ã«æ¯æãææ°æãé«é¡ã«ã®ãŒããªã©ãã®ã£ã³ãã«ã®çµæžå¹æãçåèŠãã声ããããäŒçµ±çã«èªçµŠèªè¶³åºŠã®é«ãå®äœèŸ²èæ°ã§ããããæã¯ã«ãžãäºæ¥ãæ¬é ãããŸãæåãªèгå
å°ãæã€ãããæã¯2床ã®äœæ°æç¥šã§ã«ãžã建èšãåŠæ±ºããŠãããã«ãžãã«é ŒããããåŸãªã匱å°ã®éšæãšã¯ç¶æ³ãç°ãªãã
ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ãåã³ããŒãã®èå人
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®åéšæã¯ã©ããåçã§ç¥ããããããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§éçºãããå
µåš(ç¹ã«ããªã³ãã¿ãŒ)ã®ãããããŒã ãšããŠãã䜿ãããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3
|
5,956 |
Basic Input/Output System
|
Basic Input/Output System(ããŒã·ã㯠ã€ã³ããã/ã¢ãŠãããã ã·ã¹ãã ãé åèª:BIOS(ãã€ãªã¹))ãšã¯ããã¡ãŒã ãŠã§ã¢ã®äžã€ã§ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã«æèŒãããããã°ã©ã ã®ãã¡ãããŒããŠã§ã¢ãšæãäœã¬ãã«ãªå
¥åºåãè¡ãããã®ããã°ã©ã ã§ããã
倧ããæå³åããšããŠ
ãããã
BIOSã¯ããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿(PC)ã«çµã¿èŸŒãŸããŠããã黿ºæå
¥ãšåæã«å®è¡ããããããŒããŠã§ã¢ãåæåãè£å©èšæ¶è£
眮ããããŒãããŒããŒãåŒã³åºãããŸãããŒããŒãããã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ãªã©ã®å
¥åºåè£
眮ãããã°ã©ã ããå©çšããããã®ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸãããããã°ã©ã ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã«çŽæ¥ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããããµãŒãã¹ãå©çšããäºã§ããŒããŠã§ã¢å·®ãæ°ã«ããªããŠè¯ããªãããã ãè¿ä»£çãªãªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã (OS) ã¯ãã®æœè±¡åå±€ã䜿çšãããOSã®ããã€ã¹ãã©ã€ãã§çŽæ¥å¶åŸ¡ããå Žåãå€ãã
IBM PC/XTã®ãªãªãžãã«ã®BIOSã«ã¯ãŠãŒã¶ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ãç¡ããåºæ¿äžã®ãžã£ã³ãã¹ã€ããã§èšå®ãããã·ã¹ãã äžå
·åæã¯ãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžãšãã¶ãŒé³ã§éç¥ãããè¿ä»£çãªPCã§ã¯ãèµ·åæã«ç¹å®ã®ããŒãæŒãããšã§èšå®ããã°ã©ã ãèµ·åããç»é¢ãšããŒããŒãã§èšå®ãè¡ããã
1980幎代ãã1990幎代äžç€ãŸã§äž»æµã§ãã£ãMS-DOSã¯ãã£ã¹ã¯ãããŒããŒããç»é¢è¡šç€ºãªã©BIOSã®ãµãŒãã¹ã«äŸåããŠãããMicrosoft Windows NTãLinuxããããã¯ãã¢ãŒãã§åäœäžã®OSã§ã¯äžè¬ã«OSã®ããŒããšèµ·åãŸã§ãæ
ããèµ·ååŸã¯BIOSå²ã蟌ã¿ã«ãŒãã³ã䜿çšããªãã
BIOSã¯ãã¶ãŒããŒãã®äžæ®çºæ§ã¡ã¢ãªã«æ ŒçŽãããããã€ã¹ãšãããã»ããã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ãæ
ããåæã®ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯EP-ROMçã«æ ŒçŽãããBIOSæžãæãæã¯ãã¶ãŒããŒãããããããåãå€ããå°çšè£
çœ®ã§æžãæããåŸãåè£
çããå¿
èŠããã£ããè¿ä»£ã§ã¯ãã©ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãªã«æ ŒçŽãããåãå€ããªãã§ãæžãæããå¯èœã§ãããããã«ããæŽæ°ããã°ä¿®æ£ã容æã«ãªã£ã代ããã«Rootkitã«è匱ã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ãçããã
2010幎ããUnified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) ã«ç§»è¡ãããŠãããUEFIã¯BIOSã®æè¡çåé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããããšãç®çãšããåŸç¶ã§ããã
ã²ã€ãªãŒã»ãã«ããŒã«ãCP/Mã®çšèªãšããŠ1975幎ã«åããŠBIOSãçšãããOSèµ·åæã«ãã·ã³åºæã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããéšåãèšè¿°ããŠãããåŸã«ä»æ©çš®ã«ã䜿ãããPC/ATäºææ©ã§ãããã¡ã¯ãã¹ã¿ã³ããŒããšãªã£ãã
MS-DOSãPC DOSãDR-DOSã«ååšãããã¡ã€ã« "IO.SYS"ã"IBMBIO.COM"ã"IBMBIO.SYS"ã"DRBIOS.SYS" ãªã©ã"CP/M BIOS" ã«ãªããã㊠"DOS BIOS" ãšåŒã¶å Žåããã(äžè¬ã«CP/Må¯Ÿå¿æ©ã®ROMã«ã¯ç°¡çŽ ãªããŒãããŒããŒãããªã)ã
PS/2ã§IBMã¯BIOSããªã¢ã«ã¢ãŒããšãããã¯ãã¢ãŒãã«åå²ããããªã¢ã«ã¢ãŒãéšã¯æ¢åã®OS(DOSç)ãšã®äºææ§ãç®çãšã "CBIOS" (Compatibility BIOS) ãšåŒã³ãOS/2ãªã©ã®ãã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯OSã®ããã«äœæãããéšåã"ABIOS"(Advanced BIOS)ãšåŒãã ã
IBM PCãšXTã®æä»£ã«ã¯èšå®ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ (UI) ã¯ãã¶ãŒããŒãäžãã£ããã¹ã€ããã§ãã£ãããã以éã¯ç»é¢ã«è¡šç€ºãããã¡ãã¥ãŒãããŒããŒãã§æäœããã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã§ãããããŠã¹(ãã€ã³ãã£ã³ã°ããã€ã¹)ã«ããæäœãåºæ¥ããã®ãããã以é80286CPUæèŒæ©ãŸã§ã¯é»æ± ã§ããã¯ã¢ãããããCMOSã«ä¿åãããŠãããIBM ATã§ã¯ãããªã«ãŒããã¡ã¢ãªãŒãµã€ãºãããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ãèšå®ããã«ã¯ãROMã®ããã°ã©ã ã§ã¯ãªã "reference diskette" ãšããç¹å¥ãªãã£ã¹ã¯ãæ¿å
¥ããŠè¡ããªããã°ãªããªãã£ãã
PC/ATäºæPCã§ã¯ã»ããã¢ãããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ã§åçš®èšå®ãããããã®æ¹åŒã¯1990幎代ããå€ãã£ãŠããªãããŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯ç»é¢ã«è¡šç€ºãããã¡ãã¥ãŒåœ¢åŒã®ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ãŒã¹ãããŒããŒãã§æäœãããããŒãã«å€±æããå Žåã«ã¯ããã¹ãã¡ãã»ãŒãžã衚瀺ããããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ã§èšå®ãä¿®æ£ãããç¡èŠããŠç¶è¡ããçã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãã¬ã³ããªãŒãªè¡šç€ºãå¯èœã§ããããŸãBIOSèšå®ã¯é»æ± ã§ããã¯ã¢ãããããRAMã§ã¯ãªããã©ãã·ã¥ROMã«æ ŒçŽãããã®ãããã
èšå®ç»é¢ãBIOSãšç§°ããåãããããå³å¯ã«ã¯èª€ãã§ããã
ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯äž»ã«å
¥åºåã¬ãžã¹ã¿ã®æäœã§è¡ããããã®åäœãé
眮ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢çš®ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãããŸããèªã¿æžãã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ãé åºã«ãæé ãããããã®ããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æé ã¯ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§èšè¿°ãããããããŒããŠã§ã¢ç𮿝ã«ãµãã«ãŒãã³ãçšæããæ¹ãæçšã§ãããããBIOSã§ãããISAãPCIãªã©ã§ã¯ããŒãã®ROMã«BIOSããã°ã©ã ããããããã¯ã¡ã¢ãªäžã«å±éãããŠã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããå©çšãããããã¶ãŒããŒãåŽã®BIOSãSystem BIOSãæ¡åŒµã«ãŒãã®BIOSãæ¡åŒµBIOSãšåºå¥ããŠåŒã¶ããšãããã
ãŸãåçš®ã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã§ãæäœæ¹æ³ãç°ãªãå Žåããããããã«å¯ŸåŠããããBIOSã®åŒã³åºãã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã¯å
±éåãããŠãããã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¯BIOSãµãŒãã¹ãåŒã¶ã ãã§è€æ°ã®ããã€ã¹ã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããããã®ãããªå
±éã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã¯ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãã€ããªã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹(ABI)ãšåŒã°ããã
äŸãšããŠãPC/ATäºææ©ã®VGA BIOS(Video BIOSããããªãã€ãªã¹ãšã)ã¯ãå
±éåãããABIãåŒã³åºãäºã§ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®éããæèããæåãç»åã®è¡šç€ºãå¯èœã«ãããããã¯ãããªã«ãŒãã®ROMã«å®è£
ãããæ¡åŒµBIOSã§ããã åæ§ã«ããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ããããããŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãããŒããŒããªã©ããŸããŸãªå
¥åºååŠçãè¡ãBIOSãååšãããããããåºæ¬çãªãã®ã¯System BIOSã§ãããã¶ãŒããŒãã®ROMã«å®è£
ãããã
ããããäžèšãæå¹ãªã®ã¯OSãã·ã³ã°ã«ã¿ã¹ã¯åã®å Žåã§ããããã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯OSã§ã¯ããã€ã¹ãã©ã€ããåŠçãè¡ããç¹ã«ãªãšã³ãã©ã³ããèæ
®ãããŠããªãBIOSããããåã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãéåæã«ãããåŒã³åºããšOSã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãªãœãŒã¹ç®¡çãå°é£ã«ãªãããã®ããããŒããŠã§ã¢ç®¡çã¯ããã€ã¹ãã©ã€ããäžå
çã«è¡ããã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¯OSã®ã·ã¹ãã ã³ãŒã«ãå©çšããã
ãããåŸãBIOSãåŒã³åºãããå Žåãå°çšã®ã·ã¹ãã ã³ãŒã«ã§å¯èœã ãããã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãOSã«ä¿è·ãããŠããå Žåã¯åäœãããšã¯éããªãã
çµã¿èŸŒã¿ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®ããªãšãŒã·ã§ã³ãå°ãªããBIOSã®ãããªäžéå±€ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã¯æããªããããã¡ãŒã ãŠã§ã¢ãšåŒã°ããããšãå€ãã
黿ºæå
¥æãããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®åæåããã³ããŒãããŒããŒãèªã¿èŸŒãããã°ã©ã ãå¿
èŠã«ãªããã€ãŸãè£å©èšæ¶è£
眮ãããã¡ã€ã«ã®èªã¿èŸŒã¿ãè¡ããç¶æ
ã«ãªããŸã§ã®ããã°ã©ã ãROMã«çšæããŠããå¿
èŠãããããããã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯Initial Program Loader (IPL) ãããŒãã¹ãã©ããããŒããšãåŒã°ããã
ããã»ããµããªã»ããããããšããªã¢ã«ã¢ãŒãã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ç©ºé1MBã®å
ãæåŸå°Ÿä»è¿ã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹(0FFFF0h çªå°)ã«ããåœä»€ãå®è¡ããããã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã«èšããããžã£ã³ãåœä»€ã«ãããBIOSã®å®è¡ã³ãŒãã®å
é ã«ãžã£ã³ãããŠåŠçãéå§ãããã黿ºãæå
¥ãããå Žå(ãã³ãŒã«ãããŒãã)ã¯Power On Self Test (POST) ãå®è¡ããããªã»ãããã¿ã³ãæŒãããå Žå(ããŠã©ãŒã ããŒãã)ã¯POSTãçç¥ããã¡ã¢ãªã®ãã¹ãã«ãããæéãç¯çŽããã
Power On Self Testã¯ãCPUãRAMãå²ã蟌ã¿ãDMAã³ã³ãããŒã©ãªã©ã®æèŒããã€ã¹ã®ã»ãã«ããããã»ããããããªã«ãŒããããŒããŒããããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ãå
åŠãã©ã€ããªã©ã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®ã·ã¹ãã æ§æããã¹ããèªèãåæåãããæ¬¡ãã§BIOSã¯èµ·åããã€ã¹ã«æå®ãããèšæ¶è£
çœ®ãæ¢ããããŒãããŒããŒããã°ã©ã ã®å Žæãç¹å®ããŠå®è¡ãPCã«ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãå§ããããã®éçšãããŒãã¹ãã©ãããç¥ããŠããŒããšåŒã¶ã
PC/ATäºææ©ã®ããã«ãæ§ã
ãªçš®é¡ã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãå¢èšå¯èœãªå Žåãåæåæé ãããŒããŠã§ã¢æ§æã«èªç±åºŠãæãããŠããå¿
èŠããããåæåå
容ãªã©ããã£ããã¹ã€ããããœããã¹ã€ããã§èšå®ã§ããå Žåãããã
IBM PCããã³ATäºææ©ã®å ŽåãããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ããããªã«ãŒãã¯BIOSãæ¡åŒµãè¿œå æ©èœãæäŸãããªãã·ã§ã³ã®ROMãæèŒããŠãããæ¡åŒµéšã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯OSãè£å©èšæ¶è£
眮ããèªã¿åºãããåã«å®è¡ãããããããããã°ã©ã ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®ãã¹ããšåæåãè¡ããBIOSã«æ°ãããµãŒãã¹ãæäŸãããã¯æ¢åã®ãã®ãäžæžãããã
äŸãã°SCSIã³ã³ãããŒã©ãŒã¯æ¥ç¶ããããã©ã€ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããBIOSãæäŸãããããªã«ãŒãã§ã¯ãã¶ãŒããŒãã«æèŒãããBIOSã®ãããªã«ãŒãã«åã£ãŠä»£ããã
BIOSæ¡åŒµROMã¯PCå
šäœã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãååŸã§ããäºå®äžäœã§ãè¡ãããšãã§ãããåŒã³åºãåŽã®BIOSã«å¶åŸ¡æš©ãè¿ããªãããšããããããåççã«ã¯OSãŸãã¯ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãäžžããšæèŒããäºãåºæ¥ãããŸãããããã¯ãŒã¯ããããŒããããããªå
šãéãããŒãããã»ã¹ã«ããããšãã§ãããIBM PCäºææ©ã§ã¯BIOSæ¡åŒµROMãæèŒããã¢ããã¿ã«ãŒã(ãROMããã)ãçè±ããããšã§ãåäœãå
šãéããã®ã«å€æŽã§ããã
ãã¶ãŒããŒãã®ã·ã¹ãã BIOSã¯ããŒãã«å¿
èŠãªããŒããŒãããã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ãã¹ãã¬ãŒãžãªã©ã®ã³ãŒããå
èµããŠãããã¢ããã¿ã«ãŒã(SCSIãRAIDããããã¯ãŒã¯ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã«ãŒãããããªããŒããªã©)ã¯ç¬èªã®BIOSãæèŒããŠããããããã¯ã·ã¹ãã BIOSã眮ãæããããã¶ãŒããŒãã«çµã¿èŸŒãŸãããªã³ããŒãããã€ã¹ã§ãåäœã¯åæ§ã§ããããããã®ROMã¯BIOSã®ãã©ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãªäžã§ãå¥ã
ã®ã³ãŒãã«ãªã£ãŠãããããã·ã¹ãã BIOSãšåæãŸãã¯å¥ã
ã«ã¢ããã°ã¬ãŒãããããšãã§ããã
ããã¢ããã¿ã«ãŒããããŒãæã«å¿
é ã§ãããã€ã·ã¹ãã BIOSãããããµããŒãããŠããªãå Žåããªãã·ã§ã³ROMãå¿
èŠãšãªãããŸãããªãã·ã§ã³ROMãããã°ã¹ãã¬ãŒãžãã©ã€ãããªããŠãããŒãéäžã«ããã€ã¹ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããããã«ãªããRAMãããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ãå æããå¿
èŠããªãããŸããããã€ã¹ãšãã©ã€ããå¿
ãã»ããã§ããããã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãäžèŠãšããå©ç¹ãããã
ã·ã¹ãã BIOSãšæ¡åŒµROMã®å
容ã調ã¹ãã«ã¯å€æ°ã®ææ³ãšãŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ããããäžäŸãšããŠã¯ãã€ã¯ããœããã®DEBUG ã Unixç³»ã®dd (UNIX)ãããã
ãã¶ãŒããŒãäžã®BIOSã¯POSTãå®äºããæç¹ã§ãã»ãšãã©ã®ããŒãžã§ã³ã®å Žåãªãã·ã§ã³ROMã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«(BIOSæ¡åŒµROM)ãæ¢ãã«è¡ãå®è¡ããã BIOSã¯"Upper Memory Area"空é(x86ãªã¢ã«ã¢ãŒãã§ã¯0xA0000以äžã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ç©ºé)ãã¹ãã£ã³ããŠãçºèŠãããROMã®ã³ãŒããé æ¬¡å®è¡ãããISA ã«ãŒãäžã®ROMãæ¢ãå ŽåãBIOSã¯0x0C0000 ãã 0x0F0000 ã®ç©ºéã2 KiB æ¯ã®é åã§ã¹ãã£ã³ããŠ"0x55""0xAA"ãšããé£ç¶ãã2ãã€ãã®ã·ã°ããã£ãæ¢ããŠROMã®ããã°ã©ã ã®ãšã³ããªãã€ã³ããç¥ããå
é 512ãã€ãã®ãããã¯ã®ãã§ãã¯ãµã ãç®åºããŠãROMã®ãã§ãã¯ãµã ãšäžèŽããã°BIOSã¯ãã®ãšã³ããªãŒã¢ãã¬ã¹ã«å¶åŸ¡ãç§»ãããããšBIOSæ¡åŒµROMã¯æ¡åŒµæ©èœã®åæåã«ãŒãã³ã®å®è¡ãå§ããã
ãã®æç¹ã§æ¡åŒµROMã¯å®è¡ãåŒç¶ããäžè¬çã«ã¯å¯Ÿè±¡ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®ãã¹ããšåæåãããŒãåŸã®ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããå©çšããå²ã蟌ã¿ãã¯ã¿ãŒã®ç»é²ãè¡ããæ¡åŒµROMã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒèšå®ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹(蚺ææ
å ±ã®è¡šç€ºãã®ä»)ãå¿
èŠãªåäœã®ããã«BIOSãšãããŸã§ã«èªã¿èŸŒãŸããBIOSæ¡åŒµROMã®ãµãŒãã¹ãå©çšããã
ãªãã·ã§ã³ROMã¯äžè¬çã«ã¯åæåããã»ã¹ã®å®äºæã«ã¯BIOSã«å¶åŸ¡ãè¿ããå¶åŸ¡ãè¿ãããBIOSã¯ãããã«ãªãã·ã§ã³ROMããªããã¡ã¢ãªç©ºéã®æ«å°ŸãŸã§ãµãŒããé²ããèŠã€ããé ã«åŒã³åºãåäœãç¹°ãè¿ãã
Intelã®P6ãã€ã¯ãã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£äžä»£ä»¥éã§ã¯ãããã»ããµã®ãã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãã«å¯ŸããããããBIOSã«å«ããããšãã§ããããã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãã¯ã·ã¹ãã ãèµ·åããåºŠã«æŽæ°ãããããã®ä»çµã¿ã®ãªãæä»£ã«ã¯CPUã®ãã°ããããšCPUã®å·®ãæ¿ãã«ãªããéå»ã®äºäŸã§ã¯Pentium FDIV ãã°ã«ããCPUã®ãªã³ãŒã«ãçºçããããšãããã
ãã«ãªã©ãæäŸããäžéšã®BIOS㯠"SLIC" (software licensing description table) ãšããé»å眲åãå
èµããŠããã(äžéšã§ã¯BIOSã¿ãã¥ãŒ(åºé)ãšä¿ç§°ããã) SLICã¯ACPIããŒãã«ã«æ¿å
¥ãããŠãããå®è¡ã³ãŒãã¯å«ãŸãªãã
ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯Windowsããã€ã¯ããœãã補ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããã³ãã«ããã«ãããSLICãããšã«èªèšŒããäŸãããããŸãWindowsãœãããŠã§ã¢ãå«ãã·ã¹ãã ãªã«ããªãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ããããå©çšãããSLICããã®ã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿è£œåã察象ã«ããOEMãããã¯ãããŒã§ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãäºãã¢ã¯ãã£ããŒãããŠãããBIOSã®SLICã«æžãããXML圢åŒã®OEMèšŒææžãšç
§åããããšã§èªåã¢ã¯ãã£ããŒããå®çŸãããŠããããŠãŒã¶ãŒãWindowsã®ã¯ãªãŒã³ã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ãè¡ãå Žåã«ã¯ãOEMããŒãšSLICèªèšŒã®äž¡æ¹ãæã£ãŠããªããšã¢ã¯ãã£ããŒã·ã§ã³ãåé¿ã§ããªãããæ¬æ¥ã¯OEMã«ããäºãã«ã¹ã¿ãã€ãºãããã€ã¡ãŒãžã§ãªã¹ãã¢ããã¹ããã®ã§ããããç¶æ³ãšããŠã¯èãã«ãããæµ·è³çWindowsã§ã¯ãã¢ã¯ãã£ããŒã·ã§ã³ãåé¿ããããã«SLICãç·šéããããšãã¥ã¬ãŒãããŠããã
äžéšã®BIOSã§ã¯ãªãŒããŒã¯ããã¯æ©èœãæäŸãããããã¯CPUã®ã¯ããã¯åšæ³¢æ°ãã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®ä¿èšŒå€ããé«ãåŒãäžãããã®ã§ãããããããªãããªãŒããŒã¯ããã¯ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®å·åŽäžè¶³ã«ããä¿¡é Œæ§ã®äœäžãšå¯¿åœã®ççž®ãæãæ·±å»ãªæªåœ±é¿ãããã
äžé©åãªãªãŒããŒã¯ããã¯èšå®ã¯éšåã®ãªãŒããŒããŒããæããæ©æ¢°çã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãå£ããŠããŸãããšãããããã
è¿å¹Žã®BIOSã¯ãããŸã§ã«ç޹ä»ãã以äžã«è€éãªãäŸãã°Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)æ©èœãè£
åããŠããã黿ºç®¡çããããã¹ã¯ãããæž©åºŠç®¡çãªã©ãæäŸããã
è¿å¹Žã¯Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) ãžã®ç§»è¡ãé²ãã§ããã
IBM PCãXTæä»£ã¯èšå®çšãŠãŒã¶ãŒã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã¯ãã¶ãŒããŒãäžã®ãã£ããã¹ã€ãããçšããŠãããªã¢ããã¿ã®ã¿ã€ããã¡ã¢ãªãŒãµã€ãºãããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãªã©èšå®ãããã80286 CPUç»å Žä»¥éã®IBM PCäºææ©ã§ã¯ããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ãã£ã¹ã±ããããšåŒã°ãããããããŒãã£ã¹ã¯ããèµ·åãç»é¢è¡šç€ºãããããŒããŒãããæäœããäžæ®çºæ§BIOSå®è£
ã¡ã¢ãªãŒ(CMOS RAM ããã)ã«èšå®ãèšæ¶ããããã«ãªã£ãã
80386äžä»£ä»¥éã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§ã¯BIOSã»ããã¢ãããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ãBIOSèªèº«ã«çµã¿èŸŒã¿ãããã«ãªããäžè¬ã«ãèµ·åæã« "Press F1 to enter CMOS Setup." ã®ãããªè¡šç€ºãåºãéã«ç¹å®ã®ããŒãæŒãããšã§ã¡ãã¥ãŒã«å
¥ãããšãã§ããæŒãããŒã¯æ©çš®ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªã£ãŠãããBIOSã®UIã§ã¯
ãªã©ãèšå®ããããšãåºæ¥ãã
è¿å¹Žã®PCã§ã¯èµ·åæã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢åæåã§å€ãã®é
ç®ã«èªç±åºŠããããèšå®å
容ã®äžéšããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæç€ºã§ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããããã®å ŽåVGA BIOSãªã©ãæ£åžžã«èµ·åããããšãç¹å®ã®ããŒæäœã§ã¡ãã¥ãŒåœ¢åŒã§ç»é¢äžã«é
ç®ã衚瀺ããããšãã§ããããŒããŒãã䜿ã£ãŠèšå®å
容ãç·šéããçµäºæã«ããããªããã¯ã¢ãããããã¬ãžã¹ã¿ã«ä¿åããããšãã§ãããç·šéç»é¢ã§ä»¥åãšã¯ç°ãªã£ãå
容ãä¿åããå Žåã¯ããã®æ°ããªã¡ã¢ãªå
容ã§ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®åæåãéå§ãããããŸã次å以éã®èµ·åæã«ãã®ã¡ã¢ãªã®å
容ã«ãããã£ãŠããŒããŠã§ã¢ãåæåãããããã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿èšå®ãè¡ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãèšå®ç»é¢ã BIOS Setup(ãã€ãªã¹ã»ããã¢ãã)ãšåŒã³ãCMOS Setup(ã·ãŒã¢ã¹ã»ããã¢ãã)ãšãéç§°ãããã
ãã©ã°ã¢ã³ããã¬ã€ã¯ãããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®ã¡ã¢ãªããããå²ã蟌ã¿èŠæ±ä¿¡å· (IRQ) ãããã°ã©ããã«ã«å€æŽã§ããæ©èœã§ãåŸæ¥ã¯ãžã£ã³ããŒãã³ãªã©ã§èšå®ããŠãããã®ããBIOSããã°ã©ã ãèµ·åæã«äžå®ã®æé ã§èªåçã«èšå®ãããã®ã§ãããBIOSã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿èšå®ã容æã«ããããã«ç»å Žããæ©æ§ã§ããããISAã®PnPããã€ã¹ã§ã¯äžéšäžå®å
šã§åé¡ãçºçããããšããããæåã§èšå®ãå¿
èŠãªå Žåãããããã®éã«ãèšå®ã倿Žããã«ãã¡ãã¥ãŒèšå®ç»é¢è¡šç€ºãŸã§BIOSèµ·åãé²è¡ããªãããšãããããããªããšåé¡è§£æ±ºã¯ããã£ãŠè€éã«ãªãã
ãã¶ãŒããŒããªãœãŒã¹ã®èšå®ããåäœã¯ããã¯ã黿ºé»å§ãšãã£ãããŒããŠã§ã¢ã«å¯æ¥ããèšå®ãã¡ãã¥ãŒãã倿Žå¯èœãªå Žåããããåºæ¬çã«ã¯èªåèšå®ãããã¯åæå€ãé©åãªå€ããšãããèªåã§ã®èšå®ãããŸããããªãå Žåçã«åããä»»æã®èšå®ãè¡ãããšãå¯èœã«ããŠãããã®ããããäžã«ã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®å®æ Œåäœã«åãããªãŒããŒã¯ããã¯ãšãã£ã仿§ã«åºã¥ããèšå®ãšããŠã¯äžé©åãªç¶æ
ã«ããããšãå¯èœã§ããããã®èšèšããŒãžã³ãåäœå·®ã«ãã£ãŠãèµ·åã§ããªãç¶æ³ãçºçããå Žåãããããããèšå®ã®ç¯çãšæ
éãèµ·ãããªããã®ã§ããã°ãåŸè¿°ã®ããã«èšå®ãåæå€ã«æ»ãããšã§ãå床起åããç¶æ
ã«æ»ãããšãå¯èœã§ããã
PCãã©ãã«ã®éã«ãBIOSã®å¯å€èšå®éšåãåæç¶æ
ã«æ»ãäºã§è§£æ±ºããã±ãŒã¹ãããã
ãã¶ãŒããŒãã®BIOSããã¯ã¢ããçšé»æ± ããã£ããå€ãããã°ããåŸ
ã£ãŠãã(30ç§ã1å)黿± ãå
¥ããªããããšã§èšå®ãåæåãããã確å®ãæããªããå€ãã黿± ãæ»ãåã«é»æ± ãã«ãã®ãã©ã¹æ¥µãšãã€ãã¹æ¥µãéå±(äŸãã°ãã³ã»ãã)ã§ç絡ãããã®ãè¯ãããããã¯ããã¶ãŒããŒãã«ãã£ãŠã¯BIOSåæåã®ãªã»ããã¹ã€ãããããžã£ã³ããã¹ããè£
åãããŠããããŸãBIOSã«ãã£ãŠã¯ã¡ãã¥ãŒå
ããåæåæ©èœãæã£ãŠãããã®ãããã
ãã®è¡çºã¯ããCMOSã¯ãªã¢ããšéç§°ãããŠããããŸãããã°ãã°èª€ã£ãŠãBIOSãåæåããããšè¡šãããããšãããããå¯å€èšå®éšåãåæåããããã®äœæ¥ã§ãã£ãŠãBIOSããã°ã©ã ãã®ãã®ãæžãæããèš³ã§ã¯ãªããã¡ãŒã«ãŒãçšæããåæèšå®å€ãå¯å€èšå®éšåã«èªã¿èŸŒãŸããã«çãŸãããã¡ãŒã ãŠã§ã¢æŽæ°ã«å€±æããå Žåãªã©ã«åããBIOSããã°ã©ã å
šäœãåæã®ç¶æ
ã«æžãæ»ãæ©èœãåããBIOSã»ãã¶ãŒããŒãããããããã®å Žåã¯æåéããBIOSãåæåããããšèšã£ãŠè¯ãã
å代ã®IBM PCã§ã¯BIOS(ããã³casette BASIC)ã¯ãã¹ã¯Read Only Memory(ROM)ãããã«æ ŒçŽããããã¶ãŒããŒãã®ãœã±ããã«æ¿å
¥ãããŠãããROMã¯äº€æãå¯èœã ã£ããããŠãŒã¶ãŒã«ããæžãæãã¯åºæ¥ãªãã£ããæŽæ°ãå¯èœã«ããããã«ãäºææ©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯EEPROMãåŸå¹Žã«ã¯ãã©ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãª(äž»ã«NORãã©ãã·ã¥)ãªã©ã®åããã°ã©ã å¯èœãªããã€ã¹ãæ¡çšããããã«ãªã£ãã
BIOS補é äŒç€Ÿ Micro Firmware瀟ã®Robert Braver瀟é·ã«ãããšãFlash BIOSãããã¯1995幎é ããäž»æµã«ãªãã玫å€ç·ã«ããæ¶å»ããPROMããå®äŸ¡ãã€æ±ãã容æã«ãªã£ããããšããŠãããEPROMã§ã¯æžãæãã®ããã«ãã¶ãŒããŒãããåãå€ãå¿
èŠãããã®ã«å¯Ÿãããã©ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãªã¯åºæ¿äžã«ä»ãããŸãŸåããã°ã©ã ãå¯èœã§ããã
BIOSã¯ROMã«æ ŒçŽãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã«çµã¿èŸŒãŸããåœ¢ã§æäŸããã(2011幎çŸåšãBIOS ROMã¯Low Pin Countãã¹ãŸãã¯SPIã«ãã£ãŠãµãŠã¹ããªããžã«æ¥ç¶ããã)ãåºæ¬çã«ã¯BIOSã¯æžãæããå¿
èŠããªããã®ã ãããã°ã®ä¿®æ£ãæ°æ©èœãµããŒãæã«æŽæ°ãããããšãããã
1990幎代äžé ãŸã§ã®PCã§ã¯ãROMãšããŠãã¹ã¯ROMãOTPROMãUV-EPROMãªã©ãçšãããã倧ããªåé¡ããªãéãBIOSã®æŽæ°ã¯ããŸãæ³å®ãããŠããªãã£ãããŸããROMã®æžã蟌ã¿ã«ã¯ROMã©ã€ã¿ãŒãšãã£ãè£
眮ãå¿
èŠã«ãªãããŠãŒã¶ã®æå
ã§ã¯ROMã¯æžãæããããªãã®ãæ®éã§ãã£ãã
ãã©ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãªãå®çšåããæ®åããŠãããšãBIOSããã©ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãªã«æ ŒçŽããŠãŒã¶ã®æå
ã§ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãéããã«ã¢ããããŒãã§ããããšã売ãã«ãããã¶ãŒããŒã補åãçºå£²ããããå
·äœçãªæžãæãæ¹æ³ãšããŠã¯ãæžãæãçšã«ãããããŒãã£ã¹ã¯ã«ç°¡çŽ ãªOS(äž»ã«MS-DOSããã®äºæOSãå©çšããã)ã®ç°å¢ãäœæãããããèµ·åããæžãæãçšãœãããŠã§ã¢ãèµ·åããããšã§ç°¡åã«æžãæããè¡ãäºãå¯èœãšãªã£ããããã«2000幎以éã¯ãããããŒãã£ã¹ã¯ããèµ·åãããšãWindowsãUnixç³»OSãšãã£ãçµ±åç°å¢äžã§çŽæ¥æžãæãããããšãã§ããããã«ãªã£ããçŸåšã§ã¯ããBIOSã®èšå®ç»é¢äžã§BIOSãæžãæããããšãã£ãã·ã¹ãã ãåããBIOSãç»å Žããæžãæãæ¹æ³ã®éžæè¢ãåºãã£ãŠããã
ãããBIOSã®æžãæãäžã«åé»ãªã©äœããã®ãã©ãã«ã§æžãæãã«å€±æããå Žåã倧æµãã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯å
šãèµ·åããªããªãããããã£ãŠãã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯ãPCã«åé¡ããã£ãŠãã®è§£æ±ºæ¹æ³ãBIOSã¢ããããŒã以å€ã«ååšããªããšããOSã®ã¢ããããŒãæã«ã®ã¿ã¢ããããŒããå®è¡ããŠãã ããããªã©ãšæ³šæãä¿ããŠããã
BIOSã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®èµ·åã®æ ¹å¹¹ã§ãããããå
容ãç Žå£ããããšãã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿èªèº«ã§ã¯åã»ããã¢ããããåºæ¥ãªããªãã(空ã£ãœã®ãããããŒãUSBã¡ã¢ãªãªã©ã䜿ã£ãåŸ©æ§ææ®µãçšæããŠããBIOSãã»ãšãã©ã ããããã倱æãããååšããªãå Žåã¯)埩æ§ããæ¹æ³ã¯BIOS ROMã®äº€æ(倧æµã®å Žåã¯ç²Ÿå¯ãªã¯ãã ä»ããå¿
èŠãªããã¡ãŒã«ãŒä¿®çãšãªã)ããŸãã¯å°éã®æ¥è
ãªã©ã§ãROMçŒãããšåŒã°ãã埩æ§äœæ¥ãããŠãããã®ããããã§ãããBIOS ROMããœã±ããã«å·®ã蟌ãŸããŠããã¿ã€ãã®ãã¶ãŒããŒãã§ã¯èªèº«ã§åäžã®ãã¶ãŒããŒããçšæããèµ·ååŸã«åé¡ã®ããBIOS ROMã«å·®ãæ¿ãåæžã蟌ã¿ããããšããèæ¥ãå¯èœã§ã¯ããããèµ·åäžã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®BIOS ROMãæãäºã¯å€§å€å±éºã§ããçºæšå¥šãããªãããŸãã2000幎以éã«åºåã£ãŠããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿(ãã¶ãŒããŒã)ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãROMã2ã€ãªãã4ã€æã£ãŠãããã®ããããå¥ããŒãžã§ã³ãžã®åãæ¿ããã§ããããã«ãªã£ãŠãããã®ãããã
以äžã«è¿°ã¹ãããã«ãBIOSã®æžãæãã«ã¯ãªã¹ã¯ã䌎ããããã®ãªã¹ã¯ã®äœæžãå³ãç®çã§éçºãããã®ãããŒããããã¯æ¹åŒã§ããã1999幎ããããæ¡çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ããã¯ãBIOS ROMã2ã€ä»¥äžã®é åã«åå²ããåºè·åŸã«æžãæããªãéšåãšæžãæããéšåãèšãããã®ã§ãããæžãæããªãéšåãããŒããããã¯ãšãããBIOSãæžãæããããã®å¿
èŠæå°éã®æ©èœãå«ãŸããŠããããããã£ãŠãæžãæãäžã®é»æºæãªã©ã§æžãæãã«å€±æããå Žåã§ããããŒããããã¯ã䜿çšããããšã§å床æžãæãã宿œããããšãå¯èœã§ããã
BIOS ROMã«ã¯æãšããŠãã€ã¯ãã³ãŒããæ ŒçŽãããããã€ã¯ãã³ãŒããå©çšããããã€ã¹ã¯ãCPU(ã€ã³ãã« Pentium ProãAMD Athlon以é)ãSCSIãã¹ããã¹ã¢ããã¿(ã¢ããããã¯ç€Ÿè£œåç)ããããã¯ãŒã¯ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹(ããŒãã«ã»ãã¯ãããžãŒã»ã°ã«ãŒã瀟ããããŒãã³ã 瀟補åç)çãããããããã¯BIOSããŒãåæã®æ®µéã§ãã€ã¯ãã³ãŒããããã€ã¹ã«è»¢éãããããã€ã¹ã掻æ§åãããããŸããã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãã§ã¯ãªãããFPGAããŒã¹ã®ããã€ã¹ã§ã¯ããžãã¯ãBIOSãæžã蟌ãã§æŽ»æ§åãããç©ãããããã€ã¯ãã³ãŒããããžãã¯ã¯æ°è£œåãæ©èœæ¹è¯ã«ãã£ãŠããŒãžã§ã³ã¢ãããå¿
èŠã«ãªãäºããããç¹ã«CPUã®ãã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãã¯æ°è£œåãåºãéœåºŠã«æ°ãããã€ã¯ãã³ãŒããå¿
ããšãã£ãŠè¯ãçšäœãããã®ã§ããã¶ãŒããŒãã«ææ°CPUãæèŒããçºã«BIOSã¢ããããŒãã«ãã£ãŠææ°ã®ãã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãå°å
¥ãå¿
èŠãšãªãå Žåããããã°ã©ãã£ã¯ã¹ã«ãŒãã¯ãã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãã䜿çšããã«ããããããäŸå€çã«BIOS ROMã«ã¯å«ãŸããŠããªããéåžžãVGAçžåœã®å°çšåè·¯ã§VGA BIOSæ©èœãæäŸããOSèµ·ååŸããã€ã¹ãã©ã€ããçµç±ããŠã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³äžã®ã·ã§ãŒãããã°ã©ã ããã€ã¯ãã³ãŒãã«ã³ã³ãã€ã«ããŠGPUã«è»¢éããŠå®è¡ããŠããã
2014幎çŸåšãæ°è£œåã®BIOSã¯ããè€éãªUnified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) ã«çœ®ãæãããã€ã€ãããUEFIã¯ã¬ã¬ã·ãŒBIOSã®ã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ã眮ãæãããã®ã§ãå
ã¯Itaniumãã©ãããã©ãŒã åãã«æžãããããçŸåšã¯x86ãšx86-64ãã©ãããã©ãŒã ã«ãæäŸãããŠããã仿§ã¯Unified EFI Forumã®äž»å°ã§éçºãããŠãããUEFIã«ããããŒãã¯Windowsã®ãã¡GPTããµããŒãããããŒãžã§ã³ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«2.6.1以éãmacOSã®ãã¡Intel Macã§åäœãããã® ã«éãããã
åŸæ¥ã®ã¬ã¬ã·ãŒBIOSã«ä»£ãããã®ãšããŠã¯ãã»ãã«Open Firmware(OLPC XO-1ã§äœ¿çš)ãcorebootãªã©ãååšããã
ä»ã®ç³»åã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§ã¯ãããŒãã¢ãã¿ãããŒãããŒããŒãããŒãROMãªã©ã®èªã䜿ããããã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããŒã·ã§ã³åéã§ã¯Open Firmware (IEEE-1275) ããããForthèšèªã§èšè¿°ãããŠããããµã³ã®SPARC ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãIBMã® RS/6000 ã·ãªãŒãºããã®ä»PowerPCãæèŒããCHRPãã¶ãŒããŒãã«æ¡çšãããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Input/Output_System
|
5,957 |
ååè»é
|
ååè»é(ããããã©ã)ãŸãã¯ååãªãŒãã¿ã«(è±: atomic orbitalãç¥ç§°AO)ã¯ãååæ žã®ãŸããã«ååšãã1åã®é»åã®ç¶æ
ãèšè¿°ããæ³¢å颿°ã®ããšã§ãããé»åæ³¢å颿°ã®çµ¶å¯Ÿå€ã®äºä¹ã¯ååæ žã®ãŸããã®ç©ºéã®åç¹ã«ããããé»åã®ååšç¢ºçã«æ¯äŸãã(ãã«ã³ã®èŠå)ã
ããã§ããè»é(è±: orbital)ã¯ãå€å
žååŠã«ãããè»é (è±: orbit) ãšã¯æå³ã®ç°ãªããã®ã§ãããéåååŠã«ãããŠãé»åã¯ååæ žã®ãŸããããŸãã£ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®äœçœ®ã¯ç¢ºççã«ããåããªãã
è»éã®çš®é¡ã®åå (s, p, d, f, g, h, ...) ã¯åå
æ³ã§åŸããããã®è»éã®ã¹ãã¯ãã«ã®åœ¢ã«ç±æ¥ããŠãããå
åŽã®è»éãããããããsharp, principal, diffuse, fundamentalã§ãããæ®ãã¯(fã«ç¶ã)ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããé ãšãªãã äœããjã¯ã®ãããããã¯iãšjãåºå¥ããªãèšèªãååšããããã§ããã
ååè»éã®å
ãæå€æ®»ã«ååšãããã®ãåå䟡è»é(ãããããã©ã)ãšåŒã¶ãéæ®»æ§é ã«å ãã£ãŠããªããããåå䟡è»éã¯ååŠçµåãååŠåå¿ã«ããã䞻圹ãšãªããåå䟡è»éã«ååšããé»åã¯ãåå䟡é»åãããã¯äŸ¡é»åãšåŒã°ããã
ããªãŒãã¿ã«ããšããçšèªã¯ãone-electron orbital wave function(1é»åãªãŒãã¿ã«ãè»éã®ãæ³¢å颿°)ãã®ç瞮圢ãšããŠ1932幎ã«ãããŒãã»ããªã±ã³ã«ãã£ãŠé ãããã ããŒã«ã¹ã»ããŒã¢ã¯ã1913幎ã«é»åã¯ãæç¢ºãªè³ªéãæã€è§ã®åšããåã£ãŠããããšã瀺åããã
ãžã§ãŒãã»ãžã§ã³ã»ãã ãœã³ã1892幎ã«é»åãçºèŠããããšã«ãã£ãŠãååãæå°ã§ã¯ç¡ãããããŸã§é»åã®è€åã§ãããšããããšãããã£ãã ãŸãããã ãœã³ã¯ãè€æ°ã®é»åãåžžã«åž¯é»ãããŒãªãŒç¶ã®ç©è³ªã«å
¥ã£ãŠãããšèãããã©ã ããã£ã³ã°ã¢ãã«ã1909å¹Žã«æå±ããã ãŸãããã®çŽåŸãé·å²¡å倪éãåæã¢ãã«ãæå±ããã
ã¢ãŒãã¹ãã»ã©ã¶ãã©ãŒãã1909幎ã«åå質éã®ã»ãšãã©ãæ žã«å ããããŠããããŸãåžžã«åž¯é»ããŠããããšãçºèŠããã ãŸãããã®åŸã®åœŒã®ç ç©¶ã«ãã£ãŠããã©ã ããã£ã³ã°ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ã説æããããªãããšãããã£ãã 1913幎ãããŒã«ã¹ã»ããŒã¢ã«ãã£ãŠãé»åã¯ãå€å
žççãªåšæã§æ žãåãããå質éã®é¢æ£å€ã ããæã€ããšãèš±å¯ããããŒã¢ã¢ãã«ãæå±ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93
|
5,958 |
å
é
|
å
é(ãè±: speed of light)ãšã¯ãå
ãäŒæããéãã®ããšã§ãããç空äžã«ãããå
éã®å€ã¯ 299792458 m/s(çŽ30äž km/s)ãšå®çŸ©ãããŠããããã®é床ã«ãããŠã¯ã倪éœããå°çãŸã§çŽ8å19ç§ãæããå°çãŸã§2ç§ãããããªããä¿ã«ã1ç§éã«å°çã7åšååãããšãã§ããéãããšã衚çŸãããã
以äžã§åã«ãå
éããšèšããšããç空äžã®å
éãæããŠäœ¿ãããšãããã
å
éã¯å®å®ã«ãããæå€§ã®éãã§ãããç©çåŠã«ãããŠæéãšç©ºéã®åºæºãšãªãç¹å¥ãªæå³ãæã€å€ã§ãããã
çŸä»£ã®åœéåäœç³»ã§ã¯é·ãã®åäœã¡ãŒãã«ã¯å
éãšç§ã«ããå®çŸ©ãããŠãããå
é床ã¯é»ç£æ³¢ã®äŒæé床ã§ãããããã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã®æ¹çšåŒã§åªè³ªãç空ã«ãããšå
éãäžå®ãšãªããšããããšãçžå¯Ÿæ§çè«ã®æ ¹æ¬åçã®ç±æ¥ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
éåäœçšãå
éã§äŒæããããšãçžå¯Ÿæ§çè«ã§äºèšããã2002幎ã«èŠ³æž¬ã«ãã確èªãããã
å
éã®èšå·ã¯äžè¬ã«å°æåã»ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœ(åã¯æäœ)ã® c ãŸã㯠c0 ã§è¡šãããã2006幎ã®åœéåäœç³»(SI)ã®å
¬åŒææž(第8ç)ã§ã¯ãèšå·ãšã㊠c0 ãçšããŠãããããããåææžã®2019幎ç(第9ç)ã«ãããŠã¯ãèšå· c ã®ã¿ãçšããããã«å€æŽãããããããšåãããŠCODATA2018ã«ãããŠããèšå· c0 ããèšå· c ãžå€æŽããŠããã
èšå· c ã¯ãŽã£ã«ãã«ã ã»ãŽã§ãŒããŒã«ããããŽã§ãŒããŒå®æ°ã(Weber's constant)ã«ç±æ¥ãããšãšãã«ãã©ãã³èªã§éããæå³ãã celeritas ã«ãç±æ¥ãããã®ã§ããã
è¿ä»£ãŸã§ãå
ã¯ç¬éçã«äŒããã®ãããããšãæéã®éãã§äŒããã®ãã¯äžæã ã£ãããšã³ããã¯ã¬ã¹ã¯åããŠå
ã®éãã¯æéã ãšäž»åŒµãããäžæ¹ã§ã¢ãªã¹ããã¬ã¹ã¯å
ã¯éåã§ã¯ãªããç¬éçã«äŒãããšè«ãããã€ãã³ã»ãã€ãµã ã¯å
ã¯æéã®éãã§äŒããããã®éãã¯å¯å€ã§ãå¯åºŠã®é«ãç©äœã§ã¯é
ããªããšè«ããããšããã¹ã»ã±ãã©ãŒãã«ãã»ãã«ã«ãã¯ãå
éã¯ç¡é倧ã ãšèããŠããã
ã¬ãªã¬ãªã»ã¬ãªã¬ã€ã¯ãé ãé¢ãã2ãæã«çœ®ããã©ã³ãã®åå³ãçšããŠå
éãæž¬å®ããæ¹æ³ãææ¡ãããããããå
éã¯ããŸãã«éããåœæã®ãããªãèšæž¬åšã§ããã®æ§ãªæ¹æ³ã§ããããªæéãæ£ç¢ºã«æž¬ãäºãã§ããªãã£ãããã«ææãªçµæãåŸãããªãã£ãã
1676幎ã«ãã³ããŒã¯ã®æ°åŠè
ãªãŒã¬ã»ã¬ãŒããŒã¯æšæã®è¡æã€ãªãæšæã«é ããåšæã®å€åãšæšæãŸã§ã®è·é¢ããå
éãèšç®ãããåœææ¢ã«å°çãšæšæã®äœçœ®é¢ä¿ããªãã³ã«ã€ãªãæšæã®é°ã«é ãã(é èœ)åšæã¯æ£ç¢ºã«ããã£ãŠãããã¬ãŒããŒã¯ãå°çãæšæããé ãäœçœ®ã«ããæã«ãã€ãªãé ããæå»ã調ã¹ãå
ã®éããç¡é倧ãªãã°åžžã«42.5æé眮ãã«é èœã芳枬ãããã¯ããšããŠã芳枬äºå®æå»ããèšç®ããããããŠå°çãå
¬è»¢è»éäžã§æšæã«è¿ã¥ããäœçœ®ã«ç§»åãã5ãµæåŸã«å床ã€ãªãé ããæå»ã調ã¹ããšãã芳枬äºå®æå»ããããæ©ããªã£ãŠããäºã確èªããããã®çµæããã¬ãŒããŒã¯ãå
ã¯å°çè»éã®çŽåŸã暪åãã®ã«22åããããšçµè«ããããžã§ãŽã¡ã³ãã»ã«ãã·ãŒãã®èŠ³æž¬ããåŸãããå°ç-倪éœéè·é¢ãçšãããšãã¬ãŒããŒã®åŸãå
éã¯çŽ21.3äž km/s ãšãªããããã¯å®éã®å
éãã3å²ã»ã©é
ãæ°åã ã£ãããå
ã®éããæéã§ããããšã蚌æãããã®å
·äœçãªéããåããŠäžãããã¬ãŒããŒã®å人ã¢ã€ã¶ãã¯ã»ãã¥ãŒãã³ããããèªãããã®å
éã®å€ãèæžã«èšããã
1729幎ã«ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãã©ãããªãŒã¯å£ç¯ã«ããæã®å
è¡å·®ããå
éãæ±ãããåœŒã®æž¬å®å€ã¯301000 km/sã§ãã£ãã
1849幎ãã¢ã«ãã³ã»ãã£ãŸãŒã¯ã倩äœçŸè±¡ãå©çšããã«ãå転ããæ¯è»ã䜿ã£ãŠãåããŠå°äžã®å®éšã§å
éãæž¬å®ãããã©ã³ãã®å
ãããŒã ã¹ããªãã¿ãŒã§çŽè§ã«æ²ããçã®äžã§720æã®æ¯ãã€ããæ¯è»ãééãããŠå
ãçééã«åæããŠæŸã¡ãçŽ8.6 kmé¢ããåå°é¡ã§æãè¿ããçã®äžã§åãæ¯è»ãéããŠèгå¯ãããæ¯è»ã®å転ãé
ããã¡ã¯ãå¹éšãéã£ãå
ã¯åå°ããåãå¹éšããèŠããããããå転æ°ãäžãããšããããŠåå°å
ãåžéš(æ¯ã®éšå)ã§é®ãããããã«ãªãããã£ãŸãŒã¯ããã®æã®12.6å転/ç§ããã(8.6 km)Ã2 = 17.2 kmãå
ãé²ãæéã¯(1ç§)/(12.6å転/ç§)/(720Ã2)(æ¯è»ã®åžéšãšå¹éšã®éã®åæ° = æ¯ã®æ°ã®2å)= 0.000055 sãšèšç®ããããããããå
éã¯çŽ31.3äž km/sãšããå€ãåŸãã
1850幎ã«ããŒã³ãŒã¯å転ãã©ãŒã䜿ã£ãå
éã®æž¬å®ãè¡ããæ°Žäžã§å
éãé
ããªãããšãå®èšŒãããç空äžã®å
éã¯1862幎ã«298000±500 km/sãšããå€ãåŸãŠããã
1873幎ãããã€ã±ã«ãœã³ã¯ããŒã³ãŒã®æ¹æ³ãæ¹è¯ããŠå
éã®æž¬å®ãç¶ããã1926å¹Žã®æž¬å®å€ã¯299796±4 km/sã§ããã
ãã®åŸãã€ã¯ãæ³¢ãäœ¿ãæ¹æ³ãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒã®äœ¿çšãªã©ã«ããæž¬å®ã®ç²ŸåºŠãé«ãŸã£ãã
1983幎ã«ã¯ãåœé床éè¡¡ç·äŒã«ãããã¡ãŒãã«ãå
éã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸ©ããããšãšãªã£ããããã«ãããç空äžã®å
éã299792458 m/sãšå®çŸ©ãããããšã«ãªãã
ãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã®æ¹çšåŒã«ããã°ãé»ç£æ³¢ã®äŒæéãã¯æ¬¡ã®é¢ä¿ã§äžããããã
ããã§ãε0 ã¯ç空ã®èªé»çãÎŒ0 ã¯ç空ã®éç£çã§ããããžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã¯ã©ãŒã¯ã»ãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã¯ãã®åŒã芳枬ã§ã¯ãªãçè«ããå°ãããã倿ããŠããå€ Îµ0 = 8.85Ã10 F/mãÎŒ0 = 1.26Ã10 H/m ã代å
¥ãããšãç空äžã®é»ç£æ³¢ã®éããçŽ30äž km/sãšãªãããã£ãŸãŒã枬å®ããå
éãšã»ãŒäžèŽããããã®äºããããã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã¯åœææ£äœãããããã£ãŠããªãã£ãå
ã®æ³¢ãé»ç£æ³¢ã®äžçš®ã§ããããšãæå±ãããããã¯åŸã«ãã€ã³ãªãã»ãã«ãã«ãã£ãŠå®èšŒãããã
å
éã¯ãç©è³ªäžã§ã¯ç空äžãããé
ããªãã屿ãšããçŸè±¡ããããã®ã¯ãå
éãåªè³ªã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãããã§ããããŸããç©è³ªäžã®å
éãããéãé床ã§è·é»ç²åãéåããããšãå¯èœã§ããããã®ãšããã§ã¬ã³ã³ãæŸå°ãçºçããã
ç©è³ªã®çµ¶å¯Ÿå±æçã¯ãç空äžã®å
éããã®ç©è³ªäžã®å
éã§å²ã£ãå€ã§å®çŸ©ãããŠãããããšãã°æ°Žã®å±æçã¯å¯èŠå
é åæ³¢é·ã§çŽ1.33ãç空äžã®å
éã¯çŽ30äž km/sã§ãããããæ°Žäžã§ã®å
éã¯çŽ22.5äž km/sãšãªãã
äžè¬ã«ãããããæ
å ±ãç©è³ªã¯ãç空äžã®å
éãããéãäŒæããããšã¯äžå¯èœã§ãããšãããŠãããçžå¯Ÿè«ã®æ¹çšåŒã«ããã°ãå
éãããéãç§»åããç©äœãä»®å®ãããšã宿°ã§è¡šãããšã®ã§ããªãç©çéãçŸãã質éãç¡é倧ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããã§ãããããããå
éããã倧ããªé床ãåºçŸããç©ççç¶æ³ãšããçŸè±¡ã¯æ°å€ãååšããã
å
ã®ã矀é床ããå
éãè¶
ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããšããããšã¯ãçè«çã«å€ãããç¥ãããŠãããããæè¿ã®å®éšã§ã¯ãã»ã·ãŠã ååäžã®éåžžã«çãè·é¢ããå
éã®310åã®çŸ€é床ã§ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒå
ç·ãäŒããããšã«æåããã2002幎ã«ã¯ã¢ã³ã¯ãã³å€§åŠ(è±èªç)ã®ç©çåŠè
ã¢ã©ã³ã»ããã·ã¥(è±èªç)ã¯ãè¶
å
éã®çŸ€é床ããã€ãã«ã¹ããé·ãè·é¢ã«ããã£ãŠäŒããããšã«åããŠæåããããã®å®éšã§ã¯ãå軞ãã©ãããã¯çµæ¶ã®120ã¡ãŒãã«ã±ãŒãã«ã®äžããå
éã®3åã®çŸ€é床ã®ãã«ã¹ãäŒæããããããããã®æè¡ãè¶
å
éã®æ
å ±äŒéã®ããã«äœ¿ãããšã¯äžå¯èœã§ãããæ
å ±äŒéã®é床ãšããã®ã¯æ³¢æã®å
端é床(è±èªç)(ãã«ã¹ã®æåã®ç«ã¡äžãããäŒæããéã)ã«ãã£ãŠããã矀é床ãšå
端é床ã®ç©ã¯ç©è³ªäžã®å
éã®2ä¹ã«çããããã§ããã
ãã®ããã«å
ã®çŸ€é床ãå
éãè¶
ãããããšããã®ã¯ãé³éã«ããŠã¯ããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«çè§£ã§ããã人ã
ããè·é¢ããããŠäžåã«äžŠã¹ããšããããããŠãåã
ãèªåã®è
æèšã§ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ãèŠã¯ããããçãééã§é çªã«æã声ãããããããšããããã®ãšãã圌ãã¯é£ã®äººã®å£°ãèãã®ãåŸ
ããã«å£°ããããããšãã§ããããŸãããäŸãšããŠãæµ·å²žã«æã¡äžããããæ³¢ã«ãåããããªããšãèŠããããæ³¢ãšæµ·å²žç·ã®éã®è§åºŠãååå°ãããã°ãç ããæ³¢ã¯ãå
éžãæ³¢ãäŒããããããã£ãšå€§ããªéãã§æ³¢é·ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠäŒæããããšãã§ããã
ããšãã°ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãé æ¹ã«ããç©äœã®è¡šé¢ã暪åããšãå
ã®ã¹ãããã®é床ã¯ç°¡åã«å
éãè¶
ããããšãã§ãããé æ¹ã®ç©äœã«åœ±ãæå°ãããŠãåæ§ã§ãããã©ã¡ãã®å Žåããç©è³ªãæ
å ±ãå
éãè¶
ããŠäŒæããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã
å
éã¯ããšãããã»ã³ãæ³¢ãé¢äžããçŸè±¡ãããšãã°ãã³ãã«å¹æãªã©ã«ãããŠãè¶
ããããšãã§ããããšãããã»ã³ãæ³¢ã®äœçžé床ãšçŸ€é床ã¯å
éãè¶
ãããããšããå®éšã«ãã£ãŠç€ºãããŠãããããããªããå
端é床ã¯å
éãè¶
ããããªããšãããŠããããããã®å Žåã«ãæ
å ±ãå
éãè¶
ããŠäŒæããããšã¯ãªãã
éåååŠã§ã¯ãããçš®ã®éåç广ãå
éãè¶
ããŠäŒæããããšããã(å®éã«ã空éçéããã®ããç©äœå士ã®çžäºäœçšã¯é·ããéåååŠã®åé¡ã§ãããšèŠãªãããŠãããEPRãã©ããã¯ã¹ãåç
§)ãããšãã°ãäºã€ã®ç²åã®éåç¶æ
ãéåãã€ãã®ç¶æ
ã«ãããäžæ¹ã®ç²åã®ç¶æ
ã仿¹ã®ç²åã®ç¶æ
ãåºå®ãããã®ãšãã(ããã§ã¯ãäžæ¹ã®ã¹ãã³ã +1â2 ã§ãªããã°ãªããã仿¹ã â1â2 ã§ãªããã°ãªããªããšãã)ã芳枬ããããŸã§ã¯ãäºã€ã®ç²åã¯(+1â2, â1â2)ããã³(â1â2, +1â2)ãšããäºã€ã®éåç¶æ
ã®éãåããç¶æ
ã«ãããäºã€ã®ç²åãé¢ããäžæ¹ã®ç²åã芳枬ãããŠéåç¶æ
ãæ±ºå®ããããšãããšãèªåçã«ä»æ¹ã®ç²åã®éåç¶æ
ãæ±ºå®ãããããããããçš®ã®éåååŠã®è§£éã®ããã«ãéåç¶æ
ã«ã€ããŠã®æ
å ±ãäžã€ã®ç²åã«ã€ããŠå±æçã§ãããšãããªããæ¬¡ã®ããã«çµè«ã¥ããªããã°ãªããªããããªãã¡ãæåã®èŠ³æž¬ããªããããšãäºã€ç®ã®ç²åã¯å³åº§ã«ããã®éåç¶æ
ãå ããã®ã§ãããããããªãããæåã®ç²åã芳枬ããããšãã«ã©ã¡ãã®éåç¶æ
ã«ããããå¶åŸ¡ããããšã¯äžå¯èœãªã®ã§ããã®æ¹æ³ã§ãæ
å ±ã¯äŒæã§ããªããç©çæ³åã¯ãæ
å ±ããã£ãšè³¢ãæ¹æ³ã§äŒæããããšãã劚ããŠãããããã¯éåè€è£œäžå¯èœå®çãéä¿¡äžå¯èœå®ç(è±èªç)ãžãšã€ãªããããšã«ãªã£ãã
äºã€ã®ç©äœãäºãã«åããåãæ¹åã«éåããŠãããããããããæ
£æ§ãã¬ãŒã (空éãå«ã)ã«ãããé床ã0.8cã§ãã£ããšããããã®ãšããäºã€ã®ç©äœã¯2åã®1.6cã®éåºŠã§æ¥è¿ããŠããããšã«ãªãããããæ¥è¿é床ãšãã¶ãæ¥è¿é床ã¯ãã®ããã«3ãã¬ãŒã éã®é床åæã§ãããããå
éã®2åãŸã§èš±ãããã
ããå®å®è¹ããå°çãã(å°çã®éæ¢ç³»ã§)1å
幎é¢ããææãŸã§é«éã§ç§»åãããšãããããã«èŠããæéã¯ãå®å®è¹å
ã®æèšã§ã¿ããš1幎ãããçããªãããšãå¯èœã§ãã(å°çäžã®æèšã§ã¿ãã°ãå¿
ã1幎以äžããã)ããã®ãšããå°çã®ç³»ã§ã¿ãç§»åè·é¢ããå®å®è¹ã®æèšã§ã¿ãçµéæéã§å²ã£ãå€ã®ããšããåºæé床(è±èªç)ãšãããåºæé床ã¯ããã²ãšã€ã®æ
£æ§ç³»ã§èŠ³æž¬ãããé床ã衚ããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã®å€ã«ã¯äžéããªããããããã¡ãããåæã«å°çãåºçºããå
ä¿¡å·ã¯ã©ããªå Žåã«ãå®å®è¹ããéãææã«å°éããã
ããããè¶
å
ééåãšãã°ãããã®ãã黿³¢éæ²³ãã¯ãšãŒãµãŒã®ãžã§ãããªã©ãããçš®ã®å€©äœã«ãããŠèŠ³æž¬ãããããããããããã®ãžã§ããã¯å
éãããéãéåããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãããã®èŠããäžã®è¶
å
ééåã¯ãç©äœãå
éã«è¿ãé床ã§éåããŠããããã®æ¹åãšèŠç·ãšã®ãªãè§åºŠãå°ãããšãã«èµ·ããæåœ±å¹æã§ãããè¶
å
éã§éåããŠèŠãããžã§ãããæã€ã¯ãšãŒãµãŒã¯è¶
å
éã¯ãšãŒãµãŒãšåŒã°ããŠããã3C 279ã3C 179ã¯ãã®äžäŸã§ããã
è¡ææ³¢ãšã¯ãäž»ã«ããåªè³ªäžã®é³éãè¶
ããŠéåããç©äœã«ããçºçãã匷ãå§åæ³¢ã§ããããåæ§ã«åªè³ªäžã®å
éãè¶
ããŠéåããè·é»ç²åã«ãã£ãŠã匷ãé»ç£æ³¢ãçºçããããããã§ã¬ã³ã³ãæŸå°ãšåŒã¶ãçµ¶çžãããåªè³ªäžãè·é»ç²åãééãããšããåªè³ªã®ååäžã®é»åã¯è·é»ç²åã®å Žã«ãã£ãŠå±æçã«ä¹±ãã忥µãèµ·ãããç²åãééããããšã«åªè³ªäžã®é»åãåã³å¹³è¡¡ç¶æ
ã«æ»ããšãé»ç£æ³¢ãæŸå°ãããã(ååç§»å床ã®é«ãäŒå°äœã«ãããŠã¯é»ç£é®èœã«ããé»ç£æ³¢ã¯çºããªã)ãç²åã®é床ãååé
ãå Žåããã®é»ç£æ³¢ã¯å¹²æžã«ãã匱ãããããããå Žã®ä¹±ããå
åãããéããšããããªãã¡è·é»ç²åãåªè³ªäžã®å
éãããéããšããå
åã¯å¹²æžã«ãã匷ãããã芳枬ãããæŸå°åŒ·åºŠã¯å¢å¹
ãããã
å®å®ã®åæã«é¢ããçè«ã§ããã€ã³ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³çè«ã«å¯Ÿæããå
éå€åçè« (VSL) ãªã©ã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ãååšããŠãããå
åãéåžžã«é«ããšãã«ã®ãŒã§ãããšãã«ãå
éãéããªãããšããèãã ããå Žåœããçãªä»®å®ãå€ããæ¹çšåŒãè€éã§ãããããæ£ããå®å®ã®æ³åããšãããçè«ã§ãããšã¯èããããŠããªãã
å
éã®å€ã®å
šæ¡ãæèšããäŸãšããŠã次ã®ãã®ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F
|
5,959 |
äžèµæ³åž«
|
äžèµæ³åž«(ããããã»ãããç¹äœå: äžèæ³åž«ãç°¡äœå: äžèæ³åžãæŒé³: SÄnzÄng fÇshÄ«)ãšã¯ã仿ã®çµèµã»åŸèµã»è«èµã®äžèµã«ç²Ÿéããå§äŸ¶(æ³åž«)ã®ããšããŸã転ããŠèš³çµå§ãæããŠããããã«ãªã£ããåã«ãäžèµããšåŒã¶ããšãããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯äžåœã®äŒå¥å°èª¬ã西éèšãã«ç»å Žãã人ç©ãäžèµæ³åž«ããç¹ã«æåã ããäžèµæ³åž«ãšããã®ã¯äžè¬åè©ã§ãããå°ç§°ã§ãã£ãŠãåºæåè©ã§ã¯ãªãã西éèšã®äžèµæ³åž«(çå¥äžèµ)ã¯æ°ããäžèµæ³åž«ã®ãã¡ã®ã²ãšãã§ããã
ç¹ã«ãã€ã³ãã西åããæå
žããããããæŒ¢èš³ãã人ã
ãå°ç§°ããŠãèš³çµäžèµãããèæäžèµãããããã¯ãäžèµæ³åž«ããšåŒã¶ããšãå€ãã
å倧蚳çµå®¶ã«æ°ãããã鳩æ©çŸ
ä»ããç諊ãäžç©ºéåãªã©ãå€ãã®ä»å
žã®æŒ¢èš³ãæãããŠããããäžèµæ³åž«ããšåŒã°ãããããªãã§ãæãæåãªäžèµæ³åž«ã¯å代ã®å§ã»çå¥äžèµã§ããã
çå¥ã¯ä»æã®èå
žåå
žãæ±ããŠã€ã³ããåšéããè¬è¥å¿çµã(ãã ãç°èª¬ããã)ãäžåœã«ããããããæŽã«ãã®æ¥çžŸã¯ã倧å西åèšããã倧æ
æ©å¯ºäžèµæ³åž«äŒããšããŠãŸãšããããåŸã«ã倧åäžèµåçµè©©è©±ãã§ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã嫿ããããã«ãªããæçµçã«ã¯ã西éèšãã«çµå®ããŠäžçäžã«ç¥ãããããã«ãªã£ãããã®ããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãäžèµæ³åž«ããšèšãã°ãçå¥ãæãããšãå€ãã
ãäžèµæ³åž«ããšããç§°å·ãæŽå²çã«èŠãå Žåããã§ã«ã€ã³ãã§çµè«åŸã®äžèµã«éæããå§äŸ¶ããäžèµæ³åž«ããšåŒãã§ãããšããããäžåœã§ãããã«ãªãããåæå®(420幎 - 479幎)ä»£ã®æ±é£è·æ©ã»å§äŒœè·æ©(äŒèšã¯æ¢ä»£ã®ãåºäžèµèšéãå·»14æå)ãããã®çšäŸã®å§ãŸããšãããããã®åŸãããäžè¬åããç¹ã«ååš(556幎 - 581幎)代ã«ã¯ãæçäžèµãåšåœäžèµãªã©å§å®ã®ç§°ã«ãæµçšãããããŸãé代ã®ãæŽä»£äžå®çŽã以éãäžèµæ³åž«ã¯ãäžèµçŠ
åž«ãããäžèµåŸåž«ããªã©ãšåæ§ã«ãåºèº«å°ã®åç§°ãä»ããŠæž¡æ¥ããèš³çµå§ã®äžã§ããé«å§ãæããŠå°ç§°ãããäŸãé »ç¹ã«èŠãããã
ãããŠ8äžçŽé ã«ãªããšãæž¡æ¥ã®èš³çµå§ã«éãããäžåœã®èš³çµé«å§ããæããŠçšããããããã«ãªãããŸãéå»ã®èš³çµå§ã«ãé¡ã£ãŠç§°ãããããã«ãªã£ããçå¥ãåŸäžã«ãäžèµæ³åž«ããšä¿ç§°ãããã®ãããã«ãããã®ãšãããã
æŽå²äžãæ¥æ¬äººå§ã®äžã§å¯äžãäžèµãã®ç§°å·ãäžããããã®ããè¿æ±åºèº«ã®èçŠå¯ºå§ã»éä»ã§ãããéä»ã¯804幎(åã®å»¶æŠ23幎ãåã®è²å
20幎)ãææŸã空海ãšåãé£å䜿ã®äžè¡ãšããŠåã«æž¡ã£ããé·å®ã§ä»å
žã®èš³çµã«åŸäºãããã®å瞟ãèªãããæ²å®çåžãããäžèµãã®ç§°å·ãè³ã£ãŠãããéä»ãé¢ãã£ãã倧乿¬çå¿å°èгçµãã¯ç³å±±å¯ºã«çŸåã
ãªãã仿ãäžåœã«äŒæ¥ããåœåã®ãããããå€èš³ãã«å±ããèš³çµã®å Žåã¯ããµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããçã®èšèªã§èšãããæ¢µçµã挢èªã«ç¿»èš³(挢蚳)ãã宿
ã«é¢ããŠèšé²ãæ®ã£ãŠãããããã®è©³çްãæããã§ãªããããããçå¥ä»¥åŸã®ããæ°èš³ããšç§°ããããæä»£ã®èš³çµã®å ŽåãæŒ¢èš³ãããçµå
žã®å·»éŠã«ãçµå
žã®é¡ç®ã«ç¶ããŠããããããèš³å Žåäœããèšãæ
£ç¿ãå®çããŠãããéä»äžèµã®å Žåããã倧乿¬çå¿å°èгçµãã®ãèš³çµåäœãã«èšãããèšåã«ãã£ãŠããçåããèš³èªãã®åœ¹å²ãåããŠããããšãæãããšãªã£ãŠããããã®å Žåããèš³çµã®äžå¿ã§ããã蚳䞻ããšãªã£ãã®ã¯ãè¬è¥äžèµã§ãããæ¬çµã¯è¬è¥èš³ãšããŠçµé²ã«ã¯èšé²ãããŠããããããã宿
ã¯ããŸããè¬è¥ã梵æã§èšãããåå
žã梵èªã§é³èªããããããçåãè
ãæžãåããæŽã«ãããæŒ¢åã«çœ®ãæããã®ããèš³èªãã§ããããã®åŸãã蚌矩ãããæœ€æããå圹ããªã©ã®åçš®ã®åœ¹å²ãæã£ã人ãã¡ã挢蚳çµå
žãšããŠé©åãªçµæã«æ ¡èšããåããŠèš³çµã宿ããã
ã€ãŸããæ°èš³æä»£ã®èš³çµäºæ¥ãšã¯ã挢蚳çµç¹ã確ç«ãããåæ
äœæ¥ã«ãã£ãŠæãç«ã£ãŠããããã®çµæãã蚳䞻ããšããŠå
šäœããããã¥ãŒã¹ããç«å Žã«ãã£ã人ããèš³çµè
ãšããŠåãæ®ãã¯ããããã蚳䞻ãã¯å
šäœã®çµç¹ã®äžã§ã¯ãåå
žãé³èªããã ãã§ãããçŸä»£çãªæèŠã§ããã翻蚳ãäœæ¥ã«åŸäºããã®ã¯ããèš³èªãè
ã§ãããããæ
ã«ãéä»äžèµã®æããã圹å²ãè©äŸ¡ãããäžèµã®ç§°å·ãåããŠããèš³ã§ããããŸãäžæ¹ã§ã¯ã宿ããèš³çµã«å¯Ÿããèšè©çãªèŠå°ããã®ç矩ããã²ãšãã蚳䞻ãã§ããäžèµæ³åž«ã«åž°ããåé¡ãšããŠåãäžããèŠæ¹ãããããããã¯ãå®éã®èš³çµäºæ¥ã®æŒ¢èš³çµç¹ã«é¢ããèŠèãæ¬ ããäžæ¹çãªè§£éã§ãããæ³šæãèŠããã
西éèšã®ç»å Žäººç©ãšããŠã®äžèµæ³åž«ã¯ãå§ã¯é³ã幌åãæ±æµ()ãããã¯çŽ
æµå
ãšèšããæ³åãçå¥()çŠ
åž«ãšèšã£ããåäžã¯éè¿ŠåŠæ¥ã®äºã®åŒåãéè¬å()ã ã£ããã説æ³ãèãããæãã軜ãããããã«æ±åã«è»¢çãããšãããããã®åŸã仿ã«åž°äŸãã2åºŠã®æ
ã«å€±æããŠè»¢çãããã3床ç®ã§81ã€ã®é£ããããæããŠæåãäžèµççµãæ±ããåçµã®æ
ã®å瞟ãšå€§çŸ©ã«ãããææªå埳ä»()ãšããä»ã«æãèšå¥ãåŸãã
ç¶ã¯é³è()ãåãå
è()ãšèšããç§æã«åæ Œããè±æã§æ±å·é·å®ã«ææ¢ããã人ç©ãæ¯ã¯å€§ååžåœã®å®°çžæ®·éå±±ã®åšã§ãæ®·æž©å¬ãŸãã®åãæºå å¬ãšèšã£ããè¥ã倫婊ãä»»å°ã«åããéäžãæž¡ãèã®è¹é åæŽªãéªå¿ãæã¡ãåŠå©Šã§ããæž©å¬ãèŠåããŠãæåœªãšè¬ã£ãŠå
èãæ²æ®ºããŠæ»äœãå·ã«æšãŠããåæŽªã¯æž©å¬ãèšãå«ããŠåŠŸãšããèªãã¯å
èã«æãæžãŸããŠæ±å·é·å®ãšãªã£ããæž©å¬ã¯å措ã®çå®ã«æ±æµãç£ãã ãåæŽªãåž°ãã°ãã®åã¯æ®ºããããšæã£ã圌女ã¯ãéåœã倩ã«ä»»ããããšãšããèµ€ãåãè襊袢ã«å
ã¿ãèªåã®æ¯åã§ãã蚌æ ãšããŠèµ€ãåã®å·Šè¶³ã®å°æãåã¿åã£ãŠãçãç«ã¡ãæžããè¡æžãåå°ããæšçã«ä¹ããŠå·ã«æµãããèµ€ãåã¯éå±±å¯ºã®æ³æåå°ã«ãã£ãŠæãããå§ãšããŠé€è²ãããã仿¹ãå
èã¯åé£ã®åã«éè²ã®é¯ãæã£ãŠããããã®é¯ã¯ç«çã®å身ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ãåœã®æ©ã«å ±ãããããå·åºã®æ»äœã¯å·¡æµ·å€åã«ãã£ãŠç«å®®ã«éã°ããéãšå
±ã«ä¿åãããŠããã
18幎åŸãè¥ãå§ãšãªã£ãçå¥ã¯ãåž«ã§ããæ³æåå°ã«çãç«ã¡ãç¥ããããŠè¡æãåãããåž«ã®èŠãã§æé¢å§ãšãªã£ãŠæ¯ã®æ¶æ¯ãèšããããšã«ãªã£ããæ±å·é·å®å®
ã§ã¯ã¡ããã©å措ã¯çå®ã§ãçå¥ã¯æ¯ãšåäŒã§ããããããæ¯ã¯ããã«ç«ã¡å»ãããã«èšããåŸæ¥ãé山寺ã蚪ããŠè³èŒªãæž¡ããç¶æ¹ã®ç¥æ¯åŒµæ°ã𿝿¹ã®ç¥ç¶æ®·éå±±ã«äŒãã«è¡ãããã«æç€ºãããæŽªå·ã®åŒµæ°ã¯è²§ããèœã¡ã¶ãã倱æããŠããããçå¥ãç¥é¡ããŠäž¡çŒãèãããšãèŠåãå埩ãããæ¬¡ã«çå¥ã¯é·å®ã§æ®·éå±±ã«äŒã£ããæ®·éå±±ã¯åšå€«å©Šã®æ²åãç¥ã£ãŠæ€æ¿ãã倪å®çåžã«çŽèšŽã埡æè»6äžã掟é£ãããæ®·éå±±ã¯åæŽªã»æåœªäžå³ãæçžããã
åæŽªã»æåœªã¯å
±ã«æ·åãããŠçœªç¶ãæŽããããåãããŸãæåœªããããéŠã«ãªã£ããæ®·éå±±ãæž©å¬ãçå¥ã®3人ã¯ãå
èãæ®ºãããå·èŸºã§éãæ
°ããããã®ç¥æãçŒããŠãåæŽªã®çãèãæãçèŽã«ããããšãããå·åºã§ã¯å·¡æµ·å€åããã®ç¥æãåãåããç«çã«å ±åãç«çã¯ããã§å
èã¯çãè¿ãããšãã§ãããšåã³ãæ»äœãå·ã«æ»ããéãè¿ãããäºå€«ã«ä»ããèªåãæ¥ããæž©å¬ãå·ã«èº«ãæããŠæ»ã®ããšæ³£ããçå¥ã宥ããŠãããšããã«ãæ»äœãæ°Žé¢ã«æµ®ãã³äžãããæ¯ãå¹ãè¿ããããã®å¥è·¡ã«çãåã¶ãèã£ãå
èã¯å€ªå®ã«åŠå£«ã«åãç«ãŠãããçå¥ã¯æŽªçŠå¯ºã§ããã«ä»éä¿®è¡ãç©ãããšã«ãªã£ãããæž©å¬ã¯åŸå®¹ãšããŠåŸã«èªæ®ºããã
ããå€ã倪å®ã¯äžåºŠæ»ãã§å¥çããæ»ããšããäœéšãããã身代ãããšãªã£ãåŠ¹ã®æçè±ã亡ãããå¥éã§å©ããããçžè¯å€«å©Šã«åããéãè¿æžããããã«å
建çžåœ 寺ã建ç«ãããã以åŸã仿³ã倧å€ã«å°ã¶ããã«ãªã£ããé«å§ãéããããããšã«ãªããéåŸŽã®æšèŠã§çå¥ãéžã°ãã倩äžå€§é¡éœå§ç¶±()ã®è·ã«ä»»åœããããçå¥ã¯åç寺ã§åœäžã®åå§éãçåžã®åã§æ³äŒãè¡ã£ããäžæ¹ãåŠæ¥ã®åœãåããŠè¥¿æ¹åçµè
ãæ¢ããŠãã芳äžé³è©è©ã¯ããã®çå¥ã転çãããã€ãŠã®é«åŒãšç¥ã£ãŠèå³ãæã€ãæµå²žãšå
±ã«é·å®ã«çŸããè©è©ã¯ãä¹é£åäž»ã«èº«ãå€ããŠãåŠæ¥ããé ãã£ãéŠè¥Ž()ã®è¢è£ãä¹ç°ã®é«æãèŠããŠå£²ãæ©ããã倿®µãé7åäž¡ãšããé«é¡ã ã£ããã人ã
ã¯ããããããã£ãããå®°çžèç()ã ãã¯å¡ç©ã§ãªãããšãèŠæãããèããšããã®è¢è£ã身ã«ã€ããŠææãå®ãã°æ·ªèœãå
ããå°çã«å ã¡ããèçŒã®çŠãé€ãããšãããèçã¯é©ããŠå€ªå®ã«å ±åã倪å®ã¯è²·ãåããšãããã(èªåã®èº«åãæããã¬ãŸãŸã®)è©è©ã¯é«åŸ³ã®å§ã«äžããããã«èšãæ®ããŠã代éãåãåããã«å»ã£ãã
倪å®ã¯ãã®äºç©ã®æã¡äž»ãšããŠçžå¿ããè
ã¯çå¥ããããªããšèãã圌ã«äžãããçå¥ãããã身ã«ãŸãšããšããã®çŸããå§¿ã«ãå°èµè©è©ã®åæ¥ã ããšã®æå£°ãäžãã£ããæçè±ã®åäžæ¥ã®æ³äŒã§çå¥ã念ä»ãå±ããŠãããšãè©è©ãçŸããå°ä¹ã®çµã®ã¿ãè¬ããã®ã¯èŸããããã«è«ãããè©è©ã¯å€ªå®ã«ã倧ä¹ä»æäžèµãæ»è
ãèŠé£ããæãç¡é寿ã®èº«ã«ããããšãã§ããå¯äžã®ãã®ãšèšãã身åãé²ãã«ããŠåŸ¡çµãå±ãããææ¿ãã倪å®ã¯ãæ£äŒãäžæ¢ãã倩竺ã¯å€§é·é³å¯ºã«äººã䜿ãããŠäžèµççµãæã¡åž°ã£ãåŸã§åéãããšèšãããã®åçµã®æ
ã«å¿é¡ããã®ãçå¥ã§ãã£ãã倪å®ã¯åã³ãçå¥ãšçŸ©å
åŒã®å¥ãçµãã ã玫éã®é¢ãçœéЬãåŸè
2人ãçå¥ã«äžãããã以åŸã¯ãäžèµããšå·ããããã«åœãããããããããŠæ
ãå§ãŸã£ãã®ã§ããã
äžèµã¯ãã®ç©èªã®äž»äººå
¬ãšããç«å Žã§ããããå€ãã®çã§å«è¡è
ã®æŽ»èºã匷調ãããçµæãçå¥äžèµã®ç©èªã§ã®åœ¹å²ã¯æžå°ãããäžåŸ³å æ¬ã§ã¯(æŽå²äžã®å®åšã®äººç©ã倿°ç»å Žããé
æ
®ããã)äžèµã®çãç«ã¡ã®éšåã¯ã«ãããããŠãããå
ä»£ã«æžãããçãé€ããŠãå®éçãªäž»äººå
¬ã¯å«æç©ºãšèããããã
æ
ã®äžã§ã®äžèµæ³åž«ã¯ã床ã
è
°ãæãããªã©æ§æ Œã®èç
ãªé¢ãæãããä»ã®4人ãšéãåŠåãç¡ããæ³åããããã§ãããããåŠæªã®ä»æããçç¥ãçœ ã«ç°¡åã«åŒã£æãããã®ãã³ã«åŒåãç Žéãããæµã«æãŸããçåœã®å±æ©ã«çãã...ãšããã®ãç¹°ãè¿ããé·å®ãæããã£ãããé·é³å¯ºãé ããšæçŽãããŒãããããå Žé¢ããã£ãŠãåŒåã§ããå«æç©ºã®äºã¯çãããçªå
«æã®è®èšã人ã«åããåŠæªã¯å€èŠã§äººãšå€æããŠããä¿¡ããŠããŸããªã©ã人éçãªåŒ±ãã匷調ããããåæ¯æ²³ã®æ°Žã飲ãã§åŠåš ããæã¯ãå»è
ã«äžçµ¶è¬ãè³ãããããšããçŸä»£ã®æèŠãšã¯ãããåæ Œãçããããªçºèšããã£ããããããäžèµæ³åž«ã®äººéçã«æªçãªé¢ã¯ãäžèµæ³åž«ã䞻人å
¬ãšããå€ãçã«å€ã
èŠããããããè圹ããå«æç©ºãäžèµæ³åž«ãè«ããå Žé¢ãããã䞻人å
¬ãåŸã
ã«å«æç©ºã«ç§»ã£ãŠããã«ã€ããŠãäžèµæ³åž«ã¯è人ãšããŠã®é¢ã匷調ãããä¿äººçãªéšåã¯åé€ãããŠãã£ããç¹ã«æ
ã«åºãåãŸã§ã¯ãæ¬ ç¹ãäžã€ããªãè人ãšããŠæããããä¿äººçãªé¢ãæ®ãã®ã¯ã䞻人å
¬ã§ããå«æç©ºããã³ãã«é¥ããæŒåºäžã®å¿
èŠæ§ã«ãããã®ãå€ãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%94%B5%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB
|
5,961 |
ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒéé
|
ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒéé(ãè±: Maglev)ãšã¯ãç£åã«ããåçºåãŸãã¯åžåŒåãå©çšããŠè»äœãè»éããæµ®äžãããŠæšé²ããééã®ããšãè±èªã§ã¯"Maglev"(ãã°ã¬ã)ãšåŒç§°ãããç£æ°æµ®äžãã衚ã"Magnetic levitation"ãèªæºã§ãããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã¯ãã®è¿æªæ¥æ§ãããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã«ãŒã®ä»£è¡šæ Œã§ãããã1971幎ã西ãã€ãã§ Prinzipfahrzeug ãåããŠã®æäººèµ°è¡ã«æåããã
äžçã§éçºãããŠããäž»ãªç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã«ã¯ãåžžäŒå°é»ç£ç³ãçšããæ¹åŒ(ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ããããHSSTãªã©)ããšè¶
äŒå°é»ç£ç³ãçšããæ¹åŒ(è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢ãªã©)ããããæäººè©Šéšèµ°è¡ã§ã®äžçæé«é床ã¯2015幎4æ21æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬ã®è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢L0ç³»ãèšé²ãã603km/hã§ããã
çŸåšãæç¥çã®æç¥é«éäº€éæ±éšäžéµç·(æç§°:ãªãã¢)ãéåœã®ä»å·ç©ºæž¯ç£æ°æµ®äžééãäžåœã®äžæµ·ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ããããé·æ²ãªãã¢å¿«ç·ãå京å°äžéS1ç·ãªã©ããå®çšè·¯ç·ãšããŠå¶æ¥é転ãè¡ã£ãŠããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯1989幎ã«éå¬ãããæšªæµå芧äŒã«ãããŠãHSST-05(åŸã®HSST-200系統)ãYES'89ç·ãšããŠæ¥æ¬åã®å¶æ¥é転ãè¡ã£ãã
è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢ã«ããäžå€®æ°å¹¹ç·ã¯ãåå·é§
- åå€å±é§
éã§2027幎ã®å
è¡éæ¥ãåå€å±é§
- æ°å€§éªé§
éã§2037幎ã®å
šç·éæ¥ãç®æããŠèšç»ãé²ããããŠããã
ç£æ°æµ®äžééã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ãæµ®äžããã³æšé²ãéæ¥è§Šã§è¡ãããšãã§ããç¹ã§ããã
é·æã¯ãäž»ãšããŠé«éå(ç§»åæéã®ççž®å)ãå¯èœã ãšããããšãªã©ã§ããã çæã¯ééã®é«éåã®çµæãæ¶è²»ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå¢å€§ãã(æž©å®€å¹æã¬ã¹ãCO2æåºéãå¢ã)ãç°å¢è² è·ãå¢ããããæç¶å¯èœæ§ã«æªåœ±é¿ãäžãããããããšã§ããã
ç£æ°æµ®äžã«å¿
èŠãªèŠçŽ æè¡ãšããŠãåã®åãæ¹åã«æµ®äžã»æ¡å
ã»é§å(æšé²)ã®3çš®é¡ã«åé¡ã§ããã
ç£ç³ãŸãã¯ã³ã€ã«ã®èšçœ®æ¹æ³ã«ããã以äžã®äžçš®é¡ãããã
åçºæµ®äžããã³åŽé¢æµ®äžåŒã¯ãè»äžã®ç£ç³ã®ç£å匷床ãšèšçœ®ããç£ç³ãŸãã¯ã³ã€ã«ã®äœçœ®é¢ä¿ã§èªç¶ã«æµ®äžéãæ±ºå®ãããåžåŒåŒã¯åžåŒåã®åããŠããéã®ã®ã£ãããæžããšæµ®äžåãå¢ãé¢ä¿ã«ãããããæµ®äžéãäžå®ã«ä¿ã€ããã«é»ç£ç³ãªã©ã§åžåŒåãå¶åŸ¡ããå¿
èŠãããã
ãŸãé»ç£æ°çäœçšã«ãã以äžã®å顿¹æ³ãèããããã
å®çšçãªç£æ°æµ®äžééãèããå Žåãç£ç³å士ã®åžåŒãŸãã¯åçºãå©çšããæµ®äžæ¹æ³ã¯ãè»éãšè»äž¡ã®äž¡æ¹ã«ç£ç³ãèšçœ®ããããšã¯ã³ã¹ãããã³ä¿å®ã®é¢ã§ããªãé£ãããåŸã£ãŠãæè¡ã»çµæžçã«æ¡çšå¯èœãªãã®ã¯ä»¥äžã®2ã€ãšãªãã
ãŸããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯åžåé¡å
çŽ ãçšãã匷åãªåžåé¡ç£ç³ãæ®åããããã«ãªããé»ç£èªå°æµ®äžæ¯ææ¹åŒã§ã¯ã€ã³ãã¯ãã©ãã¯ã«äœ¿çšãããé»ç£åžåŒæ¯ææ¹åŒã§ã䜿çšãæ€èšããã>ã
äžè¬ã®ééã®å Žåãã¬ãŒã«ãšè»èŒªã®ç©ççæ¥è§Šã«ããè»äž¡ã«å¯ŸããŠã¬ãŒã«ã®æ¹åã«æ¡å
ããåãçãããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®å Žåãéæ¥è§Šã«ããè»éæ¡å
ãå¿
èŠã«ãªãããç£æ°æµ®äžã§äœ¿çšãããã·ã¹ãã ããã®ãŸãŸæ¡å
ã«äœ¿ã£ãŠããå Žåãå€ãã
éæ¥è§Šã®ãŸãŸã§æšé²åãåŸãææ®µãšããŠã¯ãæµ®äžçšç£ç³ãšæšé²çšç£ç³ãšã§å
Œçšãã§ãããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã«ããé§åãäžè¬çã§ããããã±ããããžã§ãããšã³ãžã³ããããã©çãçšããããšãã§ããããå®éã®å¶æ¥é転ãèããå Žåãéšé³ã®é¢ã§çŸå®çãªè§£ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã¯ãå転åã®ã¢ãŒã¿ãçŽç·ã«å±éãããã®ãšèããŠãããäžæ¬¡(黿©å)åŽãšäºæ¬¡(çç£)åŽã«äžŠé²åãåŸãããšãã§ããã¢ãŒã¿ã§ããããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã«ã¯å転ã¢ãŒã¿ãšåçš®ã®æ¹åŒãåãããšãã§ãããããããç£æ°æµ®äžééã®å©ç¹ã§ããéæ¥è§Šãè¡ãããã«ã¯ãç¡æŽæµåæ§é ã®äº€æµã¢ãŒã¿ãæå©ã§ãããããªãã¡ç£æ°æµ®äžééã§æ¡çšãããŠããæ§æã¯ãªãã¢åæã¢ãŒã¿ããªãã¢èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿ã®ã©ã¡ãããšãªãã
è»äž¡åŽãšè»éåŽäž¡æ¹ã«é»ç£ã³ã€ã«ã眮ããã©ã¡ãåŽãã®é»ç£ã³ã€ã«ã§é²è¡æ¹åã«å¯ŸããŠåžåŒã»åçºåãåŸãããããã«ç£çã®åããåãæ¿ããããšã§æšé²åãåŸããç£çãåãæ¿ããå¶åŸ¡ãè¡ãã³ã€ã«ãäžæ¬¡åŽãšåŒã¶ãããããè»äžåŽã«çœ®ããè»éåŽã«çœ®ããã§æ¹æ³ãåããããããªãã¡ãåè
ãè»äžäžæ¬¡æ¹åŒãåŸè
ãå°äžäžæ¬¡æ¹åŒãšãã¶ã
ãªãã¢åæã¢ãŒã¿åŒã®ç£æ°æµ®äžééã§ã¯ãå°äžäžæ¬¡åŒãšãããšè»äž¡åŽã«æšé²ã«é¢ããå¶åŸ¡è£
眮ãæã€å¿
èŠãç¡ããè»äž¡åŽã³ã€ã«ãç£æ°æµ®äžãšå
±çšãšããããšãã§ãããè»äž¡å°ååãšå®å
šéæ¥è§Šåã«é¢ããŠã¯å°äžäžæ¬¡åŽã®æ¡çšã«ã¡ãªããã倧ãããããããåæã¢ãŒã¿ã®å Žåã¯è»äžäžæ¬¡æ¹åŒã»å°äžäžæ¬¡æ¹åŒã®ã©ã¡ãã®å Žåã§ãè»éåŽã«ã³ã€ã«ãèšçœ®ããå¿
èŠããããè»é建èšã®åæè²»çšãèšãã¿ãèµ°è¡åºéã®è»éåŽã®çç£ãå±ç£ããå¿
èŠãããã®ã§æ¶è²»é»åãå¢ããæ¬ ç¹ãããã
èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿ã¯ãäžæ¬¡åŽã«ã³ã€ã«ãæã€ããäºæ¬¡åŽã¯åã«å°äœæ¿(ãªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒã)ã眮ãããã®ã§ãããç£çäžã«ããå°äœæ¿å
ã«çºçãããã黿µããç£çã«åçºããåãçºçãããããæšé²åãšãªããäºæ¬¡åŽã«ãã圢ãå·»ãç·åã䜿çšå¯èœã§ãããæ§é ã¯åæã¢ãŒã¿ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠåçŽã§ãããããšãã«ã®ãŒå¹çãå£ãã
ãªãã¢èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿ã«ãè»äžäžæ¬¡ãå°äžäžæ¬¡æ¹åŒã®äž¡æ§æãå¯èœã§ããããè»éã«å°äœæ¿(ãªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒã)ãæ·èšããã ãã§æžãè»äžäžæ¬¡åŒãäžè¬çã§ããããŸãããªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒããšäžæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ã®é
çœ®æ¹æ³ãšããŠããªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒãã®çé¢ã®ã¿ã«çç£ãé
眮ããçåŽå±ç£åŒãšãªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒãã®äž¡é¢ã«é
眮ããäž¡é¢å±ç£åŒããããäž¡åŽåŒã®æ¹ãæšé²å¹çãé«ããçåŽå±ç£åŒãè»éã®åºé¢ã«ãªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒããé
眮ããã°è¯ãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠäž¡é¢å±ç£åŒã¯ãªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ãã¬ãŒãã®é
眮ã«å°ã
工倫ãå¿
èŠã§ããã
ããã§ã¯ç ç©¶éçºãè¡ãããããšã®ããç£æ°æµ®äžééãèŠçŽ æè¡å¥ã§åé¡ããã倧åé¡ãšããŠã¯ããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿é§åã®æ¹æ³ãšç£æ°æµ®äžåãåŸãæ¹æ³ã«åããããšãã§ããã以äžã®è¡šãåç
§ã®ããšã
ç£æ°æµ®äžã§ãããããè»éäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãæ¡çšããå Žåãè»äœåŽã«éé»ãäžèŠãªã®ã§è»äœãšè»éçãšã®æ¥è§Šã¯ãªãããããããã®åæ©æŠåã¯åããªããã以äžã®2ã€ãæšé²æã®æµæãšããŠåãã
ç¹ã«é«éç§»åãåæãšããå Žåã«ã¯ãç©ºæ°æµæã¯é床ã®äºä¹ã«æ¯äŸããŠå¢å€§ããããã倧ããªåé¡ãšãªãããã®ããè»äž¡ãã¶ã€ã³ã«ã¯ç©ºåçã«æŽç·Žããããã®ãèŠæ±ããããã¹ã€ã¹ã¡ããã®ãããªäžéšã®æ§æ³ã§ã¯æžå§ããããã³ãã«å
ãèµ°è¡ããã
äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœã§ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®æè¡ãå
ã«ãçç©ºç¶æ
ã®ãã¥ãŒãå
ã§ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã«ãŒãèµ°è¡ãããç ç©¶ããããããšèšãããçŽç²ãªæ
客茞éçšãšããŠä»¥å€ã«ãå®å®éçºãè»äºè»¢çšã®å¯èœæ§ããã
çžå¯Ÿçã«ç£çäžãç§»åããå°äœã«ã¯é»ç£èªå°ã«ããèªå°é»æµãçããŠç£çã«æããåãçºçãããããããæµæãšãªããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã§ã¯ç©ºæ°æµæã«æ¯ã¹ãŠæ¡éãã«å°ãããã匷åãªè¶
äŒå°é»ç£ç³ãçšããŠé«éã§ç§»åããå Žåã¯ç¡èŠã§ããªããéåžžã®éæ©æ¢ãéçã³ã³ã¯ãªãŒãã®äœ¿çšã¯ç£æ°æµæçºçã®åå ãšãªããããããäœç£æ§ãéç£æ§ã®ææã®äœ¿çšãå¿
èŠãšãªãå ŽåããããäœããHSSTããã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã®ãããªåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžã®å Žåã«ã¯æŒãç£çãå°ãªãã®ã§æ§é ç©ã«ç£æ§äœã䜿çšããŠãåé¡ã¯ç¡ãã
1人åœãã®èŒžéã«ä¿ããšãã«ã®ãŒæ¶è²»ã§æ¯èŒããå Žåãç£æ°æµ®äžåŒéé (500km/h) ã¯ã¬ãœãªã³èªåè» (100km/h) ã®çŽ1/2ãèªç©ºæ© (900km/h) ã®çŽ1/3ã§ãããäœããåäžé床ã§ã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒæ¶è²»ã¯ãåŸæ¥ã®éè»èŒªåŒã®ééã·ã¹ãã ãããå€ãããŸãé«éç§»åå¯èœã§ããã«ãããããããéšé³ãæ¯åã¯æ¯èŒçå°ãªãã
é«é茞éã§ã®éçšãèããå Žåãé床ã¯é茪åŒé«éééãšèªç©ºæ©ã®äžéã«äœçœ®ãããèªç©ºæ©ãšæ¯ã¹åè¿°ã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒå¹çãå§ããéçšã³ã¹ããå©äŸ¿æ§ã§ã¯æå©ã§ããããŸãä¹çšè»ãšæ¯èŒããŠãç°å¢è² è·ãç§»åæéã®æ£ç¢ºæ§ãªã©ã§æå©ã§ããã
ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®å°å
¥ã®äžçªã®ããã«ããã¯ã¯è»éã®å»ºèšãªã©åææè³ãè«å€§ã§ããããšãæããããããã€ãã§ã¯ã1990幎代ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããããã³ãã«ã¯ãããã«ãªã³ãŸã§å°å
¥ããèšç»ãããã調æ»ãé²ããããã1998å¹Žã«æç«ããé£ç«æ¿æš©ã¯å»ºèšçå·¥ãå
¬çŽãšããããäºç®ã®ç®åŠãç«ãããŸãå·¥äºã«ããç°å¢è² è·ã«ããå察éåããã£ãŠã2000幎ã«åããããšãªã£ãã
æµ®äžåŒã®äº€éæ©é¢ã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã¯å€ãããååšããã倧éšåã¯èªç©ºæ©ãžãšã€ãªããã¢ã€ãã¢ã§ãããã19äžçŽé ã«ã¯ãæ°çãè»äœã«åãä»ãã空äžã«èšçœ®ãããè»éãèµ°è¡ããééããæ°Žæµã«ä¹ã£ãŠèµ°ãééã®æ³åå³ãæãããç¹èš±ã倿°ç³è«ããããå®éã1870幎é ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ããªã§è¡ãããå芧äŒã§ã¯ãæ°Žãè»éããå¹ãäžããè»äž¡ãæµ®äžãããŠãã®äžãèµ°ãåè»ãé転ããããåæã®ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã«ããæšé²ã®åè»ã®ç¹èš±ããã€ã人ã®çºæå®¶Alfred Zehdenã«ãã£ãŠã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœç¹èš±ç¬¬ 782,312å·(1907幎6æ21æ¥)ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœç¹èš±ç¬¬ RE12700å·(1907幎8æ21æ¥)ãããããååŸãããã1907幎ã«åæ§ã«åæã®é»ç£åŒäº€éæ©é¢ãF. S. Smithã«ãã£ãŠéçºãããã
ç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸãèªç©ºæ©ãèªåè»ã®æè¡ãçºéãããšééã«é¢ããŠãé«éåã«é¢ããç ç©¶ãååœã§å§ãŸããééã®é«éåã«éããéã¬ãŒã«ãšé茪ã®çµã¿åãããããã«ããã¯ã«ãªããšèããããŠãããããã§ãè»äž¡ãã®ãã®ãæµ®äžãããŠé«éåãå³ãããšããã¢ã€ãã¢ãææ¡ãããããã«ãªããå
·äœçã«ã¯ãç£æ°æµ®äžãšç©ºæ°æµ®äžã®2çš®é¡ãèããããã
ç£æ°æµ®äžã«ããè»äž¡æµ®äžã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã¯å€ãããããã1914幎ã«ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãšããŒã«ã»ããã§ã¬ãã (Emile Batchelet) ãäžçåã®é»ç£èªå°åçºåŒã®ç£æ°æµ®äžãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã®ã¢ãã«å®éšãè¡ã£ãŠããã圌ã¯1911幎ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœç¹èš±ç¬¬ 1,020,942å·ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœç¹èš±ç¬¬ 1,020,943å·ãåºé¡ããããŸãããã€ãã§ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã®æºæµãšããªãé»ç£åžåŒåŒæµ®äžããã«ãã³ã»ã±ã³ãã« (Hermann Kemper) ã«ãã1922幎ã«éçºãã¯ããŸãã1934幎ãã1941幎ã«ã±ã³ãã«ã¯ç£æ°æµ®äžééã®åºæ¬ç¹èš±ããã€ãã§ååŸããåæã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã¯G. R. Greenflyã«ãã£ãŠã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœç¹èš±ç¬¬ 3,158,765å·, 茞éã®ããã®ç£åã·ã¹ãã (1959幎8æ25æ¥)ã«èšè¿°ãããŠããããããŒãã»ãŽããŒãããã±ããç ç©¶ã®åããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®ç ç©¶ãè¡ã£ãŠããããšã倿ããŠããã
æåã«äœ¿çšããã"ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒéé"ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ç¹èš±ã¯Canadian Patents and Development Limitedã«ãã"ç£æ°æµ®äžæ¡å
è£
眮"ã§ããã1940幎代æ«ã«ã€ã³ããªã¢ã«ã»ã«ã¬ããžã»ãã³ãã³ææã®ãšãªãã¯ã»ã¬ã€ã¹ãŠã§ã€ã(Eric Laithwaite)ããåããŠå®ç©å€§ã®çšŒåãããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒãéçºãããã¬ã€ã¹ãŠã§ã€ãã¯1964幎ã«ã€ã³ããªã¢ã«ã»ã«ã¬ããžã®é黿è¡ã®ææã«ãªããæåãããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã®éçºãç¶ç¶ããããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã¯è»éãšè»äž¡ã®éã«ç©ççãªæ¥è§Šãå¿
èŠãšããªãã£ãã®ã§ã1960幎代ãã1970幎代ã«éçºãããå€ãã®å
é²çãªäº€éæ©é¢ã§æ¡çšããããã¬ã€ã¹ãŠã§ã€ãèªèº«ã¯ãã®ãããªå
é²çãªäº€éæ©é¢èšç»ã®ã²ãšã€ã§ãã£ããã©ãã¯ãã»ãããŒã¯ã©ããã®èšç»ã«åå ãããããã®èšç»ã®äºç®ã¯1973å¹Žã«æã¡åãããã
ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã¯ç£æ°æµ®äžã·ã¹ãã ãšãçžæ§ãè¯ãã1970幎代ã«Laithwaiteã¯ç£æ°æµ®äžã·ã¹ãã ã1å°ã®ç£ç³ã§æ§ç¯ããäºãç®çãšããåäœã®ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã§ãæµ®äžãšåæ§ã«å鲿¹åã®æšé²åãçã¿åºãæ°ããç£ç³ã®é
眮ãèŠåºãããããŒããŒã®è±åœééç ç©¶éšé(è±èªç)ã¯è€æ°ã®ããã€ãã®åæšäŒç€Ÿã®ããŒã ãšå
±ã«å®çšåã«åããŠ"traverse-flux"ã·ã¹ãã ãéçºããã
ç£æ°æµ®äžééã®ç ç©¶ãæ¬æ Œåããã®ã¯1960幎代ã«å
¥ã£ãŠããã§ãååœã§ç ç©¶ãå§ãŸã£ããç¹ã«æ§è¥¿ãã€ãã¯åœå®¶çæ¯æŽãåããŠãã¡ããµãŒã·ã¥ãããã»ãã«ã³ãŠã»ãããŒã (MBB) 瀟ã1966幎ããæ¬æ Œçã«ç ç©¶ãå§ãã1971幎ãPrinzipfahrzeug(è»äžäžæ¬¡ãªãã¢èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿)ã90km/hã®èšé²ãã€ãããããã¯äžçã§åããŠã®æäººã®ç£æ°æµ®äžééã§ããããŸãã1975幎ã«Komet (KomponentenmeÃtrager) ã14mmã®é»ç£åžåŒæµ®äžã§æ°Žèžæ°ãã±ããæšé²ãªãã401.3km/hã®èšé²ãããŒã¯ããŸããæ¥æ¬ã®HSSTã®äžéšã®æè¡ã®å°å
¥å
ã§ããã£ãã¯ã©ãŠã¹=ãããã¡ã€ç€Ÿã®è£œé ãããã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã»ãããžã§ã¯ãã®TR-02å·æ©ã1971幎ã«164km/hãããŒã¯ããŸãã·ãŒã¡ã³ã¹ç€Ÿãäžå¿ãšãªããè¶
é»å°ã«ããé»ç£èªå°åŒæµ®äžã®EET-01ã1974幎ã«280mã®å圢è»éã§230km/hã®èµ°è¡å®éšãè¡ã£ãããã€ãã§ã¯ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒé«éééãå®çŸããããã«ã1970幎代åé ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã«äžæ¬åããéã«è»éãç°¡ç¥åã§ããè»äžäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿ãéžæãããããé«éåã«é©ãããè²»çšã®ãããå°äžäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢åæã¢ãŒã¿ãéžæããããã®ãããåœæãå
端ã®éçºãé²ããããŠããè»äžäžæ¬¡åŒåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äž(ã¯ã©ãŠã¹=ãããã¡ã€ã»ãã©ã³ã¹ã¢ãŒãã³)ã®æè¡ã¯äžèŠã«ãªããæ¥æ¬ãéåœã«æè¡äŸäžããããéçºå
ã®ãã€ãã§ã¯å°äžäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢åæã¢ãŒã¿ãæ¡çšããäºã建èšè²»ãé«éš°ããäžå ãšãªãäœè¿·ããããè»äžäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ã®æè¡ãäŸäžãããåœã
ã¯ãäŸäžãããæè¡ãåºã«ãããããã®åœã§çºå±ãéãå®çšåã«è³ã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ã1963幎ããééç·åæè¡ç ç©¶æãäžå¿ã«ç ç©¶ãå§ãŸãã1972幎ã«åœéãæ¥æ¬ã®éé100åšå¹Žãèšå¿µããŠè¶
é»å°ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã«ãŒã§ããML100(è»äžäžæ¬¡ãªãã¢èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã䜿çš)ã«ãã詊éšèµ°è¡ãå
¬éããããšã¯å¥ã«åžžé»å°ç£ç³ãšãªãã¢çŽæµã¢ãŒã¿ãŒãçµã¿åããããéœåžè¿é亀éåã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®ç ç©¶ãè¡ãããããŸãæ¥æ¬èªç©ºãã¯ã©ãŠã¹=ãããã¡ã€ç€Ÿã®æè¡ãå°å
¥ããŠHSSTã®éçºãããžã§ã¯ããç«ã¡äžãã1975幎ããéçºãéå§ããããŸãåœæã®é茞çã¯ç¬èªã«éå€çšã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã€ãŒãšã ãšã«ãããžã§ã¯ã(EMLãããžã§ã¯ã)ãç«ã¡äžãã1976幎ã«å®éšãè¡ã£ãŠããããã®ä»ãçæ¬å·¥æ¥å€§åŠ(çŸåŽå倧åŠ)ã§ããåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®éçºãé²ããããŠããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ã1970幎代ã«Rohr瀟ã§åžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžã§ããROMAGã®ç ç©¶ãè¡ãããŠãããããã®åŸäœèª¿ãšãªãã1978幎ã«äºæ¥ã¯ããŒã€ã³ã°ã»ããŒãã«ã«å£²åŽããã1980幎代äžé ãŸã§ã¯è¡ãããŠããããã§ããããã®åŸã1990幎代ããããŒã¬ã³ã¹ãªãã¢ã¢åœç«ç ç©¶æã§ãã«ãããé
åã§äžŠã¹ã匷åãªæ°žä¹
ç£ç³(ããªãžã ã»éã»ããã³ç³»åé)ã䜿çšããã€ã³ãã¯ãã©ãã¯ã®ç ç©¶ãéçºãè¡ãããçŸåšã§ã¯ãŒãã©ã«ã¢ãããã¯ç€Ÿãç ç©¶ãåŒãç¶ãã§å®çšåã«åããç ç©¶ãéçºãè¡ãããŠããã
å®å®åæ°žä¹
ç£ç³ Stabilized Permanent Magnet (SPM)ã«ããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœç¹èš±ç¬¬ 6,684,794å·ããã¢ãã©ã€ãã¬ãŽã£ããŒã·ã§ã³(Applied Levitation)瀟ã§éçºäžã§ããã
è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢ã«ããäžå€®æ°å¹¹ç·ã¯åã¢ã«ãã¹ããã³ãã«ã§ééããèšç»ã§ããããã2008幎2æããããŒãªã³ã°èª¿æ»ãè¡ãããããã®åŸã2011幎5æ26æ¥ã«äžå€®æ°å¹¹ç·ã®æŽåèšç»ãæ£åŒæ±ºå®ãã2014å¹Žã«æ±äº¬ - åå€å±éã®è·¯ç·èµ·å·¥åŒãè¡ããããåå€å±ãŸã§ã®ç·äºæ¥è²»ã¯5å
åããŸãã§2027幎ã®éæ¥äºå®ã§ãããåå€å±ãŸã§ã®éæ¥åŸã¯2037幎ã®å®æãç®æããŠå€§éªãŸã§å»¶äŒžãããäºå®ã§ããã
2008幎3æ27æ¥ããã€ãé茞ã»å»ºèšçž(åœæ)ã§ãã£ããŽã©ã«ãã¬ã³ã°ã»ãã£ãŒãã§ã³ãŒãŒã¯ããã¥ã³ãã³åœé空枯 - ãã¥ã³ãã³äžå€®é§
éã®37.4kmã®ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã«ãŒå»ºèšãæå¿µãããšçºè¡šã建èšã³ã¹ãäžæãçç±ãç·é¡18å5000äžãŠãŒã(çŽ3000åå)ã®äºæ¥äºç®ãèšäžããããææ°ã®èŠç©ããã32ã34åãŠãŒãã«èšãäžãã£ããããå®çŸå°é£ãšå€æããã 2005幎ã«ãã€ãé£éŠæ¿åºã1å1300äžãŠãŒããTRã«æå
¥ããããšã決ãèšç»ã«åŒŸã¿ãã€ãã2007幎ã«ã¯ãã€ãéé(ãã€ãã§ã»ããŒã³)ãšãã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã¯æ£åŒåæã(APéä¿¡)ãå幎9æ24æ¥ããã€ãšã«ã³å·æ¿åºã¯2014幎é ãŸã§ã®éæ¥ãç®æãã2008幎å€ã«ãçå·¥ãããšããŠãããäºæ¥äž»äœã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã»ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã·ã§ãã«(ãã£ãã»ã³ã¯ã«ãããšã·ãŒã¡ã³ã¹ã®å
±åäºæ¥äœ)ãæ
ãã¯ãã ã£ãã
2005幎ããã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã¿ã€ãã®ç£æ°é«éééãUK Ultraspeedç·(æé«é床500km/h)ããã³ãã³ - ã°ã©ã¹ãŽãŒéã®ãããã©ã³ããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåæ±éšãçµç±ããè€æ°ã®è·¯ç·æ§æ³ãæãããããžã§ã¯ããç«ã¡äžãããããæ¿åºã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸå¯èœã§ããã審è°ãããã2007幎7æ24æ¥ã«å
¬è¡šãããDelivering a Sustainable Railwayçœæžã«ãã£ãŠåŽäžããããã°ã©ã¹ãŽãŒãšãšãã£ã³ãã©éã®åæ§ã®é«éééãææ¡ããããæè¡çã«äžååã ã£ãã
çŸåšã¯30 kmã®äžæµ·ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ããããæå·åžãŸã§200 kmã«å»¶äŒžããèšç»ããæ°ããªç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®å»ºèšèšç»ãç®çœæŒãã§ãããã®ã®ãå¥åº·ã»éšé³è¢«å®³ã建èšã³ã¹ããçšå°è²·åãé茪åŒé«éééãšã®äºææ§ã®åé¡ãªã©ãæµ®äžããä»åŸã®èšç»ã¯ã©ããªããã¯æªç¥æ°ãªé¢ããããäžæµ·ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã®å»¶äŒžèšç»ã¯ãçŸåšã®ãšããäŒæ¢ãããŠãããããå®çŸããã°ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã«ããæåã®éœåžéåæ¥èŒžéã«ãªãã2007幎5æã«èšç»ã¯ã·ã¹ãã ããã®é»ç£æ³¢ã®æŸå°ã®æžå¿µã«ããåœå±ã«ããäžæ¢ãå ±åãããã2008幎1æãš2æã«ã100äººèŠæš¡ã®å察è
éãäžæµ·ã§è·¯ç·ãäººå®¶ã«æ¥è¿ãããããšããŠé»ç£æ³¢ã«ããå¥åº·ãžã®åœ±é¿(è±èªç)ãéšé³ãæ±æãšè³ç£äŸ¡å€ã®ç®æžãã«é¢ããæžå¿µã§å察éåããããå
ã®èšç»ã§ã¯äžæµ·åœéå芧äŒã«éã«åãããäºå®ã ã£ããäžæµ·åžã®è¡æ¿åœå±ã¯äœæ°ã®äžå®ãç·©åããããã«è·¯ç·ãå°äžã«å»ºèšããçã®è€æ°ã®éžæè¢ãæ€èšãããåãå ±åã§ã¯æçµçãªæ±ºå®ã¯åœå®¶çºå±éçºå§å¡äŒã«å§ãããããšãããã2010幎10æ26æ¥ãäžæµ·åž - æå·åžéãæé«é床300 km/hã§çµã¶æ»¬ææ
客å°çšç·ã鿥ãã延䌞èšç»ãå®è¡ãããå¯èœæ§ã¯äœããªã£ãã
åæžå€§åŠæ§å
ã®å®éšç·ã§CM1åç£æ°æµ®äžåè»ã®éçºãé²ããããŠããã
é·æ²åžã®é·æ²äžäœéç£æµ®ç·(é·æ²åé§
ãšé·æ²é»è±åœé空枯é)ã®å»ºèšå·¥äºã¯2014幎5æã«éå§ããã2016幎5æ6æ¥ã«ééããã
2017幎12æ30æ¥ã«äžåœã§ã¯3çªç®ã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã§ãããå京å°äžéã®10.2kmã®S1ç·(éé æºç·)ã鿥ãããS1ç·ã¯åœé²æè¡å€§åŠã§éçºãããæè¡ãæ¡çšããåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžééã§ããã2011幎2æ28æ¥ã«å»ºèšãéå§ãããŠãããæé«é床ã¯105km/hã§ããã
1993幎ã«å€§ç°åœéå芧äŒã§ãã€ãã®ã¯ã©ãŠã¹ã»ãããã¡ã€ç€Ÿã®æè¡æå°ãåããŠéçºãããHML-03ãéè¡ãããã»ãã2008幎ããçŸåšãŸã§ãšãã¹ãç§åŠå
¬åå
ã§1km以å
ãšããçè·é¢ã§ãããåœç£ã®UTM-02ãéè¡ãããŠãã(詳现ã¯ãšãã¹ãç§åŠå
¬å#ãªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã«ãŒ)ã
2007幎ãéåœæ©æ¢°ç ç©¶é¢ã¯2012幎ãŸã§ã®6幎éã«ç·é¡4500åãŠã©ã³ã®äºç®ãæå
¥ããŠéœåžåç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééãå®çšåããèšç»ãçºè¡šããããã®èšç»ã¯2012幎ã«ä»å·ç©ºæž¯ç£æ°æµ®äžééãšããŠå®æããããçŽåœç£ã«ãã ãã£ãããšãããã©ãã«ãçžæ¬¡ããç¹°ãè¿ãéè¡éå§ãå»¶æããã2016幎2æ3æ¥ã«éæ¥ããã2䞡線æã§å®å¡ã¯1äž¡135人ãèšèšæé«é床110km/hãå¶æ¥æé«é床80km/hã§ã6é§
é6.1kmã15åéã§èµ°è¡ãããæµ®äžæ¹åŒã¯åžžé»å°åžåŒåŒã§ããã
ãªãã2007幎æç¹ã§éåœæ©æ¢°ç ç©¶é¢ã¯ã2007幎äžã«550km/hã®é«éãªãã¢ã®ç ç©¶ã»éçºã«çæããŠ2016幎ãŸã§ã«éçºã2020幎ã«åçšåããããšçºè¡šããŠããã2016幎æç¹ã§éåœã®äžéšã¡ãã£ã¢ã§ã¯ã550km/hãç®æãSUMA550ã®è©Šéšè»äž¡ãéçºæžã¿ããšå ±éãããããå®éã¯1äž¡ãæ¥µããŠçè·é¢(150m)ã®å®éšç·ãäœéèµ°è¡ããã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãŠããã
ã¢ããã€ã - ã©ã¹ãã¬ã¹: ã«ã«ãã©ã«ãã¢å·ã¢ããã€ã ãšãããå·ã©ã¹ãã¬ã¹ãå
šé·433kmã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒé«éééã§çµã¶èšç»ãããã詳现ã¯en:CaliforniaâNevada Interstate Maglevãåç
§ã
ãã«ãã¢ã¢ - ã¯ã·ã³ãã³D.C.: ã¡ãªãŒã©ã³ãå·ãã«ãã¢ã¢ãšã¯ã·ã³ãã³D.C.ãå
šé·64.1kmã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒé«éééã§çµã¶èšç»ãããã2015幎6æ4æ¥ã«ã¡ãªãŒã©ã³ãå·ã®ã©ãªãŒã»ããŒã¬ã³ç¥äºã山梚å®éšç·ã«è©Šä¹ããã詳现ã¯en:Baltimore â Washington D.C. Maglevãåç
§ã
Magnovate瀟ãã«ããã®ã¢ã«ããŒã¿å·ã®ãšãã¢ã³ãã³ãšã«ã«ã¬ãªãŒéã«Maglineã建èšããæ§æ³ãããã第äžäžä»£ã®ç£æ°æµ®äžã·ã¹ãã ã§7.5cmã®æµ®äžé«ã§é§
ã§ã¯åŸ
é¿ç·ã«å
¥ãããã«ãªã£ãŠããŠæè»ãªéè¡ãã§ããã
ãã«ã¢ããã§ã¹ã«ã€ãã©ã³ã®å»ºèšèšç»ãçºè¡šããããæè¡ã¯ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã»ãšã¢ãã¹ããŒã¹ã»ã€ã³ãã¹ããªãŒãºã®æ¯æŽã§ã¢ã¡ãªã«èªç©ºå®å®å±ã«ãã£ãŠéçºãããã髿¶åŒã§70km/hã§èµ°è¡ãããã®ã®æŽã«é«éåãå¯èœã§ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã»ãšã¢ãã¹ããŒã¹ã»ã€ã³ãã¹ããªãŒãºã®æ·å°å
ã«è©Šéšç·ã建èšãããäºå®ã§ã詊éšãæåããã°æåã®åæ¥éè¡è·¯ç·ããã«ã¢ããã«å»ºèšäºå®ã§ããã詊éšã¯2015幎æ«ãŸã§ã«éå§äºå®ã§ãããæé«é床ã¯240km/hãŸã§å°éå¯èœã§ãããšãããã
ã¹ã€ã¹ã©ããã: ã¹ã€ã¹ã©ããã AG ãšã¹ã€ã¹ã©ãããã³ã³ãœãŒã·ã¢ã ã¯å
±åã§ãåœå
ã®äž»èŠãªéœåžãæ¥ç¶ããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®èšç»ã»éçºäžã§ãããã¹ã€ã¹ã©ããããšã¯ã¹ãã¬ã¹ã¯ãã¹ã€ã¹ã«ãããŠæ¥ãã亀éã®ææŠã®ããã®é©æ°çãªè§£æ±ºæ³ã§ãããå€§èŠæš¡ãªç€ŸäŒè³æ¬ã®å
é§è
ãšããŠã¹ã€ã¹ã©ãããã¯100%æ°éããè³éãåããé·æçã«ã¹ã€ã¹ã©ããããšã¯ã¹ãã¬ã¹ã¯ãã¢ã«ãã¹åéšã®äž»èŠãªéœåžã§ãããžã¥ããŒãŽãšã«ãã§ã«ã³ãããŒãŒã«ãå«ãã¶ã³ã¯ãã»ã¬ã¬ã³ãæ¥ç¶ããäºãç®çãšãããçŸåšèšç»äžã®æåã®èšç»ã§ã¯ãã«ã³ - ãã¥ãŒãªãããããŒã¶ã³ã - ãžã¥ããŒãåæ§ã«ãã¥ãŒãªãã - ãŽã£ã³ã¿ãŒãã¥ãŒã«ãäºå®ããããæåã®è·¯ç·(ããŒã¶ã³ã - ãžã¥ããŒããŸãã¯ãã¥ãŒãªãã - ãŽã£ã³ã¿ãŒãã¥ãŒã«)ã¯æ©ããã°2020幎åé ã®éæ¥ãå¯èœãšãããã
ã¹ã€ã¹ã¡ãã: åæã®ã¹ã€ã¹ã¡ããã®èšç»ã¯äº€éã®ææŠã®ããã®è§£æ±ºæ³ãšããŠä»¥åã«è©Šã¿ããããã¹ã€ã¹ã¡ããAGã¯é«éæã«ãããç©ºæ°æµæãæžããããã«å°äžã®éšåçã«çç©ºã«æžå§ãããã³ãã«å
ã«ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®è»éãæ·èšãããšããæè¡çã«ææŠçãªç®è«èŠã ã£ããã¹ã€ã¹ã©ããããšå
±ã«ã¹ã€ã¹ã¡ããã¯ã¹ã€ã¹åœå
ã®äž»èŠãªéœåžéãæ¥ç¶ããã2011幎ãã¹ã€ã¹ã¡ããAGã¯è§£æ£ããŠçµç¹ã®ç¥çè²¡ç£æš©ã¯ã¹ã€ã¹é£éŠå·¥ç§å€§åŠããŒã¶ã³ãæ ¡ã«è²æž¡ãããã
ã·ãã㌠- ã€ã©ã¯ã©: çŸåšãã·ãããŒãšã€ã©ã¯ã©ã®éœåžãŠãã³ãŽã³éã«èšç»ããããèšç»ã¯1990幎代åã°ã«æµ®äžãããã·ãã㌠- ãŠãã³ãŽã³éå€åå»ã¯ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢æå€§ã§ãããæ¯æ¥2äžäººä»¥äžã®äººã
ãã€ã©ã¯ã©ããã·ãããŒãžéå€ãããçŸåšäž¡éœåžãçµãã§ããã€ã©ã¯ã€ç·ã¯ããã2æéã§éè¡ãããŠãããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®å°å
¥ã«ããé倿éã¯20åã«ççž®ãèŠèŸŒãŸããã
ã¡ã«ãã«ã³: 2008幎æ«ããã¯ããªã¢å·æ¿åºãæ°éã«ããè³é調éãšéå¶ã«ããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®èšç»ãææ¡ãããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®è²»çšã¯80åãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã»ãã«ãèŠèŸŒãŸãããããããªãããæ
¢æ§çãªéè·¯ã®æ··éã«ããæ¿åºã¯ããã«èšç»ãåŽäžããŠä»£ããã«éè·¯ã®æ¡åŒµããããšã«ããã
Andrew Spannausã«ãã£ãŠ2008幎4æã«ãã©ãã»ãã«ãã³ãµç©ºæž¯ãšãã©ãããã«ã¬ã¢ããã¬ã·ã¢ã®éœåžãé«éã§æ¥ç¶ããããã®æåã®èšç»ãç«æ¡ãããã
2011幎3æãNicola Olivaã¯ããµç©ºæž¯ããã©ãŒãããã£ã¬ã³ãã§ã®ãµã³ã¿ã»ããªã¢ã»ããŽã§ãã©é§
ãšãã£ã¬ã³ãã§ç©ºæž¯ãç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã§æ¥ç¶ããæ§æ³ãææ¡ãããæèŠæéã¯åŸæ¥ã®1æé15åããããã20åã«ãŸã§ççž®ãããäºå®ã§ãããç¬¬äºæ®µéã§ã¯ãªãŽã©ã«ãã®æ¹Ÿå²žå°åãŸã§å»¶äŒžããæ§æ³ã§ããã
ãµã³ãã¢ã³ - ã«ã°ã¢ã¹: ããšã«ããªã³æå€§ã®éœåžãµã³ãã¢ã³ã®ãã¬ã³ã»ãŠã«ããç·ã®ã¯ãã€é§
ãšãµã³ãã¢ã³ã®åã«é£æ¥ããéå€ã®éœåžã®ã«ã°ã¢ã¹éãæ¥ç¶ããå
šé·16.7ãã€ã« (26.8 km) ã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®èšç»ãç«æ¡ããããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã¯äž¡éœåžãæ¥ç¶ãã52å·é«ééè·¯ãšäžŠè¡ããããããžã§ã¯ããæ
åœããAmerican Maglev Technology瀟ã«ãããšè²»çšã¯ããã3.8åãã«ãäºæ³ãããã
ã ã³ã〠- ããªãŒ: ã¢ã¡ãªã«äŒæ¥ã«ãã£ãŠã ã³ãã€ãšããªãŒéãçµã¶ææ¡ãã€ã³ãã®éé倧è£ã«ããããåœæã®éŠçžãã³ã¢ãã³ã»ã·ã³ã¯ãããã®èšç»ãæåããã°ã€ã³ãæ¿åºã¯ä»ã®éœåžéãã ã³ãã€äžå€®ãšãã£ãã©ããã£ã»ã·ãŽã¡ãŒãžãŒåœé空枯éã«ã建èšããäºå®ã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãã
ã ã³ã〠- ããŒã°ãã«: ãããŒã©ãŒã·ã¥ãã©å·ã¯ãçŽ1000kmé¢ããŠããã ã³ãã€ãšãããŒã©ãŒã·ã¥ãã©å·ã®ããŒã°ãã«éã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®å®çŸå¯èœæ§èª¿æ»ãæ¿èªããã
ãã§ã³ã〠- ãã³ã¬ããŒã« - ãã€ãœãŒã«: 2012幎12æã«ãã§ã³ãã€ãããã³ã¬ããŒã«ãçµç±ããŠãã€ãœãŒã«ãŸã§ã®è·¯ç·ã®è©³çްãªå ±åããããè²»çšã¯1kmåœãã2600äžãã«ã§æé«é床ã¯350 km/hãšãããã
2009幎5æã«ã€ã©ã³ãšãã€ãäŒæ¥ã¯ããã©ã³ãšãã·ã¥ããéã®æ¥ç¶ã«ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã䜿çšããããšã§åæãããåæã¯ãã·ã¥ããåœéãã§ã¢ã®äŒå Žã§ã€ã©ã³ã®éè·¯ã»äº€é倧è£ãšãã€ãã®äŒæ¥éã§äº€ãããããããã©ã³ãšãã·ã¥ããéã®å
šé·900kmã®è·¯ç·ã¯ããã2.5æéã«ççž®å¯èœã§ãããšãããã
ãªã©ã³ãåœå
ããã«ãªã³ - æ±æ¬§è«žéœåžéãã¹ãã€ã³ã®ãããªãŒãã®ç©ºæž¯ãš3ã€ã®éœåžéããããºãšã©ã®ã«ã©ã«ã¹ - ã©ã»ã°ã¢ã€ã©ããããŠã·ã¢ã³ã»ããªãŒãã«åœé空枯éãªã©ã§ãå®çŸæ§ã¯å¥ãšããŠãç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®å°å
¥æ§æ³ãããã
2003幎ã®å¹Žé ã®æšæ¶ã§åœæJRæ±æµ·ã®ç€Ÿé·ãåããŠããè西æ¬ä¹ã¯ãè¶
é»å°ãªãã¢ã¯æé«æé700km/hãç®æããæšã®çºèšãããŠãããå幎ã«è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢MLX01ãåœæã®ééäžçæé«é床581km/hãèšé²ããŠããã2015幎4æã«ã¯è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢L0ç³»æ°å¹¹ç·ã590km/hã603km/hãšç«ãŠç¶ãã«ééäžçæé«é床èšé²ãæŽæ°ããã
â»ç¡äººã¯äž»ãªãã®ã®ã¿èšèŒããã
äžè¿°ã®1989幎ã«éå¬ãããæšªæµå芧äŒã«ãããYES'89ç· (HSST-05) ã¯ãäŒæäžã®äŒå Žå
ã§ã®å¶æ¥ã§ãã£ãããå±ç€ºèµ°è¡ãšè§£ãããããšããããã第äžçš®ééäºæ¥å
èš±ã«ããæ
客茞éã§ãããå³å¯ã«ã¯å±ç€ºèµ°è¡ã«ã¯è©²åœããªãã
ééç·åæè¡ç ç©¶æ(JRç·ç )åã³æ±æµ·æ
客éé(JRæ±æµ·)ã«ããéçºãé²ããããŠããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééãè¶
é»å°é»ç£ç³ã«ãããªãã¢ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã䜿çšãã(è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢æ¹åŒ)ã§ãå°æ¥ã¯äžå€®ãªãã¢æ°å¹¹ç·ã§å¶æ¥é転ããããåºç€æè¡ããæ¥æ¬ã§ç¬èªã«ç ç©¶ã»éçºãè¡ãããŠãããæè¡çã«ã¯æ¢ã«å®ç𿮵éã«éããŠããã山梚ã«42.8kmã®å®éšç·ããããäžæ¥ã®èµ°è¡è·é¢ã¯çŽ3,000kmã«éããã2003å¹ŽåœæJRæ±æµ·ã®ç€Ÿé·ã ã£ãè西æ¬ä¹ã¯ãæé«é床700km/hãç®æããšæè¡è
åãã«çºèšãããã®çŽåŸãæäººèµ°è¡ã§ã¯äžçæé«ã®581km/h(ã®ãã¹ããã¯èªå®)ãèšé²ã2015幎ã«ã¯603km/hãèšé²ããŠäžçæé«éåºŠãæŽæ°ããã
2014幎12æããå®éšç·ãå»¶é·ããåœ¢ã§æ±äº¬ - åå€å±éã®å»ºèšãå§ãŸã£ãŠããã鿥ã¯2027幎ã倧éªãŸã§ã®éæ¥ã¯2045幎ãç®æããŠããã
HSST(High Speed Surface Transportããšã€ããšã¹ãšã¹ãã£)ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ããããéçºããŠããã¯ã©ãŠã¹=ãããã¡ã€ãã空枯ãšéœå¿éšã®é£çµ¡èŒžéçšãšããŠæ¥æ¬èªç©ºãåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžã®æè¡ãå°å
¥ãããã®åŸ1980幎代æ«ã«éçºãåŒãç¶ãã åå€å±ééçãäžå¿ãšããäžéšHSSTéçºãäžå¿ãšãªãéçºãé²ããããé転é床ããã³èŒžéèœåã«å¿ããŠHSST-100ãHSST-200ãHSST-300ã®3ã·ã¹ãã ãéçºããããHSST-200ã¯200km/hçšåºŠãªããã¯ãã以äžã®ãHSST-300ã¯300km/hçšåºŠãªããã¯ãã以äžã®èµ°è¡ãå¯èœã§ãããHSST-100ã2005幎3æã«æç¥é«éäº€éæ±éšäžéµç·(æç§°:ãªãã¢)ãšããŠå¶æ¥é転ããŠãããå¶æ¥è·é¢ã¯8.9kmãå¶æ¥æã®æé«é床ã¯çŽ100km/hã§ããããã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããããåžåŒåŒæµ®äžæè¡ãå°å
¥ããããæšé²æ¹æ³ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ããããé«éåã«é©ããè»éäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢åæã¢ãŒã¿ã䜿çšããŠããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠHSSTã§ã¯æµ®äžãæ¡å
ãæšé²ãå
Œçšããè»äžäžæ¬¡åŒãªãã¢èªå°ã¢ãŒã¿ã䜿çšããŠããããã®ããä»ã®æ¹åŒããã建èšè²»ãå®ãã
ãã€ãã§éçºãããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã2007幎ã«éçºãããTR-09ã¯ãèšèšæé«é床ã505km/hãæ¬åœãã€ãããå
ã«äžåœã®äžæµ·ã§å®çšç·ã建èšããå¶æ¥é転ããŠããã倧éœåžäžæµ·ãšãã®åœé空枯ã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹çšãšããŠã29.863kmã7å20ç§ã§çµã¶ãå¶æ¥æé«é床ã¯430km/hã§ãçŸåšã®å¶æ¥è·¯ç·ãšããŠã¯äžçäžã®é床ã§é転ããŠãã(äžæµ·ãã©ã³ã¹ã©ããã)ã
äžåœãéçºäžã®åžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééãåæžå€§åŠæ§å
ã«ç·å»¶é·1.5kmã®å®éšç·ãæ·èšããŠå®éšèµ°è¡ãé²ããŠãããçŸæç¹ã§ã¯å®éšç·ã®é·ãã®å¶çŽã«ããæé«é床ã¯120km/hã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãŠããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®ãããªãå·ã±ãŒãã«ããã©ã«ã«å»ºèšäºå®ã®è¶
äŒå°èªå°åçºåŒç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã
ç±³åœã®ã€ã³ãã¯ãã©ãã¯åŒã®Skytranãäžåœãç¬èªã«ç ç©¶ãé²ããŠãããšããããäžè¯06å·ãCM1åè»äž¡ãäžè¯01å·ãªã©ããããåŽå倧åŠå·¥åŠéšå®å®èªç©ºã·ã¹ãã å·¥åŠç§ã§ã80幎代ããåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžééã®ç ç©¶ãé²ããããŠãããéåœã§ããã€ãã®ã¯ã©ãŠã¹=ãããã¡ã€ç€Ÿããæè¡äŸäžãåããŠåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžééã®ç ç©¶ã倧ç°åºååžã®éåœæ©æ¢°ç ç©¶é¢ãäžå¿ãšããŠé²ããããŠããŠã倧ç°åœéå芧äŒã§äœ¿çšããè»éãå©çšããŠå¶æ¥é転ãããŠããã åŽå倧åŠã§ãåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®éçºãè¡ãããŠæ°äººä¹ãã®è»äž¡ã補äœãããã ã«ããã®MAGNOVATE瀟ã§ã¯åå²åšã䜿çšããéè¡ã·ã¹ãã ãåããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééãéçºäžã
ã€ãŒãšã ãšã«ãããžã§ã¯ã(EMLãããžã§ã¯ã)- æ¥æ¬ã®é茞ç(åœæ)ã1970幎代ã«è¡ã£ãŠããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®ç ç©¶ã
ããŒãã³ã¬ã ããŒãã«ã ãŒã(ã€ã®ãªã¹)äžçåã®åžžèšç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééãšããŠå»ºèšãããããã±ãŒãã«çœåŒåŒã®ã¹ã«ã€ã¬ãŒã«(çŸã»ãšã¢ã¬ãŒã«ã»ãªã³ã¯)ã«æ¹ä¿®ãããäºã«ãã1995幎ã«å»æ¢ãããã
M-Bahnã¯ãã€ãã®ãã«ãªã³ã«1980幎代æ«ã«å»ºèšãããããæ±è¥¿ãã€ãã®çµ±äžã«ããè·¯ç·ã®æçŸ©ãèããŠçæéã§å»æ¢ãããã
1970幎代åé ã«ã«ããã®ããã³ãã§å°å
¥ã«åããŠè©Šéšè»éã建èšãããŠå®éã«è©Šéšã宿œããããå岿©ãééªã«å¯ŸããŠè匱æ§ãæããŠãããåœæã¯ãã¯ãŒãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ãæªå®æã§æµ®äžçšé»ç£ç³ããåçšåšæ³¢æ°ã§ãã50Hzã®éšé³ãæ¯åãçããçã®åé¡ãããã西ãã€ãã§ã®ç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®éçºããã©ã³ã¹ã©ãããã«éäžããäºã«ãªãã1974幎11æã«è¥¿ãã€ãæ¿åºããã®è£å©éãæžããããããã«æ¹è¯ãé²ããäºãåºæ¥ãªããªãäžæ¢ããããè»äžäžæ¬¡åŒåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžã®æè¡ã¯éåœæ©æ¢°ç ç©¶é¢ã«æè¡äŸäžãããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§1970幎代ã«éçºãããŠããåžåŒåŒç£æ°æµ®äžééã
ã¿ã«ã©ãããŒã¯2015幎ãç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééã®1ã€ã§ããæ¥æ¬ã®ãè¶
é»å°ãªãã¢ããã¢ãã«ãšããäžçåã®ã¬ãŒã«ãã€ããªãã¢ã©ã€ããŒããçºå£²ãããç£æ°æµ®äžåŒééåæ§ãç£ç³ã§æµ®äžã»èµ°è¡ããããå®éã®è¶
é»å°ãªãã¢ãšã¯ä»çµã¿ãç°ãªãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%B0%97%E6%B5%AE%E4%B8%8A%E5%BC%8F%E9%89%84%E9%81%93
|
5,962 |
ã¿ããŒ
|
ã¿ããŒ(taboo)ãšã¯ãããšããšã¯æªé瀟äŒãå€ä»£ã®ç€ŸäŒã§èгå¯ããããäœãããŠã¯ãªããªããäœããã¹ãã§ãããšããæ±ºãŸãäºã§ãå人ãå
±åäœã«ãããè¡åã®ãããããèŠå¶ããåºçŸ©ã®æåçèŠç¯ã§ãããããªãã·ã¢èªtabuãèªæºã18äžçŽæ«ã«ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã¯ãã¯ãæ
è¡èšã«ãããŠãããªãã·ã¢ã®ç¿ä¿ã玹ä»ããéã«çšããããšãã西æŽç€ŸäŒã«äŒããããã®åŸäžçåå°ã«åæ§ã®æåãããããšããåºãŸã£ããçŠå¿(ããã)ãšããèš³èªãçšããããã
躟ãªã©ãéããŠç€ŸäŒãæ§æããåã
人ã®é埳ã®åºãšãªã£ãŠããããšãå€ããã瀟äŒç§©åºã®ç¶æã®ãããšããŠæã®çºæ¿è
ã«äœçºçã«å©çšãããå±ãããåãã§ãã(æ€é²ã»èªäž»èŠå¶ãªã©)ã
ããªãã·ã¢èªã®tabu(ãããã¯tapu)ã¯ååŸäºã€ã®éšåã«åãããããtaã¯åŸŽ(ããã)ããããã¯åŸŽã¥ãããããã®ãbuã¯ã匷ãããæå³ãããããªãã¡ã匷ã城ã¥ãããããã®ããæãã
ãã®ç€ŸäŒã«ãããèãªããã®ãä¿ãªããã®ãæ¥åžžãšéæ¥åžžãæž
æµãšç©¢ããªã©ã®å¯Ÿç«æ§é ãšå¯æ¥ã«é¢é£ããŠããããšãå€ãããããã®é¢ä¿æ§ã«çç®ããã¢ãããŒãã«æ§é 䞻矩ããããäœãã¿ããŒãšããããã¯æåã«ãã£ãŠèããå€ãã£ãŠãããäžè¬ã«æ»ãåºç£ãççãé£ç©ã貎皮ãè¢«å·®å¥æ°ãéç©ãå人ã®ååã¯ã¿ããŒãšãããããšãå€ãã
ãã¹ãã§ããããšããå Žåããå¿é¿è¡åããã¹ãã§ãããšããå Žåãå€ããäžè¬çã«ã¯ãçŠæ¢ãšããŠçŸããããããããçŠå¿ããšãåŒã°ãããã¿ããŒãšãããè¡åã®ããããã«ã¯æ§ã
ãªãã®ãç¥ãããŠãããè¶
èªç¶çãªåãšé¢ä¿ä»ããããããéãšã®é¢ä¿ã匷調ããããããããã¿ããŒã®ããããã調ã¹ããšãæªé人ãå€ä»£ã®äººã
ããã§ãããšã®çèµ·ãã©ã®ããã«æããŠããã®ãããã®ããšã®å æãã©ãææ¡ããŠããã®ããåããããšãããããŸããäžçã®ååšã®åçããå人ãå
±åäœãã©ã®ãããªæ§é ã§æç«ããŠããã®ããæåããšã§ç¬ç¹ãªäžç芳ã®åæãçè§£ã§ããããšãããã
ã¿ããŒãšãããè¡åããªãåã£ãŠã¯ãªããªãã®ããåççãªèª¬æã¯ååšããªãå Žåãå€ããããããã¿ããŒã䟵ç¯ãããšãã©ã®ãããªããšãèµ·ãããšãã®ç€ŸäŒã§ã¯èããããŠãããã調æ»ãããšãäžçãå
±åäœã®åç«ã®æ ¹æ ãšã¿ããŒã®éµå®ã¯å¯æ¥ãªé¢ä¿ãæã£ãŠããããšãåããã
ã¿ããŒãšããèšèãšãã®æŠå¿µã¯ã宿åŠçãŸãã¯æå人é¡åŠçãªç 究察象ã§ãããæªé人ãå€ä»£ã®ç€ŸäŒã«ã€ããŠè«ããããŠãããããããã¿ããŒã¯çŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã«ãååšããŠããããšãèªããããŠããã宿åŠçãªã¿ããŒã®æŠå¿µãæ¯å©çã«äœ¿ã£ã衚çŸãšããŠãçŸä»£ã®ã¿ããŒããšãããã®ãèããããäžæ¹ã§ãæ¯å©çãªæå³ã§ã¯ãªããæåéããçŸåšã«çããã¿ããŒã®ååšãç¥ãããŠãããåŸã£ãŠãã¿ããŒã®çŸè±¡ãšã¯ãæªé人ãå€ä»£ç€ŸäŒã®åé¡ã«å°œãããçŸä»£ã®åé¡ã§ãããã
ã¿ããŒã«é¢ããŠã¯æå人é¡åŠã§èª¬æã詊ã¿ãããŠãããã代衚çãªãã®ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªãã®ãããã
ãããã¯åæã®ãã®ã§ãã£ãããçŸåšã§ã¯ãã¡ã³ã»ããããã®ééå瀌ç ç©¶ãåŸäžã®ã¡ã¢ãªãŒã»ãã°ã©ã¹ã山壿ç·ããŽã£ã¯ã¿ãŒã»ã¿ãŒããŒãªã©ã®ç ç©¶ã«ãããããããã®å¢çé åã«ãã䞡矩æ§ãå¢çæ§ã®åé¡ã«éç¹ãç§»ãã€ã€ãããæ¥æ¬æ°ä¿åŠã§ããããã¬ããã±ããã±ã¬ã¬ãã®è°è«ããã®ç¯çã«å
¥ãã ãããäŸãã°ãã¡ã³ã»ããããã®èãééå瀌ãã§ã¯åé¢ã»éæž¡ã»çµ±åã®3段éãæç€ºããããéæž¡æã«ã¯ãèãšä¿ãããæ»ãšåçããªã©ã®éã«å¢çæ§ãèªãããããšãããæ»ãšåçã«é¢ããŠã¯ãã¬ã€ã¶ãŒãéæç¯ããªã©ã®äºäŸããšãªã¢ãŒããªã©ã«ãã宿åŠã®èгç¹ãããå€ãã¯äžå¯åã®é¢ä¿ãšæããããŠããäºãæåèŠããã€ã€ãããã²ãšã€ã®å®æåå
ã«ãããŠããæ£çµ±ããšãããããªã¹ãæãä»æã®æçŸ©ã§ã¯èª¬æã§ããªããå°äžã«çãŸãééã®ååšã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯æ ¹åŒ·ããéå±€ããåºå±€æåã®äžéšããªããŠããããšãå€ããèã£ãæ»è
(éåŒã°ããªã©)ã«å¯ŸããŠãå¿é¿ææ
ãããäžæ¹ã(çåã®)æ
人ã芪ããè
ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯èçã»åŸ©æŽ»ããªãããã®åœ¢ã§ã®åç¶ãé¡ãæ°æã¡ã䌎ãããšãçããã¯ãªã䞡矩çãªå¿æ
ãèŠåºãããã§ãããããŸãããªãã¯ã¹ã¿ãŒã®äºäŸã§ã¯ãã°ãã°åæªã®åœ¹å²ãè¶ãããå¢çæ§ã䟵ç¯ãããã
䞡矩æ§ã象城ããé¡èãªäŸã«ã¯è¡ã«é¢ãããã®ãæãããããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠã¯ç©¢ããšããŠå¿é¿ãããããäžæ¹ãè¡ã®ç¹ããããç±è¡ããšãã£ãçšæ³ããã窺ããããã«åå«ã®ç¹æ ãçåœåã象城ããå Žåããããæ®ºå®³ã»å± 殺ã®éã®ããã«æ»ãã€ã¡ãŒãžããããã®ã§ããããã仿¹æçµãåºç£ã®ããã«æ°çã«ç¹ãããã®ã§ãããã䞡矩çãªæ§è³ªãå
ŒããŠãããšãããã ãããè¡ã®è±¡åŸŽãšãããèµ€è²ã«ã€ããŠãåªè¡ççšéãæã£ãŠããããšã窺ãããå®ããç Žéç¢ãªã©ã®è²ã«å€çšãããä»ããã¬ã®æ¥ã«çšãããããã®ã§ãã£ãããŸã蟰ç (æ±ãäž¹)ã¯ç¥ä»ææ³ã«ãããäžèé·å¯¿ã®è¡(é¬äž¹è¡)ã«çšãããããšããããè¡ã®è²ãçåœåãæ³èµ·ãããã®ã§ããããæ¥æ¬ã§ã倧ç©äž»ç¥ã»è³èå¥é·ç¥ãªã©ã«é¢ããç¥è©±ã§ã¯ãäž¹å¡ãã®ç¢ãã¯åŠåš ãããããç©ãšããŠæåãããŠããã
ããªã¹ãæåã«ãããŠã¯ãã€ãšã¹ã®æåŸã®æ©é€ã«ããããã³ãšè¡èé
ãèäœãšè¡ã«ãªããããæ
äºãç¥ãããéèŠãªååŒã®ã²ãšã€ããªããããã¯ã€ãšã¹ãåèã«ãã£ãŠèªãèŽçœªãåŒãåããæ»ãšåŸ©æŽ»ã«æè¬ãæ§ãç¥çŠãããã®ã§ãããéã®æå³åããæããããäŸãšããŠã¯æ°éã®åžè¡é¬ŒäŒæ¿ãæããããããã«ã¯åè¬ãããæ»äœãžã®ææãé¢ãã£ãŠãããæ»åŸæåŸã®å¯©å€ã®æ¥ã«è£ããããŸã§ã«çŠãããšã¯ãç°æçãªãã®ãšèŠãªãããŠããã®ã§ããã
ãŸãå€ä»£ã«ãããŠã¯çèŽãç¥å£ã«æ§ããååŒãåºãèŠãããåç©«ç¥ãªã©ãšå
±ã«å
±åäœã®ç¹æ ãç¥ããç¥ããã®ã§ãã£ããããã«ãç ç²ããã®äžçš®ã®çŠããšããæ»ãšåçã®ä¿¡ä»°ãèŠãŠãšãããšãã§ãããããããã¯ãéæç¯ãããã€ããŠã§ã¬åç¥è©±ãåµé ç¥è©±ã®äžéš(å§ãŸãã¯æ¯å©çã«èªçãšåäžèŠããã)ãªã©è±å¯ãªäºäŸã§è£ä»ããããã
æ§ã«é¢ããã¿ããŒãåºãèŠããããã®ã§ããããè¡çºããã®ãŸãŸèªç¶ã§ããåç©ã§ã¯ããŸã芳å¯ãããªããã®ã§ãããèªæãæèã®èªèã瀟äŒèŠç¯ãªã©ãšæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããšæãããã
深局å¿çåŠã粟ç¥åæã¯ãç¡æèãšãã®èè€ãšãã£ã人éã®äž¡çŸ©æ§ãåãã è€éãªå¿ç(ã¢ã³ããŽã¡ã¬ã³ã)ãæ±ã£ãŠãããããã¯ãžãŒã¯ã ã³ãã»ããã€ãã«ãããããŒãã ãšã¿ããŒããªã©ã®äžé£ã®èäœãåæã«ããã
çŸä»£ã«ããããã¿ããŒãã¯ãæå³ã®æ¡åŒµã«ãããæ¬æ¥ã®äœ¿çšæ³ãšã¯ããé¢ããçšæ³ãšãªã£ãŠããããšããã°ãã°ããã身è¿ãªäŸãšããŠã¯ãèšéä¿¡ä»°ããããããã¯æ»ãªã©ãçžèµ·ãæªããšãããããšããæ¬åã§ãã諱ã®é¿è«±ã®ããã«ãããã«ã€ããŠæ¥µåãèšåããªãããšãå£ã«ããªããŠã¯ãªããªããšãã¯ãé ãŸããã«èšãããšããªã©ãšãã£ããã®ããããä»ã«ãããããããã
è·å Žã»åŠæ ¡ã»éšæŽ»ã蟲æéèœã»ãã³ã·ã§ã³ã»å£å°ãªã©ãéãããç¯å²ã§ã®ã¿ããŒãååšãããåéã°ã«ãŒãã»ããåãšãã£ããç§çãªé¢ä¿ã«ãããŠãã¿ããŒãååšããããšãããããŸã宿å£äœã«å
¥ãã°ããã®æåŸ=ã¿ããŒãšãªãããšãã«å
Œ
±ã¡ãã£ã¢ã§ã¯ãæ¬é³ã§ãã£ãŠãèšã£ãŠã¯ãããªãäºãããããããç¯ããšããã·ã³ã°ãåããŠããŸããæè¿ã¯äººæš©æèã®é«ãŸããšãšãã«ã人皮差å¥ã»å¥³æ§èèŠã»LGBTãžã®åèŠã»åäŸãžã®äœçœ°ã»ãã¯ãã©ã»ã»ã¯ãã©ãªã©ãå³ãããªã£ãŠãããããããªãžãµã³ãžã®èèŠã¯ãä»ã§ãè¡ãããŠããã
äžçååœã§æ¿æ²»äœå¶ã®ç¶æãããã¯è»¢èŠãç®çãšããç²æž
ã»è殺ãªã©ãæŽå²çã«è¡ãããŠãããããããã¯ã¿ããŒãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããè¿å¹Žã«èµ·ãã£ããã®ã¯é¢ä¿è
ãååœã§ããããã«ã¿ããŒãšããŠã®æ±ãã®åºŠåãã¯é«ããåçºãªã©ãè¡ããããšæ§ã
ãªåé¡ãåŒãèµ·ããããšãããã
ã¿ããŒãšãããŠããäºè±¡ã®äŸã
婿²ã«èšããã®
è§Šããã®ãæãããŠãããã®
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC
|
5,963 |
ã¢ã¡ãªã«å·
|
ã¢ã¡ãªã«å·(ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã
ããè±:Americas)ã¯ãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšåã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ç·äœãããªãéžå°ãæããæŒ¢å衚èšã¯äºç±³å©å ã§ãã倧å·ã®äžã€ãšããŠç±³å·(米掲ãã¹ããã
ã)ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å€§éžãšãåŒã¶ãçç¥ããå Žåã¯ç±³ã®äžåãçšããã
ã¯ãªã¹ããã¡ãŒã»ã³ãã³ãã¹ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«æµ·åå°éãç¥ã£ãã¢ã¡ãªãŽã»ãŽã§ã¹ãããã¯ã1499幎ãã1502幎ã«ãããŠã®åç±³æ¢æ€ã§åç·¯50床ãŸã§æ²¿å²žãåäžããã
ãããåããŠããã®åå°ãã³ãã³ãã¹ã®èšããããªã€ã³ããã¢ãžã¢ã§ã¯ãªãæ°å€§éžã§ãããšç¢ºä¿¡ãããŽã¡ã«ããŒãŒãã¥ã©ãŒã¯ã1507幎ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã§åºçããã©ãã³èªã®æžãå®å®èªå
¥éã (Cosmographiae Introductio) ã®è§£èª¬æäžã§ããã®æ°å€§éžãããçºèŠãè
ã§ããã¢ã¡ãªãŽã»ãŽã§ã¹ãããã®ååããã¢ã¡ãªã² (Amerige) ããããã¯ã©ãã³èªåã¢ã¡ãªã¯ã¹ã»ãŠã§ã¹ãããŠã¹ (Americus Vespucius) ããããšãŒããã (Europa, ãšãŠããŒã)ãã¢ããªã« (Africa, ã¢ãŒããªã«)ãã¢ãžã¢ (Asia, ã¢ãŒã·ã¢) ãšåæ§ã®å¥³æ§åœ¢ã§ããã¢ã¡ãªã« (America) ãšåŒã¶ã¹ãã ãšæå±ããããªããã¹ãã€ã³ããã³ãã®æ€æ°å°ã§ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšããåŒç§°ã¯çšãããããæ°å€§éžã¯ã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã¹ãšããŠç¥ãããŠããã
ä»ã«ãããžã§ã³ã»ã«ãããã®èªæµ·ã®æè³è
ã§ãããåœŒã«æ²¿å²žå°åã®å°å³ã®äœæãåœãããªãã£ãŒãã»ã¢ã¡ãªã¯ (Richard Amerik) ã®å§ããæ¡ã£ããšããç°èª¬ãååšããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«å·åå
ã®äººå£100äžäººä»¥äž(2018幎1æ1æ¥çŸåš)ã®éœåžã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%B7%9E
|
5,964 |
ç§åŠ
|
ç§åŠ(ããããè±: science, natural scienceãä»: science, sciences naturellesãç¬: Wissenschaft, NaturwissenschaftãçŸ
: scientia)ãšã¯ãäžå®ã®ç®çã»æ¹æ³ã®äžã§ããŸããŸãªäºè±¡ãç ç©¶ããèªè掻åãããã³ããããã®äœç³»çç¥èãäžè¬ã«ãå²åŠã»å®æã»èžè¡ãªã©ãšã¯åºå¥ããããçŸåšãç矩ãŸãã¯äžè¬ã®ãç§åŠãã¯ãèªç¶ç§åŠãæããåºçŸ©ã®ãç§åŠãã¯ãå
šåŠè¡(ãŸãã¯ããããå²åŠãé€ãããã®)ãæãããšãããã
ãç§åŠã(science)ãšããèªã¯ã©ãã³èªã® scientia (ç¥è)ã«ç±æ¥ãããç¥èãå
šè¬ãæããã®èšèã¯æ©ãã¯ãã©ã³ã¹èªã«åãå
¥ãããã17äžçŽåæã«ã¯è±èªãšããŠãå®çãããå€ä»£ã§ã¯ç§åŠãšå²åŠã«åºå¥ã¯ãªãããããååããã®ã¯è¿äž(ç¹ã«F.ããŒã³ã³ä»¥é)ã ã£ãã
è¿ä»£èªç¶ç§åŠã®æç«ä»¥åã¯ãèªç¶ã«ã€ããŠã®çè«çã»å²åŠçåŠèª¬ã¯ãèªç¶å²åŠ(philosophy of nature)ãèªç¶åŠ(physica)ãšèšã£ããèªç¶ç§åŠã¯ãå®éšãšæ°åŠã«ããè§£æããšããæ¹æ³ã«ãã£ãŠæç«ããŠããã®ã«å¯Ÿããå€ä»£~äžäžã®èªç¶å²åŠã«ã¯ãã®æ¹æ³ãæ¬ ããŠããããããèªç¶ãçºããŠããŠããããããèªç¶ç§åŠãçãŸããããšã¯ãªãã£ãããšèšãã
çŸä»£ã§ã¯åºçŸ©ã®ãç§åŠãããå
šåŠè¡ãæãããšãããã
人é¡ã¯å€ªå€ã®æãããèªåãã¡ããšããŸãèªç¶çã®çŸè±¡ãèªèº«ã®äººäœã®æ§é ã«ã€ããŠé¢å¿ãæ±ãç¶ããŠãããæŽå²äžãå€ä»£ãªãªãšã³ããå€ä»£ã€ã³ããå€ä»£äžåœãã¯ãããšããããŸããŸãªææåã«ãããŠããããã®é¢å¿å¯Ÿè±¡ã説æããããã®ç¥èãçµéšãèç©ãããåŠåãšããŠäœç³»åãããŠãã£ããå€ä»£ã«åœ¢æãããåŠåã®è«žäœç³»ã®ãªãã§ãåŸäžã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿åãæ®ããã®ãå€ä»£ã®ãªã·ã¢ã»å€ä»£ããŒãã®èªç¶å²åŠã§ãããäžäžã«ãããŠã¯ã€ã¹ã©ã ç§åŠãæãå
é²çãªå°äœãå ããŠãããåŸé²ãã¿ã ã£ããšãŒãããã¯ãã€ã¹ã©ã 諞åœããç§åŠãæè¡ã茞å
¥ããé·ã幎æããããŠè¿œãã€ããæŽå²ãããã
20äžçŽã®æŽå²åŠè
ããŒããŒãã»ãã¿ãŒãã£ãŒã«ãã¯ã17äžçŽã®ãšãŒãããã«ãããŠãèªç¶çŸè±¡ãåã«çºããŠèå¯ãããšããç¶æ
ããäžæ©é²ãã§ãèªç¶æ³åãäœçšããç°å¢ãããŸããŸãªæ¹ä¹±èŠå ãåãé€ããŠäººçºçã«äœãåºã詊ã¿ãããªãã¡å®éš(åéº)ãšããææ³ãæ¡çšããŠãå®èšŒçã«ç¥èäœç³»ã鲿©ãããŠãããšããç¥çå¶çºã圢æããããšããããã¿ãŒãã£ãŒã«ãã¯ããããç§åŠé©åœããšåä»ãã人é¡å²äžã«ãããäžå€§ç»æã§ãããšããŠé«ãè©äŸ¡ãäžããã
ç§åŠé©åœã®æä»£ä»¥éãç§åŠçæ¹æ³ã次第ã«åœ¢æãããç§åŠã®å
·äœçãªæ¹æ³è«ã»ææ³ã»èšè¿°æ³ãªã©ã«ã€ããŠãååéã®ç§åŠããã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ§è³ªã«å¿ããŠãµãããããã®ãå°éã«çºéãããŠããããã ãã©ã®ãããªæ¹æ³ãªãç§åŠçãšèŠãªããã®ããšããå¢çç·ã¯å¿
ãããæãããªããã§ã¯ãªããç§åŠè
ãã¯è°è«ãéããŠããæŽå²ããããçŸåšã§ãè°è«ã¯ç¶ããããŠãããåŠæ ¡æè²ã®åœ±é¿ã§ã1åã®å®éšã§ç§åŠãæãç«ã€ãšèããã¡ã ããå®éã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªå®éšã§ç§åŠãæãç«ã£ãŠããã
æ°äžçŽã«ããã¶è°è«ã¯æ··æ²ãšããŠãããã20äžçŽååã®ç§åŠå²åŠè
ã«ãŒã«ã»ãããŒãå蚌å¯èœæ§ã®æŠå¿µãæç€ºãããããæ¡ä»¶ãšããããšã§çè«ã»ç§åŠçè«ãç§åŠã«å±ãããããã§ãªãããç·åŒãã§ããããšã瀺ããŠã¿ãããæ··æ²ãšããè°è«ã«æ©ãŸããç¶ããŠããç§åŠè
ãã®äžã«ã¯å蚌å¯èœæ§ã®æŠå¿µãå蚌䞻矩ãã²ãšã€ã®è§£æ±ºçãšããŠæè¿ãã人ãå€ãã£ããçŸåšã§ããç§åŠãšæ¬äŒŒç§åŠãšãåºåããåºæºãšããŠãããæ¡çšãã人ã¯å€ãã
ãã ããããããããŒã®ç§åŠèгã«å¯ŸããŠã¯1960幎代ããæ¹å€ãå ããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®ä»£è¡šã¯ç§åŠå²å®¶ããŒãã¹ã»ã¯ãŒã³ã®ãã©ãã€ã è«ã§ããããã©ãã€ã è«ã«ããã°ã芳å¯ã¯ãããŒã¿ãååçã«ç¥èŠããã ãã®è¡çºã§ã¯ãªãããã©ãã€ã ããªãã¡ç¹å®ã®èŠæ¹ã»èãæ¹ã«åºã¥ããŠäºè±¡ãèœåçã«æå³ä»ããè¡çºã§ãããåŸã£ãŠããã©ãã€ã ãã®ãã®ã¯åå¥ã®èгå¯ã«ãã£ãŠå蚌ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããå¥ã®ãã©ãã€ã ã®ç»å Žã«ãã£ãŠããã©ãã€ã ã·ãããã®åœ¢ã§èŠãããã
ãŸããç§åŠã«å±ãã諞åŠåã¯ç§åŠã§ããããç§åŠãã®ãã®ã¯ç§åŠçã§ã¯ãªãäžçš®ã®ææ³ã§ãããšããæèŠããããåé¡å¯èœæ§ãšäºæž¬å¯èœæ§ã¯å³æ Œãªã«ãªã¹ãé€ããŠã¯äžäœäžå¯åã§ãããããšããç§åŠã¯éå»ã®ç¥èŠãå
ã«æªæ¥ãäºæž¬ããæ§åã匷ãæã€ããã®ãããç§åŠçãã§ããããã°æªæ¥ã®äºæž¬ã¯æ£ãããšã®ç¢ºä¿¡ãæããã¡ã§ããããã®ãããªç¢ºä¿¡ã¯ãè«çã®åæãšãã¹ãåœé¡ã®äžç¥ã確çççŸè±¡ãã«ãªã¹ã®ååšã«ãããã°ãã°è£åãããã
ç§åŠã®æ ¹æ¬çãªåçã«ã€ããŠã¯äžéšã®èåãªç§åŠè
ãç§åŠå²åŠè
ãã«ãã£ãп޻çºãªè°è«ãè¡ãªãããããã ããç§åŠã®å
·äœçãªæ¹æ³è«ã»ææ³ã»èšè¿°æ³ãªã©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãååéã®ç§åŠããã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ§è³ªã«å¿ããŠãµãããããã®ãå°éã«çºéãããŠããã
äŸãã°ãç©çåŠãç¡æ©ååŠã¯ã察象ã®ãã£ã±ãç¡æ©çã»æ©æ¢°çãªã¬ãã«ã§ã®æ¯ãèãã«éå®ããŠçç®ããå®éšã§åäžã®çŸè±¡ãåçŸãããããšãéèŠããŠããããã®èšè¿°ã¯ãäžè¬æ³åãå
šç§°åœé¡ãäžå¿ã§ããã倩æåŠãèå€åŠãªã©ãå®éšãåéºã«ããå®èšŒã極ããŠå°é£ãªé åã«ãããŠã¯ãååãªèгå¯ãšåé¡ã«ããšã¥ãåŠåãæç«ãããŠããããããã®åŠåãç§åŠçãªç¥èŠãšããŠå°éãããŠããã
çäœã«ãã£ãŠåŒãèµ·ããããçŸè±¡ãæ±ãå»åŠãè¬åŠãå¿çåŠãã人ã
ã®å·šå€§ãªç€ŸäŒéå£ãæ±ãçµæžåŠã瀟äŒåŠã¯ãèå¯å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããçäœã瀟äŒãã®ãã®ãæ ¹æ¬çã«è€éæ§ãè€åæ§ãå
å
ããŠããããããã«ãããŠã¯åäœå·®ãéèŠãªèŠçŽ ãšãªã£ããã察象ãæ
å ±ãèšæ¶ããããšã§å
éšç¶æ
ãå€åãããŠãã£ãããããã®ã§ãããçŸè±¡ã®åçŸæ§ãåãããšèªäœãå°é£ã§ããå Žåãå€ãããã®ãããç©çåŠãç¡æ©ååŠã«ããããããªæ±ºå®è«çãªææ³ã®ã¿ãªãããçµ±èšè«çãªææ³ããã®ä»ã®ææ³ãé©çšãããŠããã
ãäžç倧çŸç§äºå
ž 第2çãã§ã¯ãç§åŠãšã¯ä»æ¥éåžžã¯èªç¶ç§åŠãæãã人æç§åŠ,瀟äŒç§åŠãšããåŒã³æ¹ãããããšãªã£ãŠããã(ã17äžçŽä»¥éãšãŒãããã§è¿ä»£ç§åŠãå±éããããšããã以åã®äŒçµ±çèªç¶å²åŠã¯ãå®éšçã»å®èšŒçæ ¹æ ããããªãæåŒã§ãããšããŠåŠå®ãããããã«ãªããèªç¶å²åŠãšããããšã°ãããŸã䜿ãããªããªã£ãããšãèšãã)
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ç©çåŠãååŠãçç©åŠãªã©ããçåŠããšåŒãã§ããããããšããšè±èªã«ãçåŠãã«çžåœããæŠå¿µã¯ç¡ãã ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠãšç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã§ã¯ãç§åŠè
ã¯åœå®¶ã«ãã£ãŠåå¡ãããååŠå
µåšãæ žå
µåšã®éçºã«å æ
ããæŠäºã®åž°è¶šã«åœ±é¿ãäžããå€ãã®äººã
ã®åœã奪ã£ãŠããŸãæ²æšãªçµæãçãã§ããŸã£ããã¢ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã€ã³ã¯ãç§åŠæè¡ã®é²æ©ãšããã®ã¯ãç
çç¯çœªè
ã®æã®äžã«ããæ§ã®ãããªãã®ã ããšè¿°ã¹ããç¹ã«ç§åŠè
ãå æ
ãéçºããåçã«ãã£ãŠç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠäžã«æ°åäžäººãåœãèœãšããããšããäºå®ã¯ç§åŠçã«éãã®ãããããæŠåŸã«åçéçºã®çµç·¯ãæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«æããã«ãªãã«ã€ããããã«å æ
ããç§åŠè
ã®è²¬ä»»ãåã声ããç§åŠç(ç§åŠè
éå£)ã®äžãããããã®å€ãããäžãã£ãããŸã巿п代ã«ããæ žæŠäºã«ãã£ãŠäººé¡ãæ»
亡ããããªãç¶æ³ãäœåºŠãèµ·ãããã¯ãç§åŠè
ã®æŽ»åã®è¡çºè²¬ä»»ã»ç€ŸäŒç責任ã«ã€ããŠã®åãã¯æèµ·ããã€ã¥ãã(ããšãæ¿æ²»å®¶ãåœå®¶æš©åè
ããããã®ããããããè³éãæäŸãããããè·ãæäŸãããŠã)ç ç©¶ã«çæããåã«ããããã©ã®ãããª(æ²æšãª)çµæã人é¡ã«ãããããæ
éã«æ€èšããæ²æšãªçµæãããããå¯èœæ§ãé«ãç ç©¶ã¯ãããããçµ¶å¯Ÿã«æ¢ããã¹ãã ãç§åŠã«æºããè
ã«ã¯è²¬ä»»ããããç ç©¶ããããšããããšã«ãè¡çºè²¬ä»»ããããçµæãšããŠå€ãã®äººãæ»ãã ãããã¯ãããç ç©¶ããŠããŸã£ãè
ã®è²¬ä»»ã ãæ²æšãªçµæãçããšäºæž¬ã§ããªãã£ãããªã©ãšããåãèšãèš³ã¯éçšããªããããããããã£ãšå«çããµãŸããäžã§ç 究察象ãéžã¶ã¹ãã ããªã©ãšãã£ãææãç§åŠè
ãããããããã«ãªã£ããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãã®ãããªè°è«ãèžãŸãã1980幎ã«ç§åŠè
éããç§åŠè
æ²ç« ããçºè¡šããã
仿¥ã§ã¯ãç§åŠã¯ç€ŸäŒããéé¢ããçŽç²ãªç¥çå¶çºãšããŠäœçœ®ã¥ããããšã¯å°é£ãšãªã£ãŠãããç§åŠçãæ¿æ²»çãçµæžçãæåçãªäŸ¡å€ãã©ã®ããã«ç§åŠã®ç ç©¶ãšæè¡é©æ°ã«åœ±é¿ããã®ãããŸãç§åŠããã¯ãããžãŒãã©ã®ããã«ç€ŸäŒã»æ¿æ²»ã»çµæžã»æåã«åœ±é¿ãäžããŠããã®ãããããçžäºã®é¢ä¿ãç ç©¶ããé åãç§åŠæè¡ç€ŸäŒè«ã§ãããç§åŠè
ãåå ããŠç ç©¶ãè¡ãããŠããã
äœã
æšåã«ããã°ããç§åŠããšããèªã¯ãäžåœã§ã¯ãç§æã§è©ŠãããåŠåãç§æä¹åŠãã®ç¥èªãšããŠããã§ã«12äžçŽé ã«ã¯äœ¿ãããŠããããã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ããç§åŠãã¯æ§ã
ãªåŠå(åå¥åŠåãåç§ã®åŠ)ãšããæå³ã§çšããããŠãããææ²»æä»£ã« science ãšããèªãå
¥ã£ãŠããéãåèææ³å®¶ã®è¥¿åšããããæ§ã
ãªåŠåã®éãŸãã§ãããšè§£éãããã®èš³èªãšããŠãç§åŠããåœãŠããåœåã¯ãç§åžããšæ§åã§è¡šèšãããŠããããæ°åäœã®æ¡çšã«ãããç§åŠããšæžãããšã«ãªããçŸåšã«è³ã£ãŠããã
äžåœã«ãããŠããçšèªã«è¥å¹²ã®éãã¯ãããã®ã®ãscience ã®èš³èªãšããŠãç§åŠãã䜿ãããŠããããŸããäžåŠæ ¡æç§ãšããŠã®ãç§åŠãã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ãçç§ãã«åœãããã®ã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6
|
5,965 |
枩床
|
枩床(ãè±: temperature)ãšã¯ãæž©å·ã®åºŠåããè¡šãææšã§ããã
äºã€ã®ç©äœã®æž©åºŠã®é«äœã¯æž©åºŠçãªæ¥è§Š(thermal contact)ã«ãããšãã«ã®ãŒãç§»åããæ¹åã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸ©ããããããªãã¡æž©åºŠãšã¯ãšãã«ã®ãŒãèªç¶ã«ç§»åããŠããæ¹åãç€ºãææšã§ãããšããããæšæºçã«ã¯ãæ¥è§Šã«ãããšãã«ã®ãŒãæµåºããåŽã®æž©åºŠãé«ãããšãã«ã®ãŒãæµå
¥ããåŽã®æž©åºŠãäœãããã«å®ãããããæ¥è§ŠãããŠããšãã«ã®ãŒã®ç§»åãèµ·ãããªãå Žåã¯äºã€ã®ç©äœã®æž©åºŠãçããããã®ç¶æ
ãæž©åºŠå¹³è¡¡(ç±å¹³è¡¡)ãšåŒã¶ã
ãã¯ã¹ãŠãšã«ã¯ãæ°äœã®æž©åºŠã¯ååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®âã®å¹³åå€ã®ã¿ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸãããã ããæ¶²äœãŸãã¯åºäœç¶æ
ã«ããç©äœã«å¯Ÿããåæ§ãªçµæã¯çŸåšã®ãšãã確ç«ãããã«ããã£ããªããšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããæè¿ãäºååµã¯æ¶²äœãåºäœã«å¯ŸããŠãæãç«ã€æž©åºŠã®å®çŸ©ãææ¡ããŠãããããã«ãããšãååéåãäœçœ®ã®ã¿ã®é¢æ°ã§ããã°ãå€ååååã§çžäºäœçšãååšããŠããååã®äžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ãçµ±èšååŠãçšããŠãå³å¯ã«æ±ããããšãã§ããŠããã®çµæã¯ãã¯ã¹ãŠãšã«ã®é床ååžåãšäžå€ãã絶察枩床ãšè³ªéã®ã¿ã®é¢æ°ãšãªãããã®çµæãç°¡æœã«è¿°ã¹ããšæ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªãããæž©åºŠã¯ãååã»ååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ã瀺ããŠãããããšäºãããšãã§ãããæ°äœååã®äžŠé²éåã®é床ååžã€ããŠã®ãã¯ã¹ãŠãšã«ã®é床ååžåã¯æ°äœã°ããã§ãªããæ¶²äœãåºäœã«å¯ŸããŠãæç«ããããšããåå³¶é®®å
çã®ããã¹ãã«ãèšãããŠããããæ°åŠç蚌æã¯éãããŠããªããæž©åºŠãååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåã®éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸãåãååå
ã®åè»¢ãæ¯åéåã¯æž©åºŠã«äŸåããŠå±èµ·ãããããæž©åºŠã«ã¯å¯äžããªãããšãäºååµã¯æèå®éšãçšããŠã蚌æãŠããã
çµ±èšååŠã«ããã°ã枩床ã¯ç©è³ªãæ§æããååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ãšããŠãäºååµãå°åºããæ§ã«æ±ããããšãã§ããããã®æ§ã«ããŠæ±ããæž©åºŠã¯ãç±ååŠæž©åºŠãšäžèŽããã
ç±ååŠæž©åºŠã®é¶ç¹(0ã±ã«ãã³)ã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿé¶åºŠãšåŒã°ããååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåã忢ããç¶æ
ã«çžåœããããã ã絶察é¶åºŠã¯æ¥µéçãªç¶æ
ã§ãããæéã®æäœã§ç©è³ªã絶察é¶åºŠãšãªãããšã¯ãªãããŸããéåååŠçãªäžç¢ºå®æ§ãããããã絶察é¶åºŠã«ãªã£ãŠãååã®éåã¯æ¢ãŸãããšã¯ãªãããããããã®ãšãã®ååã®éåã¯ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåã§ã¯ãªãããã®ãšãã®ååã®éåã¯ãéåååŠçãŒãç¹æ¯å(ãŒãç¹éå)ãšåŒã°ããä¹±éãªéåã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããšã³ããããŒã«ã¯å¯äžããªãã®ã§ã絶察é¶åºŠã§ã¯ãšã³ããããŒã¯ãŒãã§ãããååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåã忢ããŒããšãªããæž©åºŠã¯ç©è³ªãæ§æããååã®ä¹±éãªäžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ã ããã§ããã
枩床ã¯ãååŠåå¿ã«ãããŠåŒ·ã圱é¿åãæã€ããŸããçç©ã«ã¯ããããè³é©æž©åºŠããããããçãç¯å²ã®æž©åºŠã®ç°å¢äžã§ããçåã§ããªããååŠãçç©åŠã«ããã芳å¯ãå®éšã§ã¯ãåºç€çãªæ¡ä»¶ãšããŠæž©åºŠãèšé²ããå¿
èŠãããããããã¯æž©åºŠã調æŽããããšãå®éšãæç«ãããéèŠãªæ¡ä»¶ãšãªãããŸããçç©åŠãå»åŠã«ãããŠçµç¹ãæ€äœãå·èµããã®ã¯ã枩床ãäžããããšã§ååŠå€åã®é床ãæããæå³ãããã
åååŠçè«ã§ã¯ãã±ã«ãã³æž©åºŠã¯ã枩床(ç±)å¹³è¡¡ç¶æ
ã«ãããã1 èªç±åºŠåœããã®éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ã«é¢é£ã¥ããããã
ãšãã«ã®ãŒçé
åã®æ³å(equipartition theorem)ã«ãããšãç³»ã®åã
ã®èªç±åºŠãããã®éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ kBT/2 ãšãªããããã§ã T ã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿæž©åºŠã kB ã¯ãã«ããã³å®æ°ã§ããã3次å
空éã§ãç²åã®äžŠé²èªç±åºŠã¯ 3 ãªã®ã§ãåååæ°äœç²å1åã¯ã3kBT/2 ãªããšãã«ã®ãŒãæã€ã
äŸãã°æ°äœç¶æ
ã®é
žçŽ åå (O2) ã¯ã䞊é²ã«å ããŠå転(2èªç±åºŠ)ãšæ¯å(1èªç±åºŠ)ãæã€ãããããã®1èªç±åºŠãããã®éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ã kBT/2 ã§ããããæ¯åã®ã¢ãŒãã¯ãåžžæž©ãå«ãäœã枩床é åã§ã¯éåååŠçã«åçµãããã®ã§ãååäžååœããã®å
šãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ 5kBT/2 ãšãªãããŸããé«ã枩床é åã§ã¯èª¿åæ¯ååãšè¿äŒŒãããæ¯åã®ã¢ãŒããšãªããéåãšãã«ã®ãŒããã³ãããšã»ãŒçããããã³ã·ã£ã«ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå ããã®ã§ãååäžååœããã®å
šãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ 7kBT/2 ãšãªãã䞊é²ãåè»¢ãæ¯åãªã©ã®åã¢ãŒãã¯ãã®ãããªäžå®ã®å¶çŽã®ããšã«çé
åããããã®(å°äžæ°Žäœã®ãããª)çµ±äžå°ºåºŠã枩床ãšèšããããããã³ã·ã£ã«ãåšææ§ã®èгç¹ãããæãå¶çŽã®å°ãªãã®ãæ°äœã®äžŠé²ãšãã«ã®ãŒã§ããã
åºäœã®æž©åºŠãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯ãããã€æž©åºŠããé«ã枩床é åã§ã¯åå1åãããã 6kBT/2 ã§è¿äŒŒããã(ãã¥ãã³=ããã£ã®æ³å)ããããããååã® 1 åã3èªç±åºŠã®èª¿åæ¯ååãæ§æããããã§ããã
ãšãã«ã®ãŒçé
åã®æ³åã¯ãæ··åæ°äœã«ãããç°ç𮿰äœç²åçžäºã«ãããŠãæãç«ã€ã®ã¿ãªãããããããããšã¯çµæã§ãã£ãŠãå®ã¯ããã®çµæã«è¿ã¥ããåçåäœçšãååšãããšèããããããã®åçåäœçšãç©äœäžã®ç©ºéçäžåäžã«å¯ŸããŠåãçµæã¯ç±äŒå°ãšèšããããåã空éãå ããŠããŠãã(äŸãã°éæãª)ç©è³ªãšèŒ»å°å Žãšããç°ãªã枩床ãé·æéä¿æããã±ãŒã¹ã¯èãããããã®å Žåã¯ãããããã®æž©åºŠãåããŠèããã¹ãã§ãã(茻å°ã®æž©åºŠã¯ãããããåžžèçã«å®çŸ©ã§ããªãå Žåããã)ã
枩床ã¯çµ±èšçãªå®äœãªã®ã§ã空éçãæéçã«ãããåºãèšæž¬ç¯å²ãå¿
èŠã§ãããæ°äœã§ããã°ããã®ç²åãè€æ°åè¡çªããæéã空éãå¿
èŠã§ãããäŸãã°æ°äœã®äžŠé²ãåè»¢ãæ¯åãšãã£ãéåã®ã¢ãŒãã¯ããã®ãããªæç©ºã®ç¯å²ã§ã¯ååã«(å
ã«è¿°ã¹ãå¶çŽã®ããšã«)åçåãããšèããããããããããã¯ã¹ãŠãšã«ãææããŠããæ§ã«ååã®åè»¢ãæ¯åãšãã£ãéåã®ã¢ãŒãã¯æž©åºŠã«äŸåããŠå±èµ·ãããããæž©åºŠã«ã¯å¯äžããªãããšã«çæããå¿
èŠãããããããããæç±èªç±èšåŒµããªã©ã¯ãããŸã§äŸå€çãªéæž¡çŸè±¡ã§ããã
æŽå²äžæ§ã
ãªæž©åºŠã®å®çŸ©ããã£ãããçŸåšã®åœééäœç³»ã«ãããåºæ¬éã«äœçœ®ä»ããããç±ååŠæž©åºŠã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã枩床(ç±)å¹³è¡¡ç¶æ
ã«ãããç³»ã®å
éšãšãã«ã®ãŒUããäœç©ãäžå®ã«ä¿ã£ãŠãšã³ããã㌠Sã§å埮åãããã®ã§ããã
(T=â U/â S)vãçŸæç¹ã§ãéå¹³è¡¡ç¶æ
ã§ã®æž©åºŠããšã³ããããŒã®å®çŸ©ã¯ãæ¬æ¥ã®æå³ã§å®çŸ©ã§ããªãããšããããéäžæ®µéã§ããã
枩床ã¯éåžžã«èšãã«ããç©çéã®äžã€ã§ãããæž©åºŠã¯çµ±èšå€ã§ãããããäœå¯åºŠãªç©äœãéåžžã«çãç¯å²ã察象ã«èšæž¬ãããªã©ãååæ°ãå°ãªãå Žåã«ã¯çµ±èšçã«å€ãå®å®ããæå³ãç¡ããªãããšãéåžžã«å€§éã®ååã®éåç¶æ
ãäžåäžå芳枬ããããšã¯çŸåšã®æè¡ã§ã¯äžå¯èœã§ãã代ããã«éæ¥èšæž¬ãè¡ã£ãŠããããšã«èµ·å ããŠããã
枩床ãèšæž¬ããæ¹æ³ãšããŠã¯ãèšæž¬å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãç©äœããæŸå°ãããé»ç£æ³¢ãèšæž¬ããæ¹æ³ããé·ãæéããããŠèšæž¬ãããŒããèšæž¬å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãç©äœã«æ¥è§Šããæž©åºŠ(ç±)å¹³è¡¡ç¶æ
ã«ãããŠããèšãæ¹æ³ããããã©ã¡ãã®æ¹æ³ããäœããã®èšæž¬äžã®åé¡ãæ±ããŠãããããããè¿å¹Žã®é«é枩床枬å®è£
眮ã§ã¯ã察象ç©ã®å€§ããæ°åãã€ã¯ãã¡ãŒãã«ãæž¬å®æéã¯æ°ããªç§çšåºŠã§æž¬å®å¯èœãšãªã£ãŠãããç©ççŸè±¡ãæãããäžã€ã®ææ®µãšããŠã®æå¹æ§ãåäžããŠããŠããã
ç©äœã®å¯æã®åºŠåããå®éçã«è¡šãããšãã詊ã¿ãåããŠè¡ã£ãã®ã¯ç°èª¬ã¯ãããã¬ãªã¬ãªã»ã¬ãªã¬ã€ã§ãããšèããããŠãããã¬ãªã¬ã€ã¯ç©ºæ°ã®ç±èšåŒµã®æ§è³ªãå©çšããŠç©äœã®æž©åºŠãèšæž¬ã§ããè£
眮ãããªãã¡æž©åºŠèšãäœæãããã¬ãªã¬ã€ã®äœã£ã枩床èšã¯æ°å§ãªã©ã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããŸãããã«å®éã«æž©åºŠãå®éçã«è¡šãã«ã¯åã°ãªãã£ããããã®ããã«ç©è³ªã®æž©åºŠã«ããæ§è³ªã®å€åãå©çšããŠã坿ã®åºŠåããå®éçã«è¡šãããšãã詊ã¿ã¯ä»¥åŸãç¶ãããããåããŠç®çä»ã枩床èšã«ããæ°å€ã«ãã£ãŠæž©åºŠã衚çŸããããšããã®ã¯ãªãŒã¬ã»ã¬ãŒããŒã§ãããã¬ãŒããŒã¯æ°Žã®æ²žç¹ã60åºŠãæ°Žã®èç¹ã7.5床ãšããæž©åºŠç®çãäœæãããæž©åºŠç®çãäœæããã«ã¯ãã®ããã«2ç¹ã®å®çŸ©å®ç¹ãå¿
èŠãšãªããå€ãã®ç¬èªã®æž©åºŠç®çããäœæãããããçŸåšã§ã¯æ¥åžžçã«ã¯ã¢ã³ãã«ã¹ã»ã»ã«ã·ãŠã¹ã«ãã£ãŠäœæãããææ°æž©åºŠç®çãã¬ããªãšã«ã»ãã¡ãŒã¬ã³ãã€ãã«ãã£ãŠäœæãããè¯æ°æž©åºŠç®çãäž»ã«äœ¿çšãããŠããã
ãã€ãŠã¯æž©åºŠãšç±ã®æŠå¿µã®åºå¥ãæç¢ºã«ãããŠããªãã£ããæž©åºŠãšç±ã®éãã«åããŠæ°ãä»ããã®ã¯ãžã§ãŒãã»ãã©ãã¯ã§ãããšèããããŠããããã©ãã¯ã¯æ°·ãèè§£ããŠããæäžã¯ç±ãåžåããŠã枩床ãå€åããªãããšãçºèŠãã(æœç±)ããŸã枩床ã®éãå質éã®æ°Žéãšæ°Žãæ··ããå®éšãè¡ããããããæ°Žãšæ°Žéã®æž©åºŠå€åã«ãã宿°ãæããéãåžžã«çãããªãããšãçºèŠãããããã¯ç±å®¹éã®æŠå¿µã§ãããæž©åºŠå€åã«ä¹ãã宿°ãç±å®¹éã«çžåœããåžžã«çãããªãéã¯ç§»åããç±éã§ããããããã®å®éšã«ããæž©åºŠãšç±ãç°ãªãæŠå¿µã§ããããšã確ç«ãããã
ãã®åŸã19äžçŽã«å
¥ããšå¹çã®è¯ãç±æ©é¢ã®éçºã®èŠè«ããç±ååŠã®æ§ç¯ãé²ãã§ãã£ãããã³ã©ã»ã¬ãªããŒã«ã»ãµãã£ã»ã«ã«ããŒã¯ç±æ©é¢ã®å¹çã«ã¯ç±æºãšå·åªã®éã®æž©åºŠå·®ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºãŸãäžéãããããšãçºèŠããããã®ããšããç±ååŠç¬¬äºæ³åã«ã€ããŠã®ç ç©¶ãé²ãã§ãã£ããç±ååŠç¬¬äºæ³åã«ããã°å€éšããä»äºããªãããªãéããç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒã¯æž©åºŠã®é«ãç©äœããæž©åºŠã®äœãç©äœã«ããç§»åããªãã
ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãã ãœã³ã¯ã«ã«ããŒãµã€ã¯ã«ã§ç±æºãšå·åªã«åºå
¥ãããç±ãšãã«ã®ãŒããæž©åºŠç®çãæ§ç¯ã§ããããšã瀺ããããããç±ååŠæž©åºŠç®çãšãããç±ååŠæž©åºŠã«ãããŠã¯1ã€ã®å®çŸ©å®ç¹ã¯ã«ã«ããŒãµã€ã¯ã«ã®å¹çã1ãšãªã枩床ã§ãããããã¯ææ°æž©åºŠç®çã§è¡šãã°â273.15 °Cã§ãããç±ååŠç¬¬äºæ³åã«ããã°ããã®æž©åºŠã«å°éããã«ã¯ç¡éã®ä»äºãå¿
èŠãšãªããããããäœã枩床ã¯ååšããªãããã®ããããã®æž©åºŠã絶察é¶åºŠãšããããç±å枩床ç®çã§ã¯ãã®çµ¶å¯Ÿé¶åºŠãåç¹(0 K)ãšããŠãããæž©åºŠã®äžéã®ååšã¯ãã ãœã³ä»¥åã«ã·ã£ã«ã«ã®æ³åãããããããæ°äœã®äœç©ã0ãšãªã枩床ãšããŠèããããŠããã
ååãååã¬ãã«ã«ãããæž©åºŠã®æå³ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã¯ã©ãŒã¯ã»ãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã®æ°äœååéåè«ã«ãã£ãŠåããŠæãããšãªã£ããæ°äœååã®äžŠé²éåã®é床ååžã¯ãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ååžã«åŸãããã®ååžé¢æ°ã®åœ¢ç¶ã¯æž©åºŠã«äŸåããŠãããç¹ã«æ°äœååã®äžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å¹³åå€ã¯3/2 kT(k:ãã«ããã³å®æ°ãT:ç±ååŠæž©åºŠ)ãšãªããæž©åºŠã«æ¯äŸãããããªãã¡æž©åºŠã¯ååã®äžŠé²éåã®æ¿ãããè¡šãæ°å€ã§ãããããã®ãããã©ãºãäžã®ã€ãªã³ãé»åã®æã€å¹³åéåãšãã«ã®ãŒã枩床ã§è¡šçŸããããšããã(ãã©ãºãäžã®ã€ãªã³ãé»åã¯äžŠé²éåã®èªç±åºŠããæããªãããã§ãã)ããã®æã¯éåžžå¹³åéåãšãã«ã®ãŒ = kTãšãªã枩床Tã«ãã£ãŠè¡šçŸããã
ã«ãŒããŽã£ããã»ãã«ããã³ã¯ãã®ãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã®èãæ¹ãçºå±ããçµ±èšç±ååŠãæ§ç¯ãããçµ±èšç±ååŠã§ã¯ããããã圢æ
ã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒã«ãã®èãæ¹ãæ¡åŒµãããŠãããæž©åºŠãé«ãã»ã©é«ããšãã«ã®ãŒãæã€ååãååã®å²åã倧ãããªããååãååã®æã€å¹³åãšãã«ã®ãŒã®å€§ãããå¢å ããããã®ããã«çµ±èšç±ååŠã«ãããŠæž©åºŠã¯ååã®äžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒååžã®ä»æ¹ãè¡šãææšã§ããã
éåè«ã確ç«ããŠãããšãå€å
žçãªçµ±èšç±ååŠã¯éåçµ±èšã®è¿äŒŒã§ããããšãæãããšãªã£ããå€å
žè«ã«ãããŠã¯0 Kã«ãããŠããããç²åã¯éåã忢ããæäœãšãã«ã®ãŒç¶æ
ããšãããšã«ãªãããéåè«ã«ãããŠã¯ç²åã¯0 Kã«ãããŠãé¶ç¹ãšãã«ã®ãŒãæã¡éæ¢ç¶æ
ãšã¯ãªããªãããã®ç©ççŸè±¡ã¯é¶ç¹æ¯åãšåŒã°ããŠããããŸããããŒã¹ç²åã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒååžã¯ããŒã¹ã»ã¢ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã€ã³ååžããã§ã«ãç²åã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒååžã¯ãã§ã«ãã»ãã£ã©ãã¯ååžãšãªãããã§ã«ãç²åã«ãããŠã¯ããŠãªã®æä»åçã«ããã絶察é¶åºŠã«ãããŠãå€å
žè«ã§ã¯æ°äž Kã«ãçžåœãããããªå€§ããªãšãã«ã®ãŒãæã€ç²åãååšããããããã¯ããšãã«ã®ãŒãäžåŒã®kTã«ä»£å
¥ããŠæž©åºŠãšèŠãªããããšã®ãããã®ã§ãçã®æž©åºŠã瀺ããŠãŠã®ã§ã¯ãªããããšã«çæããããšã倧åã§ããããããã£ãŠã枩床ãååã®äžŠé²éåãšãã«ã®ãŒååžã®ä»æ¹ãè¡šãææšã§ããããšã¯å€å
žçµ±èšãšå€ãã£ãŠããªãã
åœéåäœç³»ã«ãããŠã¯æž©åºŠã«ã¯ç±ååŠæž©åºŠã䜿çšããåäœãšããŠã±ã«ãã³ã䜿çšããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããããããç±ååŠæž©åºŠã¯çæ³åãããç³»ã®æ§è³ªããå®çŸ©ãããæž©åºŠã§ãããããå®éã«èšæž¬ããããšã¯å®¹æã§ã¯ãªããããã§ç±ååŠæž©åºŠãšå®çšäžäžèŽããæž¬å®ããããæž©åºŠãšããŠåœé枩床ç®ç(ããããããã©ããããITSãInternational Temperature Scale)ãå®ããããŠãããçŸåšäœ¿çšãããŠããæž©åºŠç®çã¯1990幎ã«å®ãããããã®ã§ITS-90ãšåŒã°ããŠãããåœé枩床ç®çã¯ããé åã®æž©åºŠãå®çŸ©ããèšæž¬åšãšãããæ ¡æ£ããããã®å®çŸ©å®ç¹ãããªãã
æž¬å®æ¹æ³ã«ã¯ç©äœã«çŽæ¥è§ŠããŠæž¬ãæ¥è§ŠåŒãšãè§Šããã«æž¬ãéæ¥è§ŠåŒãããã
æ¥è§ŠåŒã¯ãèšåŒµåŒãšé»æ°åŒãèšæ°åŒçããããèšåŒµåŒã¯ãæ°å§æž©åºŠèšãèžæ°å§æž©åºŠèšãªã©æž©åºŠå€åã«ããæ°äœã®å§åå€åãæž¬ããã®ããæ°Žé枩床èšã®ãããªæ¶²äœã®é·ããæž¬ããã®ãåºäœã®å€åœ¢ã枬ããã€ã¡ã¿ã«åŒãããã黿°åŒã¯ã枩床ã«ãã£ãŠæµæçãå€ããåçãå©çšããçœéæµææž©åºŠèšãç±é»å¯Ÿãªã©éå±ç·ãçšãããã®ããµãŒãã¹ã¿ããã€ãªãŒããªã©åå°äœãçšãããã®ããããæž©åºŠå€åãå
±æ¯åšæ³¢æ°å€åãšããŠèšæž¬ã§ããæ°Žæ¶æž©åºŠèšã¯èšæ°åŒã«åé¡ããããã®ä»ã«ããµãŒã¢ãã€ã³ããæ¶²æ¶ãæ¥è§ŠããŠæž©åºŠå€åãæž¬å®ã§ããã
éæ¥è§ŠåŒã¯ãæ€åºæ³¢é·ã«ãã£ãŠ2çš®é¡ã«åããããã²ãšã€ã¯ãçŽ2â5 ÎŒmã®çæ³¢é·ã®èµ€å€ç·ãæ€åºæ³¢é·åž¯ãšããéååãããã²ãšã€ã¯ãçŽ8â14 ÎŒmã®é·æ³¢é·ã®èµ€å€ç·ãæ€åºæ³¢é·åž¯ãšããç±åãããããã®æ€åºæ³¢é·åž¯ã¯ã倧æ°ã«ããèµ€å€ç·ã®æžè¡°ãå°ããæ³¢é·åž¯ã«ããããéååã¯æ€åºçŽ åã«InSb(ã€ã³ãžãŠã ã¢ã³ãã¢ã³)ãInAs(ãåã€ã³ãžãŠã )ãªã©ã䜿ããç±åã¯ãã€ã¯ãããã¡ãŒã¿ã䜿ã£ãŠãããéæ¥è§ŠåŒã®æž©åºŠèšãšããŠã¯ä»£è¡šçãªãã®ãšããŠãèµ€å€ç·ãµãŒã¢ã°ã©ãã£ãããã
ãããæããæž©åºŠã¯ãæ°æž©ã ãã§ã¯æ±ºãŸãããé¢šãæ¹¿åºŠãåšå²ã®ç©äœã®ç±æŸå°ã«ã圱é¿ãåãããããããåæ¡ãå®éçã«è¡šããæž©åºŠãäœææž©åºŠãšããã
枩床差(ããã©ã)ã¯ãæåéãäºã€ã®ç©è³ªã«ãããæž©åºŠã®éãã®ãã®éã®å·®ã§ãããã1990幎代åãé ããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯äžã€ã®ç©äºãæ¡ä»¶ã«å¯ŸããŠè€æ°ã®é¢ä¿è
éã§ã®ç±æãèãæ¹ãææãªã©ã®éãã䟡å€èгã®éãã®æ¯å©ãšããŠã枩床差ããšè¡šçŸããããšãããã ããã¯ããããã®é¢ä¿è
ã®èãæ¹ãææãªã©ããç±ãæããšå·ããæããšæãããã®éããç©ççãªæž©åºŠã®éããšããŠäŸããèšèã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6
|
5,966 |
ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©
|
ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©(ã¢ã©ãã¢èª: Ø§ÙØ¬Ø²Ùرةããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©è¡æãã£ã³ãã«ããÙÙØ§Ø© Ø§ÙØ¬Ø²Ùرة اÙÙØ¶Ø§ØŠÙØ©)ã¯ãã¢ã©ãã¢èªãšè±èªã§ãã¥ãŒã¹çã24æéæŸéããŠããè¡æãã¬ãå±ãæ¬ç€Ÿã¯ã«ã¿ãŒã«ã®ããŒãã«ãããã¿ã°ã©ã€ã³ã¯ããäžã€ã®æèŠãããã°ãããäžã€ã®æèŠããã(the one opinion and the other opinion)ãã
è±èªã§ã¯Al Jazeeraãããã¯Aljazeeraãšç¶ŽããããJSCãšè¡šç€ºãããããšãããããããã¯Jazeera Satellite Channelã®ç¥ã§ããã
ããžã£ãžãŒã©ãã¯ã¢ã©ãã¢èªã§ãå³¶ããåå³¶ããæå³ã(ãã¢ã«ãã¯å®å è©)ãã¢ã©ãå°åã§ã¯äžè¬çã«ã¢ã©ãã¢åå³¶ãæãããããã§ã¯ã«ã¿ãŒã«åå³¶ãæã w:Al JazeeraããªãããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ã®æ°èãªã©ãäžæ±è«žåœã«ã¯ãã以å€ã«ããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãã®åããã€å ±éæ©é¢ãååšããããããããšã®çŽæ¥çãªé¢ä¿ã¯ãªããå¥ã®çµç¹ã§ããã
ããŽãã¶ã€ã³ã¯ãã£ãŒã¯ãŒããŒäœ(ã¢ã©ãã¢æžéã«ãããæžäœã®ã²ãšã€ã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®æžéã«ãããèæžäœã«ããã)ã§é«ç¶ã«ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ããšæžãããŠããã
1996幎11æ1æ¥ãã«ã¿ãŒã«éŠé·ã§ãããããã»ãã³ã»ããªãŒãã¡ã»ã¢ãŒã«=ãµãŒããŒãã5åã«ã¿ãŒã«ã»ãªã€ã«(1å3700äžUSãã«ã«çžåœ)ã®æ¯æŽãåããŠèšç«ãç¬ç«ãä¿ã£ãå ±éå§¿å¢ãä¿ã¡ã€ã€ããäŒé·ã«ã¯éŠé·ã®èŠªæã§ãããããã»ãã³ã»ãµãŒã¡ã«ã»ã¢ãŒã«=ãµãŒããŒã就任ããã«ã¿ãŒã«æ¿åºãéããçµå¶ãšãã圢ããšããã(ã«ã¿ãŒã«æ¿åºä»¥å€ã«ããå人æè³å®¶éãå ãã£ãŠãã)ã
äžèšéé¡ã®æ¯æŽã¯éèšåŸ5幎éã®çµå¶ãç¶æãããã®ãšããŠè¡ããã2001幎ãŸã§ã«åºååå
¥ãªã©ã«ããç¬ç«æ¡ç®ãéæããããšãæåŸ
ãããŠããã
ã€ã®ãªã¹äººãžã£ãŒããªã¹ã ãã¥ãŒã»ãã€ã«ãºèãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã© å ±éã®æŠäºãã«ãããšåçã®å€ããæµ·å€ã¡ãã£ã¢ããã®ãæ åäœ¿çšæããå ããç¹ã«æ¥æ¬æŸéåäŒ(NHK)ãæãéé¡ãäžçªå€§ãããåå±ã®å€§ããªå©ããšãªã£ãŠããããŸãåèã«ãããšåããã¥ãŒã¹å°éå±CNNãšæ¯èŒããŠCMã®æŸéæéãå°ãªããšããã
é·ããã«ã¿ãŒã«æ¿åºã®åºè³ã«ããçµå¶ãç¶ããããŠãããã2015幎é ã«ãªããšåæ²¹äŸ¡æ Œã®äžèœãªã©ã§ã«ã¿ãŒã«ã®è²¡æ¿ç¶æ³ãæªåãå幎å€ã«ã¯ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®åç· åœ¹äŒãäŒç€Ÿçµè²»ã®åæžãæ€èšãå§ãããçŽæ¥çãªäººå¡åæžã¯2016幎ã«å
¥ããšæ¥éã«å§ãŸããå幎1æ12æ¥ã«ã¯ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«(åŸè¿°)ã®å»å±ãäŒãããçŽ700人ãè§£éãããããŸãã3æ27æ¥ã«ã¯ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æ¬äœã§500人ååŸã®äººå¡åæžãçºè¡šããŠãããäººå¡æŽçãå§ãŸãåã®è·å¡æ°ã¯çŽ3,500人ãšãããŠããã倧éšåãæŽçãããèŠèŸŒã¿ã
åŸæ¥ããã®æ¬§ç±³(ããªã¹ãææåå)äžå¿ã®èŠç¹ãšã¯ç°ãªãã¢ã©ãç³»ã¡ãã£ã¢ã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã¬ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ç€ŸäŒãæåã«ååããŠããã®ãšåæ§ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãåœç¶ã¢ã©ã瀟äŒ(ããã³ã¢ã©ãäžçã®äžéšãå«ãã€ã¹ã©ãŒã äžç)ãæåã«ååããŠãããããããçŽã¡ã«ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãåç±³ã¡ãã£ã¢ã§ããäºãæå³ããªãã
ã«ã¿ãŒã«ã¯ã欧米諞åœã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ãã€ã©ã¯æŠäºã§ã¯åºå°ãæäŸããçšåºŠã«ã¯æ¯èŒçã«ç©å¥ãªå§¿å¢ã§ããããã®ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã¯ã«ã¿ãŒã«æ¿åºã西æŽã®è¿ä»£çã¡ãã£ã¢ãææ¬ã«åµèšãããã®ã§ããããŸãããã¬ã¹ããèªæ²»æ¿åºã®æ±è·ãªã©ã®åé¡ã远åããããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«äººãåºæŒããŠããã©ã€èªã§è©±ããªã©ãä»ã®ã¢ã©ãã®ã¡ãã£ã¢ãè¡ããªãã£ããããªè©±é¡ãç©æ¥µçã«åãäžããã
ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã¯èªãããå
¬æ£ã§æ¿æ²»çå§åãåããªããäžæ±ã§å¯äžã®å ±éæ©é¢ã§ããããšè¬³ã£ãŠãããå®éã«è±åœã®Index on Censorship(æ€é²ã«é¢ããåé¡ãæ±ãéèªã1972幎åµå)ã§ã¯ã2005幎ã«ãã¢ã©ã諞åœã«ãããèªç±ãªæ
å ±äº€æãä¿é²ããæ€é²ãæåŠããåæ°ãã®äžäŸãšããŠç޹ä»ãããŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãããŠã1999幎ã®ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã»ã¿ã€ã ãºçŽã«ãã¢ã©ã諞åœã§ãæãèªç±ã§æãåºã芳ç¹ãæã€ãã¬ããããã¯ãŒã¯ããšè©ãããŠããããã ããã«ã¿ãŒã«ã®å
æ¿ã«ã¯èšåããªãã»ãããžã£ã¹ãã³é©åœã«ç«¯ãçºããäžæ±è«žåœã®éšä¹±ã§ã¯ãã¹ã³ã掟ã®ãªãã¢ã»ã·ãªã¢ã®åäœå¶æŽŸãæè·ããäžæ¹ã§ãããŒã¬ãŒã³ã®ã·ãŒã¢æŽŸåäœå¶æŽŸã«å¯ŸããŠéæè·çãªå ±éãè¡ããªã©ãå
¬æ£ãªå ±éã«å¯ŸããŠçåãèŠããèŠèŽè
ãå°ãªããªãã
ã¢ããŠã³ãµãŒã®åºèº«åœã¯ãã¢ã©ãäžçã®åºç¯å²ã«ããã£ãŠãããæ¬äººéã®å®æãã€ã¹ã©ã æãããªã¹ãæãšå€æ§ã§ãããæè£
é¢ã«é¢ããŠã¯å®æè²ã匷ããªããé·ãããããžã£ããççšããã ã¹ãªã女æ§ã¢ããŠã³ãµãŒãã¯èŠãããªãã£ããã2003幎ã«ã¢ã«ãžã§ãªã¢åºèº«ã®æå女æ§ã¢ããŠã³ãµãŒãéå±ä»¥æ¥åããŠã®ççšè
ãšããŠç»å Žã話é¡ãšãªã£ãããã®åŸå±äžå±€éšã¯é²åºãå°ãªãæ
ãŸãããšã¿ãªãããæè£
ãæ±ããæåã匷ããŠãã£ããããã2010幎ã«ã¯æè£
ã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãåãå
¥ãããããšãã女æ§ã¢ããŠã³ãµãŒããéå£ã§èŸæã衚æãããšããäºä»¶ãèµ·ãã£ãã
ãã€ãŠãµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ã®è¡æäŒæ¥ Orbit 瀟ãšBBCãšã®éã§ãã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã¥ãŒã¹ãã£ã³ãã«èšç«ã®æºåãé²ããããŠãããBBCããæè¡ã»äººæé¢ã§ã®ååãåããOrbitããè³éãåºããšãããã®ã§ãã£ããOrbitã¯å𝿥œçãã£ã³ãã«ãææå¥çŽã«ãŠæäŸãããšããæ¥æ
ããšã£ãŠãããBBCã®ã¢ã©ãçã¯ãããã®ã²ãšã€ãšããŠãµãŒãã¹ã«çµã¿èŸŒãŸããäºå®ã ã£ãã
1994幎3æãäž¡è
ã®éã«10幎å¥çŽãçµã°ãããæ°ãæåŸã1æ¥ããã2æéã®æŸéããŠãšã¹ãã»ãã³ãã³ã«ããBBCã¹ã¿ãžãªããéå§ããã1994幎æ«ã«ã¯8æéæŸéã«ç§»è¡ããã
BBCã®ã¢ã©ãã¢èªçãã¥ãŒã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ã«é¢ããŠè±åœã§ã¯BBCããªã€ã«ãããŒã«å±ãããšã®å£°ãèããããšããããåãã£ã³ãã«ã«ãšã£ãŠã®å€§ããªé害ã¯ãä»ã®è±åœçãã£ã³ãã«åæ§ã®å ±éå§¿å¢ã貫ãããšããBBCãšãäœå¶åŽã«ãšã£ãŠå¥œãŸãããªãå
å®¹ã®æŸéãæãŸãªããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢åŽãšã®éã«çããè»èœ¢ã ã£ãã
ãã®åé¡ã¯ãBBCãè±åœã«åšäœããŠãããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢åºèº«ã®åäœå¶ã€ã¹ã©ãŒã 掻åå®¶ã®åæããããããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ã«ããã人暩è¹èºåé¡ã®å ±éããããããããšã§æ±ºå®çãšãªã£ãŠãã£ãããããŠ1996幎4æãOrbitåŽãã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã¥ãŒã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ã®éä¿¡ãäžæ¢ããããšã§ãåãããžã§ã¯ãã¯çµçãè¿ããBBCã«ããèšç·Žãåããå ±éé¢ä¿è
ããè·å Žã倱ã£ãã
ãªããã®åŸBBCã®ã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã¬ãæŸé(BBC Arabic)ã2008幎3æ11æ¥ã«æ¹ããŠéå±ããŠãããäžæ±æ
å¢ãç·è¿«ããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã«ãããã¥ãŒã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ã®éèŠæ§ãèªèãããŠããé ã®ååºçºã§ãã£ãããã€ãŠOrbitãšååã§é²ãããããããžã§ã¯ããšã¯ç°ãªããBBCã«ããæŸéãããŠããã¯ãŒã«ããµãŒãã¹ã®ãã£ã³ãã«ãšããäœçœ®ä»ãã§ãç»é¢ãã¶ã€ã³ãå ±éå§¿å¢ãè±èªçBBCæŸéã«éåžžã«è¿ããã®ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ã«ã¿ãŒã«ãæ ç¹ãšããã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã¥ãŒã¹å ±éå±ã®èšç«ãèšç»ããŠããéŠé·ãããã»ãã³ã»ããªãŒãã¡ã»ã¢ãŒã«=ãµãŒããŒã¯ãBBCãšOrbitã®ååŒäºæ¥ãé æ«ããã®ãåããŠãBBCã«ãŠèšç·Žãåããé¢ä¿è
ã倧éã«éãå
¥ããããããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©éå±ãæ¯ãã人æãšãªã£ãã
1996幎11æ1æ¥ã«éå±ãæŸéæ©æã¯ãœããŒãå
šãŠè«ãè² ã£ããåœåã¯6æéã®ã¿ã®æŸéã§ã1997幎ã«12æéã®åæ¥æŸéãšãªã£ãã24æéæŸéã«æ¡å€§ããã®ã¯1999幎ã®ããšã§ããã
2001幎ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³äŸµæ»ã®å ±éã«ãããŠãç¹æŽŸå¡ã¿ã€ã·ãŒã«ã»ã¢ãã«ãŒããŒã®æŽ»èºã«ãããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®åãåºãç¥ãããããã«ãªããã¢ã«ã«ãŒã€ãããéä»ãããããªãµãã»ãã³ã©ãã£ã³ã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®æ åãç¬å æŸæ ããããã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³åœå
ããæŠäºå®æ³ãäžç¶ããããªã©ã®å ±é掻åã«ããäžèºæ³šç®ãéãããäžæ±ã®CNNããšåœ¢å®¹ãããã
å幎12æ15æ¥ãã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã«å
¥åœããããšããã«ã¡ã©ãã³ãµãã»ã¢ã«ããžããããã¹ã¿ã³ã®å
¥åœç®¡çã§ææãããã¢ã¡ãªã«è»ã«åŒãæž¡ããããã¢ã¡ãªã«è»ã¯ã¢ã«ããžã®å®¹çãããã³ã©ãŒãã£ã³ã®ãããªãæ®åœ±ããããã¢ãã¬ã³ã«ããµã€ã«ãè²·ãã«è¡ã£ããã9.11ããåŸãã¢ã«ã«ãŒã€ãã«è³éæŽå©ããŠããããªã©ãšé »ç¹ã«å€æŽããããããããç«èšŒããããšã¯ã§ããªãã£ãã
ããããã¢ã¡ãªã«è»ã¯ã¢ã«ããžããæµæ§æŠéå¡ããšèŠãªããŠè£å€ã«æããããšãªãããã¥ãŒãã®ã°ã¢ã³ã¿ãã¢ã«ããç±³è»åºå°ã«èšããããã°ã¢ã³ã¿ãã¢æ¹Ÿå容ãã£ã³ãã«ææãç¶ãããã¢ã«ããžã®åŒè·å£«ã«ããã°ãåœŒãææãããŠãã眪ç¶ã¯å
šãã®å£å®ã§ãåã調ã¹ã®å
容ã¯ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãšã¢ã«ã«ãŒã€ãã®çµã³ã€ãã«ã€ããŠèªçœãããããšãããã®ã§ããããŸãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®å
æ
ãã¹ãã€ãšããŠæäŸãããªãéæŸãããšæã¡ããããããšããã2008幎5æ2æ¥ãããããéæŸãããã¢ã«ããžã¯åºèº«åœã®ã¹ãŒãã³ã«åž°åœããã
2003幎ã€ã©ã¯æŠäºã§ã¯ãã€ã©ã¯åžæ°ã®æŠäºè¢«å®³ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å
µã®éºäœæ åãªã©ãæµããªã©ã欧米ã¡ãã£ã¢ãšã¯ç°ãªãèŠç¹ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãäŒããå§¿å¢ã¯äžæ±ãã ã¹ãªã 瀟äŒã«æŒããŠååšäŸ¡å€ããŸããŸãé«ããŠããããã®æŠäºã§ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è»ã®ããµã€ã«ããã°ããŒãæ¯å±ã«åœäžããç¹æŽŸå¡ã¿ãŒãªã¯ã»ã¢ã€ãŠãŒã(è±èªçãã¢ã©ãã¢èªç)ãæ»äº¡ããŠããã
2005幎6æãå·æ°éå±ããããŸã§äœ¿çšããŠããã¢ã©ã調ã®ã¢ã€ãã£ããçãäžæ°ããã
2006幎11æ1æ¥ãéå±10åšå¹Žãè¿ãããããŸã§ã®å±ã®è¶³è·¡ã蟿ãçªçµã®ã»ããåäŸãšå€§äººãèšè«ããçªçµãªã©ãæ§ã
ãªç¹å¥èšå¿µçªçµãæŸéããŸãããããŸã§ã«æ®è·ããã¹ã¿ããã«å¯ŸããŠç€Ÿå¡äžåã«ããé»ç¥·ãè¡ã£ãããã®ä»ãéå±10åšå¹Žã«ã¡ãªã¿ãå€ãã®æ°ããäŒç»ãéå§ãããã
2013幎1æ2æ¥ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœå
å¯å€§çµ±é ã¢ã«ã»ãŽã¢ãšãžã§ãšã«ã»ãã€ã¢ãã(è±èªç)ãèšç«ããã«ã¬ã³ãTV(è±èªç)ã®è²·åãçºè¡šãããè²·åé¡ã¯500åãã«ã®ãã¡ããŽã¢ãžã®è²æž¡é¡ã¯100ååã§ãã£ããããã«ãã£ãŠããŽã¢ã¯ç£æ²¹åœã«ã¿ãŒã«ããå·šé¡ã®å©çãåŸããšããæ¹å€ãããããšãèªããŠãããã«ã¬ã³ãTVã¯ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«(åŸè¿°)ãšããŠåå§åããã
2001幎9æ11æ¥ä»¥éã察ããæŠäºãåœçã«æ²ããéã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœé£éŠæ¿åºã«ãããŠã¯ããã³ã©ãã£ã³ããã®ãããæ£åœåããã¡ãã»ãŒãžããã®ãŸãŸæŸéããããšããããæµå¯Ÿå¢å(ããçµç¹)ã®äž»åŒµãçºä¿¡ãã宣äŒããŠããããšããŠåé¡èŠããããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©åŽã¯ããããã芳ç¹ãåãäžããŠããã ãããšåè«ããããããã«ãã£ãŠãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãšã¿ã€ã¢ããããŠããCNNãªã©ãããã€ãã®å ±éæ©é¢ã«æ¿æ²»çå§åãå ãããããã®æŸéå²ãåœãŠæéãåæžãããã
æŽã«ã¯ã2005幎11æ22æ¥ä»ã®ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å€§è¡çŽãã€ãªãŒã»ãã©ãŒã«ãããšããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ããã·ã¥å€§çµ±é ããã€ã©ã¯æŠäºã®ãã¡ã«ãŒãžã£æ»æã«ãããŠãããŒãã®ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æ¬éšã«ã空çãæå³ããŠããããšããŠãããããã«äŒŽããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã¯ã¹ã¿ããããã£ã¹ãããããã¯ãã®å®¶æãæããŠã®æ¹å€ãã£ã³ããŒã³ãè¡ã£ãã
ãŸããã€ã©ã¯æŠäºäžã«ç±³å
µã®éºäœãæŸæ ããããšã§ãNYSE MKTãžã®ç«ã¡å
¥ããçŠæ¢ãããã»ããæè¿ã§ã¯ãã¥ããžã¢ã®åäœå¶éåå®¶ãžã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒãåå ã§ãåšã«ã¿ãŒã«ã®ãã¥ããžã¢å€§äœ¿é€šå¡ãå
šå¡åŒãäžãããªã©ãå ±éå
å®¹ãæ¿æ²»åé¡åããŠããŸãäºããã°ãã°ããã
2011幎ãšãžããéšä¹±ã§ã¯ããšãžããã§ã®åæèš±å¯ãåãæ¶ãããã»ãè¡æçµç±ã§ã®äŒéã劚害ããããªã©ãããã粟åçãªçŸå°ã¬ããŒããç¶ã話é¡ãšãªã£ãã
2017幎5æããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ãããŒã¬ãŒã³ãUAEããšãžããã®ååœã¯ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãã€ã©ã³å¯ãã®å ±éãããããšãçç±ã«æŸéã®é®æã«èžã¿åã£ããç¿æãååœã¯ã«ã¿ãŒã«ãšã®åœäº€æçµ¶ã衚æ(2017幎ã«ã¿ãŒã«å€äº€å±æ©)ããåä¿¡ã®æ©æå埩ã¯çµ¶æçãªç¶æ³ãšãªã£ãããŸããæäº€ãã4ãåœã¯2017幎6æ24æ¥ãŸã§ã«ãã«ã¿ãŒã«ã«å¯Ÿãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®ééãå«ã13é
ç®ã«ãããèŠæ±ãéä»ããŠå§åãå ããŠããã
ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®ãã¬ãçªçµã¯å ±éã ãã§ã¯ãªããæã«ã¯åºåžè
ãã¹ãŠãéäžéåžããŠããŸãã»ã©çœç±ããèšè«çªçµãå察æ¹å(ã¢ã©ãã¢èª: Ø§ÙØ§ØªØ¬Ø§Ù اÙÙ
Ø¹Ø§ÙØ³)ããèåãªã€ã¹ã©ã æ³åŠè
ãŠãŒã¹ãã»ã¢ã«=ã«ã©ããŒãŠã£ãŒãã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³ã®ç¥èã«ã®ã£ãšããæ³ããæ§çæŽ»ã«è³ããŸã§ãå¹
åºãèŠèŽè
ããã®è³ªåã«åçãã宿çªçµãã·ã£ãªãŒã¢ãšç掻(ã¢ã©ãã¢èª: Ø§ÙØŽØ±Ùعة ÙØ§ÙØÙاة)ããé«ãè©äŸ¡ãåããŠããã
ã«ã¿ãŒã«ã®ããŒãã«æ¬å±ã眮ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®è±èªçãã£ã³ãã«ãåœåã¯Al Jazeera Internationalãšããåç§°ã§è©ŠéšæŸéãè¡ã£ãŠããããæçµçã«Al Jazeera EnglishãšããŠéå±ããã
2006幎11æ15æ¥ãè±èªã«ããæŸéã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã»ã€ã³ã°ãªãã·ã¥ã®æŸéãåœåã®äºå®ãããé
ããŠéå§ããããéå±ã«ããã£ãŠã¯ITNãBBCãã¢ã¡ãªã«ABCãCNNãšãã£ãæµ·å€ã¡ãã£ã¢ããèšè
ãåŒãæããªã©ã話é¡ãåŒãã ããªãºã»ã«ãŒã³ããã®æã®ç§»ç±çµã§ããããªããè±èªçã§æåã«å ±ãããããã¥ãŒã¹ã¯åå³¶åå³¶ã§ã®M7.8ã®å°éã§ãã£ãã
ã¢ã©ãã¢èªçã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãã£ã³ãã«ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬çåŠçµéšããããæ¥æ¬èªãæ¥æ¬æåãæ¥æ¬äºæ
ã«ç²Ÿéããã¹ã¿ãããåæãè¡ã£ãŠããããããŸã§ã«æäºãã¥ãŒã¹ã»ç€ŸäŒåé¡ãããããã«ã«ãã£ãŒãŸã§ã®åºç¯å²ã«ããã£ãŠã«ããŒããæ¥æ¬ã«é¢ããæ
å ±ãçºä¿¡ããŠããã
æäºãã¥ãŒã¹ä»¥å€ã«ã€ããŠã¯çªçµãÙ
راسÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø²Ùرةã("Al Jazeera correspondents"ããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®ç¹æŽŸå¡éãã®æã)ã§æŸéãããããšãäž»ã§ããããã®çªçµã§ã¯ãååœã®ç¹æŽŸå¡ãæ¿æ²»ã»ç€ŸäŒã»æåã«ã€ããŠçŸå°ã§åæããã¬ããŒããæµããããåãäžãã話é¡ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ãã¬ãã§ãããŸãå ±ããããªãå°æ¹ã®ç€ŸäŒåé¡ãè¥è
æåã«ãŸã§åã¶ããšããããæ¥æ¬ã®ç¥ããããäžé¢ãã¢ã©ã瀟äŒã«ç޹ä»ããäžå©ãšãªã£ãŠããã
2003幎12æãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®æ¥æ¬ã«ãããæ¯å±éèšæºåãé²ãã§ããããšã倿ããã2004幎5æ2æ¥ãããŒãã§éå¬ããããã¢ã©ãã»æ¥æ¬ã¡ãã£ã¢ã·ã³ããžãŠã ãã«ãããŠãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æ±äº¬æ¯å±ã®éèšãæ£åŒã«çºè¡šãããã忝å±ã¯å京æ¯å±ã«ç¶ããŠ2å±ç®ãšãªãã¢ãžã¢å°åã®æ¯å±ãšãªã£ãã2004幎5æåœæãã¹ã¿ããã¯3ååšç±ããŠãããéå±åœåã®3ãæéã¯NHKããæè¡æ¯æŽãåããäºå®ã§ãããšå ±ããããã
å代å±é·ã¯æ¥æ¬çåŠçµéšããããéå±åœæã§æ¢ã«æ¥æ¬åšäœ10幎ã ã£ãã¬ãºã©ãžã»ã¢ã¹ã¿ãã¡(ã¢ããã³åºèº«ãæ±äº¬å€§åŠåŠè¡åå£«ãæ¥æ¬ã®å€§åŠé¢ã§å士å·ãååŸããåã®ã¢ããã³äººã ãšããæ
å ±ãããã)ãåãããåæ°ã¯2001幎ããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã®ã¢ããã€ã¶ãŒãããŠããããã®ãŸãŸå±é·ã«å°±ä»»ãã圢ãšãªã£ãã
æ±äº¬æ¯å±éå±åœæãããæ¥æ¬ããã®å ±éãäŒããç¹æŽŸå¡ã®äžäººãšããŠããã¡ãã£ã»ãµã©ã¡ãæãããããåæ°ã¯ã·ãªã¢åºèº«ãããã¹ã«ã¹å»ç§å€§åŠåæ¥åŸã«æ¥æ¥ããæ±äº¬å»ç§æ¯ç§å€§åŠã«ãŠå
èŠé¡å€ç§è¡ãç ç©¶ããŠãããæçµçã«ã¯æ¶ååšç³»ã«é¢ããå士å·ãååŸããŠãããäžæ¹å»åŠãåŠã¶åãã§ãžã£ãŒããªãºã åéã§ã®æŽ»åãè¡ããããªãŒã©ã³ã¹ã®ãªããŒã¿ãŒãNHKã®NHKã¯ãŒã«ãã»ã©ãžãªæ¥æ¬ã¹ã¿ãããåããåŸã2004幎ã«ã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æ±äº¬æ¯å±ã®ç¹æŽŸå¡ãšããŠå ãã£ãã
2016幎8ææç¹ã§ãåšæ¥æ¬ç¹æŽŸå¡ãšããŠã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã«ç»å ŽããŠããã2011幎3æ11æ¥ã«çºçããæ±æ¥æ¬å€§éçœã«ãããŠããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ãéããŠæ¥æ¬ããã¢ã©ãäžçã«åããŠæ
å ±ãçºä¿¡ããã
2001幎11æ9æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã®ã¹ã«ã€ããŒãã§ã¯TV!ã§äžéšæé垯ã«ãããæ¥æ¬èªè§£èª¬ãå«ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æŸéãç¡æã«ãŠæŸééå§ãšãªã£ããå¥éãã£ã³ãã«å¥çŽã®ãããªãããã¢ãã£ã³ãã«(202ch)ãšããŠçµæ¥æäŸãããŠããããè©ŠéšæŸéã®ãŸãŸ1幎åŸã®2002幎9æ30æ¥ã«æŸéçµäºããããšãçºè¡šãããã
ã¹ã«ããŒã§ã®æäŸçµäºåŸãæ®éã®è¡æãã¥ãŒããŒãšãã¬ãã§æ°è»œã«èŠèŽã§ããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æŸéã¯ãNHK BS1ã®ããã¯ããäžçãã«ãããŠã®ã¿ãšãªã£ããäžçåå±ãã¬ããã¥ãŒã¹ãã¯ãŒã«ããã¥ãŒã¹ã¢ã¯ãŒãã®ã²ãšã€ãšããŠæ ãèšããããæ¥æ¬èªã«ããæå·®éèš³ãä»ãããããåçªçµã¯NHKã®ãã£ã³ãã«æ¹ç·šåŸãã¯ãŒã«ãWaveããšããŠãªãã¥ãŒã¢ã«ãããã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã以ååæ§ã«èŠèŽããããšãã§ããã
Al Jazeera Englishã«é¢ããŠã¯æšªæµã«ããè¡ææŸéäºæ¥ãå°éãšãã ãããŒãºç€Ÿ ãé
ä¿¡ãæãããŠãããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã®æ±äº¬ã±ãŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯çããããžã§ã¯ãããŒãããŒãšãªã£ãŠããããªããæ±äº¬ã±ãŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã§ã®æäŸã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå°éãã£ã³ãã«ã©ã€ã³ãããã®äžã€ãšãªã£ãŠãããæ³äºº(ãªãã£ã¹ãããã«ãåºèãæè²æ©é¢ç)åãã®æ åé
ä¿¡ãµãŒãã¹ãšããŠã®æ±ãã§ããã
2013幎ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®æ¢åã®ãã¬ãå±ãã«ã¬ã³ãTVãè²·åããŠã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©ã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãçºè¶³ããããã€ã¹ã©ã ã®èŠç·ã«ç«ã£ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
åãã®å ±éãšè©è«ã«åãå
¥ããŠãããããã©ã€ã ã¿ã€ã ã®èŠèŽè
æ°ã¯å¹³åããŠ2-4äžäººã«ãšã©ãŸããªã©èŠèŽçã¯äŒžã³æ©ãã ã2016幎ãåæ²¹äŸ¡æ Œãäœè¿·ãã¢ã«ãžã£ãžãŒã©æ¬äœã®çµå¶èŠçŽããé²ããšãå幎1æ13æ¥ã瀟å
äŒè°ã§çªç¶æŸéå±ã®ééãæã¡åºãããå幎4æ12æ¥ã«æŸéã¯çµäºããã
åå±ã®æåãèŠæ¬ãšããŠããããºãšã©æ¿åºã®äž»å°ã®ããšããã¥ãŒããã¢ã«ãŒã³ãã³ãªã©ã®æ¿åºãåå ããŠååœã®éŠéœã«ã©ã«ã¹ã«2005幎7æ24æ¥ã«èšç«ãããTeleSURãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9
|
5,969 |
Linuxãã·ã³
|
Linuxãã·ã³(ãªããã¯ã¹ãã·ã³)ãšã¯ãLinuxã«ãŒãã«ããLinuxã«ãŒãã«ãå«ããGNU/Linuxãå®è¡ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãæãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã ãã§ã¯ãªããããŒããŠã§ã¢ãå«ããŠãããLinuxããã¯ã¹ãšåŒã¶ããšããã(è±èªã§ã¯Linux boxãæ®éã®åŒã³å)ã
Linuxã¯å€ãã®çš®é¡ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿(CPUã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£)ã§å©çšå¯èœãªãªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã (OS) ã§ãLinuxãã·ã³ãšåŒãã§ããéåžžã®ããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãå§ãããããç®±çšåºŠã®ãµã€ãºããã倧ããªãã®ã¯ã¡ã€ã³ãã¬ãŒã ãšåŒã°ãã倧åã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŸã§ãäžçã«ååšããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãšåŒã¹ãå€ãã®ç©ã®äžã§åäœããŠããããã®ãããLinuxãã·ã³ã«ãå
žåçãªå€èгãå®çŸ©ããããšã¯åºæ¥ãªããããããLinuxãã·ã³ãšèšã£ããšããå€ãã®å Žåã¯ããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããµãŒãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§LinuxãåäœããŠãããã®ãæãã
Linuxãã·ã³ãäœãããšãåºæ¥ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®ã¿ã€ã(CPUã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£)ã¯Linuxã«ãŒãã«ãåç
§ã®ããšã
Linuxãã·ã³ãšèšã£ãå Žåããããã¯ãŒã¯äžã§ç¬ç«ããåäœã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãæãå Žåãå€ããè€æ°ã®Linuxãã·ã³ãäœããã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã§æ¥ç¶ãããåŠçãè€æ°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§åŠçããå©çšè
ããäžã€ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®å¡ã«èŠãããããªå Žåã¯ãLinuxã¯ã©ã¹ã¿(ãŸãã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿)ãšåŒã¶ã
ãŸããLinuxã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã®äžçš®ã§ããããã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããäžã«äœãããŠãããããªå Žåã¯ãLinuxã°ãªãããšåŒã¶ãã°ãªããã®å Žåãç¹ã«è€æ°ã®OSãåå ã§ããããã«ããŠããå Žåãå€ãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3
|
5,971 |
To Heart
|
ãTo Heartã(ãã¥ããŒã)ã¯ã1997幎5æ23æ¥ã«Leafããçºå£²ãããåŠåã©ãã³ã¡ããžã¥ã¢ã«ããã«ã
æ¬äœã¯ããµãŠã³ãããã«ã®ææ³ãåãå
¥ãããããžã¥ã¢ã«ããã«ãã®ãé«ããçãã«ãããããã¢ãã¯ãªæ¯æãéããŠããã¢ãã«ãã²ãŒã ãã©ã³ããLeafãã«ããã·ãªãŒãºç¬¬3匟ã§ãããäŒç»ã»åæ¡ã»èæ¬ãæ
åœãã髿©éŸä¹ã«ããã°ãæ¬äœã¯åœæã«é塿ã®ãã£ãLeafã®å£²ãäžãã«è²¢ç®ããããäŒç»ããããã®ãšã®ããšã§ãããã¢ãã¯ãªè²åœ©ã®åŒ·ãå2äœãšæ¯èŒããŠãããåºã客局ã«ã¢ããŒã«ããäœåãšãªã£ãŠããã
ãé«ããçããããµãŠã³ãããã«ã®å
ç¥ã§ãããåŒåèãããé£ãªãæµããè²æ¿ãåæ ãããã°ããã¹ã¯ãªæåãçšãããµã¹ãã³ã¹èª¿ã®äœé¢šã§ããã®ã«å¯Ÿããæ¬äœã¯ã©ã€ãããã«ã®é°å²æ°ãåã蟌ã¿ããã倧ããªããŒã±ãããžã®èšŽæ±ãå³ã£ãããã®çããçäžãã売ãäžããå¢å€§ãããPCçã¯5äžæ¬ä»¥äžãPSçã¯10äžæ¬ä»¥äžã売ãäžããæ®æ®µãã®ãããªãžã£ã³ã«ã®ãã¬ã€çµéšãæããªãåœæã®è¥å¹Žå±€ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã倧ããåã蟌ãã ãã€ãªãã¢ã§ãããããŸããPCçã¯2000幎代åé ã«å
šçã ã£ãããã¡ã€ã«å
±æãœãããã§æ°çŸäžåããåããããããšèšãããŠããããã®ãããåœæè¥å¹Žå±€-é幎局ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã ã£ãè
ãã¡ãžã®ç¥å床ã¯éåžžã«é«ãã
髿©éŸä¹(äŒç»ã»åæ¡ã»èæ¬æ
åœ)æ°ããåœåã¯åäœãçãã®ã³ã³ã·ã¥ãŒãç§»æ€ãäŒç»ãšããŠåãããå®çŸããã代ãã£ãŠãœããŒãžæ°èŠã®äŒç»ãææ¡ããã®ãæ¬äœãToHeartãã§ãã£ãã
ãã®ãããäŒç»ã¯PSçãå
ã«åãããããœããŒããã®è¿äºãåŸ
ã€ãã¡ã«PCçãå¶äœã»çºå£²ã«è³ãããã®åŸã«äŒç»ãéã£ãŠPSçã®å¶äœãå§ãŸã£ãçºã«ãäœåãªãªãŒã¹ã¯äŒç»ææ¡ãšéé ãšãªã£ããåœæPSãžã®ç§»æ€ã«ã¯æ¬æ¥ã¿ã€ãã«ã倿ŽããªããšéããªããšããããšããããPCçã»PSçãåããToHeartãã§çºå£²ãããŠããçç±ã¯ãããããPSåãã®äŒç»ãå
ã«ãã£ãããã§ãããåæ§ã«1999幎ã®TVã¢ãã¡çã¯PCçããŒã¹ãšããæ±ãã ãšèª¬æããŠããã
ãªããPCçã»PSçã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã¯åããToHeartãã§ãããããToããšãHeartãã®ééãå€åããŠãããã¿ã€ãã«ããŽããã³ããã¹ãã§ã®è¡šèšãããããã«ãããŠPCçåœæã¯ãTo Heartã(To/Heartéã«ã¹ããŒã¹)ãPSçåœæã¯ãToHeartã(ã¹ããŒã¹ãç¡ã)ã§ããã
髿©ã«ãããšãã¿ã€ãã«ããŽã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã¶ã€ã³ãšããŠéå»¶ã³ãå«ã£ãŠç©ºçœãè©°ãããããããã¹ã衚èšã«ã€ããŠã¯åªäœã«ãã£ãŠåè§/å
šè§/ã¹ããŒã¹ãªããšè¡šèšãã¬ãèµ·ããéœåºŠä¿®æ£ãäŸé Œããã®ãé¢åã§ã¹ããŒã¹ãæ¶ããŠçµ±äžããããã ãšããã
äžèšãTo HeartããšãToHeartãã®ããŽã®éã(To/Heartéã®ã¹ããŒã¹ã®æç¡)ã«ã€ããŠãPCçã»PSçã§ã¿ã€ãã«ã«å€åãç¡ã(äžèŠãç§»æ€ã§ãããªããã¿ã€ãã«ã倿ŽãããŠããªãããã®ããã«èŠãã)ããšãšçµ¡ããä¿èª¬ãšããŠãPCçãšPSç以éã®ç§»æ€äœåããã¹ããŒã¹ã®æç¡ãå€ããŠå¥äœåãšããŠæ±ãããšã§ãã¿ã€ãã«ã倿Žããããšãªãç§»æ€ãå®çŸããããªã©èªãããããšããããã髿©ã¯äžèšã®éãã¹ããŒã¹ã®æç¡ã¯ãã¶ã€ã³ãšæ ¡æ£ã®éœåãã¿ã€ãã«ãåäžãªã®ã¯ç§»æ€ã§ã¯ãªãããã ãšèª¬æããŠããã
鿥ææçŸ€åãšããŠæ¥äŒã¿ãã¯ãã¿ã䞻人å
¬ãšãã®å¹ŒéŠŽæã¿ã®åŠåçæŽ»ãäžå¿ã«ããŠå¥³å髿 ¡çéãšã®è§ŠããããæãããŠããã
1997幎
1998幎
1999幎
2003幎
2004幎
2009幎
2011幎
声ã¯PSãPSEãPS2ãPSPçãTVã¢ãã¡ããã©ãCDã®ãã®ãPCçã¯å£°ãªãã
䞻人å
¬ã®åŒã³æ¹ã«ã€ããŠãåæç¶æ
ã®å Žåã¯ããå
ã®åŒã³æ¹ãšãªãããã以å€ã®å Žåã¯ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãã€ããååã«å¯ŸããŠããå
ã®æ³åãé©çšãããã
æ¬äœã®äžç芳ã«ãããŠã¯ããã¡ã€ãããããããšåŒã°ããäœæ¥çšã¢ã³ããã€ããç»å Žãããäœäžã§ã¯æ¢ã«éç£åãããŠãã1äœã®äŸ¡æ Œã¯èªå®¶çšè»2å°çšåºŠã§ãããšãããããã ãææ
ãæã¡åºæã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãšããŠç»å Žãããã¡ã€ããããã¯ãéç£ååã®è©Šäœæ©2äœã
PSç以éã«ã¯ã以äžã®ããã²ãŒã ã远å ãããŠãããç¹å®ã®æ¡ä»¶ãæºããããšã§ãã¿ã€ãã«ã¡ãã¥ãŒã®ããªãã·ã§ã³ãâãããŸããã«è¿œå ãããŠãã¬ã€ã§ãããã€ã¹ã³ã¢ãã»ãŒãããããšãã§ããããŸããæ¬ç·šäžã§ãã¬ã€ã§ãããã®ãããã
以äžã®ãã嬢æ§ã¯é女ããHeart by Heartããââ³â¡Ããã¯ãPSãPS2çã§ã¯æ¬ç·šäžã§ã²ãŒã»ã³ããã«(ã²ãŒã ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã§ã®å¯Ÿæ±º)ã§ãç¥å²žãããã»é·å²¡å¿ä¿ã»äœè€é
å²ã®ãããããçžæã«éžæããŠå¯ŸæŠãšãã圢ã§ãã¬ã€ã§ããã1åãã¬ã€ãããšãããŸããã«è¿œå ããããPSEçã§ã¯æåãããããŸããã«è¿œå ãããŠããããŸãWindowsã®ã¡ãã¥ãŒããçŽæ¥èµ·åããããšãåºæ¥ãããæ¬ç·šäžã§ãã¬ã€åºæ¥ãªããªã£ã(ã²ãŒã»ã³ããã«ã«è³ããŸã§ã®ã·ããªãªã¯åãã ãããæ¬æ°ãåºãããæ®éã«ããããªã©ã®éžæè¢ã衚瀺ãããããã§çµæã決ãŸãããã«ãªã£ãŠãã)ã
ãžã£ã³ã«ã¯æšªã¹ã¯ããŒã«ã®ã·ã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã²ãŒã ãç®ã«è·šã£ãæ¥æ å·è¹éŠãæãã3çš®ã®ã·ã§ãããšãã ããã¿ã³ãæºããŠæŸã€ãã£ãŒãžã·ã§ããã䜿ãåããŠæµãåããŠãããäžå®æéå
ã«é£ç¶ã§æµãåããšåŸãããåŸç¹ã®åçãäžããããã·ã§ããã®å±æ§ã«ããæ»æãè·³ãè¿ãæµãååšããããããã®éœåºŠäœ¿ãåããå¿
èŠããã(éã«è·³ãè¿ãããè·³åŒŸãæµã«åœãŠãããšãåºæ¥ã)ãå
š3ã¹ããŒãžã§ãããŒãã¹ã§ã¯ãªã¢ãããšé ããã¹ãšããŠæ¥æ å·ç¶ŸéŠãåºçŸããããã£ãŒãžã·ã§ããã§æµã®åŒŸãæã¡æ¶ããšåŸç¹ãåŸãããã¢ã€ãã ãåºçŸãããªã©ããããã¿åºŠã¯é«ããã²ãŒã»ã³ããã«ã§ã¯ãåŸç¹ãç«¶ã圢ã«ãªãã
ãžã£ã³ã«ã¯ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã²ãŒã ã§ãã·ã¹ãã ã¯ããªãªãã©ã¶ãŒãºãšå
±éããéšåããããã·ã§ãããæã¡ç»é¢å
ã®æµãå
šãŠåãã®ãç®çãšãªãã1人çšã§ã¯å
š30ã¹ããŒãžãã¯ãªã¢ããã®ãç®çãšãªãã2人çšã§ã¯ååããŠ1人çšãšåæ§ã«å
š30ã¹ããŒãžãã¯ãªã¢ãããããããããããšãçžæãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãåãããšãç®çãšãªããããããããéžã¹ãã
ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ä»¥äžããéžæã§ãããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã«ãã£ãŠã·ã§ãããç§»åèœåã«éããããã
æ¬ç·šäžã§ã¯å
è¿°ã®ã²ãŒã»ã³ããã«ã®ä»ãå¿ä¿ã®ã·ããªãªäžã§ã䞻人å
¬ãšå¿ä¿ãäºäººååãã¬ã€ãè¡ãã·ãŒã³ããã(ãã®æã¯ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒã¯ãã¬ã€ã§ãããçµç·¯ãæç« äžã§èªãã®ã¿ãšãªã)ã
Leafã¢ãã¥ãŒãºã¡ã³ããã£ã¹ã¯ãåé³ã®ãªããã!!ãã«åé²ãããŠããããã²ãŒã ãç§»æ€ãããã®(ãã ãããåé³ã®ãªããã!!ãåé²çãšã¯äœ¿çšãã£ã©ãäžéšã®æäœãªã©ãç°ãªã)ã
ãžã£ã³ã«ã¯å¯ŸæŠåããºã«ã²ãŒã (éèœã¡ç©ããºã«)ãäžããããäžãã£ãŠæ¥ãâã»â³ã»â¡ã»Ãã»âã»âãããã¯ãããããã¯çœ®ãå Žã®ãããã¯ãšäº€æããŠãåããããã¯ã3ã€çžŠã»æšªã»æã(é£æåºŠã«ãã£ãŠã¯æãã«ã¯æ¶ããªããªã)ã«æããŠæ¶ããŠãããæäžæ®µã«ãããã¯ãããç¶æ
ã§ããäžãããšè² ãã«ãªããæ¶ããæã«ãããã¯ãèœäžããããèœã¡ãæã«ãããã¯ãæã£ãŠããã°é£éããŠæ¶ããŠãããé£éããã»ã©é«åŸç¹ãåŸãããã»ãã2人ãã¬ã€ã§ã¯çžæã®é£å°ã«ããããŸãããã¯ãéãããããšãã§ããã1人ãã¬ã€ã§ã¯ã²ãããæ¶ããŠåŸç¹ãç«¶ããã2人ãã¬ã€ã§ã¯ããã«æ©ãã®ãã¢ãããããããç«¶ãã
åãããã¯ã¯PSãPS2ã®ã³ã³ãããŒã©ã®åããŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããã(âã»âã¯ããããL1ã»R1ããŒã«å¯Ÿå¿)ãã£ãŒã«ãã®äº€æããããããã¯ã«ã«ãŒãœã«ãåãããŠããŒãæŒããšããããã¯çœ®ãå Žã«ãã®ãããã¯ãããã°äº€æããããšãã§ããã
ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ä»¥äžããéžæã§ããããããåºæã®ç¹æ®èœåãæã€ã
ãªããPSEã§ããããã¯ãå
šãåäžã§ãããŒããŒãã®ããŒãšå¯Ÿå¿ãå²ãåœãŠãããŠããããéåžžã«åããã«ããæ··ä¹±ãæãã
ãžã£ã³ã«ã¯ã¬ã³ã·ã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã²ãŒã ãåºå®ç»é¢ã®ãã¡ãã¡ããç»å Žããå¿ä¿ããæ°Žéç ²ã§æãããåã«æã€ã®ãç®çãæã
é
å²ãåºçŸãã圌ãæã€ãšã©ã€ããæžã£ãŠããŸãã30ç§çµéãããã©ã€ã3ã€ãå
šãŠãªããªããšã²ãŒã ãªãŒããŒã§ãå¿ä¿ãæã£ãæ°ãšæ®ãã©ã€ãã§åŸç¹ãåºããæ¬ç·šäžã®å¿ä¿ã·ããªãªã§ãã¬ã€ã§ããçµæã¯ã·ããªãªã«åœ±é¿ããªããæ¬ç·šäžã§ãã¬ã€ãããšãããŸããã«è¿œå ãããŠãã¬ã€ã§ããã
ãã«ããè©ããããè©ãã¿ãããããã«é£åããŠã³ã³ãããŒã©(ãã¥ã¢ã«ã·ã§ãã¯)ã®æ¯åæ©èœãäœåããŠæ¯åãããPSEã§ã¯æ¯åæ©èœ(ãã©ãŒã¹ãã£ãŒãããã¯)ãæèŒããã²ãŒã ãããã䜿çšããªããšå
šãæå³ããªããæ¬ç·šã§ãã«ãã®ãšã³ãã£ã³ã°ãèŠããšãããŸããã«è¿œå ãããŠãã¬ã€ã§ããã
äžèšã®ãè©ãã¿ãã«ããã®è©ããã圹ãã»ãªãªã«ãªã£ããã®ããã«ããšã¯ãªã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãç°ãªãããŸãå°çšã®CGãèŠãããšãåºæ¥ãããè©ãã¿ãã«ããã5åãã¬ã€ãããšãããŸããã«è¿œå ãããŠãã¬ã€ã§ããã
LeafäŒäž¹(çŸ:倧éª)éçºå®€ã«ããäœåã
æ¬äœã®PlayStationçããªãªãŒã¹ãããåŸããããªã²ãŒã éèªããã¡ãéãã«ãããŠ40ç¹äž30ç¹ãç²åŸãããã黿G's magazineãã¯2007幎ã«ãèªè
ãéžã¶MY BESTã®ã£ã«ã²ãŒã©ã³ãã³ã°50ããšé¡ããäººæ°æç¥šäŒç»ãè¡ã£ãŠããã249ã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã®äžããæ¬äœãTo Heartãã¯14祚ãç²åŸããŠ19äœã«ã©ã³ã¯ã€ã³ããã
æŽæ³ç€Ÿãçºè¡ãããã¢ããœã³ãã¬ãžã³ãã®ã²ãŒã ãœã³ã°ã¬ãã¥ãŒéã®ãªãã§ã©ã€ã¿ãŒã®åç°ä¹
ã¯ããFeeling Heartãã«ã€ããŠãã·ã³ã»äž»äœã®ã·ã³ãã«ãªã¢ã¬ã³ãžã§å¥ã§ãããçŸããã¡ããã£ãŒã«ãäžåžã®èœã¡çããæå£°ãçµ¶åŠã«ãããããŠããããšè¯å®çãªè©äŸ¡ãäžããŠããã
ã©ã€ã¿ãŒã®æ£®ç¬ç¹ã¯ã¢ãã«ãã²ãŒã éèªãã¡ã¬ã¹ãã¢ãã«é£èŒããã³ã©ã ã®äžã§ãæ¬äœã®ããã€ã³ã®äžäººã§ããä¿ç§ æºåããå§å¡é·ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®ã¢ãŒãã¿ã€ããšãªã£ããšè©ããŠããã
ã¢ãã«ãã²ãŒã éèªBugBugã®2022幎ã®ã¢ã³ã±ãŒããããªããçŸå°å¥³ã²ãŒã ã«ããããã£ããã«ãªã£ãã¿ã€ãã«ã¯?ãã«ãããŠããTo Heartã·ãªãŒãºãã6äœãšãªã£ãã
èåçç©ãšé·ç¬ç¥ä»ã¯Leafã®éå»äœåãé«ãã«ãç»å ŽããŠãããããã®åœ¹ã©ããã¯å
šãç°ãªãã
ãŸããäžèšã®é¢ã
以å€ã«ã第8話ãšç¬¬13話ã§ãToHeart2ãã®å§«çŸåçç(声:ç³å¡ããã)ãšå§«çŸåç ç(声:åç°å°åçŸ)ãç»å Žããããã ããç çã¯ç¬¬8話ã§ã¯å
šãå°è©ããªãã第13話ã§ã¯éã«å°è©ã¯ãããå§¿ãç»å ŽããŠããªãããŸãããšã³ãã£ã³ã°ã¯ã¬ãžããã«ã¯å£°åªåã®ã¿ã衚èšããã圹åã¯è¡šèšãããªãã£ãã
DVDã®ç¹å
žæ åãHeart Fightersãã®ç¬¬7話ã§ã¯ãæåãã®ã¿(声:èœåç¥ééŠ)ãç»å Žããããã¡ãã¯ããšã³ãã£ã³ã°ã¯ã¬ãžããã«åœ¹åã衚èšãããŠããããäºåã§ã¯ãXããšè¡šèšãããŠããã
第1æDVDåé²ã®æ åç¹å
žãçç·šã¢ãã¡ã¯ç¬¬2å·»ããåé²ã
第2æDVDæ åç¹å
žãåå·»1話åé²ãå
š7話ãã¢ãã¡ç¬¬2æã®ç»å Žäººç©å士ã察決ãããšããå
容ã§ããèé士æç¢ãããä»®é¢ã©ã€ããŒå£ããªã©ã®ãããã£ãã巚倧ãããããŸã§ç»å ŽããŠãããæçµæŠã®Xã®ã¿ãToHeart2ãããã®å®¢æŒã
PSçã®è²©ä¿ã®ããã©ãžãªå€§éª(1998幎4æ11æ¥ - 10æ3æ¥)ãæåæŸé(1998幎4æ10æ¥ - 10æ2æ¥)ã«ãŠè±å¶çååã«ãããTo Heartãã®ã©ãžãªçªçµãæŸéãçªçµçµäºåŸãåŸçªçµã®ãè±å¶çååEarthly Paradiseãã«ãŠäœåæ
å ±ã®æäŸãããã³ã©ãžãªãã©ããTo Heart Piece of Heartãã®æŸéãè¡ã£ãŠããã
ãTo Heartãã®ã³ããã¯ã¢ã³ãœããžãŒã¯ãPSççºå£²åŸãŸããªãã¹ã¿ãžãªDNA(çŸ:äžè¿
瀟)ãšãšããã¯ã¹(çŸ:ã¹ã¯ãŠã§ã¢ã»ãšããã¯ã¹)ãšT2åºçã®3瀟ããåºçããããã¹ã¿ãžãªDNAçã¯ç¶ç·šãToHeart2ããåºãŠãããåè¡ããã30å·»ãŸã§ç¶ãããããããæ°å¹Žé
ããŠã©ããŒããå®åºçãããåºçãããã
å
šãŠ çºå£²å
:ãã£ãã¯ã¹ã¬ã³ãŒãã販売å
:ãã³ã°ã¬ã³ãŒã
ãã以å€ã«ããLeaf補äœã«ããã€ã³ãã£ãŒãºã®ãµãŠã³ããã©ãã¯ãã¢ã¬ã³ãžã¢ã«ãã ãããããããã§ã¯çç¥ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Heart
|
5,975 |
ã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°
|
ã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããªã©ã®åºåã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯äžã«ããèšç®è³æº(CPUãªã©ã®èšç®èœåããããŒããã£ã¹ã¯ãªã©ã®æ
å ±æ ŒçŽé å)ãçµã³ã€ããã²ãšã€ã®è€åããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã·ã¹ãã ãšããŠãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããä»çµã¿ã§ãããæäŸããããµãŒãã¹ã¯äž»ã«èšç®åŠçãšããŒã¿ã®ä¿åã»å©çšã«å€§å¥ããããäžç®æã®èšç®ã»ã³ã¿ãŒããäžçµã®ã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§ã¯è¶³ããªãã»ã©ã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªèšç®åŠçã倧éã®ããŒã¿ãä¿åã»å©çšããããã®ææ®µãšããŠéçºãããŠããã
ã°ãªããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ãã©ãã«ã§ããå¿
èŠãªæ
å ±ãµãŒãã¹ããå¿
èŠãªãšãã«ãå¿
èŠãªã ãæäŸãããšããããæ
å ±è³æºãã®ããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£åããç®æããŠãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããã€ã³ãã©ãšããŠå®çŸããããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æ¬¡ã®äžä»£ã®æ
å ±ã€ã³ãã©ãç®æããŠãããååã¯ã21äžçŽåé æç¹ã§ãã§ã«ãã®ãããªç³»çµ±ã確ç«ããŠããã€ã³ãã©ã§ããé»åéé»ç¶²(ãã¯ãŒã°ãªãã)ã«ç±æ¥ããããéäŒããœã³ã³ã®èšç®åããŸãšããŠé«æ§èœèšç®ãè¡ããã®ããšãã£ã説æã¯ãããäžé¢ã ãããæããã«å ±éããããã®ã§ããã
ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®åŠçèœåã¯å¹Žã
åäžããŠæ¥ãããå€§èŠæš¡ãªèšç®ãåºæ¥ãã ãçæéã§åŠçããããã«ã䞊åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã»åæ£ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°çã®ææ®µãéçºãããŠãããããããæè¡ãå©çšããŠäžå°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®åŠçèœåãé£èºçã«åäžããããã®ã¯ã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãšåŒã°ããè€æ°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãçµ±åããŠå
šäœãšããŠåŠçèœåãäžãããã®ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãšåŒã°ããããŸããããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãããŒã¹ãšããèšç®æ©ã§ã100åååŸã®CPUãšæ°100GBã®ã¡ã¢ãªãæèŒã§ãããã®ãååšããã
ã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ãåå°ã«æ£åšãããããã®å€§èŠæš¡èšç®ã®ããã®ã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãçµ±äžçã«å©çšåºæ¥ãããã«ããæŽã«å
šäœã®åŠçã¹ã«ãŒãããã®å¢å ãç®æããã®ã§ãããåå°ã®èšç®ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã«çœ®ãããã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒçã®èšç®è³æºã¯ãããããã«ä»æ§ãç°ãªããããåŸæ¥ãããã®è€æ°ãå©çšããå Žåã«ã¯åã
ã®ä»æ§ã«åãããèšç®åŠçãããããã«çšæããªããã°ãªããªãã£ãããã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ãã®æéãçãçµ±äžçã«æ±ããæ§ã«ãããã®ã§ããã
åæã®ã°ãªããã¯ãå€§èŠæš¡ãªèšç®åŠçãè€æ°ã®èšç®ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã§è¡ãªãããšãç®æããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã»ã°ãªãã(èšç®ã°ãªãã)ãã§ãã£ãããå€§èŠæš¡ãªããŒã¿ãæ±ãå¿
èŠã®ããç§åŠç ç©¶åéã§ãããŒã¿ã»ã°ãªããããæå±ã»éçºãããçŸåšã¯èšç®åŠçãšããŒã¿ä¿åã»å©çšã®äž¡æ¹ã®æ©èœãåããŠãããã®ãå€ãããŸããç£æ¥çåãã«éçºãããŠããããŒã«ãããã¯åäœã®èšç®åŠçãããè€æ°åŠçã®ã¹ã«ãŒãããæ¹åãéèŠããŠéçºãããŠãããã®ãå€ã(ããã¯åŠçã®äžŠååã忣åã«å¯Ÿãã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³èªäœã察å¿ããŠããªãã±ãŒã¹ãèæ
®ãããŠããããšãäžå ã§ãã)ã
ã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯èšç®è³æºãšãããå©çšããããã®ããã«ãŠã§ã¢ã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸããããããã«ãŠã§ã¢ãšã¯ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãšãªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã®äžéã«äœçœ®ãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã§ãåèšç®è³æºã®ä»æ§ã®éããåžåãããŸãããããå©çšããããã®æ
å ±ãçµ±äžçã«æäŸãããã®ã§ããã
ã°ãªããã«æäŸãããè³æºã®èŠçŽ ãšãªãã®ã¯ãå®¶åºã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããã©ã°ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®èŠæš¡ã«ãªã£ããã匷倧ãªèšæ¶è³æºããæ
å ±ãããŒã¿ããŸãã¯åçã«çºçããæ
å ±ãå
±æãããããªããšãŸã§ãèããããŠããã
ã°ãªããã«å¯ŸããŠè³æºãèŠæ±ããŠåŠçãäžããããšã§ãå¿
èŠãªè³æºãæäŸããããããªä»çµã¿ã§ããã
ã°ãªããã®èŠçŽ ãšãªãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯ç¹å®ã®ä»æ§ã«éããªãããšãå€ãããŸããææ¢ãã§äœãäžããŠããèŠçŽ ã倧ããããããªãŒãã³ãœãŒã¹ã®ããªãŒãªãªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ãããŒã¹ã«äœãäžããŠè¡ãããšã暡玢ãããŠãããããããããšã§ãã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã¯ç¹å®ã®CPUã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãããªãã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ã«éãããªã仿§ãå
±æãããå Žåã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããå
±æãã仿§ã«ãªã£ãŠè¡ãããšãèšç»ãããŠããã
GlobusããŒã«ãããã¯ãã°ãªãããæ§æããããã®ããã«ãŠã§ã¢ãšããŠäºå®äžã®æšæºã«ãªãã€ã€ãããGlobusãæäŸãããµãŒãã¹ã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®ãããªç©ãããã
GlobusããŒã«ããã以å€ã«ã次ã®ãããªããã«ãŠã§ã¢ç³»ããŒã«ããããååšããããã ããã°ãªãããšéæã£ãŠããŠãå³å¯ã«ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®ããã®ããŒã«ãããã§ãããã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®æŠå¿µã«é©åããªããã®ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0
|
5,977 |
é»åæ¿åº
|
é»åæ¿åº(ãè±: E-governmentãeGovãe-gov)ãšã¯ãäž»ã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãããŒã¿ããŒã¹æè¡ãå©çšããæ¿åºãæå³ããããŸãããã®ãããªæè¡ã®å©çšã«ãã£ãŠæ¿åºã®æ¹åãå
·äœçã«ã¯è¡æ¿ã®å¹çåãããäžå±€ã®æ°æã®åæ ã»èª¬æè²¬ä»»ã®å®è¡ãªã©ãç®æããããžã§ã¯ããæãã
æãåçŽãªåœ¢æ
ãšããŠã¯ãã€ã³ãã©ãããã®å°å
¥ã«ããè¡æ¿åŠçã®å¹çåãããŠã§ããµã€ãã«ãããè¡æ¿æŽ»åã®ç޹ä»ãæ
å ±å
¬éãè¡æ¿ãµãŒãã¹ã«é¢ããæ
å ±ã®æäŸãæããããã
ããè€éãªæè¡çãçµç¹çåçµã䌎ããã®ãšããŠã¯ãè¡æ¿ãµãŒãã¹ã®æäŸããªã³ã©ã€ã³(ãŠã§ããµã€ããå°çšç«¯æ«ã®å°çšã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ãŒã¹ãªã©)ã§è¡ããã®ããããããã¯äžè¬åžæ°ã«å¯ŸããŠäœæ°ç¥šãæäŸãããããªãµãŒãã¹ãããã°ãè¡æ¿ã管èœäžã®äºé
ã«é¢ããåçš®ã®ç³è«æç¶ãé»åçã«ãããªãã¡ãŠã§ããµã€ããé»è©±åç·ãå©çšããéä¿¡ã§ãåãä»ãããã®ãªã©ãããã
è±èªã§e-Governmentãšç§°ããããããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãGovernmentã®å®çŸ©ãå¿
ãããè¡æ¿åºã«éå®ããããé»åæç¥šãåžæ°ç«æ³ãªã©ç«æ³éšéã«é¢ããé»åæè¡ã®æŽ»çšãå«ãããšããããåžæ³ã«ã€ããŠã䞊è¡ããåã(é»ååžæ³ãé»åè£å€(è±èªç))ããããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬çµæžåçæ¬éšã§å¹³æ29幎(2017幎)ããè£å€æç¶çã®IT忀èšäŒãè¡ãããã
é¢é£ããŠãæ¿çè«è°ãäžè«èª¿æ»ãç«æ³åºã®æç¥šãè¡æ¿ãžã®ãããªãã¯ã³ã¡ã³ããªã©ãé»åçã«è¡ãããããé»åæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã®è©Šã¿ãããã
ååŒã䌎ãå Žåã«ã¯ãé»ååååŒãšåãããã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãæå·åãé»åèªèšŒãå人æ
å ±ä¿è·ãªã©ã®æè¡çãæ¿ççåé¡ãé¢ããããšã«ãªãã
詳ããã¯en:E-government#By_country
2020幎ã«ã¢ããªãDiia(è±èªç)ã(ãŠã¯ã©ã€ãèª: ÐÑÑ)ããªãªãŒã¹ããããæŠæäžã«ãããŠãè¡æ¿æç¶ããè¡ããæ¿åºãžæ§ã
ãªæŠå Žã®æ
å ±ãæäŸãã身å蚌ãã¯ã¯ãã³æ¥çš®èšŒææžãªã©ã®å
¬çãªèšŒææç€ºã«ã䜿ãããã
ãšã¹ããã¢ã¯äžçã§æãçºéããé»åæ¿åºåœå®¶ã§ããã2023幎9æ25æ¥æç¹ã§ãå¯äžé¢å©ä»¥å€ã®è¡æ¿æç¶ãã¯å
šãŠãªã³ã©ã€ã³ã§åºæ¥ããããããå¯äžåºæ¥ãªããªã³ã©ã€ã³ã§ã®é¢å©æç¶ãã2024幎ã«ã¯åºæ¥ãããã«ãªãèŠèŸŒã¿ã§ãããçµå©ãäžåç£å£²è²·ãå
èš±èšŒæŽæ°ãåºçå±ãæ»äº¡å±ãäœæç»é²ãªã©2500ãè¶
ããè¡æ¿ãµãŒãã¹ãå
šãŠå«ãŸããã
éžæãé»åæç¥šãå¯èœã§ã2023幎3æ5æ¥ã«è¡ãããè°äŒéžæã§ã¯ãé»åæç¥šçãçŽã§ã®æç¥šçãè¶
ããããŸããè¥è
ã®æç¥šçã¯äœããã®ã®ãæ¥æ¬ããã¯é«ããè¥è
ã«ãããŠã¯é»åæç¥šçã6å²ãè¶
ããŠãããããã«ãçŸåšã§ã¯ããœã³ã³ããã®æç¥šããåºæ¥ãªãããæ©ããã°2024幎ã«ã¯ã¢ãã€ã«ç«¯æ«ã§ãæç¥šãå¯èœãšãªããããæç¥šçã®äžæãäºæ³ãããŠããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ã1994幎ã®é«åºŠæ
å ±éä¿¡ç€ŸäŒæšé²æ¬éšã®èšç«ãè¡æ¿æ
å ±åæšé²èšç»ã®çå®ããå§ãŸãã2000幎12æã«é«åºŠæ
å ±éä¿¡ãããã¯ãŒã¯ç€ŸäŒåœ¢æåºæ¬æ³(ITåºæ¬æ³)ãå¶å®ããããããã«åºã¥ã2001å¹ŽäœæãããITåºæ¬æŠç¥(åŸã®e-JapanæŠç¥)ã«ãã£ãŠé»åæ¿åºã®å®çŸã¯éç¹æ¿ç課é¡ã®ã²ãšã€ãšãããã
æ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯ã2018幎ã«ã¯ãããžã¿ã«ã»ã¬ãã¡ã³ãå®è¡èšç»ããé£è°æ±ºå®ããããžã¿ã«ã»ã¬ãã¡ã³ãããããµãŒãã¹ããã©ãããã©ãŒã ãã¬ããã³ã¹ãšãã£ãé»åæ¿åºã«é¢ããå
šãŠã®ã¬ã€ã€ãŒãããžã¿ã«ç€ŸäŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ãã圢ã«å€é©ãããç¶æ
ããšå®çŸ©ãããé»åæ¿åºãã®çºå±ç段éãšããŠITåœå®¶æŠç¥ã®äžå¿æŠå¿µãšãããããžã¿ã«æè¡ã䜿ã£ãŠãæç¶ã®ã¯ã³ã¹ãããåãå®çŸããããšã謳ã£ãããã®åŸã2019幎12æ20æ¥ã«é£è°æ±ºå®ã
2020幎9æã«çºè¶³ããè
矩åå
é£ã¯ãããžã¿ã«åºèšçœ®ãªã©ãããžã¿ã«ã»ã¬ãã¡ã³ãå®çŸã«åããåçµã¿ã®å éã»åŒ·åãéèŠæœçãšããŠæ²ããã
ãe-Govã(ã€ãŒã¬ããe-gov.go.jp)ãšåä»ããããç·åçè¡æ¿ç®¡çå±ãçŸåšã¯ããžã¿ã«åºãéå¶ããããŒã¿ã«ãµã€ããé»åç³è«ã®çªå£ã¯ãe-gové»åç³è«ããªã©ãããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ã¯ãªã³ãã³æ¿æš©ã®NIIæ§æ³ã«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã«ããæ¿åºæ
å ±ãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æäŸããçã蟌ãŸããGovernment Paperwork Elimination Actãçå®ããé»åãã¡ã€ã«ãšé»å眲åã®å©çšãä¿é²ãããšãšãã«ããã©ã³ã¶ã¯ã·ã§ã³(æ
å ±ã®åçºä¿¡)ã«ã€ããŠã2003幎ãŸã§ã«ãªã³ã©ã€ã³åãå®çŸããããšãç®æšãšãããNIIæ§æ³ã§ã¯å
·äœçã«çšåç³åæç¶ã®é»ååãçŽã«ããææžäœæã®æ€å»ãæ¿åºã®ç·èª¿éã§ã®EDIåãªã©ãæããŠããã
ãŸããé»åæ¿åºèšç»ã®âE-GOVERNMENTâ INITIATIVESã«åºã¥ããŠãé£éŠæ¿åºããªã³ã©ã€ã³ã§æäŸããå
šãŠã®æ
å ±ãéçŽããå
¬åŒããŒã ããŒãžãFirstGovããéèšããŠããã
ã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯1999幎4æã«å
šè¡æ¿æç¶ã®é»ååãç®æšãšããModernizing Governmentãçå®ããã
1999幎ã«GSI(Government Secure Intranet)ã«å
šçåºã®ã·ã¹ãã ãçµ±åãããŠãããå°æ¹å
Œ
±å£äœãå»çæ©é¢ãžã®æ¥ç¶ãæšé²ããŠããã2004幎ãŸã§ã«æ°ããå
¬ææžããã¹ãŠé»ååãã2000幎ãŸã§ã«æ¿åºèª¿éæç¶ã®90%ãé»ååãããšãã2005幎ã«å
šè¡æ¿æç¶ã®é»ååãå®çŸããããšãç®æšãšããã
ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã§ã¯Connected Governmentã«ãããŠã€ã³ããªãžã§ã³ãã»ã¢ã€ã©ã³ãåã®ããã®è¡æ¿æ
å ±åãé²ããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C
|
5,979 |
Globus
|
Globus(ã°ããŒãã¹)ã¯ãè€æ°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã¹ãã¬ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ãã€ãªãã°ãªãããœãããŠã§ã¢ã®éçºãé²ããå£äœã
ã¢ã«ãŽã³ãåœç«ç ç©¶æãåã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å€§åŠã®æ
å ±ç§åŠç ç©¶æããããŠã·ã«ãŽå€§åŠãšããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®3ã€ã®çµç¹ã1995幎ã«èšç«ããããã®åŸãšãŒããããããã¹ã³ããã©ã³ãã®ãšãã£ã³ãã©å€§åŠãšã¹ãŠã§ãŒãã³äžŠåã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãšãã2ã€ã®çµç¹ããéèŠãªããŒãããŒãšããŠåå ããã
Globusã«ãã£ãŠéçºãããGlobusããŒã«ãããã¯ãã°ãªããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãæ§æããããã®ãªãŒãã³ãœãŒã¹ããã«ãŠã§ã¢ã§ããã
GlobusãæäŸãããããã³ã«ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªç©ãããã
æ¥æ¬ã®RWCP(Real World Computing Project)ã§éçºãããã䞊å忣ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿æè¡åéããã®æŽŸçã§ãããã·ãŒã ã¬ã¹èšèšæè¡ãçã蟌ãã§ãGlobusããŒã«ããã2.0仿§ãçå®ããããXML WebãµãŒãã¹ããŒã¹ã®OGSI(Open Grid Services Infrastructure)ã®äžã«åæ§ç¯ãããGlobusããŒã«ããã3ãçµãŠãWSRF(WS-Resource Framework)ããŒã¹ã®GlobusããŒã«ããã4ããªãªãŒã¹ããããGlobusããŒã«ããã5ã¯WebãµãŒãã¹ããŒã¹ã®éšåãå«ãŸãããªãœãŒã¹ç®¡çã®ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«GRAM5ã¯ããŒãžã§ã³2ç³»åã®GRAM2ã匷åãããã®ã«ãªã ããã®åŸGlobusããŒã«ããã6ãŸã§ãªãªãŒã¹ããããã2018幎1æããã£ãŠGlobusããŒã«ãããã®éçºã¯çµäºããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus
|
5,983 |
çå
|
çå(ãè±: Empress)ãçå(ãããããè±: Queen)ã¯ãçåžã»å€©çã»åœçã®æ£åŠ(æ£åŠ»)ãããã³ãã®äººç©ã«äžããããç§°å·ã
äžå€«å€åŠ»å¶ã®ããšã§ã¯ã倩çã»çåžã»åœçã®è€æ°ã®åŠ»ã®ãã¡æäžäœã®è
ãšãªãã
äžåœã«ãããåäž»å·ã¯ãæ®·ã»åšæä»£ã¯ãçãã秊代以éã¯ãçåžãã§ãããããã以åã®å€ãç§°å·ãšããŠãåããååšãããçã»çåžã«åäž»å·ãå€é·ããŠåŸãåã¯ããã«æ¬¡ãç§°å·ãšããããçãçåžã«æ¬¡ãååšã¯çã»çåžã®æ£åŠãªããæ¯èŠªã§ããäºãããçåžã®æ£åŠãçåãçåžã®æ¯èŠªãç倪åãšç§°ããããã«ãªã£ãã
èªæããã¯ãçåžãã倩ãã®æš©åšã«åºã¥ãç§°å·ã§ããã®ã«å¯Ÿããçåã¯ååãšããããã«ãå°ãã«åºã¥ãç§°å·ã§ããã
æ£åŒãªæ¬ç§°ã¯æ®¿äžãçåã®äœå±
ããäžå®®ãé·ç§å®®ãæ€æ¿ãªã©ã®å¥ç§°ããããå£é èšèªã«ã€ããŠãåšåšã®æ¬ç§°ã䜿çšãããŠãããèªç§°(è¬ç§°)ã¯å°ç«¥ãå°åãçåžã¯çåã«å¯Ÿããæ¢ç«¥ãåç«¥ã®æç§°ãçšãããšããã
æ£åŒåã«ã€ããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®ç宀ã«ã¯ãããããå§ããªããååãåœç¶ãªãããäžåœã®æŽä»£çæã®åäž»ã¯å§ãæã¡ãçåã«ã¯ååãšããŠç°å§ã®è
ããªã£ããäžåœã®çåã¯åŸã£ãŠãçåãåºèº«ããäžæã®å§ã§åŒã°ããåæç¬¬3代ã®çåžã§ããé«å®ã®çåã¯ãæŠãã®å§ãæã€äžæåºèº«ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ããæŠçåããæ£åŒåã§ãã£ãããŸããçåãè«¡å·ã§åŒã¶ããšãå€ãã
å€ããã®ç€Œæã¯ç¿è¡£ã§ãããæ·±éè²ã®è¡£è£³ã§ããããã³ã±ã€ãå«ãé³¥ã®ææ§ãé
ãããã瀌å ã¯åäºè±æš¹å (å以å)ãããã³é³³å (å®ä»¥é)ã§ãããããçåžã®ç€Œæã§ããåæãšç€Œå ã§ããåäºæåå ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠãããçåžã®è©ããèæšããšåŒã°ããŠããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãçåã®è©ã¯ãæ¿æšããšåŒã°ããŠãããæ»äº¡ãè¡šãæ¬èªã¯çåžãšåããã厩ããšç§°ãããŠããã厩埡åŸã¯ãéµãã«è¬ããããçåžãšåè¬ããã®ãéäŸã§ããã
é°éœäºè¡èª¬ã§ã¯ç·ã¯éœã女ã¯é°ãšãããããããã®é ç¹ã«çåžãçåããããšããããšã«ãªã£ãããã®ãããçåžãäžå
¬ä¹å¿ä»¥äžã®å®åçµç¹ãæããã®ãšåæ§ãåŸå®®å¶åºŠã«ãããŠçåãäžå€«äººãä¹å¬ªãäºåäžäžå©Šãå
«åäžåŸ¡åŠ»ã®3åãã€å¢å ããããšã©ã«ããŒãæããŠããã
çåã«ãªããè³æ Œã«ã€ããŠãå³äœåã«æ£åŠ»ãã§ããŠããã°ãäžè¬ã«çåãšããŠç«ãŠããããåŽåŠã®äœã«çãŸãããšããã(æ¿å®éçå)ãæ£åŠ»ãååšããªããªããšãå®®å€ããåéã®åšãçåãšããŠçŽã«è¿ããäŸ(æ
èå
ç®æ¹çå)ã¯ãããŸãããæ¢åã®åŽåŠããçåã«äžãè©°ããäŸãäž»æµã§ãããããã¯å¹Žååºåã»å®¶æã»å€ªåæ¯ã»åæ Œã»å¯µæãªã©ã®çç±ã«ãã£ãŠéžã°ããã
ãŸããæ£åŒãªçåãšããŠç«ãŠãããããã§ã¯ãªãããçåã«èŽãããäŸããããåèªãªçåã ããã瀌æ³äžã®åŸ
éã¯æ£åŒãªçåãããäœãã
ç宀å
žç¯ã«å®ããããæ¬ç§°ã¯ãéäžã(第23æ¡)ãçŸä»£ã®ãã¬ããæ°èçã®ãã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ãå ±éæ©é¢ãæžç±ãæ¿åºæ©é¢ãªã©ã§ã¯ãæ£åŒãªæ¬ç§°ãã€ãããçåéäž(ãããããžãã)ããšãšãã«ãçåããŸ(ããããããŸ)ããšãã衚èšãèŠãããã
ãŸããæäŒå§ã§ã¯ãçå宮埡æ(ãããã®ã¿ãã®ã¿ãã)ããšå€§åèšèã®ãçåå®®(ãããã®ã¿ã)ãã䜿ãããã
ãŸãããã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã«ããå ±éãæ¿åºæ©é¢çã§ã¯å€«(é
å¶è
)ã§ãã倩çãšãšãã«ã倩ççåäž¡éäžã(ãŠãã®ãããããããããžãã)ããŸãã¯åã«ãäž¡éäžã(ããããžãã)ãšããåŒç§°ãçšããã®ãæ
£äŸãšãªã£ãŠããã
ç«å(ãã€ãã)ã«ã¯ç宀äŒè°ã®è°ãçµãããšãå¿
èŠã§ãã(第10æ¡)ãããã§ã«çå£ã®åŠ(芪çåŠãŸãã¯çåŠ)ã§ããå Žåã倫åž(芪çãŸãã¯ç)ã®å³äœã«äŒŽã£ãŠçåãšãªããå
å»·çæã«å±ããã
ææ¿ã»åœäºè¡çºèšæä»£è¡ã»ç宀äŒè°è°å¡ã®å°±ä»»æš©ãèªããããŠããã
厩埡åŸã¯éµã«è¬ããã(第27æ¡)ãè²æçå(倧æ£å€©çå)以éãçåãŸãã¯ç倪åã厩埡ããéã«ã¯ããâ¯â¯çåããšè¿œå·ãããã®ãæ
£äŸãšãªã£ãŠããã
åŒå
žãååŒã«ãããŠã¯ãåžžã«å€©çã®å·ŠåŽ(åãã£ãŠå³)ã«äœçœ®ããã倿¥ãåãã£ãŠå³åŽãäžäœã§ãã£ãããè¿ä»£ã«ãªã£ãŠã西æŽåŒã«åãã£ãŠå·ŠåŽãäžäœã«æ¹ããããããšã«ããããã®äžŠã³é ã¯ã3æ3æ¥ã®æ¡ã®ç¯å¥(ã²ãªãŸã€ã)ã«ãããã²ãªäººåœ¢ã®é£Ÿãæ¹ã«ã圱é¿ãäžããŠããã
çåã®åãã®äžã€ãšããŠãè¿çŸä»£ã«ãããŠä»£è¡šçãªå
¬åã§ããæ¥æ¬èµ€åå瀟åèªç·è£è·ã®ä»ã«ãé€èãæããããããæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã«ããçåãé€èãè¡ã£ããšããèšè¿°ããããè¿ä»£ã»çŸä»£ã®ç宀ã«ãããŠææ²ç倪å(ææ²»å€©çå)ã«ãã£ãŠåŸ©æŽ»ãããã以åŸãè²æçå(倧æ£å€©çå)ãéŠæ·³çå(æå倩çå)ãçŸæºå(第125代倩çæä»å)ãé
å(第126代倩ç埳ä»å)ãšãè¿ä»£ããçŸä»£ã«è³ããŸã§æŽä»£çåã«åŒãç¶ãããŠããã1914幎(倧æ£3幎)以éã¯çŽ
è山埡é€èæã«ãŠè¡ãããŠããã
ãå€äºèšãã»ãæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã«åŸãã°ãå€ãã¯å€§çã®åŠ»åŠŸããããµãã(å)ãšåŒã³ããã®ãã¡ã§æé«äœã«ãããã®ãããªãªããµãã(æŽå²çä»®åé£ãã§ããªãããµãã)ãšåŒã³ãåãªããããµããã§ããä»ã®åŠ»åŠŸãšåºå¥ããããå€äºèšãã§ã¯ã倧åãããæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã§ã¯ãçåãã®æŒ¢åãåœãŠãŠããããããµããã®èªæºã«ã€ããŠã¯âå幞â説ãâååâ説ãâæ°Žã®å¥³â説ãªã©ã®ä»ãå€ãã®èª¬ããããã®ã®ãããšãã£ãæå説ã¯ä»ã®ãšãããªãã平宿代ã¯äžå®®ã¯çåãæããã
åŸäžããããããçåã®æå³ã衚ãããã«ãªããçåãçåå®®ãåå®®(ãããã®ã¿ã)ãäžã®å(ãã¡ã®ããã)åŒãã ãããã«ã¡ãªã¿ãçåãæ¯ãšããçå女ãåè
¹ã»åŠè
¹(ãããã°ã)ãšãããå¥ç§°(åå)ãšããŠé·ç§å®®ãç§å®®(ããã®ã¿ãã»ãã
ããã
ã)ããããã¯æŒ¢ä»£ã®äŸããã£ãŠæ€æ¿(ãããŒã)æ€åº(ããããŠã)æ€å²(ãããã)ãšç§°ãããååã§ã¯å
«é²åŸ¡æãåŸæŸéºåæéã«ã¿ããã玫ã®é²ããªã©ãããããããããããšãèªãã ããã®ä»ã«ã¯çŽ«ã®å®®(ããããã®ã¿ã)ãåã®å®®ãåã®æ¹(ããã®ãã)ãªã©ãããã
æ§çŸç宀å
žç¯ã®ããšã§ã®æ¬ç§°ã¯ãéäžãã§ãããã倧å®åŸä»€ã®ããšã§ã®æ¬ç§°ã¯ã殿äžãã§ãã£ãããŸããæ£åŒã«ã¯ã倪ç倪åå®®ããç倪åå®®ããšãšãã«ãçåå®®ããšåŒã°ããç·ç§°ããŠäžå(ãããã)ãšãããäžåã¯å€©çã«åããååšãšããããããããã«ããã«åããååšãã€ãŸã倩çãšäžåãé€ãçæã®æé«äœãšããŠããååã(ãŸãã¯åäžå®®)ãšããåŸ
éã»ç§°å·ãçãŸããã
ãçåããšããç§°å·ãææã§èŠå®ãããã®ã¯ã倧å®åŸä»€ã®å¶å®ä»¥åŸã§ããã倩平å
幎(729幎)ã«ç¬¬45ä»£èæŠå€©çã®åŠ»ã§ããè€åå®å®¿åªãæåã®çåãšãªã£ã(å
æçå)ããã ããæ¥æ¬æžçŽããåä»£ç¥æŠå€©çã®æ£åŠåªè¹éŽäºåéŽåªåœ(ãã¡ã¿ã¿ã©ã€ã¹ãºãã¡)以åŸãã¹ãŠã®ããªãªããµããã«å¯ŸããŠããçåãã®åãåœãŠãããšãããå
æçåãããåã®å€©çæ£åŠããçåããšåŒã¶æ
£è¡ãããã
倧å®åŸä»€ã«çåã«ãªããè³æ ŒãèŠå®ããæ¡æã¯ãªãããçåããäžæ®µäžäœã®åŠ»(倩çã®é
å¶è
)ã§ããåŠã®è³æ Œããåå以äžã®å
芪çããšèŠå®ãããŠããããšããããçåãåœç¶å
芪çã§ãªããã°ãªããªããã®ããšèŠ³å¿µãããŠãããšããèãæ¹ãããããæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã«ãããŠããä»åŸ³å€©çã®ãçåãç£ä¹åªãå¯äžã®äŸå€ãšããŠãçåãã®ç¶ã¯å
šãŠç¥ãŸãã¯å€©çã»çæã§ããã(äœããç£ä¹åªãè¡çã®äžã§ã¯åå
倩çã®ç·ç³»æ¥å«ã§ãããéã«çްåªåœã𿥿¥åšåã«ã¯ãã®ãããªèšè¿°ãç¡ãã)ãå€ä»£ãšãžããã®ãã¡ã©ãªã®å®¶ç³»ãè¿èŠªå©ã«ãã£ãŠç¶æ¿ãããããšåæ§ã«ãå€ä»£ã«ãããŠçåãå
芪çã«éå®ãããããšã¯ã倩çã«æ¯ç³»ãéããŠäººè£ã®è¡ãæ··ããããšãã倩çã®ç¥èããèããããè¡çºã§ãããšèããããããã§ãããããããããæ¥æ¬æžçŽãã®èšäºã«ã¯åŸäžã«ããã倩çã®çæ¯ã«å¯Ÿããé¡åœ°ã«ãã£ãŠèŽããããçåãå·ãååšãããšã®èããããã8äžçŽã«ãå
æçåãç£ä¹åªã®äŸãå
äŸãšããŠçåã«åç«ãããŠããããã®ãããªå¶çŽã¯ãªããªãããããçæãããè€åæ°ã®ã»ããçåã®åºèº«æ°æãšããŠå€ãèŠãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ãŸããçåã®å€«å€©çã厩埡ããŠæ°å€©çãå³äœããŠãå¿
ãç倪åãšãªããšã¯éããããã®ãŸãŸçåäœã«ãšã©ãŸãäŸãå°ãªããªãã
åå©ã§ãªãäŸããããäŒéŠè²è¬åœãäžç£¯ç女ã寶女ç(åŸã®å¥³æ§å€©çãçæ¥µå€©ç)ã®3åã¯ãããããå
ã
å¥ã®å€©çã»çæã®åŠã§ãããããããåããã£ãã
éã«åªè¹éŽäºåéŽåªåœã穎ç©éšé人ç女ãè€åå€åã®3åã¯ã倫倩çã®åŽ©åŸ¡åŸå¥ã®å€©çã»çæãšåçžããäžã§ã穎ç©éšé人ç女ã¯åãå²ããã
å»¶å23幎(923幎)ãéé倩çãè€åç©åãçåã«åç«ãããšããçåå®®è·ã§ã¯ãªãäžå®®è·ãèšçœ®ãããŠç©åã«ä»çœ®ãããããšã«ãªã£ããäžå®®è·ãçåã«ä»çœ®ãããæåã®äŸã§ããããã®ãšãåããŠãçåã®åŒç§°ãšããŠãäžå®®ããçšããããããšã«ãªã£ãã
æ¬æ¥ãçåã®å®å¡ã¯1åã§ãã£ãããæ°žç¥2幎(990幎)ãäžæ¡å€©çãè€åå®åãçåã«åç«ããã«ãããããã§ã«åè倩ç(æ¢ã«éäœããŠå€ªäžå€©ç)ã®çå(äžå®®)ãšããŠè€åéµåãåšäœããŠããã«ããããããå
åžã®çåãšä»äžã®çåã¯äœµåããããã®ãšããŠã2人ã®çåã®äžŠç«ã匷è¡ãããŠä»¥æ¥ãçåã¯åæã«2人ãŸã§åç«ããããšãã§ããããã«ãªã£ããäž¡è
ãåºå¥ãããããéµåã«ã¯äžå®®è·ããçåå®®è·ãä»çœ®ããŠéµåããçåå®®ããšç§°ããå®åã«ã¯äžå®®è·ãä»çœ®ããŠå®åããäžå®®ããšç§°ãããããã«é·ä¿2幎(1000幎)ãè€å地åãçåãšãããã«åãã§1人ã®å€©çãåæã«2人ã®çåãç«ãŠãããšãã§ããäŸãéãããããã®ãšãã¯å®åããçåå®®ããšæ¹ãã地åããäžå®®ããšããããçåå®®ãããäžå®®ãããšãã«çåã§ãããäºãã«åªå£ã¯ãªããããäžå®®ãã®ã»ããå®è³ªçã«å€©çã®æ£åŠ»ãšããŠã®å°äœãå ããŠããäŸãå€ãã
åŸå·æ³å€©çã«ã¯æ¢ã«äžå®®ç« åå
芪çãšçåè€åå¯åãããããæ²»æŠ4幎(1068幎)æŽã«è€åæåãç«åãããããšã«ãªããäžå®®ç« åãç倪åãçåå¯åãäžå®®ãšãããæåã¯çåãšããããç« åã¯ç倪åäœã®çåãšãããã¹ãç«å Žã«ãªããå
ã2æ¥åŸã«åŸå·æ³å€©çã厩埡ãããã®ã®ããã®3æ¥éã ã1人ã®å€©çãåæã«3人ã®çåãç«ãŠãå¯äžã®äŸãšãªã£ãããªããçåå®®ããäžå®®ãšãªã£ãã®ã¯ãå¯åãã äžäººã§ããã
ãã®åŸãçåã®ããæ¹ã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«å€æ§åããã倩çã®æ¯ããã§ã«æ»å»ããŠããå ŽåããŸãã¯çæ¯ã®èº«åãäœãããå Žåãªã©ã«ãæ¯ã«æ¬ããŠåæ¯ãå®ããããšãè¡ãããããã®åäŸã¯ã坿²»5幎(1091幎)ã«å 河倩çã®åæ¯ãšãªã£ãåªåå
芪çã§ãããã圌女ãåæã«çåãšãããããšããã倩çã®åŠ»ã§ã¯ãªã女æ§ãçåã«ç«ãŠãããäŸãéãããããã®ãããªçåããåŠè¡çã«ã¯ãé劻åã®çåããšåŒã³ãããããŠ11äŸãããå®®å
åºã®è¡æ¿çšèªã§ã¯ãå°ç§°çåããšåŒãã§ãããåªåã¯ãäžå®®ãã§ãã£ããããã®åŸã®é劻åã®çåã¯ãã¹ãŠãçåå®®ãã§ãã£ããã®ã¡ã«ã¯ã忝ã®çµæŽããªããŠããåã«æªå©ã®å
芪çãåªéããç®çã§ãçåå®®ãã®ç§°å·ãäžããããäŸãçããã忝ã®å°ç§°çåã®äžã§å¯äžãå§åå
芪çã¯ã®ã¡ã«å
¥å
ããããŸããé·æ¿3幎(1134幎)ã«ã¯ã鳥矜倩çãè²äœããŠäžçãšãªã£ãããšã«å
¥å
ããã劻ã§ããè€åæ³°åããæ²»å€©ã®æ£åŠ»ã§ããããšãæç€ºããç®çã§çå(çåå®®)ã«ç«ãŠããããã«é³¥çŸœã¯ãæ°žæ²»å
幎(1141幎)ãå幎ã«å³äœããèªåã®æ«åè¿è¡å€©çã®çæ¯è€ååŸåãã倩çã®çæ¯ã§ããããšãæ ¹æ ã«çå(çåå®®)ã«ç«ãŠãŠããããã®ã»ããæ»åŸã«çåã远èŽãããè
ã3åããã
å忿代以éãå
åŒ3幎(1333幎)ã«åŸéé倩çã®çå(äžå®®)ã«ç«ãŠãããç£åå
芪çãæåŸãšããŠ(é·æ
¶å€©çã建埳2幎(1371幎)以éäžå®®ãç«ãŠãããè©³çŽ°äžæ)ãçåã®åç«ã¯éçµ¶ãããåèãããã®ã¯ã坿°žå
幎(1624幎)åç«ã®åŸæ°Žå°Ÿå€©çã®çå(äžå®®)æºååã®ãšãã§ããã以åŸãçåãåæã«2人æç«ãããããšã¯ãªããªãããŸãçåã¯å
šãŠãäžå®®ããšãããã
ææ²»å
幎(æ§æŠ:1868å¹Žãæ°æŠ:1869幎)ã«çå(äžå®®)ãšãªã£ãææ²»å€©çã®äžæ¡çŸå(ææ²ç倪åãäºæå®¶ã®äžã€äžæ¡å®¶åºèº«)ãç¿å¹Žã«ãçåå®®ããšãããŠä»¥æ¥ããäžå®®ãã®ç§°å·ã¯çµ¶ããææ²»22幎(1889幎)ã®æ§ç宀å
žç¯ã®å¶å®ã§ãçåã®å®å¡ã1åãšãªããšãšãã«ãæ£åŒã«ãäžå®®ãã®ç§°å·ã¯å»æ¢ãããçåã«çµ±äžãããã忝ã®å¶åºŠã廿¢ãããããŸããçæã®ç¶èŠªãæããªãçåããçæèº«åãèªå®ãããã®ããã®æä»¥æ¥ã®ãã®ã§ããã
ãªããçåã»ç倪åã»å€ªç倪åã®3ã€ã®èº«äœã®åºåã¯ã倧å®åŸä»€ã§ã¯1.倪ç倪åã2.ç倪åã3.çåã®é ãšå®ããããŠãããã1910幎ã®çæèº«äœä»€(ææ²»43幎ç宀什第2å·)å¶å®ã«ãã£ãŠ1.çåã2.倪ç倪åã3.ç倪åã®é ã«æ¹ããããè«¡å·ã»è¿œå·ã«ã¯çå垯ã³ãŠãã身äœã®ãã¡æé«ã®ãã®ã§ãããçåããã€ããããšã«ãªã£ãã
ææ²»19幎(1886幎)1æãææ²ç倪åã«ããã婊女æå¶ã®æå¬æžãã®åžåã«ãã£ãŠãæŽæççšã奚å±ãããå®®äžã«ãããŠãæ¥åžžçããæŽæãççšããããšãšãªã£ãã
ãã®ãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠä»¥åãçåã®åæ(çç©)å§¿ã®åçãå
¬éãããããšã¯ãªãã£ãã
ãã ããä¹
é宮家åºèº«ã®éŠæ·³çåã¯ãåæãææããŠãããç§çãªåçã¯æ®åœ±ãããŠããã倧æŠäžã«ã¯ãå¹çŽã®å¥šå±ãããå®®äžæããèæ¡ãããããå®éã«ã¯çåããççšããªãã£ããããçåæãã®ç°ç§°ãããã
ææŠåŸã®å é æãçµäºãæ¥æ¬ã䞻暩å埩ãè¿ããæå27幎(1952幎:4æ28æ¥ã®æ¥æ¬åœãšã®å¹³åæ¡çŽçºå¹)ã«ãªã£ãŠãéŠæ·³çåãåããŠåæ(蚪åç)ãççšããŠå
¬ã®å Žã«çŸããã以åŸã仿¥ã«è³ããŸã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®äŒçµ±è¡£è£
ãšããŠçåããã³ãã®ä»å¥³æ§çæ(芪çåŠãå
芪çã女ç)ãåæãççšããæ©äŒãå€ãã
ãçåãã®ç§°å·ã¯ããšããšãäžåœã®æŽä»£çæãæ²ããæ¿æ²»çäžç芳ã®äžã§ã®äžçå
šäœã®æ¯é
è
倩å(çåž)ã®æ£åŠã®åŒç§°ã§ãã£ããåŸã£ãŠã挢åæååã®åœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãæé«äœã®åäž»ã®ç§°å·ãçåžãããã¯ãããšåçãªãã®ã§ããå Žåãçåãååšããããšã«ãªãããçã(åœçã»é¡çãªã©)ã¯ãçåžã®äžã§äžå°åã»äžæ°æã®åäž»ã§ããã«ãšã©ãŸãååšã§ãã£ãã
挢åæåå以å€ã®åœå®¶ã§ãã£ãŠããäžå°åã»äžæ°æã®åäž»ã§ããã«ãšã©ãŸãçã®äžäœã«äœçœ®ããè€æ°ã®å°åã»æ°æãæ¯é
ããåäž»ãååšããå Žåããã®ãããªåäž»ããæ¥æ¬èªã§ãçåžããšèš³ãæ
£ç¿ããããããã«ãšããªã£ãŠãçåžããšèš³ãããç§°å·ãæã€åäž»ã®åŠ»ã®ç§°å·ããçåããšèš³ãããã
ããŒãåžåœã®åäž»ã®ç§°å·ã®äžã€ã§ãã Imperator ã¯ãéåžžãçåžããšèš³ããããŸã Caesar ãšããå®¶åãåäž»ã®ç§°å·ãšãªã£ãŠãæ±è¥¿ããŒãåžåœã®æŽå²ãç¶æ¿ãã瀟äŒ(ç¥èããŒãåžåœã»ãã€ãåžåœã»ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢åžåœã®ã«ã€ã¶ãŒããã·ã¢åžåœã®ãã¡ãŒãªãªã©)ã®çµ±æ²»è
ã»åäž»ã®ç§°å·ãšããŠäœ¿ãããããããçåžããšèš³ãããããµãŒãµãŒã³æãã«ã·ã¢ãããã©ãŽã£ãŒæã€ã©ã³ã®ã諞çã®ç(ã·ã£ãŒãã³ã·ã£ãŒ)ãããªã¹ãã³åžåœã®ãã¹ã«ã¿ã³ããããã¯ãããŒãã£ã·ã£ãŒããåã¢ããªã«ã®ãšããªãã¢ã®ã諞çã®ç(ãã°ãµã»ãã¬ã¹ã)ããã€ã³ãã®ã ã¬ã«åžåœã®ãããŒãã£ã·ã£ãŒããåã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã€ã³ã«åžåœã®ããµãã»ã€ã³ã«ããªã©ããçåžããšèš³ãããããããã®åäž»ãäžå€«äžå©Šå¶ã®å©å§»åœ¢æ
ãæ¡ã£ãŠããã°ã劻ã®ç§°å·ã¯ãçåããšãªãã¯ãã§ããããå®éã«ã¯ãäžéã«éçšããŠããéç§°ãç ç©¶è
ã«ããæ
£çšãªã©ãåªå
ããäžæ§ã§ã¯ãªãã
西欧ããªã¹ãæç€ŸäŒãªã©ã®äžå€«äžå©Šå¶åºŠãæ¡ãäžçã§ã¯ãçåžã®åŠ»ã¯æ£åŒã«ã¯äžäººããååšãããçåããŸãã¯ãçåŠããšèš³ãããããšãäžè¬çã§ãããäžäŸãšããŠæ±ããŒãåžåœçåžã®ãŠã¹ãã£ãã¢ãã¹1äžã®åŠ»ããªãã©ãããã圌女ã®å°äœã¯ãçåããŸãã¯ãçåŠããšèš³ãããã
ãšãŒããã諞åœã®èšèªã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ãçåãã«åœããç§°å·ã¯ãçåžããšèš³ãããç§°å·ã®å¥³æ§åœ¢ãªã®ãäžè¬çã§ãã(ãšãããããã»ãšãã©ã®å䞻称å·ã»çµäœãããã§ãã)ããã®å Žåãç§°å·ã ãã§ã¯ãåã«çåžã®åŠ»ã§ããã®ããèªããåžäœã«ãã女æ§ã®çåžã§ããã®ãã¯ãåºå¥ã§ããªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ãå Žåã¯ãåè
ã¯ãçåããåŸè
ã¯ã女åžããšèš³ãåããå¿
èŠããããäžèšã®ããªãã©ã¯ãããŸã§ããçåãã§ããã
ãã·ã¢åžåœã®ãšã«ãã§ãªãŒã2äžã¯ãããšã¯çåžãã§ãŒãã«3äžã®åŠ»ã§ããããã®åŸã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒã«ããèªãåžäœã«ã€ãããã®ã§ãããããåäžäººç©ã§ããããã·ã¢èªã§ã®ç§°å·ã¯åãåèªã§ãããªãããå³äœä»¥åãšä»¥åŸãšã§ãçåããšã女åžãã®äœ¿ãåããè¡ãããŠããããŸãç¥èããŒãçåžãã©ã³ã1äžã®åŠããªã¢ã»ãã¬ãžã¢ã¯æ¬æ¥ãçåãã§ããããããã¯å¥³æ§ã«ç¥èããŒãçåžäœç¶æ¿è
è³æ Œãç¡ãããã®æªçœ®ã§ãããããã¹ãã«ã¯å®¶ã®æ¯é
äžã®é åã«ãããŠã¯ã圌女ããªãŒã¹ããªã¢å€§å
¬ã»ãã³ã¬ãªãŒçã»ãããã¢çãå
Œããåäž»ã§ããããã©ã³ã1äžã¯åäž»ã®é
å¶è
ã«éããªãããã®ããæ¥æ¬èªã§ãã女åžããšè¡šãããããšãå€ãã
è±èªåã§ããç¹ã«äžèšãåºå¥ããèªãããã統治暩ãæã€ è±èª: empress (女æ§ã®çåž) ãè±èª: empress regnant(åèšãã女æ§ã®çåž=女åž)ãšåŒã³ã統治暩ã®ããç·æ§ã®çåžã®é
å¶è
ãè±èª: empress consort(åŠã§ãã女æ§ã®çåž=çå)ãšåŒã¶ãäžäŸãšããŠãè±èªåã§ã¯æšå€å€©ç㯠empress regnant ã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã®çåã¯ãã°ãã°åªããæäººã§ãããããµãã³ã圢æããŠåŠèžãæ¯èããã以äžã¯ãæäººãšããŠæŽ»èºããæ
人ã®ã¿è¿°ã¹ãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E
|
5,984 |
ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒ
|
ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãšã¯ãè€æ°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãçµåããã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒ(è¡èã®æ¿)ã®ããã«ã²ãšãŸãšãŸããšããã·ã¹ãã ã®ããšãåã«ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒããŸãã¯ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ããšãåŒã°ããã1å°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§ã¯åŸãããªããããªã匷åãªèšç®æ§èœãå¯çšæ§ãåŸãããšãã§ãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã¯ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ãå®çŸããããã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãªã©ã«ããæ§æããããäœãããããã¯ãŒã¯ãä»ããŠããŒã¿ãå
¥åããŠåŠçãéå§ãããããåŠçéå§ãŸã§ã®é
å»¶ã倧ãããªãæ¬ ç¹ãããã
äŒçµ±çã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã¯ãè¡èã®æ¿ã«äŸããããããšãå€ããããã¯DECã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®èª¬æããå§ãŸããå€ãã®ãã³ãã«ãããŠãå€çšãããŠããããŸãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã«åå ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããããŒãããããŒãéã®å
éšæ¥ç¶ãããã¯ãŒã¯ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒã³ãã¯ãããšåŒã¶å Žåãå€ããè¡èã®å®(ããŒã)ããèãå
éšæ¥ç¶ããŠããã€ã¡ãŒãžã§ããã
ãã ããå®éã®æ¥ç¶ç¶²ã®åœ¢æ
ã¯æ§ã
ã§ãããããè¯ãã³ã¹ã/ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹æ¯ã®å®çŸã®ããã«ç ç©¶ã»éçºãé²ããããŠããã
ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒå
ã®è€æ°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯ãäœããã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãä»ããŠçžäºã«æ¥ç¶ãããã²ãšã€ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã·ã¹ãã ãšããŠæ±ããããã«å¶åŸ¡ãããŠãããã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®æ§ç¯ã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒãç¬èªéçºããå Žåããã³ããŒã«ããæ±çšçãªããã±ãŒãžã䜿çšããå Žåãªã©ããããã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®åé¡ã¯åçš®ãããã以äžã§ã¯ç®çã»å
±æåœ¢æ
ã»å®çŸã¬ãã«ã®èгç¹ããåé¡ã説æããã
å©çšç®çããã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®åé¡ã«ã¯ä»¥äžãããã
åè
ã®äŸãšããŠã¯HPCåéã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒåã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããããéå»ã«ã¯å°çšã®ãã¯ãã«èšç®æ©ã䜿ãããåéã ãããã€ã¯ãããã»ããµã®æ§èœåäžãšäžŠååŠçæè¡ã®åäžã«ããäž»æµãšãªã£ãããã®ã»ããå€§èŠæš¡ãªWebãµãŒããªã©ã§äžè¬çãªè² è·åæ£(ããŒããã©ã³ã¹)ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒããããåçŽãªè² è·åæ£ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã§ã¯åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿å士ã®çŽæ¥ã®é£æºã¯äœãç¡ãããé«åºŠãªè² è·åæ£ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã§ã¯åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿éã§éçšç®¡çã®äžå
åãè¡ã£ãŠããã
åŸè
ã®äŸãšããŠã¯ãã¡ã€ã³ãã¬ãŒã ã®ãããã»ã¹ã¿ã³ãã€æ§æããé£ç¶¿ãšç¶ããé«å¯çš(æ§)ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒããããé害ãä¿å®(èšç»åæ¢)ã®çºçæã«ã¯ãæ¥ååŠçãåçŽã«åŒãç¶ãæ§æ(ã¢ã¯ãã£ã-ã¹ã¿ã³ãã€)ã®ä»ãæ¬çªæ©å士ã§çžäºããã¯ã¢ããããŠããçž®ééçšããæ§æ(ã¢ã¯ãã£ã-ã¢ã¯ãã£ã)ãªã©ãããããŸãåŒç¶ãéå§ããåŒç¶ãå®äºãŸã§ã®éã¯ãäžæçã«æ¥å忢ã䌎ããã®ã䌎ããªããã®ããã(åŒç¶ãã®æ»ãã®å Žåãåæ§ã§ãã)ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãµãŒãã¯éåžžã¯åäžæ ç¹(ããŒã¿ã»ã³ã¿ãŒç)ã ããçœå®³å¯Ÿçãç®çãšããé éå°ãžã®ããã¯ã¢ãã(ãã£ã¶ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ãªã«ããªãŒ)ãèæ
®ãããè€æ°æ ç¹ã«ãŸãããã¡ãã(éœåžé)ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãã³ã³ãã£ãã³ã¿ã«(倧éžé)ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãªã©ã®è£œåãã·ã¹ãã ãå¢ããŠããŠããã
ãªããå®éã«ã¯æ¡åŒµæ§ãšé«å¯çšæ§ãå
Œããããã±ãŒãžãã·ã¹ãã æ§æãå€ããéåžžã¯HPCã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã§ã1å°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®æ
éã§å
šäœã忢ããäºã¯ç¡ããçžäºããã¯ã¢ãããè² è·åæ£ã¯å
šäœãšããŠã®æ§èœãé«ããããããã§ãã(ãã ããããããé害æã«ã¯æ§èœå£åãšãªãããããªã¹ã¯ãšæ§èœã®äœè£ã¯äºãèŠèŸŒãã§ããå¿
èŠããã)ã
ãªãœãŒã¹ã®å
±æåœ¢æ
ããã¿ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®åé¡ã«ã¯ä»¥äžãããã
1ã®äŸã¯ãäžéšã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®é害ã«ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ã§ãããã察象ãªãœãŒã¹(å€ä»ããã£ã¹ã¯è£
眮ãããã®äžã«æ ŒçŽãããããŒã¿ããŒã¹ãªã©)èªäœã¯åäžé害ç¹(SPOF)ãšãªããããå¥ã®åé·åãšäœµçšããå Žåãå€ãããªãOracle Databaseã¯10gã§ã°ãªããæè¡ãå°å
¥ããããåºæ¬ã¯å¯çµåã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒ(å€éšDISKå
±æã¢ãã«)ã§ããã
2ã®äŸã¯ããããã¯ãŒã¯ãããã«ããã¯ãšãªãæããããç¹ã«é«éãªãããã¯ãŒã¯(ã¹ã€ããç)ã䜿ãå Žåãããããªãã°ãªãããããããžã§ãã³ã°ã¯ããã®çºå±ç³»ãšèããäºãã§ããã
è¿ä»£çãªã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®æåã¯ã1983幎ã®DEC(çŸãã¥ãŒã¬ããã»ããã«ãŒãã®äžéš)ã«ããVMSclusterãšããããããã¯æå€§16ããŒãã®VAXãå°çšã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãšãœãããŠã§ã¢ã§é£åããããã®ã§ãé害çºçæã§ãæ°å以å
ãªã©çæéã®æ¥å埩æ§ãã§ãããšèšãããŠããã
1987幎ã«ã¯ãã¡ã€ã³ãã¬ãŒã ã§IMSã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°æ©èœã§ããExtended Recovery Facility(XRFãæ¡åŒµå埩æ©èœ)ãç»å Žãããããã¯OSã§ããMVSãšãDBMSã§ããIMSãšãéä¿¡æ©èœã§ããVTAMã®é£æºæ©èœã«ãããããŒã¿ããŒã¹ããã³ãã©ã³ã¶ã¯ã·ã§ã³åŠçæ©èœãããŠãŒã¶ãŒããèŠãŠã»ãŒæ¥åäžæç¡ããã¹ã¿ã³ãã€æ©ã«èªååŒç¶ããããã®ã§ãã£ãã
1990幎代ã«ã¯åçšUNIXã§ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ã䜿çšããé«å¯çšæ§ã®å®çŸãæ®åããããã®å€ãã¯ãã«ããã©ãããã©ãŒã ã§äœäŸ¡æ Œã§ãã£ãããé害çºçæã®åŒç¶ãã«ã¯ãäžå®ã®æ¥åäžæã䌎ããã®ãå€ãã£ãã
çŸåšã§ã¯ãOSããã³ããã«ãŠã§ã¢ãšã®é£æºæ©èœãå«ããåçš®ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãªã³ã°ãæäŸããã䜿ãåããããŠããã
ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒæ§ç¯çšã®æ¢åã®ããã±ãŒãžã«ã¯ä»¥äžãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC
|
5,987 |
é
å
|
é
å(ãŸããããããã¿ãã³ããã¿ãã²ã)
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%AD%90
|
5,988 |
æå
|
æå
| true | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%AD%90
|
5,989 |
éçæ¥æ§åŒåžåšçå矀
|
éçæ¥æ§åŒåžåšçå矀(ãã
ãããã ãã
ããã ããã
ãã ããããããããè±: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARSããµãŒãºã)ã¯ãSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ (SARS-CoV-1) ã«ãã£ãŠåŒãèµ·ãããããŠã€ã«ã¹æ§ã®åŒåžåšçŸæ£ã§ãããåç©èµ·æºã®äººç£å
±éææçãšèããããŠããããŠã€ã«ã¹ç¹å®ãŸã§ã¯ããã®çç¶ãªã©ãããæ°åèºç(ããããã¯ããã)ãéå®åèºç(ã²ãŠãããã¯ããããè±: Atypical Pneumonia)ãªã©ã®åŒç§°ãçšããããã
2002幎11æãã2003幎7æã«ãããŠãäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœåéšãäžå¿ã«èµ·ããã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ã§ã¯ãåºæ±çãéŠæž¯ãäžå¿ã«8,096äººãææãã37ã¶åœã§774äººãæ»äº¡ãã(èŽåœç9.6%/WHOçºè¡š)(ãªããäžç30ã¶åœ8,422äººãææã916äººãæ»äº¡ãèŽåœç11%ããšããå ±åããã)ããã®ã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯çµæ¯åŸã¯ãå°ã蟌ã宣èšåŸããã€ãã®æ£çºäŸããã£ãããçŸåšã«è³ããŸã§ãæ°èŠææå ±åäŸã¯ç¡ãã
çŸåšã®çäŸå®çŸ©ã¯ãã38床以äžã®é«ç±åã³å³ãåŒåžå°é£ãæ¯åãã®ããããã®çç¶ããã¬ã³ãã²ã³æ€æ»ã«ãããŠèºçã®çç¶ããåãããã®åå ãäžæã§ããŠã€ã«ã¹æ€æ»ã§éœæ§ãšãªã£ãè
ãšãããŠããããŸãæ°Žæ§æ§äžç¢ãåããäŸãååšãããææçµè·¯ãšããŠã¯é£æ²«ææãæ¥è§ŠææãèããããŠããã
æåã®çç¶ã¯ã€ã³ãã«ãšã³ã¶æ§ã§ãçºç±ãçèçãç¡æ°åç¶æ
(Lethargy) ãå³åœãåœé çããã®ä»éç¹ç°ççç¶ãèŠããããå
šæ£è
ã«èŠãããã®ã¯38 °C (100 °F)以äžã®çºç±ã ããå§ãŸããŸã§ã«ã¯2ã7æ¥ã®æœäŒæéãååšããããã®ç
æ°ã§ã¯ç²èç
å€ã䌎ãããå³åœã¯ä¹Ÿæ§å³ã§ãããSARSã§ã¯åŒåžå°é£ãèºçããŸãã¯ãã®äž¡æ¹ãèŠãããããšãããããããã¯äžæ¬¡çãªãŠã€ã«ã¹æ§èºçããŸãçŽ°èæ§èºçåæ¹ã®å¯èœæ§ãèãããããçºç±ã«äŒŽãèºç
å€ã¯é質æ§èºçã§ããããããã«ã¯ãŠã€ã«ã¹ãèªå°ããå
ç«ã»ãµã€ãã«ã€ã³ã®é¢äžãèããããŠãããåç°ã«ã¯10åã³ããŒ/mLã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ãæåºããããšããããã®ç¶æ
ã§ã¯æææ§ãéåžžã«é«ãããŸããŠã€ã«ã¹è¡çãèµ·ããããã
æéçäŸã§ã¯ãå
ç«åå¿ã«ãã£ãŠããµã€ãã«ã€ã³ã»ã¹ããŒã ãåŒãèµ·ããããšãããã
æ¶å管ææã瀺åãããŠãããç³äŸ¿äžã«ãŠã€ã«ã¹ãæ°å€ãæåºãããã»ãã10%ã®çäŸã§ã¯æ°Žæ§æ§äžç¢ã確èªãããã
2003幎ã®ã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯æãSARSææã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªæ£è
ã§çãããã
çŸåšã®çäŸå®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãæž¡èªæŽã¯åãããã38床以äžã®é«ç±åã³å³ãåŒåžå°é£ãæ¯åãã®ããããã®çç¶ããã¬ã³ãã²ã³æ€æ»ã«ãããŠèºçã®çç¶ããåãããã®åå ãäžæã§ããŠã€ã«ã¹æ€æ»ã§éœæ§ãšãªã£ãè
ãšãããŠããã
ææã®çããæ¿åãªæ£è
ã§ã¯ãèžéšXç·åçã§éå®åèºçãæ¥æ§åŒåžçª®è¿«çå矀ãªã©ã®çç¶ããŸãã¯ã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹æ€æ»ã§ã®éœæ§æèŠãèŠããããWHOã§ã¯ãææã®çãããæ¿åã(è±: probable)ã ãèžéšXç·åçã§ç¹åŸŽçãªçç¶ãèŠãããããŸãELISAãå
ç«èå
æäœæ³ãPCRæ³ãªã©ã®ãã¹ãã§éœæ§ãšãªã£ãæ£è
ã«ã€ããŠã"laboratory confirmed SARS" ãšã®ã«ããŽãªãèšãããèžéšXç·åçã«ã€ããŠã¯ãSARSæ£è
ã§ãåããŸã¡ãŸã¡ã§ããããäžè¬çã«ãŸã ãã«æµžæœ€ãããããªäžèªç¶ãªåãèŠãããããšãå€ããåæã§ã¯Xç·åçã§æ°éççæèŠãèªããªããèšåºçç¶ã¯ã€ã³ãã«ãšã³ã¶ããã€ã³ãã©ãºãèºçã«é¡äŒŒããŠãããçç¶ã®ã¿ã§ã®éå¥ã¯é£ããã
確å®èšºæã«ã¯ãŠã€ã«ã¹åé¢ãæ žé
žæ€åºãäžåæäœã®äžæãªã©ã決ãæãšãªãã»ããè¿
é蚺æã«ã¯åœé ã¬ããæ¶²ããã®RT-PCRæ³ã»LAMPæ³ãªã©ãçšããããã
SARSã®ã¯ã¯ãã³ã¯ç 究段éã§ãã(â#æ²»ç)ãæ²»çæ³ã¯ç¢ºç«ããŠããªããã2002幎ã®äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœã§ã®ã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯æã®æèšãããäžè¬çãªææé²æ¢çã®åŸ¹åºãäºæ¬¡ææé²æ¢ã«æçšã§ããããšã瀺ãããŠããããŸãææçµè·¯ãšããŠã¯ã飿²«ææãšçŽæ¥ã»éæ¥çãªæ¥è§Šææãæ³å®ãããŠããã
SARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ç°å¢äžã§å®å®ã§ãããäžåœæ¿åºå¯Ÿçæ¬éšããã®çºè¡šã«ããã°ãçŽã»æšãªã©ã®ç°å¢äžã§3æ¥éãç°ãç³äŸ¿äžã§çŽ5æ¥éãè¡æ¶²äžã§15æ¥éçåãããšãã(åŸæ¥ç¥ãããŠããã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã¯ãç°å¢äžã§3æé)ããŸãæ¶æ¯çšã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«ãæŒçœå€ãç颿޻æ§å€ã§ã®æ¶æ¯ã§å€±æŽ»ãããéé¢ãšæ€ç«ãSARSäºé²ã«éèŠã§ãããä»ã«ã次ã®ãããªäºé²æ³ãååšããã
é¢å
ææå¯ŸçãšããŠããµãŒãžã«ã«ãã¹ã¯ãäœ¿ãæšãŠã¬ãŠã³ãæå¹ã§ããã
SARSã¯ãSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã«ãããŠã€ã«ã¹æ§çŸæ£ã§ãããããæçç©è³ªã¯ç¡å¹ã§ãããå
ã®SARSã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯æã«ã¯ããã®æ§è³ªãéæã«çšããæèè¬ãç¡å¹ã§ããããšãããã€ã³ãã©ãºãèºçãåŠå®ãããã®äžã§é質æ§èºçã»èºç·ç¶çãé²ãããã®ã¹ããã€ãæäžã»ãªãããªã³æ²»çãè¡ããããäœãããªãããªã³ã¯çްèå¹é€ã¬ãã«ã§ã¯æå¹ã§ãªããã°ãªãã«ãªãã³(çèã®æå)ãæå¹ã§ãããšã®å ±åãããã
ãŸãæ²»çæ³ã¯ç¢ºç«ããŠãããã察ççæ³ãšããŠè§£ç±è¬ãå¿
èŠã«å¿ããé
žçŽ åžå
¥ã»äººå·¥åŒåžãªã©ãçšãããããSARSæ£è
ã¯éé¢ç
æ£ã«å
¥é¢ãããå¿
èŠããããããã®ééšå±ãé°å§(è±èªç)ã«ããçè·ããåŽãå®ç§ãªé²è·ãããäžã§ãæ£è
ãšã®äžå¿
èŠãªæ¥è§Šãé¿ããããšãèèŠã§ããã
人ã«å¯Ÿãå®å
šæ§ã»æå¹æ§ã®äž¡æ¹ã確èªãããŠããã¯ã¯ãã³ã¯ãæ²»ççšã»äºé²çšã©ã¡ãã§ãååšããªã(äœããå®éšåç©ã¬ãã«ã§ã¯ååšãã)ãçç©åŠçæ²»çæ³ã®çºèŠã»éçºã»çç£ãè¡ãNPOã®MassBiologicsã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœç«è¡çç ç©¶æ (NIH) ãã¢ã¡ãªã«çŸç
äºé²ç®¡çã»ã³ã¿ãŒ (CDC) ã®ç ç©¶è
ãšååããåç©ã¢ãã«ã§å¹æããã£ãã¢ãã¯ããŒãã«æäœãçšããçæ³ã®éçºãè¡ã£ãŠããããŸããŠã€ã«ã¹è¡šé¢ã®ã¹ãã€ã¯ã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªãã¿ãŒã²ããã«ããã¯ã¯ãã³ãã¬ã»ãã¿ãŒã¿ã³ãã¯ã®æ®æè¬ãéºäŒåã®äžéšãæ¬ ãã匱æ¯åãŠã€ã«ã¹ã®å©çšãæ€èšãããŠããã
SARSããã®å埩è
ã«ã€ããŠäžåœã§åºãããå ±åæžã§ã¯ãéçã®åŸéºçãé·æéç¶ãããšã瀺ãããŠãããæãå
žåçãªçç¶ã¯ãèºç·ç¶çã骚ç²é¬çãé»è¡æ§éªšå£æ»ã§ãã©ããå°±æ¥ãèªå·±ä»è·ã®åŠšããšãªãåŸãçç¶ã§ãããSARSã§ã¯é質æ§èºçã«åŒãç¶ãèºç·ç¶çãå ±åãããŠãããããããé²ããããã¹ããã€ãç³»æççè¬ã®æäžãè¡ãããã骚ç²é¬çãéªšå£æ»ã¯ããã®ã¹ããã€ãå€ã®å¯äœçšãšããŠç¥ããããã®ã§ããããéé¢å容ã®çµæãSARSããã®å埩åŸã«å¿çå€å·åŸã¹ãã¬ã¹é害 (PTSD) ã倧ãã€ç
æ§é害ãçºçããäŸãå ±åãããŠããã
SARSã®åå ç
åäœã»SARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ãã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ç§ãªã«ãã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹äºç§ããŒã¿ã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹å±ã«åé¡ãããåãå±ã«ã¯äžæ±åŒåžåšçå矀ãåŒãèµ·ããMERSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ãå«ãŸãããã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ãšã³ãããŒããæã€1æ¬éRNAãŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ãã²ãã RNAã¯mRNAãšåãé
åã®ãã©ã¹éã§ããããŸããã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯åŒåžåšã»æ¶ååšã®äžç®çްèã«èŠªåæ§ãæã€ããSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã¯åŒåžåšãæ¶å管ãªã©ã«çºçŸããŠããã¢ã³ãžãªãã³ã·ã³å€æé
µçŽ ã®ACE2ãææã®ã¬ã»ãã¿ãŒã¿ã³ãã¯ãšãªããSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ãã现è(Vero E6现è)ãªã©ã§çްèå¹é€ã§ãããRNAãŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã¯ããããã²ãã å€ç°ã¯ããå
ç«äžå
šãŠã€ã«ã¹ (HIV) ã»ã©å€§ããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããæ¯èŒçå®å®ã ãšå ±åãããŠããããŸããç°å¢äžã§ãæ¯èŒçå®å®ã§ããã(â#äºé²)ããšã³ãããŒããæã€ããããšãŒãã«ãã¯ãããã«ã ã«æåæ§ãããããã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ã³ãŠã¢ãªã»ããã«ææããããMERSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ãåããã³ãŠã¢ãªã«ææããã»ããã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã®åé¡ã§ã¯ãã³ãŠã¢ãªã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ããã®2çš®ãšåãã°ã«ãŒã2bã«å«ãŸããã
åœåãäžåœè¡çå±ã¯ã¯ã©ããžã¢ãéŠæž¯å€§åŠã¯éº»ç¹ãŠã€ã«ã¹ãRSãŠã€ã«ã¹ãšåããã©ãã¯ãœãŠã€ã«ã¹ãåå ç
åäœãšããŠçºè¡šããŠããã
CDCãšã«ããåœç«åŸ®çç©ç ç©¶æ(è±èªç)ã¯ã2003幎4æã«SARSãŠã€ã«ã¹ã®ã²ãã ãç¹å®ããããšã©ã¹ã ã¹ã»ãããã«ãã 倧åŠã®ç ç©¶è
ãã¡ã¯ãSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã³ããã®ååãæãç«ã€ããšãçªãæ¢ããããã«ã¯å±(ã«ãã¯ã€ã¶ã«)ãžã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ææã§ãSARSæ£è
ãšåæ§ã®çç¶(å
·äœçã«ã¯éŒ»è
ã»åœé ã»ç³äŸ¿ããã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹åé¢ãšé質æ§èºç)ãçºçããããšãå®éšçã«èšŒæãããŠããã
2003幎5æäžæ¬ãæåã®çäŸãåºãäžåœåºæ±çã®å°å
åžå Žã§ãé£çšéçåç©ãçšããç 究調æ»ãè¡ãããããã®çµæããã¯ãã·ã³ããSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ãåé¢ããããããã¯ãã·ã³ã¯åºæå®¿äž»ã§ã¯ãªãããããžã®ææã®ããŒãšãªãäžé宿䞻ã ãšæšå®ãããã
äžéçµæã§ã¯ãSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ããŒã ã·ããããããããžãçš®ã®å£ãè¶ããç°çš®äŒæããããšãããåºæ±çã ãã§1äžé 以äžãé§é€ãããããã®å¯Ÿå¿ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãããŒã ã·ãããã»ãã¯ãã·ã³ãã¹ã±ãŒããŽãŒãã«ãããšã®æ¹å€ãããããŸãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã§ã¯éè¯ç«ã®é§é€ãè¡ãããããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ãã¿ãããã€ã¿ãã¢ãã°ã(æµè¡å°ã«ã¯ã·ãã€ã¿ãã¢ãã°ããæ£²æ¯)ãã€ãšãã³ãªã©ãããåé¢ãããã
2005幎ã«ã¯ãäžåœã®ã³ãŠã¢ãªãã倿°ã®SARSæ§ã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ãçºèŠããããšå ±åãããããããã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã®ç³»çµ±åŠçè§£æãããSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ã³ãŠã¢ãªç±æ¥ã®å¯èœæ§ãé«ããšãããã³ãŠã¢ãªããçŽæ¥äººéã«ææããããäžåœã®åžå Žã§è²©å£²ãããŠããé£çšã³ãŠã¢ãªãã¯ãããšããé£çšåç©ãä»ããŠäººéã«åºãŸã£ããšæšæž¬ããããã³ãŠã¢ãªã¯ææããŠãäžé¡æ§ææãšãªãããSARSæ§ã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã®ãªã¶ãŒããŒã«ãªã£ãŠãããšæšæž¬ãããŠããã
2006幎é
ããéŠæž¯å€§åŠCDC (Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Hong Kong University)ãåºå·åžçŸç
äºé²ã³ã³ãããŒã«ã»ã³ã¿ãŒ(åºå·åžCDC)ã¯ãããŒã ã·ããã(ãã¯ãã·ã³)ãšããããåé¢ãããSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã®éºäŒçç³»èãäœæãããã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ææçã宿䞻ãžã£ã³ãããããšã蚌æããã
SARSã¯æ°èææçã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããã倧æµè¡ãã2003å¹Žã®æ£è
æ°ã¯8,273äººãšæ¯èŒçãŸããªçŸæ£ã§ããããã®ã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯æã®çœ¹æ£æ°ã¯ãäžçä¿å¥æ©é¢ (WHO) ã®å ±åã«ãããšãéŠæž¯ãäžå¿ã«8,096äººãææãã37ã¶åœã§774äººãæ»äº¡ãããšãããŠãã(èŽåœç9.6%ãå
èš³ã¯äžèš)ããŸãæçµçãªçœ¹æ£æ°ã¯ãäžç30ã¶åœã®8,422äººãææã916äººãæ»äº¡(èŽåœç11%)ãšãããŠããã
2002幎11æã«ãäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœåºæ±çã§æåã®SARSçäŸãå ±åãããåæã«åçã§æµè¡ãçºçãããæåã®æ£è
ã¯åºæ±çä»å±±åžé 埳åºåºèº«ã§ãå°å
ã®æã®ç®¡ç責任è
ãåããŠãã蟲家ã®ç·æ§ã§ãä»å±±åžã®ç¬¬äžäººæ°å»é¢(è±: The First People's Hospital)ã§æ²»çãåããããã®ç·æ§ã®çŸæ£åå ç¹å®ã¯è¡ãããªãã£ããææå¶åŸ¡ã«å€å°åãããã®ã®ãäžåœæ¿åºã¯ã2003幎2æãŸã§ãã®ææçã®çºçãWHOã«å
¬åŒå ±åããªãã£ãããã®æ
å ±å
¬éã®é
ããææç察çã®é
ãã«ç¹ãããçµæãšããŠäžåœæ¿åºã¯åœéçã«å€ãã®æ¹å€ãåããããšãšãªã£ãã
ã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ãæåã«èµ·ããã®ã¯2002幎11æ27æ¥ã§ãWHOã®GOARN(è±èªç)ã®äžè§ãæããã«ããã®ã°ããŒãã«ã»ãããªãã¯ã»ãã«ã¹ã»ã€ã³ããªãžã§ã³ã¹ã»ãããã¯ãŒã¯(è±èªç) (GPHIN) ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã»ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®ç£èŠãéããäžåœã§ãã€ã³ãã«ãšã³ã¶ã®æµè¡ã(è±: "flu outbreak")ãçºçããŠããããšãçªãæ¢ãããã®ãŸãŸWHOã«å ±åãããçŸåšGPHINã§ã¯ãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã»äžåœèªã»è±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ãã·ã¢èªã»ã¹ãã€ã³èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããããåœæã¯è±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ã¿ã®å¯Ÿå¿ã ã£ããã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ã«é¢ããæåã®å ±åã¯äžåœèªæç®ã ã£ããããè±èªã§ã®ã¬ããŒãã¯2003幎1æ21æ¥ã«ãªã£ãŠããããäœæãããã
ãã®å ±åãåããWHOã¯äžåœåœå±ã«å¯Ÿãã2002幎12æ5æ¥ã»11æ¥ã«ç
§äŒãè¡ã£ãããããŸã§ã®ææçã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ã§ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãäžæãæ©èœããŠãããã®ã®ãäžåœããã®ã¡ãã£ã¢å ±åãã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯çºçããæ°ã¶æåŸã«ãã蟌ãã ãããæ
å ±å
±æãé
ããå
ãšãªã£ãã第2åç®ã®ã¢ã©ãŒãçºä»€åŸãWHOã¯ç
åãçäŸå®çŸ©ãšå
±ã«ãæ
éãªæ³šæãšå°ãèŸŒãæ¹æ³ãå
±æãããããå調ããäžççãªã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®æ§ç¯ãçºè¡šãã (Heymann, 2003)ãWHOã察çãéå§ããæãŸã§ã«ãäžçäžã§æ»è
ã¯500人以äžãå ããŠ2,000人çšåºŠã®ææè
ãçºçããŠããã
4æäžæ¬ãè圊氞(è±èªç)ãäžåœã§ã®è
åšãå ±åããåŸãå
¬åŒæ¹éã®è»¢æããããSARSã¯ã¡ãã£ã¢ã§ãã倧ããåãäžããããããã«ãªã£ããããã«ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã¢ãŒã«ã»ãœãŒã«ãºããªãŒ(è±: James Earl Salisbury)ã®æ»ãçŽæ¥é¢ãã£ãŠãããšãããããããšã»ãŒåãé ãè圊氞ã¯å京ã®è»äºç
é¢ã§çäŸæ°ãéå°å ±åãããŠããããšãåçºãããççãªè¿œåã®åŸãäžåœåœå±ã¯WHOãªã©åœéåœå±ã®çŸå°èª¿æ»ãèªããããšã«ãªã£ãããã®èª¿æ»ã«ãããå°æ¹åæš©åã®æ¡å€§ãç¹æçžç€Œãäžååãªã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãªã©ãæé·éçšã«ãã£ãäžåœã®ä¿å¥æ¿çãæ©ãŸã諞åé¡ãæããã«ãªã£ãã
ãŸããSARSäºé²çãåºãç¥ãããŠããããæµè¡å°ã§ã¯çè·ãæ±æç©éæ¬ã®éçšã§ãå€ãã®å»çã¹ã¿ãããææã®å±æ©ã«æãããããææªã®å Žåæ»ã«è³ã£ããããã
æµè¡ã«äžè¬ã®é¢å¿ãåããã®ã¯ã2003幎2æã«ãäžåœã«æž¡èªããã¢ã¡ãªã«äººããžãã¹ãã³ããã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãžã®é£è¡äžã«èºçæ§ã®çç¶ãåããäžä»¶ããã ã£ããé£è¡æ©ã¯ãããã ã»ããã€ã«ç«ã¡å¯ãããã®ããžãã¹ãã³ã¯ããã€ã»ãã¬ã³ãã»ãã¹ãã¿ã«(è±èªç)ã«æ¬éããã転é¢å
ã®éŠæž¯ã§æ»äº¡ãããäžè¬çãªãããã³ã«ã§çè·ãè¡ã£ãã«ããããããããã®ç·æ§ããè€æ°ã®å»çã¹ã¿ãããžäºæ¬¡ææãèµ·ãããã€ã¿ãªã¢äººå»åž«ã®ã«ã«ãã»ãŠã«ããã¯ææå±æ©ã«æ°ã¥ããWHOãšãããã æ¿åºã®é£æºãèŠè«ããŠæææ¡å€§é»æ¢ã«å°œåãããããã®åŸèªèº«ãSARSã«çœ¹æ£ããŠæ»äº¡ããã
çç¶ã®éç床ãšãç
é¢ã¹ã¿ãããžã®é¢å
ææã¯åœéä¿å¥åœå±ã«å±æ©æãæã£ãŠæããããåœå±ã¯èºçææçã®æ¡å€§ã屿§ããã2003幎3æ12æ¥ãWHOã¯ã°ããŒãã«ã»ã¢ã©ãŒã(è±èªç)ãçºä»€ããã¢ã¡ãªã«çŸç
äºé²ç®¡çã»ã³ã¿ãŒ (CDC) ãããã«ç¶ããŠã¢ã©ãŒããçºè¡šãããWHOã¯ç¶ã3æ15æ¥ã«ãåºæ±çã»éŠæž¯ãžã®æž¡èªèªç²å§åãåºãç°äŸã®æªçœ®ãåã£ããSARSæææ¡å€§ã¯ãããã³ãããªã¿ã¯ããµã³ãã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³ããŠã©ã³ããŒãã«ãããã©ãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãå°æ¹Ÿãããã€ãéŠæž¯ã§èŠãããäžåœåœå
ã§ã¯åºæ±çãåæçãæ²³åçãæ¹åçãé西çãæ±èçã山西çã倩接åžãå
ã¢ã³ãŽã«èªæ²»åºãªã©ã«æ¡å€§ããããã®éãWHO西倪平æŽäºåå±ã®è²¬ä»»è
ãšããŠãæŒè°·ä»ãé£é ææ®ã«åœãã£ã(ãã®åŸã2005å¹Žã«æ±åå€§åŠææå°±ä»»)ã
éŠæž¯ã§ã¯ã2003幎3æ29æ¥ã«ç
é¢ããæ£è
éå£ã®çºçãå ±åããããããåœå°åã®ã³ããŒããšãªã£ãã2æã«éŠæž¯ãžå°çããäžåœã®å»åž«ãã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ã»ã±ãŒã¹ã«ãªã£ããšèããããä¹éŸã«ãã£ãã¡ããããŒã«ã»ããã«(è±: The Metropole Hotel)ã®9éã«å®¿æ³ãã16人ã®å®¿æ³å®¢ã«ææãåºãã(å»åž«ã¯ãã®åŸæ»äº¡ããSARSã«ããåã®æ»è
ã ãšæšå®ãããŠãã)ãããã§ææãã宿æ³å®¢ã¯ãéŠæž¯åœé空枯ããæ
客æ©ã§ãã«ããã»ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã»å°æ¹Ÿã»ãããã ãªã©ã«åãããå°çå
ã§ææãããã«æ¡å€§ããããéŠæž¯ã§ã®æµè¡ã¯äžççæµè¡ã®äžå©ãšãªã£ãããèæ¯ã«ã¯ãã®å»åž«ã®ãããªã¹ãŒããŒã»ã¹ãã¬ãããŒã®ååšããã£ãã
éŠæž¯ã§ã¯ãã¯ã€ãŒã³ã»ã¡ã¢ãªãŒç
é¢(è±èªç)(è±: Queen Mary Hospital)ãããªã³ã¹ã»ãªãã»ãŠã§ãŒã«ãºç
é¢(è±èªç)(è±: Prince of Wales Hospital)ãšãã2ã€ã®ç
é¢ãæµè¡çºçã®äžå¿å°ãšãªã£ãããã®ç
é¢ã§ã®æµè¡åŸãã¢ã¢ã€ã»ã¬ãŒãã³ãºãšåŒã°ããé«å±€ãã³ã·ã§ã³çŸ€ã§ãé壿æãçºçããããã®æµè¡ã®ã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ã»ã±ãŒã¹ã¯ãããªã³ã¹ã»ãªãã»ãŠã§ãŒã«ãºç
é¢ã§æ
¢æ§è
èç
ã®æ²»çãåããŠãããã¢ã¢ã€ã»ã¬ãŒãã³ãºã«åŒã蚪ããŠè¡ã£ãç·æ§ãšæšå®ãããŠããããã€ã¬ææ°Žã·ã¹ãã ãéããŠãŠã€ã«ã¹ãå«ãã ãšã¢ããŸã«ãæµ®éãããããæææ¡å€§ã®äžå©ã«ãªã£ããšèããããŠããã»ãã霧æ¯é¡ããŽãããªã®é¢äžã瀺åãããŠãããéŠæž¯åžæ°ã¯ãåžæ°ãžã®æ
å ±æäŸãé
ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšå¿é
ããsosick.org ãšåŒã°ãããŠã§ããµã€ããç«ã¡äžããŠãSARSã«é¢ããæ
å ±ãéæçºè¡šããããéŠæž¯æ¿åºãžã®åãããã匷ããŠãã£ãã
ã«ããã»ããã³ãã§ã®SARSåå ±åã¯ã2003幎2æ23æ¥ã®ããšã§ãããã¡ããããŒã«ã»ããã«ã«å®¿æ³ããéŠæž¯æ
è¡ããåž°åœãã女æ§ã«å§ãŸãããªã³ã¿ãªãªå·ã®257人ããŠã€ã«ã¹ã«ææãããããã³ãã§ã®ã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ã«ã¯2ã€ã®æµããããã第2æ³¢ã§ã¯ãããã³ãã®å€§ç
é¢å
ã§ãå¶çºçãªãŠã€ã«ã¹æŽé²ãåããæ£è
ã»èŠè客ã»ã¹ã¿ããéã«SARSãæ¡å€§ãããWHOã¯2003幎6ææ«ã«ãããã³ããSARSæµè¡å°ããå€ããã
ã«ããæ¿åºå
¬åŒã®åå¿ã¯ãã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯çºçåŸæ°å¹Žã«æž¡ã£ãŠåºãæ¹å€ããç¶ããããªã³ã¿ãªãªå·ã® SARS Scientific Advisory Committee(SARSã«å¯Ÿããç§åŠçå©èšå§å¡äŒ)ã®å¯å§å¡é·ã ã£ããã©ã€ã¢ã³ã»ã·ã¥ã¯ã«ã(è±: Brian Schwartz)ã¯ãå
¬è¡è¡çåœå±ã®æºåãšãã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯æã®ç·æ¥å¯Ÿå¿ã«å¯Ÿãããããããåºæ¬çã§ããããŠãæå°éãšèšã£ããšããã(è±: âvery, very basic and minimal at bestâ)ãšåæ³ããŠãããåœæã®å¯Ÿå¿ãæ¹å€ãã人ã
ã¯ããç²æ«ãªæŠèŠã®ãŸãŸæœè¡ãããå»çé¢ä¿è
ä¿è·çšã®ãããã³ã«ãšããŠã€ã«ã¹ææãæ¡å€§ããŠããæã«å¿
èŠãªãææè
æŽãåºãã·ã¹ãã ã®æ¬ é¥ã«ã€ããŠææãããSARSã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ã«å¯Ÿããæããšäžç¢ºããªæ
å ±ã®ããã§ãæŽé²ãªã¹ã¯ãåãããããªããšå»çã¹ã¿ãããèŸè·ããŠãããçµæãšããŠåœè©²å°åºã§ã¯ã¹ã¿ããäžè¶³ã«æ©ãŸãããããšã«ãªã£ãã
ææããéçåç©ãé£ã¹ãŠãŠã€ã«ã¹ææããããšãžã®æããããäžåœåéšãéŠæž¯ã§ã¯ãå
¬çãªååŒçŠæ¢ããé£èåžå Žã§ã®ååŒæžå°ãªã©ã®åããèŠããããäžåœã§ã¯ãçŸé£ã®è¡ãšããŠç¥ãããå€ãã®åç©çš®ãé£èãšããŠæ±ãåºæ±ã®äŒçµ±ããSARSã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ãèµ·ãããéèŠãªåå ã®ã²ãšã€ãšææãããããšãå€ãã
ããã³ãã«äœãã¢ãžã¢äººãã¡ã¯ãããã³ãã§SARSã¢ãŠããã¬ã€ã¯ãçºçããéãå°æ°æ°æãšããŠå·®å¥ãåãããå°å
ã®æè·å£äœã¯ãã¢ãžã¢äººãã¡ããå°å
äœæ°ãã¿ã¯ã·ãŒãã©ã€ããŒã«ç¡èŠãããããå
Œ
±äº€éæ©é¢ã®å©çšãé¿ããããããšå ±åããŠããããã¹ãã³ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯åžã§ã¯ããšã€ããªã«ããŒã«ã®æªãµãããšããŠåãåããäžè¯è¡ã«çµæžçæå€±ããããããã
WHOã®æž¡èªèªç²å§åããããäžççã«æµè¡å°ãžã®æž¡èªãæ§ããåŸåãèŠããããããã®å°åã®èгå
æ¥ãèªç©ºæ¥ã¯å€§ããªãã¡ãŒãžãåããã
ãŸãããã®ç
æ°ã¯ã¢ãžã¢äººãç¹ã«äžåœäººãæšçãšããŠæå³çã«æµè¡ããããããã®ã ãšããSARSé°è¬è«ãåºãã
äžåœã§ã®æµè¡ãåããŠãåçåŽåçã¯2003幎4æ3æ¥ã«ãSARSãææçã®äºé²åã³ææçã®æ£è
ã«å¯Ÿããå»çã«é¢ããæ³åŸ(ææçæ³)ã®ãæ°ææçãã«æå®ããããã®åŸ4æ7æ¥ã«ãWHOæé(åçåŽåçãã3æ18æ¥çºè¡š)ã«å°éå®¶ã®æèŠãå ããç¬èªã®ç®¡çæéãééããããŠã€ã«ã¹ç¹å®åŸã®å幎7æ14æ¥ã«æå®ææçãšãªã£ãåŸãææçæ³ã®æ¹æ£ãåããå幎11æ5æ¥ã«ç¬¬äžé¡ææçãšãªã£ãããã®åŸ2007幎4æ1æ¥ã®ææçæ³æ¹æ£æœè¡ã§ãåé¡ãèŠçŽãããŠç¬¬äºé¡ææçãžå€æŽãããã
2003幎5æã«ã¯ã芳å
æ
è¡ã§æ¥æ¥ããŠè¿ç¿å°æ¹ã蚪ããå°æ¹Ÿäººå»åž«ããåž°åœåŸSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹éœæ§ãšåããäžä»¶ããããåœç«ææçç ç©¶æã倧éªåžä¿å¥æãªã©ã調æ»ãè¡ã£ãããäºæ¬¡ææã¯ç¢ºèªãããªãã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ç®¡çæéã«ç€ºããããçãäŸ(Suspected case)ãã»ãå¯èœæ§äŸ(Probable case)ããè€æ°çºçããããä»çŸæ£ã®èšºæãä»ããªã©ããŠããããåŸã«åŠå®ãããã
ãŸãSARSæææ£è
æ¬éçšã®ææ¥è»ãæ²»çã»å
¥é¢ãè¡ãç
é¢ãæŽåãããã2003幎7æã«ã¯æ¥ç£èªåè»ã®é¢é£äŒç€Ÿã§ããæ¥ç£è»äœã京éœåºãžéçæ¥æ§åŒåžåšçå矀æ£è
å¯Ÿå¿ææ¥è»ã®ç¬¬1å·è»ãå¯èŽããã®ãç®åãã«ãåæ§ã®è»äž¡ãå€ãã®èªæ²»äœã«å°å
¥ãããŠããã
äžçä¿å¥æ©é¢ã¯ã2003幎7æ5æ¥ã«SARSå°ã蟌ãæåãçºè¡šããã
å°ã蟌ãæååŸãã2003幎12æãš2004幎1æãããã«å幎4æãã5æã«ãäžåœã§3äŸã®SARSæ£çºäŸãšãå®éšå®€ã§ã®å¶çºçæŽé²ã§ææãã3äŸãå ±åãããç·å¢14åãææããããšãåãã£ãŠããããã¡1ä»¶ã§ã¯ãææããçè·åž«ã®å¥³ããè€æ°äººã«ææãåºããããšãåãã£ãŠããã
å°ã蟌ãæåã®å£°æã§WHOã瀺ããããã«ãç ç©¶è
ã®å®å
šç¢ºä¿ãå¿
èŠã§ãããSARSã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã®ç ç©¶ãããéã«ã¯ã掻æ§ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã¯BSL-3çžåœã®æœèšãå¿
èŠã§ãããäžæŽ»åãŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ã¯BSL-2ã®æœèšãæãŸããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%99%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4
|
5,993 |
å·å¶çŽå
|
å·å¶ çŽå(ããã㟠ããšãã1907幎 - 2002幎12æ10æ¥)ã¯ã倧éªåžé·ã»æ± äžåéã®å
女ã§ãå
é£çµ±èšå±é·ã»å·å¶å圊ã®åŠ»ãæä»èŠªçåŠçŽåã®ç¥æ¯ãå°å®€çåã䜳åå
芪çãæ ä»èŠªçã®æŸç¥æ¯ã«åœããã京éœå€§åŠåèªæææ± äžæã¯ç¥ã§ããã
1907幎ãåœæå€§éªåºèŠå¯éšé·ã§ãã£ãæ± äžåéãšåŠ»ã»æµã®å
女ãšããŠå€§éªåžã§çãŸããã1913幎ãç¶ã»åéã倧éªåžé·ã«å°±ä»»ããã1923幎ã«å€§éªåºç«æž
æ°Žè°·é«çå¥³åŠæ ¡ã忥ã1927幎ã«èšåçä¿å®èª²é·(åœæ)ã®å·å¶å圊ãšçµå©ãåäŸã¯ãåŠç¿é¢å€§åŠåèªææã®èŸ°åœŠ(次ç·)ãæ±äº¬åœéå€§åŠææã®è¡åœŠ(äžç·)çã
ç§ç¯ å®®æä»èŠªçåŠçŽåã¯å«(蟰圊ã®é·å¥³)ã«ããããããã¡ãã¯ãããããšèªããå·å¶å®¶ã¯åæå±±ç(çŽå·)ãæ¬ç±å°ã§ããããšãç¥æ¯ã«äŒŒãŠããããšãããç¥æ¯ã®ãããªå¥³æ§ã«ãªã£ãŠã»ãããšããé¡ãããã€ãããããªã©ãšãããããçŽååŠèªèº«ãç¥æ¯æãã§ãã£ãããšãç¥ãããŠããã
å«ã»çŽåãšæä»èŠªçã®æå©çŽåã®1990幎6æã«ã¯ãå«åšãžã®ææ
ãšç宀ãžã®çæ¬ããµããèŠäºãªåæã®æçŽããããããããšãç¥ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%B6%8B%E7%B4%80%E5%AD%90
|
5,995 |
è¶
ç£
|
è¶
ç£(ã¡ãããã
ã)
| true | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8D%A3
|
5,996 |
éè¯ç¬
|
éè¯ç¬(ã®ããã¬)ãšã¯
æ ç»
鳿¥œäœå
å°å
é§
人å
| true | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E8%89%AF%E7%8A%AC
|
5,997 |
éç¬
|
éç¬(ããã)ãšã¯ã飌ãäž»ãããªãç¬ã§ãããéè¯ç¬(ã®ããã¬)ãšãåŒã°ããã
éç¬ã¯ãéçåããç¬ãšãæšãŠããããããã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ããç¹ã«åŸè
ã¯éè¯ç¬ãšåŒã°ããã
ç矩ã®éç¬ã¯ããã£ããå®¶çãšããŠé£Œããããã®ããéçåã矀ãã§ç掻ããŠããå Žåãæããéçåããç¬ã®äŸãšããŠããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã®ãã£ã³ãŽãæããããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãç¬ã飌ãå Žåã«ç»é²ãçç¬ç
äºé²æ¥çš®ã»ä¿çã®çŸ©åãåŸåŸã®é²æ¢ãªã©ã®æ§ã
ãªèŠå®ããããããããæºãããŠããªããã°éç¬ãšèŠãªããåŸãã
éç¬ãšéè¯ç¬ã¯ãç©çãå¯èœãã©ããã§åºå¥ãããå Žåãéããã®ã§ãããšãããããã®å Žåã®éç¬ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã人éã®ç掻åãžã®äŸåãå
šãã¿ãããªããéçåç©ã§ããã
äž¡è
ã«éºäŒçãªéãã¯å
šããªããé£ç掻ã«ãã£ãŠåºå¥ãããšãããããå®éã«ã¯è§£åã§ãããªãéãå€å¥ã¯å°é£ã§ããã
äž¡è
ã¯ç掻åã®éãã§äŸ¿å®çã«åºå¥ãããããçç©åé¡äžã¯ããããã¿ã€ãªã¯ãªãªã«ãã®äžäºçš®ã§ããã€ãšã€ãã§ãå³å¯ãªåºå¥ã¯ãªããããšãéè¯ç¬ããã®æ¬æ¥ã®ç¿æ§ã«åããéç¬ã®ããã«æé£ããããšããŠããããã以ã£ãŠãã®åäœãéç¬ã§ãããšããããšã«ã¯ãªããªãã
ãªããæ¥æ¬ã®é³¥ç£ä¿è·æ³ã§ã¯ãå±±éã§èªæŽ»ããŠãããã€ãã¯ç©çé³¥ç£ã§ãéãçœ ã«ããç©çãå¯èœã§ãããäžæ¹ãè¿·ãç¬ãªã©ã®äžæçã«äººéããé¢ããŠç掻ããŠãããã©ã€ãã¯éç©çé³¥ç£ã§ãç©çããããšã¯ã§ããªãã
éç¬ã¯äººãå®¶çã襲ãããšããããçç¬ç
ã®äººãžã®æææºã®ã»ãšãã©ãã€ãã§ããã®ç¹ã¯ç¹ã«å±éºèŠãããã
éç¬ã¯ãã®ç¿æ§äžã矀ããäœãåŸåã匷ããéå£ã§ç©ããè¡ãããã®ããäžåºŠå€§éå£ãåºæ¥äžãããšãããäžå±€å±éºæ§ãå¢ãã
ãã€ãã¯æ¥æ¬åšæ¥ã®å°åç©ãéžå°ã«å¶å·£ããé³¥é¡ã襲ã飿ãšãããããçµ¶æ»
屿§çš®ã®ä¿è·äžãé倧ãªè
åšã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã«ãããéç¬ã¯ã飌ãäž»ã®é£Œè²æŸæ£ã«ç±æ¥ãããã®ã倿°ãå ããŠãããããªããããã®éºæ£ã¯éæ³ã§ã100äžå以äžã®çœ°éãç§ããããã
è¿å¹Žã§ã¯ãéç¬ã®ä¿è·ä»¶æ°ã¯æžå°ããŠãããããã¯ããããã®ç€ŸäŒçéèŠæ§ã®å¢å€§ã»äŒæç
äºé²ãªã©ã§é£Œãäž»ã®æèãå€åããæ£æ©ä»¥å€ã§ã¯ããããå€ã«åºããªãæ§åŒãå¢ããããšãäžå ã§ããã
ãŸããçœå®³ã®è¢«çœå°ã§ããããåå£å®¶å±ããè±èµ°ããéè¯åããäºäŸããããéªç¥ã»æ·¡è·¯å€§éçœãæ°æœçäžè¶å°éã«ãããŠãé¿é£æœèšãžã®ãããé£ã蟌ã¿ã絡ãã§åé¡èŠãããŠããã
ãã€ã¯ããããããããã«åã蟌ãããšã§ã飌ãäž»ã®çºèŠã«ã€ãªããããšãæåŸ
ã§ããã è¿å¹Žéçºãããåã蟌ã¿åãã€ã¯ãããã(RFIDã®äžçš®)ã¯ãã¬ã©ã¹ã®ã«ãã»ã«ã«å°å
¥ããç©ããåç©ã®ç®èäžã«åã蟌ãäºã§ç»é²ããæ§åŒãäžéšèªæ²»äœãªã©ã§å§ãŸã£ãŠããããããã®ã«ãã»ã«ã¯ãéåžžã«å°åã§ããŸãåæ°žä¹
çã«æ©èœãããããäžåºŠåãä»ããããããåç©(人éãå«ã)ã®ç涯ãéããŠæ©èœããå°çšã®èªåè£
眮ãããããéã«ãç»é²çªå·ãèªã¿åãäºãå¯èœã§ããã
ã€ã³ãã§ã¯ãŠãã¿ã«ã»ãã©ããŒã·ã¥å·ã®ã·ãŒã¿ãŒãã«ã§éç¬ã®éå£ãåºçŸãã2017幎11æãã2018幎5æã«ãããŠ12人ã®åäŸãç ç²ã«ãªã£ãããéæ³ææ¥ããŠããå± æ®ºå Žã®ééã«ããé£ç³§ããªããªã£ãããšãåå ãšèããããŠããã
çç¬ç
ã®çºçã»èå»¶ãäºé²ãããããçç¬ç
äºé²æ³ç¬¬6æ¡ãæ ¹æ ãšããŠãéç¬ã¯ç©æ¥µçã«ä¿å¥æãåç©ä¿è·æœèšã®è·å¡ã«æç²ããããæç²ãããéç¬ã¯ã3æ¥ãã1é±éãšãã£ãåä¿å¥æçãå±ããèªæ²»äœã§å®ããããä¿ç®¡æéãèšããŠä¿ç®¡ãããã
äžæ¹ã§ãå
šãŠã®åç©ã¯æ°æ³äžãç©ããšããŠæ±ãããæ§è³ªãããä¿å¥æçãåä»ã忢ããŠããäŒæ¥ãå€éã«ä¿è·ãããç¬ã¯ãéºå€±ç©ã»æŸåŸç©ããšããŠæèœã®èŠå¯çœ²ãä¿è·ã»ç®¡çãè¡ãªããäžå®æéãçµãåŸã«ä¿å¥æçã«åŒãæž¡ããŠããã
ä¿å¥æçã¯åæéå
ã«ãåœè©²ç¬ãå容ããŠããæšãå
¬ç€ºããŠé£Œãäž»ãæ¢ããè²æž¡äŒçã§é£Œãäž»ãåéãããè²æž¡åžæè
ã«æ°ã«å
¥ã£ãåäœãåŒãæž¡ããªã©ãè¡ã£ãŠããã
ãããããããçŸããªãå ŽåããŸãã¯æåããæ®ºåŠåãæ±ºããããŠããå Žåã¯ãçé
žã¬ã¹ã麻é
è¬çã«ããæ®ºåŠåãããããŸããéç¬ã§ã¯ãªãã飌ãäž»ãäžèŠã«ãªã£ãç¬ãä¿å¥æçã«æã¡èŸŒããªã©ãæææš©ãæŸæ£ããããå Žåã¯ã峿¥æ®ºåŠåãããããšãããã
åç©æè·ç®¡çæ³ç¬¬35æ¡ã¯ããéœéåºççã¯ãç¬åã¯ããã®åŒåãããã®ææè
ããæ±ãããããšãã¯ããããåŒãåããªããã°ãªããªããããšããŠã飌ãç¬ã®åŒåããéœéåºçã«çŸ©åä»ããŠããã
ãã ãå¹³æ24å¹Žã®æ³æ¹æ£ã§ãç¬ç«ç販売æ¥è
ããåŒåããæ±ããããæãç°å¢ç什ã§å®ããåŒåããæåŠã§ããäºç±ãããæã¯ãåŒåããæåŠã§ããããšãæèšãããã
ãŸãåæ³ç¬¬35æ¡2é
ã¯ãåé
ã®èŠå®ã¯ãéœéåºççãææè
ã®å€æããªãç¬åã¯ããã®åŒåãããã®æŸåŸè
ãã®ä»ã®è
ããæ±ããããå Žåã«æºçšããã ããšããŠãéè¯ç¬ã®åŒåããéœéåºççã«çŸ©åä»ããŠããã
éå»ã«ã¯åŠå察象ãšãããç¬ããåç©å®éšçšã«æãäžããããããšããã£ãããå¹³æ18幎ã«å
šåœçã«çµäºããã
åç©å®éšã¯ãå®éšåç©ãèªçããåããå
¥å¿µãªç®¡çã®äžæ±ãããŠããããšãåæãšããŠããããããã£ãŠåºæã幎霢ã倿ããªãåäœã䜿ã£ãŠããŸãã°æ£ç¢ºãªå®éšã枬å®ãè¡ããªãããããã®åäœãæã€ç
åäœãç ç©¶æœèšãæ±æããæããããã
ãã€ãã§ã¯æ°éå£äœãéå¶ããåç©ä¿è·æœèšãã£ã¢ãã€ã (Tierheim)ãåœå
ã«500ãæä»¥äžãããããã€ãåç©ä¿è·é£çã¯ãã£ã¢ãã€ã ã®éå¶æéã§åºæ¬çã«æ®ºåŠåããŠã¯ãªããªããšå®ããŠããããæ²»ãèŠèŸŒã¿ã®ãªãç
æ°ãããã§èŠããã§ããåç©ã«ã€ããŠã¯åç©çŠç¥ã®èгç¹ããç£å»åž«ã«ãã宿¥œæ»ãè¡ãããŠããã
äžæ¹ããã€ãé£éŠç©çæ³ã¯ãå·ã®çްåã«åºã¥ããç©çè
ã¯ç©çåç©ãéçã®ç¬åã³ç«ããä¿è·ããããã®éç¬ã»ç«ã®é§é€ãèªããŠããããã€ãé£éŠç©çæ³ã§é§é€ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãããç¬ã¯é£Œãäž»ã®ããªãç¬ã ãã§ãªããçåºå
ã§é£Œäž»ã®ç®¡çãé¢ããŠåŸåŸããç¬ãç²ç©ãæŒãç¬ã察象ãšãªãã
ãã€ãåç©ä¿è·é£çã¯é£éŠç©çæ³ã®æ¹æ£ã䞻匵ããŠããã
ã¿ã€ã®ãã³ã³ã¯ã§ã¯éœå
ã®éè¯ç¬ã¯çŽ10äžå¹ãããšããã幎éã®èŠæ
ã¯çŽ4500ä»¶ã§ãè¡æ¿åœå±ãæç²ã«åºåãããé¿åŠæè¡ãšçç¬ç
ã¯ã¯ãã³ãæ¥çš®ããŠããããã®åŸã飌ãäž»ãæ¢ããŠèŠã€ãããªãå Žåã¯æœèšã§ç涯ä¿è·ãããã
ãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒå³¶ã«ã¯30ã®éçç¬ã®äžçš®ã§ãããã£ã³ãŽã®éå£ãçæ¯ãããšããããã2001幎ã«9æ³å
ããã£ã³ãŽã®è¥²æãåããŠæ»äº¡ããããšãã2019幎4æãŸã§ã«110å¹äœã殺åŠåãããã
欧米ã§ã¯ã¢ããã«ã·ã§ã«ã¿ãŒãªã©ã®å容æœèšãããããããã£ãéç¬ãéè¯ç«ã®ä¿è·å容ãšçŸç
ãªã©ã®æ²»çãäºé²æ¥çš®ãããã³é£Œãäž»ã®æ¡æãè¡ã£ãŠããããããæŽ»åã®ããå°åã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ããã«ãããããšããŠã®ç¬ãæ±ããå Žåã«ãããã·ã§ããã«è¡ãããšãã圢ã§ã¯ãªãããã®ã¢ããã«ã·ã§ã«ã¿ãŒã§ç¬ãåå®ãããŠåŒãåãããã®éã«ç»é²ãªã©ãæžãŸãããããšãã圢æ
ãšãªã£ãŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%8A%AC
|
5,998 |
ããã€ã
|
ããã€ãããŽããã
| true | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%94%E3%82%8D%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8D
|
6,000 |
äŒç€ŸãŽã
|
äŒç€ŸãŽã()ãšã¯ãäŒæ¥ããã®åŸæ¥å¡ã®ã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ãå£å€ããªã代åãšããŠå£æ¢ãæãªã©ãšç§°ããŠãåœè©²äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠéåãèŠæ±ããè¡çºããããã¯ããããè¡çºãç¹°ãè¿ããŽããããæããè
è¿«ã®ææã«åªäœã䜿ãå Žåã¯æ°èãŽããéèªãŽããšãåŒã°ããããšãããã
èªã䞻宰ãã(é¶çްãª)æ°èãéèªã«äžå©ãªèšäºãäžå©ãªè©±ãæ²èŒãããšæã«è
ããçšå¿æ£ä»£ããã«äŒç€Ÿé¡§åã«å°±ä»»ããããã匷èŠããŠé¡§åæã奪ãæå£ãªã©ãç·ç§°ããŠäŒæ¥ãŽããšãèšãããã
è¡å®£å³ç¿Œãªã©ãšçµèšããè¡å®£è»ã§æ¬ç€Ÿãå¶æ¥æãæ ªäž»ç·äŒã®äŒå Žããããã¯ç¹è¯è¡ãªã©ã«æŒãããå·æã«ã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ã糟匟ãããªã©ããããã¯éã«ã»ã殺ããªã©ãè¡ãããšã§ã¿ãŒã²ããã®äŒæ¥ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«ææãäžããããšãããæªææžã®æµåžãäžæµãŽã·ããèªãå©çšããæ»æãªã©ãè¡ãããã
èŠå¯åºã¯ãç·äŒå±ã瀟äŒéåæšæŠãŽããªã©ãšäžŠãã§ãäŒç€ŸãŽããäŒæ¥å¯Ÿè±¡æŽåãšããŠäœçœ®ã¥ãã察çãè¬ããäŒæ¥ããã®çžè«ã«å¿ããŠããããå€å
žçãªäºäŸã¯äŒæ¥åŽã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åŒ·åãæŽåå£å¯Ÿçæ³ã®æœè¡ãçŽåªäœã®è¡°éããŽãã®é«éœ¢åãªã©ã«ããè¡°éãã€ã€ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AD
|
6,001 |
ãªããè
|
ãªããè
(ãªãããã®)ãšã¯ã瀟äŒã®äžå¡ãšããŠã®çŸ©åã圹å²ãæãããªãåä»è
ã®ããšãå矩èªãšããŠãã€ã¯ã¶è
ãçŽ è¡äžè¯è
ãããã€ããç¡é ŒæŒ¢()ãèããè
()ãäžå€ªè
()ããã³ãã©ãªã©ã
çŸä»£ã§ã¯å瀟äŒçå¢åãæãèšèãšããŠå®çããŠãããç¯çœªè
ã ãã§ã¯ãªãè¡å®£å³ç¿ŒãæŽåå£å¡ãªã©ã該åœããã
è±èªã§ã¯Rogue State ã Rogue Traderãªã©ã®è¡šçŸãååšãããããã®çŽèš³ãšããŠæ¥æ¬èªã§ãããªãããã®åœå®¶ããããªããè
ãã¬ãŒããŒããªã©ã®è¡šçŸãååšãããããã¯åèªã®è±èªã§ã¯ãGoing RogueãããçãŸãã衚çŸã§ãããããšããšã¯æ§æ Œã倧人ãããéå£è¡åããã象ã(è² å·ãªã©ã®çç±ã§)çªç¶çæŽåãã人ãèžã¿ã€ãããå®¶å±ãç Žå£ããçŸè±¡ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®æ€æ°å°ã§ããã€ã³ãã§ãGo Rogueããšè¡šçŸãããããããã象ã®ããã«å€§äººããã衚åãã¯åŸé ã«çµç¹ã®æ±ºãŸãã«åŸã£ãŠããã«ãããããããäºæããªã圢ã§çµç¹ã«çå€§ãªæå®³ãäžããè
ãRogueãšãããããã£ãŠãRogue Traderãã¯ãå¯ãã«èŠå®ã«éåããååŒãè¡ãèšå€§ãªæå€±ãéè¡ã«çºçãããè¡çºãæããŠããããã£ãŠæåããå瀟äŒçååšã§ããããªããè
ãã§ã¯è±èªã®æå³ã¯äŒãããªãã
ãã以å€ã«ã ã颚å€ãããåžžèãéžããããšããæå³ã§ã¯ gonzo(ãŽã³ãŸãŒ)ãããã奜æçãªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã§ãçšããããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%9A%E8%80%85
|
6,007 |
å
芪ç
|
å
芪ç(ãè±: Princess)ã¯ãçæå¥³åã®èº«äœãŸãã¯ç§°å·ã®äžã€ããŸãã¯ãå
芪çã®èº«äœãäžããããçæã®ããšãçŸè¡ã®ç宀å
žç¯ã§ã¯å€©çããã¿ãŠå«¡ç·ç³»å«¡åºã§2芪ç以å
ã®å¥³æ§åã³å€©çã®å§åйã«äžããããããã€ãŠã¯ãå
芪ç宣äžãåããçæå¥³åã«äžããããã
ãã€ãŠã®åŸä»€å¶ã§ã¯ã倩çã®ç女ããã³å§åйãå
芪ç(ããã¡ã®ã¿ããã²ãã¿ã)ãšãã£ãããªããäžåœã§ã¯ç女ã®å°å·ã¯ååçã«ãå
¬äž»ãã§ããããå
芪çãã¯ãã²ãã¿ããã®èšã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®ãšããŠæ¥æ¬ã§èæ¡ããããã®ãšã¿ããããå¥è¡šèšã§ã¯ã姫埡å(ã²ãã¿ã)å§«å®®(ã²ãã¿ã)ãªã©ãããã
ãŸã倿¥ããã第äžç女ã女äžå®®(ãããªãã¡ã¿ã)ããã®é ã«å¥³äºå®®ã女äžå®®ãšç§°ãã
ææ²»æä»£ã«å
¥ããç宀å
žç¯ææ¡ãèµ·èãããã«ãããããã®ç¬¬35æ¡ã«ãŠåŸæ¥ã®ç女ã«çãŸããã芪çåŠã«ãå
芪çãçåŠã女çãšèŠå®ããæ¡æã®çå®ãæ€èšããããããããææ å·å®®çŸä»èŠªçããååããããããããšè¿°ã¹ãããã«å察ãããå
芪çã¯ç女ã®ç§°ã§ãããçå·ã¯ççµ±ããåºããã®ã«éããšããã®ããã®çç±ã ã£ããçµæãå
芪çã¯ãã®èº«äœã®æç«ä»¥æ¥ãç女ã®ç§°å·ãšããŠåç¶ããã
çŸåšã®ç宀å
žç¯ã§ã¯ã倩çã®å«¡åºã®ç女ããã³å€©çã®å«¡ç·ç³»ã®å«¡åºã®çå«ã§å¥³åã§ãããã®(6æ¡)ããŸãã倩çã®å§åй(7æ¡)ãå
芪çãšããã倩çã»ç倪åã®åšã§ããå Žåãããã«ãâå®®ãã®åŸ¡ç§°å·ãäžããããã
å
芪çã»å¥³çãçæä»¥å€ã®è£äžã«å«ãããšãéå«ãšãããçµå©ã«éãçæã®èº«åã倱ãããŸããå€èªã§ã¯å
芪çãæ¯ãšããŠçãŸããããšããŸãã¯çãŸããåããç女è
¹ã(ã¿ãã°ã)ãšãã£ãã
ãŸãã倩çã®å«¡åºã®3芪ç以é ã®å¥³å(倩çã®å§åйã¯é€ã)ã¯å¥³çãšããã
çŸåšãåèš2人ããã®èº«äœã«ããã
å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœæ²æ³äžã§ã¯ãçç±é¢è±ãã§ã¯ãªããè£ç±éäžããšèšã£ãŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B
|
6,008 |
芪ç
|
芪ç()ã¯ãæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããŠãå«¡åºã®çåãæé«äœã®çæç·åã«äžããããç§°å·ãããšããšäžåœè«žçæ(æä»¥åŸ)ã«ãããŠçšããããæ¥æ¬ããããã ã«ãããŠãæ¡çšãããã
ãããã«å£ã£ãŠãéæŒ¢ååã®åäž»ã®èŠªæç·åã芪çãšåŒã¶ããšããããªã³ã¹(è±:prince)ã®èš³èªãšããŠçšããããšããŸãŸããã
ãçãã¯æ¬æ¥ã¯åäž»ãæãèªã§ããããæŒ¢æä»¥åŸãçãããäžçŽã®åäž»å·ãšããŠçåžå·ãäœçœ®ã¥ããããããã«ãªããšããçãã®ç§°å·ã¯ãçåžã®é
äžã®ãã¡ç¹ã«é«äœã®è
ã«å¯ŸããŠçšãããã諞䟯ã®ç§°å·ãšããŠ(諞䟯ç)ã ãã§ãªããçæç·åã®ç§°å·ãšããŠãçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããããŠãé以åŸãçæç·åãšããŠã®ãçãã®ãã¡ãç¹ã«çåžãšè¿çžã§ãããªã©äžå®ã®è
ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ã芪çããšããããã«äœãäžããããããã«ãªãããããåŸã«æ¥æ¬ã倧éåžåœã«æ³¢åããã
çŸåšã¯å€©çã®å«¡åºã®ç·å(çå)ãããã³å€©çã®å«¡ç·ç³»å«¡åºã®ç·å(å«¡åºåã§ããçåããçãŸããå«¡åºåã®çå«)ã§ããçæã芪çãšãã(ç宀å
žç¯ç¬¬6æ¡åç
§)ããªãã芪çã®å
ãä»äžå€©çã®çç·åããçå£(çäœç¶æ¿é äœ1äœ)ã§ããè
ãç倪åãšãããçå«ããçå£ã§ããè
ãç倪å«ãšããããŸãã芪çã®å
ã倩çã»ç倪åã®ç·åã«ã¯åŸ¡ç§°å·ãäžããããããŸããç宀å
žç¯ç¬¬7æ¡ã«ãããçãçäœç¶æ¿ãããå Žåã«ã¯ããã®å
åŒããçã芪çã«èº«äœã倿Žãããã倩çã®åãç·ç³»ã®å«ã§ãã£ãŠãã庶åãŸãã¯åº¶åã®åã§ããè
ã¯çæãšãªããã身äœã¯ã€ããªãã
ãªãã女åã®èŠªçå·ãå
芪çãšããããŸãå«¡ç·ç³»å«¡åºã®åã§ãã£ãŠ3äžä»¥äž(æŸå«ã®ä»£ä»¥é)ã«ãããçæã¯ç·åã¯çã女åã¯å¥³çãšããã
çæèº«äœä»€(çå®€ä»€ãæ¢ã«å»æ¢)ã«æºããŠãæå¹Žãšãªã£ãå Žåã¯å€§å²äœã®å²çã«åãããã倧å²äœèè±å€§ç¶¬ç« ãæããããããªããå
芪çã¯å²äžçã«åããããå²äžçå®å ç« ãæããããçã¯å²äžçã«åããããå²äžçææ¥æ¡è±å€§ç¶¬ç« ãæãããã女çã¯å²äºçã«åããããå²äºçå®å ç« ãæããããããšã«ãªã£ãŠãããæŠåŸã§ã芪çã«ã¯ã倧å²äœèè±å€§ç¶¬ç« ãæãããã芪çåŠãå
芪çã«ã¯å²äžçå®å ç« (çŸãå®å å€§ç¶¬ç« )ããçåŠã女çã«ã¯å²äºçå®å ç« (çŸãå®å ç¡äž¹ç« )ãæããããŠããã
çŸä»£ã®ç宀ã«ãããŠãç¹å®ã®å€©çåã³çæã®å女ãã®åŒç§°ãšããŠã芪ç(ç·æ§)ãåã³ãå
芪ç(女æ§)ãã®ã¿ãçšãããããã第äžçå(第äžçç·å)ã第äºçå(第äºçç·å)ã第äžç女(第äžç女å)ãšããããã«ã倩çãšã®ç¶æãæãå Žåã«éã£ãŠã¯çå(çç·å)åã³ç女(ç女å)ã䜿çšãããã第äžèŠªçããã第äžå
芪çããšãã£ãåŒç§°ã¯äœ¿ããªãã
æž
æä»¥åã®çæã§ã¯ãçæã®ççŽãšããŠã®èŠªçã¯ååšããããã芪çããçŽæ¥å ããç§°å·ã¯ååšããªãã£ãã(ççŽãšããŠã®)芪çã«ã¯äžè¬ã«çå·ãäžããããå°å°ãåã£ãŠãââçããšåŒãã ããããæŽå²çšèªã§ã¯è«žäŸ¯çãšåŒã¶ãããããæ¥æ¬ã®(ç§°å·ãšããŠã®)ã芪çãã«çžåœãããçã«å¯Ÿå¿ãã女æ§çæã®å·ã¯å
¬äž»ã§ãããçã®äžäœã®ç§°å·ãšããŠé¡çããããæ¥æ¬ã®ãçãã«çžåœãããé¡çã«å¯Ÿå¿ãã女æ§çæã®å·ã¯é¡äž»ã§ããã
ãŸããç倪åãçã¯çžå¯ŸçãªæŠå¿µã§ãããããç倪åã«ç«ãŠãããéã«ã¯çã®èº«åã倱ã£ãã
æž
æã«ããã芪çã¯ãæçã§ããæž
æçæææ°èŠçŸ
æ°çµäœã®æé«äœã§ãããäžè¥²èŠªçãšéäžè¥²èŠªçããã£ããäžè¥²ç¹æš©ãèªããããŠããè
ã«ã¯ãå»ºåœææã«æŽ»èºãã6人ã®èŠªçãš2人ã®é¡çã®ä»ã«ãæž
æäžæãæ«æã«ç¹å¥ãªå瞟ããããšããŠäžè¥²ãèš±ããã4人ã®èŠªçãããããã®ä»ã®éäžè¥²èŠªçã¯1代ããšã«çµäœãäžãããé®åœå
¬ãŸã§äžãã£ãŠããã¯äžè¥²ã«ãªã£ãã
ãªããã¢ã³ãŽã«ç䟯ããåæã«ã¯æž
æã®äžåœå¶èŠã«å€§åã®ãã£ãåäžæ¡(平西ç)ãã¯ãããšããäžè©ã®æŒ¢äººå°è»ã«ã芪çäœãæããããŠãããæçãšåæ Œãšãããã
æž
æåæã®äžè¥²çæ
äžæãæ«æã«èªããããäžè¥²çæ
ææ°æé®®ã§ã¯ãçæã®ç·åã«ã¯ãââåããšãã£ãç§°å·ãäžããããŠããã倧éåžåœã«åœå·ãæ¹ããéã«ãçåžã«è¿ãçæã®çµäœãšããŠçäœãå®ããããã倧éåžåœã§ã¯ãã°ãã°ã芪çããšããåŒç§°ãçšããããããããã¯çãžã®æ¬æã蟌ããŠåŒç§°ããéã«çšãããããã®ã§ãæ£ç¢ºãªç§°å·ã¯ãçãã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¡çŽç· çµãªã©ã®åžã«ãããŠçžæã®åäž»åœã®åäž»ãäžåŸã«çåžãšèªã¿æ¿ããŠãã(çåž#æ¥æ¬ã®çåžãåç
§)ããã®æµãããããçåžãã®èŠªæãããçæãç·åã芪çãšèªã¿æ¿ããæ
£äŸãçãŸããã
å¹³ææä»£ã«ãããŠããåãã¢ãžã¢ã®ã¿ã€ç宀ã«ãããŠçææå¡ã(å人åäœã§)芪çã»å
芪çãšèªã¿æ¿ããäºäŸãæ£èŠãããããã©ãŒã9äžåŽ©åŸ¡ååŸãšããªããšãã¹ã³ããªã©ã§ãçåã»ç女ãšå ±éããããšãæ®ã©ã§ããã
芪çåŒã³ã¯äž»ã«çååŒã³ãªã©ã«ãšã£ãŠä»£ããããããããã¯åœçãçåžãšèªã¿æ¿ããå®å ±ã®æ¹éã転æãããããšã倧ããããŸãããã¹ã³ããªã©ãéããŠäžçååœã®ãçåæ§ãç女æ§ãããŽã·ããçã«æ²èŒãããããã«ãªã£ãããšãªã©ã§ãããããå Žã§èŠªçãšåŒã°ããããšã¯(æ¥æ¬ã®ç宀æå¡ã玹ä»ããå Žåãé€ããŠ)èŠãããªãã
äžæ¹ã§æ§ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢åžå®€ã«ãããç·åæå¡ã«ã€ããããããªãŒã¹ããªã¢å€§å
¬ã(Erzherzogãè±èªã§ã¯Archduke)ãæ§ãã·ã¢åžå®€ã®ãã·ã¢å€§å
¬(ÐелОкОй кМÑзÑãè±èªã§ã¯Grand Duke)ãªã©ã«ãããŠããæ
£äŸçã«ãçåããšåŒã¶ããããã¯äžåŸã«ã倧å
¬ããšåŒã³ã芪çãšåŒã¶ããšããªããããã¯è±èš³ãããããdukeãã®ç¶Žããã倧å
¬ãšèš³ããããšã倧ãããããããªãã䞡称å·ãšããæ¯é
å°ã§ãããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ããã·ã¢ã®çµ±æ²»è
ã»äž»æš©è
ãšããŠã®æå³åããæããŠããããã®ç¹ã§ã¯ç(çµ)ã«äžåãå°äœãšããŠçšæããã芪çã«è¿ãããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ããã·ã¢ã§ã¯åžæ¿ã廿¢ãããçŸåšã®æå¡ãåœå®¶çã«çæãšèªããããããã§ã¯ãªãããããã®çšæ³ã«å¯Ÿããå
¬çãªæèŠã®å ŽãèšããããŠã¯ããªãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B
|
6,011 |
æŸææä»
|
æŸæ æä»(ãŸã€ãã ããã²ãšã1941幎6æ13æ¥ - )ã¯å»åž«(å»åŠå士)ãå
åçå®åãæºæŽ²åœçãŸãã山梚çåºèº«ã
è¬å®³ãšã€ãºäºä»¶åœæã®åçççç©è£œå€èª²é·(åä»»è
ã¯ãé¡åžç¯€æ)ã1985幎8æãè¡åç
æ£è
ã3人ããå±éºãªéå ç±æ¿çž®è£œå€ã®åžå Žããã®æ©æååã補è¬äŒç€Ÿã«æå°ãããã鳿
ããçºãæŸæèª²é·ã蚪ãããããã«å¯Ÿããåæ°ã¯ããããã¯åºæ¥ãªããéå ç±è£œå€ã(HIVã«)ãã¹ãŠæ±æãããŠãããšã¯éããªããåççãæå°ããã°è£œè¬äŒç€Ÿã¯åŸããããåŸããäŒæ¥ã«æå®³ãäžããŠããŸãããšè¿°ã¹ããšã®ããšã§ããããŸããåœæãäžåæ¶²å
¥ãã®ã¯ã€ã³ãåžå Žã«åºåã倧éšããšãªã£ãŠãããæ£è
ãã¡ããã©ãããŠã¯ã€ã³ã¯ååã§ããŠãéå ç±è£œå€ã¯ã ããªã®ãããšè©°ãå¯ããšãåæ°ã¯ããã¯ã€ã³ã¯äžè¬åœæ°ã飲ãããååºå å(è¡æŒ¿è£œå€ã®ããš)ã®äœ¿çšè
ã¯éãããŠããããããšçãããšããããè¬å®³ãšã€ãºèšŽèšã«ãããŠå ç±è£œå€èªå¯åŸãå±éºãªéå ç±è£œå€ã®åååœä»€ãåºãã被害ã倧ããåºããããšã«ãããç¹ã«æ£è
2åã®æ»ã«ã€ããŠæ¥åäžéå€±èŽæ»çœªã«åãã被å人ãšãªã£ãããã ãããã¡1åã®1985幎5æãã6æã«æäžãããéšåã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã®åœæã§ã¯çµæåé¿çŸ©åã¯åŠå®ããç¡çœªãšãã1986幎4æã«æäžãããæ£è
1åã«å¯Ÿããåã«ã€ããŠæçœªãšãããã
ãªããåœæã®è¬åå±é·ã ã£ãå°æåå
žãäºå次å®ãã¯äžèµ·èšŽãšãªã£ãŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9D%91%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%81
|
6,021 |
æ¬å·
|
æ¬å·()ã¯ãå³¶åœã§ããæ¥æ¬ã®æå€§ã®å³¶ã§ãããæ¥µæ±ãããŠæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã®æ²¿å²žæ²ã«äœçœ®ããæé«æšé«3,776mãé¢ç©227,942.85kmãäžçã®å³¶ã®äžã§ã¯ãé¢ç©ã¯ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã®ã¹ããã©å³¶ã«æ¬¡ã第7äœã人å£ã¯ãžã£ã¯å³¶ã«æ¬¡ã第2äœã§ããããŸãæ¥æ¬ã®GDPã®8å²ä»¥äžãçç£ãã2äœã®ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³å³¶(ã€ã®ãªã¹)ãæããŠçµæžèŠæš¡ãäžçæå€§ã®å³¶ã§ãããã
å°è³ªåŠãèå€åŠãªã©ã§ã¯æ¬å·å³¶ãšããåç§°ã䜿çšãããã
æ¬å·ã«ã¯34ã®éœåºç(1éœ2åº31ç)ããããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯ãæ¬å·ãšãã®ä»éããå³¶ãåãããŠãæ¬å·å°æ¹ããšèšãããåã«ãæ¬å·ããšåŒç§°ããå Žåãããã
ãæ¬å·ããšããåã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®äž»èŠãªå³¶ã§ããããšã«ç±æ¥ããå€ä»£ã®åŒç§°ã¯ãç§æŽ¥å³¶ãã»ãç§æŽ¥æŽ²ã(ããã€ããŸãããã¥ããŸ)ãªã©ãç¥ããã(æ¬å·#æŽå²æžã«ãããåŒç§°)ã
ãŠãŒã©ã·ã¢ã®æ±ç«¯(欧米ããæ¥µæ±ãšåŒã°ããå°å)ãããŠæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã®äžã§ãç¹ã«æ±æ¹ã®æ²¿å²žæ²ã«äœçœ®ããåæµ·éå³¶ãååœå³¶ãä¹å·å³¶ãä»éããå³¶ãšãšãã«æ¥æ¬åå³¶ãæ§æããŠãããæ¥æ¬åå³¶ã¯æ¥æ¬æµ·ãå²ãããã«åŒç¶ã«äŒžã³ãŠãã(åçåç
§)ããããã圢ç¶ã¯ãã¬ãŒãã®å¢çåã«åœ¢æãããåå³¶ã«ããèŠããã匧ç¶åå³¶ã®ç¹åŸŽã§ããã
æ¬å·ã¯äž»ã«ä»å äœ(ãã¬ãŒããã¯ããã¯ã¹ã«ãããæµ·æŽã®ãã¬ãŒããæµ·æºã«æ²ã¿èŸŒãéã«ãæµ·æŽãã¬ãŒãã®äžã«å ç©ããããŸããŸãªå²©ç³ãéžåŽã®ãã¬ãŒãã«æŒãã€ããããŠä»å ãããã®)ãšç«å±±æŽ»åã«ãã岩ç€ãããªãã
å°è³ªåŠçã«ã¯ããŠãŒã©ã·ã¢ãã¬ãŒãæ±ç«¯ãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã¬ãŒãå西端ããã£ãªãã³æµ·ãã¬ãŒãã®å端ããã®æ¬å·ä»è¿ã§è¡çªããŠããããŠãŒã©ã·ã¢ãã¬ãŒããšåã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã¬ãŒãã®å¢çç·ããã©ããµãã°ããšãªã£ãŠããããŸãããã®ãã©ããµãã°ããäžå¿ã«ãæ¬å·ã®æ±è¥¿è»žãšåå軞ãå
¥ãæ¿ãããåŒç¶ãšãªã£ãŠããã
æ¬å·ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®åœåã®é¢ç©ã®çŽ60%ãå ãã人å£ã®çŽ80%ãæãããåå³¶å
ã«éœåºçåºæåšå°ã眮ãéœåºçã®2005幎(å¹³æ17幎)åœå¢èª¿æ»äººå£ã®åèš(æ¬å·ãšä»éããå³¶ãå«ã)ã¯1å333äž9272人ã2014幎(å¹³æ26幎)10æ1æ¥ã®é¢ç©åèš(æ¬å·ãšä»éããå³¶ãå«ã)ã¯227,943.05kmã
éŠéœããæ±äº¬éœã¯ã倪平æŽåŽã§ãå³¶ã®ã»ãŒæ±è¥¿è»žãšåå軞ãå
¥ãæ¿ããäžå€®ã«äœçœ®ããã34ã®éœåºçã«åãããã
æ¥æ¬åå³¶ã®ä»ã®äž»èŠãª3ã€ã®å³¶(åæµ·éãä¹å·ãååœ)ãšã¯éåœãã³ãã«ãæ¬å·ååœé£çµ¡æ©(ç¥æžã»é³Žéã«ãŒããå
å³¶ã»ååºã«ãŒããå°Ÿéã»ä»æ²»ã«ãŒã)ãé¢éæ©ãé¢éãã³ãã«(å±±éœæ¬ç·)ãæ°é¢éãã³ãã«(å±±éœæ°å¹¹ç·)ãé¢éãã³ãã«(è»éã»äººé)ã§é£çµãããŠããã
æ¥æ¬ã¯6,852ã®å³¶ã§æ§æãããå³¶åœã§ããããæ¥æ¬æå€ã®æŽå²æž ãå€äºèšã (712幎ç®äž) ã§ã¯ããæ¥æ¬ããã倧å
«å³¶åœã(ãããããŸã®ãã«)ãšåŒã³ããå
«ã€ã®å³¶ãã®ç·ç§°ãšããŠããã(ç»å Žé ã«çŸä»£ã®åŒç§°è¡šèšã§ãæ·¡è·¯(ããã)ãååœãé å²(ãã)ãä¹å·ã壱å²(ãã)ã察銬(ã€ããŸ)ãäœæž¡ãæ¬å· )
ãã®äžã§8çªç®ã«ç»å Žãããæ¬å·ãã®åæã§ã®åŒç§°è¡šèšã¯2ã€ç€ºãããŠãããã倧åè±ç§æŽ¥å³¶(ããããŸãšãšãããã€ããŸ)ããšã倩埡è空è±ç§æŽ¥æ ¹å¥(ããŸã€ã¿ãããšãããã€ããã)ãã§ãããåŸè
ã¯æ¬å·ã®ç¥åã§ããããå€äºèšãã®ç·ç¥å¥³ç¥ã®äº€äºã®é ãã女ç¥ã®æ±ãã«ãªãã¯ãã ãããããŠæèšãããŠããªã(ãã®ååŸã®å³¶ã¯æç¢ºã«ç·ç¥å¥³ç¥ãšèšãããŠãã)ã
ãæ¥æ¬æžçŽã(720å¹Žå®æ)ã§ã¯ããæ¥æ¬ããã倧å
«æŽ²åœã(ãããããŸã®ãã«)ããæ¬å·ããããå€§æ¥æ¬è±ç§æŽ¥æŽ²(ããããŸãšãšãããã€ããŸ)ããšè¡šèšããŠããã
ãæ¬å·ããšã¯ç«¯çã«ã¯æ¬å·å³¶(ããã³å Žåã«ãã£ãŠã¯æ¬å·å³¶ã«ä»å±ãããšãããå³¶å¶Œ)ãæãããå代æ²çžç什ã§ããéå³¶çŽåœ¬ããèšèªé¢šä¿ã²ã·ãæ¬å·ååäžãã©ã·ã ã«ãåœçæœæ¿äžæã¢æ¥åãã·ãå
¶æ³åºãšãªæè²äºå€ãã©ã¹ããšå€§èµçã«äžç³ããããã«ããæ¬åããããã¯ãå
å°ãçãªæå³ã§äœ¿çšãããå Žåããããç¹ã«åæµ·éã§ã¯æå¹ããã®åšèŸºéšã§æ±å以åããæ¬å·ããšããçšæ³ãããã
æ°è±¡åºã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãæ¬å·ã«ååœã»ä¹å·ãå ãããã®åšèŸºæµ·åãå«ãã圢ã§ãæ¬å·ä»è¿ããšåŒãã§ããã
åç©å°çåºäžæ¥æ¬åå³¶ã¯ã鹿å
å³¶çã®å±ä¹
å³¶ã»çš®åå³¶ãšå¥çŸå€§å³¶ãšã®éã®æž¡ç¬ç·ãšããååžå¢çç·ã«ããäºåãããŠãããæž¡ç¬ç·ããåã¯æ§ååºã«å±ã(æž¡ç¬ç·ããåã¯æ±æŽåº)ãããã«å¯ŸéŠ¬æµ·å³¡ç·ã«ãã£ãŠå¯ŸéЬãšããŸããã©ãã¹ãã³ç·ã«ãã£ãŠåæµ·éãšåºåãããããã®å
åŽã®ãã¡æ¬å·ã¯æ¬å·å岞ç·(æ±åŽæäžãæå±ããæè«ã®ååžéçç·ã幎平åæäœæ°æž©-3.5°Cã®çæž©ç·)ã«ãã£ãŠååã«åºåãããååŽã¯ååœã»ä¹å·ãšå
±éã®å°çåºããªãã
æ€ç©åºç³»ã«ãããŠã¯ãå
šååºç³»ç(ãããã¢ãããµã¯ã©ãã«ãšãããŠãªã®åå±ãªã©ã«åºæçš®ãå€ã)ã«å±ãããæ€çã¯æ¬å·ã®æ°åã§ã¯ã1)å西諞島ããæ±ååéšã«åºããåžžç·åºèæš¹(ç
§èæš¹)ã®æ£®æã2)ä¹å·åéšããåæµ·éåéšãŸã§ã®èœèåºèæš¹ã®æ£®æãæ°åçæ¥µçžãšãªãããããããå°åã¯å€ããªãã
èé¡ã¯æ§ã
ãªåºæçš®ãååžããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%B7%9E
|
6,022 |
æ¥æž
æŠäº
|
ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»æ¥æž
æŠäº(ã«ã£ãããããããæ§åäœ: æ¥æ·žæ°ç)ã¯ã1894幎(ææ²»27幎)7æ25æ¥ãã1895幎(ææ²»28幎)4æ17æ¥ã«ãããŠæ¥æ¬ãšæž
åœã®éã§è¡ãããæŠäºã§ããããªããæ£åŒã«å®£æŠåžåãããã®ã¯1894幎8æ1æ¥ã§ãå®å
šãªçµæŠã¯å°æ¹Ÿã®å¹³å®ãçµãã1895幎11æ30æ¥ãšããèŠæ¹ããããææ°æé®®ã®å°äœç¢ºèªãšæé®®åå³¶ã®æš©çãå·¡ãäºããåå ãšãªã£ãŠåŒãèµ·ããããäž»ã«æé®®åå³¶ãšéŒæ±åå³¶ããã³é»æµ·ã§äº€æŠããæ¥æ¬åŽã®åå©ãšèŠãªãæ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽ(äžé¢æ¡çŽ)ã®èª¿å°ã«ãã£ãŠçµçµããã
ã»å£¬åè»ä¹±ä»¥åŸãéåŠã«ãã£ãŠæž
åœãææ°æé®®ã«å¯Ÿããå®äž»æš©ãäžæ¹çã«äž»åŒµããŠãããããè¬åæ¡çŽã®äžã§æ¥æ¬åžåœã¯ææ°æé®®ã«å¯Ÿããæž
åœã®äžæ¹çãªå®äž»æš©ã®æŸæ£ãæ¿èªãããä»ãæž
åœããå°æ¹ŸãæŸæ¹è«žå³¶ãéŒæ±åå³¶ãå²è²ãããå·šé¡ã®è³ åéãç²åŸãããããããè¬åçŽåŸã®äžåœå¹²æžã«ããéŒæ±åå³¶ã¯ææŸãããšã«ãªã£ããæŠäºã«åå©ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã®è¿ä»£åœå®¶ãšèªããããåœéçå°äœãåäžããæ¯æãããè³ åéã®å€§éšåã¯è»åæ¡åŒµè²»çšãè»äºè²»ã«å
ãŠãããã
ã»ã»ç²åèŸ²æ°æŠäºã𿥿ž
é§å
µ
ã»1894幎(ææ²»27幎)1æäžæ¬ãéçšã«èŠããæé®®æ°è¡ã宿çµç€Ÿã®æ±åŠå
ã®æå°äžã§èèµ·ãå€§èŠæš¡ãªèŸ²æ°åä¹±ãåçºãããèªåã§ã®é®å§ãäžå¯èœãªããšãæã£ãææ°æé®®æ¿åºã¯ãå®äž»åœã§ããæž
åœã®æ¥æŽãæ±ãããæž
åœåŽã®æŽŸå
µã®åããèŠãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºãå
å¹Žç· çµã®å€©æŽ¥æ¡çŽã«åºã¥ããŠã6æ2æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬äººå±
çæ°ä¿è·ãç®çã«ããå
µå掟é£ã決å®ãã5æ¥ã«å€§æ¬å¶ãèšçœ®ãããæ¥æ¬åŽãéšéãéã蟌ãã§ããããšã屿§ããæé®®æ¿åºã¯æ¥ãã§æ±åŠå
ãšåçŠãã6æ11æ¥ãŸã§ã«èŸ²æ°åä¹±ãçµçµããããšæ¥æž
äž¡è»ã®éãããªæ€å
µãæ±ããããããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯æé®®ã®å
ä¹±ã¯ãŸã å®å
šã«ã¯åãŸã£ãŠããªããšäž»åŒµããŠãå®å
šä¿éã®ããã®å
æ¿æ¹é©ã®å¿
èŠæ§ãå±ãã15æ¥ã«æ¥æž
å
±åã«ããæé®®å
æ¿æ¹é©æ¡ãæž
åœåŽã«æç€ºããããæž
åœæ¿åºã¯ãããæçµ¶ããäžã§æ¥æž
åæ¹ã®åææ€å
µãææ¡ããããããåããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯24æ¥ã«æé®®å
æ¿æ¹é©ã®åç¬æ±ºè¡ã宣èšããæž
åœæ¿åºã«æåã®çµ¶äº€æžãéã£ããåæã«æ¥æ¬ã®è¿œå éšéãæé®®åå³¶ã«æŽŸé£ããã6æ30æ¥ã®æç¹ã§æž
åœå
µ2500åã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬å
µ8000åã®é§çéšéããœãŠã«åšèŸºã«éçµããã
ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»ã»æ¥æž
éæŠ
ã»ã»ã»ã»1894幎7æäžæ¬ãæ¥æž
åææ€å
µã䞻匵ããæé®®æ¿åºåã³æž
åœåŽãšãæé®®å
æ¿æ¹é©ãèŠæ±ããæ¥æ¬åŽã®éã§äº€æžãç¶ãããããæ±ºè£ç¶æ
ãšãªãã14æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯äºåºŠç®ã®çµ¶äº€æžãæž
åœåŽãžééããããã®äžæ¹ã§æ¥æ¬ã¯ã€ã®ãªã¹ãšã®å€äº€äº€æžãç¶ããŠããã7æ16æ¥ã«æ¥è±éåèªæµ·æ¡çŽãçµã¶ããšã«æåãããæžæ¡ã ã£ãæ¥æž
åæ¹ã«å¯Ÿããã€ã®ãªã¹ã®äžç«çç«å Žã確èªããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯ãç¿17æ¥ã«æž
åœãšã®éæŠãé£è°æ±ºå®ãã23æ¥ã«æé®®çå®®ã襲æã»å æ ããŠãæããé«å®ã«æ¥æ¬ã«ååçå§¿å¢ã瀺ããŠãã倧é¢åãæ°æ¿åºéŠçãšããããšãèªããããããã«å€§é¢åããæž
åœå
µè¿œæŸãèŠè«ããææžãåŸãããã®å€§çŸ©ååã®äžã7æ25æ¥ã®æµ·æŠãš28æ¥ã®éžæŠã«ãã£ãŠæž
åœé§çéšéãé§éãããœãŠã«åšèŸºãå¢åäžã«çœ®ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã8æ1æ¥ã«æž
åœã«å¯ŸããŠå®£æŠåžåããã
æŠäºã®æšç§»
1894幎8æããæé®®åå³¶ã®åäžé²æãéå§ããæ¥æ¬éžè»ã¯ãæž
åœéžè»ãæç Žãã€ã€9æäžã«æé®®åå³¶ãå¶å§ããåŸã«éŽšç·æ±ãè¶ããç¿1895幎3æäžæ¬ãŸã§ã«éŒæ±åå³¶ãã»ãŒå é ãããæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã¯1894幎9æã®é»æµ·ã®èŠé決æŠã«åå©ããŠéžè»åäžã®ããã®æµ·äžè£çµŠè·¯ã確ä¿ããŠããã1894幎11æã«éžè»ãéŒæ±åå³¶ã®æ
é æž¯ãå é ããç¿1895幎2æã«ã¯éžæµ·å
±åã§å±±æ±åå³¶ã®åšæµ·è¡ãæ»ç¥ããŠæ¥æ¬è»ã¯é»æµ·ãšæž€æµ·ã®å¶æµ·æš©ãææ¡ãããå¶æµ·æš©ã®ææ¡ããã®æŠäºã®éµã§ãã£ãã
è¿ä»£åãããæ¥æ¬è»ãäžåœæ¬åãžèªç±ã«äžéžåºæ¥ãããã«ãªã£ãäºã§ãæž
åœã®éŠéœå京ãšå€©æŽ¥äžåž¯ã¯äžžè£žåç¶ãšãªããããã§æž
åœåŽã¯æŠæã倱ã£ãã1895幎3æ20æ¥ããæ¥æž
äž¡åœã®éã§è¬å亀æžãå§ãŸãã4æ17æ¥ã«è¬åãæç«ãããäž¡è»ã®äº€æŠå°ã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ãæé®®åå³¶ãšéŒæ±åå³¶ãšæºå·æåéšããã³é»æµ·ãšå±±æ±åå³¶æ±ç«¯ã§ãã£ãã
è¬åæ¡çŽã®èª¿å°
1895幎(ææ²»28幎)4æ17æ¥ã«èª¿å°ãããæ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽã®äžã§ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ææ°æé®®ã®ç¬ç«ãæž
åœã«èªããããããŸãå°æ¹ŸãæŸæ¹è«žå³¶ãéŒæ±åå³¶ãå²è²ãããè³ åéãšããŠ2åäž¡(1äž¡=é37g)ãæ¯æãããä»ãæ¥æ¬ã«å¯ŸããææµåœåŸ
éãæ¿èªããããè¬åçŽåŸã®23æ¥ã«é²ä»ç¬äžåœã®å€äº€èŠæ±ãåºãããäºã§ãæ¥æ¬ã¯æ¢ãç¡ãéŒæ±åå³¶ãææŸããã5æäžæ¬ã«æ¥æ¬è»ã¯é ææš©ãåŸãå°æ¹Ÿã«äžéžãã11æäžæ¬ãŸã§ã«å
šåã®å¹³å®ãçµããåŸã«è¡æ¿æ©æ§ãæ·ãããå°æ¹Ÿã®è»æ¿ãæ°æ¿ãžãšç§»è¡ããã1896幎(ææ²»29幎)4æ1æ¥ã«å€§æ¬å¶ãè§£æ£ãããæŠäºã«åå©ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®è¿ä»£åœå®¶ãšèªããããŠåœéçå°äœãåäžããåãåãã€ã®ãªã¹ãšã®å調é¢ä¿ãç¯ããããã«ãªã£ãã
æ¥æ¬
âââ宣æŠè©å
âââ ãæé®®ãåžåœã«å
¶ãå§ãåèªã·ãååœãäŒäŒŽãå°±ã«ã·ã¡ã¿ã«ç¬ç«ãäžåœã¿ãªèã·ãæž
åœãæ¯ãèªã©æé®®ã²ä»¥ãå±éŠãç§°ã·...ã
ãæž
åœã察ã¹ã«å®£æŠãè©å
ãã§ã¯ãæé®®ã®ç¬ç«ãšæ¹é©ã®æšé²ãæ±æŽå
šå±ã®å¹³åãªã©ã謳ããããããããè©å
ã¯åç®ã«ããããæé®®ãèªåœã®åœ±é¿äžã«ããããšãæž
ã®é åå²è²ãªã©ããèªåœæš©çã®æ¡å€§ããç®çã«ããæŠäºãšãã説ãããã æŠäºç®çãšããŠã®æé®®ç¬ç«ã¯ããæž
ã®å¢ååããã®åæŸããšèŠªæ¥åããããã¯ãäºå®äžã®ä¿è·åœåããšèããããŠãããããããå³ã£ãèæ¯ãšããŠããã·ã¢ãšæé®®ã®æ¥è¿ãåè
ã®åäžæ¿ççããã£ã(æ¥æ¬ã®å®å
šä¿éäžã察銬ãªã©ãšè¿æ¥ããæé®®åå³¶ã«ããã·ã¢ãã€ã®ãªã¹ãªã©è¥¿æŽå匷ãè»äºé²åºãããªãããšãéèŠã§ãã£ã)ã
æ¥æž
æŠäºã®åå ã«ã€ããŠéæŠãäž»å°ããå€å倧è£éžå¥¥å®å
ã¯ãå
æ¥æ¥æ¬åœã®å®£èšãããšããã«ãŠã¯ãä»åã®æŠäºã¯ãã®æå
šãæé®®ãããŠç¬ç«åœãããããã«ããããšåæ³ãã(ãè¹è¹é²ã岩波æåº«p277)ã
äžè°·åã»äžŠæšé Œå¯¿ã»æèé圊線éã®ã倧人ã®ããã®è¿çŸä»£å²ã(æ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒã2009幎)ã®èšãæ¹ã§ã¯ãæé®®ã¯ããã以åã®è¿äžã«ãããåœéç§©åºã«ãããŠã¯äžåœã®å±åœãšããŠååšããŠãããããã«å¯ŸããŠè¿ä»£çãªåœéé¢ä¿ã«å
¥ã£ãæ¥æ¬åœã¯ãæé®®ãäžåœããåãé¢ãããç¬ç«ãããããšããããŸããããã°æé®®ãšããåœã®åœéçãªå°äœããããäºãã§ãã£ããšããããšããšãªãã
æž
åœ
宣æŠè©å
ãæé®®ãæå€§æž
ãè©å±ã¿ã«ã³ã200幎äœãæ³ãè·è²¢ã²ä¿®ã¡ã«ãäžå€å
±ãç¥ã«æã¿ãª...ã
西欧å匷ã«ããã¢ãžã¢ã®æ€æ°å°åãšæ¥æ¬ã«ããæé®®ã®éåœã»å¹²æžãšã«åºæ¿ãããçµæãæž
ã»æéã®å®äž»ã»è©å±(å®è©)é¢ä¿(ãå®å±é¢ä¿ããäºå€§é¢ä¿ããšãããããå
æ¿å€äº€ã§æé®®ã®èªäž»ãèªããããŠããã)ãè¿ä»£çãªå®äž»åœã𿀿°å°ã®é¢ä¿ã«æ¹ããæé®®ã®åŸå±åã匷ããŠèªå¢åäžã«çããããšããã
æ¥æž
æŠäºã«ã€ããŠ1)æ±è¯å³¶äºä»¶(å€äº€é¢)ãã2)1890å¹Žä»£ã®æ¥æ¬åã®ææ
(çµæžé¢)ãã3)åžåœè°äŒåæã®æ¿æ²»äžå®(å
æ¿é¢)ãèµ·ç¹ã«èããç«å Žããããããã§ã¯ãæãéå»ã«ããã®ãŒã1)æ±è¯å³¶äºä»¶ã®èæ¯ããèšè¿°ããã
19äžçŽåã°ããæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã¯ã西æŽå匷ã®è
åšã«ãããããããã®è
åšã¯17äžçŽã®è¥¿æŽé²åºãšéããçµæžçåŽé¢ã ãã§ãªããæ¿æ²»çå¢åãšããŠãçŽæ¥åœ±é¿ãäžããããã ããå匷ååœã®å©å®³é¢å¿ããŸãæ¥æž
æã®å°çãšçµæžæ¡ä»¶ãæ¿æ²»äœå¶ãç€ŸäŒæ§é ãªã©ã«ãããäžåœãžã®åœ±é¿ãç°ãªã£ãã
倧åœã®æž
ã§ã¯ãåºå·äžæž¯ã«è²¿æãéã£ãŠãããããããã¢ãã³æŠäº(1839 - 42幎)ãšã¢ããŒæŠäº(1857 - 60幎)ã®çµæãå€é¡ã®è³ åéãæ¯æã£ãäžã«ãé åã®å²è²ã11枯ã®é枯ãªã©ãèªãããŸãäžå¹³çæ¡çŽãç· çµããããã®ããã1860幎代ããæŒ¢äººå®åæœåœè©ãæéŽ»ç« çã«ããè¿ä»£åã®è©Šã¿ãšããŠæŽåéåãå±éãããèªåœã®äŒçµ±çãªæåãšå¶åºŠãåå°ã«ããªããè»äºãäžå¿ã«è¥¿æŽæè¡ã®å°å
¥ãé²ãã(äžäœè¥¿çš)ããããã£ãŠãè¿ä»£åã®åããæ¥æ¬ãšå€§ããç°ãªããããšãã°å€äº€ã¯ãè¿é£ãšã®å®è©é¢ä¿(åå°äœå¶)ããã®ãŸãŸã«ãããã®é¢ä¿ã«ãªãåœãšæ¡çŽãçµãã ã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«èŠéã®æ¥èª(广«ã®ç ²èŠå€äº€)ã奿©ã«ãæ±æžå¹åºãéåœããéåœã«å€äº€æ¿çã転æãããŸã西æŽå匷ãšäžå¹³çæ¡çŽãç· çµããããã®åŸãæ°æ¿åºãèªçãããšãå¹è©äœå¶ã«ä»£ããã西æŽåŒã®è¿ä»£åœå®¶ãå¿åããããæ°æ¿åºã¯ãå
æ¿ã§äžå€®éæš©ãææéåãå¯åœåŒ·å
µãªã©ãæšé²ãããšãšãã«ãå€äº€ã§æ¡çŽæ¹æ£ãé£åœãšã®åœå¢ç¢ºå®ãæž
ã»æé®®ãšã®é¢ä¿åæ§ç¯(åœéæ³ã«åã£ãè¿ä»£çå€äº€é¢ä¿ã®æš¹ç«)ãªã©è«žèª²é¡ã«åãçµãã ãçµæçã«æ¥æ¬ã®è¿ä»£å€äº€ã¯æž
ã®åå°äœå¶ã𿩿Šãèµ·ãããæ¥æž
æŠäºã§ãã®äœå¶ã¯å®å
šã«åŽ©å£ããããšãšãªãã
æé®®ã§ã¯ãææ¿ã®å€§é¢åãé²ããè¡æ£æ¥éªéåãé«ãŸãäžã1866幎(åæ²»5幎)ã«ãã©ã³ã¹äººå®£æåž«9åãªã©ãåŠåããã(äžå¯
æç)ãå ±åŸ©ãšããŠæ±è¯å³¶ã«äŸµæ»ãããã©ã³ã¹æ¥µæ±èŠé(è»èŠ7é»ãçŽ1,300人)ãšã®äº€æŠã«åå©ããæ€éããã(äžå¯
æŽæŸ)ãããã«å幎ãéåãæ±ããŠããã¢ã¡ãªã«æŠè£
åè¹ãšã®éã§äºä»¶ãèµ·ãã£ã(ãžã§ãã©ã«ã»ã·ã£ãŒãã³å·äºä»¶)ãç¿1867幎(åæ²»5幎)ãã¢ã¡ãªã«èŠé5é»ãæé®®ã«æŽŸé£ãããåäºä»¶ã®æå®³è³ åãšæ¡çŽç· çµãšãèŠæ±ãããã®ã®ãæé®®åŽã®æµæã«ãã£ãŠåèŠéã¯å»ã£ã(èŸæªæŽæŸ)ã倧é¢åã¯ãä»ç±³ã®äž¡èŠéãéããããšã§èªä¿¡ãæ·±ããæ§æ¥ã®å€äº€æ¿çã§ããéåœãšæå€·ãç¶ããã
1868幎(ææ²»å
幎ãåæ²»7幎)æ«ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ°æ¿åºã¯ãæé®®ã«çæ¿åŸ©å€ãäŒããæžå¥ãæž¡ãããšããããããæé®®ã¯ãåŸæ¥ã®åœ¢åŒãšç°ãªããæäžã«å®äž»åœæž
ã®çåžã ãã䜿ããã¯ãã®ãçããšãå
ãã®æåããã£ããããæžå¥ã®åãåããæåŠãããæ°å¹Žéãæ¥æã®åœäº€äº€æžãé²å±ããããã®äœæ³¢ãããŸããŸãªåœ¢ã§çŸããã
1871幎(ææ²»4幎)9æ13æ¥(åæ²»10幎7æ29æ¥)ã察æ¥èåå€äº€ã䞻匵ããæéŽ»ç« ã®å°œåã«ãããæ¥æž
修奜æ¡èŠããã³éåç« çšãç· çµãããããã®å€äº€ææãå©çšããŠæ¥æ¬ã¯ãæž
ãšå®è©é¢ä¿ã«ããæé®®ã«å¯Ÿããåã³åœäº€äº€æžã«èšãã ãããããããã§ãåœäº€äº€æžã«é²å±ãèŠãããªã1873幎(ææ²»6幎ãåæ²»12幎)ãåœå
ã§ã¯ãå¯Ÿå€æŠäºãæããããªã西é·éçã®æé®®é£äœ¿ã倧ããªæ¿æ²»åé¡ã«ãªã£ããçµå±ã®ãšãã10æãææ²»å€©çã®è£å¯ã§æé®®é£äœ¿ãç¡æå»¶æãšããããããé£äœ¿è³ææŽŸã®è¥¿é·ãšæ¿å£éå©ãšæ±è€æ°å¹³ãªã©5人ã®åè°ããã³çŽ600人ã®å®åã»è»äººãèŸè·ããäºæ
ãšãªã£ã(ææ²»å
幎æ¿å€)ãç¿å¹Ž2æãæåã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªå£«æåä¹±ã§ããäœè³ã®ä¹±ãèµ·ãã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ãæ¿å€ã§æºããŠãã1873幎(ææ²»6幎)11æ(åæ²»12幎9æ)ãæé®®ã§ã¯ãéåŠäžæŽŸã«ããå®®äžã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãæåããéåœæå€·ã«åºå·ããŠããææ¿ã®å€§é¢å(åœçé«å®ã®å®ç¶)ã倱èããããã®æ©ã«ä¹ããŠæ¥æ¬ã¯ã1875幎(ææ²»8幎)2æ(åæ²»14幎1æ)ã«æ£®å±±èãæé®®ã«æŽŸé£ãããã®ã®ãä»åºŠã¯æè£
(森山:西æŽåŒå€§ç€Œæãççšãæé®®:æ±æžæä»£ã®åè£
ãæ±ãã)ãªã©å€äº€å瀌ãå·¡ãæèŠå¯Ÿç«ã«ãããæžå¥äº€æã®åã«äº€æžãåã³äžæããã
æ¥æ¬ã¯æé®®åå³¶æ²¿å²žã®æž¬éãåç®ã«è»èŠ2é»ã掟é£ããŠè»äºçå§åãæããããçŽæ¥ã¯å¹æããªããäŸç¶äº€æžã¯åæ»ããŠãããå幎9æ20æ¥(å
ç·å
幎8æ21æ¥)ãè»èŠã鲿ããæ±è¯å³¶åšèŸºã«åæ³ããŠãããšãããæé®®ç ²å°ããçºç ²ãåãæŠéãå§ãŸã£ãã12æ(11æ)ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ãç¹åœå
šæš©å€§äœ¿ã«é»ç°æž
éãä»»åœããè»èŠ3é»ãªã©ã䌎ã£ãŠæé®®ã«æŽŸé£ããçµæ(ç ²èŠå€äº€)ãç¿1876幎(ææ²»9幎)2æ(å
ç·2幎2æ)ã«æ¥æä¿®å¥œæ¡èŠã調å°ãããã
æ¥æž
äž¡åœã¯ã1871幎(ææ²»4幎ãåæ²»10幎)ã«æ¥æž
修奜æ¡èŠã調å°ãããã®ã®ãçççåœã®åž°å±åé¡ãæªè§£æ±ºã§ãããåœå¢ãç»å®ããŠããªãã£ã(1895å¹Žãæ¥æž
æŠäºã®è¬åæ¡çŽã§åœå¢ç»å®)ãããããåŸèšã®æé®®ã§ã®å¢åäºããšç°ãªãã1871幎ã®å®®å€å³¶å³¶æ°éé£äºä»¶ã奿©ãšãã1874幎(ææ²»7幎ãåæ²»13幎)ã®å°æ¹Ÿåºå
µã§ãã1879幎(ææ²»12幎ãå
ç·4幎)ã®ç¬¬2次ççåŠåã§ããæµ·è»åã§æ¥æ¬ã«å£ããšèªèããŠããæž
ãé å¿èªéããŠè²æ©ããããšã«ãããäž¡åœéã§æŠåè¡çªãèµ·ãããªãã£ããåœæãæ¥æž
ã¯èäºäŒãèšç«ãããªã©ã¢ãžã¢äž»çŸ©ãšåŒã°ãã芳ç¹ãã西æŽå匷ãå
±éæµãšããåãããã£ãããã ããå°æ¹Ÿåºå
µ(æž
ã¯æ¥æ¬ãæ¥æž
修奜æ¡èŠã«éåãããšè§£é)ãšççåŠå(æž
ããã¿ãŠå±åœã®æ¶æ»
)ã¯ãæž
ã«æ¥æ¬ãžã®åŒ·ãèŠæå¿ãšççå¿ãæ±ããããã®åŸãæ¥æ¬ãä»®æ³æµåœã«åæŽæ°Žåž«(èŠé)ã®å»ºèšãå§ãŸããªã©ãæž
ã«æµ·è»å¢åŒ·ãšç©æ¥µçãªå¯Ÿå€æ¿çãå·ãããããããŠããã®åããæ¥æ¬ã®è»åæ¡åŒµãä¿é²ãããããšã«ãªãã
æé®®æ¿åºå
ã§éåœã»è¿ä»£åãæšé²ãããéåæŽŸããšãéåœã»æå€·ã蚎ãããæ¥éªæŽŸããšã®å¯Ÿç«ãç¶ãäžãæ¥æ¬ã«ããç¬¬äºæ¬¡ççåŠåãæé®®å€äº€ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžãããæ¥æ¬ã®æé®®é²åºãšå±åœæ¶æ»
ãèŠæããæž
ããæé®®ãšè¥¿æŽè«žåœãšã®æ¡çŽç· çµãä¿ããã®ã§ããããã®çµæãæé®®ã¯ãéåœãæ¢å®è·¯ç·ã«ãªã(æž
ã«ãã£ãŠããããããéåæŽŸã®åå©)ã1882幎5æ22æ¥(å
ç·8幎4æ6æ¥)ãç±³æä¿®å¥œéåæ¡çŽèª¿å°ãªã©ç±³è±ç¬ãšæ¡çŽãç· çµãããããããæ¿åºå
ã§è¿ä»£åã«åªããŠããéåæŽŸã¯ãæž
ã«å¯Ÿããæ
床ã®éãããåè£ããŠããŸããåŸèšã®éã壬åäºå€åŸãæž
ãæé®®ã«è»éãé§çãããŠå¹²æžããããã«ãªããšããã®æž
ã®æ¹éã«æ²¿ãããšããç©å¥çéåæŽŸ(äºå€§å
)ãšããããäžåœãšããæ¥é²çéåæŽŸ(ç¬ç«å
)ãšã®è²åããé®®æã«ãªã£ããå
掟ã®èгç¹ããã¯åè
ãåªå¢ãåŸè
ãå£å¢ã§ããããŸãåœé瀟äŒã§ã¯æž
ãåè
ãæ¥æ¬ãåŸè
ãæ¯æŽããã
1882幎(ææ²»15幎)7æ(å
ç·8幎6æ)ãéŠéœæŒ¢åã§ãåŠéã«äžæºãæ±ãè»äººãã¡ã«ããæŽåãèµ·ãã£ããæŽåã¯ãæ°è¡ã®åæ¥ææ
ãéåœã»è¿ä»£åã«åŠå®çãªå€§é¢åãã®ææãéãªããæ¥æ¬äººã®è»äºé¡§åçãæ®ºå®³ãããæ¥æ¬å
¬äœ¿é€šã襲æãããäºæ
ã«çºå±ãããäºå€ã®çºçãåããæ¥æž
äž¡åœãæé®®ã«åºå
µãããæ¥æ¬ã¯ãåœããããåž°åœããå
¬äœ¿ã®è±æ¿çŸ©è³ªã«è»èŠ4é»ãšæ©å
µäžç®å€§éãªã©ãã€ããŠå床ãæé®®èµŽä»»ãåœãããå±
çæ°ã®ä¿è·ãšæŽæã®è²¬ä»»è¿œåãããã«æªæ±ºã ã£ãéåèŠåã®èŠæ±ãéãããšã®å§¿å¢ã§ãã£ãã8æ30æ¥(7æ17æ¥)ãæ¥æéã§æžç©æµŠæ¡çŽãç· çµãããæ¥æ¬å
¬äœ¿é€šèŠåçšã«å
µå¡è¥å¹²ã®é§çãªã©ã決ãããã(2幎åŸã®ç²ç³æ¿å€ã§é§çæž
è»ãšæŠåè¡çª)ã
æ¥æ¬ã¯ã12æã«ãè»æ¡å
«ã«å¹Žèšç»ããæ±ºå®ãããªã©ã壬åäºå€ãè»åæ¡åŒµã®è»¢æ©ãšãªã£ããæž
ããæ§æ¥ãšç°ãªããæŽŸå
µãã3,000人ããã®ãŸãŸé§çããããšãšãã«å
æ¿ã«å¹²æžãããªã©ãåäºå€ã察æé®®å€äº€ã®è»¢æ©ãšãªããæé®®ãžã®åœ±é¿åã匷ããããšãããããšãã°ããäžåœæé®®åæ°æ°Žéžè²¿æç« çšã(1882幎10æ)ã§ã¯ãæé®®ãæž
ã®å±åœãæé®®åœçãšæž
ã®åæŽéå倧è£ãšãåæ Œãå€åœäººã®äžã§æž
åœäººã ããé äºè£å€æš©ãšè²¿æç¹æš©ãåŸãçãšãããããã®åŸãæé®®ã«æž
åœäººã®å±
çå°ãèšããããããæž
ãæé®®ã®é»ä¿¡ã管çãããããããªãåäºå€åŸãæ¥æ¬ã®ãå
µå¶ã¯è¥¿æŽã«ãªãããŠ......ãšããã©ãã......æž
åœã®æ·®æ¹åè»ã«æ¯ããã¯ããã«å£ããã(çä»®åã平仮åã«ã挢åã®äžéšã平仮åã«æžãæãã)çã®èªèãæã€ç¿°æé¢ã®åŒµäœ©ç¶žããæ±åŸè«ã(æ¥æ¬èšäŒè«)ãäžå¥ããã
1884幎(ææ²»17幎ãå
ç·10幎)ããããã (鮿)ãå·¡ã£ãŠæž
ãšãã©ã³ã¹ã®éã«ç·åŒµãé«ãŸã£ããã(æž
仿Šäºåçº)ãæé®®ããé§çæž
è»ã®åæ°ãåž°éãããæé®®æ¿åºå
ã§å£å¢ã«ç«ããããŠããéçåãªã©æ¥é²éåæŽŸã¯ãæ¥æ¬å
¬äœ¿ç«¹æ·»é²äžéã®æ¯æŽãå©çšããç©å¥éåæŽŸæ¿æš©ãæåããã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãèšç»ããã12æ4æ¥(10æ17æ¥)ã«ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒã決è¡ããç¿5æ¥(18æ¥)ã«æ°æ¿æš©ãçºè¶³ãããããã®éã4æ¥(17æ¥)å€ãã竹添å
¬äœ¿ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®èŠè·å
µçŸæ°ååãé£ããåœçä¿è·ã®åç®ã§çå®®ã«åå
ããŠãããããã6æ¥(19æ¥)ãè¢äžå±çããé§çæž
è»ã®è»äºä»å
¥ã«ãããã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒã倱æããçå®®ãšæ¥æ¬å
¬äœ¿é€šãªã©ã§æ¥æž
äž¡è»ãè¡çªããŠåæ¹ã«æ»è
ãåºãã
æ¿å€ã®çµæãæé®®æ¿åºå
ã§æ¥æ¬ã®åœ±é¿åã倧ããäœäžãããŸãæ¥æž
äž¡åœãå調ããŠæé®®ã®è¿ä»£åãå³ããæ¥æž
æã§æ¬§ç±³å匷ã«å¯Ÿæãããšããæ¥æ¬ã®æ§æ³ãæ«æããããªããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯ã倩接æ¡çŽãç· çµããã1ãæåã®1885幎(ææ²»18幎)3æ16æ¥ãæäºæ°å ±ãã«è±äºè«(ç¡çœ²åã®ç€Ÿèª¬)ãæ²èŒãããã
1885幎(ææ²»18幎)4æ18æ¥(å
ç·11幎3æ4æ¥)ãå
šæš©å€§äœ¿äŒè€åæãšåæŽéåå€§è£æéŽ»ç« ã®éã§å€©æŽ¥æ¡çŽã調å°ããããåæ¡çŽã§ã¯ã4ãæä»¥å
ã®æ¥æž
äž¡è»ã®æ€éãšã以åŸãæé®®åºå
µã®äºåéåããã³äºæ
åæŸåŸã®å³ææ€å
µãå®ããããããªãããã®äºåéåã¯èªåœã®åºå
µãçžæåœã®åºå
µãèªçºãããããåæ¡çŽã«ã¯åºå
µã®ææ¢å¹æããã£ãã
æ§æ¥ãæé®®ã®å¯Ÿå€çãªå®å
šä¿éæ¿çã¯ãå®äž»åœã®æž
äžèŸºåã§ãã£ãããããã1882幎(ææ²»15幎ãå
ç·8幎)ã®å£¬åäºå€ååŸãããæž
ã®ãä¿è·ãã«å¹²æžãšè»äºçå§åã䌎ãããã«ãªããš(ãå±åœèªäž»ã:1881幎æ«ããæé®®ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®éã§çµã°ããæ¡çŽã§ã¯ãæé®®åŽã®æç€ºããæ¡çŽèæ¡ã®ç¬¬äžæ¡ã§ãæé®®ã¯æž
æã®å±åœã§ãããããšããã岡æ¬éåžããã®æž
æé¢ä¿ããå±åœèªäž»ããšåŒãã ã)ãæé®®åœå
ã§æž
ãšã®é¢ä¿ãèŠçŽãåããåºãŠãããããšãã°ãæ¥é²çéåæŽŸ(ç¬ç«å
)ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã«é ŒãããšããŠå€±æãã(ç²ç³æ¿å€)ãæé®®ãæž
ã®ãä¿è·ãäžããè±åŽããã«ã¯ãããã«ä»£ãããã®ãå¿
èŠã§ãã£ãã
æž
ãšæé®®ä»¥å€ã®é¢ä¿ååœã«ã¯ãæé®®æ
å¢ã®å®å®åæ¡ãããã€ããã£ããæ¥æ¬ãé²ããæé®®ã®äžç«å(å€åœéã§æé®®ã®äžç«ã管ç)ãäžåœã«ããæé®®ã®åç¬ä¿è·ãè€æ°åœã«ããæé®®ã®å
±åä¿è·ã§ãããããã«æ¥æž
äž¡åœã®è»äºåã«è¹èºãããç²ç³æ¿å€ãåæãããšããã·ã¢ã軞ã«ããå®å®åæ¡ãåºããã(ãã€ãã®æŒ¢åé§åšå¯é äºããã©ãŒã®æé®®äžç«åæ¡ãã®ã¡ã«é²æå¯çŽäºä»¶ã®åœäºè
ã«ãªãã¡ã¬ã³ãã«ãã®ãã·ã¢ã«ããåç¬ä¿è·)ãã€ãŸããæé®®åå³¶ãå·¡ãåœéæ
å¢ã¯ãæ¥æž
ã®äºåœéé¢ä¿ããããã·ã¢ãå«ããäžåœéé¢ä¿ã«ç§»è¡ããŠãããããããåãã«åçºããã®ããã·ã¢ãšã°ã¬ãŒãã»ã²ãŒã ãç¹°ãåºãããã®å¢ååäžãèŠæããã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ãã£ããã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãããšããšå€©æŽ¥æ¡çŽ(1885幎)ã®ãããªæé®®åå³¶ã®è»äºç空çœåã«äžæºããããæ¥æž
ã©ã¡ããã«ããæé®®ã®åç¬ä¿è·ãªããå
±åä¿è·ãæåŸ
ããŠããããããŠ1885幎(å
ç·11幎)ãã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã§ã®çŽäºããã£ããã«ããã·ã¢èŠéã«ããæ°žè湟(å
å±±æ²)äžåž¯ã®å é ã®æ©å
ãå¶ããããã4æ15æ¥(3æ1æ¥)ã«å·šæå³¶ãå é ããããããã€ã®ãªã¹ã®è¡åã«ãããããã£ãŠæé®®ãšãã·ã¢ãæ¥è¿ã(ç¬¬äžæ¬¡é²æå¯çŽäºä»¶)ãæé®®æ
å¢ã¯ç·è¿«ããŠããŸãããã·ã¢ã¯ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯åºå°ä¿è·ã®ããã«æé®®åå³¶å¶å§ãæå³ããã
æé®®æ
å¢ã®å®å®åã®3æ¡(äžç«åãåç¬ä¿è·ãå
±åä¿è·)ã¯ãé¢ä¿ååœã®å©å®³ãäžèŽããªãã£ãããã圢åŒçã«å®çŸããŠããªããããšãã°ãç¬¬äžæ¬¡é²æå¯çŽäºä»¶åŸãã€ã®ãªã¹ãæž
ã®å®äž»æš©ãå
¬ç¶ã𿝿ããæž
ã«ããæé®®ã®åç¬ä¿è·ãä¿ããŠããåæŽéå倧è£ã®æéŽ»ç« ãæ¥é²äž¡åœãšã®é¢ä¿ãªã©ãèžãŸããŠèªå¶ããããã£ãšãã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ã1891幎(ææ²»24幎)ã®é²ä»åçããã©ã³ã¹è³æ¬ã®è³éæŽå©ã«ããã·ããªã¢éé建èšçå·¥ãªã©ãã·ã¢ãšãã©ã³ã¹ãæ¥è¿ããäžãæ¥æ¬ãèŠªè±æ¿çãæ¡ããšå€æãã察æ¥å€äº€ã転æãããæ¥æž
æŠäºåå€ã®1894幎(ææ²»27幎)7æ16æ¥ãæ¥è±éåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã«èª¿å°ããçµæçã«æ¥æ¬ã®èäžãæŒãããšãšãªã(åç°(2008), p. 47)ãçµå±ã®ãšããæé®®ã¯ãé¢ä¿ååœã®å¢åãåè¡¡ããŠããéããå°ãªããšãäžåœã®å¢åãçªåºããªãéããå®è³ªçã«äžç«ç¶æ
ã§ãã£ãã
ææ²»ç¶æ°ã察å€ç屿©ããã£ãããšããããã«åžåœäž»çŸ©ã®æä»£ã西æŽå匷ã®äŸµç¥ã«åãããããåœé²ãç¹ã«æµ·é²ã¯éèŠãªæ¿æ²»èª²é¡ã®äžã€ã§ãã£ããããã財æ¿ã®å¶çŽãè¡çšäžæãšå£«æåä¹±ãé®å§ãããããæµ·è»åªå
ã®çºæ³ãšäž»åŒµããã£ãŠããéžè»(æ²»å®èŠåè»)ã®å»ºèšãåªå
ãããããã ãã1877幎(ææ²»10幎)ã®è¥¿åæŠäºåŸãéžè»ã®å®åè
山瞣ææãã匷å
µããããæ°åäŒé€ããžã®è»¢æã䞻匵(å幎12æãéžè»å®é¡æžå°å¥è°ããªã©)ãããªã©ãçµ¶ããè»æ¡ã远æ±ãããããã§ã¯ãªãã
è»æ¡è·¯ç·ãžã®è»¢æ©ã¯ã1882幎(ææ²»15幎ãå
ç·8幎)ã«æé®®ã§åçºãã壬åäºå€ã§ãã£ããäºå€çŽåŸã®å幎8æã山瞣ã¯ç
èçšå¢çšã«ããè»æ¡ãã9æå²©åå
·èŠã¯æž
ãä»®æ³æµåœãšããæµ·è»å¢åŒ·ãšãã®ããã®å¢çšã建è°ããã12æãæ¿åºã¯ãç·é¡5,952äžåã®ãè»æ¡å
«ã«å¹Žèšç»ã(éžè»é¢ä¿1,200äžåãè»èŠé¢ä¿4,200äžåãç ²å°é¢ä¿552äžå)ãæ±ºå®ãã(å幎床ã®äžè¬äŒèšæ³åºæ±ºç®é¡7,348äžå)ãåèšç»ã«åºã¥ããéžè»ã3幎床åŸããã®å
µååå¢ã«ãæµ·è»ãç¿å¹ŽåºŠãã48é»ã®å»ºèŠèšç»çã«çæããããã®çµæãäžè¬äŒèšã®æ³åºæ±ºç®é¡ã«å ããè»äºè²»ã¯ãç¿1883幎(ææ²»16幎)床ãã20%以äžã§æšç§»ãããè»æ¡å
«ã«å¹Žèšç»ãçµäºåŸã®1892幎(ææ²»25幎)床ã®31.0%ãæ¥æž
æŠäºåã®ããŒã¯ãšãªã£ãã
è»æ¡è·¯ç·ãç¶ããèæ¯ã«ã¯ã壬åäºå€åŸã®åœéæ
å¢ããã£ããããšãã°ã1888幎(ææ²»21幎)ã«å±±çž£ã¯ãå
é£ç·ç倧è£ã®äŒè€åæã«å¯Ÿããæ¬¡ã®ããã«äžç³ããã
çŸå®ã«1884幎(ææ²»17幎ãå
ç·10幎) - ç¿å¹Žã®æž
仿Šäº(ãããã ããã©ã³ã¹ã®ä¿è·é ã«)ã1885幎(ææ²»18幎ãå
ç·11幎) - 1887幎(ææ²»20幎ãå
ç·13幎)ã®ã€ã®ãªã¹èŠéã«ããæé®®ã®å·šæå³¶å é (ãã·ã¢èŠéã«ããæ°žè湟äžåž¯ã®å é ã®æ©å
ãå¶ãã)ã鲿å¯çŽäºä»¶(ãã·ã¢ãšæé®®ã®æ¥è¿)ããã·ã¢ã®ã·ããªã¢æšªæééæ·èšèšç»(1891幎(ææ²»24幎)èµ·å·¥)ããã£ãã
ãã®äžã1884幎(ææ²»17幎ãå
ç·10幎)ã®ç²ç³æ¿å€(æ¥æž
ã®é§çè»ãæŠåè¡çª)ã1886幎(ææ²»19幎ãå
ç·12幎)ã®åæŽèŠé(ææ°éèŠãå®é ããšãé®é ãç)æ¥èªæã®é·åŽäºä»¶ãªã©ãæž
ãšäº€æŠããå¯èœæ§ããã£ãããã ãåœæãæ¥æž
éã®æŠäºã¯ãæµ·è»åã§åªäœã«ãã倧åœã®æž
ãæ¥æ¬ã«äŸµæ»ãããšã®æ³å®ã§èããããŠãã(1885幎(ææ²»18幎å
ç·11幎)ã«å°±åœ¹ããæž
ã®ãå®é ãã¯ãååèŠãé®é ããšãšãã«åœæãäžçæå€§çŽã®30.5cmç ²ã4éåããè£
ç²ã®ååãæ±æŽäžã®å
èŠã§ãããæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã«ãšã£ãŠåãç©ã®ãããªå·šå€§æŠèŠã§ãã£ã)ã
ãªãã1885幎(ææ²»18幎)5æãå
µååå¢ã®è»æ¡èšç»ã«ãã£ãé®å°æ¡äŸæ¹æ£ã«ãããç·šæäžãæŠæäžç®åž«å£äœå¶ããæŠæå
ç®åž«å£äœå¶ã«ç§»è¡ãããããã«1888幎(ææ²»21幎)5æã6ã€ã®é®å°ãåž«å£ã«æ¹ããããåžžèšå
ç®åž«å£äœå¶ã«ãªã£ã(1891幎ã«åç·šãããè¿è¡åž«å£ã远å ããŠåžžèšäžç®åž«å£äœå¶)ãæ©åæ§ãé«ãåž«å£ãžã®æ¹ç·šã¯ããåœåé²è¡è»ããããå€åŸè»ããžã®è»¢æãšè§£éãããããšãå€ããã®ã®ãæ©åé²åŸ¡ãªã©ç°ãªãè§£éãããã1890幎代ã«å
¥ããšãéžè»å
ã§ã¯ãåŸæ¥ã®é²è¡æŠç¥ã«æ¿ãããæ»å¢æŠç¥ãæåã«ãªãã€ã€ãã£ããããããæµ·è»åã«èªä¿¡ããªãã£ããããåŸèšã®éããæ¥æž
æŠäºã®å€§æ¬å¶ãäœæŠå€§æ¹éãã«å¶æµ·æš©ã§äžã€ã®æ³å®ãããããã«ãæ»å¢æŠç¥ã«åŸ¹ããªãã£ããæŠæäžããå
å²ã§ç¬¬äžè»åžä»€å®ã®å±±çž£ææéžè»å€§å°ã¯ãåããå
å²ã®äºäžéŠšå®ãŠã«æ¬¡ã®ããã«æžãéã£ã(åç°(2008), p. 81)ã
è»æ¡ã®çµæãçŸåœ¹ã®éžè»è»äººã»è»å±æ°ã¯ãè¥¿åæŠäºå幎ã®1876幎(ææ²»9幎)ã«39,315人ã§ãã£ãã®ããæ¥æž
æŠäºå幎ã®1893幎(ææ²»26幎)ã«73,963人ãšãªã£ããçŸåœ¹ã®æµ·è»è»äººã»è»å±æ°ã¯1893幎ã13,234人(1876幎ãäžæ)ã§ãããè»èŠã®ç·ãã³æ°ã¯1876幎ã®14,300tãã1893幎ã®50,861tã«å¢å ãããäžè¬äŒèšã®æ³åºæ±ºç®é¡ã«å ããè»äºè²»ã¯ã1876幎床ã«17.4%(éžè»11.6%ãæµ·è»5.8%)ã§ãã£ãã®ãã1893幎床ã«27.0%(éžè»17.4%ãæµ·è»9.6%)ãšãªã£ãã
1889幎ãå
é£ç·ç倧è£ã«å°±ä»»ãã山瞣ææã¯ãå®å
šä¿éã®èгç¹ãããã·ã¢ã®è
åšãæé®®åå³¶ã«åã°ãªãããã«æé®®ã®äžç«åãæ§æ³ããããããå®çŸãããããæž
ããã³ã€ã®ãªã¹ãšã®åèª¿ãæš¡çŽ¢ãããšãããæž
ãšã¯å
±åã§æé®®ã®å
æ¿æ¹é©ãå³ãããšããã
ãããããããã山瞣éŠçžã®æ§æ³ã«ã¯ãé£å
ã«åŒ·ãå察æèŠããã£ããå®å
šä¿éæ¿çã§éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãã3人ã®é£åãã€ãŸãå€å倧è£ã®éæšåšèµãéžè»å€§è£ã®å€§å±±å³ãæµ·è»å€§è£ã®æšºå±±è³çŽãç°è«ãå±ããã®ã§ãããéæšå€çžã¯æ¥æ¬ãæé®®ã»æºæŽ²æ±éšã»æ±ã·ããªã¢ãé æããæž
ã西ã·ããªã¢ãé æãããšã®åŒ·ç¡¬è«ãå±ãã倧山éžçžã¯è»åæ¡åŒµã«åºã¥ãæ»å¢çå€äº€ããšãã¹ããšããæšºå±±æµ·çžã¯æž
ãšã€ã®ãªã¹ãä»®æ³æµåœã«ããæµ·è»å¢åŒ·èšç»ãç«ãŠãŠããããã£ãšãã3倧è£ã®å察æèŠã¯æå¶ãããããªããªããè»åæ¡åŒµã«è²¡æ¿äžã®å¶çŽããã£ãããã§ãã(çµå±ã®ãšãããäºç®æ¡ã®æµ·è»è²»ã¯æšºå±±æµ·çžãåœåèšç»ããçŽ10åã®1ã«ãŸã§åæž)ããŸãæµ·è»å
ã«ã¯ãæµåœãæ»æã§ãããããªå€§èŠã建é ãããå°èŠã«ããè¿æµ·é²åŸ¡çãªæµ·é²æŠç¥ãæåã§ãã£ãããããŠäœããåœæãæ¿æ²»ãšè»ã®é¢ä¿ã¯ã山瞣ãªã©å
å²ã®æå°ããåè
ãåªäœã«ç«ã£ãŠããã
1892幎ãåã³éŠçžã«å°±ä»»ããäŒè€åæã¯ãæ¥æž
å
±åã«ããæé®®ã®å
æ¿æ¹é©ãšãã山瞣ã®è·¯ç·ãèžè¥²ããããã ãã第2次äŒè€å
é£ã第1次山瞣å
é£ãšåãããã«éŠçžãšç°ãªãèãã®é£åãååšããæ¥æž
éæŠçŽåã«å€å倧è£(éžå¥¥å®å
)ãšè»éš(åè¬æ¬¡é·ã®å·äžæå
éžè»äžå°)ã®é£æºãåçŸãããããšãšãªãã
ç²ç³æ¿å€åŸã«ç· çµããã倩接æ¡çŽ(1885幎)ã«ããã以åŸã®æé®®åºå
µããæ¥æž
åçãã«ãªã£ãããããããã®ããšã¯ãæé®®ã§ã®ãæ¥æž
åè¡¡ããæå³ããªãã£ããæž
ã¯ãè»äºä»å
¥ã§ç²ç³æ¿å€ã®æ··ä¹±ãåæŸããããŸã芪æž
æ¿æš©ãèªçããããšã«ãããæé®®ãžã®æ¿æ²»ç圱é¿åãããã«åŒ·ãã(æ¥æ¬ã¯èŠªæ¥æŽŸãšç®ãããç¬ç«å
ã壿»
)ãè»äºçã«ããæé®®åå³¶ãšäž»èŠæž¯ãè¿ãäžã«éžç¶ãã§ãåºå
µãšå¢æŽŸã«æå©ã§ãã£ã(æ¥æ¬ã¯å¶æµ·æš©ã«å·Šå³ããããããæµ·è»åã§å£å¢)ããããã£ãŠå€©æŽ¥æ¡çŽã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãæž
ãšã®æŠåè¡çªãé¿ããŠããéããæé®®ã§ã®æž
ã®äž»å°æš©ãæž©åãã广ããã£ããããšãã°ãæ¥æž
æŠäºå幎ã®1893幎(ææ²»26幎ãå
ç·19幎)ãæ¥æ¬å
¬äœ¿å€§ç³æ£å·³ã®åŒ·ç¡¬ãªæ
床ã«ãããæ¥æéã§é²ç©ä»€äºä»¶ã倧ããªå€äº€åé¡ã«ãªã£ããšããäŒè€éŠçžãšåæŽéå倧è£ã®æéŽ»ç« ãšã®é£çµ¡ã»å調ã«ãããæé®®ãè³ åéãæ¯æãããšã§æ±ºçãã€ãã(ãã®åŸãæŽè¿ããã倧ç³ã«ä»£ããã倧鳥åä»ãå
¬äœ¿ã«å°±ä»»)ã
ãã®ããã«éæŠå幎ã®äŒè€å
é£ã¯ãæž
(æéŽ»ç« )ã®å©ããåããŠæé®®ãšã®å€äº€åé¡(é²ç©ä»€äºä»¶)ãåŠçããŠãããæŠåã§æž
ã®å¢ååããæé®®ãåãæŸãããšããæ¥æž
æŠäºãšãŸã£ããç°ãªãå¯ŸåŠæ¹éããšã£ãŠããããããç¿1894幎(ææ²»27幎ãå
ç·10幎)ãæé®®ã§æ°ããªäºæ
ãçºçãã倩接æ¡çŽç· çµåŸåããŠæé®®ã«æ¥æž
äž¡åœãåºå
µããããšãšãªãã
1890å¹Žä»£ã®æé®®ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžé²åºãé²ãäž(茞åºã®90%以äžã茞å
¥ã®50%ãå ãã)ãç±³ã»å€§è±äŸ¡æ Œã®é«éš°ãšå°æ¹å®ã®æŸåãè³ å鿝æãã®å§åãªã©ã蟲æçµæžãç²åŒãããã1894幎(å
ç·20幎)æ¥ãæé®®ã§æ±åп壿§æå¡ã®å
šç«æºãæå°è
ã«ãæ°çæ¹åãšæ¥ã»æ¬§ã®äŸµåºé»æ¢ãæ±ãã蟲æ°åä¹±ç²åèŸ²æ°æŠäº(æ±åŠå
ã®ä¹±)ãèµ·ããã5æ31æ¥(4æ27æ¥)ã蟲æ°è»ãå
šçŸ
ééŠéœå
šå·ãå é ããäºæ
ã«ãªã£ããæé®®æ¿åºã¯ãæž
ãžã®æŽå
µã決ããäžæ¹ã蟲æ°è»ã®å®£æ«ã«ããã£ãããªãã6æ10æ¥ãŸãã¯11æ¥(5æ7æ¥ãŸãã¯8æ¥)ãæž
ãšæ¥æ¬ã®æŠåä»å
¥ãé¿ããããã蟲æ°è»ã®åŒæ¿æ¹é©æ¡ãåãå
¥ããŠå
šå·åçŽãçµãã ãšãã話ãäŒãã£ãŠãã(äžæ¬¡è³æãçºèŠãããŠããªã)ã
åœæã®ç¬¬2次äŒè€å
é£ã¯ãæ¡çŽæ¹æ£ã®ããã«3æã«è§£æ£ç·éžæ(第3å)ãè¡ã£ããã®ã®ã5æ15æ¥ã«éäŒãã第å
è°äŒã§é£å±ã«çŽé¢ããŠããã忥ãé§è±å
¬äœ¿éæšåšèµãããæ¥è±æ¡çŽæ¹æ£äº€æžãæçµæ®µéã§ããã¯ã圌岞ãèŠããããšã®é»å ±ãå±ãã18æ¥ã«æ¡çŽæ¹æ£æ¡ãé£è°æ±ºå®ãããæ²é¡ã®æ¡çŽæ¹æ£ãå
ãã察å€ç¡¬å
掟ã«ããåé£ãå
ããæ¥æ¬ã®æ¿å±ãç·è¿«ããŠããããã®é ãæé®®ã§ã¯æ°ä¹±ãç²åèŸ²æ°æŠäºãšåŒã°ããèŠæš¡ã«ãŸã§æ¡å€§ãã€ã€ãããå€å倧è£éžå¥¥å®å
ãäŒè€éŠçžã«ãä»åŸã®æš¡æ§ã«ãã......è»èŠæŽŸåºã®å¿
èŠå¯æããšé²èšãã(5æ21æ¥ä»ãæžç°¡)ã
5æ30æ¥ãè¡è°é¢ã§å
é£åŒŸåŸäžå¥æ¡ã坿±ºããããããäŒè€éŠçžã¯ã匟åŸãåãå
¥ããŠèŸè·ãããåç®ã®ãªããŸãŸåã³è§£æ£ç·éžæãããããå
æ¿ã§çª®å°ã«é¥ã£ããç¿31æ¥ãæéšå€§è£äºäžæ¯
ãäŒè€éŠçžã«å¯Ÿãã倩接æ¡çŽã«åºã¥ãæé®®åºå
µã®äºåéç¥æ¹æ³ãšãåºå
µç®ç確å®ã«ã€ããŠæçŽãéã£ãŠãããéŠçžåšèŸºã§åºå
µãç ç©¶ãããŠããã
éäŒãã18æ¥åŸã®6æ2æ¥ãäŒè€å
é£ã¯ãæ¢å¯é¢è°é·å±±çž£ææã亀ããé£è°ã§ãè¡è°é¢ã®è§£æ£(ç·éžæ(第4å))ãšãæž
ãæé®®ã«åºå
µããå Žåãå
¬äœ¿é€šãšå±
çæ°ãä¿è·ããããã«æ··ææ
å£(æŠæç·šå¶8,000人)ãæŽŸé£ããæ¹éãæ±ºå®ããã5æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ãæéã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããããåè¬æ¬éšå
ã«å²äžåããŠå€§æ¬å¶ãèšçœ®ã(宿
äžæŠæã«ç§»è¡)ã倧æ¬å¶ã®åœä»€ãåãã第äºåž«å£é·ãæ©å
µç¬¬ä¹æ
å£é·ã«åå¡(å
å¡å¬é)ãäžåœããããã ããæŽŸå
µç®çãå
¬äœ¿é€šãšå±
çæ°ã®ä¿è·ã§ãã£ãããšããããéžè»ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠæµ·è»ã¯ååãéãããŸãä¿®çäžã®äž»åèŠãããçãã®æç¹ã§æ¢åæŠåãæã£ãŠããªãã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ã倧æ¬å¶ãèšçœ®ãã6æ5æ¥(5æ2æ¥)ãæž
ã®å·¡æŽèŠ2é»ãä»å·æ²ã«å°çãæ¥æž
äž¡åœã¯ã倩接æ¡çŽã«åºã¥ãã6æ¥(3æ¥)ã«æž
ãæ¥æ¬ã«å¯Ÿããç¿7æ¥(4æ¥)ã«æ¥æ¬ãæž
ã«å¯ŸããŠæé®®åºå
µãéåãããæž
ã¯ã8æ¥(5æ¥)ãã12æ¥(9æ¥)ã«ãããŠäžéžãããéžå
µ2,400人ãçå±±ã«éçµããã25æ¥(22æ¥)ã«400人ãå¢æŽŸããã察ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã10æ¥(7æ¥)ãåž°åœããŠããå
¬äœ¿å€§é³¥åä»ã«æµ·è»éžæŠéã»èŠå¯å®430人ãã€ããéŠéœæŒ¢åã«å
¥ããããããã«16æ¥(13æ¥)ãæ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£(æ©å
µç¬¬ä¹æ
å£ãåºå¹¹)ã®åæ°ãçŽ4,000人ãä»å·ã«äžéžãããããããããã§ã«æé®®æ¿åºãšæ±åŠèŸ²æ°è»ãåæŠããŠããã倩接æ¡çŽäžãæ¥æ¬ã®æŽŸå
µçç±ããªããªã£ããè»ãå¢æŽŸããŠããæž
ããæŒ¢åã«å
¥ãããšãæ§ããçå±±ãåããªãã£ãã
æé®®ã¯æ¥æž
äž¡è»ã®æ€å
µãèŠè«ãããã®ã®ãäž¡è»ãšãåãå
¥ããªãã£ãã6æ12æ¥ãã京åç®äžã圢å¢ããããéå€ãå
µå£«é²å
¥ã察ã¹ã«æ£åœãçç±ããã²æã«ããšæé»ããŠãã倧鳥å
¬äœ¿ã«ããªãããã®ç©æ¥µçãªæ¹çãäžããããšããéžå¥¥ã¯ãäŒè€éŠçžãšåè°ããããã®çµæã15æ¥ã®é£è°ã«äŒè€ã¯1æ¡ãæåºããã1)æé®®ã®å
æ¿æ¹é©ãæ¥æž
å
±åã§é²ããã2) ãããæž
ãæåŠããã°æ¥æ¬åç¬ã§æå°ããæ¹éãé£è°æ±ºå®ãããåºå
µã®ç®çã¯åœåã®ãå
¬äœ¿é€šãšå±
çæ°ä¿è·ããããæé®®ã®åœæ¿æ¹é©ãã®ããã®å§åã«å€æŽããããåœæãè§£æ£ç·éžæã«è¿œã蟌ãŸããŠããäŒè€å
é£ã¯åœå
ã®å¯Ÿå€åŒ·ç¡¬è«ãç¡èŠã§ãããææã®ãªããŸãŸæé®®ããæ€å
µãããããšãé£ããç¶æ³ã«ãã£ãã21æ¥ãæž
åœã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ææ¡ãæåŠãããäºæ
ãå¹³éã«åž°ãã以äžããããŸã§æ€å
µãå
決ã§ãããæž
åœã¯æé®®ã®å
æ¿ã«å¹²æžããæ°ã¯ãªãããŸããŠæé®®ãç¬ç«åœãšç§°ããŠããæ¥æ¬ã«å
æ¿å¹²æžã®æš©å©ã¯ãªãããšåé§ãããæ¥æ¬åŽã¯ãã®æž
åœã®æçµ¶ãåããŠãäŒè€å
é£ãšåè¬æ¬éšã»æµ·è»è»ä»€éšã®ååäŒè°ã§ãããã«å€§é³¥å
¬äœ¿ã®èŠè«ã«ããä»å·ã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãŠããæ··ææ
壿®éšã®èŒžéåéãæ±ºå®ãã23æ¥ã«äº¬åãžå°çãããåæ¥ãæž
ã®é§æ¥å
¬äœ¿ã«å
æ¿æ¹é©ã®å宿æ¡ãéä»ããã(ç¬¬äžæ¬¡çµ¶äº€æž)ã27æ¥ãåºçºãå»¶æããŠããæ··ææ
å£ã®åŸç¶éšéã8é»ã®èŒžéè¹ãã€ãããŠä»å·ã«ã¯ãããç¿æ¥äžéžãããæ¥æ¬è»ã¯ããã§çå±±ã®æž
åœè»ã®3åã«éãããšã¿ãããã27æ¥ãéžå¥¥ãã仿¥ã圢å¢ãããè¡æäžéæŠãé¿ã¯ãã«ã©ãºãäŸãæ²ã²æãè² ãã¶ã«éãªããåŠäœãã«ææ®µããã¢å·ãªãéæŠãå£å®ã²äœã«ãã·ããšèšä»€ããŸãã«éæŠçŽåã®ç¶æ³ã«ãªã£ãã
ããã28æ¥ãæ¡çŽæ¹æ£äº€æžäžã®ã€ã®ãªã¹å€çžã調åã«ä¹ãåºãåããèŠãããæŽã«30æ¥ããã·ã¢å
¬äœ¿ããããŠã©(ãã·ã¢èªç)ã¯éžå¥¥ãšäŒè«ãããã·ã¢æ¿åºã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãæé®®æ¿åºã®æ¥æž
äž¡åœã®æ€å
µãšããåžæããããããããå§åãããã€æ¥æ¬ãæž
åœãšåææ€å
µããããããªããªãã°ãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯é倧ãªè²¬ããè² ãããšã«ãªãæšå¿ åããããšç³ãå
¥ãããããã§æ¥æ¬åŽã®éæŠæ°éã«ã¯äžæ°ã«ãã¬ãŒããããã£ãã7æ2æ¥ãéžå¥¥ã¯ããããŠã©ã«ã€ãã®ããã«åçããããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯ãæ±åŠåä¹±ã®åå ã¯ã®ããããŠããªãããåä¹±ãã®ãã®ããªããŸã£ããè·¡ãçµ¶ã€ã«ããã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšèãããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯äŸµç¥ã®ææã¯ãªãããåä¹±åçºã®ãããããªããªãã°æ€å
µãããã7æ9æ¥æž
ã®ç·çè¡éç·é 倧è£(å€å倧è£ã«çžåœ)æ
¶èŠªçãããæ¥æ¬ã®æ€å
µããåæãšããŠã€ã®ãªã¹ã®èª¿åæ¡ãæçµ¶ããã10æ¥ããã€ããšã®å¯Ÿç«ãéèŠèŠããŠãããã·ã¢æ¬åœæ¿åºã¯ãããä»¥äžæé®®åé¡ã«æ·±å
¥ãããããšãçŠããã忥ãé§é²å
¬äœ¿è¥¿åŸ³äºéããããã以äžãã·ã¢ãå¹²æžããªãããšã®æ
å ±ãå€åçã«ãšã©ããã11æ¥ãäŒè€å
é£ã¯æž
ã®èª¿åæçµ¶ãéé£ãããšãšãã«ãæž
ãšã®åœäº€æçµ¶ã衚æãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡çµ¶äº€æžããé£è°æ±ºå®ããã12æ¥ãéžå¥¥ã倧鳥å
¬äœ¿ã«ãä»ãæç¶ã¿ã«åŠçœ®ã²æœã¹ãå¿
èŠã¢ãªãæ
ãé£äžãå
ã¯æ³šæã·ããäžäžãéé£ã²æ¥ãµã¶ã«æ§å£å®ã²æ°ããä¹ã²ä»¥ãå®ééåã²åã ãã·ããšèšä»€ã14æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã®ãç¬¬äºæ¬¡çµ¶äº€æžãã«å
ç·åžãæ¿æããåžã®éæŠææãæéŽ»ç« (倩接åž)ã«æé»ãããã15æ¥ãæã¯çå±±ã®æž
è»ã«å¹³å£ãžã®æµ·è·¯æ€éãåœããã18æ¥ãæµ·è·¯æ€éãå°é£ãªããã墿ŽãèŠæ±ããŠããçå±±ã®æž
è»ã«å¯Ÿãã2,300äººãæ¥æŽŸããããšãšãã(è±å³¶æ²æµ·æŠã®çºç«¯)ããªã16æ¥ãæžæ¡ã®æ¥è±éåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã調å°ãã(ãã ãæ²é¡ã®äžã€ãé äºè£å€æš©æ€å»ããéæãããã®ã®ã8æ27æ¥ã®å
什ã«ããæ¹åå
¬åžãŸã§çºè¡šãäŒãããã)ãäŒè€å
é£ã«ãšã£ãŠéæŠã®å€§ããªé害ããªããªã£ãã
7æ20æ¥ååŸã倧島å
¬äœ¿ã¯æé®®æ¿åºã«å¯ŸããŠã1)æž
åœã®å®äž»æš©ãã¿ãšããäžæåæ°æ°Žéžè²¿æç« çšã®å»æ£ã2)å±éŠä¿è·ãåç®ãšããŠæé®®ã®ãèªäž»ç¬ç«ã䟵害ãããæž
è»ã®æ€éã«ã€ããŠã22æ¥ãŸã§ã«åçããããç³ãå
¥ããããã®ç³ãå
¥ãã«ã¯ãæé®®ãæž
è»ãéããããªãã®ã§ããã°æ¥æ¬ã代ãã£ãŠé§éããããšã®å«æããã£ãã22æ¥å€åãæé®®æ¿åºã¯ã1)åœå
ã®æ¹é©ã¯èªäž»çã«è¡ãã2)ä¹±ã¯åãŸã£ãã®ã§æ¥æž
äž¡è»ã¯æ€å
µããããšãåçããã7æ23æ¥åå2æãæ¥æ¬è»æ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£(æ©å
µåç®å€§éãªã©)ãæŒ¢åã«åãé²è»ãéå§ãæé®®çæã®è£äžã¯å€ããéèµ°ããåœçã®é«å®ã¯èº«ãæœããŠãããšãããæ¥æ¬è»ã«ä¿è·ãããã倧鳥ã¯å®®å»·ã«åå
ããŠãé«å®ããã(åœçã§ããèªåã¯)æ¥æ¬ã®æ¹é©æ¡ã«è³åããŠããããè¢äžå±ã®æåãåããéæ°äžæã«ãã£ãŠé»ãŸããŠããããšéæããæ¹é©ãå®çŸããããã«è宣倧é¢åã«åœæ¿ãšæ¹é©ã®å
šæš©ãå§ä»»ããããšææ¡ã«åæããã忥ã®ãã¡ã«å€§é¢åã¯æ¯çŠå®®ã«å
¥ã£ãŠåŸ©æš©ãæãããããè霢ã®è宣倧é¢åã¯æå¢ã«çãæ¿åã®æžæ»ãèŠããããããæ¥æ¬ã¯éåŒéãžã®å®æš©ç§»è²ãæ±ãã倧é¢åãäºæ¿ãããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯æé®®æ¿åºã«å¯ŸããŠçå±±ã«é§å±¯ããæž
è»ãæ€éãããããšãèŠè«ãè¡ã£ãããæé®®çæã¯æž
åœã®å ±åŸ©ã«æ¯ããŠæž
åœãšã®çµ¶çžãªã©ã®æ¥æ¬ã®èŠè«ãæã¿ç¶ããŠããã倧鳥åä»ã®åŒ·ç¡¬ãªæ
床ã«å±ããŠæ¥æ¬ã®èŠè«ã«å¿ãããããã®å
容ã¯å€§é³¥ãèœèãããæ¶æ¥µçãªãã®ã§ãã£ããããããªãããæž
è»ãæé®®ããéå»ãããããã«æ¥æ¬è»ãæ»æããååãåŸãããšãã§ãããããæ¥æ¬ã¯æŠäºã®éæŠæºåãå§ããã2æ¥åŸã®25æ¥ã«è±å³¶æ²æµ·æŠãã29æ¥ã«ææã®æŠããè¡ãããåŸã8æ1æ¥ã«æ¥æž
äž¡åœã宣æŠåžåãããã
ãªãåŸæ¥ãéæŠåã®ç¶æ³ã«ã€ããŠéžå¥¥å®å
ã¯ã次ã®ããã«åæ³ããã
ãã£ãšããäžé£ã®éæŠå·¥äœã«ã€ããŠææ²»å€©çã¯ããæã®æŠäºã«éãããšæŒããããšäŒããããŠãã(ãããåºå³¶å€§æ¬å¶ã§ç²Ÿå€ããåŸå¹Žãã®é ãæãããã )ããŸããéæŠåå€ã®æµ·è»å€§è£è¥¿é·åŸéæµ·è»äžå°ã«ã€ããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«äŒããããŠããã
æž
ã«é§åšããé äºãšãæŠå®ããæž
è»å¢æŽŸã®åããç¥ã£ã倧æ¬å¶ã¯ã7æ19æ¥ç·šæããããã®æ¥ã«é£åèŠéã«å¯Ÿãã1)æé®®å島西岞ã®å¶æµ·æš©ãšä»®æ ¹æ å°ã®ç¢ºä¿ã2)å
µå¡å¢æŽŸãçºèŠãã ã茞éè¹å£ãšè·è¡èŠéã®ãç Žç ããæç€ºããã25æ¥ãè±å³¶æ²ã§æ¥æ¬æµ·è»ç¬¬1éæé(åžä»€å®åªäºèªäžæµ·è»å°å°ããåéããæµªéããç§æŽ¥æŽ²ã)ãæž
ã®è»èŠãæžé ããåºä¹ããçºèŠããæµ·æŠãå§ãŸã£ããããã«ãæžé ããéèµ°ãèšã£ããããçŽã¡ã«ãåéããšã浪éãã¯è¿œæããããã®éäžãæž
ã®è»èŠãææ±ããšé«éå·(è±åœåè¹æãæ²æ)ãšééãããé«éå·ã¯ãæé®®ã«åããŠæž
å
µçŽ1,100人ã茞éäžã§ãã£ããåªäºã®åœã«ããããæµªéãèŠé·æ±é·å¹³å
«éæµ·è»å€§äœãåè¹ãåœããŠèšæ€ãè¡ããæ¿æããããšãããããããæ°æéã«åã¶äº€æžã決è£ãããããæ±é·ã¯ãåè¹ã®æ¿æãæå¿µããŠææ²ã«èžã¿åã£ã(é«éå·äºä»¶)ããã®åŸãè±åœäººè¹å¡ã3人ãæå©ããæž
å
µçŽ50人ãæèã«ãããè±å³¶æ²æµ·æŠã§æ¥æ¬åŽã¯æ»å·è
ãšèŠè¹ã®æå®³ããªãã£ãã®ã«å¯Ÿããæž
åŽã¯ãæžé ããåºä¹ããæå·ãããææ±ããé¹µç²(ããã)ããããã€ã®ãªã¹åè¹æãæ²æããŠããé«éå·ãææ²ãããäºã§ãäžææã€ã®ãªã¹åœå
ã§åæ¥äžè«ã沞隰ãããããããã€ã®ãªã¹æ¿åºãæ¥æ¬å¯ãã ã£ãäžã«ãåœéæ³ã®æš©åšãžã§ã³ã»ãŠã§ã¹ãã¬ãŒããšããŒãã¹ã»ã¢ãŒã¹ãã³ã»ãã©ã³ãå士ã«ãã£ãŠåœéæ³ã«åã£ãåŠçœ®ã§ããããšãã¿ã€ã ãºçŽãéããŠäŒãããšãã€ã®ãªã¹åœå
ã®åæ¥äžè«ã¯æ²éåããã
7æ24æ¥ãè±å³¶æ²æµ·æŠã®çŽåãæž
ã®å¢æŽéšé1,300人ãäžéžããèå¿è¶
æç£(äžå°ã«çžåœ)çããçå±±çãšå
šå·ã®æž
è»ã¯ã3,880人ã®èŠæš¡ã«ãªã£ãŠãããæ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£é·å€§å³¶çŸ©æéžè»å°å°ã¯ãååããææãããåã«ãéå»·ãæé®®æ¿åºãããäŸé Œã®æç¡ã«é¢ããããŸãçå±±ã®æž
å
µãæèšããè¿
éåž°éãåæ¹ã®æž
å
µã«åãµãããã«ã¿ã«ãã平仮åã«æžãæããèªç¹ãå
¥ãããããã25æ¥ãã26æ¥ã«ãããæŒ¢åéå€ã®éŸå±±ããæ»æéšéãåé²ããã(å
µå:æ©å
µ15ç®äžé3,000人ãéšå
µ47éšãå±±ç ²8éããªãåŸè»èšè
14瀟14人)ã
æ¥æ¬è»ã®åäžãç¥ã£ãæž
è»ã¯ãéè·¯ã®ãªãçå±±ã§ã®æŠéãé¿ããããããæ±åæ±18kmã®ææé§
åšèŸºã«ãè¶å£«æçããäž»åéšéãé
眮ãã(5å¶2,500人ã»éç ²6é)ãããã«ããã®åã®å
¬å·ã«èæç£ã1å¶500人ãšåŸ
æ©ããã29æ¥æ·±å€ãæ¥æ¬è»ã¯ãå·Šå³ã«åãããææã®æž
è»ã«å€è¥²ãããããåå3æãå³ç¿Œéã®åè¡ãåŸ
ã¡äŒããŠããåµå¯äžã®æž
è»æ°åäººã«æ»æãããæŸåŽçŽè£éžè»å€§å°ã»ããæŠæ»ãã(æŸåŽå€§å°ã¯æ¥æ¬è»åã®æŠæ»è
)ãäžæ¡å
ã®äžãéãæªãåå°ã§ã®éšäžã®å€éè¡è»ã¯ãæ°Žç°ã«èœã¡ããªã©é£ãããåéšéãäºå®å°ç¹ã«çããã®ã¯ãåå5æéãã§ãã£ããåå8æå°ãæ¥æ¬è»ã¯ææã®æµææ ç¹ãå¶å§ãããããã«ååŸ3æé ãçå±±ã«å°éãããã®ã®ãæž
è»ã¯ããªãã£ããæ»å·è
ã¯ãæ¥æ¬è»88人(ãã¡æŠæ»ã»æŠå·æ»39人)ãæž
è»500人ååŸãæ
å£ã¯8æ5æ¥ãæ¬éšã®ãã£ããœãŠã«åå€å西ã®äžéåã«å±æã倧鳥åä»å
¬äœ¿ãå±
çæ°ãæé®®éè£ãªã©ã®æè¿ãåãããææã»çå±±ããåŸéããæž
è»ã¯ããã1ã«æããããŠç§»åããå¹³å£ã®åè»ãžã®åæµãæãããã
ãªããæ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£ã¯ã掟å
µãæ¥ããããããæ°é人ã®è»å€«(æ¥æ¬äººã®ã¿)ã垯åããããšãã鿬çšã®åŸæ©è»äž¡(äžèŒªè»ã»å€§å
«è»)ãè£
åããããšããªããè£çµŠã«å€§ããªåé¡ããã£ãããã®ãããçå±±ãžã®è¡è»ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬äººå±
çæ°ã®ã»ããçŸå°åŸŽçºã®æé®®äººäººå€«2,000人ãšé§éЬ700é ã§ç©è³ã鿬ããã¯ãã§ãã£ãããããããªãã¿ã®ãªãæŽåŒã®å€åœè»ã«åŸŽçºããã人倫(銬)ã®é亡ãå°ãªããªãããšãã«æ©å
µç¬¬21é£é第äžå€§éã¯ãã¿ãªé亡ããŠãã€ãã«ç¿æ¥ã®åºçºã«æ¯éãçãããããã7æ27æ¥æ©æãå倧éé·å€å¿æ£ç¶±éžè»å°äœãåŒè²¬èªåããã
8æ26æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ãæé®®ãšå€§æ¥æ¬å€§æé®®äž¡åœççŽãç· çµãããæé®®ã¯ãæ¥æž
æŠäºããæé®®ã®ç¬ç«ã®ããã®ãã®ã(ç¬¬äžæ¡)ãšããåççŽã«åºã¥ããåœå
ã§ã®æ¥æ¬è»ã®ç§»åãç©è³ã®èª¿éãªã©ãæ¥æ¬ã®æŠäºéè¡ãæ¯æŽãããŸãèªããåºå
µããããšã«ãªã£ãã
éæŠåããæé®®åå³¶åæ¹ã§æ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£ã®éšå
µéãåµå¯ä»»åã«å°±ããŠããã7ææ«ãå¹³å£ã«æž
è»1äžäººéçµããšã®æ
å ±ã倧æ¬å¶ã«äŒããããã倧æ¬å¶ã¯ã30æ¥ã«ç¬¬äºåž«å£ã®æ®ãååã«ã8æ14æ¥ã«ç¬¬äžåž«å£ã«åºåãåœãã(ãã ãåŸæ¥ã第äžåž«å£ã¯ã倧æ¬å¶ã®æç€ºã§å
µç«éšã®ç·šæã倿Žãããããšããããçµæçã«å
çºé(æ©å
µç¬¬18é£éãåºå¹¹)ãã平壿»ç¥æŠã«åå ã§ãã)ã8æäžæ¬ã挢åã«å°çãã第äºåž«å£é·é接é貫éžè»äžå°ã¯ãæ
å¢å€æã®çµæãæé®®æ¿åºãåæºãããªãããã«ããæ©æã®å¹³å£æ»ç¥ãå¿
èŠãšå€æããã第äºåž«å£ãåé²ãéå§ãã9æ1æ¥ãååž«å£ãšç¬¬äžåž«å£ãã®ä»ã§ç¬¬äžè»ãç·šæãããã12æ¥ãä»å·ã«äžéžãã第äžè»åžä»€å®ã®å±±çž£ææéžè»å€§å°ã第äºåž«å£å®ã«ã第äžåž«å£ã®å°çãåŸ
ãããåŸæ¥ã®èšç»ã«ããã平壿»æãå®è¡ãã¹ãããšæç€ºãã(ã«ã¿ã«ãã平仮åã«æžãæããèªç¹ãå
¥ãã)ã
æéŽ»ç« ãããå¹³å£ã«éçµããæž
è»ã®ç·ææ®ãä»»ãããã®ã¯ãææã®æŠãã§æããèå¿è¶
æç£(äžå°çžåœ)ã§ãã£ãã9æ7æ¥ãèã¯ãå
ç·åžã®è«æšãšæã®ç£ä¿ãåãã7,000人ã®è¿æéšé(4å°ã®éšéããæœåºããŠç·šæ)ãåé²ãããããããåå€ããæµè¥²ããšã®å£°ã§å³æ¹å士ãçºç ²ããæ»è
20人ã»è² å·è
100人ååŸãåºããŠè¿æäœæŠã倱æãã(åŸå¹Žãæ¥æž
æŠå²ãç ç©¶ã»ç·æ¬ããèªç°çå
«éžè»å€§äœã¯ãåé²åæããæ¥æ¬è»ãžã®è¿æäœæŠã«ã€ããŠãå°ãªããšãå¹³å£ã®é¥èœææãé
ãããå¯èœæ§ããã£ããšãã)ã13æ¥ãèã¯ãå
å²ãããåã«æ€éããããšã4å°ã«èšã£ããã®ã®ãå¥å€©è»ãçããå·Šå®è²Žãèãç£çŠãããããæž
è»ã¯4å°ãåã
ã«æŠãããšãšãªãã
9æ15æ¥ãäºå®éãæ¥æ¬è»ã®å¹³å£æ»ç¥æŠãå§ãŸã£ã(ãã ã西åŽã®åž«å£é·ã»çŽçéšéã¯æ»æã«åå ãã)ãåæ±ããåé²äºå®ã®æ©å
µç¬¬åæ
å£é·ç«èŠå°æéžè»å°å°ã«ãåå8æååŸããå¹³å£ãæŒã貎é£äžãæ¡æã·......ããšåæ¥è¿ä¿¡ããŠãã倧島æ
å£é·çããæ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£ã¯ãåæ±ããå¹³å£åã»å€§åéã®å¯Ÿå²žè¿ã(倧忱å³å²ž)ãŸã§åé²ãããã®ã®ãå³å²žã®å ¡å¡ãšæ©é¢ç ²ã«é»æ¢ãããŠé²å¶å°ã«éã(æŠæ»çŽ140人ãè² å·çŽ290人)çã倿¹è¿ãã«ãªããšæŠæ³ãè ç(ããã¡ãã)ããŠãããããããåŸ¹åºææŠæŽŸã®å·Šå®è²Žãåæã«åºãпп»ããããšããããååŸ4æ40åé ãå¹³å£åã«çœæãç«ã¡ãäŒæŠåŸã«æž
è»ãéåŽãããšã®æžç°¡ãæ¥æ¬è»ã«æž¡ãããããã£ãšããå·ç
å
µãé€ãæž
è»ã¯ãäŒæŠåã«å¹³å£åããè±åºããæ¿ãã£ãŠæ¥æ¬è»ãå
¥åããã
ãªãæ¥æ¬è»ã¯ãé²è»ãåªå
ããããããã®æŠãã§ãç³§é£äžè¶³ã«æ©ãŸãããæãããæ··æç¬¬ä¹æ
å£ã§ãããåžžé£ãšæºè¡å£ç³§ãããã2æ¥åã§æ»ç¥æŠã«èšãã (ãã®åŸãè£çµŠã«èŠãã¿ããã°ãã°äœæŠè¡åã®å¶çŽã«ãªã)ãç³§é£äžè¶³ã¯ãå¹³å£ã§æž
è»ã®ãã®(第äºåž«å£ã®1ãæå)ã確ä¿ããããšã«ãããåœé¢è§£æ¶ãããã
倧æ¬å¶ã®ãäœæŠå€§æ¹éãã§ã¯ãæµ·è»ãæž
ã®åæŽèŠéæèšãšå¶æµ·æš©ææ¡ãæ
ããšãããŠãããããããæä¹
æŠãšè¥¿æŽå匷ã®ä»å
¥ã§è¬åã«æã¡èŸŒã¿ããæéŽ»ç« ã¯ãåæŽèŠéã®äžæ±ææç£ã«å¯Ÿããè¿æµ·é²åŸ¡ãšæŠåæž©åãæç€ºããŠããããã®ãããæµ·è»è»ä»€éšé·æšºå±±è³çŽæµ·è»äžå°ãè¥¿äº¬äžžã§æåç·ã®é»æµ·ãŸã§åµå¯ã«åºããªã©ãæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã¯èŠé決æŠã®æ©äŒã«äžã
æµãŸããªãã£ãã
9æ16æ¥åå1æè¿ããéžå
µ4,000人ãåä¹ãã茞éè¹5é»ãè·è¡ãããããæ¯æž¯åšæµ·è¡ããåºãŠããŠããåæŽèŠéã倧飿¹Ÿãé¢ãã(èŠ14é»ãšæ°Žé·è4é»)ã忥倧çå±±ã§ã®éžå
µäžéžãæ¯æŽããåæŽèŠéã¯ãç¿17æ¥ååãã倧çå±±æ²åã§èšç·ŽãããŠãããåå10æéãã玢æµäžã®é£åèŠéãšééãã(äž¡èŠéãšãç
ã§çºèŠ)ãé£åèŠéã¯ã第äžéæéåžä»€å®åªäºèªäžæµ·è»å°å°çãã4é»ãåã«ãé£åèŠéåžä»€é·å®äŒæ±ç¥äºšæµ·è»äžå°çããæ¬é6é»ãåŸãã«ãªãå瞊é£ããšã£ãŠãã(ã»ãã®2é»ã暺山è»ä»€éšé·ãä¹ãã西京䞞ãšãèµ€åãããäºå®ãšç°ãªãæŠéã«å·»ã蟌ãŸãã)ã12æ50åãæšªé£ããšãåæŽèŠéã®æèŠãå®é ãã®30.5ã»ã³ãç ²ãç«ãåŽããæŠç«¯ãéããã(è·é¢6,000m)ã
æµ·æŠã®çµæãç¡è£
ç²èŠã®å€ãé£åèŠéã¯ãå
šèŠã被匟ãããã®ã®ãæèŠãæŸå³¶ããªã©4é»ã®å€§ã»äžç Žã«ãšã©ãŸã£ã(ãèµ€åãã®èŠé·åå
å
«é倪海è»å°äœãã¯ããæŠæ»90人ãè² å·197人ã被匟134çºããã ãè¹äœã貫éããã ãã®åœäžåŒŸãå€ãã£ã)ãè£
ç²èŠãäž»åãšããåæŽèŠéã¯ãé£åèŠéã®6å以äžè¢«åŒŸãããšèŠããããè¶
åããèŽé ããçµé ããªã©5é»ãæ²æ²¡ãã6é»ã倧ã»äžç Žããæåšããåºç²ããæ±åº§ããã
ãªãæµ·æŠåŸãåæŽèŠéã®æ®åèŠèãåšæµ·è¡ã«éãããã£ããããæ¥æ¬ãå¶æµ·æš©ãã»ãŒææ¡ãã(åŸæ¥ãå¶æµ·æš©ãå®å
šã«ææ¡ãããããåšæµ·è¡æ»ç¥ãç®æãããããšãšãªã)ã
9æ21æ¥ãæµ·æŠåå©ã®å ±ã«æ¥ãã倧æ¬å¶ã¯ããå¬å£äœæŠå€§æ¹éãã®1)æ
é åå³¶æ»ç¥æŠã宿œã§ãããšå€æãã第äºè»ã®ç·šæã«çæããããã®åŸããŸã第äžåž«å£ãšæ··æç¬¬åäºæ
å£(第å
åž«å£ã®åå)ãäžéžãã(æµ·äžèŒžééã®äžé)ãæ¬¡ã«æ
é èŠå¡ã®èŠæš¡ãªã©ãåµå¯ããŠãã第äºåž«å£ã®åºåã倿ããããšã«ããã10æ8æ¥ãã第äžè»ãšäºãã«æ°èãéããé£åèŠéãšçžååããæ
é åå³¶ãå é ããããšãã第äºè»ã«åœããã21æ¥ã第äºè»ã¯ãæµ·è»ãšèª¿æŽããçµæãäžéžå°ç¹ãéå·åã®æ±ã»çŽ100kmã®è±åå£ã«æ±ºå®ããã
第äžè»ãéŽšç·æ±ã枡河ããŠæž
ã®é åã«å
¥ã£ã24æ¥ã第äºè»ã¯ã第äžåž«å£ã®ç¬¬äžæ³¢ãè±åå£ã«äžéžãããããã®åŸãè¯æž¯ãæ±ãã西ã«30kmé¢ããæž¯ã§ç³§é£ã»åŒŸè¬ãæéžããã11æ6æ¥ã第äžåž«å£ãéå·åã®æ»ç¥ã«æåã14æ¥ã第äºè»ã¯ãéå·åã®è¥¿å50kmæ
é ãç®æããŠåé²ãã18æ¥ãåµå¯éšéçãééæŠãè¡ã£ãã21æ¥ãç·æ»æãããããšãæž
è»ã®å£«æ°ãªã©ãäœãããšããã(çŽ12,000人ã®ãã¡çŽ9,000äººãæ°åå
µ)ãç¿22æ¥ãŸã§ã«å
åºãªæ
é èŠå¡ãå é ãããäž¡è»ã®æå®³ã¯ãæ¥æ¬è»ãæŠæ»40äººãæŠå·241人ãè¡æ¹äžæ7人ã«å¯Ÿããæž
è»ãæŠæ»4,500人(ãã¡éå·ãšããããæ
é ãŸã§ã§çŽ2,000人)ãæè600人ã
æ
é ãç°¡åã«æ»ç¥ã§ãããã®ã®ã倧ããªåé¡ãçããããã¿ã€ã ãºã(1894幎11æ28æ¥ä»)ãããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã»ã¯ãŒã«ãã(12æ12æ¥ä»)ã§ããæ
é é¥èœã®ç¿æ¥ãã忥éã幌å
ãå«ãéæŠéå¡ãªã©ãæ¥æ¬è»ãèæ®ºããããšå ±ããããã®ã§ãããèæ®ºã®æç¡ãšç ç²è
æ°ã«ã€ããŠè«žèª¬ããããã®ã®ãå®éã«åŸè»ããŠçŽæ¥èŠèããæè³é·éã¯ãæ°é人ã®å·»ãæ·»ãããã£ãããšã瀺åãããçŸåšãã®äºä»¶ã¯ãæ
é èæ®ºäºä»¶(è±å:the Port Arthur Massacre)ãšããŠç¥ãããŠããããªãåäºä»¶ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®å€äº€äžãæ·±å»ãªäºæ
ãæããããªãã£ããæ¡çŽæ¹æ£äº€æžäžã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãäžé£ã®å ±éã«ãã£ãŠäžæãäžé¢ã§æ¡çŽæ¹æ£ãææå°æ©ãšã®å£°ã倧ãããªããæ¥æ¬ã®éèŠãªå€äº€æžæ¡ã屿®ã«çããããã®ãããããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã»ã¯ãŒã«ããçŽäžã§éžå¥¥å€çžãåŒæãããããªäºæ
ã«é¥ã£ãããããç¿å¹Ž2æãäžé¢ã§æ¥ç±³æ°æ¡çŽãæ¹åãããã
10æäžæ¬ãæž
ã¯ãåœåé²è¡ã®ãããæé®®ãšã®å¢çéŽšç·æ±ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠå°å
µ30,400人ãšå€§ç ²90éãé
眮ããŠããããã£ãšããå¹³å£ããæèµ°ããçŽ10,000人(ãã¡å·ç
2,000人)ãå«ãŸããéšéã¯ã士æ°ãäœãäžã«æ°åå
µãå€ãçãèªç¶ã®èŠå®³ä¹é£åã®é²è¡ãªã©ã«å°é£ãäºæ³ããããããã«ãç·ææ®ãå·ã宿
¶ã«ãåé¡ãããããããŠè«žå°éã§äžååé³ãçããããšã«ãªãã
10æ15æ¥ãç³§é£äžè¶³ã«èŠãã第äžè»ã¯ãåžä»€éšãå®å·(å¹³å£ãšçŸ©å·ã®äžéå°ç¹)ã«ããããå°çãã倧æ¬å¶ãããåé¢ã®æµãããå¶ãã鿥ã«ç¬¬äºè»ã®äœæŠãæŽå©ããšã®é»å ±ãåãåã£ãã第äºè»ã®ç¬¬äžæ³¢ãéŒæ±åå³¶ã«äžéžãã24æ¥ãéœåéšéãå®å¹³æ²³å£ããã21æ30åã«æ¶æ©æŽè·éšéã矩å·ã®åæ¹4kmå°ç¹ãããéŽšç·æ±ã®æž¡æ²³ãå§ãããç¿25æ¥6æãäºå®ãã2æéé
ãã§ãæ¬éééçšã®ç¬¬äžã»ç¬¬äºè»æ©ãç¹ãã£ã(ãã ã第äºè»æ©ãè匱ã§ãèŒç ²6éãšç³§é£ã®éè¡ãåŸåãã«ããã)ã6æ20åãéç ²4éãèå±±ç ²å°(ä¹é£åãã4.5km)ã«ç ²æãéå§ããæ©å
µã®æž¡æ²³ãç¶ãããæž
è»ã«åŒ·ãæµæããããã®ã®ãèå±±åšèŸºã®æµææ ç¹ãå é ãã(æ¥æ¬è»ã®æŠæ»34人ãè² å·è
115人)ãç¿26æ¥æ©æã第äžè»ã¯ãä¹é£åãç·æ»æãããããé²å¶å°ãåºçºãããããããæž
è»ãæ€éããŠãããç¡è¡å
¥åãšãªã£ãã
ãã®åŸã第äžåž«å£ã¯ãéŽšç·æ±ã®äžæµã«ãã£ãŠé²ã¿ã27æ¥ã«æ²³å£ã®å€§æ±æºãå é ã(30æ¥ãå
µç«åžä»€éšãéèš)ã11æ5æ¥è£çµŠç·ç¢ºä¿ã®ããã«é»æµ·æ²¿å²žã®å€§çå±±ãå é ãã(11æ¥ãå
µç«æ¯éšãéèš)ã第äºåž«å£ã¯ãç³§é£ã®ç¢ºä¿åŸã«å
éžéšã«é²ã¿ãèŠè¡é³³å°åæ»ç¥æŠãéå§ããã10æ29æ¥ãéšå
µãç®å°éãé³³å°åã«æ¥è¿ãããšãåå
ããç«ãäžãã£ãŠããã14æ50åã«éšå
µã¯åå
ã«çªå
¥ããæž
è»æ€éã確èªããããã®ãããäž»åéšéã«ããæ»æãäžæ¢ãããã
æé®®ã§ã¯ãæ±åŠãæŠäºååæåŠãåŒã³ãããããšããããè»çšé»ç·ã®åæãå
µç«éšãžã®è¥²æã𿥿¬å
µã®æçžã殺害ãªã©åæ¥æµæãç¶ããã10æ9æ¥ãèŠªæ¥æ¿æš©æåãç®æããæ¥åæ¥åã(æ¥æ¬ãéåãæ¥ãã)ãã¹ããŒã¬ã³ã«ãå
šç«æºçããæ±åŠèŸ²æ°è»ãåèèµ·ããã倧é¢åã¯ãé®å§ã®ããã«æŽŸå
µããªããã倧鳥å
¬äœ¿ã«èŠè«ãããã®ã®ãå°æ¥ãã·ã¢ã®è»äºä»å
¥ãèŠæããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã11æåæ¬ã«èŠåçšã®åŸåæ©å
µç¬ç«ç¬¬åä¹å€§éãæŽŸå
µãããé®å§éšéã¯ãæ¥æ¬è»2,700äººãšæé®®æ¿åºè»2,800人ãåå°ã®äž¡ç士æãå豪ãªã©ãåå ããæ°å ¡(ã¿ããœ)ã§ç·šæãããã11æäžæ¬ããã®å
¬å·æ»é²æŠã§åå©ããæ±åŠèŸ²æ°è»ãåæ¹ãžéããããã«æé®®åå³¶ã®æè¥¿å端海åã»çå³¶ãŸã§è¿œãã€ããŠæ®²æ»
(ãããã€)ããããªãã5ãæéã®æ±åŠèŸ²æ°è»ã®æŠéåæ°46åãã®ã¹134,750人ãåå ãããšæšæž¬ãããŠããã
10æ8æ¥ã€ã®ãªã¹ããç¿æ¥ã€ã¿ãªã¢ãè¬åã®ä»²è£ãããŸã11æ22æ¥æž
ãè¬å亀æžãç³ãå
¥ããŠãããè¬åãæèããäŒè€éŠçžãšéžå¥¥å€çžã¯ã山海é¢ãå°æ¹Ÿãåšæµ·è¡ã®æ»ç¥ãªã©å€§ããªæŠæãå¿
èŠãšèããŠããããŸã倧æ¬å¶ã¯ã1)枀海湟å岞ã®äžéžäºå®å°ç¹ãäžçµæ°·ç¹ã2)åšæµ·è¡ã«ãããåæŽèŠéäžæã®2æ¡ä»¶ãæãã°ã8æ31æ¥ã«å®ãããå¬å£äœæŠå€§æ¹éãã倿Žããå¬å£ã®çŽé·æ±ºæŠãèããŠãããçµå±ã®ãšãããæž
ã®å é å°ã§ç¬¬äžè»ãšç¬¬äºè»ãå¬å¶ãããšãšãã«(ãããŠé
·å¯ã«èŠãã)ãåè
ãæµ·åæ»ç¥äœæŠããåŸè
ãåšæµ·è¡æ»ç¥äœæŠ(å±±æ±äœæŠ)ã宿œããããšã決ãŸã£ãã
12æ1æ¥ã第äžè»åžä»€éšã¯ã第äžåž«å£é·æ¡å€ªééžè»äžå°ã«æµ·åæ»ç¥ãåœããã第äžåž«å£ã¯ãåçµããåãé§éЬãè¶
ããããªãçãå¬ã®è¡è»ã§èŠããã ãã®ã®ã13æ¥ã«æµ·åãå é ããããããããããããåé¡ã§ãã£ããæµ·åã¯ãå西15kmã«çè(éŒæ²³æ²³å£ã®æž¯çº)ããæ±å70kmã«éŒéœããå西60kmã«èå¹³ãããéžäžäº€éã®èŠè¡ã§ãæž
ã«ãšã£ãŠãéèŠãªæ ç¹ã§ãã£ãããã®ãããç¿å¹Ž2æ27æ¥ãŸã§4åã®æ»é²æŠãšãå°ãããããç¶ãããšã«ãªãã
12æ30æ¥çã®å€§æ¬å¶èšä»€ã«ãããæµ·åã®ç¬¬äžåž«å£(第äžè»)æ¯æŽãšããŠã第äºè»ã®ãã¡å±±æ±äœæŠã«åå ããªã第äžåž«å£ããæ··æç¬¬äžæ
å£(æ©å
µç¬¬äžæ
å£ãåºå¹¹)ãç·šæã»æœåºãããèå¹³æ¹é¢ã«é²åºãããããšã«ãªã£ã(ç¿å¹Ž1æ10æ¥ã«èå¹³å é )ããã®åŸãçŽé·æ±ºæŠãŸãã¯è¬åãèžãŸãã第äžè»ã«ããå°æ¹Ÿæ»ç¥ãšãã倧æ¬å¶ã®èããšç°ãªãã第äžè»ã第äºè»ãèªãåœ¢ã§æ°äœæŠ(éŒæ²³å¹³åã§ã®æèšäœæŠ)ãåãå§ããã
12æ14æ¥ã倧æ¬å¶ãå±±æ±äœæŠã®å®æœã決å®ããã第äºè»åžä»€éšã»é£åèŠéåžä»€éšãšã®èª¿æŽåŸãç¿å¹Ž1æ8æ¥ã«å®æœèšç»ãåºãŸã£ããäœæŠã®ç®çã¯ãçŽé·æ±ºæŠã«åããŠå¶æµ·æš©ãå®å
šã«ææ¡ãããããåšæµ·è¡æ¹Ÿã«ç«ãŠãããåæŽèŠéã®æ®åèŠèãšãæµ·è»åºå°ã®ç Žå£ã«ãã£ãã20æ¥ã4èŠã®ç ²ææŽè·ã®äžãå±±æ±åå³¶å
ç«¯ã«æµ·è»éžæŠéçãäžéžããæ åæ¹Ÿã«æ©å
µç¬¬16é£éçãäžéžãå§ãã(26æ¥å€ãæåŸã®èŒžéè¹4é»ãå°ç)ã26æ¥ã第äºåž«å£ãšç¬¬å
åž«å£ã䞊é²ãéå§ãã(ç®æšå°ç¹ãŸã§ç§»åè·é¢ãçŽ60km)ã30æ¥ãéžæŠçšã®é²åŸ¡èšåããã£ãã«ãããããããæž
è»ã®æµæã匷ããªãã£ãããã忥ã§åšæµ·è¡æ¹Ÿã®å岞èŠå¡ãå¶å§ãã(æ¥æ¬è»ã®æŠæ»54人ãè² å·152人)ãéžäžã§ã®æž
è»ã®æµæã¯ã2æ1æ¥ã§çµãããç¿æ¥ãæ¥æ¬è»ã¯ãå岞èŠå¡ãªã©ãç¡è¡å é ããæ¹Ÿã®åºå
¥å£ã«ããèŠè¡ã®åå
¬å³¶ãšæ¥å³¶ãåæ³äžã®åæŽèŠéãå
å²ããããªã1æ30æ¥ãå é ç ²å°ãèŠå¯ããŠããæ©å
µç¬¬11æ
å£é·å€§å¯ºå®çŽéžè»å°å°ãæµèŠã®ç ²æãåããæŠå·æ»ããã
åå
¬å³¶ã»æ¥å³¶ã®å®åéãšåæŽèŠéã®æ®åèŠèã¯ãå€ç«ããŠãå¥åšã§ãããæèŠãå®é ãã®30ã»ã³ãç ²ãªã©ã§ææŠãç¶ãããããããæ°Žé·èã«ããéé·æ»æã«å ããæ¥æ¬èŠéã®èŠç ²ããã³å¯Ÿå²žããæ¥æ¬è»ã«å é ãããç ²å°ã®åç ²ãç ²æãç¶ããæž
åŽã®è¢«å®³ã倧ãããªããšãæž
ã®éžå
µãšãéãå€åœäººã¯ãåæŽèŠéã®æç£äžæ±æã«éäŒãæ±ããã2æ11æ¥ãéäŒãæåŠããŠããäžæç£ã¯ãåæŽéåå€§è£æéŽ»ç« ã«æé»åŸãææ¯èªæ±ºã14æ¥ã®äž¡è»ã®åæã«åºã¥ãã17æ¥ã«æž
ã®éžæµ·è»å°å
µãšãéãå€åœäººãè§£æŸãããã
2床ç®ã®æµ·åé²è¡æŠãçµãã£ã1æäžæ¬ããã第äžè»åžä»€éšãšå€§æ¬å¶ã®éã§ãæ°äœæŠãå·¡ãé§åŒããçãããåè
ã¯ãéŒéœãšå¶å£ä»è¿ã®æž
è»æèšãæ±ããŠãããåŸè
ã¯ããã®äœæŠãçŽé·æ±ºæŠã劚ããããªãããšæåŠããŠãããæçµçã«äž¡è
ã®è²æ©ã«ãããæèšäœæŠã®ç¯å²ãçž®å°ããŠ3æäžæ¬ã«äœæŠãå®äºããããšã決ãŸã£ãã3æ2æ¥ã第äºåž«å£ã¯ãåè¡ãéå±±ç«ã«é²åºãããã®ã®ããã§ã«æž
è»ãæ€éããŠãããæç Žã§ããªãã£ããäžæ¹ãå
å²ãããŠããæµ·åã®ç¬¬äžåž«å£ã¯ã2æ28æ¥æ»å·è
124人ãåºããªããäž»åéšéãåæ¹ã«é²æãã3æ2æ¥éå±±ç«ã«é²åºããã4æ¥ãåæµãã第äžã»ç¬¬äºåž«å£ãçèãæ»æããéè·¯ãæãããæž
è»ãšåžè¡æŠã«ãªã£ããã®ã®ãç¿æ¥åå1æé ãŸã§ã«æèšæŠãçµãã£ãã
2æ21æ¥ãå€ªå¹³å±±ã®æŠéã§ç¬¬äžåž«å£(第äºè»)ããã¡ãŒãžãè² ã£ãŠãã(æŠæ»29人ãè² å·285人ãåå·4,188人)ã3æ4æ¥ãåã³æž
è»ãåãããã®ã®ã第äžåž«å£ã®åæã§åŸéããã6æ¥ã第äžåž«å£ã¯ãè¿œææŠã«ç§»ããç¿7æ¥ãæµæãã»ãšãã©åããããšãªããå¶å£ãå é ãã(西æŽå匷ã®é äºé€šãšå€åœäººå±
çå°ããããããäž¡è»ãšãåžè¡æŠã«æ¶æ¥µç)ã9æ¥ãæ¥æž
æŠäºæå€§ã®äžç®åž«å£ãåå ããéŒæ²³å¯Ÿå²žã®æž¡æ²³å°ç¹ç°èå°ãæ»æãã(æž
è»2äžäººãç ²40é)ãäžæéã»ã©ã®ç ²ææŠã§æŠæ³ã®åž°è¶š(ããã)ãæ±ºãŸããç°èå°ã®æ»ç¥ã«æåãããããããæ»ç¥çŽåŸã«ç¬¬äžè»åžä»€éšã¯ãå
šè»æ€éãšæž
è»ã®åæ»æ ç¹ã«ãªããªããããç°èå°çŒå€·ããšãåœããå
šåžè¡ãçŒãæãããã
ãªãäœæŠå®äºã«ããã第äºåž«å£ãšåŸå諞éã西ããå¶å£ãçèãéå±±ç«ãé³³å°åãä¹é£åãŸã§ã®åºå€§ãªå°åã®å®åã«ããããæ®ãã®å
ç®åž«å£ãšèšæç¬¬äžåž«å£(屯ç°å
µå£ã®åç·š)ã§çŽé·æ±ºæŠã®æºåãå§ãŸã£ãã3æ16æ¥ãåè¬ç·é·å°æŸå®®åœ°ä»èŠªçéžè»å€§å°ãåŸæž
倧ç·ç£ã«ä»»ãããã26æ¥ã第äºè»åžä»€éšã倧æ¬å¶ã®æ°äœæŠåœä»€ãåé ããããã®åŸãå±±æµ·é¢æ±æ¹ã®æŽæ²³å£ãžã®äžéžæºåã®ãããè¿è¡åž«å£ãšç¬¬ååž«å£ãåºå³¶ããéŒæ±åå³¶ã«ç§»åãã(åŸèšã®éãåœæãäžé¢ã§è¬å亀æžãè¡ãããŠãããçŽé·æ±ºæŠã®å
·äœçæºåã¯ãæ¥æ¬åŽã®å€§ããªåãæã§ãã£ã)ã
å°æ¹ŸååŸã®æºåãšããŠéžæµ·è»ã¯ãå
±åã§å°æ¹Ÿæµ·å³¡ã«ããæµ·äžäº€éã®èŠè¡ãæŸæ¹åå³¶(銬å
¬æ¹Ÿã倩ç¶ã®è¯æž¯)ãå é ããããšãšãããåæ¹æŽŸé£èŠé(åžä»€é·å®äŒæ±ç¥äºšæµ·è»äžå°)ã®æèŠåéã座ç€ããäºå®ããé
ãããã®ã®ã3æ23æ¥ãæ··ææ¯éãæŸæ¹åå³¶ã«äžéžãå§ãããæµ·è»éžæŠéãç ²å°ãå é ãããªã©ã26æ¥ã«äœæŠãå®äºããã ããäžéžåãã茞éè¹å
ã§ã³ã¬ã©ãçºçããŠããããããå³¶å
ã¯äžè¡çã§é£²ææ°Žãäžè¶³ããããã®ãããäžéžåŸã«ã³ã¬ã©ãèå»¶ããéžè»ã®æ··ææ¯é6,194人(ãã¡æ°é人ã®è»å€«2,448人)ã®ãã¡ãçºç
è
1,945人(908人)ãæ»äº¡è
1,257人(579人)ãã®è¢«å®³ãã§ãã忝éã®ã³ã¬ã©æ»äº¡ç20.3% (23.7%)ã
1895幎(ææ²»28幎)3æ19æ¥(å
ç·21幎2æ23æ¥)ãæž
ã®å
šæš©å€§äœ¿æéŽ»ç« ãéåžã«å°çãããäžé¢ã§ã®äº€æžã®åžäžãæ¥æ¬åŽã®å°æ¹Ÿå²è²èŠæ±ã«å¯ŸããŠæã¯ãå°æ¹Ÿæ¬åã«æ¥æ¬è»ãäžéžããããŠããããçãéããªããšå€§ãã«åè«ããããããã24æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬äººæŽæŒ¢ãæãçæããäºä»¶ãèµ·ãããæ
ãŠãæ¥æ¬åŽãè¬è©±æ¡ä»¶ãç·©åããŠæ©ææ±ºçã«åããããã30æ¥ã«äžæçãªäŒæŠã§åæãæç«ãã(ãã ãå°æ¹ŸãšæŸæ¹åå³¶ãé€ã)ã4æ17æ¥ãæ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽ(äžé¢æ¡çŽ)ã調å°ãããæž
ã»æéã®å®è©(å®äž»ã»è©å±)é¢ä¿è§£æ¶ãæž
ããæ¥æ¬ãžã®é åå²è²(éŒæ±åå³¶ã»å°æ¹Ÿã»æŸæ¹åå³¶)ãšè³ å鿝æã(7幎幎賊ã§2åäž¡(çŽ3.1åå)ãæž
ã®æ³å
¥ç·é¡2幎ååã«çžåœ)ãæ¥æ¬ã«ææµåœåŸ
éãäžããããšçãæ±ºãŸã£ãã5æ8æ¥(4æ14æ¥)ãæž
ã®èçœã§æ¹åæžã亀æãããæ¡çŽãçºå¹ããã
調å°ãããæ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽã®å
容ãæããã«ãªããšããã·ã¢ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãžã®éŒæ±åå³¶å²è²ã«åçºããã4æ23æ¥ããã©ã³ã¹ã»ãã€ããšå
±ã«ãæ¥æ¬ã«å¯ŸããŠæž
ãžã®éŒæ±åå³¶éä»ãèŠæ±ãã(äžåœå¹²æž)ãç¿24æ¥ãåºå³¶ã®åŸ¡åäŒè°ã§æ¥æ¬ã¯ãååœäŒè°ãéå¬ããŠéŒæ±åå³¶åé¡ãåŠçããæ¹éãç«ãŠããããã25æ¥æ©æãç
åºã«å°±ãéžå¥¥å€çžã蚪ããŠããäŒè€éŠçžã«å¯Ÿãã1) ååœäŒè°ã¯äžåœä»¥å€ã®å¹²æžãæãå¯èœæ§ãã2) äžåœãšã®äº€æžãé·åŒãã°æž
ãè¬åæ¡çŽãæ¹åããªãå¯èœæ§ããããããäžåœã®èŠæ±ã峿åãå
¥ãããšãšãã«ãæž
ã«ã¯è²æ©ããªãããšãå§ããã
5æ4æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«ãå±å€äžç«ã®ç«å Žãæ¡ã£ãããšããããéŒæ±åå³¶æŸæ£ãé£è°æ±ºå®ãããç¿5æ¥ãå¹²æžããŠããäžåœã«å¯ŸããéŒæ±åå³¶ã®æŸæ£ãäŒããããªã11æ8æ¥ãæž
ãšéŒæ±é仿¡çŽãç· çµããã
æ¥æ¬ã¯ã5æ8æ¥ã®æ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽçºå¹åŸãå²è²ãããå°æ¹Ÿã«è¿è¡åž«å£(æ©å
µé£éãšç ²å
µé£éãäºç®å€§éã§ç·šæãããä»åž«å£ããå°èŠæš¡)ãæŽŸé£ããã29æ¥ã«è¿è¡ç¬¬äžæ
å£ãåéšã«äžéžãå§ãã6æ17æ¥ã«å°åã§å°æ¹Ÿç·ç£åºå§æ¿åŒãè¡ãããåŸã19æ¥ã«åé²ãå§ãŸã£ããããããæµèšèèªãªã©ã«ããæŠè£
äœæ°ã®æµæãæ¿ãããããäºå®ããŠããè¿è¡ç¬¬äºæ
å£ã®åéšäžéžãäžæ¢ããåéšå¶å§åŸã®åé²åéã«äœæŠã倿Žãããã墿ŽéšéãšããŠç·šæãããæ··æç¬¬åæ
å£(第äºåž«å£æå±ã®æ©å
µç¬¬åæ
å£ãåºå¹¹)ãšèŠåçšã®åŸå諞éšéãå°çããäžã7æ29æ¥ãããããæ§å°ååºç®¡å
ãå¶å§ããã
8æ28æ¥ãè¿è¡åž«å£ãäžéšã®åœ°åãšé¹¿æž¯ãŸã§é²åºã(ãã ãç
æ°çã§å
µå¡ãåæž)ã9æ16æ¥ãå°åãç®æãåé²è»ãç·šæãããã10æããã§ã«å°æ¹Ÿå¹³å®ã«åå ããŠããæ··æç¬¬åæ
å£ãå«ã第äºåž«å£ãåéšã«åæ£äžéžãã10æ21æ¥ãæ¥æ¬è»ãå°åã«å
¥ã£ãã11æ18æ¥ã倧æ¬å¶ã«å
šå³¶å¹³å®ãå ±åããã(åå å
µå:äºç®åž«å£ãšåŸå諞éšéãªã©ãå«ããå°æ ¡åçå®1,519人ãäžå£«å®å
µå48,316人ã®èš49,835人ããŸãæ°é人ã®è»å€«26,214人)ãè»æ¿ããæ°æ¿ã«ç§»è¡ããç¿æ¥ã1896幎(ææ²»29幎)4æ1æ¥ã«å€§æ¬å¶ãè§£æ£ãããã
ãªãç ç²è
ã¯ãå¹³å®ããæ¥æ¬åŽãæŠæ»è
164人ããã©ãªã¢çã«ããç
æ»è
4,642人ã«äžã£ãã女æ§åäŸãåå ããã²ãªã©æŠãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠæµæããå°æ¹ŸåŽãå
µå£«ãšäœæ°ããã1äž4å人æ»äº¡ãšæšæž¬ãããŠããã
(以åŸãæ¥æž
äž¡è»ãæé®®ã«äžéžãããšãšãã«ãæ¥æž
éãšæ¥æéã®äº€æžãããã«ã€ã®ãªã¹ãšãã·ã¢ãæ¥æž
éã®çŽäºã«ä»å
¥)
æ¥æ¬ã¯ãæ¥æž
æŠäºå
šäœãéããŠäž»æŠè«ã§åºãŸããæ¿æ²»ãšè»äºãçµ±äžãããŠãããéæŠåã®5æ30æ¥ãè¡è°é¢ã§å
é£åŒŸåŸäžå¥æ¡ã坿±ºããçãæ¡çŽæ¹æ£ãªã©å€äº€æ¿çãããã£ãŠäŒè€å
é£ãšæ¿ãã察ç«ãã察å€ç¡¬å
掟ããéæŠåŸããã®å§¿å¢ã倧ããå€ãããè§£æ£ç·éžæåŸãåºå³¶ã«å¬éãããèšæç¬¬äžè°äŒã§ãæ¿åºæåºã®èšæè»äºè²»äºç®æ¡(ãã®é¡1å5,000äžåã¯å幎床äžè¬äŒèšæ³åºæ±ºç®é¡8,458äžåã®1.77å)ãæºå ŽäžèŽã§å¯æ±ºããçãäŒè€å
é£ã®æŠäºæå°ãå
šé¢çã«æ¯æŽãããã€ãŸãéæŠã«ãããåæ¿åºçãªæå€äž»çŸ©çãã·ã§ããªãºã ãããããæããŠããæ¿åºã®æ¯æã«åã£ãã®ã§ããããŸããåæ¿åºæŽŸã®è¡è°é¢è°å¡ã ãã§ãªããç¥èäººãæž
ãšã®æŠäºãæ¯æãããããšãã°ã察æž
æŠäºã«ã€ããŠçŠæŸ€è«åã¯ãæéãææãšéè®ãã®æŠäºããšäœçœ®ã¥ã(ãæäºæ°å ±ã1894幎7æ29æ¥)ãå
æéäžã¯ã矩æŠããšäœçœ®ã¥ããããªããå
æãšåãããã«10幎åŸã®æ¥é²æŠäºã§éæŠãåæŠãã®ç«å Žããšãç°äžæ£é ãã察æž
æŠäºãæ¯æããŠãããããããäžçš®ã®æŠäºç±ã¯ãæ°éã®çŸ©åå
µéåã®åºãããçŠæ²¢ãæå財ç人ãªã©ã«ããè»è³éç®çŽã«ãçŸãããæž
ãšã®æŠäºã¯ããŸãã«æåœäžèŽã®æŠäºã§ãã£ãã
6æ5æ¥ãåè¬æ¬éšå
ã«å²äžåããŠå€§æ¬å¶ãèšçœ®ããã圢åŒäžæŠæã«ç§»è¡ããã8æ4æ¥ã倧æ¬å¶ããäœæŠå€§æ¹éãã宿ãããç¿æ¥ã倩çã«äžå¥ãããã倧æ¹éã§ã¯ã枀海湟沿岞ã«éžè»äž»åãäžéžãããŠæž
ãšééãæ±ºããããš(çŽé·æ±ºæŠ)ãç®çãšããããã®ããã®äœæŠãäºæã«åãããããç¬¬äžæäœæŠã¯ãæé®®ã«ç¬¬äºåž«å£ãéã£ãŠæž
è»ãããå¶ãæ®ãã®éžæµ·è»ãåºåæºåãšåœå
é²è¡ãæµ·è»ãæž
ã®åæŽæ°Žåž«(åæŽèŠé)æèšãšé»æµ·ã»æž€æµ·æ¹Ÿã®å¶æµ·æš©ææ¡ãšããããç¬¬äºæäœæŠã¯ãç¬¬äžæäœæŠã®é²è¡ãã€ãŸãå¶æµ·æš©ã§äžã€ãæ³å®ãããã(ç²)å¶æµ·æš©ãææ¡ããå ŽåãçŽé·å¹³é(å京åšèŸº)ã§æ±ºæŠãéè¡ã(ä¹)æ¥æ¬è¿æµ·ã ãå¶æµ·æš©ã確ä¿ããå Žåãæé®®ã«éžè»ãå¢æŽŸããæé®®ã®ç¬ç«ç¢ºä¿ã«åªåã(äž)å¶æµ·æš©ã倱ã£ãå Žåãæé®®ã«æ®ããã第äºåž«å£ãæŽå©ãã€ã€ãåœå
é²è¡ãšãããã8æ14æ¥ãæé®®åå³¶åéšã«åŸ
æ©äžã®é£åèŠéãããèªéãçãããšããšæé»ããã倧æ¬å¶ã¯ãç¬¬äºæäœæŠã(ä¹)ã§é²ããããšã«ããååž«å£é·ã«èšç€ºãã(第äžåž«å£ã«ã¯åºååœä»€)ã31æ¥ã倧æ¬å¶ã¯ããå¬å£äœæŠå€§æ¹éããå®ããäžèšãäœæŠå€§æ¹éãã®(ä¹)ã(ç²)ã«å€æŽããçŽé·æ±ºæŠãè¡ãããšã«ãããããããå®éã«å¶æµ·æš©ããŸã ææ¡ããŠããªãããã1)çŽé·æ±ºæŠã®æ ¹æ å°ãšããŠæ
é åå³¶ã®æ»ç¥ç¢ºä¿ã2)æž
è»ãåæºæŽ²ã«åŒãã€ããããã®éœåäœæŠ(å¥å€©æ»æ)ã宿œã3)éœåäœæŠã®æºåãšããŠæž
è»ãéçµããå¹³å£ãæ»ç¥ãããšããããç¿9æ1æ¥ããŸã3)ã宿œããããã第äžè»ãç·šæãããã
ãªããåœæã®æŠäºæå°ã¯ãæ¿æ²»äž»å°ã§ãã£ãã倩çã®ç¹æšã«ãããæ¬æ¥ã¡ã³ããŒã§ã¯ãªã山瞣æ¢å¯é¢è°é·ãšäŒè€éŠçžãšéžå¥¥å€çžã倧æ¬å¶ã«ååžããäŒè€éŠçžã¯è¥¿æŽååŒ·ã®ææãèžãŸããæèŠæžãæåºããããšããã£ã(å±±æ±äœæŠã®å®æœæ±ºå®ãšå°æ¹Ÿæ»ç¥ã«å€§ãã圱é¿)ã
æ¿æ²»ãè»äºããªãŒãã§ããèŠå ãšããŠã第äžã«çµ±åž¥æš©ç¬ç«ã®å¶åºŠãäœã£ãåœäºè
éã§ãã£ããããåå¶åºŠã®ç®çãšéçãç¥ã£ãŠããã宿
ã«åããªãã±ãŒã¹ã§æè»ã«å¯ŸåŠã§ããããšãæããããã第äºã®èŠå ãšããŠãæå°å±€ã®æ§æ Œãæãããããåœæã®æå°å±€ã¯ãæ¿æ²»ãšè»äºãæªååã®æ±æžæä»£ã«çãŸãè²ã£ãæŠå£«åºèº«ã§ãããææ²»ç¶æ°åŸããããã®åæ§ãšå¶ç¶ãªã©ã«ãããæ¿æ²»ãšè»äºã«é²è·¯ãåãããããããã£ãŠãæ¿æ²»æå°è
ã¯è»äºã«ãè»äºæå°è
ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«äžå®ã®èŠèããã£ãŠããããŸãäž¡è
ã¯åžåœäž»çŸ©äžã®åœéç°å¢ã®ç¶æ³èªèãã»ãŒäžèŽãããšãšãã«ãæ¿æ²»ã®åªäœãèªæãšããŠãã(éžè»å€§åŠæ ¡ã»æµ·è»å
µåŠæ ¡åã®å°éè·æèããã€ãšãªãŒãè»äººãè»äºæå°è
ã«äžãã€ããŠããªãæä»£)ãé¢é£ããŠè©é¥ã®ååšãæããããè»äºã«å¯Ÿãããæ¿æ²»ã®åªäœãã€ãŸããè©é¥ã®åªäœãã§ããã£ãããªããããããèŠå ã¯ãæ¥é²æŠäºåŸãã ãã«å€±ããããã®ã®ãç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã«ã¯ããããã倧æ£ãã¢ã¯ã©ã·ãŒããçµãŠè°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãæ ¹ä»ããšèŠããããããã1930幎代åé ã®äžçææ
åŸã«è»ã«ããäž»å°ã«ã·ããããããšã«ãªãã
æ¥æ¬ãšæ¯ããŠåºå€§ãªåœåãšè«å€§ãªå
µåãæã€æž
ã¯ã1884å¹Žåœæãå§åçã«åªå¢ãšæãããŠããã
ããããæåœäžèŽã®æ¥æ¬ãšäº€æŠããæž
ã¯ãããããå¹³æããå€äº€ãšè»äºãäžçµ±äžã§ãã£ããå
ç·åžã®èŠªæ¿äžãå€äº€ã»æŽå(é±å±±ãééã«é¢ããæ¿çç)ãæç®¡ããç·çè¡é(æ
¶èŠªçç)ãšè»åãæç®¡ããè»æ©åŠ(瀌芪çç)ãšãåé¢ãããŸãŸã§ãã£ã(éæŠåŸã®9æ29æ¥ãæŠäºæå°ã®ããã«å€äº€ãšè»äºãçµ±æ¬ãããã¹ããæ°èš)ããã®äžãå€äº€ãäžäœåãããŠããªãã£ããè²¿ææž¯å
šäœã管èœãããšã¯ãããæ±ºå®æš©ã®ãªãç·çè¡é(éŠéœå京)ãšã倩接枯ã«éããããšã¯ãããæ¬œå·®å€§è£ãšããŠå
šæš©ãæã€åæŽéåå€§è£æéŽ»ç« (倩接)ãšãäºå
çã«å€äº€ãæ
ã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããšãã«å¯Ÿæé®®å€äº€ã¯ã察ãã·ã¢äº€æžã§è²æ©ãåŒãåºããã€ãªæ¡çŽç· çµå¹Žã®1881幎(å
ç·7幎)以éã瀌éšããå
µæš©ããã€åæŽéå倧è£ã®çŽèœã«ç§»è¡ããæé®®ã§ç·çæé®®äº€æžéåäºå®ãã€ãšããè¢äžå±ãšå¯æ¥ã«é£çµ¡ããšãæãç·çè¡éãšå¯Ÿç«ããŠããã
è»äºãå€äº€ãšåãããã«ãéæŠæã«äžäœåãããŠããªãã£ããåžžåããéžæµ·è»ã®å
µæš©ã忣ãããŠããããšããã(å®è³ªçãªç§å
µå)ãåœåãæ¥æ¬ãšã®éæŠã¯ãåœå®¶ãæããæŠäºã§ã¯ãªããåæŽéå倧è£ã®ææ®ãããã®ãšäœçœ®ã¥ãããããå倧è£ã®æã¯ãå
ã
枀海沿岞ã®3ç(çŽé·ã»å±±æ±ã»å¥å€©)ã®æµ·é²ãšãã®ããã®å
µæš©ã3çã®ç·ç£ã«èšä»€ã§ããæš©éãæé®®åºå
µã®æš©éãäžããããŠããããŸããåæŽæ°Žåž«(åæŽèŠé)ãçµ±ç£ãããšãšãã«ãç§è²»ãæããŠç·šæããåè»ã®äžã€ãããããåæŽéžè»ãæ±ããŠããããããéæŠåŸãç京å°è»å®æ
¶ã«é·å±ããæ±äžçã®é¬è»(æ£èŠè»å
«æã®æµãããã粟ééšé)ãåç·ã«æå
¥ãããã®ã§ãäºå
統垥ã«é¥ãå¯èœæ§ããã£ãããã®ãã12æ2æ¥ã欜差倧è£åå€äžã«å±±æµ·é¢ä»¥æ±ã®å
šå
µæš©ãäžããããã
ãã®ããã«å€äº€ãšè»äºãé¯ç¶ããæž
ã«ã¯ãéæŠçŽåãæãå®åã®äžéšã西倪åçã®ç¡èŠã§ããªãæŠäºåé¿æŽŸãããã7æ16æ¥ãè»æ©åŠãšç·çè¡éãªã©ã®ååäŒè°ã§ã¯ãéæŠèªéãçµè«ãšãã18æ¥ã«äžå¥ãããããã®ããšããã£ãŠæã¯ãçµæçã«å
µåã鿬¡æå
¥ããŠããŸããããã9æ15æ¥ãå¹³å£ã§æãããšãæŠç¥ã倧ãã転æããã19æ¥ãäžå¥æã«ãããæ¥æž
æŠäºã«ã€ããŠåæŽéå倧è£ã®ææ®ããæŠéãããåœå®¶ãæããŠã®æŠäºãšäœçœ®ã¥ãçŽããæä¹
æŠããšãããææ¡ãããæä¹
æŠã§è¥¿æŽå匷ã®èª¿åãæåŸ
ããããããæ¥æ¬ãšã®è¬åã«èšãæ§æ³ã§ãã£ãã9æ29æ¥ãæèŠªçã«å€äº€ã»è»äºãçµ±æ¬ããæéèŠã®æš©éãäžããããçãããããæž
ã§ãåœå®¶ãæããŠæŠãäœå¶ãæŽãããå§ããã
ããããèå¿ãªå
µåã«ãåé¡ããã£ããæ»å®ãå·Šå³ããå¶æµ·æš©ã§éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæããæµ·è»åã¯ãå¢åŒ·ãé²ãã§ããªãã£ããããã«ãè»äºå²å®¶ã¯æµ·è»ãç¡æ®ãªæåãå«ããèæ¯ãšããŠè»å¹¹éšã®è
æ(ç ²åŒŸã®ç«è¬ã転売ãç ã«æããŠããããªã©)ãæããŠããã
ããšãã°ãæž
ã®4 èŠé(åæŽã»åæŽã»çŠå»ºã»åºæ±)ã®ãã¡ãæŠéèœåã®æãé«ãåæŽèŠéã§ãããéæŠ4幎åã®1890幎(ææ²»23幎)ã«å°±åœ¹ããå·¡æŽèŠãå¹³é ã(ææ°Žé2,100t)ãæåŸã«é
åãããæ°é èŠã§ãã£ããå®è³ªçã«å¶æµ·æš©ã®åž°è¶š(ããã)ãæ±ºãã黿µ·æµ·æŠã§ã¯ã1892幎(ææ²»25幎)ã«å°±åœ¹ããåºæ±æ°Žåž«(åºæ±èŠé)ããç·šå
¥ãããŠãããåºäžã(ææ°Žé1,000t)ãåå ãããã®ã®ã察ããæ¥æ¬èŠéã¯ã1891幎(ææ²»24幎)以éã«å°±åœ¹ããå·¡æŽèŠ6é»(ããããå¹³é ãäžåãææ°Žéã§ããã¡4é»ã4,200tçŽ)ãåå ããã
åé¡ã¯ãæµ·è»åã ãã§ãªããéžè»åã«ããã£ããéæŠæãåžžåè»ã®é¬è»ãšåè»ã«ã¯ãæ©862å¶(1å¶åœããå¹³å350人)ã銬192å¶ãããããã®åŸãæ°åå
µã®éšéãç·šæãããããããããããã諞éšéã®éã«ã¯ã士æ°ã緎床ãè£
åãªã©ã®å·®ããããæå®ã®ææ®ã§å®æŠã«åå ããéšéããããªã©ãè¿ä»£åãããæ¥æ¬è»ãšå¯Ÿç
§çãªåŽé¢ãå€ãã£ãããªãæž
ã®éžå
µã¯ããã°ãã°æŠéã§ãµãããããããŠæ¥æ¬åŽã«ã匱å
µããšèŠãªããã(æ¥æ¬ã®åŸè»èšè
ã¯ãæž
ã®åŒ±å
µã¶ããæšå£å°å¹³ãªã©æ¥æ¬å
µã®å¿ åçŸè«ãå ±éããããšã«ãããçµæçã«åŸè
ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãç¥åœã®ããã«æŠãåŽé«ãªå
µå£«ã«ããŠè¡ã£ã)ã
æŠè²»ã¯ã2å3,340äžå(çŸåšã®äŸ¡å€ã«æç®ããŠçŽ2å
3,340åå)(å
èš³:èšæè»äºè²»ç¹å¥äŒèšæ¯åº2å48äžåãäžè¬äŒèšã®èšæäºä»¶è²»79äžåã»èšæè»äºè²»3,213äžå)ã§ãéæŠå幎床ã®äžè¬äŒèšæ³åºæ±ºç®é¡8,458äžåã®2.76åã«çžåœããããã¡èšè»ç¹å¥äŒèš(1894幎6æ1æ¥ã1896幎3ææ«æ¥)ã®æ¯åºé¡æ§ææ¯ã¯ãéžè»è²»ã82.1%(人件費18.4%ãç³§é£è²»12.4%ã被æè²»10.8%ãå
µåšåŒŸè¬è²»5.6%ãééè²»16.9%ããã®ä»18.0%)ãæµ·è»è²»ã17.9%(人件費1.1%ãèŠè¹è²»6.4%ãå
µåšåŒŸè¬è²»ã»æ°Žé·è²»5.0%ããã®ä»5.4%)ã§ãã£ããèšè»ç¹å¥äŒèšã®åå
¥é¡ã¯ã2å2,523äžåã§ãããäž»ãªå
èš³ãå
¬åµé(å
åµ)51.9%ãè³ åé35.0%ã1893幎床ã®åœåº«å°äœé10.4%ã§ãã£ã(èšè»ç¹å¥äŒèšã®å°äœé2,475äžå)ããªãã1893幎床æ«ã®æ¥æ¬éè¡ãå«ãå
šåœéè¡é éé¡ã1å152äžåã§ãã£ããããäžèšã®è»äºå
¬åµ1å1,680äžåã®åŒãåãã容æã§ãªããåœæ°ã®æåœå¿ã«èšŽãããšãšãã«å°åå¥ã«å²ãåœãŠãçã«ãã£ãŠå
¬åµåéãæšé²ãããã
1894幎8æ16æ¥ãè»äºå
¬åµæ¡äŸãå
¬åžããã(å
什)(5000äžåãé床ãšãã)ã 8æ17æ¥ã倧èµçã¯ãè»äºå
¬åµæ¡äŸã«ããè»äºå
¬åµ3000äžåã®åéãå
¬ç€ºãã(å瀺)ã9æ10æ¥ããçºè¡ãå¿åé¡ã¯7700äžåäœã«ã®ãŒããå®åé¡ã¯3006äžåã 8æ18æ¥ã倧èµå€§è£æž¡èŸºåœæŠã¯ã颿±åçéè¡å¹¹äºæžæ²¢æ äžã»å±±æ¬çŽåã»å®ç°åæ²»é代çé·è°·å·åèµããŸãããè»äºå
¬åµåéã«ã€ããŠååãèŠè«ããã ãŸã8æã«æž¡èŸºèµçžã¯ãåå°æ¹å®ã«ããããè»äºå
¬åµæ¡äŸã«ã€ããŠã管å
ã®æå¿ã«å¿åãããããå
èšããã11æ22æ¥ã2床ç®ã®å
èšã 11æ21æ¥ãäŒè€éŠçžã枡蟺èµçžã¯ãæ±äº¬ã®éè¡å®¶5人(èç°å¹³äºéã»äžäžå·åœŠæ¬¡éã»å±±æ¬çŽåã»åç°ååã»å®ç°åæ²»é)ããŸãããè»äºå
¬åµåéæ¹æ³ãåè°ããã 11æ22æ¥ã倧èµçã¯ãè»äºå
¬åµ5000äžåã®åéãå
¬åžãã(ç什)ãå¿åé¡ã¯9030äžåäœãå®åé¡ã¯4763äžäœåã
1893幎(ææ²»26幎)ãéžè»ãæŠæç·šå¶ãæ¹ããç¿å¹ŽåºŠããæ°ç·šæãé©çšãããããã®1894幎床åå¡èšç»ã§ã¯ãéæŠäžç®åž«å£ãšå
µç«éšãå®å諞éšé(åæµ·éã®å±¯ç°å
µå£ãå«ã)ãªã©ã人å¡220,580人ã銬47,221é ãéæŠç ²294éãåå¡ã§ããæ
å¢ã§ãã£ãããªããåå¡èšç»äžãæŠæã®äžç®åž«å£ã¯ã18,500人ãšéЬ5,600é ã§ç·šå¶ãããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããã
å®éã®åå¡(å
å¡å¬é)ã¯ã6æ5æ¥ã«ç¬¬äºåž«å£ã®æ©å
µç¬¬ä¹æ
å£ããå§ãŸãã7æ12æ¥ã«æ®ãã®æ©å
µç¬¬åæ
å£ãç¶ãã(æé®®åå³¶ã®å°åœ¢çãèæ
®ãããéæŠç ²å
µé£éã®è£
åãéç ²ããå±±ç ²ã«å€æŽ)ã7æ24æ¥ã«ç¬¬å
åž«å£ãã8æ4æ¥ã«ç¬¬äžåž«å£ãã8æ30æ¥ã«ç¬¬äžåž«å£ãåå¡ã«å
¥ãããŸã10æäžæ¬ã«ç¬¬äºåž«å£ãåå¡ãçµãããè¿è¡åž«å£ã¯10æ8æ¥æŠééšéã®åå¡ãçµãã£ããã®ã®ã掟å
µã決ãŸããªãã£ããããå
µç«éšãªã©ãå«ããåå¡ã®å®äºãç¿å¹Ž2æ16æ¥ãšãªã£ãã第ååž«å£ã12æ4æ¥æŠééšéã®åå¡ãçµãããç¿å¹Ž3æäžæ¬ã«åå¡ãå®äºããããã®åŸãéŒæ²³å¹³åã§ã®äœæŠãå®äºãããš(1895幎3æ9æ¥ã«ç°èå°ãæ»ç¥)ãç¬¬äºæäœæŠ(çŽé·æ±ºæŠ)ã®æºåãå§ãŸã£ãã3æ16æ¥ã«åè¬ç·é·å°æŸå®®åœ°ä»èŠªçéžè»å€§å°ãåŸæž
倧ç·ç£ã«ä»»ããããçŽé·æ±ºæŠã§å
é£ãåããè¿è¡åž«å£ãšç¬¬ååž«å£ãåºå³¶ããéŒæ±åå³¶ã«åãã£ãã
æçµçã«èšç»ãäžåã240,616人ãåå¡ããããã¡174,017人 (72.3%) ãåœå€ã«åºåŸããããã ã第ååž«å£ãªã©ã宿ŠãçµéšããªããŸãŸåž°åœããéšéãããããŸããæå®ãªã©6,495人ãäž»ã«åœå€ã§éæ¬ã«åŸäºããæ°é人ã®è»å€«10äžäººä»¥äž(153,974人ãšããæ°åããã)ã®éæŠéå¡ãåå¡ãã(10幎åŸã®æ¥é²æŠäºã§ã¯ãè»å€«(æ°é人)ã®éçšã«ä»£ãããå
µåœ¹çµéšã®ãªãæªæè²è
ãè£å©èŒžåãšããŠå€æ°åå¡)ããªãã20-32æ³ã®å
µåœ¹å¹Žéœ¢å±€ã«ã€ããŠæŠéå¡ã®åå¡ç5.7%(åœå€åå¡ç4.1%)ãšæšèšãããã
è¿ä»£éžè»ã®ã¢ãã«ã§ããä»ç¬ã®éžè»ã¯ãééãšéæ²³ã䜿ããªãæã§ç©è³èŒžéã銬ã«é Œã£ãŠããããŸãæ¥æ¬éžè»ã¯ãã€ãéžè»ãææ¬ã«å
µç«èŒžéèšç»ãç«ãŠãŠããã«ãããããããç©è³ã®éæ¬ã人(èè² å(ãããã)ãšäžèŒªè»ã倧å
«è»)ã«é Œã£ãäž»å ã¯ã銬ãšéŠ¬ç³§ã®å¶çŽã«ãã£ããç¹ã«éЬã®å¶çŽã¯ãæåã«åºåãã第äºåž«å£ã§åŒ·ãã£ããååž«å£ã¯ã城銬管åºå
ã®éЬãå°ãªãã£ãããšããããä¹éЬ669é ãšé§éЬ789é ã®åå¡ã«ãšã©ãŸã£ã(äžèšã®éãè£
åããéç ²ãå€ãããããç ²å
µçšã®èŒéЬ0é )ããããåŸæ©è»èŒ(倧å
«è»)ãçšæãããçŸå°åŸŽçºã®æé®®äººäººå€«ãšéЬããã°ãã°é亡ãããããå
µç«éšæå±ã®è»å€«1,022人(æŠééšéæå±ãå«ãè»å€«ã®ç·èš5,191人)ãé§éЬãåŒããèè² åã§ç©è³ã鿬ããã ãã§è¶³ããããšãã«æŠéå¡ãå
µç«éšã®ç©è³éæ¬ã«åŸäºããã
æŠå°è»æ³äŒè°ã«ããåŠçœ°è
ã1,851人ããããã®ãã¡è»äººãçŽ3å²ãè»å€«ãçŽ7å²ãå ãããŸãå
šäœã®2å²ã«åœãã370人(é眪3人)ãéžè»åæ³éåã§ãæ®ã8å²ã®1,481人(é眪38人)ãåæ³ãªã©ãã®ä»ã®æ³ä»€éåã§ãã£ãã
åœå€åå¡ã®éžè»è»äºº174,017人ã®ãã¡ã500人å°(0.3%ååŸ)ãåŠçœ°ããããå
èš³ã¯ã察äžå®æŽè¡ã6人(é眪3人)ãé亡眪ã11人(è»äººä»¥å€ã¯307人)ã§ãã£ããå¹³æã®ç掻ãšããé¢ããæŠå Žã®äžã§ããè»çŽã¯ãããããä¿ããããšèããããŠããããã ããæŠå°è»æ³äŒè°ã«ãããããªãã£ãæ
é èæ®ºäºä»¶ãçºçããŠããã1894幎(ææ²»27幎)6æ29æ¥ä»ãã®åè¬ç·é·ããæ··ææ
å£é·å®ã®èšä»€ãç³§é£çã®éæ¬ã¯å
šãŠåŸŽçºã®ææãçšãã¹ãäºããåããŠãããããéè¡ã®ç銬ã¯è·ç©ãèŒããããšåŠãšã«é¢ãããä¹ãæŒæããã(æææ¿¬ãææ²»äºåäžå¹ŽåšéèŠå¿é²ã)ãããªè¡çºãå
¬ç¶ãšè¡ãããŠããããŸã被çè
ãç¹å®ã§ããªãçãåŠçœ°ã«è³ããªãã£ãåæ³ç¯çœªãªã©ãåœç¶ãã£ããšèããããã
åè¬æ¬éšãææ²»äºåäžå
«å¹Žæ¥æž
æŠå²ãã§ã¯ãè»äººã»è»å±ã®æŠæ» 1,132ãæŠå·æ» 285ãç
æ» 11,894ãæŠå·ç
3,758ãåèš13,488人ãæåœ¹å
é€(çŸç
ãå眰ç)3794人ã§ãå
šäœã®æžèäººå¡æ°ã®åèšã¯17282人ãšå ±åããããããã«ããã°ãè»äººã»è»å±ã®æŠæ»ãæŠå·æ»ãç
æ»ã®åèšæ»è
æ°ã¯13,311人ãšãªãã
æŽå²åŠè
ã®äºäžæž
ã¯æå41幎ã®èæžã§ãæ¥æ¬éžè»12äžäººã®ãã¡æŠæ»è
æ°ã¯5417人ãšããã
é²è¡ãã³ãããã¯(1992幎ãæé²æ°è瀟)ã«ããã°ãæŠæ»ã»æŠå·æ»1,567åãç
æ»12,081åã倿»176åãèš13,824å(æŠå·3,973å)ã
æŽå²åŠè
ã®åç°æ¬äžã¯2007幎ã®èæžã§ãåè¬æ¬éšãææ²»å»¿äžå
«å¹Žæ¥æž
æŠå²ãã«ã¯å
šåå¡å24äž616人ããã¡17äž4017äººãæŽŸé£ãããè»å€«ã¯15äž4000人ã®ãã¡5000人åœå
䜿圹ã®ã»ãã¯æŽŸé£ããããšããããšãããè»å€«ãæŠè£
ããèŒé茞åã§ãã£ãããšãããããå«ãããšãæ¥æ¬è»ã®åå¡ã¯39äž5000人ã§ãã£ããšãããåç°ã¯ãè»å€«ã®æ»è
æ°ã¯èª¿æ»ãããªãã£ããã7000人以äžãšæšå®ããã
éžè»çå»åå±ç·šãææ²»äºåäžå
«å¹Žåœ¹éžè»è¡çäºè¹ãã«ããã°ãæ¥æž
æŠäºãšå°æ¹Ÿå¹³å®(乿ªæŠäº)ã䜵ããŠéžè»ã®ç·æ£è
284,526人ãç·ç
æ»è
20,159人(ãã¡èæ°ä»¥å€16,095人ã79.8%)ã§ãã£ã(è»å€«ãå«ã)ããã°ãã°è°è«ã®çã«ãªã£ãèæ°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæ£è
41,431äººãæ»äº¡è
4,064人(ãã¡æé®®142äººãæž
1,565人ãå°æ¹Ÿ2,104人ãå
å°253人)ã§ãã£ãããªãèæ°åé¡ã®è©³çްã¯ããéžè»ã§ã®èæ°å€§æµè¡ããåç
§ã®ããšã
åœæã®æé®®åå³¶ã¯è¡çç¶æ
ãæªãããšãããããŸãçºå±éäžåœã§æ¥æ¬ãšéããã€ã¬ããããŒããŒãäžè¶³ããŠãã(åœæã®æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯å±±æã§ãªãéãæ®åããŠãã)ããšãããæŠå°ã§äŒæç
ãã¯ãã£ãããšãããå°æ¹Ÿã§ã¯ãæãå£ç¯ã«ã²ãªã©æŠã«ãŸãããŸãããããè¿è¡åž«å£é·ã®åçœå·å®®èœä¹
芪çéžè»äžå°ããã©ãªã¢ã§é£æ²¡ããè¿è¡ç¬¬äºæ
å£é·å±±æ ¹ä¿¡æéžè»å°å°ãæŠç
æ»ããã»ã©ã§ãã£ãããã ããåºå³¶å€§æ¬å¶ã§åè¬ç·é·ã®ææ å·å®®çŸä»èŠªçéžè»å€§å°ãè
žããã¹ãçºçãããªã©ãåœå
ãå®å
šã§ã¯ãªãã£ããæŠå°å
¥é¢æ£è
ã§ç
æ»ãã13,216人ã®ãã¡ã5,211人 (39.4%) ãã³ã¬ã©ã«ãããã®ã§ãã£ã(éžè»çç·šã第äžç·š è¡çããææ²»äºåäžå
«å¹ŽæŠåœ¹çµ±èšã)ãæ¬¡ãã§æ¶ååšçŸæ£1,906人 (14.4%)ãèæ°1,860人 (14.1%)ãèµ€ç¢1,611人 (12.2%)ãè
žããã¹1,125人 (8.5%)ããã©ãªã¢542人 (4.1%)ãåå·88人 (0.7%)ã
æãç ç²è
ãåºããã³ã¬ã©ã¯ã1895幎3æã«çºçããŠæ°æž©ã®äžæãã7æã«ããŒã¯ãšãªããç§å£ãŸã§æµè¡ãããåºåŸéšéã®å±æã«ãã£ãŠåœå
ã§ã³ã¬ã©ã倧æµè¡ããããšãããããã®åŸã䌌島(åºå³¶)ã»åœŠå³¶(äžé¢)ã»æ¡å³¶(倧éª)ã®3ã¶æã§ã®æ€ç«ã培åºããã(ãªãæ¥æ¬ã®ã³ã¬ã©æ»äº¡è
æ°ã¯ã1894幎314人ã1895幎40,241人ã1896幎908äººãšæšç§»ãããšããã'95å¹Žã®æ»äº¡è
æ°ã¯æ¥æž
æŠäºã®æŠæ²¡è
æ°ã倧å¹
ã«äžåã£ã)ã
åœæã®éžè»ã¯ããã£ããããå¬å£è£
åãšå³å¯å°ã§ã®æ£ããé²å¯æ¹æ³ãšãæã£ãŠããªãã£ããããããéæŠéæã®å
µå£«ã¯ç¡¬ããŠå±¥ãå¿å°ã®è¯ããªãè»éŽãããèå±¥ãå±¥ãããšãå€ãããŸãç©è³éæ¬ãæ
ã£ãæ°é人ã®è»å€«ã¯è»éŽãæ¯çµŠãããªãã£ããçµæçã«å€ãã®å
µå£«ãšè»å€«ãåå·ã«çœ¹ããçžåœãªæŠåäœäžãæãããåå·ã¯ãå±±æ±åå³¶ã§ã®åšæµ·è¡æ»ç¥æŠã倧éžã§ã®å¬å¶ãéŒæ²³å¹³åã®äœæŠãªã©ã§å€çºããããã®ããæŠåŸãããããæŠèšãåºã«é²å¯å
·ç ç©¶ãšå¬å£èšç·Žãè¡ãããããããŠåŸå¹Žã察ãã·ã¢æŠãæ³å®ããèšç·Žäžã«èµ·ãã£ãã®ãå
«ç²ç°éªäžè¡è»éé£äºä»¶ã§ããã
æ¥æ¬è»ã¯ãæŠå°ã§é£ç³§ã調éãããšãã«å¯ŸäŸ¡ãæ¯æã£ãŠãããçŸå°ã®æ°é人ã«å¯ŸããŠç¥å¥ªçã®è¡çºãçç¡ãšã®èŠè§£ãããããšãã«è»ã®èŠåŸã¯ã欧米ãäžå¿ãšããåœé瀟äŒããé«ãè©äŸ¡ãåãããããã¯åœææ¥æ¬ãåœé瀟äŒã§èªããããå匷ã®ä»å
¥ãé²ãããã«å³æ Œã«åœéæ³ãéµå®ããæèã®æ±ãã«é¢ããŠãæš¡ç¯ã瀺ãå¿
èŠæ§ããã£ãããã§ãããæ±æŽã®åååœ(埳矩ãšç€Œåãéãããåœ)ãšç§°ãããããçŸå°ã®äººã
ãšã®é¢ä¿ãè¯å¥œã§ãããšãã°æ¥æ¬è»ãæé®®åå³¶ãåäžããéãçã§èŸ²äœæ¥äžã®èŸ²æ°ã«åºäŒã£ãããããšããã®äœæ¥ãæäŒã£ãçã®åŸ®ç¬ãŸããè©±ãæ®ããã(ä¿ååæ²æž)ã
ãã ããããããå
ãšç°ãªãã圱ã®éšåããã£ããå°æ¹åºèº«è
ã§äœåŠæŽè
ãæ®ã©ã®å
µå£«ãã¡ã¯ãééã®ãªãéè·¯ã®æªãæŠå°ã§ãè£çµŠç·ã䌞ã³ãã£ãããã«é£ç³§ãç¥å¥ªã(城çºãç¥å¥ªã«å€ãããæµæããæž
åœäººã殎ãè¡çºãã倧æå¿«ããšè¡šçŸããè»å€«ãããããæ±åæ°èã1895幎2æ14æ¥)ããšãã«å¯ãããã®ãçæãåŸãããã«æ°å®¶ãå£ããŠçãå»¶ã³ãããŸããæºå·ã®æŠéã§ã¯ãåžè¡(ç°èå°)ãçŒãæã£ãŠãããæŠæåœéæ³ãé©çšããªãã£ãå°æ¹Ÿå¹³å®ã§ã¯ãéèœããã¿ã§åäŸãåå ãããããªã²ãªã©æŠã«å¯Ÿããäºé²ã»æ²çœ°çãªæ®ºæ®(ãã€ãã)ãšéèœã®çŒå€·ãšãæ®éã®æŠéææ®µã«ãªã£ãŠããã
æŠæçµæžã«ã€ããŠåŸå¹Žã財çã®å€§åŸ¡ææžæ²¢æ äžã次ã®ããã«åé¡§ããã
å®éãéæŠåœåã®æ²èгçãªèŠéããšç°ãªããæŠæçµæžã¯å€§éãªãéå¶ãããããã®èŠå ãšããŠã1)æ¥æž
æŠäºãæ¯èŒççæãã€å°èŠæš¡ã§ãã£ãããšãæããããããã®ãããå
µåœ¹é©éœ¢å±€(20-32æ³)ã®åå¡çã5.7%(æšèšå€)ã«ãšã©ãŸãããã®å€ãã10ãæä»¥å
ã«åŸ©å¡ããã2)åœæã®æ¥æ¬ã¯ãæœåšçã«éå°åŽååãå°ãªããªãããšãã«äž»èŠç£æ¥ã®èŸ²æ¥ã§ãã®åŸåã匷ãã£ãããããã蟲æã蟲山æãªã©ã§éå°åŽååãæ»çããäž(æ±äº¬ã§è»å€«ãäœããªã©éœåžãåãå£ãå°ãªãã£ã)ãåºåŸå
µå£«çå®å®
ãžã®èŸ²äœæ¥æ¯æŽããã£ããçµå±ã®ãšãããæŠæäžã§èŸ²æ¥çç£é¡(å®è³ª)ãå¢å ããã
3)æãæžå¿µãããã®ããå
µåšã匟è¬ãªã©è»éåã®èŒžå
¥å¢ã«ããåœé忝ã®èµ€åå(æ£è²šæµåº)ãšãã®å¢å€§ã§ãã£ããæ¿åºã¯ãã§ããã ãåœç£åã調éãããã®ã®ãããã§ãæŠè²»ã®çŽ1/3ãå€åœã«æ¯æããããããªç¶æ
ã§ãã£ããããæ°éåã®èŒžå
¥ãæå¶ããããããã茞åºã®äŒžã³ãšãæŠå°ã®æ¯æãã§æ¥æ¬ã®è²šå¹£ãåæ»ã«æµéããããšããããçµæçã«åœé忝ã¯å€§å¹
ãªèµ€åã«é¥ãããæ£è²šæºåé¡ãæ¿æžããªãã£ãã
ãã£ãšããæŠäºã®åœ±é¿ã¯ãç£æ¥ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªã£ãã忥ãžã®æªåœ±é¿ã¯ãæ°éåã®ç©æµãæ»ãããè¹è¶äžè¶³(éæŠã§åœå
è¹äž»ã®æ±œè¹ãã»ãšãã©åŸŽçš)ãé€ããšã倧ããªãã®ãç¡ãã£ããå·¥æ¥ãžã®æªåœ±é¿ã¯ãåæé«ãªã©åæ¥ãã倧ããã£ããã®ã®ãå
šäœãšããŠææãå°ããã£ããããããå
µåšé¢é£æ¥ã綿糞玡瞟æ¥ãªã©ãå
µç«ã«ããããç£æ¥ã¯ãç¹éã§æŽ»æ³ãåããããã ããæŠè²»èª¿é(å€é¡ã®è»äºå
¬åµçºè¡)ã®ããã®è³éçµ±å¶ã«ãããééæ·èšã®èµ·å·¥å»¶æãªã©æ°èŠäºæ¥ãæå¶ãããã
æ¥æž
æŠäºã§ã¯ãæž
è»ããã¯1790人ãæèãšããŠæãããããã®å€ããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã®å寺ã«åç£ãããç¹ã«åŽåãç§ããããããšããªãè¬ååŸã«ã¯åž°åœããããã®æŠäºèªäœãæ¥æ¬è»ã®é£æŠé£åã§çæéã§åæããããšããã®æ¥æ¬å
µã®æèãå°æ°ã§ããããšã¯ç¢ºãã ãæž
ããåŒãæž¡ãããã®ã¯11åããã®ãã¡10åã¯è»å€«ã ã£ããããã¯æž
è»ã¯ãéä¿¡ã®æªçãäžå€®ã®åšä»€ãåéšéã«å±ããæ«ç«¯ãæŽèµ°ãæèããšããæ®ºå®³ãããããšèããããã
åžåœäž»çŸ©æä»£ã«è¡ãããæ¥æž
æŠäºã¯ãæž
ã®åšä¿¡å€±å¢ãªã©æ±ã¢ãžã¢æ
å¢ãæ¿å€ãããã ãã§ãªããæ¥æž
ã®äž¡äº€æŠåœãšæŠäºãèªçºããæé®®ã®äžåœã«ã倧ããªåœ±é¿ãäžãããè¿ä»£æ¥æ¬ã¯ãå€§èŠæš¡ãªå¯Ÿå€æŠäºãåããŠçµéšããããšã§ãåœæ°åœå®¶ãã«è±ç®ãããã®æŠäºã転æ©ã«çµæžãé£èºããããŸãæŠåŸãè©é¥æ¿åºãšæ°å
åŽã®äžéšãšãææºããäžãç©æ¥µçãªåœå®¶éå¶ã«è»¢æ(財æ¿ãšå
Œ
±æè³ãèšåŒµ)ãããšãšãã«ãæžæ¡ã§ãã£ãåçš®æ¿çã®å€ããå®è¡ãããç£æ¥æ¿çãéèå¶åºŠãçšå¶äœç³»ãªã©ä»¥åŸã®æ¿çå¶åºŠã®ååãäœãããããšãšãªããããã«ãæž
ã®è³ åéãªã©ãå
ã«æ¡åŒµããè»åã§ãæ¥é²æŠäºãè¿ããããšãšãªãã
察ç
§çã«ææŠåœã®æž
ã¯ãæŠè²»èª¿éãšè³ å鿝æãã®ããã«æ¬§å·å匷ããå€é¡ã®å欟(é¢çšåå
¥ãæ
ä¿ã«ããç)ãåãããŸãèŠè¡ã®ããã€ããç§åå°ã«ãããŠå€±ã£ãããã®åŸã矩åå£ã®ä¹±ã§åæ€æ°å°åãé²ã¿ãæ»
亡(èŸäº¥é©åœ)ã«åããããšãšãªããæž
ã®ãåå°ãäžããè±ããæé®®ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®åœ±é¿åã匷ãŸãäžã§ç²åæ¹é©ãè¡ããããã®ã®ãäžåœå¹²æžã«å±ããæ¥æ¬ã®æ¿æ²»çã»è»äºçãªååšæã®äœäžãèŠªé²æŽŸã®ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒçã«ãã£ãŠæ¹é©ã倱éããã1897幎(ææ²»30幎ãå
ç·23幎)ãæé®®åå³¶ããæ¥æ¬ãæ¿æ²»çã«åŸéã(äžèšã®éæŠåå ããã¿ãŠæŠååœã®æ¥æ¬ãæž
ãšåããæ«æ)ãæºæŽ²ã«ãã·ã¢ãè»äºçé²åºãããŠããªãç¶æ³ã®äžã倧éåžåœãæç«ããããšã«ãªãã
æ²æ³çºåž(1889幎)ãéšåçãªæ¡çŽæ¹æ£(1894幎æ¥è±éåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã§é äºè£å€æš©æ€å»)ãæ¥æž
æŠäº(1894 - 95幎)ã®3ç¹ã»ããã¯ãè±äºå
¥æ¬§ã®ç¬¬äžæ©ã§ãã£ãããšããããè¿ä»£çæŠäºã®éè¡ãšãã®åå©ã¯ãåžåœäž»çŸ©æä»£ã®åœé瀟äŒã§å€§ããªæå³ããã£ãããã ããæ¬§ç±³ã®å€§åœã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®ãå
¬äœ¿é€šããã倧䜿通ãã«æ Œäžããããã®ã¯ãæ¥é²æŠäºåŸã§ããããŸãéæŠããã£ããã«ãåœå
ã®æ¿å±ã倧ããå€ãã£ããè¡è°é¢ã§å
é£åŒŸåŸäžå¥æ¡ã坿±ºããçãäŒè€å
é£ãžã®å¯Ÿæ±ºå§¿å¢ããšã£ãŠãã察å€ç¡¬å
掟ãªã©ããåå
é£ã®æŠäºæå°ãå
šé¢çã«æ¯æŽãããã€ãŸããæŽä»£å
é£ãšåæ¿åºæŽŸã®è°å¡ãšã察ç«ããŠããåžåœè°äŒåæã®æ··æ²ãšããæ¿æ²»ç¶æ³ãäžå€ããã®ã§ãã(æŠæäžã®æ¿æ²»äŒæŠãæŠåŸã1895幎11æã«äŒè€å
é£(è©é¥)ãšèªç±å
ãææºãã第ä¹è°äŒã§æ¥æ¬å§æ¥éè¡æ³ãã¯ãããæžæ¡ã®æ°æ³å
žç¬¬äžç·š - 第äžç·šãªã©éèŠæ³æ¡ãå«ãé廿å€ã®93æ³æ¡ãæç«)ã
ãã£ãšãäžéã§ã¯ãæž
ãšã®éæŠãå°æãšç·åŒµããã£ãŠè¿ããããããªããªããæŽå²çã«äžåœãåŽã(ããã)ãŠããèŠäžããããªæèŠããªãã£ãããã§ãããææ²»å€©çãæž
ãšã®æŠäºãé¡å·¡(ãã
ããã
ã)ããããã«ãæ¥æž
æŠäºã®åçºã«æžæãåœæ°ãå°ãªããªãã£ããããããåå©ã®å ±ã次ã
ã«å±ããšãåœå
ã¯å€§ãã«æ¹§ããæŠåç¥è³äŒãªã©ãé »ç¹ã«è¡ããããåžåœäžæ³ããæµè¡èªã«ãªã£ããæŠåŸã®å±æè¡äºãçãã§ããããã°ãããããšåå°ã«èšå¿µç¢ã建ãŠããããæŠæäžãç·å
ã®éã³ãæŠäºäžè²ãšãªããå°å¹Žéèªã«æŠäºæ
å ±ãããµããå
ç«¥ãæž
åœäººã«å°ç³ãæããäºä»¶ãèµ·ãã£ãããã ããéžå¥¥å®å
ã®ããã«ãå¶åŸ¡ã®é£ãã奜æŠçæåœäž»çŸ©(æå€äž»çŸ©)ãå±ã¶ãçºæ¿è
ãããã
åœæ°ã«åããŠæãå€ãã®æŠäºå ±éãããã®ãæ°èã§ãã£ããæ°è瀟ã¯ãè²»çšå¢ãçµå¶ã«ã®ãããã£ããã®ã®ãåŸè»èšè
ãéããªã©æŠäºå ±éã®åŒ·ãã£ããå€§éªææ¥æ°èããšãäžå€®æ°èããçºè¡éšæ°ã䌞ã°ããéã«æŠäºå ±éã®åŒ±ãã£ããéµäŸ¿å ±ç¥æ°èããæ¯æ¥æ°èããããŸãšæ°èããæ²¡èœããããŸããå¿ åçŸè«(è¥¿åæŠäºä»¥åãšç°ãªãã城å
µããããç¡åãå
µå£«ã®è±éå)ãªã©ãèªè
ãç±çãããæŠäºå ±éã¯ãæ°èã»éèªã§äžçãèªèããç¿æ
£ãå®çããããšãšãã«ãå ±éæ©é¢ã®çºéãä¿ããããã®å ±éæ©é¢ã¯ãäžé¢çãªæ
å ±ãå¢å¹
ããŠäŒããçã人ã
ã®äŸ¡å€èгãåäžã«ããŠããŸãå±éºæ§ããã£ããããšãã°ãæ°èãšéèªã¯ãæž
ãæ¥æ¬ãããæåçã«é
ããŠããããšã®ããšãç¹°ãè¿ãäŒãã(éæçãªè¿ä»£åœå®¶ãšããŠæ¥æ¬ã瀌è³)ãåœæ°ã®åŽãããã®ãããªå¯Ÿå€èèŠã®èšäºãæ±ããã
æ¥æž
æŠäºã¯ãè¿ä»£æ¥æ¬ãåããŠçµéšããå€§èŠæš¡ãªå¯Ÿå€æŠäºã§ããããã®äœéšãéããŠæ¥æ¬ã¯è¿ä»£çãªåœæ°åœå®¶ã«è±ç®ãããã€ãŸããæªå±±å¹žå€«ãææãããåœæ°ãã®åœ¢æã§ãã(æŠäºã®çµ±åäœçš)ãããšãã°ãæŠäºéè¡ã®éçšã§åœå®¶ã¯äººã
ã«ãåœæ°ããšããŠã®çŸ©åãšè²¢ç®ãèŠæ±ãããã®äººã
ã¯åœå®¶ãšè»éãæ¥åžžçã«æèãããšãšãã«èªãäžå¡ã§ãããšã®èªèã匷ãããæŠäºã®çµ±åäœçšã§éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããã®ã倧å
垥ãšããŠã®ææ²»å€©çã§ããã倩çãšå€§æ¬å¶ã®åºå³¶ç§»è»¢ã¯ãåœæ°ã«å€©ç芪åŸã匷ãå°è±¡ã¥ãããåé¢ãæž
ãšã®äº€æŠãšãã®åå©ã¯ãæ¥æ¬äººã®äžåœèгã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããäžåœèèŠã®é¢šæœ®ãèŠãããããã«ãªã£ããæŠå Žããã®æçŽã«å€æ§ãªäžåœèŠ³ãæžãèšãããŠããã«ãããããããæŠåŸãå€ãã®äººã
ã®èšæ¶ã«æ®ã£ãã®ã¯ãäžé¢çã§å·®å¥çãªäžåœèгã§ãã£ãããªããåœå
ãæ¥æž
æŠäºã«è奮ããŠãããšããäžç°äžå¹Žã挢èªäžçããè±åŽããåœèªã®ç¢ºç«ãå±éããããã«é 忡倧(å°æ¹ŸååŸ)ãªã©ãèžãŸãæšæºèªã®åµåºãæèµ·ããã
æ¥æž
æŠäºãäžæ®µèœä»ããšãé åã»è³ åéçã§ã®åæèœå·®ã®å®æ(ãã€ãŠæ®ä»æŠäºãè»æ¡ã®å¿
èŠæ§ã説ããšãã«å¥œäŸãšããã)ãè³ åéã®äœ¿éãäžåœå¹²æžããã·ã¢ã®ã·ããªã¢éé建èš(åäžæ¿çãžã®èŠæ)ãªã©ãèæ¯ã«ãæ¿åºå
ã§æŠåŸçµå¶ã«ããããæèŠãåºãããã1895幎(ææ²»28幎)4æã山瞣ææããè»åæ¡å
æèŠæžããäžå¥ãã8æ15æ¥ã«å€§èµå€§è£æŸæ¹æ£çŸ©ããè²¡æ¿æèŠæžã(è»æ¡ãšæ®ç£èæ¥ã䞻匵)ãé£è°ã«ã11æã«åŸä»»ã®æž¡èŸºåœæŠèµçžããè²¡æ¿æèŠæžããé£è°ã«æåºãããæ¿åºã¯ã枡蟺æ¡ãè¥å¹²ä¿®æ£ãããæŠåŸè²¡æ¿èšç»æ¡ã(1896 - 1905幎)ã第ä¹è°äŒ(1895幎12æ25æ¥å¬é)ã«åèè³æãšããŠæåºããã
ãã®åŸãäžè¬äŒèšã®æ³åºæ±ºç®é¡ãéæŠåã®1893幎(ææ²»26幎)床8,458äžå(è»äºè²»27.0%ãåœåµè²»23.1%)ãã1896幎(ææ²»29幎)床1å6,859äžå(è»äºè²»43.4%ãåœåµè²»18.1%)ã«åå¢ããç¿1897幎床ããæ¥é²æŠäºäžã®1904幎(ææ²»37幎)床ãŸã§2ååå°ã§æšç§»ãããæ³åºå¢å€§ã«äŒŽãæ³å
¥äžè¶³ã3åã®å¢çšãèãã°ãå°å£²å¶åºŠãåœåµã§è£ãã(æŠåãè¡è°é¢ã®åå¯Ÿå€æ°ã§å¢çšãå°é£ãªç¶æ³ãšäžå€)ãã以åŸã®æ¥æ¬ã®çšå¶äœç³»ã®åºæ¬çãªååã圢æããããšããããããã«å
Œ
±æè³ãã1893幎床3,929äžåãã1896幎床6,933äžåã«76.4%å¢å ããç¿1897幎床ãã1ååå°ã§æšç§»ããã
財æ¿ãšå
Œ
±æè³ã®èšåŒµã«çŸããç©æ¥µçãªæ¿çå§¿å¢(å¯åœåŒ·å
µã®æšé²)ã¯ãè² ã®åŽé¢ããã£ããã®ã®ãæŠåŸã®çµæžçºå±ã®äž»å ã«ãªã£ããããšãã°ãæ¥æž
æŠäº(è»äºã»æŠæçµæžã®äž¡é¢)ã§æµ·éã®éèŠæ§ãèªèããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã1896幎(ææ²»29幎)3æ24æ¥ã®ãèªæµ·å¥šå±æ³ãã»ãé è¹å¥šå±æ³ãå
¬åžãªãã³ã«è¹å¡é€ææœçãªã©ã«ãããæµ·éãçºå±ãããããšã«ãªãããªã財æ¿äžãèŠéãããŠããäºçªç®ã®åžåœå€§åŠã1897幎ã®å
什ã§äº¬éœã«èšçœ®ãããããšãã€ãŸã京éœåžåœå€§åŠã®åµèšã決ãŸã£ãã
ãŸã1897幎(ææ²»30幎)10æ1æ¥ãã€ã®ãªã¹é貚(ãã³ã)ã§åé ããæž
ã®è³ åéãšéä»å ±å¥šéãå
ã«è²šå¹£æ³ãªã©ãæœè¡ããã鿬äœå¶ãã鿬äœå¶ã«ç§»è¡ãã(ãã ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®éèè¡ã·ãã£ã«è³ åéçãä¿èµããæ¥æ¬éè¡ã®åšå€æ£è²šãšããŠå
æåžãçºè¡ããããã³ãçºæ¿ã®æ¬äœå¶ã=éçºæ¿æ¬äœå¶)ãæ¬äœè²šå¹£ã®åãæ¿ãã«ãã£ãŠæ¥æ¬ã¯ããäžçã®éè¡å®¶ããäžçã®æåœ¢äº€ææãã«ãªãã€ã€ãã£ãã€ã®ãªã¹ãäžå¿ã«ããåœééèæ±ºæžã·ã¹ãã ã®å©çšãæ¥é²æŠäºã§ã®æŠè²»èª¿é(å€é¡ã®å€åµçºè¡)ãå¯Ÿæ¥æè³ã®æ¡å€§ãªã©ã鿬äœå¶ã®ã¡ãªããã享åããããšã«ãªãã
以äžãèŠçŽãããšãæ¥æž
æŠäºåŸã®æ¥æ¬ã¯ãè©é¥æ¿åºãšæ°å
åŽã®äžéšãšãææºããäžãç©æ¥µçãªåœå®¶éå¶ã«è»¢æ(財æ¿ãšå
Œ
±æè³ãèšåŒµ)ããããšã«ãªããããã«ãæžæ¡ã§ãã£ãåçš®æ¿çã®å€ããå®è¡ãããç£æ¥æ¿ç(æµ·éæ¥æ¯èçãªã©)ãéèå¶åºŠ(鿬äœå¶ã«ç§»è¡ã»æ¥æ¬å§æ¥éè¡ãªã©ç¹æ®éè¡ã®çžæ¬¡ãèšç«)ãçšå¶äœç³»(æ°çšå°å
¥ã»ãã°ãå°å£²å¶)ãªã©ã以åŸã®æ¿çå¶åºŠã®ååãäœãããããšãšãªãã
1896幎(ææ²»23幎)3æ4æ¥ãæž
ã®è³ åéãšéŒæ±åå³¶éä»å ±å¥šéã管çéçšãããããåéç¹å¥äŒèšæ³ãå
¬åžãããã1902幎(ææ²»35幎)床æ«çŸåšãåç¹å¥äŒèšã®åå
¥ç·é¡ã3å6,451äžåã«ãªã£ãŠãããå
èš³ã¯ãè³ åéã3å1,107äžå (85.3%)ãéä»å ±å¥šéã4,491äžå (12.3%)ãéçšå©æ®ã»å·®å¢ã853äžå (2.4%) ã§ãã£ãããŸããåç¹å¥äŒèšã®æ¯åºç·é¡ã3å6,081äžåã§ãå·®ãåŒã370äžåã®æ®é«ããã£ããæ¯åºã®å
èš³ã¯ãæ¥æž
æŠäºã®æŠè²»(èšæè»äºè²»ç¹å¥äŒèšã«ç¹°å
¥)ã7,896äžå21.9%ãè»æ¡è²»ã2å2,606äžå62.6%(éžè»5,680äžå15.7%ãæµ·è»1å3,926äžå38.6%ãè»èŠæ°Žé·èè£å
åºé3,000äžå8.3%)ããã®ä»ã15.5%(補éæåµç«è²»58äžå0.2%ãé茞éä¿¡è²»321äžå0.9%ãå°æ¹Ÿçµå¶è²»è£è¶³1,200äžå3.3%ãåžå®€åŸ¡æç·šå
¥2,000äžå5.5%ãçœå®³æºååºé1,000äžå2.8%ãæè²åºé1,000äžå2.8%)ã§ãã£ãããã®ããã«æž
ã®è³ åéãªã©ã¯ãæŠè²»ãšè»æ¡è²»ã«3å502äžå84.5%ã䜿ãããã
ãªãã1896幎床ãã1905幎床ã®è»æ¡è²»ã¯ãç·é¡3å1,324äžåã§ãã£ã(ãã ãç¬¬äžæã®æµ·è»æ¡åŒµèšç»ãå«ãŸãªãç¬¬äžæãšç¬¬äºæã®èšç»å)ã䜿éã®æ§ææ¯ã¯ãéžè»ã32.4%(ç ²å°å»ºç¯è²»8.6%ãå¶ç¹ãšå幎床調åŒè²»16.0%ãç ²å
µå·¥å» å·¥å Žæ¡åŒµè²»5.8%ããã®ä»1.9%)ãå
å
èŠéèšç»ãç«ãŠãæµ·è»ã67.6%(é è¹è²»40.0%ãé å
µè²»21.2%ã建ç¯è²»6.4%)ããŸã財æºã®æ§ææ¯ã¯ãæž
ã®è³ åéã»éä»å ±å¥šéã62.6%ãç§çšã12.7%ãå
¬åµéã24.7%ã§ãã£ãã
西æŽå匷ãã倧åœãšèªèãããŠããæž
ãæ¥æ¬ã«æããããšã¯ãæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã®åœéç§©åºãæºãããäžå€§äºä»¶ã§ãã£ããæ¥æž
æŠäºã«ãã£ãŠå匷ã¯ãæž
ãžã®èªèããããŸã§ã®ãç ããç
åããšãã£ã倧åœçãªãã®ããæ¹ããããšã«ãªãã
ãã®æž
ã¯ãæŠè²»èª¿éãšè³ å鿝æãã®ããã«å匷ããå€é¡ã®å欟(é¢çšåå
¥ãæ
ä¿ã«ããç)ãåãããŸãè¯æž¯ãªã©èŠè¡ã®ããã€ããç§åå°ã«ãããŠå€±ã£ããæåã¯æŽåéåã®å€±æãæå³ãã察å€ç屿©ãé«ãŸãäžããããã倿³æŽŸã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ææ²»ç¶æ°ã«å£ã£ã倿³èªåŒ·éåãå±ãããã康æçºãã¯ææ²»ç¶æ°ãã¢ãã«ãšããŠç«æ²åäž»å¶ã«åºã¥ãæ¹é©ãæ±ããäžå¥ãè¡ã£ãã1898幎(å
ç·24幎)ãå
ç·åžã倿³æŽŸãšçµã³ãæ¥æ¿ãªå€é©(ææã®å€æ³)ãè¡ããã€ã€ãã£ããã®ã®ã倱æãã(ææã®æ¿å€)ãäžæ¹ã1890幎代ã嫿ãã¯å
±åå¶é©åœãå±ããæ¥æ¬ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãªã©ã§æŽ»åããã1890幎ã«ã¯èŒä»æç€ŸãéŠæž¯ã§èšç«ããã嫿ã¯1894幎ã«ãã¯ã€ã§èäžäŒãçµæããã1895å¹Žã«æŠè£
èèµ·ã«å€±æãæ¥æ¬ã«äº¡åœãæ¥æž
æŠäºä»¥éå¢å ããŠããæ¥æ¬ãžã®çåŠçã¯1904幎ã«ã¯2äžäººãè¶ããåœæã®çåŠç(ç« ç³éºãé容ãé³å€©è¯ãªã©)ã®éã§ã¯é©åœææ³ã浞éããã1900幎(å
ç·26幎)ã®çŸ©åå£ã®ä¹±ã§ã¯ãæž
ã宣æŠåžåãããååœã®é£åè»ã«éŠéœå京ãå é ãããéåžžäºæ
ã«ãªããåœæš©ã®äžéšåŠå®ãå«ãå京è°å®æžãç· çµãããªã©å€§ããªä»£åãæã£ããããã«ãåäžæ¿çããšããã·ã¢ã®æºæŽ²å é ãæããã以äžã®ããã«æž
ã¯ãæ¥æž
æŠäºã§ã®ææŠã奿©ãšããŠåæ€æ°å°åãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãæçµçã«æ»
亡(èŸäº¥é©åœ)ããããšãšãªãã
1894幎7æ23æ¥(å
ç·20幎6æ21æ¥)ãæ¥æ¬äž»å°ã®æ¿å€ã«ãããéåŒéå
é£ãèªçãããšãæ¥æž
æŠäºäžãéå
äžãéå
æ€ãªã©æ°æ¹é©æŽŸã®å®åãšå
±ã«æ¹é©ãè¡ããã(ç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç²åæ¹é©)(岡æ¬(2008), p. 4-5,162-164,181)ãé«å®ã»éåŠæŽŸã»å€§é¢å掟å®åãã®æµæã匷ãããã10æã«çä»»ããäºäžéŠšå
¬äœ¿ã®èŠè«ã«ããã亡åœäžã®æŽæ³³åãšåŸå
ç¯ãå ãã第2次éå
é£ãçºè¶³ããæ¹é©ãæšé²ããã(ç¬¬äºæ¬¡ç²åæ¹é©)ãç¿å¹Ž4æ17æ¥(ç¿å¹Ž3æ23æ¥)ãæ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽã®èª¿å°ã«ãããæé®®ã¯æž
ãšã®å®è©é¢ä¿ãè§£æ¶ããã(ç¬¬äžæ¡)ãããããçŽåŸã®äžåœå¹²æžã§æ¥æ¬ã®åšä¿¡ã倱å¢ãã6æã«ç¬¬2次éå
é£ã厩å£ãããããããæ
å¢ã®äžã10æ8æ¥(8æ20æ¥)ã«ä¹æªäºå€(éåŠææ®ºäºä»¶)ãèµ·ãã£ãã倧é¢åãå·æ¿ã«æç«ãããŠèŠªé²æŽŸãäžæãããäžãæç«ãã第4次éåŒéå
é£ã¯ãå€ªéœæŠæ¡çšãæé«ªä»€ãªã©åœå
æ¹é©ãåã³é²ããããããæ¹é©ã«ã¯ãæ¿åºå
ã ãã§ãªããå°åã«æ ¹ã匵ãäž¡çãååŠè
ãã¡ãåçºãããç¿1896幎(建éœå
幎)1æããè¡æ£æ¥éªããæ²ããäŒçµ±çãªå®æ§æŽŸãæ¿æš©æåãç®æããŠæå
µãã(åæçŸ©å
µéå)ã蟲æ°å±€ãå·»ã蟌ãã å
ä¹±ãé®å§ãããããçå®®ã®èŠåãæèã«ãªã£ããšããæ¿æš©ãã远ãããèŠªé²æŽŸãã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒã決è¡ãããèŠªé²æŽŸã¯ããã·ã¢æ°Žå
µã®å©ããåŸãªãããåãæ®ºå®³ãããé«å®ãšãã®åäŸããã·ã¢å
¬äœ¿é€šã«ç§»ãã2æ11æ¥ã«æ°æ¿åºãæš¹ç«ãã(é²é€šæé·)ã忥ãç·ç倧è£ã®éåŒéã¯ãå
åéå€ã§çŸ€è¡ã«æã¡æ®ºããã(ç²ç³æ¿å€ã§ã®æ¥é²çéåæŽŸ(ç¬ç«å
)ã®å£æ»
ã«ã€ã¥ããç©å¥çéåæŽŸãæ¿æ²»çã«æ¹æ®ºããã)ã
ããããŠæ¥æž
éæŠããç¶ããæŠåãèæ¯ãšããæ¥æ¬ã®åç¬é²åºã¯ãæ¥æž
è¬åæ¡çŽã®èª¿å°ãã1幎ãçµããªããã¡ã«é æ«ãããã€ãŸããæ¥æ¬äž»å°ã«ããæé®®ã®å
æ¿æ¹é©ãšãç¬ç«ã(å®è³ªçãªä¿è·åœå)ã®æ«æã§ãã£ãããã®çµæã矩åå£ã®ä¹±åŸã«ãã·ã¢ãæºæŽ²ãå é ãããŸã§ã®éãæé®®ããããåœéæ
å¢ãå°åº·ãä¿ã€ããšã«ãªããæž
ã®ææŠåŸãæé®®åå³¶ã§æ¥æ¬ãæ¿æ²»çã«åŸéããæºæŽ²ã«ãã·ã¢ãè»äºçé²åºãããŠããªãç¶æ³ã®äžã1897幎(å
æŠå
幎)10æ12æ¥ãé«å®ã¯ãçåžå³äœåŒãæè¡ããåœå·ããæé®®ãããã倧éããšæ¹ãã倧éåžåœã®æç«ã宣åžããããªãããã®ååŸãæž
ãšã®å®è©é¢ä¿ã®è±¡åŸŽã§ãã£ããè¿æ©éãããã³ãæ¥èŸ±ç¢ããšãããã倧æž
çåžå埳ç¢ãåãããåè
ã®è·¡å°ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã®ãšãã¯ãŒã«å±æéãæš¡ãããç¬ç«éãã建ãŠãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89
|
6,023 |
1393幎
|
1393幎(1393 ãã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ãŠãªãŠã¹æŠ)ã«ããã平幎ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1393%E5%B9%B4
|
6,024 |
æ¥é²æŠäº
|
æ¥é²æŠäº(ã«ã¡ããããããæ§åäœ: æ¥é²æ°ç/æ¥é¯æ°çããã·ã¢èª: Ð ÑÑÑкП-ÑпПМÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐŸÐ¹ÐœÐ°ãã«ãŒã¹ã«ã»ã€ããŒã³ã¹ã«ã€ã»ãŽã¡ã€ããŒã)ã¯ã1904幎(ææ²»37幎)2æãã1905幎(ææ²»38幎)9æã«ãããŠå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœ(æ¥æ¬)ãšåäžæ¿çãè¡ããã·ã¢åžåœãšã®éã§è¡ãããæŠäºã§ãããäžåœå¹²æžåŸãæºæŽ²(äžåœæ±åéš)ãšæé®®åå³¶ã®æ¯é
æš©ãå·¡ãäºããåå ãšãªã£ãŠåŒãèµ·ããããéžæŠã§ã¯æºæŽ²åéšã®éŒæ±åå³¶ãå¥å€©ãäž»ãªæŠå Žãšãªã£ãã»ããæµ·æŠã§ã¯æ¥æ¬è¿æµ·ã«ãŠå€§èŠæš¡ãªèŠéæŠãç¹°ãåºãããããæçµçã«äž¡åœã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœæ¿åºã®æ¡æã®äžã§ãè¬åæ¡çŽãšããŠããŒããã¹æ¡çŽãç· çµããã
è¬åæ¡çŽã®äžã§æ¥æ¬ã¯æé®®åå³¶ã«ãããæš©çããã·ã¢ã«èªãããããã·ã¢é ã§ãã£ã暺倪ã®åååãå²è²ããããŸããã·ã¢ãæž
åœããåé ããŠãã倧é£ãšæ
é ã®ç§åæš©ãç²åŸãããåæ§ã«æ±æž
ééã®æ
é - é·æ¥éæ¯ç·ã®ç§åæš©ãç²åŸããã«è³ã£ããããã亀æžã®æ«ãè³ åéãç²åŸããã«ã¯è³ããæŠåŸã«å€åçã«å¯Ÿããäžæºãè»æ°ãªã©ããé«ãŸã£ãã
å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœã®åæ©
å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœã¯ãã·ã¢åžåœã®åäžæ¿çã«ããå¢å忡倧ãé²ãæé®®åå³¶ã»æºæŽ²ã«ããã婿š©ãå®ãããšã§å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœã®å®å
šä¿éãå©çã確ä¿ããé²ãã§ã¯æºæŽ²ã»æšºå€ªã»æ²¿æµ·å·çã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®å¢åæ¡å€§ãªãããã·ã¢åŽããã®å©æš©å¥ªåãäž»ãªç®çãšããããŸããåŸã®è¬åæã®æ¥æ¬åŽä»£è¡šã«ãã亀æžå§¿å¢ãæ¥æ¬åœæ°ã®åå¿ããã¯ãåã¡æŠãšãªã£ã以äžã¯è³ åéååŸãæåŸ
ããŠããããšã窺ããã
éæŠåŸã«ææ²»å€©çã®åã«ããå
¬åžããããé²åœã察ã¹ã«å®£æŠãè©å
ãã§ã¯ãæºå·ã§ã®å¢åæ¡å€§ã«ãã倧éåžåœã®ä¿å
šãè
ããããããšãæ¥æ¬ã®å®å
šä¿éäžã»æ¥µæ±å¹³åãžã®è
åšãšãªã£ãããšãæŠäºåæ©ã«æããŠããã仿¹ã2æ10æ¥ã®éæŠã®è©å
ã«ç¶ãã¯ãã ã£ããšã¿ãããè©å
èæ¡ããããããã§ã¯ä¿¡æã®èªç±ã匷調ãéæŠã®äžå¹žã匷調ããŠããã
æå
ã«ãæ²æ³ã®æ¡ç« ã«ç±ããä¿¡æã®èªç±ãä¿æãããæ±æè¡ãåã
èªããã®ä¿¡äŸããæãéžã¿ãä¹ã«æ¡ãããåŸããšå
±ã«ããŸããããä»ã®èšäŸããæãå°éããäºãã«çžç¯ããªããèŠãã
æ€ã®æ¬¡ãäžå¹žã«ããŠé²åœãšé端ãéãããæãå¹³çŽ ã®å¿ã«éããæŠã宣ããã«è³ãããã®äºç±ã¯ãææ¢ã«æ¥ã«ä¹ã瀺ãããäºå°ãã宿ãšçžé¢ãããæãä¿¡æã«å¯ŸããäžèŠåä»ã¯ãæŽã«å¹³æã«èãããšãããªããæ±æè¡ãããæãæãäœããä¿¡ä»°åž°äŸã®åŠäœãåãããäºãã«çžèŠªã¿çžæãåååå¿ä»¥ãŠãæãæã空ããããªããæããã
ãã·ã¢åžåœã®åæ©
ãã·ã¢åžåœã¯æºæŽ²ããã³é¢æ±å·ã®ç§åæš©ã»ééæ·èšæš©ãªã©ã®å©æš©ã®ç¢ºä¿ãæºæŽ²é仿¡çŽäžå±¥è¡ã®ç¶æ(æºæŽ²ã«è»ãé§ç)ãæé®®åå³¶ã§ã®å©æš©æ¡å€§ã«ãããåå³¶æ¯é
ãšæ¥æ¬ã«ããæµæã®æé€ãçŽæ¥çã«ã¯æ¥æ¬åŽããã®æ»æãšå®£æŠåžåãæŠäºçç±ãšããã
æŠäºã®æ§æ Œ
æ¥é²æŠäºã¯20äžçŽåã®è¿ä»£ç·åæŠã®èŠçŽ ãå«ãã§ããããŸã2åœéã®ã¿ãªããåžåœäž»çŸ©(å®äž»åœ)ååœã®å€äº€é¢ä¿ãé¢äžããã°ããŒãã«ãªèŠæš¡ããã£ãŠããã
ãã€ãåžåœçåžãŽã£ã«ãã«ã 2äžã¯é»çŠè«è
ã§ãã£ãããšãããã·ã¢å¯ãã§ãã£ããããã·ã¢ããã€ããšå¯Ÿç«ãç¶ããŠãããã©ã³ã¹ã®åçåœãšããããšããããåœå®¶ãšããŠã¯å
·äœçãªè¡åã¯è¡ã£ãŠããªããåŸã«çåžå士ã§çµãã ãããšã«ã±ã®å¯çŽãã¯ãæŠäºã®åæã決å®çã«ãªã£ãåŸã«çµã°ããŠããã
èŠ³æŠæŠå®
æ¥é²äž¡é£å¶ã«ã¯æ¬§ç±³ãšå米諞åœããæ°å€ãã®èŠ³æŠæŠå®ã掟é£ãããŠãããæ¥æ¬åŽã«ã¯13ãåœããåèš70å以äžãæ¥èšªããŠããããã®åœç±ã¯ã€ã®ãªã¹ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã€ãããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ãã¹ãã€ã³ãã€ã¿ãªã¢ãã¹ã€ã¹ãã¹ãŠã§ãŒãã³ããã©ãžã«ãããªãã¢ã«ãŒã³ãã³ããªã¹ãã³=ãã«ã³ã§ãã£ããåçåœã§ããã€ã®ãªã¹ãããæå€ã§ããšã€ã«ããŒã»ããŒã«ãã³(è±èªç)ãã¯ãã33åãæ°ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã¯ãã°ã©ã¹ã»ããã«ãŒãµãŒã®ç¶èŠªã§ããã¢ãŒãµãŒã»ããã«ãŒãµãŒã»Jrã赎任ããŠããã
èŠ³æŠæŠå®ã®ã¬ããŒãã¯ããããã®åœã§ç©è°ãéžãããç¹ã«æ©é¢éãæŠå Žãæ¯é
ããŠããããšãšéšå
µãç¡çšã®é·ç©ãšåããŠããããšã¯ãããŸã ã«ããã¬ãªã³æŠäºæä»£ã®å¹»æ³ãåŒããã£ãŠãããšãŒãããè»äººã®éã§ã¯åãå
¥ãããããæ±æŽç¹æã®äºæ
ãšããŠäžè¹ŽããããããããããŠåœŒãã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã§ãã®çŸå®ã«çŽé¢ããããšã«ãªã£ãã
倧éåžåœã¯æž
ã®åå°äœå¶ãæ¥æž
æŠäºåŸæ¥æ¬ã«ãã£ãŠè§£ãããããæºæŽ²ãå¢åäžã«çœ®ãããã·ã¢ãæé®®åå³¶ã«æã€å©æš©ãæãããã«åäžæ¿çãåãã€ã€ãã£ãããã·ã¢ã¯é«å®ãéãã売ãæãããéŸåã»æ
¶æºã®é±å±±æ¡ææš©ãæé®®åéšã®æ£®æäŒæ¡æš©ãé¢çšæš©ãªã©ã®è²¡æ¿åºç€ãååŸãæé®®åå³¶ã§ã®åœ±é¿åãå¢å€§ããçå®ã«å¢åæ¡å€§ãããŠãã£ãããã·ã¢ã®åäžæ¿çã«å±æ©æ(1861幎(æä¹
å
幎)ã«ãã·ã¢è»èŠå¯ŸéЬå é äºä»¶ããã£ããã)ãæã£ãŠããæ¥æ¬ããããã倧éåžåœã®ä»£ããã«è²·ãæ»ããå埩ãããã
åœåãæ¥æ¬ã¯å€äº€åªåã§è¡çªãåé¿ããããšåªåãããããã·ã¢ã¯åŒ·å€§ãªè»äºåãèæ¯ã«æ¥æ¬ãžã®å§åãå¢ããŠãã£ãã1904幎(ææ²»37幎)2æ23æ¥ãéæŠåã«ãå±å€äžç«å®£èšãããã倧éåžåœã«ãããè»äºè¡åãå¯èœã«ããããæ¥éè°å®æžãç· çµããéæŠåŸ8æã«ã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡æ¥éåçŽãç· çµã倧éåžåœã®è²¡æ¿ãå€äº€ã«é¡§åãçœ®ãæ¡çŽç· çµã«æ¥æ¬æ¿åºãšã®åè°ãããããšãšããã倧éåžåœå
ã§ãææ°æé®®ã«ããæ§äœå¶ãç¶æãããŠããç¶æ³ã§ã¯ãåœã®è¿ä»£åã»ç¬èªæ¹é©ãå°é£ã§ãããšäž»åŒµãã鲿©äŒã¯ãæ¥éåéŠãç®æãããã«ééæ·èšå·¥äºãªã©ã«5äžäººãšããããã倧éã®äººå¡ã掟é£ãããªã©ãæ¥é²æŠäºã«ãããŠæ¥æ¬ãžã®ååãæããŸãªãã£ãã
äžæ¹ãé«å®ãäž¡çãªã©ã®æ§æææ¯é
è
å±€ã¯è¿ä»£åã®åç®ã§åœŒãã®å©æš©ããªãããèªåœå©æš©ãšæ¯é
åã®åŒ·åãå³ãæ¥æ¬ã®åœ±é¿åããããŸã§ãæé€ããããšè©Šã¿ãæ¥é²æŠäºäžã«ãããŠããã·ã¢ã«å¯æžãéããªã©ã®å€äº€ãå±éããŠãã£ããæŠäºäžã«å¯äœ¿ãæ¥æ¬è»èŠã«ããæµ·äžã«ãŠçºèŠããã倧éåžåœã¯æ¡çŽéåãç¯ããšãã倱æã«çµããã
ãã·ã¢åžåœã¯ãäžåæž¯ãæ±ããŠåäžæ¿çãæ¡çšããé²åæŠäºãªã©ã®åå©ã«ãã£ãŠãã«ã«ã³åå³¶ã«ããã倧ããªå°æ©ãç²åŸããããã·ã¢ã®åœ±é¿åã®å¢å€§ãèŠæãããã€ãåžåœã®å®°çžãã¹ãã«ã¯ã¯å匷ã®ä»£è¡šãéããŠãã«ãªã³äŒè°ãäž»å¬ããé²åæŠäºã®è¬åæ¡çŽã§ãããµã³ã»ã¹ããã¡ãæ¡çŽã®ç Žæ£ãšãã«ãªã³æ¡çŽã®ç· çµã«æåãããããã«ããããã·ã¢ã¯ãã«ã«ã³åå³¶ã§ã®åäžæ¿çãæå¿µããé²åºã®çå
ãæ¥µæ±å°åã«åããããšã«ãªã£ãã
è¿ä»£åœå®¶ã®å»ºèšãæ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ããã·ã¢ã«å¯Ÿããå®å
šä¿éäžã®çç±ãããæé®®åå³¶ãèªåœã®å¢åäžã«çœ®ãå¿
èŠããããšã®æèŠã倧å¢ãå ããŠãããæé®®ãå±åœãšããŠããæž
ãšã®æ¥æž
æŠäºã«åå©ããæé®®åå³¶ãžã®åœ±é¿åãæé€ãããã®ã®ãäžåœãžã®é²åºãç®è«ããã·ã¢ã»ãã©ã³ã¹ã»ãã€ãããã®äžåœå¹²æžã«ãã£ãŠãäžé¢æ¡çŽã§å²è²ãåããéŒæ±åå³¶ã¯æž
ã«è¿éããããäžè«ã«ãããŠã¯ãã·ã¢ãšã®æŠäºãèŸãããšããåŒ·ç¡¬ãªæèŠãåºãããåœæã®æ¥æ¬ã«ã¯å匷諞åœãšæŠããã ãã®åã¯ãªããæ¿åºå
ã§ã¯äŒè€åæãæŠäºåé¿æŽŸãäž»æµãå ããããšããããã·ã¢ã¯é²æž
å¯çŽãçµã³ãæ±æž
ééãæ·èšããæ¥æ¬ãææŸããéŒæ±åå³¶ã®å端ã«äœçœ®ããæ
é ã»å€§é£ã1898幎(ææ²»31幎)ã«ç§åã(æ
é 倧é£ç§åæ¡çŽ)ãæ
é ã«å€ªå¹³æŽèŠéã®åºå°ãäœããªã©ãæºæŽ²ãžã®é²åºãæŒãé²ããŠãã£ãã
1900幎(ææ²»33幎)ããã·ã¢ã¯æž
ã§çºçãã矩åå£ã®ä¹±(矩åå£äºå€ã矩åå£äºä»¶)ã®æ··ä¹±åæŸãšããè«çãå±éãæºæŽ²ãžäŸµæ»ãå
šåã䟵ç¥ããããã·ã¢ã¯æºæŽ²ã®æ€æ°å°åãæ¢å®äºå®åããããšããããæ¥è±ç±³ãããã«æè°ããã·ã¢ã¯æ€å
µãçŽæããšããããã·ã¢ã¯å±¥è¡æéãéããŠãæ€éãè¡ãããé§çè»ã®å¢åŒ·ãå³ã£ããããŒã¢æŠäºãçµäºãããã®ã«æŠè²»ã調éãããããåœåãäœäžããŠã¢ãžã¢ã«å€§ããªåœåãæ³šããªãç¶æ³ã§ãã£ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ããã·ã¢ã®åäžãèªåœã®æš©çãšè¡çªãããšå±æ©æãåããã1902幎(ææ²»35幎)ã«é·å¹Žå¢šå®ããŠããå€ç«æ¿ç(æ å
ããå€ç«)ãæšãŠãæ¥æ¬ãšã®åçã«èžã¿åã£ã(æ¥è±åç)ããªããã®åçã¯ããã·ã¢ã§ã¯åãã·ã¢æ¡çŽãšåŒã°ãããæ¥æ¬ã2åœä»¥äžãšæŠããšãã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®åæŠã矩åã¥ããæ¡çŽãšãªã£ãŠããããšããã鲿ž
å¯çŽã«ããæž
åœã®åæŠã¯é»æ¢ãããããã®ããããã®åçã¯å€ªå¹³æŽæµ·åã«ãããŠæ¥æ¬ããã·ã¢ããææ°Žéæ¯ã§å€§ããªæµ·è»åãæã€ããšã矩åã¥ããŠãããæ¥è±åçã«ãã£ãŠãã·ã¢åžåœã¯æºæŽ²ããæ€å
µãéå§ããããå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœã軜èŠãå
šå
µåã®æ€å
µã¯è¡ããªãã£ãã
æ¥æ¬æ¿åºå
ã§ã¯å°æå¯¿å€ªéãæ¡å€ªéã山瞣ææãã®å¯Ÿé²äž»æŠæŽŸãšãäŒè€åæãäºäžéŠšãæŠäºåé¿æŽŸãšã®è«äºãç¶ãã1903幎(ææ²»36幎)4æ21æ¥ã«äº¬éœã«ãã£ã山瞣ã®å¥èã»ç¡é°èŽã§äŒè€ã»å±±çž£ã»æ¡ã»å°æã«ãããç¡é°åºµäŒè°ããè¡ããããæ¡ã¯ããæºæŽ²åé¡ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ãæã«æŒãŠé²åã®åªè¶æš©ãèªããä¹ãæ©ãšããŠæé®®åé¡ãæ ¹æ¬çã«è§£æ±ºããããšããæ€ã®ç®çã貫培ãããšæ¬²ãã°ãæŠäºããèŸãããèŠæç¡ããå¯ãããããšãã察é²äº€æžæ¹éã«ã€ããŠäŒè€ãšå±±çž£ã®åæãåŸããæ¡ã¯ã®ã¡ã«ãã®äŒè«ã§æ¥é²éæŠã®èŠæãå®ãŸã£ããšæžããŠããããå®éã®èšé²é¡ã§ã¯ãããäŒè€ã®æ
éè«ãåªå¢ã§ãã£ãããã§ãã®ã¡ã®æ¥é²äº€æžã«åæ ãããããšã«ãªãã
åãã4æããã·ã¢ç³»äŒæ¥ã®ãæé®®æšåäŒç€ŸããéåœåŽã«éŽšç·æ±å±±æäºæ¥ã®éå§ãéåãã5æã«ãªã£ãŠãã·ã¢è»ã¯éŽšç·æ±æ²³å£ã®éŸå²©æµŠ(ç«å·æµŠ)ã«è»äºæ ç¹ãç¯ãã¯ããã(éŸå²©æµŠäºä»¶)ã
æ¥æ¬ãšãã·ã¢ã®ç·åŒµé¢ä¿ãé«ãŸããªããã¡ãã£ã¢ãèšè«çã§ãçãã«è«äºãè¡ãããã6æ12æ¥ãã¢ã¬ã¯ã»ã€ã»ã¯ããããã³éžè»å€§è£ã蚪æ¥ããåœè³ãšããŠè¿ããããã蚪æ¥ã®ç®çã¯å€éã ã£ããããè»é«å®ãšã®äº€æµã¯ãã£ããã®ã®æ£åŒã«è¡ããã亀æžã¯ã²ãšã€ããªãã£ããæ°èåçŽã¯ã¯ããããã³èšªæ¥ãé¢ä¿å¥œè»¢ã®å¥æ©ãšãªãããšã«æåŸ
ããåœåã¯å¥œæçã«ããŸããŸãªæ¶æž¬ãå ±ããããå®è³ªçãªææããªãããšã«å€±æããããŸããåææã«ãããµã©ãã¢ã§è¡ããããŠãã€äººã«å¯Ÿãããã°ãã ã®æ
å ±ãæ¥æ¬ã«å
¥ãããã·ã¢äžä¿¡ã®è«èª¿ãé«ãŸãããã«ãªã£ãã
6æ10æ¥ãæžæ°Žå¯äººãåœéæ³åŠè
ãªã©7åã®å士ããæ¥é²éæŠãå±ããæèŠæžãæ¡å
é£ã«æåºã(äžå士建çœäºä»¶)ã6æ24æ¥ã«ã¯ãã®å
šæãæ°èçŽäžã«æ²èŒããããäžæå ±çŽäžã§éæŠè«ã®è«é£ã匵ã£ãŠããå¹žåŸ³ç§æ°Žã¯ã瀟äŒãåŠè
ãé€ã£ãŠããã®ã¯éæŠã®å»ºçœãæåºãããããã§ã¯ãªãããšæ¹å€ãããå®éããã®æç¹ã§ã¯éæŠè«ã«ãŸã§èšåããèšè«ã¯å°æ°æŽŸã ã£ããããã·ã¢ã«ãã7æã«æç«ããéŸå²©æµŠç§åæ¡çŽã«ãã£ãŠãã·ã¢åäžã®å±æ©æã¯çŸå®çãªãã®ãšãªã£ããããã«ãéæŠè«ã®ããã©ãããšãªã£ãŠãããã·ã¢åŽã®æºæŽ²æ€å
µè«è
ã»ã«ã²ã€ã»ãŽã£ãã倧è£ã倱èããåäžæ¿çã®æ€åã«åžæãæãŠãªããªã£ããéæŠæŽŸã®äžæå ±ã瀟説ã§ãæåŸã®æéããšããç¬¬äžæ¬¡æ€å
µæéãå±¥è¡ãããªãã£ã10æ8æ¥ãå¢ã«ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ°èåçŽã®è«èª¿ã¯éæŠè«äžèŸºåãšãªã£ãã
1903幎8æããã®æ¥é²äº€æžã«ãããŠããæ¥æ¬åŽã¯æé®®åå³¶ãæ¥æ¬ãæºæŽ²ããã·ã¢ã®æ¯é
äžã«çœ®ãããšããåŠ¥åæ¡ãããããæºé亀æè«ããã·ã¢åŽãžææ¡ãããããããç©æ¥µçãªäž»æŠè«ã䞻匵ããŠãããã·ã¢æµ·è»ã颿±å·ç·ç£ã®ãšãŽã²ãŒãã€ã»ã¢ã¬ã¯ã»ãŒãšããã¯ãæé®®åå³¶ã§ãå¢ãã€ã€ãã£ããã·ã¢ã®å©æš©ã劚害ãããæãã®ããåŠ¥åæ¡ã«èå³ã瀺ããªãã£ããããã«ãã³ã©ã€2äžãã¯ããããã³ãäž»æŠè«ã«å調ãããåžžèçã«èããã°ã匷倧ãªãã·ã¢ãæ¥æ¬ãšã®æŠäºãæããçç±ã¯äœããªãã£ãããã·ã¢ã®éè£ã®äžã§ãã»ã«ã²ã€ã»ãŽã£ãã財å倧è£ã¯ãæŠäºã«ãã£ãŠè² ããããšã¯ãªãã«ããããã·ã¢ãç²åŒããããšãæããŠæŠäºåé¿è«ãå±éãããããã®åœæäœã®å®æš©ããªãã£ã倧è£äŒè°è°é·(ã®ã¡ã®åæè©æžã§éŠçžçžåœã«ãªããã¹ã)ã«å·Šé·ãããããã·ã¢ã¯æ¥æ¬åŽãžã®è¿çãšããŠãæé®®åå³¶ã®åç·¯39床以åãäžç«å°åž¯ãšããè»äºç®çã§ã®å©çšãçŠãããšããææ¡ãè¡ã£ãã
æ¥æ¬åŽã§ã¯ããã®ææ¡ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬æµ·ã«çªãåºãæé®®åå³¶ãäºå®äžãã·ã¢ã®æ¯é
äžãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«ã屿©çãªç¶æ³ã«ãªããããªããšå€æããããŸãã·ããªã¢ééãå
šç·ééãããšããšãŒãããã«é
åãããŠãããã·ã¢è»ã®æ¥µæ±æ¹é¢ãžã®æŽŸé£ã容æãšãªãããããã®åã®å¯Ÿé²éæŠãžãšåœè«ãåŸããããããŠ1904幎2æ6æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã®å€å倧è£å°æå¯¿å€ªéã¯åœæã®ãã·ã¢ã®ããŒãŒã³å
¬äœ¿ãå€åçã«åŒã³ãåœäº€æçµ¶ãèšãæž¡ããã忥ãé§é²å
¬äœ¿æ éæ
äžéã¯ãã©ã ã¹ãã«ãå€çžã«åœäº€æçµ¶ãéç¥ããã
æŠäºéè¡ã«ã¯èšå€§ãªç©è³ã®èŒžå
¥ãäžå¯æ¬ ã§ãããæ¥æ¬éè¡å¯ç·è£é«æ©æ¯æž
ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®åç®ãäœãèŠç©ããåœæã®åœéäžè«ã®äžã§å€è²šèª¿éã«éåžžã«èŠå¿ãããåœæãæ¿åºã®æŠè²»èŠç©ããã¯4å5,000äžåã§ãã£ããæ¥æž
æŠäºã®çµéšã§æŠè²»ã®3åã®1ãæµ·å€ã«æµå€±ãããããä»åã¯1å5,000äžåã®å€è²šèª¿éãå¿
èŠã§ãã£ãããã®æç¹ã§æ¥éã®ä¿ææ£è²šã¯5,200äžåã§ãããçŽ1ååãå€è²šã§èª¿éããªããã°ãªããªãã£ããå€åœå
¬åµã®åéã«ã¯æ
ä¿ãšããŠé¢çšåå
¥ãå
ãŠãããšãšããçºè¡é¡1ååãæé10幎æ®ã眮ãã§æé·45幎ãéå©5ããŒã»ã³ã以äžãšã®æ¡ä»¶ã§ã髿©æ¯æž
(å€åµçºè¡å£äž»åž)ã¯æ¡ç·çã»æŸçаèµçžããå§ä»»ç¶ãšåœä»€æžãåãåã£ãã
éæŠãšãšãã«æ¥æ¬ã®æ¢çºã®å€åµã¯æŽèœããŠãããååã«èšç»ããã1,000äžãã³ãã®å€åµçºè¡ããŸã£ããåŒãåãæãçŸããªãç¶æ³ã§ãã£ããããã¯ãåœæã®äžçäžã®æè³å®¶ããæ¥æ¬ãæåããŠè³éãååã§ããªããšå€æããããã§ãããç¹ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ç³»ã®æè³å®¶ã¯ãã·ã¢ãšã®åç(é²ä»åç)ã®æåããããåœåã¯éåžžã«å·æ·¡ã§ãã£ãããŸããã€ãç³»ã®éè¡å£ãæ
éã§ãã£ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ãåæ§ã§ãã£ãããããŒããŒãçåŠæä»£ã«ã»ãªãã¢ã»ã«ãŒãºãã«ããšé¢èããã£ãéåå
倪éã¯å床枡米ããŠçŽæ¥èª¬æããã»ããå
šç±³åå°ã§è¬æŒãéãæ¥æ¬ã®ç«å Žã蚎ããããŸãéåãšäŒæ²¢ä¿®äºã¯çåŠäžã«ã¢ã¬ã¯ãµã³ããŒã»ã°ã©ãã ã»ãã«ã®å
ã«åºåããŠé»è©±ã®é話äœéšããŠãããããã«ãèŠäººãã«æ¥æ¬ã®å®æ
ã説æãååµã«ååããã
æ¯æž
ã¯4æã«ã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ãé¡é¢100ãã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠçºè¡äŸ¡æ Œã93.5ãã³ããŸã§å€äžãããæ¥æ¬ã®é¢çšåå
¥ãæµåœãšãã奜æ¡ä»¶ã§ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®éè¡å®¶ãã¡ãš1ãæä»¥äžäº€æžã®æ«ããããããã³ãã³ã§ã®500äžãã³ãã®å€åµçºè¡ã®æç®ãåŸããåœæã®éŠæž¯äžæµ·éè¡ãã³ãã³æ¯åºé·ãŠãŒãŠã§ã³ã»ãã£ã¡ãã³(è±èªç)ã¯ã®ã¡ã®ã€ã®ãªã¹éŠçžããŒãŽã£ããã»ãã£ã¡ãã³ã®é«ç¥ç¶ã§ããã髿©ãæŠè²»èª¿éã®ããã€ã®ãªã¹ã蚪ããéã«ã¯ããã®æ¯åºé·ããå©åãåŸããšãããšããœãŒããããããŸããã³ãã³ã«æ»åšäžã§ãããåžæ¿ãã·ã¢ãæµèŠããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã€ãç³»ãŠãã€äººéè¡å®¶ãžã§ã€ã³ãã»ã·ãã®ç¥éãåŸãŠããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®éèè¡ããæ®é¡500äžãã³ãã®å€åµåŒãåãããã³è¿œå èè³ãç²åŸããã
第1åã¯1904幎5æ2æ¥ã«ä»®èª¿å°ã«æŒãçãããçµæãåœåã®èª¿ééå©ãäžåã6ããŒã»ã³ãã§ã®èª¿é(å²åŒçºè¡ã§ããããå®è³ªéå©ã¯7幎åéã§çŽ7ããŒã»ã³ã)ãšãªã£ãããå¿åç¶æ³ã¯ãã³ãã³ãå€§çæ³ã§åéé¡ã®çŽ26åããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã§3åãšãªã倧æåã®çºè¡ãšãªã£ãã1904幎5æã«éŽšç·æ±äŒæŠã§ãã·ã¢ãå§åããŠæ¥æ¬ãåå©ãããšåœéåžå Žã§æ¥æ¬å€åµã¯å®å®ãã第2åã®1904幎11æã®6.0ããŒã»ã³ã(åé7幎ã§å®è³ªçŽ7.4ããŒã»ã³ã)ãåºãšããŠã1905幎3æã®ç¬¬3åã§ã¯ãã€ãç³»ã®éè¡å£(Mã»Mã»ãŽã¡ãŒã«ãã«ã¯&COãªã©)ãåå ãã4.5ããŒã»ã³ãã§ã®åãæã調éã«æåããããã®3æããã³ç¶ã7æã®åéã§ãã³ãã¥ã¢ã»ãŽãŒãã³ãåŒåã«åå ããŠããã11æã®ç¬¬5åã«ã¯å
¬éåžå Žã§åéãå©çã4ããŒã»ã³ãã«äžããç¡æ
ä¿ã§æ¶åã§ããããã®ãšãããæ¯æž
ã¯ãã¹ãã£ã€ã«ããžæ ¹åããããŠããã奜æ¡ä»¶ã¯ãã¢ãªã³ã°å®¶ã®è²¢ç®ããã£ãã
çµæŠåŸã1907幎ã®ç¬¬6åã§ã¯Nã»Mã»ãã¹ãã£ã€ã«ã&ãµã³ãºãšããã«ãã»ãã¬ãŒã«ãåå ããŠãããåŸè
ã¯1910幎æ°ãã«4å5,000äžãã©ã³è²žãããã1951幎9ææ«ã§4å3,432äž8,700ãã©ã³ãæªåéã§ãã£ãã
çµå±æ¥æ¬ã¯ã1904幎ãã1907幎ã«ããåèš6次ã®å€åµçºè¡ã«ãããåãæã調éãå«ãç·é¡1å3,000äžãã³ã(çŽ13åå匱)ã®å€è²šå
¬åµãçºè¡ããããã®ãã¡æåã®4åã8,200äžãã³ãã®èµ·åµãå®è³ªçãªæŠè²»èª¿éè³éã§ãããããšã®2åã¯å¥œæ¡ä»¶ãžã®åãæ¿ãçºè¡ã§ãã£ããããããåãæ¿ãã®ããã«ééåœææ³ãå¶å®ããå¿
èŠããã£ãããªãæ¥é²æŠäºéæŠå幎ã®1903幎(ææ²»36幎)ã®äžè¬äŒèšæ³å
¥ã¯2.6ååã§ãããããã«å·šé¡ã®è³é調éã§ãã£ãããåããããã®å
¬åµã¯ãç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã®ããšãŸã§æ®ãããšãšãªã£ãã
æ¥æ¬æ¿åºã®äžè¬ã»ç¹å¥äŒèšã«ãããšæ¥é²æŠäºã®æŠè²»ç·é¡ã¯18å2,629äžåãšãããã
å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœ å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœè»ã®æŠéåºåã
ãã·ã¢åžåœ ã¢ã³ããã°ãå
¬åœ
å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœæµ·è»ã¯1904幎2æ6æ¥ååŸ2æã«äœäžä¿æž¯ãåºèªãã3æã«åãããŠããããä»å·ãæ
é ã倧é£ã«åãã£ããéå±±æ²ã§ã¯ãã·ã¢è¹2é»ãæ¿æãããããã®æŠéã§æ¥æ¬è»ã®é軜å·è
ã¯54åã»æ»è
4å以äžãšãªã£ãã
2æ8æ¥ãå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœéžè»ã¯å
é£éšéã®ç¬¬12åž«å£æšè¶æ
å£ãæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã®ç¬¬2èŠéççæŠéã®è·è¡ãåããªããæé®®ã®ä»å·ã«äžéžããããã®å
¥æž¯æã«ççæŠéã®æ°Žé·èãšåå°ã«æŽŸé£ãããŠãããã·ã¢ã®ç ²èŠã³ã¬ãŒãšããå°ç«¶ãåããèµ·ããã®ãæåã®çŽæ¥æŠéã§ãã£ãã忥å€ã«ã¯æ
é æž¯ã«ãããã·ã¢æ
é èŠéã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬æµ·è»é§éèŠã®å¥è¥²æ»æ(æ
é 壿»æ)ãè¡ãããããã®æ»æã§ã¯ãã·ã¢ã®èŠèæ°é»ã«æå·ãäžããã修埩å¯èœã§å€§ããªæŠæãšã¯èšããªãã£ããççæŠéã¯ç¿2æ9æ¥ãä»å·æž¯å€ã«ãŠå·¡æŽèŠãŽã¡ãªã£ãŒã°ãšã³ã¬ãŒãšããæ»æãèªæ²ã«è¿œã蟌ãã (ä»å·æ²æµ·æŠ)ããã·ã¢è»ã¯104åãæ»å·ããã
æ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯2æ10æ¥ã«ãã·ã¢æ¿åºãžã®å®£æŠåžåãè¡ãã2æ11æ¥ã«å€§æ¬å¶ãèšçœ®ã2æ23æ¥ã«ã¯å€§éåžåœãšã®éã§æ¥æ¬è»ã®è£çµŠç·ã®ç¢ºä¿ãç®çãšããæ¥éè°å®æžãç· çµã3æ15æ¥ã«å
èã®æŸæ¹æ£çŸ©ãäºäžéŠšããåžåœè»äººæŽè·äŒãçµæãããªã©æºåãæŽããŠãã£ãã
ãã©ã³ã¹è»ã«æåºããããŽã¡ãªã£ãŒã°ã®ä¹å¡24åãå«ããè² å·å
µã¯ä»å·ã«èšæã«èšããããä»å·èµ€ååç
é¢ã«éããã(ããã«ã¯äº¬åã®æŒ¢åç
é¢ãä»å·å
񇮇
é¢ã®å»åž«ãåŸè»çè·å©Šã掟é£ããã)ãä»å·ã®æ¥æ¬å
µ84åãšãã·ã¢å
µ22åã¯3æ3æ¥ãã4æ¥éãããŠåæäžžã«å容ããã3æ10æ¥ã«éåžæž¯ã«å°çããããã«äŒäºã»æŸå±±å°åã®èµ€ååèšæç
é¢ã«ç§»ãããã
å€äº€äº€æžãäžæ¹çã«æã¡åãã宣æŠåžååã®æ»æã«åãã ããšã«å¯Ÿããã·ã¢æ¿åºã¯æ¥æ¬æ¿åºãžæè°ãããåœæã¯ãæ»æéå§ã®åã«å®£æŠåžåããªããã°ãªããªãããšããåœéæ³äžã®èŠå®ã¯ãªãã£ããããããŒã°éžæŠæ¡çŽã®ãæŠåè¡äœ¿ã®åã«ç¬¬äžåœã«ãã調åãäŸé ŒããåªåãèŠå®ã«éåããããšäž»åŒµããã
æ¥æ¬åŽã¯æŠæã®éå§ã2æ6æ¥ãšããããšã決ãããããèªããããããã«éå±±æ²ã§ã®æ¿æãæ¿èªãããã
3æ6æ¥ãäžæåœŠä¹äžæµ·è»äžå°ãçããè£
ç²å·¡æŽèŠãåºé²ãããå
«é²ãããåŸåŠ»ãããç£æãããæµ
éããé²è·å·¡æŽèŠãç¬ çœ®ãããåéãããŠã¹ãªãŒæ¹Ÿæ¹é¢ãããŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯æž¯ã«æ¥è¿ããŠèæ°·ã®å€ããé è¹å Žãç ²å°ãåžè¡å°ã«åããŠçŽ50åéç ²æããåŸåŒãäžããããã·ã¢æ
é èŠéã¯å¢æŽãé Œã¿ãšããæ¥æ¬ã®é£åèŠéãšã®æ£é¢æ±ºæŠãé¿ããŠæ
é æž¯ã«åŸ
æ©ããã
é£åèŠéã¯2æãã5æã«ãããŠãæ
é æž¯ã®åºå
¥ãå£ã«å€ãè¹è¶ãæ²ããŠå°éããããšãããã倱æã«çµãã£ã(æ
é æž¯éå¡äœæŠ)ã4æ13æ¥ãé£åèŠéã®æ·èšããæ©é·ãæ
é èŠéã®æèŠã§ããæŠèŠãããããŽããã¹ã¯ãææ²ãæ
é èŠéåžä»€é·å®ãã«ããäžå°ãæŠæ»ããããšããæŠæãäžããã(åŸä»»ã¯ãŽã£ãªã²ãªã ã»ãŽã£ãã²ããå°å°)ã5æ15æ¥ã«ã¯éã«æ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã®æŠèŠãå
«å³¶ããšãåç¬ãããã·ã¢ã®æ©é·ã«ãã£ãŠææ²ãããã
äžæ¹ã§ããŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯ã«é
åãããŠãããã·ã¢ã®ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯å·¡æŽèŠéã¯ãç©æ¥µçã«åºæããŠéåç Žå£æŠãå±éããããŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯èŠéã¯4æ25æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬è»ã®èŒžéèŠéå·äžžãææ²ããŠããããã®ãšãæèãšãªã£ãæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã®å°äœã¯ãæŠåŸå
å®ãšãªã£ãããã®æã¯äžæåœŠä¹äžäžå°çãã第äºèŠéãåã³ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯æž¯ãæ»æããããšããŠããæã§ããã以é第äžèŠéã«ä»£ãã第äºèŠéãäžéšãé€ããŠå¯ŸéŠ¬æµ·å³¡èŠåã«åœãã£ãã
黿šçºæ¥šå€§å°çããæ¥æ¬éžè»ã®ç¬¬äžè»ã¯æé®®åå³¶ã«äžéžãã4æ30æ¥ãã5æ1æ¥ã®æŠéã§ã宿±(çŸã»äž¹æ±)è¿éã®éŽšç·æ±å²žã§ãã·ã¢è»ãç Žã£ã(éŽšç·æ±äŒæŠ)ãç¶ããŠå¥¥ä¿é倧å°çãã第äºè»ãéŒæ±åå³¶ã®å¡©å€§å¢ºã«äžéžãã5æ26æ¥ãæ
é åå³¶ã®ä»ãæ ¹ã«ããåå±±ã®ãã·ã¢è»é£å°ãæ»ç¥ãã(åå±±ã®æŠã)ãåå±±ã¯æ
é èŠå¡ã®ãããªæ¬æ ŒçèŠå¡ã§ã¯ãªãã£ããå
åºãªé£å°ã§ã第äºè»ã¯æ»å·è
4,000ã®æå®³ãåãããæ±äº¬ã®å€§æ¬å¶ã¯æå®³ã®å€§ããã«é©æããæ¡ãã²ãšã€ééããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšçã£ããšããã第äºè»ã¯å€§é£å é åŸã第1åž«å£ãæ®ããéŒéœãç®æããŠåäžããã6æ14æ¥ãæ
é æŽè·ã®ããåäžããŠãããã·ã¢è»éšéãåŸå©å¯ºã®æŠãã§æéã7æ23æ¥ã«ã¯å€§ç³æ©ã®æŠãã§åå©ããã
æ
é èŠå¡ã«å¯ŸããŠéžè»ã¯3æäžæ¬ãŸã§ã¯ç£èŠã§ååã§ãããšå€æããŠãããããã®åŸ3æ14æ¥ãåäžãã2åè»ã®åŸæ¹ã«æåãªé²è»æŠåãæ®çœ®ããã®ã¯å±éºãšå€æãã2ååž«å£ããæ§æãããæ»åè»ãç·šæããããšã決å®ãããããããæµ·è»åŽãšããŠã¯éžè»ã®æŽå©ãªãã®æµ·è»ç¬åã«ããæ
é ã®åŠçãæãã ããã§ãäºå調æŽã®æ®µéããéžè»ã®åŸæŽãèŠæ±ããªãæšããã°ãã°å£å€ãã倧æ¬å¶æµ·è»å¹åããããšäŒããããã4æ6æ¥ã«è¡ãããéžè»ã®å€§å±±å·åè¬ç·é·ãå
çæºå€ªéæ¬¡é·ãšæµ·è»è»ä»€é𿬡é·äŒéé¢äºéãšã®åè°è°æ±ºæã«ã¯ãéžè»ãèŠå¡æ»ç¥ãããããšã¯æµ·è»ã®èŠè«ã«ãããããšãã1æãããããã«ã4æã«å
¥ã£ãŠãæµ·è»ã¯ç¬åã«ããæ
é èŠéã®ç¡ååã«åºå·ãç¶ããéå¡äœæŠå€±æåŸã¯æ©é·ã«ããå°éçã«è»¢æãã4æ12æ¥ - 13æ¥ã«å®æœãããã倱æããã
ãã·ã¢ãã«ãæµ·èŠé(ãã«ããã¯èŠé)ã®æ¥µæ±åèªãã»ãŒç¢ºå®ãã远ãè©°ããããæµ·è»ã¯éæŠåœåããæã¿ç¶ããŠããéžè»ã®æ
é åæŠãèªããããåŸãªããªã£ãããã®ãããªçµç·¯ã«ããèŠå¡æ»ç¥ã䞻任åãšãã第äžè»ã®ç·šæã¯é
ããæŠéåºåã¯5æ29æ¥ã«çºä»€ãšãªã£ããè»åžä»€éšã¯æ±äº¬ã§ç·šæãããåžä»€å®ã«ã¯æ¥æž
æŠäºã§æ
é æ»ç¥ã«åå ããçµæŽããã£ã乿šåžå
žå€§å°ãåœãããã
6æ20æ¥çŸå°ç·åžä»€éšãšããŠæºæŽ²è»ç·åžä»€éšãèšçœ®ããã倧æ¬å¶ããææ®æš©ãç§»ãããã6æ8æ¥ã«å€§é£ã«å°çãã第äžè»åžä»€éšã¯ããã§ã«äžéžããŠãã第äžã第åäžåž«å£(ãšãã«ç¬¬äºè»ããæœåºããã)ã麟äžã«å ããŠåé²ãéå§ãã6æ26æ¥ãŸã§ã«æ
é å€å»¶éšãŸã§é²åºããã7æ12æ¥ã«ã¯äŒæ±ç¥äºšæµ·è»è»ä»€éšé·ãã山瞣ææåè¬ç·é·ã«ãæ
é èŠéãæ
é æž¯ãã远ãåºãã壿»
ãããããæ£åŒã«èŠè«ãå
¥ãã8æ7æ¥ããæµ·è»éžæŠéç ²éãæ
é æž¯å
ã®èŠè¹ã«åããŠç ²æãéå§ããæ
é èŠéã«æå·ãäžããã
ãããåããŠãæ
é èŠéã¯8æ10æ¥ã«æ
é ãããŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯ã«åããŠåºæãåŸ
ã¡æ§ããŠããé£åèŠéãšã®éã§æµ·æŠãèµ·ãã£ãããã®æµ·æŠã§æ
é èŠéã¯æèŠãšåžä»€é·å®ãå·¡æŽèŠãšé§éèŠã®éåãäºå®äžå€±ããæ®ã£ãèŠèã倧ããªæå®³ãåããŠæ
é ãžåŒãè¿ãã(黿µ·æµ·æŠã»ã³ã«ãµã³ãæµ·æŠ)ããã·ã¢ã®ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯èŠéã¯ã6æ15æ¥ã«èŒžéè¹åžžéžäžžãææ²ãã(åžžéžäžžäºä»¶)ãªã©æŽ»çºãªéåç Žå£æŠãç¶ããŠããããæ
é èŠéã«åŒå¿ããŠåºæãããš8æ14æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬æµ·è»ç¬¬äºèŠéã«èå±±æ²ã§ææãããã第äºèŠéã¯ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯èŠéã«å€§æå®³ãäžãããã®åŸã®æŽ»åã黿¢ãã(èå±±æ²æµ·æŠ)ãæ
é èŠéã¯åºæãããããäœæŠèœåã倱ã£ãŠããããæ¥æ¬åŽã§ã¯ããã確èªã§ãã第äžè»ã¯èŠå¡ã«å¯Ÿã第äžåç·æ»æã8æ19æ¥ã«éå§ããããããããã·ã¢ã®è¿ä»£çèŠå¡ã®åã«æ»å·è
1äž5,000ãšãã倧æå®³ãåã倱æã«çµããã
8ææ«ãæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬¬äžè»ã第äºè»ããã³é接é貫倧å°çãã第åè»ã¯ãæºæŽ²ã®æŠç¥æ ç¹éŒéœãžè¿«ã£ãã8æ24æ¥ - 9æ4æ¥ã®éŒéœäŒæŠã§ã¯ã第äºè»ãååŽããæ£é¢æ»æãããã第äžè»ãæ±åŽã®å±±å°ãè¿åãèåŸãžé²æããããã·ã¢è»ã®åžä»€å®ã¯ããããã³å€§å°ã¯å
šè»ãæ€éãããæ¥æ¬è»ã¯éŒéœãå é ãããã®ã®ãã·ã¢è»ã®æç Žã«ã¯å€±æããã10æ9æ¥ - 10æ20æ¥ã«ãã·ã¢è»ã¯æ»å¢ã«åºãããæ¥æ¬è»ã®é²åŸ¡ã®åã«å€±æãã(æ²æ²³äŒæŠ)ããã®ã®ã¡ãäž¡è»ã¯éŒéœãšå¥å€©(çŸã»çéœ)ã®äžéä»è¿ãæµããæ²æ²³ã®ç·ã§å¯Ÿé£ã«å
¥ã£ãã
10æ15æ¥ã«ã¯ããžã§ã¹ããŽã§ã³ã¹ããŒäžå°çãããã«ããã¯èŠé(æ£ç¢ºã«ã¯ãã«ããã¯èŠéããæœåºããã第äºå€ªå¹³æŽèŠé)ãæ
é (æ
é é¥èœã®åŸã¯ãŠã©ãžãªã¹ãã¯)ãžåããŠãªãšãã€æž¯ãåºçºãããããã10æ21æ¥ãåæµ·ããã¬ãŒãã³ã¯æµ·äžã§ãæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã®è¹ãšèª€èªããŠã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãããŒã«è¹ãæ»æããããã¬ãŒãã³ã¯äºä»¶ãçºçãå
ã
æ¥è±åçãçµãã§ããäºã«å ãããã©ãã¡ã«ã¬ãŒæµ·æŠèšå¿µæ¥åœæ¥ã«èµ·ãã£ãåºæ¥äºã§ãã£ãäºãããè±äžè«ã®æ¿é«ãè²·ã£ãäºã¯ããããåœæã®ã€ã®ãªã¹åœçãšãã¯ãŒã7äžãããŠãæãåæ¯ãªæŽè¡äºä»¶ããšè©ãããã ãã§ãªããè±åœæµ·è»èŠè28é»ã«è£çµŠå°ã§ããã¹ãã€ã³ã»ããŒãŽãŸã§è¿œè·¡ãããäºãšãªããªã©ãäžè§Šå³çºã®äºæ
ã«çºå±ããã
第äžè»ã¯æ
é ãžã®æ»æãç¶è¡äžã§ãã£ããããããªãããæž¯æ¹Ÿãžã®å€§åŒ§å±±ããã®èŠ³æž¬å°æã8æ - 10æãŸã§é»æµ·æµ·æŠãæãã§å®æœããæ
é èŠéã®å£æ»
ã«ã¯æåããŠããããããæ¥æ¬åŽã«ããã確èªããããšãã§ããããã®åŸã®äœæŠéçšã«æ··ä¹±ãããããããšã«ãªã£ãã
第äžè»ã¯ãèŠå¡æ±åæ¹é¢ã®é²è¡ç·ãçªç Žããã®èåŸã«ãããæ
é èŠå¡ã§æé«å³°ã§ãããæå°ããå é ããããšã§èŠå¡ã®æ»åœãå¶ããæµ·è»ã®èŠæãæããããšããã9æ19æ¥ãš10æ26æ¥ã®ååŸã«åããŠè¡ããã第äºåç·æ»æã¯ãçªèµ·éšã圢æããŠãã第äžåç·æ»æã§å é ããæ ç¹ã®åšèŸºãå®å®åãããããšãç®çãšãã203é«å°ä»¥å€ã®äœæŠç®æšãæ»ç¥ããŠç®çãéæããŠããããäžå€®ã«ã¯å€±æãšå€æãããã
ãã®éã«ç¬¬äžè»ã¯æµ·éŒ å±±ãå é ããæ
é æž¯ã®ã»ãŒãã¹ãŠã芳枬ããããšãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãããæ
é èŠéäž»åãåŒãããã£ãŠããæµ·åã ãã俯ç°ã§ããããã®ããããæµ·è»ã¯ãããæ
é æž¯ãäžæã§ãã203é«å°ã®æ»ç¥ãåªå
ããããèŠè«ããããã®æµ·è»ã®èŠè«ã«å€§æ¬å¶ã远èªãããã第äžè»ãšãäžçŽåžä»€éšã§ããæºæŽ²è» (æ¥æ¬è»)ã¯æ±åæ¹é¢äž»æ»ã䞻匵ãç¶ã察ç«ã倧æ¬å¶ãšæµ·è»ã¯å€©çã®å
èš±ãŸã§åãä»ããŠæ¹éã倿Žããããä¿ããã
11æ26æ¥ããã®ç¬¬äžåç·æ»æãèŠæŠã«é¥ãããéäžãã乿šã®å€æã§èŠå¡æ±åæ¹é¢ã®æ»æãäžæåãããã203é«å°æ»ç¥ã«æ¹éã倿ŽãããæŠæ³ãæžå¿µããå
çæºå€ªé倧å°ã¯ã倧山å·å
垥ã®äºæ¿ãããã£ãŠæ
é æ¹é¢ãžåãã£ãŠããããçŽåã«ä¹æšãæ»æç®æšã倿ŽããããšãåããŠããã®æ»ç¥ã«å°œåãããæ¿æŠã®æ«ã12æ5æ¥ã«æ
é æž¯å
ãäžæã§ãã203é«å°ã®å é ãéæãããããããã®åŸãèŠå¡ã¯èœã¡ãã第äžè»ã¯äœæŠç®çã§ããèŠå¡æ»ç¥ãç¶è¡ããç¿1905幎1æ1æ¥ã«ããããæ±åæ¹é¢ã®é²è¡ç·ãçªç ŽããŠæå°ãå é ããã
ãããåããŠããã·ã¢è»æ
é èŠå¡åžä»€å®ã¹ããã»ã«äžå°ã¯éäŒã決æãæ
é èŠéã¯203é«å°ã奪ãããæç¹ã§ããã§ã«èŠç ²ãšä¹å¡ãéžå°ã«æããŠé²è¡æŠã«æå
¥ããŠãããæŠåãšããŠã¯ç¡ååããŠããããèŠ³æž¬å°æãåããããã«ãªã£ãããããæ¥æ¬åŽã®ç ²åŒŸã®å質åé¡ãªã©ã§ã»ãšãã©ã®èŠã¯è¹åºã貫éãããããšã¯ãªããã»ãšãã©ã®èŠèã¯èŠå¡éäŒååŸã«ãããããŸäœ¿çšã§ããªãããã«ãã¹ãŠèªæ²ãããããã
æ²æ²³ã§ã¯äž¡è»ã®å¯Ÿé£ãç¶ããŠãããããã·ã¢è»ã¯æ°ãã«åç·ã«çä»»ããã°ãªããã³ãã«ã¯å€§å°ã®äž»å°ã®äžã1æ25æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬è»ã®æå·Šç¿Œã«äœçœ®ãã黿ºå°æ¹é¢ã§æ»å¢ã«åºããäžæãæ¥æ¬è»ã¯æŠç·åŽ©å£ã®å±æ©ã«é¥ã£ãããç§å±±å¥œå€å°å°ãç«èŠå°æäžå°ãã®å¥®æŠã«ãã屿©ãè±ãã(黿ºå°äŒæŠ)ã2æã«ã¯ç¬¬äžè»ãæŠç·ã«å°çããã
æž
ã¯äžåœçŽ
ååäžæµ·æ¯äŒã®æè·çãæºå·åéšã«æŽŸé£ããŠæè·ã«ããã£ããæ¥æ¬è»è² å·å
µã¯ãæ¥æ¬éµè¹ã®ç
é¢è¹ã§ããç¥æžäžžã§äœäžä¿ã®äœäžä¿æµ·è»ç
é¢ã«ãæ¬éããããæ
é èµ€ååç
é¢ã¯ãã·ã¢ã1900幎ã«èšç«ãããã®ã ã£ãããæ¥æ¬ãã®ã¡ã«æ
é ã®ç§åæš©ããã·ã¢ããåŒãç¶ãã ããšã¯æ¥æ¬èµ€åå瀟ãéå¶ããã
æ¥æ¬è»ã¯ããã·ã¢è»ã®æ ç¹ã»å¥å€©ãžåããå€§äœæŠãéå§ãã(å¥å€©äŒæŠ)ã2æ21æ¥ãæ¥æ¬è»å³ç¿Œãæ»æãéå§ã3æ1æ¥ããã巊翌ã®ç¬¬äžè»ãšç¬¬äºè»ãå¥å€©ã®åŽé¢ããèåŸãžåããŠåé²ããããã·ã¢è»ã¯äºåãæå
¥ãã第äžè»ã¯ãã·ã¢è»ã®çæ»ã®åã«åŽ©å£å¯žåã«ãªãã€ã€ãåé²ãç¶ããã3æ9æ¥ããã·ã¢è»ã®åžä»€å®ã¯ããããã³å€§å°ã¯æ€éãæç€ºãæ¥æ¬è»ã¯3æ10æ¥ã«å¥å€©ãå é ãããããŸãããã·ã¢è»ã®æç Žã«ã¯å€±æããã
ãã®çµæãåããŠãæ¥æ¬åŽã«äŸé Œãåããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœå€§çµ±é ã»ãªãã¢ã»ã«ãŒãºãã«ããå平亀æžãéå§ãããããŸããªãæ¥æ¬è¿æµ·ã«å°çãããã«ããã¯èŠéã«æåŸ
ããŠãããã·ã¢åŽã¯ãããæåŠãããäžæ¹ãäž¡éžè»ã¯äžé£ã®æŠãã§ãšãã«å€§ããªæå®³ãåãäœæŠç¶ç¶ãå°é£ãšãªã£ãããããã®åŸã¯çµæŠãŸã§åå¹³è¡ä»è¿ã§ã®å¯Ÿå³ãç¶ããã
ãã«ããã¯èŠéã¯7ãæã«åãã èªæµ·ã®æ«ã«æ¥æ¬è¿æµ·ã«å°éã5æ27æ¥ã«æ±é·å¹³å
«éçããé£åèŠéãšæ¿çªãã(æ¥æ¬æµ·æµ·æŠ)ã5æ29æ¥ã«ãŸã§ããããã®æµ·æŠã§ãã«ããã¯èŠéã¯ãã®èŠèã®ã»ãšãã©ã倱ãã®ã¿ãªãããåžä»€é·å®ãæèã«ãªããªã©å£æ»
çãªææãåããããã·ã¢åŽå²æã玹ä»ããçš²èåæŽã«ãããšãæµ·æŠã®ãã·ã¢åŽæ»äº¡è
4866åãè² å·è
799åã«æ¯ããŠæèçŽ6140åã§ããã
ããã«å¯ŸããŠé£åèŠéã¯åªå€±èŠããããã«æ°Žé·è3é»ãšãããè¿ä»£æµ·æŠå²äžã«ãããŠãäŸã®ãªãäžæ¹çãªå§åã«çµãã£ãããã®æµ·æŠã®çµæãæ¥æ¬åŽã®å¶æµ·æš©ã確å®ããé Œã¿ã®ç¶±ã®ãã«ããã¯èŠéãå®èãªããŸã§å©ãã®ããã远ã蟌ãŸãããã·ã¢åŽãåå¹³ã«åããŠåãåºããã
ãŸã欧米ååœã«ãããããã·ã¢æå©ããšã®äºæ³ãèŠãã ãã§ãªãããã«ããã¯èŠéã®å£æ»
ãšããäºæ³ãããªãã£ãæµ·æŠã®çµæã¯å匷諞åœã驿ããããã«ã³ã®ããã«ãã·ã¢ã®è
åšã«ãããããåœãããŒã©ã³ãããã£ã³ã©ã³ãã®ããã«ãã·ã¢ã«ç·šå
¥ãããå°åã®ã¿ãªãããã€ã®ãªã¹ããã©ã³ã¹ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ããªã©ã³ããªã©ã®çœäººåœå®¶ã«ããæ€æ°å°æ¯é
ã«çãããŠããã¢ãžã¢åå°ã®æè²äººçš®ã®æ°è¡ãç±çãããã
米倧統é ã»ãªãã¢ã»ã«ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ãæ¥æ¬æµ·æµ·æŠã®åŸã«å€å倧è£å°æå¯¿å€ªé(第1次æ¡å
é£)ããèŠè«ãåãã1905幎6æ6æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬ã»ãã·ã¢äž¡åœæ¿åºã«å¯Ÿãè¬åå§åãè¡ãããã·ã¢åŽã¯12æ¥ã«å
¬åŒã«å§åãå諟ããã
æ¥æ¬è»ã¯å平亀æžã®é²ããªãã7æã«æšºå€ªæ»ç¥äœæŠã宿œããå
šå³¶ãå é ããããã®å é ãåŸã®è¬åæ¡çŽã§åæšºå€ªã®æ¥æ¬ãžã®å²è²ãããããããšãšãªããè¬å以éã®æšºå€ªã«ã¯çå補çŽãå¯å£«è£œçŽã暺倪工æ¥ãªã©ã®ãã«ãç£æ¥äŒæ¥ãé²åºããã
ãã·ã¢ã§ã¯ããã·ã¢ç¬¬äžé©åœãèµ·ããããã·ã¢åœå
ã¯æ··ä¹±ç¶æ
ã«ãªããæŠäºã®ç¶ç¶ãå°é£ãšãªã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ãè¬åã®ææ¡ãåãå
¥ãã圢ããšã£ããåœæ°ãžã®å¢çšããåå¡å
µåã109äžäººãžéããããæ»å·è
ã27äžäººãšåœåã®æ¶èãæ¿ããæŠäºã®ç¶ç¶ã¯æããšããã§ã¯ç¡ãã£ãã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ä»²ä»ã«ããè¬å亀æžã®ããŒãã«ã«çããäž¡åœã¯ã8æ10æ¥ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ãã¥ãŒãã³ãã·ã£ãŒå·ã»ããŒããã¹è¿éã§çµæŠäº€æžã«èšã¿ã1905幎9æ5æ¥ã«ç· çµãããããŒããã¹æ¡çŽã«ããè¬åãããæ¥æ¬ã¯ããŒããã¹æ¡çŽã«ãã£ãŠéŒæ±åå³¶(颿±å·)ã®ç§åæš©ãæ±æž
ééã®é·æ¥ã倧é£ã®æ¯ç·ãæé®®åå³¶ã®ç£ç£æš©ãåŸããééå®åéã¯ã®ã¡ã«é¢æ±è»ãšãªã£ãã10æãæºæŽ²è»ç·åžä»€å®äžã«é¢æ±ç·ç£åºãèšçœ®ããè»æ¿ãæ·ãããæž
åœãããã«æè°ããæ¥æ¬ã®éæžééã«å¯ŸããŠè±ç±³ãåçºã1906幎3æã«æºæŽ²ã®éæžéæŸãè¿«ã£ããããæ¥æ¬ã¯æºæŽ²éæŸã®æ¹éã確èªãã颿±ç·ç£åºã颿±éœç£åºãšããŠæ¹çµããã1906幎11æãæ°éäŒæ¥ã§æ¥æ¬æå€§ã®ã³ã³ãã§ã«ã³ãšããŠåæºæŽ²ééæ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿãèšç«ã以éãåæºæŽ²ééãæ±ãšããæºæŽ²çµå¶æš©çã¯æ¥æ¬ã®é倧ãªèª²é¡ãšãªã£ãã
æ¥è±åçã¯æ»å®åçãžãšåŒ·åãããæ¥æ¬ã®æé®®åå³¶æ¯é
ãšã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ã€ã³ãæ¯é
ãçžäºæ¿èªããããŸãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšãæ¡ã»ã¿ããåå®ã§æ¥æ¬ã®æé®®åå³¶æ¯é
æš©ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã£ãªãã³æ¯é
æš©ãçžäºã«ç¢ºèªããããã©ã³ã¹ãåçåœãã·ã¢ã®åŒ±äœåãåããŠæ¥æ¬ã«æ¥è¿ã1907å¹Žãæ¥ä»åçŽãç· çµããã·ã¢ãåœå
ã§ã®é©åœéåã®æ¿åãªã©ãèæ¯ã«æ¥æ¬ã«æ¥è¿ãã1907幎æ¥é²åçŽ(ç¬¬äºæ¬¡æ¥é²åå)ãç· çµããæ¥æ¬ãåæºæŽ²ããã·ã¢ãåæºæŽ²ãå¢åç¯å²ãšããæ¥æ¬ã®æé®®åå³¶æ¯é
ãšãã·ã¢ã®å€èå€ã®ãç¹æ®å©çããçžäºæ¿èªãããæ¥æ¬ã¯ååŒ·ã®æ¿èªã®äžã1910幎ã«éåœäœµåã«ããã£ããæºæŽ²ã¯ã10äžã®çéãš20åã®åœåžãã§è³Œããããç¹æ®å°åããšæ¥æ¬ã¯ã¿ãªãããã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ããã©ã³ã¹ããã·ã¢ãæ¥æ¬ã«ãããã€ãå
å²ç¶²ã圢æããããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯èŠªè±è·¯ç·ãšèŠªé²è·¯ç·ãšã察ç«ãããæ¥ç±³é¢ä¿ã¯æºæŽ²æš©çãããã£ãŠå¯Ÿç«ããŸãæ¥ç³»ç§»æ°ææ¥åé¡ãªã©ãçºçãæªåããŠãããã1907å¹Žã®æ¥ç±³ç޳士åå®ã1908幎ã®é«å¹³ã»ã«ãŒãåå®ã«ãã£ãŠç·åŒµã宥åããã1911å¹Žã®æ¥ç±³éåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã«ãã£ãŠæ¥æ¬ã¯é¢çšèªäž»æš©ãç²åŸããæ¥æ¬ã¯åŸå±çãªç«å Žãè§£æ¶ãããã
ææ²»å€©çã¯ãè¬åæ¡çŽç· çµããçŽ8ãæåŸã®1906幎6æ7æ¥ã«ãåžåœè»äººåŸæŽäŒã«å¯Ÿãæ
°åŽã®å
èªãäžããã
æ¥æ¬ã¯ãã®æŠäºã®åå©ã§ãã·ã¢åžåœã®åäžãæããããšã«æåããå ããŠæŠåŸã«æ¥é²åçŽãæç«ããããšã§æ¥é²é¢ä¿ã¯æ¥éã«æ¹åããé©åœã«ãããã·ã¢åžåœã厩å£ãããŸã§ãã®ä¿¡é Œé¢ä¿ã¯ç¶æãããããã®æ¡çŽã«ãããçžäºã®å¢ååã¯ç¢ºå®ããæ¥æ¬ã¯æé®®åå³¶ã®æš©çã確ä¿ããããããã·ã¢åžåœã®è»äºçè
åšãæé€ããŠåœé¢ã®å®å
šä¿éãéæããããŸãæ°ãã«æ±æž
ééã®äžéšã§ããåæºæŽ²ééãç²åŸãããªã©æºæŽ²ã«ãããæš©çãåŸãããšãšãªã£ãã
ããããŠãæ¥æ¬ã¯åœå®¶ãšããŠæå€§ã®ç®æšã¯éæããããããåœæ°ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãè¬åæ¡çŽã®å
容ã¯è³ åéãåããªããªã©äºæ³å€ã«å³ããå
容ã ã£ããããã¯ããããªãããšã§ãããã·ã¢åŽãžåŒ±ã¿ãšãªãããšãç§å¯ã«ããããšããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã®æ¿çã«å ããæ°è以äžãã¹ã³ãåç€Ÿãæ¥æž
æŠäºãåŒãåãã«åºããŠæŠäºã«å¯Ÿããåœæ°ã®æåŸ
ãç
œã£ãããã«ä¿®æ£ãå©ããªããªã£ãŠããããšããããåœæ°ã®å€ãã¯ãã·ã¢ã«åå©ããæ¥æ¬ãæŠäºã«ããç²åŒããã£ãŠãããšãã宿
ãç¥ãããããçžæ¬¡ãåå©ã«ãã£ãŠãã·ã¢ãç°¡åã«å±æãããã®ããã«é¯èŠããååããããŠãããã®ã§ãããäŸãšããŠã1905幎9æ1æ¥ãå€§éªææ¥æ°èã¯ç€Ÿèª¬ã倩çéäžã«åè°ã®ç Žæ£ãåœã絊ã¯ãããšãè«ã²å¥ãããæ²èŒããã€ã¥ããŠåœæ°æ°èãé€ãæåçŽã¯ããã£ãŠæ¡çŽå察ã®è«èª¬ãå±éããããã®ãããæ¥æ¯è°·çŒæäºä»¶ãã¯ãããšããŠåå°ã§æŽåãèµ·ãããæå³ä»€ãæ·ããããŸã§ã«è³ã£ãŠæŠäºãæå°ããŠããæ¡å
é£ã¯éé£ããã
è³ åéãåããªãã£ãããšãããæ¥æ¬ã¯ãžã§ã€ã³ãã»ã·ãã®ã¯ãŒã³ã»ããŒãåäŒã«å¯ŸããŠéå©ãæãç¶ããããšãšãªã£ãããæ¥é²æŠäºã§ãã£ãšãå²ãããã·ãã¯ããã·ã¢åžåœã®ãã°ãã (åãŠãã€äž»çŸ©)ãžã®å ±åŸ©ãèè³ã®åæ©ãšããããã®ã¡ã«ã¬ãŒãã³ããããããŒã«ãè³éæŽå©ãããã
éæŠåãã財æ¿é£ã ã£ãæ¿åºã¯ãæŠè²»èª¿éã®ããéåžžç¹å¥çšã«ãã課çšåŒ·åãå¡©ãç
èãªã©ã®å°å£²å¶ãéå§ãããæŠè²»ããŸããªããé¡ã«ã¯åã°ããè³ åéã«ããè£å¡«ãã§ããéå©ã®æ¯æããšäœµããŠèµ€åãšãªã£ããéåžžç¹å¥çšã¯1906幎12æ31æ¥ã«å»æ¢ãããäºå®ã ã£ãããæ¿åºã¯1906幎3æã«ãªããšå»æ¢èŠå®ãåé€ãæä¹
çšãšãããäžè«ã®åçºãæããããåŸã«æžçšãªã©ãè¡ã£ãããæ³ä»€ã廿¢ããã1913幎以éãäžè¬ã®çšå¶ã«çµã¿èŸŒãŸããŠç¶ç¶ããããšãšãªã£ãã
åœæå匷諞åœãããæããããŠãã倧åœã§ãããã·ã¢ã«åå©ããããšã¯ãåçåœã®ã€ã®ãªã¹ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã©ã³ã¹ããã€ããªã©ã®å匷諞åœã®æ¥æ¬ã«å¯Ÿããè©äŸ¡ãé«ããææ²»ç¶æ°ä»¥æ¥ã®èª²é¡ã§ãã£ãäžå¹³çæ¡çŽæ¹æ£ã®éæã«å€§ããå¯äžããã®ã¿ãªãããéçœäººåœãšããŠå¯äžå匷諞åœã®ä»²éå
¥ããããã®ã¡ã«ã¯ãäºå€§åœãã®äžè§ããå ããããšãšãªã£ãã
ãã®æŠäºã«ãããŠæ¥æ¬è»ããã³æ¿åºã¯ãæ
é èŠå¡åžä»€å®ã®ã¹ããã»ã«ãéäŒããéã«åž¯å£ãèš±ããªã©ãæŠå£«é粟ç¥ã«åãæè
ãéåžžã«ç޳士çã«æ±ã£ãã»ããæŠäºæèãéåžžã«äººéçã«æ±ãæ¥æ¬èµ€åå瀟ããã·ã¢å
µæŠå·è
ã®ææžã«å°œåãããæ¥æ¬è»ã¯åœå
åå°ã«æèå容æãèšçœ®ããããæåªçã®æŸå±±ã«ãã£ãå容æãåæŠäºã§ã¯æåã«éèšãããå容æã§ãããŸãå°æ ¡å容æãšããŠèåã§ãã£ãããããã·ã¢å°å
µåŽã§ã¯éäŒããããšãæ¥æ¬èªã§ãããã€ããããã€ãããšåéããããšãããšããœãŒããããã7äžäººäœãã«ãµããããã£ãæèãå容ãããããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã®29ãæã«æèå容æãèšçœ®ããããéžè»ã»æµ·è»ã®å¥ãå°å
µã®å¥ãæç²æŠéã®å¥ã«ããåå°ã«åæ£ããŠå容ããããæŠéå°åããã¯äž»ã«åºå³¶ã®äŒŒå³¶ãéåžã®å€§éã§æ€ç«ãåããäžéžåŸåè»ãè¹ã§å容æã«åãã£ããçµæŠåŸãæ¥æ¬åœå
ã®ãã·ã¢å
µæèã¯ãã·ã¢æ¬åœãžééãããããçæ¬çã®çç©ç£é€šäºåæã«å容ãããŠãããã·ã¢è»å£«å®ã¯åž°åœæ±ºå®ã®æ¥ã«å
šå¡èªæ®ºããŠããã(詳现ã¯ãæèãã®æ¥é²æŠäºã®æèãåç
§)
æ¥é²æŠäºã«ãããŠæ
é èŠå¡ã§ã®æŠéã«èŠãããããéžè»ã¯ãæŠåŸãããã³ã»ã³ã³ãã©ãã§ã³ã³ã«ãã£ãŠç¯ãããŠããæ
é èŠå¡ã®å ¡å¡ãæš¡å£ããæ°žä¹
é²å¡ãšåŒã°ããæŒç¿çšæ§é ç©ãéžè»ç¿å¿éé¬å
µå Žå
ã«æ§ç¯ãæŒç¿ãªã©ãè¡ãèŠå¡æŠã®æŠè¡ã«ã€ããŠç ç©¶ãããšãããšããœãŒããæ®ãããŠãããåœæã®éžè»ã«äžãã圱é¿ã®å€§ãããç©èªã£ãŠããããªããæŠäºäžã«ãããæ¥æ¬è»ã®èæ°æšå®³ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããéžè»ã§ã®èæ°æšå®³ãããæµ·è»ã®ç¶æ³ããåç
§ã®ããšã
1907幎9æ21æ¥ã山瞣ææãäŒè€åæã倧山å·ã¯å
¬çµãæäžããããå
èã§ãããªããåè¬ç·é·ãšããŠæŠäºãææ®ãã山瞣ææã®çºèšåãé«ãŸããéžè»ã¯ã倧éžåžåœãè«ãšãã·ã¢ã«ãããåŸ©è®æŠãã®å¯èœæ§ãå±ãã1907幎ã«ã¯å±±çž£ã®äž»å°ã«ãã£ãŠå¹³æ25åž«å£äœå¶ã確ä¿ãããšãããåžåœåœé²æ¹éãæ¡ããŸãšãããããããããæŠåŸã®è²¡æ¿é£ããåž«å£å¢èšã¯é 調ã«ã¯ãããã18åž«å£ã20åž«å£ã«ããããšã®æ¯éãããã£ãŠ2ååž«å£å¢èšåé¡ãçºçããããšã«ãªã£ãã
æ¥é²æŠäºã®ç¶æ³ã¯æ ç»ãšããŠèšé²ãããåå°ã§äžæ ãããŠããã1904幎ã«ä»å°ã«çåŠäžã ã£ãé¯è¿
ã¯ããã·ã¢ã®ã¹ãã€ãšããŠåŠåãããäžåœäººãåããæ ç»ãšèŽè¡ã®åå¿ããã£ããã«ãå»åŠããæåŠã«è»¢åããã
äžåæž¯ãæ±ããäŒçµ±çãªåäžæ¿çããã®æŠäºã®åæ©ã®äžã€ã§ãã£ããã·ã¢åžåœã¯ããã®æåãæ©ã«æ¥µæ±ãžã®åäžæ¿çãããšã«ãã䟵ç¥ãæå¿µãããåäžã®çå
ã¯åã³ãã«ã«ã³åå³¶ã«åããããã·ã¢ã¯æ±ã¹ã©ãŽäž»çŸ©ãå
šé¢ã«å±ããããšã«ãªãããã®ããšãæ±ã²ã«ãã³äž»çŸ©ãå±ãããã€ãããåãããã«ã«ã³ãžã®é²åºãèŠæ±ãããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã»ãã³ã¬ãªãŒåžåœãšã®å¯Ÿç«ãæããç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã®åŒãéãšãªã£ãã
ãŸããæŠæäžã®åœæ°ç掻ã®çª®ä¹ã«ãããè¡ã®æ¥ææ¥äºä»¶ãæŠèŠããã§ã ãã³ã®åä¹±ãªã©ããå§ãŸããã·ã¢ç¬¬äžé©åœãçºçããããšã«ãªãã
æ¥æž
æŠäºã§åå©ããæ¥æ¬ãäžé¢æ¡çŽã§èªåœã®é åã«å²è²ãããå°æ¹Ÿã«ãããŠãæ¥æ¬çµ±æ²»äžã®å°æ¹Ÿã«ãã·ã¢ã䟵æ»ããŠããããšããæ
å ±ãåºãŸããšãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯4æ13æ¥ã«æ²¿å²žéšãšæŸæ¹ã®éЬå
¬å³¶ã5æ13æ¥ã«å
šå³¶ã«æå³ä»€ãçºä»€ããã
5æãå°æ¹Ÿã®é信士ããã·ã¢èŠéãçºèŠããæ¥æ¬æµ·è»ã察銬海峡ã§ãã·ã¢èŠéãæç Žããã®ã«åãããŠç®ææ
å ±ãå ±åããã
å幎7æ7æ¥ã«æå³ä»€ãè§£é€ãããå°æ¹Ÿã¯çŽ2ã«æéãå²äžåã®æå³ä»€ãçµéšããããšã«ãªã£ãã ãã®éã瞊貫ééã®è±å28å·æ°Žäžéç·ã®å®æãšééãç¥ããå°äžé§
ã§äžå€®ééã®ééåŒãè¡ããããã®åŸãæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã«ãããå
šå³¶ãç¥è³ã ãŒãã«å
ãŸãããå°æ¹Ÿç·ç£åºã¯ãæ¥é²æŠäºèšå¿µç¢ããå°æ¹Ÿèæ åžã®èé å±±ã«å»ºç«ããã
å°æ¹Ÿã§ã¯ã1898幎以éãåœæ°åŠæ ¡ãèšç«ãããæè²çã倧å¹
ã«åäžããã ããããæ¥æ¬ã®æè²ãåããå°æ¹Ÿäººã¯ã次第ã«èªããæ¥æ¬äººãšããŠèªèããæ¥æ¬ãå°æ¹Ÿäººã匷倧ã ãšèããŠãããã·ã¢ã«åã€ããšãã§ããããšã§ã圌ãã®åèªæèã¯å€§ããåäžããã ç¹ã«ãæŽä»£ã®å°æ¹Ÿç·ç£ã®ãã¡ã乿šåžå
ž(第3代ã1896.10.-1898.2.)ãå
çæºå€ªé(第4代ã1898.2.-1906.4.)ãåŸã«æç³å
äºé(第7代ã1918.6.-1919.10)ã¯æ¥é²æŠäºã§éèŠãªå°å®ã§ãããå
çæºå€ªéãåç·ææ®ã«åœãããªã©ããã
ãã€ãåžåœã¯1902幎ã«èŸ²å·¥æ¥ä¿è·æ¿çãšããŠé¢çšæ¹é©ã宿œããããšã§ããã€ãã«å¯Ÿãã蟲ç£ç©èŒžåºãç£æ¥ãšããŠãããã·ã¢åžåœãã¹ã€ã¹ãã«ãŒããã¢ããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã»ãã³ã¬ãªãŒåžåœã»ã欧å·è«žåœãšã®çŸçãªéå亀æžãå±éããŠããããæ¥é²æŠäºã«ãããã·ã¢åœå
æ
å¢ãç·è¿«åããããšã§ããã·ã¢ã®åŠ¥åãåŸãã
ã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯æ¥é²æŠäºã«åå©ããæ¥æ¬ãžã®è©äŸ¡ãæ¹ãã1905幎8æ12æ¥ã«ã¯ãããŸã§ã®æ¥è±åçãæ»å®åçã«åŒ·åãã(第äºåæ¥è±åçåçŽ)ããŸãæ¥é²æŠäºããã£ããã«æ¥é²é¢ä¿ãè±é²é¢ä¿ãæ¥éã«æ¹åããããããæ¥é²åçŽãè±é²ååãç· çµããã
ãã§ã«ç· çµãããŠããè±ä»ååãšããããŠãæ¬§å·æ
å¢ã¯æ¥é²æŠäºä»¥åã®è±ã»é²ä»ã»ç¬å¢ºäŒã®äžå¢åãéŒç«ããŠããç¶æ³ãããè±ä»é²ã®äžåœååãšç¬å¢ºäŒã®äžåœåçã®å¯Ÿç«ãžãšåãã£ããããããŠãã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ä»®æ³æµåœãæ¥é²æŠäºã®æåã«ããåœåãç²åŒãããã·ã¢ãããã€ãã«åãæ¿ãããã€ãã¯ã€ã®ãªã¹ãšã®å»ºèŠç«¶äºãæ¡å€§ããŠããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¯ããŒããã¹æ¡çŽã®ä»²ä»ã«ãã£ãŠæŒå€«ã®å©ãåŸãæºæŽ²ã«èªããé²åºããããšãäŒãã§ãããæ¥é²è¬ååŸã¯æºæŽ²ã§ãã·ã¢ããè²æž¡ãããæ±æž
é鿝ç·ãæ¥ç±³ååŒã§çµå¶ããäºååå®ãæ¡å
é£ãšæç«ãããŠãã(æ¡ã»ããªãã³åå®ã1905幎10æ12æ¥)ãããã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ééçããªãã³ãåç»ããããšãããã®ã§ãããªãã³ã®è³éé¢ã§ã®ååè
ãã¯ãŒã³ã»ããŒãããªãã¡ãžã§ã€ã³ãã»ã·ãåäŒã§ãã£ãããã®åå®ã¯ãå°æå€çžã®å察ã«ããããããŸç Žæ£ããããæ¥æ¬ãžå€åµãè¬åã§ååããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¯ãã®åŸããæ©äŒåçããæ²ããŠäžåœé²åºãæå³ããããææãšã¯éã«æ¥è±é²äžåœã«ããäžåœæš©çããç· ãåºãããŠããŸãçµæãšãªã£ãã
ã«ãŒãºãã«ã倧統é ã¯ãããŒããã¹æ¡çŽç· çµã«è³ãæ¥é²ã®å平亀æžãžã®è²¢ç®ãè©äŸ¡ãã1906幎ã®ããŒãã«å¹³åè³ãåè³ããããŸããã«ãŒãºãã«ãã¯æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®ãæŠå£«éããéžæµ·è»ã«æç§æžãšããŠé
åžããããããã圌ã®å¯Ÿæ¥ææ
ã¯ãã®åŸããæ¥éã«æªåããŠããã
æ¥æ¿ã«åœåãšååšæãé«ããé»è²äººçš®åœã§ããæ¥æ¬ãžã®äººçš®å·®å¥ææ
ã«ããããŠãäžåœå©æš©ããã®ç· ãåºãã«ããçŠããããã«æ¥æ¯è°·çŒæäºä»¶ã®éãæ¥æ¬ã®çŸ€è¡ã®æããè¬åãæ¡æããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãåããããŠæ±äº¬ã®é§æ¥ã¢ã¡ãªã«å
¬äœ¿é€šãªã©ã襲æã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ããããã«å¯ŸããŠã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®äžè«ã¯æ€æ
šããé»è²äººçš®ãžã®äººçš®å·®å¥ææ
ãããšã«ããé»çŠè«ãé«ãŸã£ãŠããã
ãããæ¥ç±³é¢ä¿ã®æ¥éãªæªåã«ããã第äºåæ¥è±åçåçŽã§æ¥æ¬ãšã®åçãæ»å®åçã®æ§æ Œã«åŒ·åããã°ããã®ã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãæ°ãã«å·»ãèµ·ãã£ãæ¥æ¬ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®å¯Ÿç«ã«å·»ã蟌ãŸããããšãæãå§ããã
ãŸããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã¯ãç±³åœã®çœäººè³äžäž»çŸ©ãšæŠã£ãŠããã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®æŽ»åå®¶ãã¡ã«åºæ¿ãäžããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®é»äººç€ŸäŒã«ãããŠãæ¥æ¬ãžã®èå³ãšç§°è³ãé£åž¯ãä¿ãèšèª¬ãå€ãè¡ãããã
æ¥é²æŠäºã®æŠå Žã§ãã£ãæºæŽ²ã¯æž
æã®äž»æš©äžã«ãã£ããæºæŽ²æ°æã«ããçæã§ããæž
ã¯å»ºåœä»¥æ¥ãç¶ç¥ã®å°ã§ããæºæŽ²ã«ã¯æŒ¢æ°æãå
¥ããªããšããå°çŠæ¿çãåããäžåœå
å°ã®ãããªç®ã®çްããè¡æ¿å¶åºŠãæ¡çšããªãã£ããéçºãæåéšã®éŒæ±ã»éŒè¥¿ãé€ãé²ãã§ããããããããããšãåå ãšãªã£ãŠ19äžçŽæ«ã®ãã·ã¢ã®é²åºã«å¯ŸããŠå¯Ÿå¿ãé
ããæ±æž
ééããã«ãã³ãã¯ãããšããæ€æ°éœåžã®å»ºèšãŸã§èš±ãããšãšãªã£ããããã«ã矩åå£ã®ä¹±ã®æ··ä¹±ã®äžã§æºæŽ²ã¯å®å
šã«ãã·ã¢ã«å¶å§ãããã1901幎ã®å京è°å®æžç· çµåŸããã·ã¢ã®æºæŽ²å æ ãç¶ããããã«ãåŒµä¹æŽãè¢äžå±ã¯æ±äžçã®è¡æ¿äœå¶ãå
å°ãšåäžãšãããªã©ã®çµ±æ²»åŒ·åã䞻匵ããããããæž
æã®å¯Ÿå¿ã¯é
ããããããŠãããã¡ã«æ¥é²äž¡åœãéæŠããèªåœã®é åã§ä»åœåå£«ãæŠããšããäºæ
ãšãªã£ãã
çµæŠåŸã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã¯åœåå±ããŠããæºæŽ²ã«ãããååœã®æ©äŒåçã®ååãç¿»ããæ¥é²ãå
±åããŠå©æš©ãåãåãããšãç»çãããããããç¶æ³ã«å±æ©æãã€ã®ãããæž
æã¯ãçŽé·ã»å±±æ±ããã®æŒ¢æ°æã®ç§»æ°ã奚å±ããŠäººå£å¯åºŠã®åäžã«åªããçµæŠã®ç¿ã
幎ã®1907幎ã«ã¯å
å°ãšåããçã»åºã»çãã«ããè¡æ¿å¶åºŠã確ç«ãããããæšèšã«ãããšã1880幎ãã1910幎ã«ãããŠãæ±äžçã®äººå£ã¯743äž4,000人ãã1,783äž6,000人ãŸã§å¢å ããŠãããããã«å幎ã«ã¯è¢äžå±ã®åæŽè»ã®äžéšãæºæŽ²ã«é§çããèŠå¯åã»é²è¡åãå¢åŒ·ãããšãšãã«ãæ¥é²ã®è¡åãžã®æ¯æ¢ãããããã
èŸäº¥é©åœã«ãã1912幎ã«å®£çµ±åžãéäœããè¢äžå±ãäžè¯æ°åœç¬¬2ä»£èšæå€§ç·çµ±ã«å°±ä»»ãããæ¥é²ã®æã€å©æš©ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è³æ¬ãå°å
¥ããŠçžäºã®å¢åãçœå¶ãããããšã§å¯Ÿæãå³ã£ãããè¢äžå±ã®å€±èãæ¥æ¬åŽã®å·¥äœããããããŸããããªãã£ãããŸãã1917幎ã®ãã·ã¢åžåœåŽ©å£åŸã¯æ¥æ¬ãäžæã«å©æš©ã®æ¶æ€ã«èµ°ãã1932幎ã«ã¯æºæŽ²åœã建åœãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã§æ¥æ¬ãæããŠæºæŽ²åœãæ»
亡ãããšã代ãã£ãŠäŸµæ»ããŠãããœé£ãé²é§ã«ä¹ããŠæ¥æ¬ã®æ®ããã€ã³ãã©ãæã¡å»ããæ
é ã»å€§é£ã®ç§åæš©ã䞻匵ãããäžè¯æ°åœããé åã奪ãåã£ãäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœããœé£ããæºæŽ²ãå®å
šã«è¿éãããã®ã¯1955幎ã®ããšã§ãããæ¥é²æŠäºãã50幎åŸã®ããšã§ãã£ãã
嫿ã¯ããä»ã§ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã«æ¥æ¬ãããããšã§ãçœäººã¯ã¢ãžã¢äººã軜èŠã§ããªããªã£ãŠãããã¢ãžã¢äººå
šäœã®åœéçå°äœãé«ããªã£ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
éæŠåã®å€§éåžåœã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬æŽŸãšãã·ã¢æŽŸã§ã®æ¿äºãç¶ç¶ããŠããããã®åŸãæ¥æ¬ã®æŠæ³åªå¢ãèŠãŠãæ±åŠå
ã®ç³»åããäžé²äŒã1904幎ã«èšç«ããã倧è¡å±€ã§ã®èŠªæ¥çç¬ç«éåãããæ¥æ¬ã®æ¯æŽãåããåéŠéåãžçºå±ããããã ãåœåã®äžé²äŒã®å
æ¯ã¯éåœã®èªäž»ç¬ç«ã§ãã£ãã
æŠäºåŸããã·ã¢ã«ããè
åšããªããªã£ãæé®®åå³¶ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®åœ±é¿ã絶倧ãšãªããã®ã¡ã«å€§éåžåœã¯ããŸããŸãªæš©å©ãæ¥æ¬ã«å§è²ããããšãšãªããããã«ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ä¿è·åœãšãªãã1910幎(ææ²»43幎)ã®æ¥éäœµåæ¡çŽã®ç· çµã«ããã倧éåžåœã¯å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœã«äœµåãããã
ã¢ã³ããã°ãã¯ãã·ã¢åŽã«ç«ã¡ã1905å¹Žæ¥æ¬ã«å®£æŠåžåããã·ã¢è»ãšãšãã«æŠããã矩åå
µãæºæŽ²ã«æŽŸé£ããŠããããããå®éã«ã¯æŠéã«åå ããªãã£ãããšããããã®å®£æŠåžåã¯ç¡èŠãããè¬åäŒè°ã«ã¯æãããªãã£ãããã®ããåœéæ³äžã¯ãã¢ã³ããã°ãå
¬åœã𿥿¬ã¯æŠäºãç¶ç¶ããŠãããšããå¥åŠãªç¶æ
ã«ãªã£ããã®ã¡ã«ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã§ã¯ãšãã«é£ååœãšããŠæŠãããšã«ãªã£ãããã¢ã³ããã°ãçåœã¯ãã®æäžã»ã«ãã¢çåœã«ãã£ãŠäœµåããã(ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çåœ)ããã®åŸãç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã«ãããŠã¯ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã𿥿¬ã¯æŠäºç¶æ
ã«ãªã£ããã1952幎ã«ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ç€ŸäŒäž»çŸ©é£éŠå
±ååœãšã®éã§æžç°¡ã亀ããããæ¥æ¬ãšãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®éã®æŠäºç¶æ
ã¯æ¥æ¬åœãšã®å¹³åæ¡çŽçºå¹ã®æ¥(1952幎4æ28æ¥)ããã£ãŠçµäºããããšãåæãããã
ããããã®åŸãã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ã(æ§åã»ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢é£éŠå
±ååœ)ããã¢ã³ããã°ããç¬ç«ããéã«ãã®åé¡ãåãäžãããããã¢ã³ããã°ãããã³ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ãã¯ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ç€ŸäŒäž»çŸ©é£éŠã®ç¶æ¿åœã§ãããšèªããããŠããããã¢ã³ããã°ããšæ¥æ¬ãšã®æŠäºç¶æ
ã«é¢ããæ¡çŽã¯äžåšã®ç¶æ
ãšãªã£ãã2006幎(å¹³æ18幎)2æ14æ¥ã«éŽæšå®ç·è¡è°é¢è°å¡ã¯ããäžä¹ãå幎ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ãçåœãæ¥æ¬ã«å¯ŸããŠå®£æŠãåžåãããšããäºå®ã¯ããããããŒããã¹è¬åäŒè°ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ãçåœã®ä»£è¡šã¯æãããããæ¥æ¬ãšã¢ã³ããã°ãçåœã®æŠäºç¶æ
ã¯ã©ã®ãããªæç¶ãããšã£ãŠçµäºããããããšã®å
容ã®è³ªåäž»ææžãæåºãããããã«å¯Ÿãæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯ããæ¿åºãšããŠã¯ãåä¹çŸå幎ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ãåœãæãåœã«å¯ŸããŠå®£æŠãåžåããããšãç€ºãæ ¹æ ããããšã¯æ¿ç¥ããŠããªããã¢ã³ããã°ãåœã®å
šæš©å§å¡ã¯ã埡ææã®ããŒããã¹ã«ãããŠè¡ãããè¬åäŒè°ã«åå ããŠããªããããšã®çåŒæžãåºããŠããã
2006幎6æ3æ¥ã®ã¢ã³ããã°ãç¬ç«å®£èšã«éããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯6æ16æ¥ã«ç¬ç«ãæ¿èªãå±±äžçåå€åå€§è£æ¿åå®ãç·çç¹äœ¿ãšããŠæŽŸé£ãããUPIé信瀟ã¯6æ16æ¥ãããªã°ã©ãŒãã®B92ã©ãžãªã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãåŒçšããç¹äœ¿ã¯ç¬ç«æ¿èªãš100幎以äžåã«åçºããæ¥é²æŠäºã®äŒæŠã®ééãè¡ãäºå®ãšå ±éããããã ãæ¥æ¬åœå€åçããã¯ãç¹äœ¿æŽŸé£å ±åãã¯ãããšããŠæ¥é²æŠäºãäŒæŠã«é¢é£ããæ
å ±ã¯åºãããŠããªã(åè:å€äº€äžã®çµçµãŸã§é·æã«ããã£ãæŠäºã®äžèЧ)ã
ãªããæ¥è±åçã®èŠå®ã«ãããåœæã®æ¥æ¬ã2ãåœä»¥äžãšæŠäºç¶æ
ã«ãªã£ãå Žåãã€ã®ãªã¹ã«ãåæŠçŸ©åãçããããšãšãªããä»®ã«æ¥æ¬ãã¢ã³ããã°ãã®å®£æŠåžåãç¡èŠããªãã£ãå Žåãããªãåä»ãªåé¡ãåŒãèµ·ããããšãšãªã£ãã
åœæãæ¬§ç±³ååŒ·ã®æ¯é
äžã«ãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã«ç¬ç«ããåœã
ã®æå°è
ãã¡ã®åé¡§é²ã«ãæè²äººçš®ã®å°åœãçœäººã®å€§åœã«åã£ããšããåäŸã®ãªãäºå®ããã¢ãžã¢ãã¢ããªã«ã®æ€æ°å°ã«ãªã£ãŠããå°åã®ç¬ç«ã®æ°æŠã«åŒŸã¿ãã€ãã人皮差å¥äžã«ãã£ã人ã
ãåæ°ã¥ããããšèšããããªã©ã欧米å匷ã«ããæ€æ°å°æä»£ã«ãããææ
šã®èšé²ãæ°å€ãèŠåããããã
ãŸããç¬¬äžæ¬¡ãšããªãã¢æŠäºã§ããšããªãã¢åžåœãã€ã¿ãªã¢çåœã«åå©ããå
äŸãããããããã¯è±ä»ã®å
šé¢çãªè»äºçæ¯æŽã«ãããã®ã§ãã£ãããã®ãããæ¥é²æŠäºã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã¯ãæè²äººçš®åœå®¶ç¬èªã®è»éã«ãããçœè²äººçš®åœå®¶ã«å¯Ÿããè¿ä»£åã®åå©ãšèšãã(ãã ã1804幎ã«ç¬ç«ãããã€ãã¯ããã¬ãªã³çãããã©ã³ã¹è»ãæéããŠäžçåã®é»äººå
±ååœãšãªã£ãŠãããæè²äººçš®ãçœäººã«åå©ããäžäŸã§ãã)ããŸãã絶察åäž»å¶(ãã¡ãŒãªãºã )ãç¶ããåœã«å¯Ÿããç«æ²åäž»åœã®åå©ãšããåŽé¢ããã£ãããããã«ããŠãæ¥é²æŠäºã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ãäžçã«åãŒãã圱é¿ã¯å€§ãããæ¥æ¥ããŠãããã€ãåžåœã®å»è
ãšã«ãŽã£ã³ã»ãã©ã³ã»ãã«ãã¯ãèªåã®æ¥èšã®äžã§æ¥é²æŠäºã®çµæã«ã€ããŠãç§ããã®æ¥èšãæžããŠããéã«ããäžçæŽå²ã®äžã®éèŠãª1ããŒãžã決å®ãããŠããããšæžããã
å®éã«ãæ¥é²æŠäºã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããã·ã¢ã®æ€æ°å°ã§ãã£ãå°åããšãŒããã諞åœã®æ€æ°å°ããã®ã»ãšãã©ãå ããŠããã¢ãžã¢ã§ç¹ã«ç¬ç«ã»é©åœéåãé«ãŸããæž
æã«ããã嫿ã®èŸäº¥é©åœããªã¹ãã³åžåœã«ãããé幎ãã«ã³é©åœãã«ãŒãžã£ãŒã«æã«ãããç«æ²é©åœãä»é ã€ã³ãã·ãã«ããããã¡ã³ã»ãã€ã»ãã£ãŠã®æ±ééåãè±é ã€ã³ãåžåœã«ãããã€ã³ãåœæ°äŒè°ã«ã«ã«ãã¿å€§äŒããªã©ã³ãé æ±ã€ã³ãã«ãããããã£ã»ãŠãã¢ãªã©ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããŠãããæ¥é²æŠäºç ç©¶ã§ç¥ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã®æŽå²åŠè
ããã ã»ã³ãŠããŒ(en:Rotem Kowner)ã¯ããçœäººã¯æã¡è² ãããããååšã§ãããšæãããæ¥é²æŠäºã®çµæã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã«ããããã¹ãŠã®åœæ°è§£æŸéåã«åœ±é¿ãäžããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ã€ã³ãã®ãã«ãŒã¯ããå°ããªæ¥æ¬ã倧ããªãã·ã¢ã«åã£ãããšã¯ãã€ã³ãã«æ·±ãå°è±¡ãå»ã¿ä»ãããæ¥æ¬ãæã匷倧ãªãšãŒãããã®äžåœã«å¯ŸããŠåã€ããšãã§ãããªãã°ãã©ãããŠãããã€ã³ãã«ã§ããªããšãããããããã ããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã«ãšã£ãŠåå€§ãªæãã§ãã£ããã€ã³ãã§ã¯æã
ãé·ããšããããŠããå£çæãåãé€ããŠãããããæ¥æ¬ã倧åœãã·ã¢ãç Žã£ãæãã€ã³ãå
šåœæ°ã¯éåžžã«åºæ¿ãåãã倧è±åžåœãã€ã³ãããæŸéãã¹ãã ãšããŠç¬ç«éåãå
šã€ã³ãã«åºãã£ãããã€ã³ã人ã¯ã€ã®ãªã¹äººã«å£çæããã£ãŠããããšãŒããã人ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã¯é
ããæã ããèªåãã¡ã®æ¯é
ãåããã®ã ãšèšã£ãŠããããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã®äººã
ã®å¿ãæã£ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããããã£ã³ãã©ã»ããŒã¹ã¯ãæ¥æ¥ã®æãæ¥æ¬ã®çãããä»ããåå幎åã«äžæ±æŽæ°æã§ããæ¥æ¬ãã匷倧åœã®ãã·ã¢ãšæŠã倧æãããŸããããã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãã€ã³ããžäŒãããšèå¥®ã®æ³¢ãå
šåãèŠããæ
é æ»ç¥ãæ¥æ¬æµ·æµ·æŠã®è©±é¡ã§æã¡ãããšãªããåäŸéã¯æ±é·å
垥ã乿šå€§å°ãå°æ¬ããŸããããšããã¡ãã»ãŒãžãæ¥æ¬åœæ°ã«éã£ãŠããã
ãã«ãã®ããŒã»ã¢ãŠã¯ããã¢ãžã¢ã®ç®èŠãã®çºç«¯ããŸãã¯ãã®çºç«¯ã®åºçºç¹ã§ãã£ãããšåæ³ããŠããããŠãŒã»ãªãã¿ã(è±èªç)ã¯ããæ¥æ¬ããªãèæžãåè¡ãããæ¥æ¬ã®èéãšæŠåã®åå ã¯ææ²»å€©çãäžå¿ã«ããŠé幎ãå£çµããŠèµ·ã£ãããã ããããããä»éã®æããäžå¿ã«é幎ãå£çµã決起ããã°ãå¿
ãç¬ç«ãåã¡åãããšãã§ããããé·å¹Žã®ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®æ¡æ¢ããéããã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã«é Œã以å€ã«ãªãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ãã£ãªãã³ã§ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã®ç¬ç«ãç®æãé©åœè»ç·åžä»€å®ãªã«ã«ãããäžè¬åº¶æ°ã«è³ããŸã§ãæ¥é²æŠäºãç¬ç«ã®å¥œæ©ãšæããæ¥æ¬æµ·æµ·æŠã§ã®æ¥æ¬ã®åå ±ã«æ¥ããããæ°è¡ã¯ãããç¥çŠããæšæ¶ã亀ãåããããã©ã§ã¯æè¡åãŸã§è¡ãããã
ã¢ãŒã«ãã€ãžã£ã³ã®ææ³å®¶ã»ã¿ãŒã¬ããã¯ãã人çã®è«žåé¡ãã«ãããŠããæ¥æ¬ã®çåžã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®çãã¡ã«ããææ¬ãæäŸãããããçãã¡ãç©çãé»éãã¡ãã°ããçå®®ã§ã®å®ç ã®ä»£ããã«ããã®æéãå°ãã§ãçåœå
ã®è«žåé¡ã®è§£æ±ºãšãåœæ°ã®çŠç¥ãšãèããããã«è²»ãããªãã°ã圌ãã¯ãã£ãšå€©çã®æ¹çãæš¡å£ããããšã«ãªãããšèšããŠãå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœæ²æ³ãæ²èŒããããŸããæ¥æ¬ãšã®åçãæ¥æ¬è»å°æ ¡ã®æèãæ±ãã声ãäžãã£ãŠããã
ã€ã©ã³ã®è©©äººããã»ã€ã³ã»ã¢ãªãŒã»ã¿ãŒãžã§ã«ã»ã·ãŒã©ãŒãºã£ãŒã¯ãææ²»å€©çãç§°ããããã«ãã»ããŒã¡(倩çã®æž)ããåºçããåäºè©©ã®åœ¢ã§ææ²»å€©çã®å³äœããææ²»ç¶æ°ãè¿ä»£æ¹é©ãæ¥æž
æŠäºãäžåœå¹²æžããããŠæ¥é²æŠäºãŸã§ãèªã£ãŠãããç«æ²äœå¶äžã®æ¥æ¬ãäžçã«æ°ããå
ãæããããé·ãç¡ç¥ã®æéãé§éãããšæ¥æ¬ãè³çŸããã
ã€ã©ã³ã§ã¯ããã·ã¢ãªã©ã®é²åºãåãã匱äœã¶ããé²åããã¬ãŒãžã£ãŒã«æã«ããã驿°çãªéåãå°é ããããããããéåãå°é ããã®ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ããã·ã¢ã«åå©ãåããããšãé¢é£ããŠãããæ¥æ¬ããã·ã¢ã«åå©ãåãããšããäºå®ã¯ãå€ãã®ã€ã©ã³äººã«å€é©ãžã®æ¬²æ±ãããããããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã®åå ã«ã€ããŠã€ã©ã³äººãèããããšã¯ãç«æ²åœå®¶(æ¥æ¬)ã®éç«æ²åœå®¶(ãã·ã¢)ã«å¯Ÿããåå©ã§ãããæ²æ³ãããæ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã®ç§èš£ãšããçµè«ã«è³ããæ²æ³ãå¿
èŠã ãšèããã€ã©ã³äººãã¡ã¯ããã«ãŒããŒã³(æ²æ³)ãã«ãŒããŒã³ããšå«ãã§æ²æ³ãèŠæ±ããã€ã©ã³ç«æ²é©åœã®éåãžãšåºãã£ãã
ãã«ã·ã¢ã®éèªãããã©ã«ã»ãã¿ã³ã(1912幎8æ)ã¯ãææ²»å€©çã®åŽ©åŸ¡ãåããŠããæ¥æ¬å
åžéäžã¯ãã·ã¢ãæç ŽããåŸãã¢ãžã¢å
šè¬ã«ç«æ²ææ³ãæ®åããããæ¥æ¬ã®ç«æ²æ¿äœã«å£ã£ãæåã®åžåœã¯ãã«ã·ã£ã§ãããããã«ãã«ã³ãæåŸã«æž
åœãã€ã¥ããããããããã®äžåžåœã¯çµå§ãã·ã¢ã®å§è¿«ãåšåãåããå°å¶åäž»åœã§ãããã·ã¢ã«é
æ
®ããŠç«æ²ã¯äžå¯èœã ã£ããããããã«æ¥æ¬å
åžéäžã¯å
šã¢ãžã¢ã«å¯Ÿããè§£æŸã®ç¥ã§ãããã¢ãžã¢ã®çã®ä»æµè
ã§ãããšæèšããããšãã§ããããšããè«èª¬ãæ²èŒããã
ãã«ã³ã§ã¯ãæ¥é²æŠäºäžãäžã¯çåžããäžã¯åº¶æ°ãŸã§ãæ¥æ¬ã«å£°æŽãéããèµ€ååç€Ÿãæ°è瀟ãéããæ¥æ¬ã«å¯ä»éãéããã®ãå€ããããªãã»ãšãã£ãã»ã¢ãã¥ãŽã¡ã«ã¯ãæ±é·å€§å°ã«ã¡ãªã¿ã次ç·ãããµã³ã»ãã¯ã¡ããã©ãŒã»ããŒãŽãŒãšåä»ãããªã©ããã«ã³ã§ã¯æ¥é²æŠäºã§æŽ»èºããæ±é·å°è»ã乿šå°è»ã®ååãã人åãéãã®ååã«ä»ããããŠãããçŸåšã§ãã€ã¹ã¿ã³ããŒã«ã«ã¯ãããŒãŽãŒéããããã®éãããããã
ãšãžããã®æ¿æ²»å®¶ã»ã ã¹ã¿ãã¡ãŒã»ã«ãŒãã«(è±èªç)ã¯ããæ¥æ¬äººããããšãŒãããã«èº«ã®ã»ã©ããããŸããããŠãã£ãå¯äžã®æ±æŽäººã§ããããšããããæã倪éœããšããæ¥æ¬ç޹仿žãèããããæã倪éœããšãã衚çŸã«ã¯ãšãžããç¬ç«ãžã®æåŸ
ãåžæã蟌ããããŠãããã€ã®ãªã¹ããã®ãšãžããã®å®å
šç¬ç«ãéæããããã«æ¥æ¬ããæèšãåŸãããšããèãã®ããšãææ²»ã®æ¥æ¬ã®çºå±ã®ç§è«ãæ¥æ¬äººã®æåœå¿ãšããããæ¯ããæè²ãæ¿æ²»ãçµæžãªã©ã®è«žå¶åºŠã«ãããšäž»åŒµããããŸãã詩人ã®ããŒãã£ãºã»ã€ãã©ãã (è±èªç)ã¯ãéãæã£ãŠæŠãèœããããç ²ç«é£ã³æ£ãæŠãã«èº«ãæºããå·ç
å
µã«å°œããã¯ããåãããšãæ¥æ¬ã®åŸè»çè·å©Šãç§°ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ä¹å¥³ããšããè©©ãäœã£ãã
ãªããæ¥é²æŠäºã§ã®æ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã¯ãåœæãã·ã¢ã®æ¯é
äžã«ãã£ããã£ã³ã©ã³ãããåã°ããæ±é·å¹³å
«éã®åãç¥ãæž¡ããæ±é·ããŒã«ããªãããŒã«ã補é ããããšã®éžè©±ãããããããã¯èªåŒµãªãã誀ãã§ãããå®éã«ãã£ã³ã©ã³ãã®ããŒã«äŒç€Ÿã補é ãããæ±é·ããŒã«ãã¯ãå
š24çš®ã®ã©ãã«ããããæç£ããŒã«(Amiraali Olut)ãã®ãã¡ã®ã²ãšã€ã«ãããªãããã®æç£ããŒã«ã«ã¯ãæ±é·å¹³å
«é以å€ã«ãå±±æ¬äºåå
ããããŠãã·ã¢æµ·è»ã®æç£ã®èåã䜿ãããŠããã
æ¥æ¬ããã·ã¢çåžãã³ã©ã€2äžã«å¯Ÿã宣æŠåžåãããªããŸãŸæ
é æž¯ã®ãã·ã¢æ
é èŠéã襲æããããšããã1907幎ã®äžåœå¹³åäŒè°ã§ã¯éæŠã«é¢ããæ¡çŽåµèšã®èšè°ãè¡ãããããŸãããŒã°éžæŠæ¡çŽã®æ¹èšãè¡ããããæ¥æ¬ã¯åæ¹ã«çœ²åãã1911幎ã®ç¬¬2次æ¡å
é£æã«æ¹åãã(æ¥æ¬ã«ãããå¹åçºçã¯1912幎)ã
æºæŽ²ãžã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«é²åºãèŠæããæ¥é²äž¡åœã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«æ¥è¿ããã1907å¹Žãæ¥é²äž¡åœã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡æ¥é²åçŽãç· çµããçžäºã®æš©çãä¿å
šãããšããåæãç· çµããã以éãæ¥é²é¢ä¿ã¯æµå¯Ÿé¢ä¿ãã倧ãã転æããŠã»ãšãã©åçç¶æ
ã«è¿ããã®ãšãªã£ãããããããã·ã¢é©åœã®åçºãšãã®åŸã®ãœããšãé£éŠã®æç«ã«ãã£ãŠãã®é¢ä¿ã¯åŽ©å£ããããšã«ãªãã
1906幎4æ29æ¥ã«ç¹æ®åæãšããŠã1é5åã3éã®åæãçºè¡ãããã
ãCategory:æ¥é²æŠäºã顿ãšããäœåããåç
§ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%B2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89
|
6,025 |
å京åž
|
å京åž(ããã³ããäžåœèª: å京åžãæŒé³: BÄijÄ«ngshìãè±èª: Municipality of Beijing)ã¯ãäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœã®éŠéœã
è¡æ¿åºç»äžã¯çŽèœåžã§ãããäžåœã®è¯åã®äžå€®ã«äœçœ®ãããåžžäœäººå£ã¯2184.3äž(2022幎æ«)ãäžåœã®æ¿æ²»ã®äžæ¢ã§ãããäžæµ·ãšäžŠã¶çµæžã»åŠè¡ã»æåã®äžå¿å°ã§ãããã¢ãžã¢å±æã®äžçéœåžãå€ãã¯ç京ãäžéœã倧éœãåå¹³ãªã©ãšãåŒã°ããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯äžè¬çã«ãããã³ããšèªãããã®èªã¿ã¯äžåœåéšã®æ¹èšã®åé³ã«ç±æ¥ããæŽå²çãªèªã¿æ¹ã§ããã1906幎å¶å®ã®éµæ¿åŒã¢ã«ãã¡ããã衚èšã§ãPekingãšè¡šèšãããŠããã
äžåœã®å
±éèªã§ããæ®é話ã§ã¯ã BÄijÄ«ng ãšçºé³ããã«ã¿ã«ãã«è»¢èšãããšããã€ãã³ããè±èªã§ã¯ Beijing ãšè¡šèšãã [beɪËdÊɪÅ] ( é³å£°ãã¡ã€ã«)ããã€ãžã³ããšçºé³ããŠãããåœé£ãå京åžã®å
¬åŒãµã€ãã«ãããŠããBeijing ãè±èªã®åç§°ãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããããã 以åã¯è±èªåã§ãPekingãããŒãã³ããšãã衚èšãå€çšããŠããããšããããå京倧åŠãè±èªã§ Peking University ãšè¡šèšãããªã©ããã®åæ®ãæ®ããŠããã
æºæŽ²èªã§ã¯ãã®ã³(æºæŽ²æå:á ªá¡á¡€á¡³á ©ãã¡ã¬ã³ãã«ã転å: beging)ãŸãã¯ã²ã ã³ã»ããã§ã³(á¡€á¡á ®á¡ á šá¡¥á¡á Žá¡á šã転å:gemun hecenãã京åãã®æ)ãã®ã³ã»ããã§ã³(á¡€á¡³á ©á¡¥á¡á Žá¡á šã転å:ging hecen)ãšåŒã°ããŠããã
æ±æžæä»£ã®æžç©(æ±åæãé·åŽè«çŒé¡ããªã©)ã§ã¯ããå京ãã®ãµãããªã¯ãã»ã€ãã(çºé³ã¯ãããã³)ããšãªã£ãŠããã幞ç°é²äŒŽã®å°èª¬ãéåœãã§ã¯èªã¿ã挢é³ã§ãã»ãããããšããŠããã諞æ©èœæ¬¡ã倧挢åèŸå
žãã§ã¯ãã»ããããããºãããã®äºã€ã®èªã¿ã䜵èšããŠããããã»ã£ããããšãèšãã
çŽå
å11äžçŽé ããçŽå
å222å¹Žãæ¥ç§æŠåœæä»£äžæã«çŸåšã®å京ã«ã¯ãè(äžåœèªç)(ãã)ããšãã諞䟯åœãšç§°ããããçãæ»
ãŒãèãžé·éœãããåšã®åœéœæŽéœããã¯é ãé¢ããåžžã«åæ¹ã®å奎ãªã©ã®éç§æ°æã®äŸµå
¥ã«ãã被害ãåãã蟺å¢ã§ãã£ããçã¯åèŸã楜æ¯
ãªã©ã®åå°ã«ãã£ãŠæãæ»ãã70äœåãåã£ããæããç§Šã¯ç翊ãçããéŠéœã®èã¯çŽå
å226幎ã«ç§Šã«ãã£ãŠé¥èœããã秊挢ã«ã¯åå¹³(ã»ããžãããã€ãã³ BÄipÃng)ãšç§°ãããããæºæŽ²éçºãé²ã¿ãé«å¥éºãªã©åšèŸºåœã®å¢åã匷倧ãšãªããšãæŠç¥äžããŸã亀æäžã®éèŠãªæ ç¹ãšããŠéèŠãããããã«ãªã£ãã4äžçŽã«ã¯é«å¥éºã幜å·å°åãåŸæããå京äžåž¯ãæ¯é
ãããå京ã«é£æ¥ããæ²³åæ¶¿é¡(ãããã)ã¯äžåœå¿ã®è±éååã®æ
é·ã§ç¥ããããšãšãã«éã®ç
¬åžãç¯ãã倧鿲³ã®åã®èµ·ç¹ãšãããŠããã
åæ«äºä»£ã®éšä¹±æãå
ã¢ã³ãŽã«ããåäžããŠããéŒã¯ãåŸæã«å¯Ÿãè»äºæ¯æŽãè¡ã£ã代åãšããŠåäº¬å°æ¹ãå«ãçé²åå
å·ãå²è²ããããéŒã¯ãã®éœåžãå¯éœã®äžã€å京(å¥å:ç京)ãšå®ããã
ãã®åŸéãéŒãæ»
ãŒããŠæ¯é
æš©ãç²åŸãããã1153幎ã«ç¬¬4代çåžæµ·éµçãäŒå¯§ããé·éœãè¡ã£ãŠäžéœãšãããççµ±ã®åè°(å®åŽã§ã¯ç޹èã®åè°)ã«ãã£ãŠãéã®æ²³åæ¯é
ã確å®ãããšããããŸã§ã®äŒå¯§ã§ã¯åã«åããããŠããããšã倧ããªèŠå ãšã¿ããããŸãåãããŠäžåœåŒã®å®å¶æ¹é©ãªã©ãè¡ããããæµ·éµçã¯æ¿å€ã§æ»
ãŒãããããã¢ã³ãŽã«åžåœã®äŸµæ»ãŸã§éœåãååšããã
ã¢ã³ãŽã«åžåœã®ããŒã³äœãå·¡ãäºãã«åå©ããŠãå
çæãäºå®äžåµå»ºããããã©ã€ã»ãã³ã¯ã1264幎ã«ç京ãäžéœãšãã1270幎ã«ã¯ããã倧éœãšæ¹ããŠãã«ã©ã³ã«ã ã«ä»£ãã£ãŠã¢ã³ãŽã«åžåœã®äžå¿ãšãããããã©ã€ã¯åŸæ¥ã®äžéœã®åæ±ã«æ°ããªéœå(ã«ã³ããªã¯)ãç¯ãããšã«ãã1266幎ããå§ãŸã£ãå·¥äºã¯1274幎ã«å®®æ®¿ãã1276幎ã«ã¯åå£ã宿ããããæŽã«1293幎ã«ã¯éæµæ²³ãééãããŠå€§éœãšå€§éæ²³ãã€ãªããããã ããå
çæã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«åžåœã®èŠçŽ ãåŒãç¶ãã åœå®¶ã§ãããå
ã®çåž(ããŒã³)ã¯å€ã®éã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«é«åã«è¿ãéå¹³(äžéœ)ã«ãå¬ã®éã¯å€§éœã«å±
äœãããäž¡éœå·¡è¡å¶ããæ¡çšããã
æ±å
ç(措æŠåž)ãå
æãåæ¹ã«é§éãæãæç«ãããšãåç§°ã¯åå¹³ã«æ»ãããéœåã¯å京ã«å®ãããããããããççã«å°ãããåå¹³ãæ ç¹ãšããæ±æ££(åŸã®æ°žæ¥œåž)ã¯ã1402幎ã«å»ºæåžã«å¯Ÿãè»äºæ»æãè¡ãæ¿æš©ã奪å(éé£ã®å€)ãçåžã«å³äœããæ°žæ¥œåžã¯1403幎ã«å°åãåäº¬ã«æ¹ããŠå京ã®å¿å€©åºã«å¯ŸããŠé 倩åºãšåœåãé·éœãåæãšããå€§èŠæš¡ãªå·¥äºãéå§ããã1406幎ããæºåãå§ãŸã£ã宮殿ã®å·¥äºã®æºåã¯ç©è³æ¬éã®ããã®å€§éæ²³ã®æŽåãšå¹³è¡ããŠè¡ãããå®éã®å®®æ®¿ã®å·¥äºãè¡ãããã®ã¯1417幎ã«å
¥ã£ãŠããã§ãã£ããããããæå»·å
éšã«ã¯æŽªæŠåžã®ç¥æ³ãèŠããã®æ¹éã«å察è«ãæ ¹åŒ·ããæ°žæ¥œåžã3床ã«ãããå京巡è¡ãçµãŠã1421å¹Žã®æè³ã«åãããŠé·éœãå®è¡ãããããããå察è«ãçŽãŸãããšç¡ããæ°žæ¥œåžã®åŸãç¶ãã æŽªçåžã¯1425幎ã«å京ãžã®ééœã宣èšããŠãå京ã¯ãããŸã§ã®ãè¡åšããšããããããããæŽªçåžãéããªã厩埡ããããšã§ééœèšç»ã¯äžæããããã ããééœã®äžæ¢ãæ£åŒã«çºè¡šãããã®ã¯æ£çµ±åžã®æä»£ã«å
¥ã£ã1441幎ã®ããšã§ãããé·éœã®çç±ãšããŠã¯ççãšããŠã®æ°žæ¥œåžã®æ ¹æ å°ã§ãããšå
±ã«ã1éé£ã®å€ã§é¡åšåããæ¿æ²»ç察ç«ãçµæžçæ Œå·®ã®è§£æ¶ãå³ããååçµ±äžãã®å®çŸã®ããã«éèŠãããã¹ãè¯åå°åã®äžå¿ã§ãã£ãããšã2å
(ã¢ã³ãŽã«åžåœ)ã®ç»å Žã«ãã£ãŠåºãã£ãæ°ããªäžè¯äžçã®äž»ãšããŠè¿«ããããè¯å€·äžçµ±ããå®çŸãããããã«èŸ²èå°åãšéç§ã»ç©çå°åã®å¢çç·äžã«ããåäº¬ãæ°ããéœåã®æåšå°ãšããŠçžå¿ããã£ããšããæ¿æ²»çã»çµæžçç®çãäž»ã§ãã£ããšèããããŠããããªããå京é·éœã®äžå ãšããŠã¢ã³ãŽã«ã«å¯Ÿããåããšããè»äºçç®çãææãããŠããããæ°žæ¥œåžãå³äœããçŽåŸã®åæ¹æ
å¢ã¯æ·±å»ã§ã¯ç¡ãããããé·éœã®æ£åœåã®ããã®åŸä»ãã®çç±ã ã£ããã®ããç¶æ³ã®å€åã«äŒŽã£ãŠçåžèŠªåŸãå¿
èŠã«ãªãæ·±å»ãªãã®ã«ãªã£ãå¯èœæ§ãææãããŠãããæçæã«ãããè¯å€·äžçµ±ãã®å®çŸã®è©Šã¿ã¯åå°äœå¶ã®åèãšãã圢ã§å®çŸãããå京ã¯å€ãã®æè²¢äœ¿ç¯ãæ¥èšªããããã«ãªã£ãã
1644幎ãæèªæã®åä¹±è»ãæãæ»
ãŒããšããã®ééãçªããŠæºæŽ²ããæž
ãåäžãããŠå京ãå é ãããå京ã«å
¥åããæž
ã®ææ¿çãã«ãŽã³ã¯ãå京é·éœãèšç»ããç京ã«ããé æ²»åžãè¿ãå
¥ããŠãå幎10æ1æ¥ã«å京é·éœã宣èšããããã«ãŽã³ã¯æž
ã¯ç°æ°æçæã§ããããéè³ã§ããæèªæãäŒã£ãŠåŸç¶çæã«ãªã£ããšããäžåœæ¯é
ã®å€§çŸ©ååãæ²ããŠããããããåŒãç¶ãæå³ã§ãå京ã«éœãåŒãç¶ãå¿
èŠããã£ãããã ããæºæŽ²æã®æ¬æ å°ã§ããç京ã«ãäŸç¶ãšããŠæ©èœã®äžéšãæ®ããŠããã
1911幎ã®èŸäº¥é©åœåŸã¯äžè¯æ°åœåæŽæ¿åºã¯å京ãéŠéœãšå®ãããæž
宀åªåŸ
æ¡ä»¶ãç· çµãããã1928幎ã«è£ä»ç³ãäžå¿ãšããåœæ°æ¿åºã¯ãå京ãéŠéœã«å®ãã6æã«ã¯ãæ¿åºçŽèœå°åããæå³ããçŽé·çãæ²³åçãžãåã®éŠéœãæå³ããå京ãåå¹³ãžãšãæ¹ç§°ããã1937幎ãã1945幎ãŸã§ç¶ããæ¥æ¬è»å é æã¯å京ã®åç§°ãçšãããã(å
¬åŒã«ã¯1940å¹Žã«æ¹å)ã1945å¹Žã®æ¥æ¬ã®ææŠã«ãã£ãŠãåã³åå¹³ã«æ¹ç§°ãããã
1949幎10æ1æ¥ã®äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœæç«ã«ããæ°äžåœã®éŠéœãšãããåå¹³ã¯åã³åäº¬ãšæ¹ç§°ããçŸåšã«è³ã£ãŠãããããããäžè¯æ°åœ(å°æ¹Ÿ)ã¯ãäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœã®ååšãæ¿èªãããå京ãå
¬åŒãªéŠéœãšããŠå€§éžå°åºãžã®çµ±æ²»æš©ã䞻匵ããçŸåšã§ãå
¬åŒåç§°ãšããŠãåå¹³ãã®åç§°ãçšããŠãããããããªãããçŸåšã¯ãå京åœå±ããšããåç§°ã§ãå京ããçšããäŸãããã
å京ã¯è¯åå¹³åã®æ±å端ã«äœçœ®ãããæ±éšã¯å±±å°ã西éšã¯å€ªè¡å±±èæ¯èã®è¥¿å±±ãåéšã¯ç山山èäžéšã®è»éœå±±ã«æ¥ããŠãããåéšä»¥å€ã¯å±±ã«å²ãŸããŠããŠå
šåžåã®çŽ62%ãå±±å°ãå ããŠãããåäº¬ã®æé«å³°ã¯äžéã®é·åãå»¶ã
ãšç¶ããŠããåéšå±±èã«ããæ±éå±±ã§ãããå京åžè¡å°ã¯ãããã山岳å°åã«å²ãŸããçå°ã®äžã«ããããã®å¹³åæµ·æã¯20ã60mã§ãããæµ·æ²³æµåã«å±ããæ°žå®æ²³ãæœ®çœæ²³ãªã©ãæµãããããããã®æ²³å·ã«ã¯æ®æ®µæ°ŽãæµããŠãããæ°Žäžè¶³ãæ·±å»ã«ãªã£ãŠãããé¢ç©ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ååœã«çžåœããããŸãã¢ã³ãŽã«åéšã§çºçããé»ç ã«åºŠã
èŠèãããã
ã±ããã³ã®æ°ååºåã§ã¯ããã€ãŠã¯äºå¯åž¯å¬å£å°éšæ°å(Dwa)ã«å±ããŠããããææ°ã®å¹³å¹Žå€ã§ã¯ã¹ãããæ°å(BSk)ã«ç§»è¡ãããæ°æž©ã®å¹ŽèŒå·®ã倧ããããŸããæ¥ãšç§ã¯ãšãŠãçããæ¥ã¯ä¹Ÿç¥ããŠããŠåŒ·ãç åã®é¢šãç«ã€ãå€ã¯é«æž©å€æ¹¿ãšãªããé§ãéãéããæ¥ãæ¯èŒçå€ãéšã¯å°ãªããç§ã«ã¯éšãããå¢ãããå€ç«ãªã©ç¹å®ã®æå»ã«éäžçã«éãããšãå€ããå¬ã¯äœæž©ä¹Ÿç¥ã§å³ãã坿³¢ã襲ããã也ç¥ã®ããéªã¯ããã»ã©ã¯éããªãã1981~2010幎平幎å€ã§ã¯1æã®å¹³åæ°æž©ã-3.1床ã7æã®å¹³åæ°æž©ã26.7°Cãå¹Žå¹³åæ°æž©ã12.9°Cãå¹Žéæ°Žéã¯532.0mmã§ãããæé«æ°æž©æ¥µå€ã¯41.9°C(1999幎7æ24æ¥)ã§æäœæ°æž©æ¥µå€ã¯-27.4°C(1966幎2æ22æ¥)ã
äžéšã«ã¯16åžèœåºã管èœããã
å京åžã®äººå£ã¯2000äžäººãçªç Žãã2014幎ã«ã¯2152äžäººãšãªã£ããæžç±äººå£1,755äžäºº(2009幎æ«)ããŸãã§ãä»ã«å
¬å®æ©é¢(èŠå¯)ã«äžæäœå±
ç»é²ããŠããæµå人å£ã364.9äžäººãéœå¿äººå£ã917.61äžäºº(2008幎12æ)ãããæ§æã¯96%ãæŒ¢æ°æã§ãæ®ã4%ã¯55ã®å°æ°æ°æã§æ§æãããŠããã
éœåžçå°åã®äººå£ã¯1,395äžäººã§ãããäžç第16äœã§ããã
2014幎ã®å京åžã®åžå
ç·çç£ã¯çŽ2å
1320åå
ã§ãããäžæµ·åžã«æ¬¡ãã§äžåœæ¬å第2äœã§ããã2014幎ã®å京éœåžåã®ç·çç£ã¯4811åãã«ã§ãããäžç11äœã®çµæžèŠæš¡ãæããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã·ã³ã¯ã¿ã³ã¯ã2020幎ã«çºè¡šããç·åçãªäžçéœåžã©ã³ãã³ã°ã«ãããŠããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ããã³ãã³ãããªãæ±äº¬ã«æ¬¡ãäžç5äœã®éœåžãšè©äŸ¡ãããç¹ã«ããžãã¹æŽ»åã®åéã§ã¯ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã«æ¬¡ãã§é«ãè©äŸ¡ãåããã2022幎9æã®ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ã·ã³ã¯ã¿ã³ã¯ã«ãããšãäžç8äœã®éèã»ã³ã¿ãŒã§ãããäžåœã§ã¯éŠæž¯ãäžæµ·ã«æ¬¡ã3äœã§ããã ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãã°ããŒããªãŒãŒã·ã§ã³ãšäžçéœåžç ç©¶ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã(GaWC)ã2020幎ã«å
¬è¡šããéèãäŒèšãæ³åŸãåºåãçµå¶ã³ã³ãµã«ã¿ã³ããªã©ããžãã¹åéã察象ãšããäžçéœåžæ Œä»ãã«ãããŠãæé«å³°ã®ãã³ãã³ãšãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®2éœåžã«æ¬¡ããããªãæ±äº¬ãšåãã"ã¢ã«ãã¡+"çŽäžçéœåžãšããŠéžå®ãããã2013幎ããã¯ãã©ãŒãã¥ã³ã»ã°ããŒãã«500ã«ãããŠã¯ãæ±äº¬ãè¶
ããŠäžçã§æãå€§äŒæ¥ã®æ¬ç€Ÿãéç©ããŠããéœåžãšã®è©äŸ¡ãåããŠããã2015幎ã«ã¯ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ããã·ã¢ã®ã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ãè¶
ããŠäžçã§æãåäžé·è
ãå€ãéœåžãšãªã£ãã
å京åžçµ±èšå±ãå
¬è¡šãã2010幎ã®å
šåŸæ¥å¡ã®å¹³åè³éã¯å¹Ž50,415å
(çŽ63äžå)ã§ãããæåœããã ãš4,201å
(çŽ5äžå)ã§ããããŸãã2012å¹Žã®æäœè³éåºæºã¯1æéåœãã7.2å
(çŽ90å)ãæåœãã1,260å
(çŽ1äž6000å)ã§ãããäžæ¹ãéå
šæ¥å¶å°±æ¥åŽåè
ã®1æéãããæäœè³éã¯14å
(çŽ170å)ã§ããã
å京åžã¯ããã€ãã¯æ°å¶äŒæ¥ãç ç©¶éçºæ ç¹ãäžåœããžãã¹ã®çµ±æ¬æ ç¹ãšããŠã®çºå±ãç®æããã®ãšèŠããããç£æ¥æ§é ã§ã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç£æ¥ãžã®äŸåãé«ãã2003幎GDPã®61.4%ãç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç£æ¥ã§ããäžæ¹ãç¬¬äºæ¬¡ç£æ¥ã®æ¯çã¯36.0%ã§ãç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç£æ¥ã«è³ã£ãŠã¯ããã2.6%ã«éããªããã¡ãªã¿ã«äžåœå
šäœã§ã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç£æ¥ã®æ¯çã¯32.3%ã§ãäžæµ·ã§ã48.4%ã§ãããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯å€è³äŒæ¥ã®ç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç£æ¥ã§ã®é²åºãå éããŠãããåžäžå¿éšã§ã¯ãCBDæ§æ³(å京CBDèšç»)ãçã
ãšé²ããªã©ãå京åžã¯äžæµ·ãšäžŠã¶äžåœããžãã¹ã®çµ±æ¬æ ç¹ãšããŠã®åœ¹å²ã匷ããŠããããã®ä»ãå京åžã¯ç°æž€æµ·çµæžåã京接åéœåžçµæžåã«ãããäžå¿éœåžãšããŠãåšèŸºå°åãšã®çµæžçãªå調ãå³ããªããå¹çæ§ã®é«ãçºå±ãå¿åãããã®ãšã¿ãããã ãŸããå京ã«ã¯å€ãã®å€§åŠã»ç ç©¶æ©é¢ãéäžããŠãããå€ãã®åªç§ãªäººæã瀟äŒãžãšå·£ç«ã£ãŠããã
æ
å®®ã®è¥¿åŽã«é£æ¥ããäžåæµ·ã«ã¯æé«é å°äºº(æé«æå°è
)ã®å±
äœå°ãäžåœå
񇜆
ã®æ¬éšãšäžå€®æ¿åºã®åœåé¢ãªã©ãæåšãã人æ°å€§äŒå ã§ã¯æé«æš©åæ©é¢ã§ããå
šåœäººæ°ä»£è¡šå€§äŒãæ¯å¹Žéå¬ãããŠããã
äžéšæŠåºåžä»€éšæåšå°ã§ãããéŠéœèŠåã®ä»»ã«ãããè¡æéšé3ååž«å£ãåžå
ã«é§å±¯ãããåœéçãªåœå¢èŠåã®ä»»ã«ãããäžæµ·ååæ©æ§ã®æ¬éšãæåšããã
1960幎代 - 70幎代ã«è¡ã®äº€éã®é害ã«ãªããšããçç±ã§ãæä»£ã®å
åã®åå£ãæ€å»ãããããã®è·¡ã«ã¯æ°ãã«ç§»åã®å€§åèãšããŠäžåšçŽ32kmã®ç¬¬äºç°ç¶ç·ãç¯ãããŠããããã®å€åŽã«ããã«3ã€ã®ç°ç¶ç·ãæ·ãããŠãããçŸåš6ã€ã®ç°ç¶éè·¯ãééã第7ç°ç¶éè·¯ã¯çŸåšèšç»äžã§ãããããã«ç°ç¶2å·ç·ããæŸå°ç¶ã«12ã®åœéãåœå
åå°ã«ã®ã³ããå京ãã倩接ãçµç±ããŠã枀海沿岞ã®å¡æ²œãŸã§ãªã©ã6æ¬ã®é«ééè·¯ã建èšãããã
2010幎ãå京ã§ã¯ãèªåè»ã®ç»é²å°æ°ã1幎ã§75äžå°è¶
ãå¢ãã470äžå°ãçªç ŽããŠãããèªåè»ã®æ®åã«éè·¯ãé§è»å Žãªã©ã€ã³ãã©æŽåã远ãã€ãããæžæ»ãæ·±å»åããŠããã8æã®ç±³èªãã©ãŒãªã³ã»ããªã·ãŒã®èšäºã§ã¯ãäžçã§æãäº€éæžæ»ãæ·±å»ãªéœåžã«å京ãæããŠãããå京åžã§ã¯ãã®ç¶æ
ãå°ãã§ãæ¹åãããããå
Œ
±äº€éåªå
æªçœ®ãèªåè»ã®ãã³ããŒãã¬ãŒãã«ããéè¡å¶éãªã©ã宿œã幎éã®ç»é²å°æ°ã®å¶éã宿œãããšããŠããã
2013幎ã«ãªãå€§æ°æ±æã¯æªåã®äžéããã©ããå京åžã察çã«ä¹ãåºããã
å幎9æ29æ¥ã«ã¯åžã®å€§æ°æ±æãææªã¬ãã«ã«ãªã£ãã
å京ã¯äžåœåœéã®äžå¿å°ã§ãããåœå
å
šçéœãžã®çŽéåè»ããè¿é£è«žåœãžã®åœéåè»ãçºçãããã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ããŠã©ã³ããŒãã«ãå¹³å£è¡ãã®åœéåè»ãã¯ãããåœå
å
šãŠã®çãåžãèªæ²»åºã®éŠåºãçµã¶çŽè¡åè»ãçºçããã2011幎6æã«ã¯ãçµæžã®äžå¿å°ã§ããäžæµ·ãšãçµã¶äº¬æ»¬é«éééã鿥ããã巚倧ã¿ãŒããã«é§
ãšããŠãäžå€®é§
ã®å京é§
ãå京西é§
ãå京åé§
ãæããããããŸããã®ä»ã«å€§ããªé§
ãšããŠãå京æ±é§
ãå京åé§
ãå京倧èé§
ãè±å°é§
ãéå·è¥¿é§
ãããã
åžäžå¿éšãéå€ã®äº€éã¯ãå京å°äžéãæ
ã£ãŠããããŸãã2006幎ã«ã¯åäº¬åžæ¿äº€éã«ãŒããšãã°ããICã«ãŒããå°å
¥ãèªåæ¹ææ©ãå
šç·ã»å
šé§
ã§å°å
¥ãããŠããã2008幎8æã®å京ãªãªã³ããã¯ã®éå¬ã奿©ã«è·¯ç·ç¶²ãæ¥éã«æ¡å€§ãã2020幎æ«çŸåšã§ã¯ç·å»¶é·ã¯ããã727Kmãšãªãã
å京ã«ã¯å€ãã®ããã¯å°éã®ãã¥ãŒãžã·ã£ã³ãéãŸããå京ã圌ãã®é³æ¥œäººçã®å§ãŸããšããŠèŠããåè¡çãªã¢ãŒãã£ã¹ãéãæŽ»èºããŠããã
å京é»èŠå°ãåœå¶æŸéç¶²ãšããŠåäº¬ã«æåšããäž»ãšããŠ1ãã10ãŸã§ã®çªå·ããµããããã£ã³ãã«ãããããæŸéããã
2008幎8æ8æ¥ãã8æ24æ¥ã«ãããŠãå京åžã§äžåœåã®å€å£ãªãªã³ããã¯ã§ããå京ãªãªã³ããã¯ãéå¬ããããããã«2022幎2æ4æ¥ãã2æ20æ¥ã«ãããŠã¯ãåããå京åžã§äžåœåã®å¬å£ãªãªã³ããã¯ãšãªã2022幎å京ãªãªã³ããã¯ãéå¬ãããããã®å€§äŒã¯ãäºèŒªå²äžåãšãªãå€ã»å¬ãªãªã³ããã¯ã®åäžéœåžã§ã®éå¬ãšãªã£ãã
å京åžã«ã¯ãããµãã«ãŒã¯ã©ããšããŠãäžåœãµãã«ãŒã»ã¹ãŒããŒãªãŒã°ã«æå±ããå京äžèµ«åœå®ãšãç²çŽãªãŒã°ã«æå±ããå京åäœå€§ãååšããŠããããã€ãŠã¯å京人åãååšããŠãããã2021幎ã«åµååé¡ãšçµŠäžæªæãåé¡ãçºèŠãã¯ã©ãã¯è§£æ£ããããªããå京äžèµ«åœå®ã¯äžåœåœå
æå€§çŽã®ã¹ã¿ãžã¢ã ã§ãããå京åœå®¶äœè²å ŽããããŒã ã¹ã¿ãžã¢ã ãšããŠããããã®å Žæã¯2008幎å京äºèŒªããã³2022幎å京äºèŒªã®ã¡ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ãžã¢ã ãšããŠãç¥ãããã
å京ã¯ãäžåœåœå
ã§æã倧åŠã®æ°ãå€ãããŸããæž
è¯å€§åŠãå京倧åŠãªã©ãåœå
æäžçŽã®åªç§ãªå€§åŠãæåšããŠããã
æ¥æ¬äººã®èªåŠçåŠç(æšæºäžåœèª)ã®è¡ãå
ã¯ãå京ãäžçªå€ããããã¯èªåŠçåŠçãåãå
¥ããŠããåŠæ ¡(倧åŠ)æ°ããäžåœåœå
ã§æãå€ãããšãé¢ä¿ããŠããããŸããäžåœã®äžå¿å°ã§ããããæåãªå»ºç¯ç©ãå€ããæ¯èŒçæšæºèªã«è¿ãèšèã話ããŠããå°åã§ããã
äžåœã®ä»£è¡šçãªèгå
éœåžãšããŠç¥ããã50äžå¹Žåããã®äººé¡ãçæŽ»ããŠããæŽå²ã3000äœå¹Žã®è¡é ãã®æŽå²ã700äœå¹Žãå
šåœçãªæ¿æš©ãéœããã®å°ã«çœ®ããæŽå²ããããäžåœã®äžå€§å€éœã®1ã€ã§ãããå京ã¯å€éœã«ãµãããã第äžçŽã®ååå²è·¡ã«æµãŸããŠãããå€åœäººèгå
客æ°ã芳å
å€è²šåå
¥ã¯åœå
第1äœã§ããã玫çŠåã倩å®éåºå Žãåºåãå€ãããåžæ°ã®å±
äœããè¡äžŠã¿ã§ããè¡è¡ãªã©ãããæµ·å€ããã®èгå
客ãå€ã蚪ããéœåžã§ããã
å
žæ :
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82
|
6,026 |
1207幎
|
1207幎(1207 ãã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ãŠãªãŠã¹æŠ)ã«ããã平幎ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1207%E5%B9%B4
|
6,027 |
1507幎
|
1507幎(1507 ãã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ãŠãªãŠã¹æŠ)ã«ããã平幎ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1507%E5%B9%B4
|
6,028 |
959幎
|
959幎(959 ãã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ãŠãªãŠã¹æŠ)ã«ããã平幎ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/959%E5%B9%B4
|
6,029 |
çŽå
å331幎
|
çŽå
å331幎(ãããããããã³ãããããã
ããã¡ãã)ã¯ãããŒãæŠã®å¹Žã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D331%E5%B9%B4
|
6,030 |
ã¢ãžã¢ã»å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäº
|
ã¢ãžã¢ã»å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäº(ã¢ãžã¢ã»ãããžããããããããè±: Asia-Pacific War)ã¯ã1941幎(æå16幎)12æ8æ¥ãã1945幎(æå20幎)9æ7æ¥ã«ãããŠå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœãéè¡ããæŠäºã®åŒç§°ã
ãå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºããã倧æ±äºæŠäºãã«ä»£ããåŒç§°ãšããŠæå±ãããã
ãã®é
ç®ã§ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã»å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºã(ã¢ãžã¢å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäº)ãšããåŒç§°ã«é¢ããè°è«ã«ã€ããŠèšè¿°ããã
æŠäºã®çµéã䜿çšå
µåšã»äººç©ãªã©ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºããåç
§ããŸããåŒç§°ã«é¢ããè°è«ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæ¯é£äºå€ãã倧æ±äºæŠäºããåç
§ã
æŠäºåœæã¯ã倧æ±äºæŠäºããå
¬åŒåç§°ã§ãããææŠåŸã¯é£ååœè»æé«åžä»€å®ç·åžä»€éš (GHQ) ã®æä»€ã«ããã倧æ±äºæŠäºãã®åŒç§°ãè»åœäž»çŸ©ãšåãé¢ããªããšããçç±ã«ãã䜿çšãçŠæ¢ãããããããå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºããšããåŒç§°ãåºã䜿çšãããããã«ãªããã倧æ±äºæŠäºããšããåŒç§°ã¯äž»ã«å€§æ¥æ¬åžåœã倧æ±äºå
±æ åãè¯å®ããè«è
ã«ãã£ãŠçšããããŠããããããããå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãã¯ãã£ã±ã察米æŠäºã®å±é¢ã®ã¿ã瀺ãããã®æŠäºãäžåœã»æ±åã¢ãžã¢ãå«ãæŠäºã§ãã£ãããšãæ£ããåæ ããŠããªãã仿¹ã倧æ±äºæŠäºãã¯ã倧æ±äºå
±æ åããæ£åœåããåç§°ã§çŸåšã§ã¯äžé©åã§ãããšããŠããã¢ãžã¢å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãã®åŒç§°ã1980å¹Žä»£ã«æå±ããã[1]ã
ãã¢ãžã¢å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãããã¢ãžã¢ã»å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãã®äž¡æ¹ã®è¡šèšããããããšããšäžèšã®çç±ã§ãå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãã«ä»£ããåŒç§°ãšããŠæå±ãããããæºæŽ²äºå€ããææŠãŸã§ãå«ãæŠäºå
šäœã®åŒç§°ãšããŠçšããè
ãããã
ãã®ã»ããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠããåã®1879幎(ææ²»12幎)ã«ãå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäº (Guerra del PacÃfico)ããšåŒã°ããæŠäºãåç±³ã§çºçããŠãããæ¥æ¬èªåãèŠãã ãã§ã¯åºå¥ã§ãããéåžžã«çŽãããããšãã倧ããªæ¬ é¥ãæ±ããŠãããå
ã«ãå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºããšåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯åœç¶ãªããåç±³ã®å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºã§ããããããåç±³ã®å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãšç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã®å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºã«ã¯å
šãé¢é£æ§ããªãããã¢ãžã¢å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãã¯ãããã®åŒç§°äžã®åé¡ç¹ã解決ããŠãããšãããã
ãŸãã1931幎(æå6幎)ã®æºæŽ²äºå€ããå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºãŸã§ãäžäœã®ãã®ãšæãããåäºå¹ŽæŠäºããšããåŒç§°ããããã埳ç°ç§å£°ã®ãçž®å³ãã«ãã1941幎(æå16幎)ã®ããšãæžãããšãã«ãæŠäºãè¶³ãã5幎ç¶ããŠããããšãã衚çŸããšã£ãŠãããªã©ã®èšŒèšãããããã®åŒç§°ã¯å²©æ³¢æžåºã®åºçãã峿žã®ã¿ã€ãã«ãã巊翌çãªèããæã€äžéšã®æŽå²æç§æžãªã©ã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããŠããããŸããæåŠç ç©¶è
ã§ã¯è¥¿ç°åãªã©ã䜿çšããŠããã
ãã®æŠäºã®æ§æ ŒãšããŠæ¬¡ã®3ç¹ãæãããããäžã€ç®ã¯å¯Ÿè±æŠãšå¯Ÿç±³æŠã®é¢ä¿ãäºã€ç®ã¯æ¥ç±³æŠã«ãããæŠäºè²¬ä»»åé¡ãäžã€ç®ã¯ãã®æŠäºãæ¥æ¬åŽããèŠãæã欧米å匷ã®ã¢ãžã¢æ¯é
ããã®è§£æŸã䞻匵ããŠéå§ãããã®ããšããåé¡ã§ããã
æŠäºç®çã«ã€ããŠã¯ã1941幎(æå16幎)12æ8æ¥ã®åå11æ40åã«å
¬è¡šããã宣æŠã®è©æžã§ã¯ãåžåœã®åç«äºŠæ£ã«å±æ®ã«çãããäºæ¢ã«æ€ã«è³ããåžåœã¯ä»ãèªåèªè¡ã®çºãè¹¶ç¶èµ·ã£ãŠäžåã®éç€ãç Žç ããã®å€ãªããªãããšå®£èšãããŠãããæããã«èªè¡ã®ããã®æŠäºãšããèªèã§ãã£ãããŸããã宣æŠã®åžåã«åœãåœæ°ã«æ¬ãã(12æ8æ¥ã®ååŸ7æ30åããã®ã©ãžãªæŸéã§çºè¡šããã奥æååç·æ
å ±å±æ¬¡é·ã®è«è©±)ã§ã¯ãåœæ°è«žåãåæè«žå 仿£ã«æã¯è³ã£ãã®ã§ãããŸãããããã®ç¥åœæ¥æ¬ã¯ä»ãè¹¶ç¶ç«ã£ãŠéã
ããæŠããéå§ããããã®ã§ãããŸãã(äžç¥)ã¢ãžã¢ãçœäººã®æããã¢ãžã¢äººèªãã®æã«å¥ªãåãã®ã§ãããŸããã¢ãžã¢äººã®ã¢ãžã¢ãåµããããã®ã§ãããŸãããšã¢ãžã¢è§£æŸã®ããã®æŠäºãšããäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠããããèªè¡ã®ããã®æŠäºãè«ãšãã¢ãžã¢è§£æŸã®æŠäºãè«ã䜵åããŠããã
äžæ¹ã§åé¡ç¹ãææãããŠãããå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºã®æéã ãã§ãªãæ¥äžæŠäºã®æéãå«ããŠãã®åç§°ãçšãããã®ããããªã©æ··ä¹±ãèŠãããããšãããå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºããã倧æ±äºæŠäºããšããåç§°ãåŠå®ã眮ãæãããšãã芳ç¹ããæ°ãã«äœãããçšèªã§ããããããæŽå²çç¶æ³ããé¢ããŠãããããã倧æ±äºæŠäºããšã¯éã®ã€ããªãã®ãŒæ§ãå«ãã èšèã§ããããšããæ¹å€ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89
|
6,031 |
æåã®æ¥
|
æåã®æ¥()ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®åœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã®äžã€ã§ãããæ¥ä»ã¯11æ3æ¥ã1946幎11æ3æ¥ã®æ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³å
¬åžãèšå¿µããŠå¶å®ãããã
æåã®æ¥ã¯ãåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã«é¢ããæ³åŸ(ç¥æ¥æ³ãæå23幎7æ20æ¥æ³åŸç¬¬178å·)第2æ¡ã«ããã°ããèªç±ãšå¹³åãæããæåããããããããšãè¶£æšãšããŠããã
1946幎(æå21幎)ã«æ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ãå
¬åžãããæ¥ã§ãããæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ãå¹³åãšæåãéèŠããŠããããšããã1948幎(æå23幎)ã«å
¬åžã»æœè¡ãããç¥æ¥æ³ã§ãæåã®æ¥ããšå®ãããããæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã¯ãå
¬åžããå幎åŸã®1947幎(æå22幎)5æ3æ¥ã«æœè¡ãããããã5æ3æ¥ãæ²æ³èšå¿µæ¥ãšããŠåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ãšãªã£ãŠããã
äŒæ¥ãšããŠã¯ã1873幎(ææ²»6幎)ã«å
¬åžããã幎äžç¥æ¥ç¥æ¥ã®äŒææ¥ãå®ã(ææ²»6幎倪æ¿å®åžå第344å·)以é1911幎(ææ²»44幎)ãŸã§ã¯å€©é·ç¯ã1927幎(æå2幎)ã«æ¹æ£ãããäŒæ¥ã«é¢ããä»¶(æå2幎3æ4æ¥å
什第25å·)以é1947幎(æå22幎)ãŸã§ã¯ææ²»ç¯ãšããŠãææ²»å€©çã®èªçæ¥ã«ããç¥æ¥ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ç¥æ¥æ³å¶å®åœæãåè°é¢æåå§å¡é·ãšããŠç¥æ¥æ³å¶å®ã®éäžå¿ç圹å²ãæ
ã£ãå±±æ¬åé ãæ¿çåŒéåŸã«æžããåœæã®åé¡§é²ãæåã®æ¥ãã§ãããŸã§ãã«ã¯ææ²»ç¯ã«é¢ããèšè¿°ã¯äžåãªããå±±æ¬ã«ããã°ãå
ã
ãæ²æ³çºåžã¯11æ1æ¥ã®äºå®ã§ãã£ãããæœè¡æ¥ãã¡ãŒããŒãšéãªããšããçç±ã§çŽåã«11æ3æ¥ã«å€æŽãããã®ã ãšãããå±±æ¬ãåè°é¢åŽã¯11æ3æ¥ãæ²æ³èšå¿µæ¥ãšããããšã匷硬ã«äž»åŒµããããGHQåŽãã11æ3æ¥ã ãã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿã«ã ãã ãšäž»åŒµããè¡è°é¢ã5æ3æ¥ãæ²æ³èšå¿µæ¥ãšããããšã«åæããŠããŸããåè°é¢åŽãå€ç«ããäºæ
ã«ãªã£ãããã®ãšãçªç¶GHQåŽãããæ²æ³èšå¿µæ¥ãšããåã§ãªãèšå¿µæ¥ãšãããªãäœãšããåããããããšãã話ãæã¡åºããŠãããšããã
1948幎(æå23幎)6æ18æ¥ã®åè°é¢æåå§å¡äŒã«ãããŠãå±±æ¬åé ã¯ãæ²æ³ã«ãããŠãåŠäœãªãåããŸã ãã€ãããšã®ãªãæ°çæŸæ£ãšããããšã宣èšããéå€§ãªæ¥ã§ãããŸããŠãæ¥æ¬ãšããŠã¯ããã®æ¥ã¯å¿ãé£ãæ¥ãªã®ã§ãæ¯éãšããã®æ¥ã¯æ®ããããããããŠæ°çæŸæ£ããããšããããšã¯ãå
šãè»å䞻矩ã§ãªããªãã忬åœã«å¹³åãæãã建åããããã®å®£èšãããŠããã®ã§ãããŸãããããã®æ¥ãããããæå³ã§ããèªç±ãšå¹³åãæããæåãããããããããããããæåã®æ¥ããšããããšã«æã
ã¯æ±ºãããããªã®ã§ãããšèª¬æããŠããã
ãŸããå幎7æ4æ¥ã®åè°é¢æ¬äŒè°ã«ãããŠã¯ãåäžæã®äžæ¥ãæåã®æ¥ãšããããŸããã®ã¯ãããã¯ææ²»å€©çããçãŸãã«ãªã£ãæ¥ã§ãããææ²»ç¯ã®ç¥ãããæ¥ã§ããããŸãããç«æ³ã®ç²Ÿç¥ããç³ããŸããšããã®æ¥ã¯åŸ¡æ¿ç¥ã®ããã«ãæ°æ²æ³ãå
¬åžãããæ¥ã§ããããŸããããããŠãã®æ°æ²æ³ã«ãããŠãäžçã®åŠäœãªãåããæªã æŸãŠèšãããªãã€ããšããã®æ°äºæŸæ£ãšããé倧ãªå®£èšãããããŠãããŸããããã¯æ¥æ¬åæ°ã«ãšã€ãŠå¿ãé£ãæ¥ã§ãããŸããšå
±ã«ãåéçã«ãæåçæçŸ©ãæã€éèŠãªæ¥ã§ããããŸããããã§å¹³åãå³ããæåãé²ããæå³ã§ããã®æ¥ãæåã®æ¥ãšåãããã®ã§ããããŸããå¹³åã®æ¥ãšããããŸããŠãããã®ã§ãããŸãããããã¯å¥ã«è¬åç· çµã®æ¥ãäºå®ããŠããã®ã§ããããŸãã®ã§ããããé¿ããã®ã§ããããŸãããšèª¬æããŠãããææ²»ç¯ã ããã§ã¯ãªããæ°æ²æ³ãç¹ã«æŠäºæŸæ£ã謳ã£ã第9æ¡ãå
¬åžãããæ¥ã§ããããç¥æ¥ãšãããšãã説æããªãããŠããã
ãŸããæ²æ³å
¬åžæ¥ã11æ3æ¥ã«ãªã£ãããšã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå
¥æ±ä¿éã«ããã°ãæœè¡ã®åè£æ¥ãšããŠæãã£ãŠãã5æ1æ¥ã5æ3æ¥ã5æ5æ¥ã®ãã¡ã5æ1æ¥ã¯ã¡ãŒããŒã§ãããããµãããããªããšå€æããã5æ5æ¥ã¯ç«¯åã®ç¯å¥ã§ãããç·ã®åã®ç¥ãã§ããããç·å¥³å¹³çã®æ²æ³ã«ãµãããããªãããšããŸãæŠã®ç¥ãã§ããããæŠäºæŸæ£ã®æ²æ³ã«ãµãããããªããšå€æããããããæ¶å»æ³ã§5æ3æ¥ã«æœè¡ããããšã«ãªãããã®å幎åã§ãã11æ3æ¥ã«å
¬åžããããšã決ãŸã£ããšãããŠãããææ²»ç¯ã«åãããŠå
¬åžæ¥ã決ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããšããããšã§ããã
ãŸãããã®æ¥ã¯æŽå€©ã«ãªã確çãé«ããæŽãã®ç¹ç°æ¥ããšãããã
1948幎7æ20æ¥ã«æœè¡ãããåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã«é¢ããæ³åŸã«ããã11æ3æ¥ã¯ææ²»ç¯ã§ã¯ãªããªãããæåã®æ¥ããšãªã£ãããããè¿å¹Žãææ²»å€©çã®èªçæ¥ãžãšç±æ¥ãæ»ããææ²»ã®æ¥ããžã®æ¹ç§°ãç®æãåããããã
2011幎10æ1æ¥ããææ²»ã®æ¥æšé²åè°äŒããçµæãããéäŒã®ãã©ã·ããã ã¡å
šåœäŒè°å¡ãžé
åžããããå代äŒé·ã«ã¯å
æ°ç€Ÿå
è¡è°é¢è°å¡ã®å¡æ¬äžéã就任ããã2016幎11æ1æ¥ãææ²»ã®æ¥æšé²åè°äŒã¯åœäŒå
ã§éäŒãéããç¥æ¥æ³æ¹æ£ãç®æãããã®è¶
å
掟ã®è°å¡é£çèšç«ãäžéå
è°å¡ã«èŠè«ãããéäŒã«ã¯èªæ°å
ã®çš²ç°æçŸãå€å±ååžãæ°é²å
(åœæ)ã®é·²å°Ÿè±äžéãç¡æå±ã®ééå¥ãåœäŒè°å¡13人ãåºåžãããèªæ°å
è°å¡ã¯å€å±ãäŒé·ãšãããææ²»ã®æ¥ãå®çŸããããã®è°å¡é£çããèšç«ããã
ææ²»ã®æ¥æšé²åè°äŒäŒé·ã®å¡æ¬ã¯2020幎5æ20æ¥ã«æ»å»ãåŸä»»ã«ã¯æ¥æ¬äŒè°äŒé·ã®ç°ä¹
ä¿å¿ è¡ãå°±ãããå¯äŒé·ã¯æ¥æ¬äŒè°å
å¯äŒé·ã®å°ç°æåéããã®ã»ã代衚å§å¡ã«æ¥æ¬äŒè°å¯äŒé·ã®å°å æ¡äžéããåäžã«æ«»äºããããæ¥æ¬äŒè°ä»£è¡šå§å¡ã®æ¿å£æ£ãååžžä»»çäºã®äŒè€å²å€«ããåãé£ãããªã©ãæ¥æ¬äŒè°ãšã®çµã³ã€ãã匷ããäºåå±ã¯æ°ããæŽå²æç§æžãã€ããäŒäŒé·ã®é«æ± å圊ã®äºåæã«çœ®ãããŠããã
æ¹ç§°ã«ã€ããŠæ¹å€çãªèè
ãæ¿æ²»å®¶ãããã宿åŠè
ã®å³¶èé²ã¯ãæŠåŸãç¥æ¥ãéããŠåœå®¶ç¥é埩èãé²ããåããå埩ãããŠãããæ¿æ²»çã«å©çšããããæŠåååž°ãã®å¯èœæ§ãããããææ²»ã®æ¥ããããã€ã®éã«ãåœå®¶äž»çŸ©çãªæ¹åãžãšåœæ°ã®æèãåããããããšããåãã«æããŠãªããªãããšè¿°ã¹ãæ³åŠè
ã®å€é¢åœ°äžã¯ãæ²æ³ãå®ããåœæ°äž»æš©ã®æå³ãèããã¹ãã ãä»ã®æä»£ã«ãææ²»ã®æ¥ããªã©ã€ããã°ãäžçã®ç¬ããã®ã«ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããããšæžå¿µã瀺ããŠããã鳩山ç±çŽå€«å
éŠçžã¯ããæåã®æ¥ãã¯æ¥æ¬ãèªç±ãšå¹³åãæããæåã®åœã«ããããã«å¶å®ããããææ²»ã¯æè²å
èªãå¥èªãããããå¯åœåŒ·å
µã®æã声ã®äžã§æ€æ°å°ç²åŸã®ããã«æŠäºã«çªå
¥ããŠãã£ãæä»£ã ãç§ã¯å€ããããšã«å察ãããããšTwitterã§è¿°ã¹ãŠããã
2022幎4æ7æ¥ãèªæ°å
æå¿ã«ãããææ²»ã®æ¥ãå®çŸããããã®è°å¡é£çãã¯ãè¶
å
掟è°é£ã«åãæ¿ããååã¯ãã®ãŸãŸã§æ°ããªè°å¡é£çã®èšç«ç·äŒãè¡è°é¢è°å¡äŒé€šã§éãããèªæ°å
ãç«æ²æ°äž»å
ãæ¥æ¬ç¶æ°ã®äŒãåœæ°æ°äž»å
4å
ãªã©ã®è°å¡èš92人ãå
¥äŒããäŒé·ã«ã¯ã²ãã€ã¥ãå€å±ã就任ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5
|
6,032 |
ãã€ãªãã¢
|
ãã€ãªãã¢æ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿ(è±: Pioneer Corporation)ã¯ãæ±äº¬éœæäº¬åºã«æ¬ç€Ÿã眮ããã«ãŒããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®è£œé 販売ãªã©ãææããæ¥æ¬ã®é»æ©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã§ããããã€ãŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã代衚ãããªãŒãã£ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒ(æ±èšŒ1éšäžå Ž)ã§ãã£ãã1938幎(æå13幎)嵿¥ã
2023幎çŸåšã¯éäžå ŽäŒæ¥ã§ããã財å諞衚ã¯éå
¬éã§ãããå瀟ãå
¬åŒãµã€ãã§å
¬è¡šããŠããçŽè¿ã®é£çµå£²äžé«ã¯çŽ2685åå(2023幎3ææ)ã§ããã
2023幎çŸåšãã«ãŒããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³(ã«ãŒãã)ã®å€§æã§ãæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯ãããœããã¯ã«æ¬¡ã2äœã§ããã
å人åã補åãšããŠã¯ãã«ãŒãããã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªããã©ã€ãã¬ã³ãŒããŒãªã©è»èŒæ©åšã®è£œé ã»è²©å£²ãäž»ã«è¡ã£ãŠãããæ³äººåããšããŠã¯ãã¢ããªãã£ãœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãµãŒãã¹ãäž»åãšããŠå±éããŠãããã«ãŒããã¯ãèªç€Ÿãã©ã³ããã«ãããã§ãªã¢ãã®ä»ãèªåè»ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®çŽæ£ã«ãŒãããžã®OEMäŸçµŠãè¡ã£ãŠããã2020幎ããç¬ã³ã³ããã³ã¿ã«ç€Ÿãšææºããæ¬¡äžä»£èªåè»CASE(ConnectedãAutonomousãShared & ServiceãElectric)ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããçµ±åã³ãã¯ãããã®éçºãé²ããŠãããçµå¶æªåã®æ«ã2018幎ã«äžå Žå»æ¢ãšãªã£ãããã«ãŒããã¡ãŒã«ãŒããããŒã¿ãµãŒãã¹äŒæ¥ãžãšå€é©ãæããããšã§çµå¶ã奜転ãã2025幎床ããã©ã«åäžå Žãç®æããŠããã
ã¹ããŒã«ãŒè£œé ã«å§ãŸããã€ãªãã¢ã¯ãé«åºŠçµæžæé·æãã2000幎é ãŸã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã代衚ãããªãŒãã£ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒãã®å°äœãæããŠãããããã®åŸã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«çµå¶ãæªåããã
ãã©ãºããã¬ãäºæ¥ã®å€±æã«ããå·šé¡ã®æå€±(â #ãã©ãºããã¬ãã§å€±æ)ãããã2010幎代ã«å
¥ã£ãŠçµå¶å±æ©ã«é¥ã£ããã€ãªãã¢ã¯ãèªç€Ÿã®ç¥æ¥ã§ãããªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥ã®ã»ãšãã©ãã2015幎ã«ããªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥ã®æ¡å€§ãç®æããŠããããã€ãªãã¢ãšåããæ¥æ¬ã代衚ãããªãŒãã£ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒãã§ãã£ããªã³ãã§ãŒ(ç·ç§°)ã«äºå®äžè²ãæž¡ãããªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥ããæ€éããã
ãªãããªã³ãã§ãŒ(ç·ç§°)ãæ¡å€§ãå³ã£ããªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥ã¯ãè€éãªçµç·¯ãçµãŠã7幎åŸã®2022幎ã«ããªã³ããšãŒããŒã ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ãæ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿããç Žç¶»ããããšã§ããªã³ãã§ãŒ(ç·ç§°)ãšå
±ã«çµçããã
ãã ãããã€ãªãã¢ãããªãŒãã£ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšããŠã®å
šçæã®1970幎代ã«ããPIONEERããã©ã³ããšã¯å¥ã®æé«çŽãã©ã³ããšããŠåµèšãããTADã(1975幎åµèš)ãšãEXCLUSIVEã(1977幎åµèš)ã®2ã€ã®ãã©ã³ã(ãã®åŸãTADããã©ã³ãã«äžæ¬å)ã¯ã欧米ããã®èŒžå
¥åã«å¹æµãããæé«çŽãªãŒãã£ãªãã©ã³ããšããŠã®é«è©äŸ¡ãå®çããã«è³ã£ãã
æªã ãã€ãªãã¢ã«äœåããã£ã2007幎ã«ããTADããã©ã³ãã¯ãæ¬äœã§ããããã€ãªãã¢æ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿããšã¯å¥ã®æ³äººãšããŠæ°èŠèšç«ããããæ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿ ãã¯ãã«ã« ãªãŒãã£ãª ããã€ã»ãº ã©ãã©ããªãŒãºã(éç§°:TADã©ãã©ããªãŒãº)ã«ç§»ç®¡ãããã
TADãã©ã³ããšTADã©ãã©ããªãŒãºã¯ãæ¢è¿°ãããã€ãªãã¢æ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿã®çµå¶å±æ©ã«ãããªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥ããã®æ€é(2015幎)ã®åŸãããæé«çŽãªãŒãã£ãªãã©ã³ããšããŠã®é«è©äŸ¡ã®ç¶æããç¬èªã®ãªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥ã®ç¶ç¶ããäŒæ¥ãšããŠã®åç¶ãã«æåãããå
šçæã®ãã€ãªãã¢ãæºæµãšãããæ¥æ¬ã®æé«çŽãªãŒãã£ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒãã®å°äœãçŸåšãå®ã£ãŠããã
ãªããTADã©ãã©ããªãŒãºã¯ãçŸåšããã€ãªãã¢ã®ã°ã«ãŒãäŒç€Ÿã®1ã€ã§ããã
ã«ãŒããå°å³ãªã©ãææããå°å³äºæ¥(MapFan)ã¯2021幎ã«ãã©ãªã¹ã»ãã£ãã¿ã«ã»ã°ã«ãŒãã«å£²åŽãã2023幎çŸåšã¯ãžãªãã¯ãããžãŒãºãšããŠãã€ãªãã¢æ¬äœããç¬ç«ããŠå±éããŠããã
嵿¥è
ã§ããæŸæ¬æã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«è£œã®ãã€ãããã¯ã¹ããŒã«ãŒãèŽããŠããã€ãå¿
ãèªåã®æã§çŽåœç£ã®ã¹ããŒã«ãŒ(ãŠããã)ãäœãããããšå¿ãã1937幎(æå12幎)ã«åã®çŽåœç£ãã€ãããã¯ã¹ããŒã«ãŒãA-8ããèªãã®æã§éçºããŠããã€ãªã㢠(PIONEER)ããåæšãšããã1938幎(æå13幎)1æã«çŠé³åäŒé»æ©è£œäœæãèšç«ããŠè²©å£²ãéå§ãããæŸæ¬ã¯åŸã«å°å·äŒç€ŸãèããŠããã¯ã€ã³(æ§ç§°ã»çŠé³å°å·)ããšãããã€ãªãã¢è£œåã®åæ±èª¬ææžãã«ã¿ãã°ãå°å·ããŠåçã®ç¬å åãå³ãã1961幎(æå36幎)ã«åæšã§ãã£ããã€ãªãã¢ã瀟åãšããã
1962幎ã«ã¯äžçåã®ã»ãã¬ãŒãåã¹ãã¬ãªãçºå£²ã1960幎ãã1970幎代ã«ãããŠã®ãªãŒãã£ãªããŒã å
šçæã¯ãµã³ã¹ã€ãããªãªãšäžŠã³ããªãŒãã£ãªåŸ¡äžå®¶ããšããŠããµã³ã»ããªã»ãã€ããšãåºãä¿ç§°ããããªãŒãã£ãªãã¡ã³ãããã¹ããŒã«ãŒã®ãã€ãªãã¢ããšããŠèŠªããŸããã
1975幎ã«è»ã§ã«ã»ããããŒããèããäžçåã®ã«ãŒã³ã³ããKP-55Gããçºå£²ãã«ãŒã³ã³ãã¯ã1977幎ãããLONESOME CAR-BOYãã®ãã©ã³ãã§å±éãã(1986幎以éã¯ãcarrozzeriaããã©ã³ã)ã1984幎ã«ã¯è»ã§CDãèããäžçåã®ã«ãŒCDãã¬ãŒã€ãCDX-1ããçºå£²ãã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªã§ä»ç€ŸããªãŒãããã
1979幎ã«ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã®èŠæ Œã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ (LD)é£å¶ã«åç»ããäžçåã®æ¥åçšLDãã¬ãŒã€ãŒãçºå£²ã1980幎代ã«ããããããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã®èŠæ Œç«¶äºã«ãããŠãä»ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®æ€éã«ãã£ãŠäžæã¯ãã€ãªãã¢äžç€Ÿã®ã¿ãšãªã£ãLDé£å¶ãçããŠå§åç倿°æŽŸã®VHDé£åã«åå©ããã
1983幎ã«ãé³ãšå
ã®æªæ¥ãã²ãããã®äŒæ¥ã¹ããŒã¬ã³ãå°å
¥ãLDãã¬ãŒã€ãŒãã³ã³ããã©ãžã«ã»ãªã©ãäžå¿ã«ãå®¶åºçšAVæ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšããŠé£èºãéãããç¹ã«ã©ãžã«ã»ãã©ã³ããŠã§ã€ãã®æäžäœæ©çš®ãRunaway SK-900ãã¯éåžžãªäººæ°ãåããã¢ãªã·ããã1/6ãã©ã¢ãã«ãŸã§çºå£²ããã(1980幎代ã®ããã«æä»£ã象城ããããããããããã«ã©ãžã«ã»ãã®äžã€)ã
1989幎ãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯æ®åã®ããã«èšç«ããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ç€Ÿ(Pioneer Laser Disc Company)ãããã€ãªãã¢LDCããšããŠæ¹å€ãOVAãã¢ãã¡ãœã³ã°ãªã©èªç€Ÿãœãããå€å±éããããšã§ãLDãã¬ãŒã€ãŒãã³ã³ããªã©ã®èªç€ŸããŒãã売ãããšã«ã€ãªãããšãããã¡ãã£ã¢ããã¯ã¹ã®æåéãã®ãã€ãªãã¢ãšãªããããŒãã®ã¿ãªããã¢ãã¡ãã²ãŒã ã鳿¥œãªã©ãœããã§ã倧æã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšãªã£ããã倩å°ç¡çš! éç鬌ã(1992幎)ããç¥ç§ã®äžçãšã«ãã¶ãŒãã(1995幎)ãªã©OVAãäžå¿ãšããã¡ãã£ã¢ããã¯ã¹äœåã§ãããäœãé£çºãã1990幎代ã®ãªã¿ã¯æåãæ¯ããã
1990幎6æã«ã¯ãéã¯æã«èããã®ãã£ããã³ããŒã®å
ããcarrozzeriaããã©ã³ãã§äžçåã®åžè²©GPSåŒã«ãŒãããAVIC-1ããçºå£²ã
1993幎ãäžçåã®DJçšCDãã¬ã€ã€ãŒ(CDJ)ãCDJ-50ããçºå£²ããã®åéã§ã¯ããã¥ã¢ã«ãããããããå¯å€ãªã©æ©èœãè±å¯ã ã£ãããã³ã®è£œåã«åœåã¯æŒãããŠããããCDJã§ãããªããã¢ããã°ãã¬ãŒã€ãŒã®ãããªã¹ã¯ã©ããæ©èœãæèŒãããCDJ-1000ã(2001幎)ã®å€§ãããã«ãã£ãŠDJæ©åšæå€§æãšãªã£ãã
1993幎ãLDã²ãŒã æ©ã®ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒã¢ã¯ãã£ããçºå£²ãæ¬äœã ãã§æäœ12äžåãšããéåžžãªé«äŸ¡æ Œãªããã«ãœãããå°ãªãã£ãã®ã§äžè¬çã«æ®åã¯ããªãã£ããã®ã®ããã¿ã€ã ã®ã£ã«ã(1995幎)ãªã©ã²ãŒã ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã®LDã²ãŒã æ©ãšã»ãŒåãç»è³ªã§ã²ãŒã ãéã¹ããšããããšã§ããã¢ã«äººæ°ãåããã1995幎ã«ããœã³ã³(Macintoshäºææ©)ã®MPCã·ãªãŒãºãçºå£²ãèªç€Ÿè£œCD-ROMãã©ã€ãã«å ããAVæ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒãããé«å質ãªã¢ã³ããšã¹ããŒã«ãŒãæèŒããŠããã®ããŠãªã ã£ãã
1995幎ããã€ãªãã¢LDCããã倩å°ç¡çš! éç鬌ãã®ç¬¬äºæOPãœã³ã°ãšããŠããŒãã¯ãã£ãšãã€ãªãã¢ã(暪山æºäœ)ããªãªãŒã¹ãèªç€ŸèŠæ Œã§ããLDã§ãªãªãŒã¹ãããèªç€Ÿå¶äœã®OVAã«ãèªç€Ÿã®åãå ããããŒããœã³ã°ãèŒãããšããããã®é ã«ã¯ããŒãã»ãœããå
±ã«ãã«ãã¡ãã£ã¢ã«ãããŠåŒ·åãªãã©ã³ãã確ç«ããŠãããããã«åŽ©å£ã§èŠæŠããç«¶åã®é»æ©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãå°»ç®ã«æ¥çžŸã䌞ã°ãã2000幎ã«ã¯æ ªäŸ¡ãããã«çµ¶é æã«è¿«ã5000åè¿ãã«éããã
1995幎ã«DVDãã©ãŒã©ã ã«å çã1996幎ã«äžçåã®DVD-Video/LDã®ã³ã³ãããã«ãã¬ãŒã€ãŒãDVL-9ãã1997幎ã«äžçåã®DVD-Rãã©ã€ããDVR-S101ããå幎ã«äžçåã®50ã€ã³ããã©ãºããã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ã1999幎ã«äžçåã®DVDã¬ã³ãŒããŒãDVR-1000ããçºå£²ããã1990幎代æ«ãã2000幎代ã«ãããŠã¯ã¢ããã°ããããžã¿ã«ã«ç§»è¡ã§ããã«è¡°éããå€åãªãŒãã£ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒãå€ãäžããã€ãªãã¢ã¯ãã®ããã«AVæ©åšã®ããžã¿ã«åã®æ³¢ãå
å°ãããªãŒãã£ãªã®ã¿ãªããæ åæ©åšããŸãå
ãã£ã¹ã¯ã¡ãã£ã¢ãªã©ã®èšæ¶åªäœã«ãããŠãæåã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®äžã€ãšãªã£ãã
ãœããŒããããœããã¯ãæ¥ç«è£œäœæãæ±èãäžè±é»æ©ãªã©ã®ç·å黿©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšæ¯ã¹ããšèŠæš¡ã¯å°ããããèªç€Ÿã®åŸæåéãžã®ãéžæãšéäžããé²ããããšã§ã1980幎代ãã2000幎代ã«ãããŠå®¶åºçšAVæ©åšã«é¢ããŠã¯ãããã®å€§æã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšåç以äžã®ãã©ã³ãåãæã£ãŠããã2003幎ã«ã¯ãã€ãªãã¢LDCã売åŽããŠãã³ã³ã¢äºæ¥ãšããããœããå¶äœããæ€éããã©ãºããã¬ããäžå¿ãšããããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹äºæ¥ã«è³æºãéäžããããããã2000幎代ã«ãããŠã¯ãã©ãºããã¬ããžã®ãéžæãšéäžããè£ç®ã«åºãã
2003幎ããã€ãªãã¢ç€Ÿã¯ãããŸã§ãªãŒãã£ãªã®çç£ãããŠããéå²¡å·¥å Žããã©ãºãããã«å·¥å Žããã€ãªãã¢ã»ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ã»ãããã¯ããã«æ¹å€ããŸã2004幎ã«ã¯500ååã§NECã®ãã©ãºãäºæ¥ãè²·åãããªã©ããã©ãºãäºæ¥ã«å€å€§ãªæè³ãè¡ãããã€ãªãã¢ã¯2004幎ã«ãã©ãºãããã«ã®çç£éã§äžçã·ã§ã¢1äœãšãªã£ãããã©ãºããžã®æè³ã«ãã2005幎ã«ã¯800ååãè¶
ããå·šé¡ã®èµ€åãåºãããã®ã®ã2006幎ã«ã¯å£²äžã8000ååè¿ãã«éãã売äžã§èŠãå Žåã¯ãã®ææãçµ¶é æã§ããããããããã©ãºãã«ãã€ãªãã¢ãåŸããã»ã©ã®æè³ãè¡ã£ãŠãããã©ãºãã«5000ååãè¶
ããæè³ãè¡ã£ã倧æã®ãããœããã¯ã«ã¯æè³é¡ã§ã¯ããªããããã©ãºããã¬ããæ¶²æ¶ãã¬ããšã®åžå Žç«¶äºã«ãã£ãŠèåãã¬ãåžå Žããæ·æ±°ãããã®ãåŸ
ããã«2008å¹Žã«æ€éã
2008幎ã¯ãã¬ããªã©ããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹äºæ¥ã®äžæ¯ã«å ãããªãŒãã³ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ã«ããäžççãªæ¯æ°æªåããã£ãŠã«ãŒããäºæ¥ãäžæ¯ã§ãåèšã§1300ååã®èµ€åãåºããã2004幎以éã«èµ€åãç¶ããŠçµå¶ãæªåããããšããããªãŒãã³ã»ã·ã§ãã¯çŽåŸã®2009幎ã«ãç®é»æ¬ç€Ÿã®äžåç£ã売åŽããŠå·åŽäºæ¥æã«ç§»è»¢ããè³éåµåºã«åªãããšãšãã«äºæ¥äœå¶ã®ã¹ãªã åãå³ã£ãã2011幎以éã®ã«ãŒãšã¬ã®éèŠå埩ãèŠè¶ããŠã«ãŒãšã¬äºæ¥ã«çµå¶è³æºãéäžããæ¹éãåã£ãã
2010幎代以éã¯é³æ¥œãã¹ããŒããã©ã³ã§èãæä»£ãšãªããå瀟ããããŸã§äž»åãšããŠããå®¶åºçšAVæ©åšãè²©å£²äžæ¯ã«é¥ãããã£ãã·ã¥ãããŒãæªåã2014幎ã«ã¯ãè²©å£²äžæ¯ãç¶ããå®¶åºçšAVæ©åšäºæ¥ã«å ããããªãã®å©çãåºãŠããDJæ©åšäºæ¥(Pioneer DJãDJæ©åšã®äžçæå€§æ)ãä»åŸã®æé·ã«ãããè³é調éã®ããã«å£²åŽãã«ãŒããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³ã·ã¹ãã ãªã©èªåè»é¢é£ã«ç¹åãã黿©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšããŠèªäž»åå»ºãæš¡çŽ¢ããããã¹ããã®æ®åãªã©ã«ããã«ãŒããã®å£²ãäžããéåã
2018幎ãéŠæž¯ã®äŒæ¥åçãã¡ã³ãã®ãã¡ã³ãã§ãããã¢ãªã³ã°ã»ãã©ã€ããŒãã»ãšã¯ã€ãã£ã»ã¢ãžã¢ (BPEA) ã®åäžã«å
¥ãã2019幎3æã«å®å
šåäŒç€Ÿåããããåæã«äžå Žå»æ¢ã
2019幎ã«ç€Ÿå
ã«ã³ãããŒå¶ãå°å
¥ããããŒã¿ãœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³äºæ¥ãæ
ããã¢ããªãã£ãµãŒãã¹ã«ã³ãããŒããšãåžè²©äºæ¥ãšOEMäºæ¥ãæ
ããã¢ããªãã£ãããã¯ãã«ã³ãããŒãã®2ç€Ÿãæ°èšã2020幎3ææã«é»ååãã2021幎ã«ã¯çµå¶å建ã®å®äºã宣èšããœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ãµãŒãã¹äŒæ¥ãžãšå€é©ããåäžå Žãç®æããŠããã
æ§é æ¹é©ã®äžç°ãšããŠã2009幎11æã«æ¬ç€Ÿæ©èœãæ±äº¬éœç®é»åºããç¥å¥å·çå·åŽåžã®å·åŽäºæ¥æãžç§»è»¢ããç®é»æ§æ¬ç€Ÿã¯2010幎7æã«88ååã§å£²åŽãããã
2015幎10æã«ãçµå¶äœå¶ã®ã¹ãªã åãç®çãšããŠå·åŽã®æ¬ç€Ÿäžåç£ã売åŽããæ¬ç€Ÿãå床æ±äº¬ãžç§»è»¢ããããšãçºè¡šããã2016幎3æ7æ¥ã«æ±äº¬éœæäº¬åºã®æäº¬ã°ãªãŒã³ã³ãŒããžç§»è»¢ãããæäº¬åºãæ¬ç€Ÿãšãªãã®ã¯1964幎以æ¥ãããã52幎ã¶ãã§ããã
2000幎代åã°ã«ãããããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹äºæ¥ãšããŠPDP(ãã©ãºããã¬ã)ãDVDã¬ã³ãŒããŒãPCçšDVDãã«ããã©ã€ããBlu-ray Discãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãPCçšBDãã«ããã©ã€ããªã©ãæãããããã«ãããã§ãªã¢ããã©ã³ãã§è»èŒçšAVæ©åš(ã«ãŒããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³ãã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãª)ãå±éããŠããããããããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ããã³ã«ãŒãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹äºæ¥ã売äžã®2æ¬æ±ã§ããã2006幎(å¹³æ18幎)3ææã®å£²äžã¯ãããã3,546ååã3,305ååã§åèšããŠ90%以äžãå ããŠããã
ãããããã®åŸã®çµå¶å±æ©ã«ããããã£ã¹ãã¬ã€äºæ¥ããã¯æ€éãå
ãã£ã¹ã¯äºæ¥ã¯ã·ã£ãŒããšã®ååŒãšã(ããããåŸè¿°)ã2013幎3ææã«ãããŠã¯ã«ãŒãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ã3,126ååãããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ã959ååãšãã«ãŒãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹äºæ¥ã«çµå¶è³æºãã·ãããããã
ãããã§ãã·ã§ãã«åããªãŒãã£ãªãã©ã³ããšããŠãTAD (Technical Audio Devices) ãæã¡ãå€ãã®ã¹ã¿ãžãªã«ã¢ãã¿ãŒã¹ããŒã«ãŒãªã©ãçŽå
¥ããŠãããäžè¬åãé«çŽãªãŒãã£ãªãã©ã³ã ExclusiveãšäžŠã³ããªãŒãã£ãªããã¢ã«èåã§ãããæ¬§ç±³åžå Žã§ã¯1970幎代åé ãŸã§CENTREXãšãããã©ã³ãåã䜿ããããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯ãã€ãªãã¢ãã©ã³ãã®ã¿å±éããã
å®¶åºçšãªãŒãã£ãªæ©åšã§ããäž-é«çŽåã®äŸ¡æ Œåž¯ã§åŒ·ã販売åãç¶æããŠãããã1980幎代ã«ããã©ã€ããŒãããã©ã³ãã§ä»ç€Ÿã«å
é§ããŠå°åã³ã³ããæå
¥ãè¥è
ãã¿ãŒã²ããã«ããããšã§ã·ã§ã¢ã䌞ã°ããã1990幎ãããŸã§ã¯ãã¢ããã°ãã£ã¹ã¯ãã¬ãŒã€ãŒãã¢ã³ãããã¥ãŒããŒãã¹ããŒã«ãŒãã¢ããã°ã«ã»ããããããDATããã(çé²çšã®å¯æ¬åã¢ãã«ãD-C88ããå«ã)ãMDããã(ãã ãããŒã¿ãã«ã¿ã€ãåã³äžéšã®ããã³ã³ãçšã¯ã·ã£ãŒãã®OEM)ãCDã¬ã³ãŒããŒãªã©ãã»ãŒå
šçš®é¡ã®æ°ççšãªãŒãã£ãªæ©åšãçç£ããŠããããããã«åŽ©å£ã«ããä»ã®ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšåæ§ã«å€§ãã販売ãèœãšããçç£æ©çš®ã®å€§å¹
ãªæŽçãè¡ã£ãã
AVæ©åšãå«ãããŒã ãªãŒãã£ãªæ©åšäºæ¥ã¯ãå
è¿°ã®éã2013幎7æ1æ¥ãã2015幎3æ1æ¥ãŸã§ã¯å瀟ã®å®å
šåäŒç€Ÿ(åœæ)ã®ãã€ãªãã¢ããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ãåãæ±ã£ãŠãããã2015幎3æ2æ¥ãããªã³ããšãŒã®å®å
šåäŒç€Ÿã®ãªã³ããšãŒ&ãã€ãªãã¢(2020幎10æ1æ¥ä»ããã£ãŠèŠªäŒç€Ÿã®ãªã³ããšãŒ(æ§æ³äººãåç¶äŒç€Ÿ)ã«åžåå䜵ããã圢ã§ãªã³ããšãŒããŒã ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ããžç€Ÿå倿Žããªãã³ã«æ³äººæ¶æ»
)ãåãæ±ãããšãšãªã£ããã2019幎12æããå
šäžçã§çºçããŠããã³ããçŠã®åœ±é¿ã«ããæ¥çžŸæªåãçç±ã«2022幎5æ13æ¥ä»ã§ãªã³ããšãŒããŒã ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ããçµå¶ç Žç¶»ãããã«ããã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªãšPCçšãã¹ã¯ããããã«ãã¡ãã£ã¢ãªãŒãã£ãªãé€ãçŽç²ãªãªãŒãã£ãªãã©ã³ããšããŠã®ãã€ãªãã¢ã¯ã2022幎7æ20æ¥ã«(ãã€ãŠãã€ãªãã¢ããªã³ããšãŒã2代ç®ããšè³æ¬ææºããŠãã)ãã£ã¢ãã¯ãç±³åœãã¬ãã¢ã ã»ãªãŒãã£ãªã»ã«ã³ãããŒç€Ÿ (PAC) ãšä»£çåºå¥çŽãç· çµããããšãçºè¡šããã®åŸã2022幎10æä»¥éãç®éã«ãªã³ããšãŒãã©ã³ããšå
±ã«(æ¥æ¬åžå Žåã)ãã«ããŒã¢ãã¢ã¹å¯Ÿå¿é«çŽAVã¢ã³ããæå
¥ãããäºå®ã§ããããšãæãããšãªã£ãããã®ã»ãã2021幎床ãŸã§æ§OPCæä»£ãå«ãOHEãã補é ã»çºå£²ãããŠããäžéšã®ãã€ãªãã¢ãã©ã³ãã»ãªã³ããšãŒãã©ã³ãã»ã€ã³ãã°ã©ãã©ã³ãçã®åçš®AV補åã®ä¿®ççã®ãµããŒãããã£ã¢ãã¯ãæ
åœããããšãšãªã£ãã
è»èŒçšã®ãªãŒãã£ãªãšããŠã¯ã1975幎11æã«äžçåã®ã³ã³ããŒãã³ãã«ãŒã¹ãã¬ãªãçºå£²ããåžå Žå æçã䌞ã°ãã(æ¥æ¬åã®ã«ãŒã©ãžãª(1948幎)ãã«ãŒã¹ãã¬ãª(1963幎)ã¯ã¯ã©ãªãªã³ãå
ã«éçºã»çºå£²)ã1970幎代æ«ã«çºå£²ããããã§ã©ãŒãªã»512BBã§ã¯ãçŽæ£ã«ãŒã¹ãã¬ãªã«æ¡çšãããŠãããåŸã«F1ãã§ã©ãŒãªããŒã ãžã¹ãã³ãµãŒåå ãããã£ãããšãªã£ãŠããã
æ¥æ¬è»ãžã®çŽæ£ã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªã®äŸçµŠãçãã§ãããæ¥æ¬åœå
å
šã¡ãŒã«ãŒãžäŸçµŠçµéšããããæ¥æ¬è»ã§ã¯ãæ¥ç£èªåè»ãäžè±èªåè»ãããããSUBARUããã€ããå·¥æ¥ãã¹ãºãã«ã©ã€ã³ããã ãããŠãããé
ç·ã¯å瀟çšã«å å·¥ãããŠããã2000幎代ååãŸã§ã®æ©çš®ã§ã¯ãæå€§åºåãèœãšããªã©ã®é
æ
®ããªãããã
ãã€ãªãã¢/ã«ãããã§ãªã¢ãšãã«ããªãŒãã£ãªãã«ãŒããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³ãã¹ããŒã«ãŒããŠãŒãã¡ãŒã®åçªã®æåŸã«ZyãZZãšå
¥ãå Žåã¯çŽæ£ãªãã·ã§ã³ã§ããããšã衚ããŠããã
ãã®åŸãGPSæèŒã®äžçåã«ãŒããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³ã·ã¹ãã ãéçºããããã®åŸãDVDæèŒåãHDDæèŒåãéçºããã«ãŒã³ã³ããŒãã³ãäºæ¥ã§äžçãããã®æè¡ãšã·ã§ã¢ãæã€äŒæ¥ã«æé·ããã
ãŠãŒã¶ãŒããèµ°è¡æ
å ±ãåéããæžæ»æ
å ±ãäœæããŠãŠãŒã¶ãŒã«æäŸãããã¹ããŒãã«ãŒãæžæ»æ
å ±ããããããã€ãªãã¢è£œåã ãã§ãªããä»ç€Ÿè£œåã§ãå©çšã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ã®çäž»ãšããŠãç¥ãããŠãããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒ(çŸã»JVCã±ã³ãŠãã)ã®éçºããVHDã«æ¥æ¬åœå
ã®äž»èŠé»æ©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®ã»ãšãã©ãè³åããäžå©ãªç¶æ³ã«ãããããããåœæã®ç€Ÿé·ã§ããã€ãªãã¢äžèã®ç¥ããšãããç³å¡åºžäžãã嵿¥è
ã»æŸæ¬æãã¯ãããšãã瀟å
ã®åå¯ŸæŽŸãæŒãåãã販売å°å
¥ã«æŒãçããã
åæã¯äžæçãªè²©å£²äžæ¯ã«é¥ã£ãããæçµçã«ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãã·ã§ã¢äºãã«åå©ããããã®éçšã§åååããããçµµã®åºãã¬ã³ãŒããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ã»ã«ã©ãªã±ã¯ããã«æã«äžäžã颚é¡ããã€ãªãã¢ã®ãã«ç®±äºæ¥ã«æé·ããäŒç€Ÿã®å±å°éªšãæ¯ãããã«ã©ãªã±ä»¥å€ã®å𝿥œåéã§ã¯100åãå
¥ããŠãããªã¯ãªãããèŠããLaser Jukeboxãã Visualã«ç¹åããã²ãŒã çšãLaser Activeãããã£ããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ã®ã©ã³ãã ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æ©èœã掻çšããæ¥åçšæ©åšã倿°éçºãããå
šäžçã®åç©é€šãäŒæ¥ã§æ åéåºçšæ©åšãšããŠäœ¿çšãããã
ç±³åœã§ã¯å°äžåŠæ ¡åãã®èŠèŽèŠææãšããŠæ¡çšãããApple Computerãšã®åæ¥ã§å
šç±³ã®åŠæ ¡ã«æ®åãé²ã¿ãAppleãšã®é¢ä¿ãæ§ç¯ãããããã®åŸããDVD-RãDVD-RWãéçºãããªã©ãå
ãã£ã¹ã¯äºæ¥ã«ãããŠãæè¡åãä¿æãç¶ããŠããã
DVDæ®ååŸãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯äºæ¥ã¯ãã¬ãŒã€ãŒã®å°éçç£ã®ã¿ã§å®è³ªæ€éããŠãããã2009幎(å¹³æ21幎)1æãLDãã¬ãŒã€ãŒã®çç£ãçµäºããã
DVDã¡ãã£ã¢ã®è£œé 販売ããã¯æ©æã«æ€éããDVDæ¥çã«ããããã€ãªãã¢ã®å瞟ã¯é«ãæè¡åãåæ ããPCçšDVDãã«ããã©ã€ãã«ãã£ããDVDãã«ããã©ã€ã黿æãã髿§èœãªãã©ã€ããçºå£²ãããšå
±ã«å»äŸ¡æ®åçãæå
¥ããDVDãã©ã€ãã®ã¹ã¿ã³ããŒããšãªã£ããããœã³ã³åšèŸºæ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®ãããã¡ããŒãããžããã¯ãã¢ã€ã»ãªãŒã»ããŒã¿åãã«ãDVDãã©ã€ããOEMçŽå
¥ããŠããã
ãã€ãªãã¢è£œãã©ã€ãã®æžã蟌ã¿å質ã®é«ãã¯ããã©ã€ãèªäœã®é«æ§èœããšäœµãããã£ã¹ã¯(ç¹ã«å€ªéœèªé»ã補é åã³OEMäŸçµŠããDVD-Rãã£ã¹ã¯)ãšã®çžæ§ã®è¯ãããã£ããããšãããããã ãã2007幎ãDVR-A12ã·ãªãŒãºã§ããã¯ã¢ããã®äžå
·åã«ãããªã³ãŒã«ãæããã以åãããæ¬ä»¶ã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã®éã§ã¯è©±é¡ã«ãªã£ãŠããã察å¿ã®é
ããæ¹å€ã济ã³ããåææã«å
ãã£ã¹ã¯ãã©ã€ãåžå Žã®æ¥æ¿ãªäŸ¡æ Œäœäžã«èŠãã¿ã2007幎9æããã€ãªãã¢ã¯ã·ã£ãŒããšè³æ¬æ¥åææºãè¡ããååŒäŒç€Ÿããã€ãªãã¢ããžã¿ã«ãã¶ã€ã³ã¢ã³ãããã¥ãã¡ã¯ãã£ãªã³ã°æ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿããèšç«ããããããããã®ææºã¯2014幎8æã«è§£æ¶ããããã€ãªãã¢ããžã¿ã«ãã¶ã€ã³ã¢ã³ãããã¥ãã¡ã¯ãã£ãªã³ã°ã¯ãã€ãªãã¢åç¬ã®åäŒç€Ÿãšãªã£ãã
Blu-ray Disc (BD) ã§ã¯HD DVDãšèŠæ Œäºãããé ããBDé£å¶ã«å±ããæãåæãããã©ã€ãã®åºè·ãéå§ããã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®äžã€ã§ãããOEMåãã®BDãã«ããã©ã€ããŠãããã®çç£éãããã³äŸçµŠéã®ã·ã§ã¢ãšããŠã¯2021幎(什å3幎)æç¹ã§æ¥ç«LGããŒã¿ã¹ãã¬ãŒãžããããœããã¯ã«æ¬¡ã倧æã®ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšãªã£ãŠããã
æ°ççšDVDã¬ã³ãŒããŒãäžçã§æåã«çºå£²ããã¡ãŒã«ãŒã§ããããããœããã¯ãæ±èãšå
±ã«æ§åŸ¡äžå®¶ã®äžã€ã§ãã£ããåœæã¯ç»è³ªã»é³è³ªã®ãã ãããå
å®ããç·šéæ©èœã«ããäžå®ã®æ¯æãåããŠããããåŸã®äœäŸ¡æ Œåç«¶äºã«ãã£ãŠå©çãå§è¿«ããç¶æ
ãç¶ããã
2006幎(å¹³æ18幎)6æã«DVDã¬ã³ãŒããŒã®æ°èŠéçºãäžæ¢ãããšå ±éããããåŠå®ããã2007幎(å¹³æ19幎)ã¯æ°æ©çš®ãçºå£²ãããªããŸãŸæ¢åã¢ãã«ãçžæ¬¡ãã§çç£çµäºãã2008幎4æã«çºè¡šãããã¢ãã«ã¯ã·ã£ãŒãããã®OEMãšãªã£ãã以åŸã«æ°è£œåã®çºå£²ã¯ç¡ããäºå®äžå®å
šæ€éããã
ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€åéã§ã¯ãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãBeta hi-fiåŒãããªããã Hi-Vista(ãœããŒãããã€ãªãã¢ä»æ§ã«ã«ã¹ã¿ãã€ãºãããOEM)ãªã©ã®AV補åãšå
±ã«CRTæ¹åŒã®ã³ã³ãããžã¥ã¢ã«ã·ã¹ãã ãSEEDã·ãªãŒãºãã§å®¶åºçšã¢ãã¿ãŒåžå Žã«åå
¥ãå瀟ãªãŒãã£ãªæ©åšãšã®ãã¶ã€ã³çµ±åæ§ããã¥ãŒããŒããã¬ãã²ãŒã ããã¯ãªã©ã®æ¡åŒµãŠãããã«ãããä»ç€Ÿãšã®å·®å¥åãå³ã£ãã
CRTæ¹åŒã®ãªã¢ãããžã§ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãã¬ã(ããã«ã¯ä»ç€Ÿè£œ)ãæ¥æ¬åœå€åãã«è²©å£²ãããªã©å€§ããªã·ã§ã¢ã¯æã£ãŠããªãã£ããã1997幎(å¹³æ9幎)12æã«äžçåã®æ°ççšé«ç²Ÿçް50ã€ã³ãåã¯ã€ããã©ãºããã¬ããçºå£²ãã(42åã¯ã€ããã©ãºããã¬ãã¯å幎11æã«å¯å£«éãŒãã©ã«ãäžçã§åããŠçºå£²)ãããã«ã®èªç€Ÿçç£å¯èœãªæ¥æ¬ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®äžã€ã§(ãã¥ãŒããŒã¯ä»ç€ŸããOEM)ãæ¬äŒŒèŒªéãæ¶è²»é»åãªã©ãã©ãºããã¬ãã®åŒ±ç¹ãå
æããç¬èªã®æ åæè¡ããç¥æ¥ã®ãªãŒãã£ãªæè¡ãæèŒããé«é³è³ªãé«ãè©äŸ¡ãããããã€ãŠã¯43Våãš50Våã®ã¿ã補é ããããNECãã©ãºããã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ã®è²·åã«ããã61Våãã©ã€ã³ãããã«å ããã
å
è¡ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšããŠå€æ°ã®é¢é£ç¹èš±ãååŸãã2006幎ã«ãµã ã¹ã³é»åã®ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ããã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã§ç³è«ãã2ä»¶ã®ç¹èš±ã«æµè§ŠããŠãããšããŠããããµã¹å·æ±éšå°åºé£éŠå°æ¹è£å€æãžæèšŽãããåºæ¬çç¹èš±ãšããŠ2008幎10æ29æ¥ã®å€æ±ºã§åèš5900äžãã«ã®æå®³è³ åãåŸãã
æ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯æ¶²æ¶ãã¬ãã®äœäŸ¡æ Œåã«å§ããã2007幎(å¹³æ19幎)8æããé«çŽè·¯ç·ã«ç¹åããæ°ãã©ã³ããKUROããå±éããããã©ã€ãã«ã®æŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ã«ã¯ã·ã§ã¢ã§åã°ãã2008幎(å¹³æ20幎)3æ7æ¥ã«ãã©ãºãããã«ã®èªç€Ÿçç£ã®äžæ¢ãçºè¡šããããªãã³ã«PDPæè¡è
ã®å€§åããããœããã¯ã®PDPéšéãžè»¢ç±ããããããœããã¯ããããã«ã調éããçµç«ãšèªç€Ÿãã©ã³ã販売ã®ã¿ã«å°å¿µããäºå®ãçºè¡šãããäžçéè屿©ã«ããäžççµæžã®æ¥æ¿ãªèœã¡èŸŒã¿ãåããŠã2009幎2æ12æ¥ã«ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€äºæ¥ããã®æ€éãçºè¡šããã2008幎ã«ã·ã£ãŒãããæ¶²æ¶ããã«ã®äŸçµŠãåããŠèªç€Ÿãã©ã³ãã®æ¶²æ¶ãã¬ãåå
¥ãäºå®ããããå®çŸããªããŸãŸãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€äºæ¥æ€éããã
ãã€ãªãã¢ã¯ãææ©ELãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ãå€ãããç ç©¶éçºããã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªã®ç
§æãæ¶²æ¶ã®ããã¯ã©ã€ããæºåž¯é»è©±ã®èé¢ãã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªã®åè²ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€çšãªã©ã§æ¢ã«è£œååããŠããã2005幎(å¹³æ17幎)ã«äº¬éœå€§åŠãäžè±ååŠãããŒã ãšå
±ã«ãã¬ãã·ãã«ãªææ©ELãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ã®è©Šäœã«æåããã2017幎ã«ã³ãã«ããã«ã¿ãšååŒäŒæ¥(ã³ãã«ããã«ã¿ãã€ãªãã¢OLED)ãç«ã¡äžããç
§æåéãžã®æŽ»çšã暡玢ãããã2019幎ã«ååŒãè§£æ¶ãããååŒè§£æ¶åŸã¯ãã³ãã«ããã«ã¿ãäºæ¥ãç¶æ¿ããã
2016幎çŸåšãäžéšäžåœåžå Žã§çºå£²ãããŠããå瀟ãã©ã³ãã®æ¶²æ¶ãã¬ããã¹ããŒããã©ã³ãããžã¿ã«ã«ã¡ã©ãªã©ã¯ã販売åºã«å¯Ÿããåæšã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹è²žäžã«äŒŽãäžåœã¡ãŒã«ãŒè£œé åã§ãããã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšããŠã®ãã€ãªãã¢ãšã¯ãã©ã³ã以å€ã®é¢ããã¯äžåãªãã
1970幎代ããã¢ã³ãµãã³ã®åååã§çå®çªé»è©±ãéçºããŠè£œé ããã1980幎代ã«ãç¡ç·æ©åšã®æè¡ãå¿çšããŠå®¶åºçšã³ãŒãã¬ã¹é»è©±æ©ã®è£œé ãžé²åºãã·ã§ã¢ã䌞ã°ãããé»è©±æ©äºæ¥ã¯ããã€ãªãã¢ãåºè³ããåŸã«å®å
šåäŒç€Ÿãšãªã£ããã€ãªãã¢ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãºãæ¿ç¶ããåŸãå瀟ãåžåå䜵ãããã€ãªãã¢ããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹âãªã³ããšãŒ&ãã€ãªãã¢ãçµãŠã2020幎10æãããªã³ããšãŒããŒã ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ããåãæ±ã£ãŠãããããã¡ããå
è¿°ã®éããªã³ããšãŒããŒã ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ãã®çµå¶ç Žç¶»ã«äŒŽã忢ããã
1990幎代ã«DDIã»ã«ã©ãŒã°ã«ãŒã(ã»ã«ã©ãŒãçŸã»KDDI/æ²çžã»ã«ã©ãŒé»è©±é£å(åauãã©ã³ã))ããã³æ¥æ¬ç§»åéä¿¡(IDOãçŸã»KDDI(auãã©ã³ã))ãJ-PHONE(ããžã¿ã«ããŒã«ãŒåããå«ããçŸã»SoftBank)åãã«æºåž¯é»è©±æ©ã®äŸçµŠãè¡ã£ãŠãããç¹ã«æºåž¯åã®å
šé¢ã¿ããããã«åŒã®DP-211ã¯ãä»å±ã®ãã³ã§ææžãå
¥åãå¯èœã§ããªãã·ã§ã³ã®ã«ãŒãªãŒãã£ãªã«åãä»ããã°ãã³ãºããªãŒã«ã察å¿ããæä»£ãå
åãããååã§ãã£ããããã¶ã€ã³ã§äººæ°ãåŸãããšã¯ç¡ããæºåž¯é»è©±äºæ¥ããæ€éãããå
åŒæ©çš®ã®DP-211SWã¯ãæºåž¯åã®æåã¡ãã»ãŒãžãµãŒãã¹(æ§ã»ã¹ã«ã€ãŠã©ãŒã«ãŒãçŸã»ã¹ã«ã€ã¡ãŒã«)å¯Ÿå¿æ©çš®ã§ããã
1983幎(æå58幎)ãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãšçµã¿åãããç»åãã¹ãŒããŒã€ã³ããŒãºãããŠã²ãŒã ãæ¥œãããMSXããœã³ã³ãçºå£²ããã
1995幎(å¹³æ7幎)ãã1997幎ãŸã§ãApple Computerããã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ãåãããã¹ã¯ãããåã®Macintoshäºææ©ãéçºã»è²©å£²ããŠããããã¹ãã£ãŒãã»ãžã§ããºåŸ©åž°ã«ããAppleã®æŠç¥è»¢æã§ã3æ©çš®ãçºå£²ããã®ã¿ã§çµãã£ãã
(2022幎5æçŸåš)
å
šãŠéå»ã®ãã®ãç¹èšããªããã®ã¯æ¥æ¬ãã¬ãç³»åã§æŸéã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2
|
6,033 |
ã¿ã©ãã®æ¥
|
ã¿ã©ãã®æ¥()ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®åœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã®äžã€ã§ãããæ¥ä»ã¯5æ4æ¥ã§ããã1989幎(å¹³æå
幎)ãã2006幎(å¹³æ18幎)ãŸã§ã¯4æ29æ¥ã§ãã£ããåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã«é¢ããæ³åŸ(ç¥æ¥æ³ãæå23幎7æ20æ¥æ³åŸç¬¬178å·)第2æ¡ã«ããã°ããèªç¶ã«èŠªãããšãšãã«ãã®æ©æµã«æè¬ããè±ããªå¿ãè²ããããšãè¶£æšãšããããŽãŒã«ãã³ãŠã£ãŒã¯ãæ§æããäŒæ¥ã®äžã€ã§ããã
è±èªã§ã¯ãGreenery dayã(ç·æš¹ãèæšã®æ¥ãšããæå³)ãšè¡šèšããã(Green Dayã§ã¯ãªã)ã
1948幎(æå23幎)ã®ç¥æ¥æ³æœè¡ä»¥æ¥ãæå倩çã®èªçæ¥ã§ãã4æ29æ¥ã¯åœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã§ããã倩çèªçæ¥ããšãããŠããã1989幎(æå64幎)1æ7æ¥ã«æä»ãå³äœãã倩çèªçæ¥ã¯æä»ã®èªçæ¥ã§ãã12æ23æ¥ãšãªã£ãããŽãŒã«ãã³ãŠã£ãŒã¯ã®äžè§ãæ§æããç¥æ¥ã廿¢ãããšåœæ°ã®ç掻ãžåœ±é¿ãæžå¿µãããããã4æ29æ¥ã¯ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ããšæ¹ããŠç¥æ¥ãšããã
åœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã«ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ããæ°èšããéã®èª¬æãšããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ãé£èºçãªçµæžæé·ã®çµæãæãåœã®åœæ°ç掻ã¯ãç©è³ªçã«ã¯ã»ãŒæºè¶³ãåŸãæ°Žæºã«éãããã®ãšèããããŸãããããããã¯ããããŸã§ã«ãå¢ããŠå¿ã®æœ€ããããšããšãã£ãå¿ã®è±ãããæ¶µé€ããããšãæ±ããããŠããŸããæãåœã¯ç·è±ããªèªç¶ãæã£ãåœã§ããããšã«ãããã¿ããã®èªç¶ã«èŠªãããšãšãã«ããã®æ©æµã«æè¬ããè±ããªãå¿ãã¯ãããããšãé¡ãããã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ããšããŠåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ãšãããã®ã§ãããŸããã
2005幎(å¹³æ17幎)ã®ç¥æ¥æ³æ¹æ£ã«ãã2007幎(å¹³æ19幎)以éã¯ããã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ãããç¥æ¥ã«æãŸããå¹³æ¥ã§ãåœæ°ã®äŒæ¥ãã§ãã£ã5æ4æ¥ãžç§»åãã4æ29æ¥ã¯ãæåã®æ¥ããšãããçµç·¯ã¯æåã®æ¥ã«è©³è¿°ãããã
ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ãã¯ãå°æžæµäžå®æ¿é·å®ã®ç§çè«®åæ©é¢ã§æèè
ãã«ãããçäœç¶æ¿ã«äŒŽãåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã«é¢ããæ³åŸæ¹æ£ã«é¢ããæè«äŒãã§ããæå倩çã¯æ€ç©ã«é è©£ãæ·±ããèªç¶ããããªãæããããšãããç·ãã«ã¡ãªãåããµããããããšãã倧å¢ã®æèŠã«ããå®ãããããã»ãã«ããç§åŠã®æ¥ããªã©æå倩çã®åèãé ãæèŠãå€ãã£ãã
ã¿ã©ãã®æé(ã¿ã©ãã®ãã£ãã)ã¯ããã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ãã«ã€ããŠã®åœæ°ã®é¢å¿ãšçè§£ãäžå±€ä¿é²ããŠãã¿ã©ããã«ã€ããŠåœæ°ã®é è©£ãæ·±ããæã§ããããã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ãã®æ¹æ£ã«äŒŽãã2006幎(å¹³æ18幎)8æ8æ¥ã®é£è°ã§ãã¿ã©ãã®é±éãã廿¢ããŠ4æ15æ¥ãã5æ14æ¥ããã¿ã©ãã®æéããšå®ãããæéäžã¯å°æ¹å
Œ
±å£äœåã³äžè¬ã®ååãåŸãŠãã¿ã©ããã«é¢ããåçš®è¡äºçãå
šåœçã«å®æœããã
ã¿ã©ãã®é±é(ã¿ã©ãã®ãã
ããã)ã¯ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ãæ¹æ£ä»¥åã®2006幎ãŸã§ååšããããã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ã®è¶£æšãåºãæ®åããç·è±ããªèªç¶ãšåœåã®åœ¢æåã³åœæ°ç掻ã®åäžã«è³ããããšããç®çãšãããåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ã«é¢ããæ³åŸã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸ(å¹³æå
幎æ³åŸç¬¬5å·)ã§ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ããåœæ°ã®ç¥æ¥ãšå¶å®ããã1989幎(å¹³æå
幎)4æ18æ¥ã®é£è°ã§ã4æ23æ¥ãã4æ29æ¥ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ããŸã§ããã¿ã©ãã®é±éããšå®ãããæéäžã¯å°æ¹å
Œ
±å£äœåã³äžè¬ã®ååãåŸãŠãã¿ã©ããã«é¢ããåçš®è¡äºçãå
šåœçã«å®æœããã
2007幎以éã¯ãã¿ã©ãã®æ¥ãã«åœå
nj
¬åã®ç¡æéæŸãããªã©ãåœæ°ãèªç¶ã«èŠªããããã®åçš®è¡äºçãåå°ã§å®æœããŠããã
åœæ¥ã¯æ¯æ¥æ°èã®é¡åãéããç·è²ã«ãªãã
1991幎ãããã°ãªãŒã³ã¬ã¬ãã¿ãšç§°ããŠäžå€®å€§åŠã»æ³æ¿å€§åŠã»æ¥æ¬äœè²å€§åŠã»æ±äº¬çµæžå€§åŠã®å®ææŠãæžç°æŒèå Žã§å®æœãããæ©æ
¶ã¬ã¬ãã¿ã«æ¬¡ãã§äººæ°ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5
|
6,036 |
VHD
|
VHD(Video High Density Discããã€ãšã€ããã£)ã¯ã1980å¹Žä»£ã«æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒ(çŸã»JVCã±ã³ãŠãã)ãéçºããã¬ã³ãŒãç€åœ¢ç¶ã®ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯èŠæ Œã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãã¬ã³ãŒã補é äºæ¥ã®å»¶é·ãšããŠã1974幎ãããããªãã£ã¹ã¯éçºã®ç ç©¶æãçºè¶³ããã1978幎9æã«çºè¡šãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã®æ¯äœã§ãã£ãRCAãåçšåããCEDãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ãšåãããã¬ã³ãŒãã®éã«çžåœãããã€ã€ã¢ã³ã補ã®ãããŒã黿¥µã»ã³ãµãŒãã¬ã³ãŒãç€ãžçŽæ¥ã«æ¥è§ŠãããŠãã£ã¹ã¯è¡šé¢ã®ä¿¡å·ãèªã¿åºããä¿¡å·èšé²é¢ãã¢ããã°ã¬ã³ãŒãåæ§é²åºããŠããæ§é äžãå·ããã³ãªå¯Ÿçã®ããã®ãã£ãã£ãŒ(ãžã£ã±ãã)ã«ãã£ã¹ã¯ãå°å
¥ãããŠããããã£ã¹ã¯ãã®ãã®ã¯åè§£ãããªãéãçŽæ¥è§ŠãããèŠãããšã¯ã§ããªãããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãšè¯ã䌌ãé»å
ãããå
æ²¢ãæã¡è¹è²ãåããã衚é¢ã¯50nmçšåºŠã®æœ€æ»å±€ã§èŠãããŠãããã»ã³ãµãŒã®é¢ç©ãããæ¥è§Šå§åãã¢ããã°ã¬ã³ãŒããšæ¯ã¹ãŠ1æ¡å°ãªãããšããããã£ã¹ã¯ãã»ã³ãµãŒã®å¯¿åœãé·ãããããšãå¯èœãšããããå€èŠäžCEDãšé¡äŒŒããããã¬ã³ãŒãç€ã«æ§é äžã®æºãç¡ãã衚é¢ã®éé»å®¹éã®å€åã§æ
å ±ãèšé²ãããæºç¡ãéé»å®¹éæ¹åŒãã§ããããšãCEDãšã®å€§ããªéãã§ããã
æ åã®æ°Žå¹³è§£å床ã¯240æ¬çšåºŠãšVHSãããŒã¿ãšåçšåºŠã ããçžåããè§£å床ãšS/Næ¯ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãè¯ããé«ç»è³ªã§çé¢1æéã»äž¡é¢ã§èš2æéã®åé²ãå¯èœãèšé²æ¹åŒã¯CAVãè²ä¿¡å·äœå倿æ¹åŒæ¡çšããã£ã¹ã¯ã®å転æ°ã¯900rpmããã£ã¹ã¯ã®çŽåŸã¯26cmãé³å£°ã¯ã¢ããã°FMãªãŒãã£ãªãåºæ¬ã§ãåŸã«ããžã¿ã«ãªãŒãã£ãªèŠæ Œããªãã·ã§ã³ã§è¿œå ãããã
åçãããšãã¯ããã£ã¹ã¯ããã£ãã£ãŒããšãã¬ã€ã€ãŒæ¬äœã«å·®ã蟌ããšãäžã®ãã£ã¹ã¯ã ããæ¬äœã«åã蟌ãŸãããã£ãã£ãŒã¯æåºããããåãåºãæã«ã¯ããã£ãã£ãŒãå·®ã蟌ããšãã£ã¹ã¯ããã£ãã£ãŒå
ã«æ»ãããããã£ãã£ãŒã®è£é¢ã«ã¯ãµã€ã確èªçªããããçœç·ãèŠããã°Bé¢ãèŠããªããã°Aé¢ã§ãããçé¢ãã£ã¹ã¯ã§Bé¢ãäžã«ããŠå
¥ãããšå転ããã«å³åº§ã«åãåºãã¢ãŒãã«ãªãããã£ã¹ã¯ã¯ãã£ãã£ãŒã«åçŽãããŠãããããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãDVDãªã©ã§çããå·ãæçŽããã³ãªã«ç
©ããããããšããªãåãæ±ãã¯ç°¡äŸ¿ã ã£ãã
ãã£ã¹ã¯ãšã»ã³ãµãŒãæ¥è§Šãä¿¡å·ãæŸã£ãŠããé¢ä¿äžæ©èã¯çãããã1æé以äžã«ããã鿢ç»åçãªã©ã®éåžžèããããªãæ¹æ³ãåããªãéããäžè¬å®¶åºã§ã®èŠèŽç°å¢ã§ã¯ã»ãŒç¡èŠã§ããã¬ãã«ã§ãããšããããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ãæ¥åçšã«äœ¿ãããŠããã«ã©ãªã±ã§ã1,000åã®åçã2幎ã¯å€§äžå€«ãªã®ã§å®çšäžã®åé¡ã¯ãªããšããããã ãã«ã©ãªã±ã§ã¯åããã£ã¹ã¯ãããªãã®åæ°åçããéœåäžãã«ã©ãªã±ããã¯ã¹ãã¹ããã¯ããŒãªã©ã®æ¥åçšéã§ã¯çšã«æ©èã«ããé害ãçãããããã«VHDpc INTER ACTIONãšããŠããœã³ã³ã®ããŒã¿ãã£ã¹ã¯ãšããŠäœ¿çšããå Žåã¯ãç¡èŠã§ããªãåé¡ãšãªã£ãã
åãæ¥è§ŠåŒã®éãçšãããããªãã£ã¹ã¯ãšããŠã1981幎ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§åçšåãããRCAã®CEDã®ã»ãããã€ãã®ãã«ããã¯/ããã«/ãã¬ãã³ã±ã³ãéçºããTeD(Television Electronic Disc)ãæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥(çŸã»ãããœããã¯)ãéçºããVISC(æªçºå£²)ãããããããã¯ã¬ã³ãŒãåæ§ã«æºããããVHDãšã®äºææ§ã¯å
šããªãã
VHDãã£ã¹ã¯ã®çç£ã¯ã¬ã³ãŒãç€ããã®å¿çšã§1åã®ãã¬ã¹ã§äž¡é¢ãåºæ¥äžãããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ã®ãããªäž¡é¢è²ŒãåãããäžèŠã§è£œé ã³ã¹ããå®ããšãããŠãããVHDã¯ã¢ããã°ã¬ã³ãŒãã®çç£èšåãå©çšã§ããç¹ãããæ®åãæåèŠãããããç¥å¥å·ç倧ååžã®æéå·¥å Ž(JVCã±ã³ãŠããã»ã¯ãªãšã€ãã£ãã¡ãã£ã¢ãšããŠå瀟åã®ã¡éé)ã®å°çšã¬ãŒã³ã§çç£ãããåžè²©ãœããã®è£œé ã»è²©å£²ã¯æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒæ åäºæ¥éšãæ
ã£ãŠããã
ãªããã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯(LD)åæ§ããœããã®ã¬ã³ã¿ã«ã¯å
šé¢çŠæ¢ã ã£ãã
åœæã¯VTRãããçšåºŠæ®åããæ¬¡ã¯çµµã®åºãã¬ã³ãŒããšããŠãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ãåŸ
æãããŠãããVHDã¯ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ (LD) ãšã®èŠæ Œäºããè¡ãããã
VHDã®ãã¡ããªãŒäœãã¯åœåã¯é£èªããã1978幎9æã®VHDã®çºè¡šæãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã®åœæã®èŠªäŒç€Ÿã®æŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ã¯1977幎11æã«çºè¡šããŠããèªç€Ÿæ¹åŒã®ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯VISCã®éçºãé²ããŠãããã1980幎1æã«ãªã£ãŠæŸäžé»åšã¯VISCæ¹åŒãæŸæ£ããããšãšVHDæ¹åŒãæ¡çšããããšãçºè¡šãæŸäžã°ã«ãŒãã§ã®ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã®çµ±äžãè¡ããããæ¬¡ãã§å幎9æã«ã¯æ±äº¬èæµŠé»æ°(çŸã»æ±è)ãVHDé£å¶ã«åŒã蟌ããããããã£ããã«ãäžæŽé»æ©ãã·ã£ãŒããäžè±é»æ©ãèµ€äºé»æ©ããªãŒãã£ãªãã¯ãã«ãå±±æ°Žé»æ°ããŒãã©ã«(çŸã»å¯å£«éãŒãã©ã«)ãããªãª(çŸã»JVCã±ã³ãŠãã)ãæ¥æ¬æ¥œåšè£œé (çŸã»ã€ãã)ãæ¥æ¬é»æ°ããŒã ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ã®æ¥æ¬ã®11ç€Ÿãæ¥æ¬åœå€ã®ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãŒãã©ã«ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªã㯠(GE)ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãœãŒã³EMI(è±èªç)ãåå
¥ããã
åœåã¯ãã€ãªãã¢(ããŒã AVäºæ¥éšãçŸã»ãªã³ããšãŒãã¯ãããžãŒ)1瀟ã®ã¿ã®LDé£å¶ã«å¯ŸããVHDé£å¶ã¯13瀟ãšé£å®¹ã¯å§åçã§ããæ¥ã®äžžèŠæ Œããšãèšããããã¹ã³ãã¯VHDé£å¶ã®å§åãäºæ³ããããã ããVHDé£å¶ã¯æ°ããå€ãã£ããã®ã®ãåä¹ããäžããŠã¯ã¿ããOEMäŸçµŠã§çºå£²ããã ãã§ãèªç€Ÿã§ã®éçºãçç£ã®èšç»ããªãã¡ãŒã«ãŒãå€ãã£ããšãèšããããåŸã«VHDèŠæ Œã®è³åäŒç€Ÿã«ã¯ãã¢ã€ã¯(å代æ³äººãçŸã»ãœããŒããŒã±ãã£ã³ã°)ãã¯ã©ãªãªã³ãå ãã£ãã
éç£ç(çŸã»çµæžç£æ¥ç)ã¯VHSæ¹åŒãšããŒã¿æ¹åŒã®ãããªæŠäºæãšåããããããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã«ã€ããŠãèŠæ Œçµ±äžãåããããããLDæ¹åŒãæšé²ãããã€ãªãã¢ã¯ãLDæ¹åŒãåªããŠãããæè¡çºå±ã®ããã«å®æãªèŠæ Œçµ±äžã¯ãããåžå Žã§æ±ºçãã€ããã¹ãã ãšããŠãããæã¿ã1瀟ã®ã¿ã§LDã®çºå£²ã«èžã¿åã£ãã
åœåã¯ã©ã¡ãã®é£å¶ã«ãåå ããªãã£ãäž»ãªã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšããŠã¯ãããŒã¿æ¹åŒã®ãããªããŒãã¬ã³ãŒããŒãæããŠæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãšã©ã€ãã«é¢ä¿ã«ããã1981幎ããæ¥åçšLDãœãããçç£ããŠãããœããŒãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§RCA瀟ã«CEDæ¹åŒã®ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãOEMäŸçµŠããŠã¢ãŒã±ãŒãã²ãŒã ã®LDã²ãŒã ã§æ¥åçšã§LDã«åå
¥ããŠããæ¥ç«è£œäœæãåœææ¥ç«ã°ã«ãŒãã§ãã³ãªã³(DENONãçŸã»ããã³)ãã©ã³ããæããŠããæ¥æ¬ã³ãã ãã¢(ãªãŒãã£ãªäºæ¥éšãçŸã»ãã£ãŒã¢ã³ããšã ããŒã«ãã£ã³ã°ã¹)ãå
åŠåŒãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã·ã¹ãã ãéçºãããã£ãªããã¹åäžã ã£ãæ¥æ¬ãã©ã³ã(çŸã»ãã£ãŒã¢ã³ããšã ããŒã«ãã£ã³ã°ã¹)ããªãŒãã£ãªæ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒãã£ã¢ãã¯ãªã©ãããããããããã®åŸLDé£å¶ã«åå
¥ããã
VHDæ¹åŒã¯ãã¬ãŒã€ãŒçç£ã®ç®åŠã¯ãã£ããã®ã®ããã£ã¹ã¯çç£ã®æè¡éçºã¯äºæ³ä»¥äžã«é£èªããæè¡çåé¡ã®è§£æ±ºã«3幎ãèŠããããã®ãããçºå£²ã¯åœåäºå®ã®1981幎4æãã倧å¹
ã«ãã蟌ã¿ã1982幎4æã«ã¯ç¡æéã®å»¶æãçºè¡šãããå®éã®çºå£²éå§ã¯1983幎4æãšãªã£ãããããŠå幎5æãŸã§ã«æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãå«ãVHDãã¡ããªãŒ5瀟ããèªç€Ÿãã©ã³ãã§è£œåãçºå£²ãããã
åžè²©åãŸã§å¹ŽæãèŠããããšã§LDã®èºé²ãèš±ããæ Œå¥œãšãªããæ¥æ¬åœå€ã§ãŒãã©ã«ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ããœãŒã³EMIãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ã®4瀟ãè¡ã£ãŠããVHDãœãããŠã§ã¢ãVHDããŒããŠã§ã¢äŸçµŠååŒäŒæ¥ã¯æ¬æ Œå§ååã«ç©ºäžåè§£ããGEãšãœãŒã³EMIã¯ååŒãè§£æ¶ããŠVHDããæ€éãVHDã®æµ·å€æŠç¥ã¯ç Žç¶»ããçµæãšãªã£ãã
1984幎ã«CD/LDã³ã³ãããã«åçæ©ããã€ãªãã¢ããœããŒãªã©è€æ°ç€Ÿããé æ¬¡çºå£²ãããããšã§LDãœããã®ã»ã«åžå Žã確ç«ã1985幎ã«ã¯VHDé£å¶ã ã£ãæ¥æ¬æ¥œåšè£œé ãLDé£å¶ã«éæ¿ãããLDé£å¶ã¯7瀟ã«å¢å ãããªã©LDãæ¡çšããã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯æ¡å€§ããŠãã£ãã
1987å¹Žã«æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ç«äœæ åãšQXæ¹åŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã©ãã°ã·ããæ©ã®ãHD-V1ããçºå£²ãããããããŸã§VHDãã¡ããªãŒã®äžè§ãšããŠããã£ã¹ã¯ããŒããã®ã·ãªãŒãºåã§è²©å£²ããŠããæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ãVHDãã¬ãŒã€ãŒã®è²©å£²ãçµäºããLDé£å¶ã«éæ¿ããããããã«ããæ°èŠãŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯LDãå奜ããããã«ãªãããã€ãªãã¢1瀟ã§å§ãŸã£ãLDé£å¶ã¯1989幎æç¹ã§19瀟ãšãªã£ãããã®çµæãLDã®ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯åžå Žã§ã®ã·ã§ã¢ã¯ã1987幎ã«ã¯75%ã1988幎ã«ã¯87%ã1989幎ã«ã¯95%ãç²åŸãVHDã¯æãå»ã£ããäžåž¯æ®åçã5%çšåºŠã®ãããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã¯å奜ååã§ãããäŸ¡æ Œã®åªäœãããæ§èœãæ¶è²»è
ã«éèŠããããããšèšãããã
VHDã®æéã¯æ¡çšã¡ãŒã«ãŒæ°ã§å§åããŠãåžå Žãå¶èŠããããšã¯ã§ããªãäŸãšããŠåŒçšãããããšããããããã¯ãæè¡çã«åªäœã ã£ãããŒã¿ããã¯ã¹ãVHSã«æéããäŸãšæ¯èŒããŠèªãããããšããããIEC(åœé黿°æšæºäŒè°)ã§èŠæ Œãã¯ããããŠããã®ã¯ãå
åŠåŒã§ã¯ãªãVHDæ¹åŒã ã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã¯LDãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãçºå£²ããªãã£ãããVHDããããªãã£ã¹ã¯åžå Žã§çž®å°ããŠããã¯ãèªç€ŸãœããéšéãVHDããLDãžãšã·ãããé²ã¿ãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒè£œäœã®éŠç»ã»æŽç»(äž»ã«åäžã®ã©ã«ãŽãšã³ã¿ãã€ã³ã¡ã³ãäœå)ã»ã¢ãã¡ã»ã«ã©ãªã±ãªã©ç©æ¥µçã«LDåããŠããããŸããé¢é£äŒç€Ÿã®RVC(RCAãã¯ã¿ãŒãçŸã»ãœããŒã»ãã¥ãŒãžãã¯ãšã³ã¿ãã€ã³ã¡ã³ã)ã1985幎ã«ãã¡ã€ãžã£ãŒãº(JVCã±ã³ãŠããã»ãã¯ã¿ãŒãšã³ã¿ãã€ã³ã¡ã³ãã®åäŒç€Ÿ)ãšããã¯ã»ã€ã³ã»ãããªã1990幎(å¹³æ2幎)ã«LDãœãããçºå£²éå§ãããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒåã³ãã¯ã¿ãŒãšã³ã¿ãã€ã³ã¡ã³ãã§LDãœããçºå£²ãæããã以åã¯ãããªããŒã«ã»ã¬ã³ãŒã(çŸã»ãŠãããŒãµã« ãã¥ãŒãžãã¯)ãåµçŸäŒç»(æ åãœããéšéã¯çŸåšã®ããããã)ãªã©ä»ç€Ÿã¬ãŒãã«ããäžéšã®äœåãçºå£²ããŠããã
ãŸããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãVHDã§çºå£²ããŠããã·ãã£ãŒãã³ã¿ãŒã·ãªãŒãºãªã©ã¯ãæå€§ã®ã©ã€ãã«ã§ãããã€ãªãã¢ã®åäŒç€Ÿãã€ãªãã¢LDC(çŸã»NBCãŠãããŒãµã«ã»ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ããžã£ãã³)ããLDãçºå£²ããŠãããæ©åšé¢ã§ãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã補é çºå£²ããŠããMUSEãã³ãŒããŒã«ã¯Hi-Vision LDå°çšç«¯åãåããŠããã
DVD以åã¯ä»ã®èŠæ Œãå«ããŠVHSã®çåã厩ãã»ã©ã®ååãç»å Žããªãã£ãã
çé¢1æéåé²ã®LDã§ã¯ãã¬ãŒã ãµãŒãã¯äžå¯èœãªã®ã«å¯ŸããVHDæ¹åŒã¯å
šãŠã®ãã£ã¹ã¯ã§ã¿ã€ã ãµãŒãããã¬ãŒã ãµãŒãããã£ãã¿ãŒãµãŒããåºæ¥ããããã¯ãçé¢1æéåé²ã®LDãCLVãªã®ã«å¯ŸããVHDæ¹åŒã¯CAVã§ããã€ã¢ããã°ã¬ã³ãŒãã®ãããªæºãååšããªãæºç¡ãéé»å®¹éæ¹åŒãæ¡çšããŠãããããé«éã©ã³ãã ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãå¯èœãšãªã£ãŠããããã§ããããã®ããšãããæ¯èŒçåæã®VHDãã¬ã€ã€ãŒã§ãã£ãŠãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ä»¥äžã®æäœæ§ã®è¯ããæ¥œããããšãå¯èœã§ãããæºããªãVHDã¯ã»ã³ãµãŒã暪æ¹åãžã®ç§»åãèªåšã§ãåžæã®ãã©ãã¯ãæ©ãæ¢ããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã«èŠããæéã¯ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ã®åå以äžãšæå©ã§ãã¹ã¿ãŒãå°ç¹ããã©ã¹ããŸã§ã§ã5ç§ä»¥å
ã§åçãã§ããã
LDãããžã¿ã«ã¡ã¢ãªãå©çšãããŸã§çé¢1æéã®é·æéãã£ã¹ã¯ã§ã¯éæ¢ç»ãããªãã¯ãã¬ã€ãåºæ¥ãªãã£ãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãVHDæ¹åŒã¯ãããã®éæ¢ç»ãã³ãéããªã©ç¹æ®åçãå¯èœãªããšãåªäœãªç¹ã ã£ãããã ãVHDã§ã¯1ãã©ãã¯ã«2ãã¬ãŒã ãåé²ããŠããé¢ä¿ãããåãã®æ¿ããç»é¢ã§ã¯éæ¢ç»ããã¬ãå Žåããã£ãããããè§£æ¶ããã«ã¯ã1ãã©ãã¯ã«åããã¬ãŒã ã2ã€åé²ããŠåéã§åçããããšãã¹ãã©ç·šéãšãããã®ããã£ãããå
šç·šã«ãšãã¹ãã©ç·šéãæœããšå鲿éã¯30åã«ãªã£ãã
1980幎代åŸåã«çºå£²ãããVHDãã¬ã€ã€ãŒã«ã¯3-Dç«äœæ ååçæ©èœãæããŠãããã®ãååšããã1986幎ããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãã·ã£ãŒããæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ã®3瀟ãã察å¿ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒã®çºå£²ãéå§ãããé«çŽã¢ãã«ã¯æšæºå¯Ÿå¿ãæ®åã¢ãã«ã¯å€ä»ãã¢ããã¿ãŒã§å¯Ÿå¿ããã
åçãšããŠã¯å·Šå³ã®æ åã亀äºã«åé²ããããã£ã¹ã¯ãåçããŠãæ¶²æ¶ã·ã£ãã¿ãŒåŒã¹ã³ãŒããæ¬äœã«æ¥ç¶ããçŒé¡ãæããèŠé ã§èŠèŽããã°ãç«äœæ åãæ¥œããããšãå¯èœã ã£ãã3D-VHDã®ãã£ã¹ã¯ã¯éåžžã®ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒã§ãéåžžã®æ åãšããŠåçã§ããäºææ§ãä¿ã£ã仿§ã§ããã®ããã«å鲿éã¯ååã®çé¢30åãšãªã£ãŠããã1986幎ãã1987幎ã«ãããŠæ¢åã®ç«äœæ ç»ãã¢ãã¡ããããªãã¬ãžã³ãªã©ãªãªãžãã«äœåã®å¯Ÿå¿ãœããããæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãã22ã¿ã€ãã«ãçºè¡šãããããã®æ¶²æ¶ã·ã£ãã¿ãŒã»ã¡ã¬ãæ¹åŒã«ãã3Dã¯ãVHD以å€ã«ãåææã«ããã¡ããªãŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãã»ã¬ã»ããŒã¯IIIãã¢ãŒã±ãŒãã²ãŒã ã®ã²ãŒã åéã§ãæ¡çšãããŠããŠã¡ãã£ãšããããŒã ã ã£ãããæ¿ãããã©ã€ããç®ç«ã€ããšããããVHDæ¹åŒã®èºé²ã«ã¯æ®ã©ç¹ãããã1988幎ã«ã¯æ¶æ»
ããã
2008幎ãããããžã¿ã«3-Dæ ç»ãç«äœãã¬ãæŸéæè¡ã®èºé²ã«ããã3Dåç察å¿ã®Blu-ray Discãœãããåžè²©åãããŠããããã¡ãã®3D衚瀺ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ãã3次å
ãã£ã¹ãã¬ã€ã®æ©èœã«äŸåããŠããç¹ãšã¡ã¬ãã¯ç¡ç·(èµ€å€ç·éä¿¡)æ¥ç¶ã§ããç¹ããVHDã®ãããšå€§ããç°ãªãã
çã®ãªãŒãžã§ã³ããªãŒã¡ãã£ã¢ãç®æããŠããããšããã3ã€ã®ç°ãªããã¬ãæ¹åŒ(NTSCã»PALã»SECAM)ã®åçãå¯èœãšãªã£ãŠããããã ãNTSCæ¹åŒã®ãã¬ãã§PAL/SECAMã®ãœãããåçãããš19%瞊é·ã«ãªããPAL/SECAMã®ãã¬ãã§NTSCã®ãœãããåçãããš16%çž®ãããšã«ãªãã
ãã®èãæ¹ã¯ãã¯ã¿ãŒãçºå£²ããŠããDVDæ©åšã«ãåæ ãããPALæ¹åŒã®DVDãããªãNTSCæ¹åŒã«å€æããŠåçããæ©èœãæããŠããã
VHDã¯æ°Žå¹³è§£å床240æ¬ä»¥äžã§ã350æ¬ä»¥äžã®LDã«åŸãããšã£ãŠããã
1980å¹Žä»£åŸæã«ã¯æ°Žå¹³è§£å床400æ¬ä»¥äžã®é«ç»è³ªãå®çŸããQX (Quality eXcellent) VHDæ¹åŒãšãé³è³ªãæ ¹æ¬ããèŠçŽãCDãšåäžã®é«é³è³ªãå®çŸããVHD DigitalAudioæ¹åŒ(16 Bit, 44.1 kHz, ãªãã¢PCM)ãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãéçºãããäž¡æ¹åŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ããVHDãã¬ã€ã€ãŒHD-V1ãåžå Žãžæå
¥ããããäžè¬å®¶åºåãQX VHDãœãããVHD DigitalAudioãœããã¯æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãå«ããã©ãã®ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãããäŸçµŠãããªãã£ãã
ãŸããèŠæ Œã«ããè²ä¿¡å·ãäœå倿ããåç(ããŒã ãããªãšåæ§)ãããè²åçŸæ§ã¯LDãè¶
ããäºãåºæ¥ãªãã£ãã
æ¥ããã€ããžã§ã³æä»£ãæ³å®ããMUSEæ¹åŒã«ããHi-Vision VHDã®éçºãæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãšæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ã®æã§è¡ãããŠããããåžå Žã«åºãããšã¯ãªãã£ãã
ã¢ããã°ã¬ã³ãŒãã«ä»£ããããžã¿ã«ãªãŒãã£ãªãã£ã¹ã¯èŠæ ŒãšããŠæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒãèæ¡ããã®ãAHDã§ãããVHDã¯1978幎9æã«çºè¡šãããããçºè¡šæããåãªããããªãã£ã¹ã¯ã§ã¯ãªãããã®AHDæ¹åŒãšã®å
±çšãèããããŠãããVHD/AHDã·ã¹ãã ãšããŠçºè¡šããããã®ã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ãDADæè«äŒã«VHDã·ã¹ãã ãå¿çšããAHD (Advanced High Density Disc) ãææ¡ãããDADæè«äŒã§ã¯ãææ¡ããã3æ¹åŒã®äžãããœããŒãšãã£ãªããã¹ã®CDããªãŒãã£ãªå°çšãšããŠãšAHDããããªãã£ã¹ã¯ãšã®å
±çšåãšããŠæ¡æããããåœå
ã§ã¯VHDpcããŒã¯ä»ããã¬ã€ã€ãŒã«å€ä»ãããAHDããã»ããµAD-7000ãšããŠã1985幎ã«198,000åã§çºå£²ãããã
AHDã®èšæ¶å®¹éã¯äž¡é¢ã§2.54GBãããžã¿ã«ãªãŒãã£ãªã®ã¹ããã¯ã¯ãéååæ°ã16bitããµã³ããªã³ã°åšæ³¢æ°ã44.1kHzããã£ã³ãã«æ°ã¯æå€§4ãã£ã³ãã«ããã£ã³ãã«æ°ã2ãã£ã³ãã«ã«ããå Žåã¯ã456Ã572ãããã1600äžè²ã®é«ç²Ÿçްããžã¿ã«éæ¢ç»åãäž¡é¢ã§çé¢ã«1,500æãäž¡é¢ã§3,000æãåé²ã§ããã鿢ç»1æã®è¡šç€ºã«ã¯2.4ç§ãèŠããã鿢ç»ã䜿çšããéã«ã¯ãªãã¢PCMé³å£°ã䜿ããã鿢ç»ã®èª¬æçšã«æåããŒã¿ã1æããã87ãããã€ãã§åèš260MBåã鿢ç»1æããã19.2ç§ã®å§çž®é³å£°ã16æéã§åèš950MBãå²ãåœãŠãããšãã§ããå³éãªã©ã®å©çšãæ³å®ããããAHDãœããã¯20ã¿ã€ãã«çšåºŠæ¥æ¬ãã¯ã¿ãŒããçºè¡šããããã®ã®ãæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ãå
åŠæ¹åŒã®CDãæ¯æããããšã§AHDãã¡ããªãŒäœããã§ããªãã£ããããæåã®æä»£ãšå
±ã«ã»ãŒæ¶æ»
ããã
VHDpcããŒã¯ä»ããã¬ã€ã€ãŒãVHDã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ã€ã¹ãŠãããåã³MSXãã·ã£ãŒãX1ãªã©ããŒãœãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãšã®çµã¿åããã§ãVHDpc INTER ACTIONãæ¥œããããšãå¯èœã ã£ãã
VHDèšèªãšããã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ãšãµãŠã³ãããµããŒãããBASICã®ææ³ã«è¿ãèšèªä»æ§ãçå®ãã°ã©ãã£ãã¯åº§æšãRGBå€ã¯å®æ°å€ã䜿çšãæ©ç𮿝ã«å¯èœãªè¡šç€ºãè¡ããªã©ç°æ©çš®éå
±éã®èšèªãšããŠèããããŠããã察å¿ã®ã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ãçšæããã°ç°ãªã£ãæ©çš®ã®ããœã³ã³ã§ãåäžã®VHDãã£ã¹ã¯ã䜿çšããŠã²ãŒã çã®ãœãããæ¥œããããšããçºæ³ã ã£ããVHDèšèªã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯ãã£ã¹ã¯ã«ã¯äžéèšèªã®åœ¢ã§ãé³å£°ãã£ã³ãã«Bã®ãã©ãã¯ã«ããžã¿ã«èšé²ããããã£ã¹ã¯çé¢ã§çŽ1.3Mãã€ãã®å®¹éããã£ãã転éé床ã¯2880bpsã
æåã«çºå£²ãããã®ã¯ãªãŒããã€ã¬ãŒã¹ã²ãŒã ãVROOMããã®ã£ã³ãã«ã²ãŒã ãThe Players Clubããæè²ãœãããã¢ãªã¹ã®ååŠå®éšå®€ãã
ããµã³ããŒã¹ããŒã ãããããŒããã©ã¹ã¿ãŒãããã¿ã€ã ã®ã£ã«ããªã©ãåœæã²ãŒã ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã§æµè¡ããLDã²ãŒã ãç§»æ€ããããããããã®ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã²ãŒã ã¯å®è¡é床ã®é
ãã€ã³ã¿ããªã¿ã§ããVHDèšèªé察å¿ã§ãVHDã®ä»ã«ã«ã»ããããŒãã§çºå£²ãããåæ©çš®åå¥ã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãå¿
èŠãšããã
å°æ¥çã«VHDèšèªã³ã³ãã€ã©ãããœã³ã³ã«çšæãããã°ããœãŒã¹ãæžããŠäžéèšèªã«å€æããVHDã®ãã£ã¹ã¯ã«èšé²ããã«ããœã³ã³äžã§ãŠãŒã¶ãŒéçºããVHDèšèªã«ããããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ã§ãããšãããŠããããããVHDèšèªããŠãŒã¶ãŒã«æäŸãããããšã¯ãªããVHDèšèªã«ãããœããéçºã¯äºå®äžäžå¯èœã§ãMSXã¯æ¡åŒµBASICãX1ãæ©æ¢°èªã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ããã°ã©ã ãèªã¿èŸŒãã§ãVHDpcããŒã¯ä»ãã®ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãã³ã³ãããŒã«ããã
ã»ã³ãµãšãã£ã¹ã¯ãæ¥è§ŠããŠããã®ãVHDã®ç¹è²ã§ããããæ®éã«ãããªãœãããåçããåã«ã¯ãŸãåé¡ç¡ããšãããããããVHDpc INTER ACTIONã«ãããŠã¯ç¡èŠã§ããªãåé¡ãšãªããäœåºŠãã²ãŒã ããã¬ã€ãããã¡ã«æ©èã«ããé害ãåºãã±ãŒã¹ãèŠãããã
ã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãã£ã¹ã¯ãšã®ç«¶äºã§æããŠã®ã¡ã¯ãVHDã¯ã«ã©ãªã±çšã§ã®çãæ®ããã¯ããããšãšãªã£ãããããŠ1990幎é ã«ã¯ãEXTRA SOUNDæ¹åŒããšãããåŸæ¥ã®ã¢ãã©ã«ã«ã©ãªã±+ã¢ãã©ã«æã®2ãã£ã³ãã«ã®é³å£°ã®ã»ãã«ã¹ãã¬ãªã®ã«ã©ãªã±ãåé²ããVHDãœãããšåçãããã¬ã€ã€ãŒãçºå£²ãããããäžè¬ã«ã¯èªç¥ãããããšã¯ãªãã£ãã
VHDã«ã©ãªã±ãœããã¯ãã¯ã¿ãŒãšã³ã¿ãã€ã³ã¡ã³ããã販売ã»çç£ãé·æéã«äºãç¶ç¶ããã2003幎6æã®æ°èãæåŸã«VHDã®æŽå²ã«å¹ãäžããããšãšãªã£ãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHD
|
6,038 |
2030幎代
|
2030幎代(ã«ãããããã
ãããã ã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠ)2030幎ãã2039幎ãŸã§ã®10幎éãæãå幎çŽããã®é
ç®ã§ã¯ãåœéçãªèŠç¹ã«åºã¥ãã2030幎代ã«ã€ããŠèšèŒããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3
|
6,039 |
å
|
å
()ã¯åºçŸ©ã«ã¯é»ç£æ³¢ãæå³ã, ç矩ã«ã¯é»ç£æ³¢ã®ãã¡å¯èŠå
(æ³¢é·ã380 nmãã760 nmã®ãã®)ããããç矩ã®å
ã¯éé»é¢æŸå°ç·ã®äžã€ã
å
ã¯æ§ã
ãªææ³ã宿ã«ãããŠãè¶
è¶çååšè
ã®å±æ§ã瀺ããã®ãšããããå€ããã宿ã«å
ã¯ç»å ŽããŠãããããå
·äœçã«ã¯å€ªéœãšçµã³ã€ããããããšãå€ãã£ããå€ä»£ãšãžããã®ç¥ãã¢ã¡ã³ã»ã©ãŒãªã©ã¯ãã®äžäŸã§ãã(倪éœç¥ãåç
§å¯)ããã©ãã³ã®æåãªãæŽçªã®æ¯å©ãã§ã¯ãå
ã®æºã§ãã倪éœãšæé«åçãåã®ã€ãã¢ããšãçµã³ã€ããŠããã
æ°ãã©ãã³äž»çŸ©ã§ã¯ãå
ã«åŒ·åŒ±ãæ¿æ·¡ãããããšãããäžçã®å€æ§æ§ã説æããããšããŠãããå²åŠãšç¥ç§äž»çŸ©ãèåããŠãããäŸãã°ãããã£ãã¹ã¯ãäžè
ãã塿º(ããŒã¹)ããéãã®3åçããäžçã説æãããäžè
ãã¯ãããèªäœææ¡ããåŸãªããã®ã§ããå
ãã®ãã®ãã塿º(ããŒã¹)ãã¯ãäžè
ããæ ãåºããŠãããã®ã§ãã倪éœã§ããããéãã¯ã塿ºããåããŠèŒããã®ã§æãæã§ãããšããå
ã®æ¯å©ã§äžçã®èª¬æãè«çåããããã®æ°ãã©ãã³äž»çŸ©ã¯éè¡ããã«ã¡ã¹äž»çŸ©ãã°ããŒã·ã¹äž»çŸ©ã«ãŸã§åœ±é¿ãåãŒããããšãèšãããŠããã
ãæ°çŽèæžãã§ã¯ã€ãšã¹ã«ãããç§ã¯ãäžã«ããéãäžã®å
ã§ããã(ãšããçŠé³æž 9:5)ãšèªãããããŸãã€ãšã¹ã¯åŒåãšçŸ€éã«å¯ŸããŠãããªããã¡ã¯äžã®å
ã§ããã(å°ã®å¡©ãäžã®å
)ãšèªãããã£ãªãã¥ã·ãªã¹ã»ã¢ã¬ãªãã®ããŒã¹ã«ãããŠã¯ãç¶ãªãç¥ãå
æºã§ãããå
ãã€ãšã¹ã§ãããã€ãšã¹ã¯å€©äžçã®ã€ãã¢ãæããã人ã
ã®éãç
§ããã®ã§ãããå
ã«ããç
§æã人ã«èªèãäžããã®ã ãšãããããã®ææ³ã¯ããªã¹ãæäžçã®ææ³ã«æ§ã
ãªåœ¢ã§åœ±é¿ãäžããããã°ãã°å
=æ£çŸ©ãé=æªã®äºå
察ç«ãšããŠããšããŠèªãããã
ã°ããŒã·ã¹äž»çŸ©ã§ã¯å
ãšéã®äºå
ç察ç«ã«ãã£ãŠäžçã説æããã
仿ã§ã¯ãå
ã¯ãä»ãè©è©ãªã©ã®æºæ
§ãæ
æ²ã象城ãããã®ãšãããã
ãå
ã¯ç²åãªã®ã? ãããšãæ³¢ãªã®ã?ã ãã®åé¡ã¯20äžçŽååãŸã§ãåŠè
ãã¡ã倧ãã«æ©ãŸããããªããªããå
ãæ³¢ã§ãããšããªããã°èª¬æã§ããªãçŸè±¡(ããšãã°å
ã®å¹²æžãåå
ãªã©)ãšãå
ãç²åã§ãããšããªããã°èª¬æã§ããªãçŸè±¡(ããšãã°å
é»å¹æãªã©)ãååšããŠããããã§ãã(詳现ã¯åŸè¿°)ã
ãã®åé¡ã¯ã20äžçŽã«éåååŠã確ç«ããŠããäžã§ãããã解決ããããšã«ãªã£ããäžç¢ºå®æ§åçã«ãã£ãŠçããåé¡ã説æããããã1927幎ã«ããŒã«ã¹ã»ããŒã¢ããäžæ¹ã確å®ãããšä»æ¹ãäžç¢ºå®ã«ãªããããª2ã€ã®éã¯ãäºãã«è£ãåãããããšã«ãã察象ã®å®å
šãªèšè¿°ãåŸããããšãããçžè£æ§ãšããæŠå¿µãæå±ããã®ã§ããããã®èãæ¹ãåãå
¥ãããããå
ã¯ãç²åæ§ããšãæ³¢åæ§ãã䜵ãæã€ããšè¡šçŸãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ãã¥ãŒãã³ã«ãã£ãŠãå
ã¯ç²åã ãšãã説ãå±ãããã(ç²å説)ãã¢ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã€ã³ã¯å
åã®æŠå¿µãæå±ããããã¯çŸåšãŸã§çšããããŠããã
ç²å(éå)ãšããŠã®å
ãå
å(å
éå)ãšãããå
åã¯é»ç£å Žã®éååã«ãã£ãŠçŸããéåã®1ã€ã§ãé»ç£çžäºäœçšãåªä»ããã
ãã®ããæ³¢é·ã®çãXç·ãªã©ã«ãããŠãå
ã®ç²åæ§ã¯ç¹ã«é¡èãšãªãã
å
ã¯æ³¢åãšããŠæ¯ãèãåå°ã»å±æã»åæãªã©ã®çŸè±¡ãèµ·ããã
ã€ã³ã°ã®å®éš(1805幎)ã«ããå
ã®æ³¢å説ãšããŠèšŒæããããã®åŸãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ãã«ããå
æ³¢ã¯é»ç£æ³¢ã§ããããšã瀺ããããå³å¯ã«ã¯ãã¯ã¹ãŠã§ã«ã®æ¹çšåŒã§èšè¿°ããããã¯ãã«æ³¢ã§ããåå
ãæã€ããæ³¢åå
åŠã§ã¯ç°¡ç¥åã®ããã«ã¹ã«ã©ãŒæ³¢ãšããŠæ±ãããšãå€ãã
æ³¢åãšããŠã®å
ãå
æ³¢ãšåŒã¶ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89
|
6,040 |
å¿çåŠ
|
å¿çåŠ()ã¯ãç§åŠçãªææ³ã«ãã£ãŠç ç©¶ãããå¿ãšè¡åã®åŠåã§ããããã®ã¢ãããŒããšããŠã¯ãè¡å䞻矩ã®ããã«è¡åãèªç¥ã客芳çã«èгå¯ããããšãããã®ãšãäžæ¹ã§ã䞻芳çãªå
é¢çãªçµéšãçè«çãªåºç€ã«ãããã®ãšããããç ç©¶æ³ã質çç ç©¶ãšéçç ç©¶ãšã«å€§å¥ããå ŽåãåŸè
ãäž»ã«åŠã¶å€§åŠã§ã¯ãçæ°ç³»åŠåãšããŠå¿çåŠãäœçœ®ä»ããŠããã
èµ·æºã¯å²åŠãã«ãŒãã«çœ®ãããããè¿ä»£ã®å¿çåŠãšããŠã¯ããã€ãã®ãŽã£ã«ãã«ã ã»ãŽã³ãããå®éšå¿çåŠã®ç¶ããšåŒã°ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãžã§ãŒã ãºããå¿çåŠã®ç¶ããšåŒã°ããããšããããå¿çåŠã®äž»ãªæµãã¯ãå®éšå¿çåŠã®åµèšã粟ç¥åæåŠãè¡å䞻矩å¿çåŠãäººéæ§å¿çåŠãèªç¥å¿çåŠã瀟äŒå¿çåŠãçºéå¿çåŠã§ãããå·®ç°å¿çåŠã¯äººæ Œãç¥èœãæ§ãªã©ãçµ±èšçã«ç ç©¶ããã
20äžçŽåé ã«ã¯ãç¡æèãšå¹Œå
æã®çºéã«é¢å¿ãåãã粟ç¥åæåŠãåŠç¿çè«ãããšã«è¡åãžãšé¢å¿ãåããè¡å䞻矩å¿çåŠãšã倧ããªå¢åã§ãã£ããã1950幎代ã«ã¯è¡åäž»çŸ©ã¯æ¹å€ããèªç¥é©åœããããã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠãèªç¥çãªå¿çéçšã«é¢å¿ãåããèªç¥å¿çåŠãæ¯é
çãªäœçœ®ãå ããã çŸåšã®å¿çåŠã®åæ»ã¯ããå¿ããšããåããšããç¥çµããšããç©è³ªçæ§é ãæ··åããããã€ãã®ãŽã£ã«ãã«ã ã»ãŽã³ãã«ç«¯ãçºããŠãããšãèšãããŠããããã®ããšããå¿çåŠãè€éåããåæ»ãããŠããäž»ãªèŠå ã ãšã®èŠè§£ãååšããã
èªæºã¯ãå¿ãéãæå³ããå€ä»£ã®ãªã·ã¢èªã®ãã·ã¥ã±ãŒ(ÏÏ
Ïή )ãšãç ç©¶ã説æãæå³ãããã®ã¢ãšã§ã®ããã·ã¥ãŒã³ãã®ã¢(psychologia)ã§ããã
çŸåšã®å¿çåŠã®çšèªã®æå³ã¯ãå¿çåŠã®ææã§ããããã«ã¬ãŒãã®å¿çåŠãã§ã¯ãè¡åãšå¿çéçšã«ã€ããŠã®ç§åŠçåŠåããšããã2012幎ã®ãå¿çåŠå€§å³éãã§ã¯ãå¿ãè¡åã®ç§åŠãç ç©¶ããããšããæå³ã§ãããšããããã¢ã¡ãªã«å¿çåŠäŒ(APA)ã¯ãå¿ãšè¡åã®ç ç©¶ããšå®çŸ©ããŠããã
ã®ãªã·ã£æåã®Îš(è±:PSI)ãå¿çåŠã®è±¡åŸŽãšããŠããã°ãã°çšããããã
倧ããã¯ãåºç€å¿çåŠãšå¿çšå¿çåŠã«å€§å¥ãããã
ç§åŠççµéšäž»çŸ©ã®ç«å Žãã芳å¯ã»å®éšã»èª¿æ»çã®æ¹æ³ã«ãã£ãŠäžè¬æ³åã®æ¢æ±ãæšãé²ããã
åºç€å¿çåŠã®ç¥èŠã掻ãããŠçŸå®ç掻äžã®åé¡ã®è§£æ±ºãæ¹åã«å¯äžããã
æåãçºæããã以åããäŒæ¿ããããŽã§ãŒãã¯ãçŽæ¥çã«æèŠããçµéšã察象ãšããèªå·±ã®å
çãªèгå¯ã極床ã«çŽåãããæºæ
§ãšåŒã°ãã粟ç¥ã®ç¶æ
ãç®æãããäž»ã«æ±æŽã«åºãååšããå¿çåŠã§ããã1980幎代以éã«ããã©ã³ã¹ããŒãœãã«å¿çåŠãç 究察象ãšããŠããã
ãã®æµãã«ãªã西æŽã®å¿çåŠã®äŒçµ±ã¯ãå€åŽããæ§ã
ãªå¯Ÿè±¡ãçæ§çã«èгå¯ããããšã«ãã£ãŠæ³åæ§ãèŠåºããšãã£ããå®éšäž»çŸ©çãªãã®ã§ããã
1912幎ã®å€§æ§»å¿«å°ã®ãå¿çåžæŠè«ãã§ã¯ãå€ãã¯ã¿ã¬ã¹ã®å²åŠã§ãå¿ã«ã€ããŠä»èšãããŠããããå¿çåŠã®éç¥ãšåŒã¹ãå²åŠè
ã¯ãå¿ã¯è³é«ã«ããããšè¿°ã¹ãã¢ãªã¹ããã¬ã¹ã§ãããå²åŠããå¿çåŠãžç¬ç«ããåŠåãžãšå°åŸãéããã®ã¯ã«ãã»ãã«ã«ãã§ããããããŠãå¿çåŠãšããå
šãå¥ã®ç§åŠçãªåŠåãæç«ãããã®ã¯ãžã§ã³ã»ããã¯ã§ãããšäºã£ãŠããããšããŠããã
çŽå
å4äžçŽã«ã¢ãªã¹ããã¬ã¹ã¯ ΠεÏ᜶ ΚÏ
Ïá¿Ï ããªã»ãã·ã¥ã±ãŒã¹(ãå¿ã«ã€ããŠããééè«ã)ã«ãŠãè¡æµãšæããç¡é¢ä¿ã§ã¯ãªãããšãããå¿èº«äžåé¢ãšããã
ããã«å¯ŸããåŸã®17äžçŽã«ã«ãã»ãã«ã«ãã¯å¿èº«äºå
è«ãæå±ãããéã¯éç©è³ªçã§èº«äœã¯ç©è³ªçã ããåç©ç²Ÿæ°ãšãããã®ã§èº«äœãæ©æ¢°çã«åãããŠããããšããããã«ã«ãã¯ããåç©ã¯åå°ã«ãã£ãŠåãæ©æ¢°ã§ãããªãããšããããçŸåšã§ã¯éºäŒãæèŠã®ç ç©¶ã«ãã£ãŠãåç©ãæèãæã£ãŠãããšèããããŠããã
ãžã§ã³ã»ããã¯ã¯ããã¥ãŒãã³ç©çåŠã®ç»å Žã«ãã£ãŠãååããæãç«ã€ç©è³ªãšãå¿çãªã€ã¡ãŒãžãæãç«ãããæèŠãšãäžæ»
ã®éãä»®å®ããã
18äžçŽã«ã¯ããã€ãã®ãã©ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ãã³ã»ã¡ã¹ã¡ã«ããåç©ç£æ°èª¬ã«ããæ²»çè¡çºãè¡ãã1779幎ã«ãåç©ç£æ°ã®çºèŠãšåæ³ããåºçããåŸã®å¬ç ãžãšã€ãªãã£ãŠãã£ããå¿ççæ³ã«ãããã©ããŒã«ã®æŠå¿µãªã©ããã®æµãã§çãŸããã
1870幎代ã«ã¯ããã€ãã®ãŽã£ã«ãã«ã ã»ãŽã³ããšãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãžã§ãŒã ãºã¯ãå¿çåŠã®ç 究宀ãèšããå¿çåŠã®è«žçè«ãæå±ããããã€ãã®ãŽã£ã«ãã«ã ã»ãŽã³ããå®éšå¿çåŠã®ç¶ãšåŒã°ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãžã§ãŒã ãºãå¿çåŠã®ç¶ãšåŒã°ããããšãããã
ãŽã³ãã¯1879幎ã«ã©ã€ããã£ã倧åŠã«ç 究宀ãåµèšãã圌ã®èšãå®éšå¿çåŠãšã¯ãå
芳ãšããŠèªå·±èгå¯çãªæèãææ
ã®åºæ¥äºãèšé²ããããšã§ãã£ãã
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã¯1875幎ã«ããŒããŒã倧åŠã«ãŠè¬çŸ©ãã¯ããããå
çãå²åŠã«åºã¥ããã¢ãããŒãã§å¿çåŠã«æ¥è¿ããã1890幎ã«ã¯ãžã§ãŒã ãºã倧èãå¿çåŠåçããå
¬éãããã®2幎åŸã«ã¯ãããççž®ãããå¿çåŠèŠè«ããå
¬éããæç§æžãšããŠåºãŸã£ãã1892幎ã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«å¿çåŠäŒãããŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãžã§ãŒã ãºã®å¿çåŠãå
ã«ããŠèšç«ãããã
1880幎代ã«ã¯ããã©ã³ã¹ã®ãšããŒã«ã»ã¯ãŒãšãåœè¬å¹æã«ã€ããŠã®ãèªå·±æç€ºããåºçããã1900幎ã«ã¯ããã€ãã®ãŠã£ãŒã³ã§ãç¥çµçãšãã¹ããªãŒã®ç ç©¶ãè¡ã£ãŠãããžãŒã¯ã ã³ãã»ããã€ãã¯ã人ã
ã¯ç¡æèã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠè¡åããŠãããšããçè«ãå
¬è¡šããã
1885幎ã«ã¯ããžãŒã¯ã ã³ãã»ããã€ãã¯ããªã«è¡ããå¬ç ã«ãã£ãŠãã¹ããªãŒæ£è
ãæ²»çããããšããŠããã·ã£ã«ã³ãŒã®äžã§åŠã³ãååãšå
±ã«1893幎ã«ããã¹ããªãŒç ç©¶ãåºçãããããã®éçãæãèªç±é£æ³æ³ãçšãå§ããã1894幎以éãããã€ãã¯ç²Ÿç¥åæåŠã®åºç€ãšãªãçè«ãçºèŠãã1900幎ã«ã¯ã倢倿ããåºçããŠãã®åæã®çè«ãå
¬éãã1902幎ã«ã¯ããŠã£ãŒã³ã®å»è
ã矀ããšãªã£ãŠç²Ÿç¥åæåŠç ç©¶ã®ã»ãããŒã«åå ãæ¯èŒççæéã§äžçèŠæš¡ãšãªããæåã®åœé粟ç¥åæåŠäŒã¯1908幎ãæåã®ãåœé粟ç¥åæåŠéèªãã¯1909幎ã«åºçããããã远åŸè
ã®ã¢ãã©ãŒã¯1910幎ã«ããŠã³ã°ã¯1913幎ã«ã¯ããã€ãã®äžãé¢ããŠãã£ããã¢ã«ãã¬ããã»ã¢ãã©ãŒã¯1910幎ã«ã¯åœé粟ç¥åæåŠäŒã®äŒé·ã«ãæšèŠãããŠããããããã€ãã®ãªãããŒ(æ§æ¬²)ã®çè«ãåãå
¥ãããç¿å¹Žã«ã¯å人å¿çåŠäŒãèšç«ããã1916幎ãŸã§ã¯ç²Ÿç¥åæåŠã®ç ç©¶ã¯ãã€ãèªåã«éãããŠãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã«é£ã³ç«ããã®ã¯ã1918幎以éã§ããã1920幎ã«ã¯ã粟ç¥åæåŠå
¥éãã翻蚳ããèªè
ãåºãèªè
ãåŸããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®ç ç©¶æã¯1931幎ã«éèšãããã
åšã®ã¢ã³ãã»ããã€ãã¯èªæå¿çåŠãæå±ãããããã€ãã«åž«äºããã«ãŒã«ã»ã°ã¹ã¿ãã»ãŠã³ã°ã¯åæå¿çåŠãæå±ããŠã³ã°å¿çåŠã¯ãŠã³ã°æŽŸãšããŠã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ããã»ã¹æåå¿çåŠãªã©ãçãã ããã®æä»£ã«ã¯ãããã€ããçŸè±¡åŠã®åœ±é¿ããããã«ãŒããŽã£ãã»ãã³ã¹ã¯ã³ã¬ãŒã®çŸååšåæã ãŽã£ã¯ããŒã«ã»ãã©ã³ã¯ã«ã«ããããŽã»ã©ããŒãããã察人é¢ä¿çæ³ã¯ãæ°ããã€ã掟ãšãã°ããããªãŒã»ã¹ã¿ãã¯ã»ãµãªãŽã¡ã³ãã®æµããçµãã
ã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯ã¡ã©ããŒã»ã¯ã©ã€ã³ãããã«ãã»ãŠã£ãã³ãããã®å¯Ÿè±¡é¢ä¿è«ãå±éããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯å¯Ÿè±¡é¢ä¿è«ã«åœ±é¿ãããããªãããŒã»ã«ãŒã³ããŒã°ã転移çŠç¹å粟ç¥çæ³ãèæ¡ããã
ãã€ã³ãã»ã³ããŒãã¯ãèªå·±ææ§ããŒãœããªãã£é害ã®ç ç©¶è
ãšããŠèåã§ããŠã£ãŒã³ã®åºèº«ã ã1964幎ã«ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ç²Ÿç¥åæåŠäŒã®äŒé·ãåããã
å¿çåŠã®ç¬¬äºäžä»£ãšããŠè¡å䞻矩å¿çåŠãç»å Žããå¿çåŠãç§åŠãšã¿ãªãããã«è¡åãå®éšç°å¢ã§èгå¯ãèšæž¬ãããšäž»åŒµããã1913幎ã®ãžã§ã³ã»Bã»ã¯ããœã³ã®ãè¡å䞻矩ã®èŠå°ããèŠãå¿çåŠãã¯ãå¿çåŠã®æ¹å転æã®ããã®è¡å䞻矩宣èšãšãããŠãããè¡å䞻矩ã®åºç€ãšãªãã®ã¯ãè¡åãå€åãããåŠç¿ã¯ãå ±é
¬ãšå«æªåºæ¿(眰)ã«ãã£ãŠå€åãããšããçè«ã§ãããè¡å䞻矩ã¯ãæŠäºãã¯ããã è»äºåŠçãªçµ±å¶ã«ãçšããããã20äžçŽåã°ã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ç²Ÿç¥åæãšè¡å䞻矩ã¯2倧å¢åã§ãã£ãã
åç©å®éšã«ãã1903幎ã«ã¯ã€ã¯ã³ã»ããããã«ããå€å
žçæ¡ä»¶ã¥ããçºè¡šããããB.F.ã¹ãããŒã®è¡šèšã§ããç¥ããããã©ã¹ã»ã¹ãããŒã¯åŸ¹åºçè¡åäž»çŸ©ãæšãé²ãã1938幎ã«ã¯ãªãã©ã³ãæ¡ä»¶ã¥ãã®ç ç©¶ãçãã«ãªã£ããæ²»çã«é¢ããŠã¯ã1960幎ã«ãã³ã¹ã»ã¢ã€ãŒã³ã¯ããè¡åçæ³ãšç¥çµçããåºçãããè¡å䞻矩ã®ãã®è¡ããããåŸåã«ãããŠã¯ãå¿ãšããæŠå¿µãªãã«å®¢èгçãªå¿çåŠãšããŠã®èгå¯ç ç©¶ãã§ãããšããããããå ±é
¬ãšçœ°ã人éã®åŠç¿ã®æ±ºå®çæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšããè¡åäž»çŸ©ã¯æ§ã
ãªççŸã«é¥ã£ãã
åç©è¡ååŠã¯åŠç¿ãããè¡åã§ã¯ãªãæ¬èœã®éèŠæ§ãæããã«ããæ¡ä»¶ã¥ãã®æŠå¿µã«çåãåããã³ã³ã©ãŒãã»ããŒã¬ã³ãã¯åµåããã¬ãã§ãŠãæåã«èŠãåç©ã芪ãšããŠåŠç¿ããå·ã蟌ã¿ããéºäŒçã«ããã°ã©ã ãããæ±æãšãã£ãè¡åãã¿ãŒã³ãæããã«ãããã¹ãããŒãžã®åçºããæããèªç¥ã®é©åœãã¯å¿çéçšãžãšåã³çŠç¹ãæ»ãããããã®å¥æ©ãšãªã£ãã®ã¯ããŒã ã»ãã§ã ã¹ããŒã§ããããªãã©ã³ãæ¡ä»¶ã¥ãã§ã¯å ±é
¬ãšåŒ·åã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéãèšèªãåŠç¿ãããšèããããããŒã ã»ãã§ã ã¹ããŒã¯èšèªã¯çåŸçãªæ®éææ³ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠç²åŸãããéºäŒçãªèœåã§æé·ãšå
±ã«æé·ããããšãæå±ããã
第äžã®å¢åã¯ãäººéæ§å¿çåŠã§ããã1960幎代ã«ã¯ãäººéæ§å¿çåŠããèªå·±å®çŸçè«ãæå±ããã¢ãã©ãã ã»ããºããŒãã«ãã£ãŠçµç¹ãããã1942幎ã«ãã«ãŒã«ã»ããžã£ãŒã¹ããã«ãŠã³ã»ãªã³ã°ãšå¿ççæ³ããåºçããåŸã«æ¥è«è
äžå¿çæ³ãšåŒã°ããããã«åŸæã«ã¯äººéäžå¿ã¢ãããŒããšåŒã°ããããšã«ãªãéæç€ºçãªçè«ã玹ä»ãããããžã£ãŒã¹ã¯ãéå£ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšã³ã«ãŠã³ã¿ãŒã°ã«ãŒããéçºãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ããã°ãµãŒã®ãšãµã¬ã³åäŒãäžå¿ãšããŠããã¥ãŒãšã€ãžãªã©ããããããçæ³ãšãã£ãææ³ãç ç©¶ãããããã«ãªã£ããã²ã·ã¥ã¿ã«ãçæ³ã¯ããšãµã¬ã³ãäžå¿ãšããŠçºéããã
1969幎ã«ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ããŒãœãã«å¿çåŠäŒããLSDã«ããç¥ç§äœéšãç ç©¶ããŠããã¹ã¿ãã¹ã©ãã»ã°ãããšãäžèšäººéæ§å¿çåŠã®ã¢ãã©ãã ã»ããºããŒã«ãã£ãŠèšç«ããããçæ³ãªã©ã®äŒçµ±ææ³ã¯ç¬¬3äžä»£ã®èªç¥è¡åçæ³ã«åœ±é¿ããã
1967幎ã«ãã€ãµãŒãæ
å ±åŠçã®çè«ãåãå
¥ãããèªç¥å¿çåŠããšããèäœãå
¬éãæ°ããæä»£ã圢äœã£ãŠãã£ãã芳å¯ç ç©¶ãã§ããªã粟ç¥åæã®ç¡æèãšãè¡å䞻矩ã®ãè¡åããã³å ±é
¬ãšçœ°ã«ããçŠç¹ãåœãŠãªãå¿çåŠã§ã¯ãªããæèãªã©ã®èгå¯å¯èœãªèªç¥ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãææ³ãç»å Žããã
ã¢ã«ããŒãã»ãã³ãã¥ãŒã©ã¯1977幎ã«ã瀟äŒçåŠç¿çè«ããåºçããå ±é
¬ã眰ã«ããèªå°ããªããŠããä»è
ã®èгå¯ãéããŠåã«ç䌌ããããšã§åŠç¿ãããšããã¢ããªã³ã°ã®çè«ãå±ããããšãã¯ãŒãã»Lã»ãã·ã¯ãèªå·±æ±ºå®çè«(è±èª: Self-determination theory)ãæå±ããèªãããããè¡ãããããè¡åããããã«ãªããšããèªåŸæ§ãå
çºçåæ©ã®çè«ãæå±ãããããŒãã£ã³ã»ã»ãªã°ãã³ã¯åœåãåé¿ã§ããªã眰ãäžããããå Žåã®åŠç¿æ§ç¡åæã®ç ç©¶è
ã§ãã£ãããæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«ããžãã£ããªåŠç¿ã«èšåããããšãå¢ããããžãã£ãå¿çåŠã1990å¹Žä»£ã«æå±ããã
21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠãèªç¥çãªå¿çéçšã«é¢å¿ãåããèªç¥å¿çåŠãæ¯é
çãªäœçœ®ãå ããã
ãã®ç ç©¶é åã¯åºç¯å²ã«åã¶ããã飿¥ããä»ã®åŠåãšã®çžäºé£æºã倿§ãªåœ¢ã§è¡ãªãããŠãããããã¯åŠéãšããç¶æ
ã§ãããäŸãã°ãå¿çåŠã§ã¯ä»®èª¬ã®åãè¶
ããããªãã£ããã®ããè³ç§åŠã®ç¥èŠã«ãã£ãŠãã®åŠ¥åœæ§ãæ€èšŒã§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšããæåŸ
ãããããã¥ãŒãã³ãšã©ãŒã«ã€ããŠã®ç¥èŠãã人éå·¥åŠåéã§åãå
¥ããããããããªã©ã®è©Šã¿ããããããã¹ãã¯ãçè«ãªã©ã®è¡åçµæžåŠãçãã«ç ç©¶ãããŠãããããããåãã¯ä»åŸãå éãããšæãããã
è³ãæå·ãããšç²Ÿç¥æ©èœã«ç°å€ãçããäºããããè³ãææ
ãæèãªã©ã®ç²Ÿç¥çŸè±¡ãçã¿åºãäžæ¢ã§ããããšã¿ãªããè³ãæ§æããç¥çµç³»ã調ã¹ãããšã§ç²Ÿç¥çŸè±¡ãè§£æã§ããå¯èœæ§ãããããšã®çºæ³ãçãŸãããããã¯ãå€ãã¯ãã«ã«ããå¿èº«åäžã®åé¡ãšããŠèšåããŠããããå®éšçã«èª¿ã¹ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯19äžçŽä»¥éã§ããã
19äžçŽã®ããŒã«ã»ããšãŒã«ã»ãããŒã«ãã«ãŒã«ã»ãŠã§ã«ããã±ãã®å€±èªçãšè³æå·ã®é¢ä¿èª¿æ»ã«ããããããŒã«éããŠã§ã«ããã±éãªã©ã®èšèªäžæ¢ãšãããè³éšäœ (èšèªé) ãæšå®ãããããã®ç ç©¶ã«ãããèšèªãæ±ãç²Ÿç¥æ©èœãè³ãšããççåŠçåå°ã«ãã£ãŠçããããšãæããã«ããããè³æå·ãšç²Ÿç¥æ©èœå€±èª¿ãšã®é¢ä¿èª¿æ»ã¯20äžçŽåé ã®ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠä»¥éãæŠäºã§è³ãæå·ããæ£è
ã®æ²»çã®éçšã§å€§ããé²ãã ã1960幎代ããã¯ãCTã«ããè³è¡ç®¡é害æ£è
ã®è³ãé䟵襲çã«èª¿ã¹ãããããã«ãªããããã«é²å±ããã
ã€ã¯ã³ã»ããããã¯1902幎ã«åŸæ¶²è
ºã®ç ç©¶éçšã§ä¿ã«ãããããã®ç¬ããšãã°ããæ¡ä»¶åå°ãçºèŠããããã®ç ç©¶ãåç¢ãšããŠãæ£åžžãªåç©ã«ãããççççŸè±¡ãšç²Ÿç¥çŸè±¡ã®é¢ä¿ãè«ããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®åéã¯ããããã®ç¬ã®ãããªå·šèŠçãªãã®ããè¬ç©æäžãç¥çµçްèã®ååçç©åŠçè§£æãªã©æ§ã
ãªãã®ãããããå
šäœçã«ã¯ç¥çµçްèã®æ¯ãèãã調ã¹ããã®ãå€ãã
1936幎ã«ãã³ã¹ã»ã»ãªãšã¯ãåçš®æå®³äœå ã«ãã£ãŠåŒãèµ·ããããçå矀ããçºè¡šãããã®æå®³äœå ãã¹ãã¬ã¹ãšããçšèªã«å€ããåãå
¥ããããŠãã£ãããã¹ãã¬ã¹ãåŒãèµ·ãããã®ãã¹ãã¬ããµãŒãšåŒãã ã1956幎ã«ããçŸä»£ç€ŸäŒãšã¹ãã¬ã¹ã(The Stress of Life)ãåºçãäžè¬åãã«åããŠæŠèª¬ããã
ã¢ã·ã§ããã¯ãã€ãã®ããã¯ã¹ãã©ã³ãè¡åççåŠç ç©¶æã«ãããŠãããã®ç¡ç ãšèŠéã®æŠæ¥ãªãºã ãæŒå€ã®ç°å¢å€åã®ãªãéé¢å®€ã§ã¯25æéåšæã§ããã24æéããã1æéé·ããæ·±éšäœæž©ããã³ã«ããŸãŒã«ãã¡ã©ããã³ãšãã£ãäœå
ãã«ã¢ã³ãã®ãªãºã ã«å調ããŠããããšãèŠåºããã
1960 - 70幎代ã«ãããŠæ¥éã«é²å±ããèŠèŠäŒå°è·¯ã®ç¥çµçްèã®ç¹æ§ç ç©¶ã¯ç¥èŠå¿çåŠã«é倧ãªåœ±é¿ãäžãããäž¡è
ã¯èŠèŠåºæ¿ãæç€ºãåå¿ã枬å®ãããšããå
±éã®ææ³ãæã¡ã枬å®å¯Ÿè±¡ãç¥çµçްèãšãã埮èŠçãªãã®ãããããªã©ã®åç©å
šäœãšããå·šèŠçãªãã®ãããšããç¹ã§éããšèŠãããšãã§ãããæµ·éЬã®ç¥çµçްèã§çºèŠãããé·æå¢åŒ·ãªã©ã®ã·ããã¹å¯å¡æ§ã¯ãèšæ¶ã®çççåºç€ã§ãããšæåŸ
ãããèªç¥å¿çåŠã«å°ãªããã¬åœ±é¿ãäžããã
1980幎代以éãç¥çµæŽ»åã芳枬ããè³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°ã®ææ³ãçºå±ããã«ã€ããŠãè³æ©èœå±åšè«ã«ããç¥çµæ©æ§ã®è§£æã詊ã¿ãããŠãããå°ãªãããæåãåããŠããããã®äžæ¹ãããããç ç©¶ã¯çŸä»£ç骚çžåŠã«é¥ãå±éºãã¯ããã§ããããããå
æãã詊ã¿ãšããŠèšç®è«çç¥çµç§åŠãªã©ãšã®ååããããç¥çµæ©æ§ã®æ°ççè§£æã¯æ
å ±å·¥åŠã«åœ±é¿ãäžããŠãããã
å»åŠã®åéã«ãããŠã粟ç¥çŸæ£æ£è
ã®æ²»çãšããå¿çšçãªèŠè«ãããçŸæ£ã®åå ãšãªã粟ç¥ã®æ§é ã®è§£æã詊ã¿ã粟ç¥ç
çåŠãèµ·ãã£ãã
ç±³åœã§ã¯ãããã åž°éå
µã®äžã«ç²Ÿç¥çŸæ£ãšãªã人ã倿°åºãŠç€ŸäŒåé¡ãšãªã£ããç¹ã«å¿«æ¥œæ®ºäººãªã©ã»ã³ã»ãŒã·ã§ãã«ãªäºä»¶ãèµ·ãã£ããããåºçŸ©ã®ç²Ÿç¥çŸæ£ãåºã瀟äŒã«èªç¥ããããšãšãã«ããPTSDããªã©ã®æŠå¿µã確ç«ããç ç©¶ãæ¥éã«çºå±ããã
1970幎代ãã粟ç¥çŸæ£ã«å¯Ÿããè¬ç©çæ³ã®ç ç©¶ãé²ã¿ãçµ±å倱調çã»å極æ§é害ã«èå¹ãé¡ãããããã¯ç¥çµçްèã«ãããå容äœãä»ããã·ã°ãã«äŒéç ç©¶ãšäžŠåã«é²å±ãããŠãããæ²»çã§ã®å€ç§çç
å·£åé€ãšããããŠç²Ÿç¥ç
çåŠãççåŠãšçµã³ã€ããåå°ãäœãããã
é«éœ¢åãçŸå®ã®åé¡ãšãªã£ã1980幎代ãã1990幎代以éãèªç¥çã«é¢ããç ç©¶ãæ°ãå€ããªã£ãããã®åéã§ãç¥çµã®å¯å¡æ§æžå°ãçŽ°èæ»ãªã©ççåŠçç¥èŠãšå¯æ¥ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãã€ããäžã§ç ç©¶ãé²ãã§ããã
ãã以å€ã®åç©ã®è¡åã®ç ç©¶ã§ããåç©è¡ååŠã¯ãå®éšå¿çåŠãšææ³ã®äžéšãççåŠã«å¯Ÿããé¢ä¿ãå
±æããŠçºå±ããŠãããç¹ã«(ããã®)å¿çåŠ(ãšåç©ã®è¡ååŠ)ãšã®å¯Ÿæ¯ã«ãããŠããæ¯èŒè¡ååŠããšããèš³èªãåœãŠãããããšãããã
ç矩ã®åç©è¡ååŠã§ãããéå€ã§éçã®ç¶æ
ã芳å¯ããçæ
åŠã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå¿çåŠãšã¯çŽæ¥ã®é¢ä¿ãæãããããã®æ©èœã®é²åã®éçšã«ãããçæ
åŠçåŠ¥åœæ§ã®æ€èšããããã¯ç€ŸäŒçè¡åã®äººéãšã®å¯Ÿæ¯ã«ãããŠé¢é£ã¥ããããã
åºçŸ©ã®åç©è¡ååŠã§ãããç 究宀å
ã§ã©ããããã³ãã³ãžãŒãªã©ãçšããç ç©¶ã¯å¿çåŠãšå¯æ¥ãªé¢ä¿ãæã¡ãå€ãã®ææ³ãå
±æãããããããç ç©¶ææ³ã¯ä»åéã«ã茞åºãããå»åŠãªã©ã§ãçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®åéã¯ããããã®æ¡ä»¶åå°ç ç©¶ã«åŒ·ã圱é¿ããçºå±ããŠãããã®ã§ãåç©ã®ç ç©¶ã§ã¯å€å
žçæ¡ä»¶ã¥ãããªãã©ã³ãæ¡ä»¶ã¥ãã®ç ç©¶ã«çºå±ããããã察象ãšããå®éšå¿çåŠã§ãå
芳æ³ã培åºçã«æé€ãããªã©ã®åœ±é¿ãäžããè¡å䞻矩å¿çåŠãšåŒã°ããäžæŽŸãæç«ããããã ããã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯æ¥µç«¯ã§ãããšããŠãè¡åãéèŠããç¹ã§ã¯åæ§ã§ãããçäœã®å
éšç¶æ
ã«ã泚ç®ããæ°è¡å䞻矩ãåºçŸãããçŸåšã®å®éšå¿çåŠã®ææ³ã¯åºæ¬çã«ãã®åœ±é¿äžã«ãããã®ãå€ãã
ããŒã ã»ãã§ã ã¹ããŒã¯çµéšäž»çŸ©ã極端ãªè¡åäž»çŸ©ãæ¹å€ãã人éãèšèªãç²åŸã§ããã®ã¯ããã«å°éåãããçåŸçãªåšå®(èšèªç²åŸè£
眮)ãè³ã®äžã«æã£ãŠããããã ãšäž»åŒµããããã§ã ã¹ããŒã«å§ãŸããã®è°è«ã¯çŸåšã§ãç¶ç¶äžã§ãããèšèªç²åŸãšæŠå¿µç²åŸã¯çºéå¿çåŠã®äžå¿çãªãããã¯ã§ããã
èšèªãæèã®èœååã³ãã®æé·çºå±ãè©äŸ¡ããå¿
èŠãããçŸåšã®å¿çåŠã®é åãžãšèžã¿èŸŒãã ã
è¿å¹Žã¯ãåŠç«¥ã®ç²Ÿç¥ä¿å¥ã«é¢ããé åã«ãããŠãæè²å¿çåŠã®ç«å Žããæ±ãããããåè¿°ã®æèèœåã«é¢ãããã®ãšã¯å
ã
ã®ç³»çµ±ãç°ãªã£ãŠããããšã«çæãå¿
èŠã§ããã
æè²çŸå Žã§ã¯ãå¿çåŠã䜿ã£ãã³ãŒãã³ã°ãå°å
¥ããŠããåŠæ ¡ãããã
è³ãäžçš®ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãšã¿ãªãã粟ç¥ãè³ã®æ©èœãšããŠæ
å ±å·¥åŠçã«è§£æãããšããç«å ŽãçŸãããèªç¥å¿çåŠã§ã¯ããã®ç«å Žããšãã
ãå¿çãã¹ããã«ãŠã³ã»ãªã³ã°ããµã€ã³ã»ã©ããŒãšãã£ãèšåºé åãå¿çåŠç ç©¶ã®äžå¿ç課é¡ã§ããããšãããã«ãŠã³ã»ã©ãŒã粟ç¥ç§å»ã¯çãå¿çåŠã®å°éå®¶ã§ããããšãã£ããäºå®ãšã¯ç°ãªãèªèãåºãæµåžããŠãããããããéä¿çãªçè§£ãããããã¥ã©ãŒå¿çåŠããªãããéä¿å¿çåŠããšåŒã¶äºããããããã®ãããªéä¿çãªçè§£ã»èª€è§£ã奜ãŸããåºãŸãçŸè±¡ããå¿çåŠã«å¯Ÿãã瀟äŒã®èŠè«ã®çŸããã§ãããšããŠç¡èŠãã¹ãã§ãªãããšããæèŠãããããã®çŸè±¡èªäœãå¿çåŠã瀟äŒåŠã®ç 究察象ãšãªã£ãŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6
|
6,041 |
ã·ã¹ãã
|
ã·ã¹ãã (è±: system)ã¯ãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒãããèŠçŽ ããæ§æãããããŸãšãŸããä»çµã¿ã®å
šäœãäžè¬æ§ã®é«ãæŠå¿µã§ãããããæèã«å¿ããŠç³»ãäœç³»ãå¶åºŠãæ¹åŒãæ©æ§ãçµç¹ãšãã£ãå€çš®ã®èšèã«è©²åœãããç³» (èªç¶ç§åŠ) ã®èšäºãåç
§ã
ããèªèº«ãã·ã¹ãã ã§ãããªããåæã«ä»ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã®äžéšã§ããããããªãã®ããµãã·ã¹ãã ãšããã
ãçµã¿ç«ãŠãç©ããæå³ããå€ä»£ã®ãªã·ã¢èª ÏÏÏÏηΌα(ã¹ã¥ã¹ããŒã)ãèªæºã«ãã€ããã® ÏÏÏÏηΌα ã¯åããã®ãªã·ã¢èªã® ÏÏ
ΜίÏÏηΌι(ã¹ã¥ãã¹ããŒã)ãçµã¿ç«ãŠãããå
ã«äœãããèªå¥ã§ããã ããã¯ãå
±ã«ããæå³ãã ÏÏΜ(ã¹ã¥ã³)ãšãç«ãŠãããæå³ãã ጵÏÏηΌι(ãã¹ããŒã)ãçµã¿åãããåè©ã§ããã
察象ãåºç¯ãªããšããããå³å¯ã§çµ±äžçãªå®çŸ©ã¯ååšããªã(ç©è³ªäž»çŸ©çã«ã¯æ©æ§ã®æå³åããäœç³»ããã倧ãããªã)ãããã§ã¯ããã€ãã®äŸã瀺ãã
JIS Z 8115ããã£ãã³ãããªãã£(ä¿¡é Œæ§)çšèªãã¯ãä¿¡é Œæ§ã«é¢ä¿ããåéã»ç®ç(ããšãã°ä¿¡é Œæ§å·¥åŠ)ã®ããã«çšèªã®å®çŸ©ãäžãããã®ã§ãããå¿
ãããäžè¬çãªå®çŸ©ãšã¯èšããªããããããªãããæ¥æ¬ç£æ¥èŠæ Œ(JIS)ã§ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãã·ã¹ãã ããå®çŸ©ããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0
|
6,042 |
å€§éªæ¹Ÿ
|
å€§éªæ¹Ÿ(ãããããã)ã¯ã倧éªå¹³éãšæ·¡è·¯å³¶ã®éã«äœçœ®ããæ¹Ÿã§ããã
ç¬æžå
æµ·ã®äžè§ã圢æããæç³æµ·å³¡ãšçŽæ·¡æµ·å³¡ã®2ç®æã®éå£éšããã€ééæ§æµ·åã§ãããå€ç§°ã»å¥ç§°ã¯ãè
æžã®æµ·(ã¡ã¬ã®ãã¿)ãããåæ³ç(ããã¿ãªã )ãã
ç¬æžå
æµ·ã®ææ±ç«¯ã§ãããããæ·å·ã®å»¶é·ç·äžã«çŽ60kmã®é·è»žãçŽäº€ããŠçŽ30kmã®ç軞ããã€æ¥å圢ãããŠãããæç³æµ·å³¡ã§æç£šçã«ãçŽæ·¡æµ·å³¡ã§çŽäŒæ°Žéããã«å€ªå¹³æŽãžãšéãããæ°Žæ·±ã¯æ·¡è·¯å³¶åŽãæ·±ããæç³æµ·å³¡ããçŽæ·¡æµ·å³¡ãžçŽ1ãããã®æœ®æµãçããŠããã
åã¯çŽæ·¡æµ·å³¡ã西åã¯æç³æµ·å³¡åã³æ¬å·ã«ãã£ãŠå²ãŸããæµ·åã§ãããããã¯ãå€§éªæ¹Ÿåçè¡åèšç»ãã«ããå®çŸ©ã§ããã
åå²žãšæ±å²žã¯äžå€§éœåžåã®äžã€ã§ããè¿ç¿åã®äžå¿å°ã§ã沿岞éšã¯éªç¥å·¥æ¥å°åž¯ã圢æããŠãããè€æ°ã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªæž¯æ¹Ÿã䞊ã³ãé¢è¥¿åœé空枯ãšç¥æžç©ºæž¯ãšããäºã€ã®æµ·äžç©ºæž¯ã建èšãããŠããããããã®å·¥å Žã»æž¯æ¹Ÿã»ç©ºæž¯çšå°ã確ä¿ããããã«åç«å°ã®é æãçãã«è¡ããã空枯島ã®ã»ãã«ãæ§ã
ãªäººå·¥å³¶ã䞊ã¶ããŸãããã¿æçµåŠåå ŽãšããŠå€§éªæ¹Ÿåºåèšæµ·ç°å¢æŽåã»ã³ã¿ãŒãèšçœ®ãããè¿ç¿2åº4çã®160ãè¶
ããèªæ²»äœãå
±åå©çšããŠããã
èšæµ·éšã®åç«å°ã«ã¯å·¥å Žãç©æµã»äº€éæœèšã ãã§ãªãã忥ã»å𝿥œæœèšãå»çé¢é£ã®æœèšã»ç ç©¶æ©é¢ããã³ã·ã§ã³ãªã©ãç«å°ããŠããã
倧éªã®å¥ç§°ããªã«ããã¯ãé(ãª)åºããèªæºãšãã説ãããã»ã©ãéä»é¡ãè±å¯ãªæµ·åãšããŠå€æ¥ç¥ãããŠãããæµå
¥ããæŠåº«å·ãçªåå·ãæ·å·ã倧åå·ã倧接å·ãªã©ã®æ²³å·ãæ é€ãéã¶ã»ããæç³æµ·å³¡ã®æµ·æµã®æ©ããªã©ãã身ã®ããŸã£ãéãå€ãç²ããå€ãããæ²¿å²žæŒæ¥ãçãã ã£ããé»é¯ãããç²ããããšããããã(è
æž)ã¯é»é¯ã®å¥åã®ã²ãšã€ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ããããéœåžåã«é£æ¥ããééæ§æ°Žåã§ãããæ¯èŒçæ©ãææããæ°Žè³ªæªåãªã©ã®ç°å¢åé¡ãçãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã«é²ãã æ²¿å²žã®éçºãéœåžåã§å¹²æœãªã©èªç¶æµ·å²žã®æ¶å€±ãæ°Žè³ªæ±æ¿ãé²ãã ããçŸåšã§ã倧éªåºã®æ³å·å°æ¹ã®åéšãç¥æžåžã®é 磚åºãåæ°Žåºãæ·¡è·¯å³¶ã®æ±å²žã«ã¯æ¯èŒçã«èªç¶ã«è¿ãæµ·å²žãæ®ãããŠãããæµ·æ°ŽæµŽå Žãªã©ã®è¡æ¥œå°ãæŒæž¯ãç¹åšããæŒæ¥ãããªã³ã¹ããŒããšããŠã®é£ããè¡ãããŠããã
çæ
ç³»ã®ç Žå£ãç°å¢ç Žå£ãæ·±å»åãã以åã¯ã鯚é¡ãããã³ã¢ã·ã«ããŠãã¬ã¡ã倧åéãå€§éªæ¹Ÿãå«ãç¬æžå
æµ·ã«æ®éçã«åéã»ååžããŠãããšã¿ãããã
è¿å¹Žã§ãã倩ç¶èšå¿µç©ã®ã¹ãã¡ãªãé¢è¥¿åœé空枯åšèŸºã«å®çãå§ããŠãããšå€æãããŠãã¬ã¡ã®ç£åµå°ç¹ãããã€ãååšãããã»ã€ã«ã«ãªã©ãææçŸããããŸããä»ã§ããç¬æžå
æµ·ãžã®éåžžã®åéããæ¶æ»
ããããè¿ä»£ã«ãªã£ãŠãããã¯ãžã©ãã·ã£ãããµã¡ãã¯ããã°ããªã©ã®ç¢ºèªäŸãååšããç¹çãã¹ãäºäŸãããã€ãå«ãŸããã
å€ç§°ã®ãè
æžã®æµ·ãã¯ãæ¥æ¬ç¥è©±ã®ç¥æŠæ±åŸã«ãããŠãç¥æŠå€©çã®å
ã®äºç¬åœãç¢ãåããŠè² å·ããéã«ãå·å£ããã®æµ·ã§æŽã£ãããšãããè¡æ²Œ(ã¡ã¬)ã®æµ·ããšåŒãã ããšãç±æ¥ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ç¬æžå
æµ·èªè·¯ã®èµ·ç¹ãšããŠãå€ä»£ã®æå»·ã¯æ·å·ã®æ²³å£ã«é£æ³¢æŽ¥ãäœå接ãªã©ã眮ããããããã¯ã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã®æ¥æ¬ã®çé¢å£ãšãªããé£é䜿ãé£å䜿ã®åºçºå°ã§ããããŸãäžåœãæé®®ããã®è¹ãè¿ããŠæ ãããå
éžã®é£é³¥ãå¹³å京ãå¹³å®äº¬ãšã¯æ²³å·èéã§çµã°ããããã«éžè·¯ã§æ±æ¥æ¬ãžç¹ãã£ãŠããããŸãåœã察å€çã«éãããææã¯é£æ³¢å®®ã飿³¢äº¬ãçŠå京(èšç»)ãªã©ã®éœã眮ãããã
æ·å·ã®æ²³å£ã«åœ¢æããããã«ã¿ã¯é£æ³¢å
«åå³¶(ãªã«ãã®ããããŸ)ãšåŒã°ãããã€ãŠå€©çãå³äœããéã«æè¡ãããŠããå
«åå¶ç¥ã®å Žã§ã倩çã¯å€§éªæ¹Ÿã®æŸãæ±(äœæ±ãäœåã®æµ)ã§èº«ãæž
ããå
«åå¶ã®åŸ¡éãä»çãããç¥äºãè¡ã£ããå¹³å®æä»£åŸæã«ãããŠã¯ã枡蟺綱(æºç¶±)ãç¥ãšããæž¡èŸºæ°ããæ»å£æŠè
(倩çãè·è¡ããæŠè
)ã®äžæãšããŠå€©çã®æž
ãã®ååŒ(å
«åå¶ç¥)ã«æºããããšãããå€§éªæ¹Ÿãæ¯é
ããæ°Žè»ç³»ã®æŠå®¶ãšããŠãç¬æžå
æµ·ã®æ°Žè»ç³»æŠå£«ã®æ£æ¢ãšãªããæž¡èŸºæ°ã®åæµãä¹å·ã®æ°Žè»æ£æ¢ã®æŸæµŠæ°ã§ããã
å¹³å®æä»£æ«æã«ã¯å¹³æž
çãå€§èŒªç°æ³ãä¿®ç¯æ¡å€§ããŠæ¥å®è²¿æã®æ ç¹ãšãããæŠåœæä»£ã«ã¯å
µåº«æŽ¥ãå ºæž¯ãæ¥æè²¿æãšåè®è²¿æã§æ ãããè¥¿æ¥æ¬ã®äº€éã®èŠè¡ã§ãããã亀æã ãã§ãªããæŠåœæä»£ã«ã¯åºŠã
æŠå Žãšãªã£ã(æšæŽ¥å·å£ã®æŠã)ãéåœã§å¯Ÿå€äº€æãéçµ¶ããæ±æžæä»£ã«ã¯å®æ²»å·å£ã»æšæŽ¥å·å£ãç¹æ ããŠååè¹ã暜廻è¹ãè±å£å»»è¹ãªã©ãçµæžã®äžå¿å°ãšãªã£ã倧åãšå
šåœãšãçµãã ã
è¿çŸä»£ã®æµ·è»çãæµ·äžä¿å®åºãåè¡ããæµ·å³ã«ãããŠã¯ã1954幎ãŸã§å¥ç§°ã®ãåæ³çããšè¡šèšãããŠããã以éã1966幎ãŸã§ãå€§éªæ¹Ÿ(åæ³ç)ããšäœµèšãããŠããã
æ·å·ä»¥åã«ã¯ãäœåã®æµãé«åž«æµãªã©çœç éæŸã®ç æµæµ·å²žãå»¶ã
ãšç¶ããæ¯åå°ãšããŠå€ãã®åæãªã©ã«è© ãããã倩æºå€©çã®åã®é·çåãäœåã®æµã®é°æŸåã®çŸæ¯ãæã£ãåæãããã颚å
æåªã®å
žå峿ã®äžã€ãšããããäœåæš¡æ§ãã¯ãäœå倧瀟ã®ç€Ÿåã®æ¯è²ã峿¡åãããã®ã§ããã
å ºä»¥åã«ã¯ææ²»ä»¥éã«å€ãã®æµ·æ°ŽæµŽå Žãèšçœ®ãããæµ·æµãªãŸãŒãå°ãšããŠè³ãã£ãŠããããé«åºŠæé·æã«å·¥æ¥åã«ãšããªã氎質æªåãåãç«ãŠãªã©ã§ã»ãšãã©å§¿ãæ¶ããã
çŸåšã®æ¯åå°ãšããŠã¯å€§éªæ¹Ÿã俯ç°ã§ããå
ç²å±±å°ã®æ¬æå°ãæ¥æ¬äžå€§å€æ¯ã®äžã€ãšããŠåºãç¥ãããååšã§ããã
倧éªãç¥æžåšèŸºã®æ¹Ÿå²žã¯ç¬¬äºæ¬¡å€§æŠåããã®å·¥æ¥å°åž¯ã§æ°žããæ¥æ¬æå€§ã®éå·¥æ¥éç©å°ã§ãã£ãããå€ãã®å·¥å Žãèæœåãªã©ã§æ ç¹å·¥å ŽãšããŠã®å°äœãåå°ã®æ°ããã³ã³ãããŒãã«è²ã£ãŠããããŸããå ºæ³åèšæµ·å·¥æ¥å°åž¯ãªã©ã®æ¯èŒçæ°ããéåé·å€§åã³ã³ãããŒãã1980幎代以éã®ç£æ¥æ§é ã®å€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããªãç¶æ
ããã£ãã
çŸåšã¯å®æ°ååã§æ¹Ÿå²žã®åçãæ§æ³ãããŠããã·ã£ãŒããå ºåžå ºåºã®æ°æ¥æ¬è£œéµå ºè£œéµæã®é«çè·¡ã«æ¶²æ¶ããã«å·¥å Žããããœããã¯ãå°ŒåŽåžã«ãã©ãºãããã«å·¥å Žã建èšããŠããããŸãããããœããã¯ã倧éªåžäœä¹æ±åºã®é¢è¥¿é»å倧éªçºé»æè·¡å°ã«ãäžæŽé»æ©ãè²å¡åžã«ãªããŠã ã€ãªã³é»æ± å·¥å Žã建èšããŠããã
å ºåžä»è¿ã¯æ°ãšãã«ã®ãŒã®éçºæ ç¹ãšããªã£ãŠãããå ºåžè¥¿åºã«ã¯ãã€ãªãšã¿ããŒã«ã»ãžã£ãã³ã»é¢è¥¿ã®çšŒåãé¢è¥¿é»åã«ãã倧å倪éœå
çºé»æã建ç¯äžã§ããã
æ¬åãšæ·¡è·¯å³¶ãšã¯1949幎(æå24幎)ãã1999幎ãŸã§å
µåº«ç掲æ¬åž - 倧éªåºå²¬çºéã«å®æèªè·¯ãæŽ²æ¬ - æ·±æ¥èªè·¯ãããã£ãã2017幎ããèªè·¯ã®åŸ©æŽ»ã®ç€ŸäŒå®éšãè¡ããæ·±æ¥æŽ²æ¬ã©ã€ããŒããéèªãããŠããã
èªç¶ç æµã®æ¶å€±ãæ°Žè³ªæ±æ¿ãçç©å€æ§æ§ã®äœäžãªã©ã®åé¡ãããã
éšæ°Žãå®¶åºææ°Žãªã©ã®äžæ°Žããäžæ°ŽéãéããŠäžæ°ŽåŠçå ŽãŸã§éãã§ããå Žåã倧éã®éšæ°Žãäžæ°Žéã«æµã蟌ãã§ããŸããäžæ°Žé管ã§åãæ¢ããããªãã£ãäžå®éã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæ±æ°ŽæªåŠçã®ãŸãŸæ²³å·ã®å
Œ
±æ°Žåã«æŸæµããããåŸãªãç¶æ³ãçºçããŠãããå€§éšæã«ã¯æŸæµæµ·åã§ã®å€§è
žèæ°ã®å¢å ãªã©ãç°å¢åœ±é¿ãçºçããŠããã
æ±æžæä»£ä»¥åã«ã¯ã倧éªåžè¡ã«ã接波ã襲æ¥ããèšé²ãããã倧éªåºãšå
µåº«çã¯ãåæµ·ãã©ã巚倧å°éãæ³å®ããæŽ¥æ³¢ãã¶ãŒãããããäœæã»å
¬è¡šããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E6%B9%BE
|
6,044 |
1861幎
|
1861幎(1861 ãã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠ)ã«ãããç«ææ¥ããå§ãŸã平幎ã
â»ççŽã¯ãå€ªéœæŠæ¡çšãšå
±ã«1873å¹Žã«æœè¡ãããã â»æªçŽã¯ã倧鿰åœã§1948幎9æ25æ¥ã«æ³çæ ¹æ ãäžãããããã1961幎幎å·å»æ¢ã®æ³ä»€ãå¶å®ã«äŒŽãã1962幎1æ1æ¥ããã¯å
¬åŒãªå Žã§ã®äœ¿çšçŠæ¢ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4
|
6,048 |
ã¢ã¬ã€ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ã¯ããŠãªãŒ
|
ã¢ã¬ã€ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ã¯ããŠãªãŒ(ã¢ãªã¹ãã¢ã»ã¯ããŒãªã€ãAleister Crowley çºé³ã1875幎10æ12æ¥ - 1947幎12æ1æ¥)ã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãªã«ã«ãã£ã¹ããååŒéè¡åž«ãèè¿°å®¶ãç»å±±å®¶ããªã«ã«ãå£äœã䞻宰ãããã®å¥æŸãªèšè«æŽ»åãšç掻ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã§åœæã®å€§è¡çŽããæ¿ããããã·ã³ã°ã济ã³ããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«å²åŠã®ã»ã¬ãææ³ãæå±ããæ³ã®æžããå·çããããšã§ç¥ãããããã®æ³¢ä¹±ã®ç涯ã®äžã§æ°å€ãã®èäœãæ®ããŠãããæ¥æ¬ã§ã1980幎代ããæ°ã
ã®éŠèš³çãåè¡ãããŠããã
ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ãè±åœãŠã©ãªãã¯ã·ã£ãŒå·ã§ããŒã«éžé æ¥ãå¶ãè£çŠãªå®¶åºã«çãŸãããããªã¹ãæçŠé³äž»çŸ©ã®äžæŽŸããªãã¹ã»ãã¬ã¶ã¬ã³ã®æ¬èãªä¿¡åŸã§ãã£ãäž¡èŠªã®æ¹éã«ãããææŽŸéå¶ã®å¯å®¿åŠæ ¡ã§æè²ãåããããæé·ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ä¿¡ä»°ãæçµ¶ããããã«ãªã£ããäžèª¬ã«ã¯å¯å®¿èã§ã®äººéé¢ä¿ãã©ãã«(æè¬ããã)ãåå ãšããã圌ã®åæçãª(幎霢ã«ãããã忢ã§ãå®¶æã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ç¡å¿ããã£ã)æ§æ Œåœ¢æã®åç¹ã«ãªã£ããšãèšãããããŸãã11æ³ã®æã«æ·±ãå°æ¬ããç¶èŠªãšæ»å¥ããäºã圌ã倧ããæã¡ã®ãããŠäžææéè¡ã«ãèµ°ãããäºã«ãªã£ãã
ç¶ãæ®ããè«å€§ãªéºç£ãçžç¶ãã1895幎ã«ã±ã³ããªããžå€§åŠã«å
¥ã£ãã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ç»å±±ãšè©©äœã«ç±äžããã1898幎ã«éè¡çµç€Ÿãé»éã®å€æãå£ãã«åå
¥ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ãå
茩å£å¡ã¢ã©ã³ã»ãããã(è±èªç)ã®æå°äžã§æ°ã
ã®ç§åç¥èãç¿åŸããããŸã圌ã®åœ±é¿ã§åå£ã®éŠé ã§ãããã°ã¬ã¬ãŒã»ããµãŒã¹ã«åž«äºããããã«ãªã£ãã1900幎æ¥ã«çºçããå£å
ã®å
çŽã§åž«å ããµãŒã¹ãšå
±ã«é»éã®å€æãå£ã远æŸããããšããã¹æ¹ã®çã«è³Œå
¥ããéžå®
ã§åã°é 棲ããŠã¢ãã©ã¡ãªã³éè¡ã®å®è·µã«çæãããšããããã®éã«äžçäžåšæ
è¡ãããŠèŠèãåºãããŸãç»å±±å²ã«æ®ãK2ç»é ã«ãææŠããŠããã1904幎ã«çµå©ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯æ°åŠ»ããŒãºãšã®ããã ãŒã³å
ãšãªã£ããšãžããã®ã«ã€ãã§éè¡ååŒãè¡ãããã®äžã§ã¢ã€ã¯ã¹ãšåä¹ãéçååšããã®å¹»èŽããæ³ã®æžããšããŠæžãçããããã圌ã®ç涯ããããŠè¿œæ±ããã»ã¬ãææ³æå±ã®èµ·ç¹ã«ãªã£ãã
1904幎5æã«ããã ãŒã³ãçµããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ãã»ã¬ãææ³ã®äŸ¡å€ãå·¡ãè«äºããããµãŒã¹ãšå¯Ÿç«ããŠè¢ãåãã€äºã«ãªããèªèº«ã®ç¬ç«ã暡玢ããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éã«ããµãŒã¹ã«ããéè¡æ»æãåããŠäžå¹žã«èŠèããããšæèšã«æ®ããŠããããå幎å€ã®é·å¥³ãªãªã¹ã®èªçã«ãã£ãŠåœŒã¯åã³ã«å
ãŸããŠããã1906幎ãèªèº«ã®éãå®ããçºã«åã³äžçäžåšãžãšæ
ç«ã£ã圌ã¯ãããã©ã€å±±èã§ã«ã³ãã§ã³ãžã¥ã³ã¬ç»é ã«ææŠãããŸããã«ãã®é»éã®äžè§å°åž¯ã§ã¯é¿çã®ç ç©¶ãè¡ãªã£ãããã®åž°åœåŸã«ãªãªã¹ãç
æ»ãã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯æ²ãã¿ã«æ²ãã ã劻ããŒãºã¯ãªãªã¹ãé£ããŠã€ã³ãã§äžæè¡åãå
±ã«ããŠãããããã§ããã¹ç±ã«ææããã®ãåå ã ã£ããæåšã倱ã£ãã¯ããŠãªãŒã®æ²åã®çå
ã¯ããŒãºã«åããããŠããŸããäºäººã®ä»²ãæ¥éã«å·ã蟌ãã ãåæã«ããããã¯ããŠãªãŒã®åé¯åŸåãç®ç«ã¡å§ããŠããã
1907å¹Žã«æ¬¡å¥³ããŒã©ãèªçããç¬é¡ãåãæ»ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯éè¡çµç€Ÿãéã®æããçµæãããèªèº«ãéè¡åž«ãšãªãã¡ã¹ã»ã¬ãŽã£ã®çãŸãå€ãããšç§°ããŠã»ã¬ãææ³ã®äŒéã«åãçµã¿ãéè¡ã®èäœãšè©©éãæ¬¡ã
ãšçºè¡šããã1909幎ã«ã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«äŸåçã«é¥ã£ã劻ããŒãºãšæ¢ãç¡ãé¢å©ããããã®åŸã亀æµã¯ç¶ããããããŒã©ã®èŠªæš©ã¯ããŒãºåŽã«è²ããããçŽåŸã®ã¢ã«ãžã§ãªã¢æ»åšã§æãããæªéã³ãã³ãŸã³ã®å¬åååŒã¯è¿ä»£éè¡å²ã«æ®ãäºè±¡ãšãããŠããã1912幎ã«ãªããšãã€ãã®ãªã«ã«ãå£äœãæ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ãã®æå°è
ããŒãªããŒã«ã»ãã€ã¹(è±èªç)ã«èŠèŸŒãŸããŠåå£ã®ã€ã®ãªã¹æ¯éšãéèšããåŸã«å£äœå
šäœã®äž»å°æš©ãæ¡ã£ãã以åŸã®ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ãã®äºã€ã®å£äœã䞻宰ãããããã«äŒŽãã圌ã®å¥æŸãªç°ç«¯ææ³æŽ»åãäžéã®ç®ãåŒããŠç©è°ãéžãããã«ãªããäž»ã«ã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ãã¿ãæ±ãè€æ°ã®å€§è¡çŽãããäžçã§æãéªæªãªç·(the wickedest man in the world)ãšåæãããã麻è¬ãšæ·«è¡ã«èœãæªé䞻矩è
ãšæžãç«ãŠãããããã®çç±ã®äžã€ãšãªã£ãäºè±¡ã«ãããªäœæ¥ãšåŒã°ãããã¢ã»ã¯ã·ã¥ã¢ã«ãã¢ããŒãã«ããã¡ã«ã¯ãªãŠã¹å¬åååŒãããã1914å¹Žãæ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ã®æŽ»åã§æž¡ç±³äžã«ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠãå§ãŸããçŽ4幎éã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«æ»åšãäœåãªããããŠãããããããåž°åœããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯1920幎ã«å¿µé¡ã®ã»ã¬ãä¿®éé¢(è±èªç)ãã·ããªã¢å³¶ã«èšç«ãã圌ã®ä¿¡å¥è
éãšãšãã«éè¡ã®å¥¥çŸ©ã極ããæ±éçæŽ»ãéå§ããããããã圌ã®ã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ã远ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å€§è¡çŽããå èœãšéå»ã®èŠæ¬ã®ããã«æžãç«ãŠããããŸãæ·å°å
ã§ç
æ»è
ãåºãããšããã1923幎ã«ã€ã¿ãªã¢æ¿åºã¯ã¯ããŠãªãŒã«åœå€éå»ãåœããã
ã€ã¿ãªã¢ã远ãããåŸã®ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ããã¥ããžã¢ã«åããé床ã®éº»è¬äŸåããã®å埩ã詊ã¿ããäžæããããªãã£ãã1923å¹Žã«æ»å»ããæ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ã®æå°è
ãã€ã¹ã¯ã¯ããŠãªãŒãåŸç¶è
ã«æåããç¿å¹Žããå£äœãåãç¶ãã ãæ¯åœã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯äžå€§ããã·ã³ã°ãã£ã³ããŒã³ãåŸ
ã¡æ§ããŠããã®ã§ã1925幎ã®ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ã»ãšãŒããå·ãããŸã§ãã©ã³ã¹ã«æ»åšããäºã«ãããã©ã³ã¹åœå
åå°ã転ã
ãšãã€ã€äž»ã«æ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ã®åå¿ã«æãããŠã®æŽ»åãç¶ããã圌ã®é«åãªããæªåã鳎ãé¿ãäžã§ã1928幎ã«åŸã®éè¡ç ç©¶å®¶ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã»ãªã¬ã«ãã£ãŒãç§æžãšããŠè¿ãå
¥ããŠããã1929幎ã«ãªããšãã©ã³ã¹æ²»å®åœå±ãããéå»ãåœããããã®ã§ã€ã®ãªã¹ãžäžæåž°åœããç¿1930幎ãããã€ãã«æŽ»åã®æ ç¹ãç§»ããŠæ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ã®éå¶ã«åãæ³šãããã«ãªã£ããã»ã¬ãææ³ã®äŒéã«ãåãçµã¿ç¶ããããããã¯ã»ãšãã©åå
¥ã«ãªããªãã£ãã®ã§æŽ»åè²»ã®æ»åºãç¶ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã®è²¡ç£ã¯å¹ŸåºŠãåºãçªãããããã®åºŠã«åœŒãä¿¡å¥ããæ°ããªãããã³ãèŠã€ãããŸãç¹°ãè¿ãããããã·ã³ã°ãšåœçªãçç±ã«ããè³ åè«æ±èšŽèšãèµ·ãããŠãããè³éæºã«ããŠããã1933幎ã®ããã¹æ¿æš©æç«ã«ãã瀟äŒçµ±å¶ã®åŒ·åã§æ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ã®æŽ»åãå°é£ã«ãªããšãã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ãã€ãã§ã®åŸäºãã«ãŒã«ã»ã²ã«ããŒ(è±èªç)ã«èšããŠã€ã®ãªã¹ã«åž°åœããã
1935幎ã«ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯èªå·±ç Žç£ãç³è«ãã以åã®ãããªå£äœäž»å¬æŽ»åã¯äžå¯èœã«ãªã£ãããå·ç掻åã®æ¹ã¯ç²Ÿåçã«ç¶ããããŠããã1938幎ããããŒãã»ã¿ãããã®å¶äœã«åãçµãã§ããããã§ã«éæŠãéããŠããç¡äžæã«ãªãæãŠãŠããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ããã³ãã³ãäžå¿ã«ããåå°ã®åŒåãã¡ã«ç掻ã®é¢åãèŠãŠãããããã«ãªã£ãããã®äžã§ãé«çŽãªèå·»ãšã·ã£ã³ãã³ãåãã©ã€ãã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã¯ã§ããéãç¶æããåœŒã®ææ³ã«é
ãããã人ã
ã®èšªåãåãå
¥ããŠäº€æµãéããã1939幎ã«ç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠãåçºãç¿å¹Žããå§ãŸã£ããã³ãã³å€§ç©ºè¥²ã®é£ãé¿ããŠãã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ããŽã©ã³å·ããŒããŒã«ç§»äœããããã®å€§æŠäžã«æ±æ¹èå éšå£«å£ã¯å£æ»
ç¶æ
ã«ãªããéã®æãã¯ããŠãªãŒã®èº«å
ãµãŒã¯ã«çšåºŠã®ãã®ã«ãªã£ãŠããã1944幎ãããŒãã»ã¿ãããã宿ããã®è§£èª¬æžãããŒãã®æžããäžæ¢ããããåææã«åŸã®ååŒéè¡å®¶ã±ãã¹ã»ã°ã©ã³ããç§æžã«ããŠããããã®é ã®ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯æ
¢æ§æ°ç®¡æ¯çã®æªåã«ãã忝çç¶ã«èŠãããããŠãããçµæŠåŸãã€ãŒã¹ããµã»ãã¯ã¹å·ã«è»¢å±
ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ããã®æ³¢ä¹±ãšçéšã«æºã¡ã人çãšã¯å¯Ÿç
§çã«åå·æ²¿æµ·ã®éããªçç°èã§ã²ã£ãããšæ¯ãåŒãåã£ããæã«1947幎12æ1æ¥ã享幎72æ³ã§ãã£ãã
çåã®ã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯éº»è¬åžžç¿ããã€ã»ã¯ã·ã£ã«ãšãã£ãéšåãããã€ããããŠäžéããæªãããŸã«çœµãããããã«ãŠã³ã¿ãŒã«ã«ãã£ãŒã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããçšæã®äººç©ãšããŠãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ããããããŒæåãã¯ããŸããã¥ãŒãšã€ãžéåã«å°ããŸã§ã®è¿çŸä»£ææ³å²ã«ç¹ã«ãã®åãå»ãŸããããšã«ãªã£ãããŸãã圌ã®éºç£ãæ±ã®æå¿ããããšãè¡ãªãããã¢ãããŒãšããã»ã¬ãææ³ã¯ããã®åŸã®ãŠã£ãã«ãããªãã€ã¬ããºã ãã±ã€ãªã¹ããžãã¯ããããŠãµã¿ããºã ã®æ ¹åºã«æµããã¢ãŠããµã€ããŒæåã®åŠ¥åœæ§ãè£ä»ããå²åŠãšããŠäžå®ã®ååšæãæŸã¡ç¶ããŠããã
æ°ã
ã®ãªã«ã«ãåéã§æèœãçºæ®ããã¯ããŠãªãŒã¯ãã¿ãããæå¥œè
ã®éã§ã¯åäœããŒãã»ã¿ãããã®èæ¡è
ãšããŠç¥ãããŠãããããŽã£ã¡ã¿ã«ãã¡ã³ã«ã¯ããªãžãŒã»ãªãºããŒã³ã®ã¢ã«ãã ãããªã¶ãŒãã»ãªãã»ãªãºãã«åé²ãããŠããããã¹ã¿ãŒã»ã¯ããŠãªãŒ -æ»ã®çªäºº-ãã®ã¢ããŒããšããŠèªç¥ãããŠãããåœŒã®æ¯æè
ãšããŠã¯ããžããŒã»ãã€ãžãããŽã£ããã»ããŠã€ãæ ç»ç£ç£ã®ã±ãã¹ã»ã¢ã³ã¬ãŒãããããããŒãã«ãºã®ããµãŒãžã§ã³ãã»ãããŒãºã»ãã³ãªãŒã»ããŒãã»ã¯ã©ãã»ãã³ããã®ã¢ã«ãã ãžã£ã±ããã«ãã¯ããŠãªãŒã®èåãèŠãããã
éè¡çµç€Ÿå
ã§çšããããå人åãã©ãã³èªã®é(ã¢ãããŒ)ãçšããããšãå€ãã
æ¥æ¬èªèš³ããããã®ã®ã¿èšèŒã
å°èª¬
挫ç»
ã¢ãã«ãã¢ãã¡
ã²ãŒã
ãã¬ããã©ã
鳿¥œ
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC
|
6,049 |
粟ç¥äžç
|
粟ç¥äžç(ããããããã)ã¯ããã¥ãŒãšã€ãžãšåŒã°ããåç±³çºã®ææœ®ã«ç±æ¥ãããã®ãå€ä»ã®ãªã«ã«ãã£ãºã ãæ¥æ¬åºæã®éåŠããèªå·±æ¢æ±ãã粟ç¥å€å®¹ã«ããããæ
å ±ãªã©ãããŸããŸãªææ³ãå
±åããéå€ãªæåé åã§ãããã粟ç¥äžçããšããèªã¯1970幎代æ«é ããæ¥æ¬ã§äœ¿ãããããã«ãªã£ããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãšãèšèãšããŠè¿çžé¢ä¿ã«ããã
åç±³ã®ãã¥ãŒãšã€ãž(ããã³ãã®åšèŸºé å)ãšæ¥æ¬ã®ç²Ÿç¥äžçã¯ãããããåçã®ã«ããŽãªã«å±ããŠãããšã¿ãªãããšãã§ãããäž¡è
ã¯åäžã§ã¯ãªããããŸã£ããç¡çžã§ããªããå€å€§ãªå
±ééšåã®ããé¡äŒŒçŸè±¡ã§ããã粟ç¥äžçãšããçšèªã¯æ¥æ¬èªå以å€ã§ã¯éçšãããæ¬§ç±³ã®ç ç©¶è
ã®ããã ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ç²Ÿç¥äžçã¯ãã¥ãŒãšã€ãžãšããŠç·æ¬ãããã
粟ç¥äžçãç 究察象ã«ããŠãã宿åŠè
ã®å³¶èé²ã®æšå¯ã«ãããšãã粟ç¥äžçããšããèšèã䜿ããå§ããã®ã¯1977幎ã®ããšã§ããããã®å¹Žã«é¿å«å®ã®é¢é£äŒç€Ÿã§ãã平河åºç瀟ããå£åãã¶ã»ã¡ãã£ããŒã·ã§ã³ããåµåãããå幎æ«ã®å·ã«ç¹éäŒç»ã粟ç¥äžçã®æ¬ã»ãã¹ã100ããæ²èŒãããã
æžåºã®å£²å Žã§ã¯ã1978å¹Žã«æ°å®¿ã®çŽäŒåœå±æžåºã§ãã€ã³ããããŒã«ç²Ÿç¥äžçã®æ¬ããšããããã¯ãã§ã¢ãçµãŸããã®ãæåã§ãã£ããããã«ç¶ããŠä»ã®æžåºã§ãã粟ç¥äžçã®æ¬ãã®ãã§ã¢ãè¡ããããããŠåžžèšã®ã粟ç¥äžçãã³ãŒããŒã眮ãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ã粟ç¥äžçç·ã«ã¿ãã°ã2000幎çã§ã¯ã10588åãã®æžç±ãæ²èŒãããŠããã
å³¶èã¯ããã¥ãŒãšã€ãžéåãšããèšèãåŠè¡çšèªãšããŠçšããã®ã¯äžé©åã ãšããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®ã粟ç¥äžçããæ¬§ç±³ã®ããã¥ãŒãšã€ãžãããéæåçãã«ç·æ¬ãããæ°éæ§éåããããã¯ãæ°éæ§æåããšããçšèªãäœã£ãããã®å®çŸ©ãããããšã粟ç¥äžçãšãã¥ãŒãšã€ãžã¯ãšãã«æ°éæ§éåã®éšåéåã§ããã
粟ç¥äžçãšãã¥ãŒãšã€ãžã¯ããããæ¥æ¬çºãåç±³çºã®å°åçæåã§ãã£ããããããã¯ããããã«é¢é£ãããåæå€çºçãªçŸè±¡ã§ãããèªççãã€å€å
çã«å±éããã°ããŒãã«ãªéå矀ãšããŠæããå¿
èŠããããšå³¶èé²ã¯è«ããŠãããæ°éæ§éåã¯ããã®ãããªäžçççŸè±¡ãå
æ¬çã«æ¯èŒã»èå¯ããããã®çšèªãšããŠæèµ·ããããã®ã§ããã
å³¶èã«ããã°ãç²Ÿç¥æ§ãšèš³ãããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ã¯èšèã®æå³ã®äžã§ã粟ç¥äžçãšè¿çžé¢ä¿ã«ããã
ã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£(è±: spirituality)ã¯ããšããšããªã¹ãæã«ãããŠæä»£ãå Žé¢ã«ãã£ãŠããŸããŸãªæå³ã«äœ¿ãããŠããèªã§ããããç¥åŠçšèªãšããŠã¯ãéæ§ããšèš³ãããæ®ã«20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠããæ³šç®ãããããã«ãªã£ãæŠå¿µã§ããã
ãã®äžæ¹ã§ã1970幎é ããçãã«ãªã£ãŠãããã¥ãŒãšã€ãžéåã§ã¯ãäŒçµ±çãªããªã¹ãæã®æ ãè¶
ããæ°ããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãå±éãããåç±³ã§ã¯ç¹ã«1980幎代ãã spirituality ãšããèšèãããèãããããã«ãªã£ãã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã1990幎代åŸåããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãšããã«ã¿ã«ãèªã䜿ãããããã«ãªããäžã§ããã¹ãã¹ãæ»çåŠã®åéã§ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã®ãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ããæœè±¡åè©ã®ãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ããçšèªãšããŠå®çããã
2000幎代ã«å
¥ããšããããšã¯å¥ã®æµãã§ã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ãšããèšèãåºãŸããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ããŒã ã話é¡ã«ãªã£ããæµ
éåäžéã«å§ãŸãæ¥æ¬çå¿éåŠã®æµããæ±²ãæ±ååä¹ã¯ãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ã»ã«ãŠã³ã»ãªã³ã°ãšç§°ããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãè¡ããã¿ã€ãã«ã«ã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ã®èªãä»ããèæžããã¹ãã»ã©ãŒã«ãªã£ããããã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã«ç»å ŽããŠæåã«ãªã£ããå³¶èã¯ãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ãšããèªãçŸä»£æ¥æ¬ã§å€§è¡çã«æ®åããèŠå ãšããŠæ±åã®æåã¯ç¡èŠã§ããªããšæšå¯ããŠãããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ãšèããŠéçååšãåäžããªãŒã©ãšãã£ãå¿é䞻矩çãªãã®ã飿³ãã人ãå¢ãã2008幎ã®èªå£²æ°èã®å®ææè調æ»ã§åãäžãããããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ãããã®ãããªæå³ã«ãããŠã§ãã£ããæ±åã®ããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ã¯ã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãºã ã«ç±æ¥ããŠãããæ»çåŠãå»çã»çè·ã®æèã§èšãããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãšã¯ç³»èãç°ã«ããããäž¡æ¹é¢ã§ã®ã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãæ··åããããåãæœ®æµã«å±ãããã®ãšããŠè«ããåããããã
ä»ã«ã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ããŒã ã代衚ãããã®ã«ã2002幎ããæ¯å¹Žéå¬ãããŠããçããããŒãã«ãã粟ç¥äžçã®èŠæ¬åžãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ã»ã³ã³ãã³ã·ã§ã³ã(ç¥ç§°ããŽãã)ãæãããã(åŸã«ãã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ããŒã±ããã)ãããããçŸä»£æ¥æ¬ã®éä¿çãªã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£æåã§ã¯ããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ãªãã£ãã®èªèªäœã¯ããŸãçšãããããæ¬æ¥ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã¹ããªãã¥ã¢ã«ãåè©ãšããŠæ±ã£ããããªèªæ³ãç®ç«ã€ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C
|
6,051 |
æ²ææµ
|
æ² ææµ(ã ãããããç¹äœå: æ²ææ·š; ç°¡äœå: æ²æå; æŒé³: ShÄ Wùjìng; ãŠã§ãŒãåŒ: Sha Wu Ching; ç²€æŒ: saa1 ng zengãã¿ã€èª: àžàž±àž§à¹àžà¹àž)ã¯ãå°èª¬ã西éèšãã«äž»èŠç»å Žããç¥ä»ã
å
ã
ã¯å€©çã®åœ¹äººã§æ²ç°Ÿå€§å°()ã倩åžã®åŸ¡åŽåœ¹ã®äžäººã§ãééæ®¿()ã§è¬èŠãæ±ããè
ã眷ãåºãæã«ã倩åžã®åã®åŸ¡ç°Ÿã®åŽã«ããŠã倩åžãšè¬èŠãåããè
ã®éã«å
¥ãã倩åžãå®è·ãã圹ç®ãè¿è¡å
µã®å€§å°ã§ããããéå±±ã®å€§å°ããšç§°ããããâæ²ç°Ÿâã®è·åãããã°ãã°èª€è§£ãããããåŸ¡ç°Ÿã®æãéãããããæ
åœã§ã¯ãªããé«å®ã§ããã西éèšã«ãããæ²ææµã¯å°äœã®è±¡åŸŽã§ãããšçè§£ããããéåã§ãæ°Žå®å€§åžãåæµ·ç«çéãžå·®ãåããäžäœ¿ã®åœ¹åãã§ããã
è æ¡äŒã®ããã«ã倩åžã®å®ã§ããç»çã®åšãæãæ»ãããŠå²ã£ãŠããŸã£ã眪ã§å€©çã远ããããéæã¡800åã®åãåããŠäžçã«èœãšãããããã«7æ¥ã«1床ã¯éãå£ãé£ã°ããŠèè
¹ã貫ããšãã眰ãåãç¶ãã飢ããšå¯ãããäžåéããããšããåŒ±æ°Žã®æµæ²æ²³ã§äººãå°ããåŠä»ãšãªã£ãã
ããæ¥ã倩竺ã«çµå
žãåãã«è¡ãåçµè
ãæ¢ããŠãã芳é³è©è©ãšåºäŒã£ãŠçªç¶è¥²ãããããããäŸã®æµå²žè¡è
ã«é»æ¢ãããŠæŠããã²ãšãã©ã§ã¯ãªããšæã£ãŠçžæã®åãèããŠã¿ããšè©è©ã®äžè¡ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ãå¹³äŒããŠæ
æ²ãä¹ãããããŸã§ã«9åã®åçµè
ãæ®ºããããšãåçœãããè©è©ã¯æ¬¡ã«æ¥ãåçµè
ã®åŒåãšãªãããã«è«ããæ²ææµãšããæ³åãšæåŸãäžããããã«æ®ºããåçµè
ã®é«é«ã¯æã£ãŠããããã«åœããããªããææµãšããåã¯ãå®åæ¬é¿ä¿ãã«æºãåž«ãå
ãªã©ç®äžã®è
ããã®åŒã³ããã®ã¿ã«äœ¿çšããããæ®éã¯éç§°ã®ãæ²åå°()ããšå§äŸ¶åã§åŒã°ãã(å«æç©ºã®ãå«è¡è
ããçªæèœã®ãçªå
«æããšåã)ã
ãã®åŸã芳é³è©è©ã®çŽæã©ããçå¥äžèµã®äžè¡ãæµæ²æ²³ãéãããããããŸãçžæã誰ã確ãããããšãªããæé¢šã®ããã«è¥²ãããããäžèµãæ ãããšãã詊ã¿ã¯ãæ°ŽæŠãåŸæãªçªå
«æã«é»æ¢ãããããäžåºŠæŠã£ãŠããªããªãæã¡ç Žããªãã®ã§ãå«æç©ºãè§æé²()ã§ãããã芳é³è©è©ãåŒã³ã«è¡ã£ããè©è©ã¯æµå²žã掟é£ããŠãææµãéåãããã²ãããããæž¡ããŠã9ã€ã®é«é«ãšããããŠæ³è¹(ç)ãšããäžèµäžè¡ãæµæ²æ²³ã®åãã岞ãžãšæž¡ãããæ³è¹ã¯æž¡ããã£ãåŸã«ããŸãã²ãããããšé«é«ã«æ»ããã²ããããã¯æµå²žãæã¡åž°ããã9ã€ã®é«é«ã¯ä¹çã®é°é¢š()ãšãªã£ãŠé³ããªãæ¶ãå»ã£ãã
以åŸãäžèµã«åŒåå
¥ãããå髪ããŠå§åœ¢ãšãªããšãå«æç©ºãçªå
«æããšå
±ã«å€©ç«ºãŸã§çµå
žãæ±ããŠæ
ãããããšã«ãªã£ãããã®ããã«åäœã§ã¯ãåŒåã®äžã§ã¯å¯äžãå§åœ¢ãããŠããã人éãšã¯ç°ãªãæ¿è²ã®å®¹å§¿ãããç«åã(ç«ã®ç¥æ§)ãšãã°ãã°ééãããæ§ãèŠãããã
ãã®åŸå€©ç«ºã«ãã©ãã€ããæ²ææµã¯è¥¿å€©åŠæ¥(éè¿ŠåŠæ¥)ããé身çŸ
挢(é身é¿çŸ
挢è©è©)ã«ãªãããšãçŽæãããã
å
ä»£ã®æé®®ã®è³æãæŽéäºè«ºè§£()ãã«ã¯æç©ºãšå
«æã®ã¿ã玹ä»ãããŠããããããã¯æ²ææµãç»å Žããæµæ²æ²³ã®æ®µãçŸåããŠããªãããã§ã西éèšç©èªãžã®ç»å Žã¯æç©ºãå
«æãããæ©ããã倧åäžèµåçµè©©è©±ã(å宿«ããåå®ã«æç«ãããšæšå®ãããéä¿å°èª¬è©±æ¬)ã«ç»å Žãããçå¥äžèµãæµæ²æ²³ãšããç æŒ ã§å¹»æ³ã«èŠãå±ãŸãããæ·±æ²ç¥ãã¢ãã«ãšæšæž¬ããããã»ãã«ããšãŠã¹ã³ãŠã«ã¯ã€ã«ã«ãã¢ãã«ã«èãåºããããšãã説ãããã岩波æåº«ã®ã西éèšãã®ç¿»èš³å
ã§ããèå·åæ¬ãæååŸå
çæ¹è©è¥¿éèšãã®ç¿»èš³ãåŒãç¶ãã äžéçŸä»£åã¯ãåŸã«èªèå
ã§ãšãŠã¹ã³ãŠã«ã¯ã€ã«ã«èª¬ããšãŠã¹ã³ãŠã¢ãªã²ãŒã¿ãŒèª¬ã«ç§»è¡ããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯æ²³ç«¥ãšãããããšãããããããã¯æ°Žã®åŠæªãšããã€ã¡ãŒãžããã§ãæåã«æµæ²æ²³ã®æ°ŽäžããçŸãããšããééã£ãè§£éã«ç±æ¥ãããæ¥æ¬ã®å
ç«¥åãäœååºæã®æèš³ã§ããã
以äžã®ç©ãæã£ãŠããã
åäœã§ã®åæ§ã®èãæ
ãæ¥æ¬ã®ã西éèšãã®ç¿»æ¡ã§ã¯ãæãåã£ãæŒåºããªãããäºãããã
ãªã©ã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%82%9F%E6%B5%84
|
6,052 |
éååž
|
éååž(ããŸããã)ã¯ãç¥å¥å·çã®åéšã«äœçœ®ããåžã人å£ã¯çŽ17äžäººãäžæµŠå島西åŽã®ä»ãæ ¹ã«ãããæŽå²çéœåžéåãåžåã®äžå¿ã«ããã
éååžã¯æšªæµåžã®å西ãè€æ²¢åžã®æ±ãéååžã®å西ã«äœçœ®ããåã¯çžæš¡æ¹Ÿã«é¢ããŠããã幎éå¹³åæ°æž©ã¯16.9°Cãäžæ¹ãäœãå±±ã§å²ãŸãæµ·ã«é¢ããå°ã§ããããã€ãŠã¯éåå¹åºã眮ããæ¿æš©ã®èŠã®å°ãšãªããæ¥æ¬å²ã®æä»£åºåã§ããããéåæä»£ãã®ç±æ¥ã«ããªã£ãã仿¥ã§ã¯æ§è
°è¶çºãæ§å€§è¹çºãªã©ããããããäžæ¹ãå±±ã«å²ãŸããéåãã®å€åŽã«äœçœ®ããå°åãåžå
ã«å«ãŸãããéåã¯å°åå
ã«å€ãã®æŽå²éºè·¡ãæã€ãå€éœãã§ããããåŸè¿°ã®éãå®€çºæä»£äžæä»¥éã«è¡°éãããããéœåžã»éåããšããŠã®æŽå²ã¯é£ç¶ããŠããªããããã«äžäžä»¥æ¥ã®å»ºé ç©ã¯éãããã
æ±æžæä»£åŸæã«ãªããšãå°åå
ã®å¯ºç€Ÿãå€ãã®å詣客ãéããããã«ãªãããææ²»åæã®æ®µéã§ãéå倧ä»(é«åŸ³é¢)ãé·è°·å¯ºãæããé·è°·(ã¯ã)å°åºã«éœåžçãªéèœãååžããã®ã¿ã§ãçŸåšã®éååžã®äžå¿åžè¡å°ã¯åœ¢æãããŠããªãã£ããææ²»åæãçŸéååžåãå«ãéåé¡ã管èœããé¡åœ¹æã¯æžå¡(çŸåšã®æšªæµåžæžå¡åº)ã«çœ®ãããã
ææ²»äžæä»¥éãä¿é€ã»å¥èå°ãšããŠãæå以éã«èгå
å°ãšããŠæ¹ããŠãéœåžã»éåãã®çºå±ãèŠãã®ã§ãããéåå±±ãªã©ã¯é«çŽäœå®
è¡ã§ããã
åžå
ãæµããæ²³å·ã¯äž»ãªç©ã§äžæ¬ãå
šãŠäºçŽæ²³å·ã§ãããããã«æ¯æµãæºçšæ²³å·ãå ããã
éååžå
ã§ã¯ãäžéšã®åºåã§äœå±
衚瀺ã«é¢ããæ³åŸã«åºã¥ãäœå±
衚瀺ã宿œãããŠããã
æ±äº¬éœç¹å¥åºéšãžã®éå€çã¯23.5%ã»æšªæµåžãžã®éå€çã¯18.5%ã§ãã(ããããå¹³æ22幎åœå¢èª¿æ»)ã
åœå°ã«åžžäœãã15æ³ä»¥äžå°±æ¥è
ã¯72,820人ããã¡ä»åžåºçºæã§åŸæ¥ããŠããè
ã¯44,730人ãšãå
šäœã®61.4%ã§ãããä»åžåºçºæãžã®åŸæ¥å
1äœã¯æ±äº¬éœç¹å¥åºéšã®17,093人ã2äœã¯æšªæµåžã®13,459人ã3äœã¯è€æ²¢åžã®4,418人ã4äœã¯å·åŽåžã®1,675人ã5äœã¯æšªé è³åžã®974人ã§ãã(å¹³æ22幎åœå¢èª¿æ»ã«ãã)ã
éååžå
ã«ã¯å€ãã®éºè·¡(åèµæå財å
èµå°)ãããã(â»ç¹ã«æ§éåäžå¿éšã¯ã»ãŒå
šåãéºè·¡ã®ãšãªã¢ãšãªã£ãŠãã)ãæ§ç³åšæä»£~çžææä»£ã®éºè·¡(æ±æ£é¢éºè·¡ã»ççžåéºè·¡ã»ç²è¹å±±éºè·¡ãªã©)ã¯ãé¢è°·ãççžã倧è¹ãªã©ãäž»ã«æ§éåã®å€åŽã«ãããåžåå西éšã«ååžããŠããã
匥çæä»£ã«å
¥ããšãå°å°ä»¥å€ã§ããæ»å·æ²¿ãã®æ²ç©å°(倧åå¹åºåšèŸºéºè·¡çŸ€)ããç±æ¯ã¶æµæ²¿å²žã®ç äž(ç±æ¯ã¶æµåéºè·¡ã»é·è°·å°è·¯åšèŸºéºè·¡ãªã©)ã§åŒ¥çæä»£éèœãåºçŸããã
å€å¢³æä»£äžé åŸå(5äžçŽæ«)ã«ã¯ããã®ç äžå°åž¯ã«ååå€å¢³çŸ€ãšããå€å¢³çŸ€ãé ãããåŽèŒªãåºåããŠããããŸãå€ä»£è±ªæãéåå¥(ããŸããã®ãã)ãã®æ¬æ ã§ãã£ããšèããããŠãããäžéµéšã«æšªç©Žå¢çŸ€ã倿°åœ¢æããããéååžããé£ã®æšªæµåžæ åºããããŸã§ååšããŠããæšªç©Žå¢éºè·¡ã®äžã«ã¯ãç¹åŸŽçãªåœ¢ãããç宀ãæã€ãã®ããããæ§éåé¡ã«ååžããŠãããšããŠãéååæšªç©Žå¢ã(éå¶ã¶è°·åŒæšªç©Žå¢)ãšåŒã¶äºãããããŸããæµŠè³æ°Žéã®æµ·è·¯ãä»ããŠæ¿ç·åå³¶ãžæããã«ãŒãã®å€æ±æµ·éãéã£ãŠãããå€ä»£äº€éã®èŠè¡ã§ãã£ãã
å¥è¯æä»£ãã平宿代åæã«ã¯ãéåé¡ã®é¡è¡ãèšçœ®ããããé¡è¡è·¡ã¯åŸ¡æå°åŠæ ¡ãäžå¿ãšããä»å°è·¯è¥¿éºè·¡ã§ãã³ã®å圢ã«äžŠã¶å€§åæç«æ±å»ºç©ããã倩平5幎(733幎)ãéã®æšç°¡ãåºåããŠããã
å¹³å¿ åžžã®ä¹±ã®éãå¹³çŽæ¹ã«ããé®å§ã倱æãå®éã«ä¹±ãåŸå§ããæºé Œä¿¡ã®åã«ããããã®åæºé ŒçŸ©ã®é ã«ç¿å
ã®æ²³å
åœç³å·é¡å£·äº(çŸã»å€§éªåºçŸœæ³éåžå£·äº)ãæ¬æ å°ãšããæ²³å
æºæ°ã®æé ãšãªããé ŒçŸ©ã®åã§æ²³å
æºæ°äžä»£ç®æ£æ¢ã®å
«å¹¡å€ªé矩家ã®4代åŸã®æºé Œæãéåå¹åºã眮ããŠæŠå®¶æ¿æš©ãæç«ãããéåè¡éãæŽåããããå¹åºã®èŠè·ã«å°±ããæå埡家人ã¯éåã«å±
ãæ§ãããŸãæµ·ã«é¢ããç¹åŸŽãçãããæµ·äžäº€æãéçããéåäºå±±ãªã©ã眮ãã颿±ã«ãããæåçäžå¿å°ãšãªãã
ãªãã乿¡å
Œå®ã®æ¥èšãçèãã®å¯¿æ°ž2幎(1183幎)ã®èšäºã«ãéååããšããèšèãããããšãããèµ€æçŽå¿ ã®ç 究以æ¥ãäžäžåœæã®éåã¯å
šåãåééœåžãšèŠãªãããŠãããšãã説ãããããã ããã®èšèã®è§£éãããã£ãŠã¯ãèµ€æã«ããé²åŸ¡æœèšéºæ§ã®äŸãšããŠæããããããç¿ç ã®å€§å岞ããªã©ã«ä»£è¡šãããå±±äžã®å岞ç¶äººå·¥å°åœ¢ãã建ç¯åæšæçšã®ç³åå Ž(æ¡ç³å Ž)ã§ããããšãçºæèª¿æ»ã§å€æããããšãããçèãã§ã®ãåããšããèšèããåéãšããããæºé Œæ(æºæ°)ã®ãæ¬æ å°ããšããæå³åãã§äœ¿ãããŠãããšããéœè€æ
äžã®ææãªã©ããããéå=åééœåžãšèŠãªããã«ã€ããŠã¯è«žèª¬ãããã
è²å¿3幎6æ28æ¥(1224幎7æ16æ¥)ã«ã¯åæ¡æ³°æãå·æš©ã«å°±ããé£çœ²ãè©å®è¡ã眮ããŠå¹åºã®åè°å¶ã確ç«ãããšãšãã«ãæ¿æš©ãé Œæä»¥æ¥å¹åºã眮ããã倧åå¹åºããå®éœå®®èŸ»å沿ãã®å®éœå®®èŸ»åå¹åºã«ç§»ããè²æ°žå
幎(1232幎)ã«ã¯åŸ¡ææåŒç®ãå¶å®ããŠå¹åºã®äœå¶ãç£ç³ãªãã®ãšãã(1236幎(åçŠ2幎)ã«ã¯ãå®éœå®®èŸ»åå¹åºããè¥å®®å€§è·¯å¹åºãžç§»è»¢ãŸãã¯æ¹ç¯)ã
å
åŒ3幎/æ£æ
¶2幎(1333幎)ã«åŸéé倩çã®èšå¹ã«åŒå¿ããäžéåœ(矀銬ç)ã®æ²³å
æºæ°çŸ©å®¶æµã»æ°ç°çŸ©è²ã¯ãååæ²³åãªã©ã§éåå¹åºãå°æšªããæ¡æŠå¹³æ°æµåæ¡æ°ã®å
µãæç Žããéåãžé²æããŠæ³°æä»¥æ¥ã®è©æå¯ºã§ããæ±å寺ã§åæ¡æ°äžæãæ»
亡ããã(æ±åå¯ºåæŠ)ãç±æ¯ã¶æµæ²¿å²žéšã®ç±æ¯ã¶æµåéºè·¡ãç±æ¯ã¬æµäžäžéå£å¢å°éºè·¡ã¯ãçºæèª¿æ»ã«ããäžäžã«éå£å¢å°ã§ãã£ãããšãè§£ã£ãŠãããã1953幎(æå28幎)ã®éŽæšå°ã«ãã調æ»ã§ã¯å€§éã®ååµãªã©ã®ãã人骚ãåºåããŠããã
京éœã§åŸéé倩çã®å»ºæŠã®æ°æ¿ãå§ãŸããšçŸ©è²ã¯å¬éããã京éœã®å
æ³¢çŸ
æ¢é¡ãæ»
亡ããããªã©èšå¹ã«åã®ãã£ãäžæã®è¶³å©å°æ°ã®åŒã§ããè¶³å©çŽçŸ©ãäžéã®çް巿°ãªã©ã芪çãå¥ããŠäžããéåå°è»åºãæç«ãåæ¡æ°äžæã®æ®å
ãäžå
代ã®ä¹±ãèµ·ããéåãé¥èœãããšå°æ°ã¯èšäŒã«åããããã®ãŸãŸæ°æ¿ããé¢åããŠéåã§æ©è³ã®æäžãªã©ãè¡ãããå°æ°ã¯è¿œèšã«æŽŸé£ããã矩è²ããæç Žãã京ã§ã®æŠãã«è² ãä¹å·èœã¡ããåŸã«åæãæš¹ç«ããŠæŠå®¶æ¿æš©ãèšç«ããéåãžã¯åã®è¶³å©çŸ©è©®ã掟é£ãããè¶³å©å®¶ã®å
çŽã芳å¿ã®æŸä¹±ãšåŒã°ããå
ä¹±ã«çºå±ãããšçŸ©è©®ã¯äº¬ãžåŒã³æ»ããã代ããã«å°æ°ã®æ¬¡åã®è¶³å©åºæ°ãéåãžæŽŸé£ãããŠéååºãèšçœ®ãã以åŸéåå
¬æ¹ãšããŠé¢æ±çµ±æ²»ãè¡ãã
å®€çºæä»£ã«ã¯éåå
¬æ¹ã¯å¹åºãšå¯Ÿç«ããéåå
¬æ¹ãè£äœãã颿±ç®¡é ãšã察ç«ããããšãªã©ã«ããäžæçŠ
ç§ã®ä¹±ã氞享ã®ä¹±ãçµååæŠãªã©ã®éšä¹±ãèµ·ããã享埳4幎(1455幎)ã«ã¯äº«åŸ³ã®ä¹±ã§è¶³å©ææ°ãäžç·åœå€æ²³ãžç§»ã倿²³å
¬æ¹ãæç«ãããããšã«ããéåã¯è¡°éããã
æŠåœæä»£ã«ã¯å°ç°åã®åæ¡æ©é²ãéåå°åã«é²åºããŠãççžåãç¯ããŠæ±çžæš¡å°åãæ¯é
ããè»äºæ ç¹ãšãããåæ¡æ°ç¶±ã®æ²»äžæä»£ã«å®æ¿ã®éèŠæ°ãšã®åæŠã§çŒå€±ãã鶎岡å
«å¹¡å®®ãå建ãäžæè¬ä¿¡ã»æŠç°ä¿¡çã»éèŠæ°ãã«ãã床ã
䟵æ»ãåãããããã®ãã³ã«æéããŠãããåæ¡æ°æ»
亡åŸã¯åŸ³å·å®¶åº·ã®æ¯é
äžã«å
¥ã£ãã
è¿äžã«ã¯æ±æžãæ±åœã®äžå¿ãšãªããæ±æžæä»£ã«ã¯å¯ºç€Ÿã®åŸ©èãå§ãŸããæ±æžã®åº¶æ°ã«ãã£ãŠã倧山ã®é¿å€«å©ç¥ç€Ÿãæ±ã®å³¶ã®æ±å³¶ç¥ç€Ÿãªã©ãžã®åæãç®çãšããè¬ãçµæãããããã«ãªããšã代åè
ã®ç«ã¡å¯ãå
ãšããŠèгå
ã«ãŒãã«å«ãŸããããã«ãªã£ãã
1889幎(ææ²»22幎)ã«æ±äº¬ãšè»æž¯ã®ããæšªé è³ãçµã¶ç®çã§æšªé è³ç·ãééãããããã®çµç±å°ãšãªã£ãããšã«ãã£ãŠã芳å
å°ãšããŠã®æ§æ Œãæ¥æ¿ã«æ¿ããªã£ãŠãã£ãããŸããæ±äº¬ããè³è¿ã®å¥èå°ãšããŠãçæã»è¯æãæ¿è²¡çã®æåè
ãªã©ã®äžéšãå¥èãæ§ããããã«ãªããããããçžæãšãã芳å
ç£æ¥ãçºå±ããŠãã£ãããªãããã®æšªé è³ç·å»ºèšå·¥äºã®ããæ®µèã¯å¯žæãããã
ææ²»äžæã«èгå
å°åãããå°ãåã®1883幎(ææ²»16幎)ã«ãè¡ç(ãããã)ããšããèšèãæ¥æ¬ã§åããŠå»åŠã«äœ¿çšããé·äžå°æããç¥å¥å·çã®éåã®å°åã®æµ·ãå°åœ¢çãªç¹åŸŽãããæµ·æ°ŽæµŽå ŽãšããŠæé©ããšç޹ä»ãããåœæã¯æµ·æ°ŽæµŽãå»ç广ãæã€ãšä¿¡ããããŠãããããé·äžã®ç޹ä»ãè¡æ¥œçãªèгç¹ããã§ã¯ãªãå»ççãªèгç¹ã«ãããã®ã§ãã£ãã仿¥ã§ã¯æµ·æ°ŽæµŽãšå»ç广ãšã®å æé¢ä¿ã¯ç§åŠçæ ¹æ ã«æ¬ ãããšãããããç±æ¯ã¶æµãææšåº§æµ·å²žãšãã£ãæµ·æ°ŽæµŽå Žã¯è¡æ¥œå®¢ã察象ã«è³ãããæ¹åã®äžéšãšããŠäžè¬ã«èªèãããŠããã
æåã«å
¥ããšãä¹
ç±³æ£éãªã©ãäœå®¶ãæäººã®äžéšãéåãžç§»ãäœãããã«ãªããéåæå£«ããšããèšèãçã¿ã ãããã1936幎(æå11幎)ãæŸç«¹ãæ®åœ±æãè²ç°ãã倧è¹ã«ç§»ãå€§è¹æ®åœ±æãéèšãããããã«ãªããšãæ ç»é¢ä¿è
ã§éåã«ç§»ãäœãè
ãå¢ããŠãã£ãã 1928幎(æå3幎)ã®éåå±±ã®åè²ãåç¢ã«ã1930幎(æå5幎)ã®æšªé è³ç·åè»ã®é»è»å以éãæŠåã»æŠåŸãéããŠå€§èŠæš¡ãªäœå®
éçºãè¡ãããããã«ãªããæ±äº¬è¿éã®ãããã¿ãŠã³ãšããŠã®æ§æ Œã匷ããªã£ãŠãã£ãããšããããé«åºŠçµæžæé·æã®å€§èŠæš¡éçºã®æ³¢ã¯ãæåã®éåæ»ãããšã圢容ãããããã®ææã«èµ·ãã£ã鶎岡å
«å¹¡å®®è£ã®ã埡谷ãéçºäžæ¢ãæ±ãããäœå®¶å€§äœæ¬¡éãäžå¿ãšããåžæ°éåã¯ãå€éœä¿åæ³å¶å®ã®å¥æ©ãšãªããç°è«ã¯ãããæ¥æ¬ã«ããããã·ã§ãã«ã»ãã©ã¹ãéåã®åç¢ãšãããããŠããã
åžç« ã¯ãæºæ°ã®å®¶çŽã ã£ããšããããã笹ããã©ããã
éŠé·ã®ä»£æ°(æŽä»£)ã®æ°ãæ¹ã¯äœçš®é¡ãããããæ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ (a)(b) ãæ·»ããåœ¢ã§æžãåããªãã解説ããã衚瀺æ¬ã§ã¯ã代(a)ãã代(b)ããšããåã§2çš®é¡ãèšèŒãããã代(a)ãã¯ã就任ã®ãããã³ã«ã«ãŠã³ãããæ¹åŒã«åºã¥ã代æ°ã§ãããã代(b)ãã¯ãåäžäººç©ã«ããé£ç¶å°±ä»»ãã«ãŠã³ãããªãæ¹åŒã«åºã¥ã代æ°ã§ãããéååžã¯ã代(a)ãã®æ¹åŒãæ¡ã£ãŠããã(ä»ã®äŸ:å
«çååžæŽä»£åžé·ãåŒååžæŽä»£åžé·ãæµæŸåžæŽä»£åžé·)ãã代(b)ãã®æ¹åŒãæ¡ãèªæ²»äœãå€ã(äŸ:京éœåžæŽä»£åžé·ã倧å£åžæŽä»£åžé·)ã(a) ãš (b) ã®éããèªèããªããŸãŸåçŽã«æ¯èŒãããšèª€è§£ãçãŸããããªããè¿ãå²ããããããšãåäžäººç©ã1ã«ãŠã³ããšããæ¹åŒãããããéååžã«ãããåœãŠã¯ãããšç£¯éšã2å就任ããŠããããã(b) ã®ä»£æ°ãã 1 ãåŒãããã
å»çæäŸæœèšã¯ç¹çæ§ã®é«ããã®ã®ã¿ãèšèŒãããæ¥æ£èšºçæä»¥å€ã®å»çæäŸæœèšã®èšèŒé ã¯ã#çºåãç¯ã®èšèŒé ãåºæºãšããŠããã
éååžãå±ããåºåå»çåã¯ãäºæ¬¡å»çå(äºæ¬¡ä¿å¥å»çå)ãšããŠã¯ã暪é è³ã»äžæµŠå»çå(暪é è³ã»äžæµŠä¿å¥å»çå)ã(管èœåºå:暪é è³åžãéååžãéååžãäžæµŠåžãèå±±çº)ã§ãããäžæ¬¡å»çåã¯ãç¥å¥å·çå»çåã(管èœåºå:ç¥å¥å·çå
šå)ã
éååžã¯äžæ¹ãå±±ã«å²ãŸããŠããããåžå€ããã®é»æ³¢ãå
¥ãã«ãããå€éœä¿åæ³ã«ãã£ãŠæ°ããªäžç¶å±èšçœ®ãå°é£ãªããšãããå°äžããžã¿ã«æŸéã®é£èŠèŽäžåž¯ãå€ãçºçãããšèŠãããŠãããããã«å¯Ÿããåžã§ã¯ã±ãŒãã«ãã¬ãã«ãã解決ãå³ã£ãŠããã
åè¶ã¯ãªãŒã³ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãšä»æ³ã¯ãªãŒã³ã»ã³ã¿ãŒããçºçããçŒåŽæ®æž£ã¯ã2000幎(å¹³æ12幎)4æä»¥éã¯å
šéãæº¶èåºååŠçãè¡ã£ãŠãããæçµåŠåå Žã§ã®åãç«ãŠã¯è¡ãããªããªã£ãã
éååžã®äº€éã«ã€ããŠã¯ãééã¯åžã®èŠæš¡ã«å¯ŸããŠå
å®ããŠããåé¢ãéè·¯ã«ã€ããŠã¯å°åœ¢ã®ç¹æ§äžè¡ãæ¢ãŸããå€ãã亀éã¯éãããè·¯ç·ã«éäžããäžãå¹
å¡ãçãæ©è¡è
ã»èªåè»ã®åé¢ãäžååã§ãã€èšç»éè·¯æŽåçãçå
å¹³åã«å£ã£ãŠããããšãªã©ã亀éå®å
šäžã»æžæ»é¢ã§èª²é¡ãæ±ããŠãããç¹ã«äŒæ¥ã海氎济ã·ãŒãºã³ã«ã¯åžå
åæã§æ¿ããæžæ»ããã ãã¹è·¯ç·ã¯å°åå
ãç¶²çŸ
ããµãŒãã¹æ°Žæºã¯é«ããã®ã®ãåè¿°ã®éè·¯é¢ã®èª²é¡ã«åœ±é¿ãã宿æ§ã®ç¢ºä¿ã課é¡ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ãã®éè·¯æžæ»ãå°ãã§ãç·©åããããé§è»äžã®æŽåãšãšãã«ããŒã¯ã¢ã³ãã©ã€ãã2001幎床ããæ¬æ Œå®æœãããŠããã ãŸããåæå®¢ãéäžãã幎æ«å¹Žå§ã«ãããŠã¯åžå
äžå¿éš(ããããéå)ãäžå¿ã«å€§èŠæš¡ãªäº€éèŠå¶ã宿œãããã
ãªã ããã¹ã¿ãŠã³æ¿çããšã£ãŠããããšããããã³ãã¥ããã£ãã¹ã®æ®åãèŠãããã
ææ²»ã»å€§æ£æã«éçãæ¥µããããèªåè»ã®æ®åã§è¡°éããŠäžæéçµ¶ãããã®ã®ã人åè»ã¯åžå
芳å
çšãšããŠæåæ«æã«åŸ©æŽ»ãããçŸä»£ã§ã¯åäººå¶æ¥ä»¥å€ã«äººåè»ãéçšããäŒæ¥ãåžå
ã«ååšããã
åæ§ã«èгå
銬è»ã埩掻ããŠããããè€æ°ã®è»ãå¶æ¥ãè¡ã£ãŠãã人åè»ã«æ¯ã¹ããšãã€ããŒååšã§ããã
éååžã¯ã暪æµãã³ããŒ(ç¥å¥å·é茞æ¯å±)ãå²ãåœãŠãããŠããã
ãã€ã¯ã®å Žåã¯ãæ±ãé»ãæããããåœå°ãã³ããŒãã¬ãŒããååšããã
幎éå»¶ã¹èгå
客æ°ã¯çŽ1902äžäººã以äžã«äž»èŠãªåæãªã©ãæ²ããããªããåœå®ã»åœæå®æå財ã¯216ä»¶ã§ãããéåã®æŽå²ç建é ç©çŸ€ã«ã¯ãæŠå®¶ã®å€éœã»éåããšããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®äžçéºç£æ«å®ãªã¹ãã«ç»é²ãããŠãããã®ãããã
ã#éåæå£«ããåç
§ã
åœæšç°ç¬æ©ã¯1902幎(ææ²»35幎)ã«éåã蚪ããæåã¯åŸ¡éç¥ç€Ÿå
ã®è²žå®¶ã«å±
ãæ§ãããåäººã®æŒå·æ¥æµªã玹ä»ãã貞å¥èãæ°ã«å
¥ã£ãŠè³è²žããããšã«ããåŸã«ä»£è¡šäœã®äžã€ãšãªããéåœè«è
ããããã§å·çãããéããªãã劻åãåŒã³å¯ãããéåã»ã©äœã¿ãããæã¯ãªããã颚å
æåªãªãçºãã©ãããŠã(éåã)é¢ããããªãããšè¿°ã¹ãããæ°ã¶æåŸã«å°±è·å£ãèŠä»ãã£ãŠåž°äº¬ããããšã«ãªãã
ãã®åŸããéå倫人ããã空ç¥å·ã®å²žèŸºãããéå¡ã®å¡äººããªã©ã®è«žäœåãå·çãããã1908幎(ææ²»41幎)ã«ãçµæ žã«ãã£ãŠãã®äžãå»ã£ãã享幎38æ³ã
è¥å·éŸä¹ä»ã¯ã1916幎(倧æ£5幎)7æã«æ±äº¬åžåœå€§åŠ(çŸã»æ±äº¬å€§åŠ)è±å婿åŠç§ã忥ããåŸãæ©åž«ã®ç޹ä»ã§æšªé è³ã«ããæµ·è»æ©é¢åŠæ ¡è±èªææå±èšãšããŠ12æä»ãã§èµŽä»»ããããšã«ãªããæ±äº¬ããéåçºåç°å¡(çŸã»ç±æ¯ã¬æµ4-8ä»è¿)ãžè»¢å±
ããŠãæ±ä¹å³¶é»æ°éé(çŸã»æ±ãå³¶é»é)沿ç·ã§äžå®¿ç掻ãå§ããã
ãã®åŸ1917幎(倧æ£8幎)9æã«ãã£ããæšªé è³åžæ±å
¥çºãžè»¢å±
ãããã1918幎(倧æ£7幎)3æã«ãªã£ãŠå€§çºå蟻ã®å°å±±å¥éžå
ã«åå®¶ãšããŠæ°å±
ãæ§ãã1919幎(倧æ£8幎)3ææ«ã«æµ·è»æ©é¢åŠæ ¡ãéè·ããç°ç«¯ã®èªå®
(æ±äº¬åºåè±å³¶é¡æ»éå·çºç°ç«¯ãçŸåšã®æ±äº¬éœååºç°ç«¯1-19-18ãç°ç«¯æå£«æãåç
§)ã«æ»ããŸã§æ®ãããã
ãããã1917幎ãã1919幎ãŸã§ã®éãè¥å·ãçæŽ»ãšæç掻åã®æ¬æ ãéåã«çœ®ããããšã¯ã1923幎(倧æ£12幎)ã®é¢æ±å€§éçœçºç以éã«æå人ãéåãžç§»äœããéåæå£«ããšåŒã°ããæä»£ã®å
é§ããšãããã
å€§äœæ¬¡éã¯ã1921幎(倧æ£10幎)2æã«åŠ»ãšãªã女åªã®åŸåŠ»å
(æ¬åã»åç°é
å)ãšåŠççµå©ããã®ãæ©ã«éåãžç§»äœããéåå¥³åŠæ ¡(çŸã»éå女åŠé¢)ã§æéãå·ã£ãã倧äœãšèšãã°ãé銬倩çããã¯ãããšãã嚯楜å°èª¬ã®å€§å®¶ãšããŠæåã§ããããããã¯é¢æ±å€§éçœã®åœ±é¿ã§æèžçãåäœå®¶ããããç¶æ³ã§ãªããªããå°çª®ãã倧äœãæä»£å嚯楜å°èª¬ãéç§°ããã²ãã®ãã«æãåºãããåŸãªãã£ãããã ãããããåœãã£ãŠä»¥åŸã次ã
ã«äœåãçãŸãåºãããšãšãªããå€§äœæ¬¡éã®ãã³ããŒã ãéåã®å€§ä»ã«ã¡ãªããã®ãåœæã¯é·è°·å€§ä»ã®è£ã«äœãã§ãããšãããããããã²ãã®ãæ²èŒæã«ãã³ããŒã ãæ±ããããéã«ãããŠãŠåä»ãããšãããã
æµè¡äœå®¶ãšãªã£ã倧äœã¯ãéåã§ãã³ãã³è»¢å±
ãäœãŸããå€ããŠããããããã¯çæ¥ã®ç«å¥œããåå ã ã£ãããã§ãã²ãšãšãäœãã§ããææšåº§ã®åå®¶ã¯éå»ããéãç³ãå€ããäžã«è¥ãéåãæ°èª¿ããå°èª¬å®¶ãšããã®ã¯æå¿ãªè
ã ããšå®¶äž»ã«è€ããããããå®éã«ã¯åæ°å¹ã®é£Œãç«ãæ®ããæšç¶ãå埩ãããããããããåŸãªãã£ããšããããã®å®¶ãéå»åŸã1928幎(æå4幎)ã«éªãäž(ç¥å¥å·çéååžéªãäž1äžç®11-22)ã«æ°å±
ãæ§ããããããã倧äœã®çµã®äœãŸããšãªã£ãã1945幎(æå20幎)ã«éåæåº«èšç«ã®åå ããç 究瀟ã®ãåŠçãã®äž»çãšãªãã1949幎(æå24幎)ãŸã§ãéåéä¿¡ããé£èŒããè²¡å£æ³äººéå颚èŽä¿åäŒã®èšç«çºèµ·äººåã³å代çäºãåããéã«ããããäœãŸããšããŠããããã®éåã®éžå®
ã¯å€§äœã®æ²¡åŸãã倧äœè¶å»ããšããŠ2019幎8æãŸã§é±æ«ã®ã¿äžè¬å
¬éãããŠããã
1973幎(æå48幎)ã«ç
æ²¡ãæ»åŸã¯éåæã¶è°·ã®å¯¿çŠå¯ºã«è¬ãããã
éåæå£«ãåç
§ã
åºæ¬çã«äºåé³é ã§è¡šèšã
泚èšã®ãªããã®ã¯é£èŒçµäºããäœå
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%B8%82
|
6,053 |
2040幎代
|
2040幎代(ã«ãããããã
ãããã ã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠ)2040幎~2049幎ãŸã§ã®10幎éãæãå幎çŽããã®é
ç®ã§ã¯ãåœéçãªèŠç¹ã«åºã¥ãã2040幎代ã«ã€ããŠèšèŒããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2040%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3
|
6,054 |
çš²æã¶åŽ
|
çš²æã¶åŽ(ããªããããã)ã¯ãç¥å¥å·çéååžå西éšã«ãã岬ã§ãç±æ¯ã¶æµãšäžéã¶æµã®éã«ããããéåžžããçš²æã¶åŽãã®è¡šèšã¯æŽå²ççšæ³ãåœã®å²è·¡ã®åç§°ã«äœ¿çšããå°åãšããŠã¯äœå±
衚瀺ã«äŒŽãçºå倿Žã§çš²æã¬åŽäžäžç®ããçš²æã¬åŽäºäžç®ãšãªã£ãŠããã
å°åã®ç±æ¥ã¯ãçš²ç©ãéããããã«èŠããããã ãšèšãããŠããã倿¥è¯è³ªãªç éãæ¡åã§ããããšã§ç¥ãããå€ä»£ã«ã¯ãã®å°ã§è£œéããããªãããŠãããšèããããã
å¥è¯æä»£ã®éåã«ã¯ãèŠè¶ãã®åŽããããã¯ã埡茿ã®åŽããç¥èŒ¿ã®åŽããšåŒã°ããå°åããã£ãããšãç¥ãããŠãããäžèéã«ã
ãšè© ãŸããŠããããã®å°åãã©ããæããã«ã€ããŠã¯ãé·è°·ã®ççžç¥ç€Ÿè£å±±ãšãã説ãšçš²æã¶åŽãšãã説ãããã確å®ããŠããªãããããã岩厩ã®åæãšããŠç¥ãããŠãããªãã°ãçš²æã¶åŽèª¬ãæåãšãªãã
éåæä»£æ«æã®å
åŒ3幎(1333幎)5æã«äžéåœ(矀銬ç)æ°ç°èãæ¬æ ãšããæ°ç°çŸ©è²ãæå
µããååæ²³åã®æŠããšé¢æžã®æŠãã§åæ¡æ°ã®è»ã«åå©ããŠéåã«è¿«ã£ã(éåã®æŠã)ã
5æ18æ¥ãæ°ç°è»ã¯æ¥µæ¥œå¯ºå£ããæ»æãå ãã21æ¥ã«ã¯çŸ©è²èªãçš²æã¶åŽã®æµ·å²žãæž¡ãããšããããåœæã®æ³¢æã¡éã¯åãç«ã£ãåŽãšãªã£ãŠãããç³ãé«ããéãçå°ãªããè»å¢ãçš²æã¶åŽãè¶ããããªãã£ããããã§ã矩è²ã朮ãåŒãã®ã念ããŠå£ãæãããšããã®åŸæœ®ãåŒããŠå¹²æœãšãªã£ãã®ã§å²¬ã®åããéåã«æ»ãå
¥ã£ããšããäŒèª¬ãã倪平èšãã«èšãããŠããããã ããè¿å¹Žã«ãããŠå€©æèšç®ã«ãããçš²æã¶åŽã®æœ®ãåŒããã®ã¯18æ¥ã®ããšã§ãã£ãããšãæããã«ãªããã倪平èšãã®æ¥ä»ã«ã¯èª€ãããããšèããããŠããã
广«ã«ã¯å€åœè¹ç£èŠã®ããã®å°å Žã眮ãããé·å·è©ãé²è¡ã«ããã£ãã
1928幎(æå3幎)ãçéçç¬éåç·(åŸã®åœé134å·)ã®éåå·¥äºãè¡ããçš²æã¶åŽã®äžéµãåæãããŠåãéããéãããããŸããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠäžã«ã¯äŒéŸéã®å°äžåºå°ããã£ãã
1960幎代ããä»è¿ã®äžéµå°ãå€§èŠæš¡äœå®
å°ãšããŠéçºããã1969幎ã«ã¯äœå±
è¡šç€ºå®æœã«äŒŽãçºå倿Žã§æ§å€§å極楜寺ããåé¢ãããçš²æã¬åŽäž-äºäžç®ãšãªã£ãã
çŸåšã¯éåæµ·æµå
¬åãšããŠæŽåãããŠããŠãåå
ã«ã¯éåéæäžåŠæ ¡ããŒãéšäžéã¶æµæ²éé£äºä»¶(1910幎)ã®æ
°éç¢(ãççœãå¯å£«ã®æ ¹ãã®æè©ãå»ã)ãã³ããå士èšå¿µç¢ãªã©ãããããµãŒãã£ã³ã®ã¡ãã«ãšããŠæåã§ãããšåæã«ãæµ·æ°ŽæµŽå ŽãšããŠã䜿çšãããŠããããè¿å¹Žãç ã®æµåºãé²ã¿ã2003幎(å¹³æ15幎)ããã¯æµ·æ°ŽæµŽå ŽãšããŠã®äœ¿çšã¯è¡ãããªããªã£ãã
2000å¹Žã«æž©æ³ãçºèŠãããåŸã«ãçš²æã¶åŽæž©æ³ããšãªãã
1333幎(å
åŒ3幎5æ)ã®æ°ç°çŸ©è²ã®éåå¹åºæ»ãã®éãéè¡å°é£ã ã£ãã矩è²åŸæžã®éã«ã¯å¹²æœãšãªã£ãŠå®¹æã«é²è»ã§ãããšããäŒèª¬ããããçš²æã¶åŽ(æ°ç°çŸ©è²åŸæžäŒèª¬å°)ããšããŠã 1934幎(æå9幎)3æ13æ¥ãåœã®å²è·¡ã«æå®ãããã
çš²æã¬åŽ(ããªããããã)ã¯ãç¥å¥å·çéååžã®çºåãçŸè¡è¡æ¿å°åã¯çš²æã¬åŽäžäžç®ããçš²æã¬åŽäºäžç®ãäœå±
è¡šç€ºå®æœæžã¿åºåã
æ§ã»æ¥µæ¥œå¯ºãã1969幎2æ1æ¥ã«åç«ããŠäœå±
è¡šç€ºãæœè¡ãããçš²æã¬åŽäž-äºäžç®ã眮ãããã
äœå®
å°ã®å°äŸ¡ã¯ã2023幎(什å5幎)1æ1æ¥ã®å
¬ç€ºå°äŸ¡ã«ããã°ãçš²æã¬åŽ4-6-18ã®å°ç¹ã§18äž5000å/mãçš²æã¬åŽ5äžç®732çª72ã®å°ç¹ã§17äž4000å/mãšãªã£ãŠããã
2023幎(什å5幎)9æ1æ¥çŸåš(éååžçºè¡š)ã®äžåž¯æ°ãšäººå£ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ããã
åœå¢èª¿æ»ã«ãã人å£ã®æšç§»ã
åœå¢èª¿æ»ã«ããäžåž¯æ°ã®æšç§»ã
åžç«å°ã»äžåŠæ ¡ã«éãå ŽåãåŠåºã¯ä»¥äžã®éããšãªã(2017幎7ææç¹)ã
2021幎(什å3幎)çŸåšã®çµæžã»ã³ãµã¹èª¿æ»ã«ããäºæ¥ææ°ãšåŸæ¥å¡æ°ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ããã
çµæžã»ã³ãµã¹ã«ããäºæ¥ææ°ã®æšç§»ã
çµæžã»ã³ãµã¹ã«ããåŸæ¥å¡æ°ã®æšç§»ã
ãµã¶ã³ãªãŒã«ã¹ã¿ãŒãºã®æ¡ç°äœ³ç¥ãç£ç£ãåããæ ç»ãçš²æãžã§ãŒã³ã(1990幎)ã®èå°ãšããªã£ãå Žæã§ãããããã以åã¯èªæ®ºã®åæãšããŠãç¥ãããŠããããŸãã圌ãã®ã·ã³ã°ã«æ²ã§ãããåããã¹ã¿ãŒã ãã«ã¯ãæãåºãåé ã§ãçš²æã¶åŽã¯ä»æ¥ãéšããšããéšåããããæåã®éšåã®ãã¥ãŒãžãã¯ãããªãçš²æã¶åŽã§æ®åœ±ããŠããã
ã»ãã«ããASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATIONã®æ²ã§ãçš²æã¶åŽãžã§ãŒã³ãããã¬ãæ±äº¬ãåºæ²¡!ã¢ãè¡ãã¯å€©åœãäž»é¡æã®å°å·ã³ãŒã¿&ãšãŸãã ãå€çŒã岬ããæž¡èŸºå€§å° ãçš²æã¶åŽé§
ããšããæ²ãããã
çŽ3m以äžã®é«æ³¢ãæ¥ãæã ãéå¬ããããµãŒãã£ã³å€§äŒããã€ãã ã©ãµãŒãã£ã³ã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ãã®äŒå Žã§ãããã1981幎ã«ããã¬ããã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ãã®ååã§åéå¬ãããçŸåšã®ååã§ã¯1989幎ãš2013幎ããéå¬ãããŠããªãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%B2%E6%9D%91%E3%83%B6%E5%B4%8E
|
6,055 |
ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«
|
ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«(Grand National)ãšã¯æ¯å¹Ž4æã«ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®ãªãŽã¡ããŒã«éå€ã«ãããšã€ã³ããªãŒç«¶éŠ¬å Žã§è¡ãããé害競走ã§ããã
è·é¢ã¯4ãã€ã«ãš2ããã³ãš74ã€ãŒã(çŽ6,907ã¡ãŒãã«)ãèš16åèšçœ®ãããŠããé害ãå»¶ã¹30åé£è¶ããã
ã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯æã人æ°ã®ããã¬ãŒã¹ã§ããã銬åžã®å£²äžé¡ãããŒããŒã¹ããŒã¯ã¹ããã§ã«ããã ãŽãŒã«ãã«ãããäžåãã€ã®ãªã¹åœå
æé«ãèªãã
ããã¯ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãªã©ãå«ãããããã£ã³ã°ã«æããããéé¡ã¯ã2007幎ã§2.75åãã³ã(çŽ655åå)ã2015幎ã§3åãã³ã(çŽ540åå)ã«éãããšæšå®ãããŠããããã€ã¿ãŒã«ãããšã2019幎ã®å£²ãäžãã¯æšå®3åãã³ã(çŽ437åå)ã§ããã幎ã«ãã£ãŠã¯äžçäžã®éЬåžå£²äžé¡ãèªãæ¥æ¬ã®æéЬèšå¿µãäžåãããšãããã
ãã®ç«¶èµ°ã¯ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ããŒãã£ã³ã°ã®ã¡ã€ã³ç«¶èµ°ãšããŠãã³ããã£ããã§è¡ãããã
ã»ãŒæ¯å¹Žåºèµ°å¯èœé æ°ã®éçã®40é ã®åºèµ°éЬãéãããã幎ã«ãã£ãŠã¯å®èµ°é æ°ã¯10é ãåãããšãçããç¡ãäºããäžçäžéé
·ãªé害ã¬ãŒã¹ãšèšãããŠããã
以åã¯çºèµ°ã®éã¹ã¿ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããªã¢ãŒã®çŽåŸã«æŽåããŠãããçºèµ°ã®é
å»¶ãçµ¶ããªãã£ãããã2008幎ããä»ã®ç«¶èµ°åæ§ã«ããªã¢ãŒåŸæ¹ããæŽåããã«ã¹ã¿ãŒããè¡ãæ¹åŒã«å€æŽããããã2021幎ããåã³çºéЬæ©ã䜿çšããã¹ã¿ãŒãã«å€æŽãããã
ãã®ã¬ãŒã¹ã«ç¯ãåã£ããã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ããšããåã®ç«¶èµ°ã¯äžçåå°ã§è¡ãããŠãããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯äŒçµ±ã®é害éè³ã§ããäžå±±å€§é害ããã®ã¬ãŒã¹ã«ç¯ãåã£ããã®ã§ããã
2005幎ããã¯ããŒã«äŒç€Ÿã®ãžã§ã³ã»ã¹ãã¹ãº(John Smith's)ãã¹ãã³ãµãŒãšãªã£ãŠãããã2014幎ã«é
é äŒç€Ÿã®ã¯ã©ããŒãº(Crabbie's)ã«ä»£ãããããã«2017幎ããã¯ã5幎å¥çŽã§ååŠæ€æ»äŒç€Ÿã®ã©ã³ããã¯ã¹ã»ãã«ã¹(Randox Health)ãã¹ãã³ãµãŒãšãªã£ãã
2017幎çŸåšã®è³éç·é¡ã¯100äžãã³ãã§ãé害競走ãšããŠã¯äžçæé«ã®è³éé¡ãšãªã£ãŠããã
åºèµ°éŠ¬ã¯æº7æ³ä»¥äžã§ããã€ã¹ããŒãã«ãã§ã€ã¹ç«¶èµ°ã§10å以äžã®åå©ããããéå»ã«3ãã€ã«ã®ã¹ããŒãã«ãã§ã€ã¹ç«¶èµ°ã§4ç以å
ã«å
¥ã£ãå®çžŸãæã€ããšãå¿
èŠãšããã(2012幎ãã)ã2011幎ãŸã§ã¯å¹Žéœ¢å¶éã¯ãªããå婿°ããããŒãã«ç«¶èµ°(en:Hurdling (horse race))ãå«ããé害競走ã§15å以äžããšããåºæºã ã£ãããå幎ã®ã¬ãŒã¹ã§2é ã®éЬãã¬ãŒã¹äžã«äº¡ããªã£ãäºæ
ãåããŠãåºèµ°åºæºã峿 Œåãããã
2022幎ãŸã§ã¯ã°ã¬ãŒã3ã®éè³ã ã£ããã2023幎ãããã³ããã£ããéè³ã®ããã¬ãã¢ã ãã³ããã£ãããã®æ°èšã«ããPrHéè³ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ãã®ç«¶èµ°ã§ã¯ãšã€ã³ããªãŒç«¶éŠ¬å Žã®ãã·ã§ãã«ã³ãŒã¹ãšããç¹å¥ãªã³ãŒã¹ã2åšããããã®ã³ãŒã¹ã¯4æéå¬ã§ãããã ãã§ã€ã¹ããã©ãã¯ã¹ãã³ã¿ãŒãºãã§ã€ã¹ãã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã®3ç«¶èµ°ã11æéå¬ã§ã°ã©ã³ãã»ããã³ãã§ã€ã¹ãããŒãã£ãŒãã§ã€ã¹ã®5ç«¶èµ°ã®ã¿ã«äœ¿çšãããã1åš2.25ãã€ã«(3,600ã¡ãŒãã«)ã®åšåã³ãŒã¹ã§ããçŽç·è·é¢ã¯494ã€ãŒã(451ã¡ãŒãã«)ãå
šäœãšããŠèµ·äŒã¯å°ãªãã»ãŒå¹³åŠãšãªã£ãŠããã
ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã«äœ¿çšãããé害ã¯è±æã§äžè¬çãªãã®ãšç°ãªããããŠãã®æãçµã¿åãããŠäœãããŠãããå
šéšã§16ã®é害ãèšããããã¶ã»ãã§ã¢ãšåŒã°ããéå®³ãšæ°Žæ¿ é害ãé€ããŠ2床é£è¶ããããšã«ãªãã6çªç®(22çªç®)åã³7çªç®(23çªç®)ã8çªç®(24çªç®)ã9çªç®(25çªç®)ã15çªç®ã®é害ã«ã¯ããããåºæã®åç§°ãä»ããŠããé ã«ããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯(Becher's Brook)ããã©ã€ãã€ãã³(Foinavon)ããã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³(Canal Turn)ããã¬ã³ã¿ã€ã³ãºãã«ãã¯(Valentine's Brook)ããããŠã¶ãã§ã¢(The Chair)ã§ããã
æé£é¢ãšãããã®ã¯ããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ã§ãããé害ã¯èžã¿åãå°ç¹ããçå°åŽãäœããªã£ãŠããããããã©ã³ã¹ãåãããšãé£ããæ¯å¹Žè€æ°ã®éЬãèœéЬããããŸãã¶ãã§ã¢ã¯èžã¿åãå°ç¹ã®ä¹Ÿå£ããã¡ããããŠæãé«ãé害ã§ããããããŠãã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³ãšãã©ã€ãã€ãã³ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãåè
ã¯çå°åŸã«çŽè§ã«æ²ããã³ãŒããŒãããåŸè
ãã«ãŒãã®éäžã«èšçœ®ãããŠãããã銬ãå
åŽã«å¯éãããã幎ã«ãã£ãŠã¯å€éèœéЬãçºçããŠããã
2001幎ã®ã¬ãŒã¹ã§ã¯ãã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³ã§ç©ºéЬãéå®³ã®æåãæšªåããå€éèœéЬãçºçããå€§äºæ
ãèµ·ãã£ãããã以éããã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³ã®é害峿ã«éé¿éè·¯ãèšçœ®ãã空銬ãã¬ãŒã¹ã®éŠ¬çŸ€ã«æ··ãããªãããã«é
æ
®ãããŠããã
ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã®ã³ãŒã¹ã¯åæã«ç³å£éå®³ãæ°Žæ¿ é害ã«å€æŽããããã®åŸã幟床ãé害ã®åœ¢ç¶ã倧ããã«å€æŽãå ããããŠãããåæã¯å€©ç¶ã®é害ã䜿çšããŠãããã18ã€ã³ã(çŽ46ã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«)ã®åå¡ãªã©å°èŠæš¡ãªãã®ãååšããã1885å¹Žã®æç¹ã§ã¯æåŸã®çŽç·ã®3ã€ã®é害ãªã©ã§3ãã£ãŒã6ã€ã³ã(çŽ107ã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«)ã®ããŒãã«ã7åºäœ¿çšãèš11åé£è¶ãè¡ã£ãŠããã»ããçŸåšã§ã¯å
šé害ã®äžã§æãäœã4ãã£ãŒã6ã€ã³ã(çŽ137ã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«)ã®ãã©ã€ãã€ãã³ãåœæã¯5ãã£ãŒã6ã€ã³ã(168ã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«)ãšæãé«ãé害ã ã£ãã
1888幎ã«ããŒãã«ããã§ã³ã¹ã«çœ®ãæãããããããŠ20äžçŽãéãããšå€§å¹
ãªå€æŽã¯è¡ãããªããªã£ããããã1961幎ã«å±éºããããšã®æ¹å€ãåããé害ã«åŸæãããŠèžã¿åãæ¿ãèšãããªã©ã®å®å
šå¯Ÿçãè¡ãããããã®åŸãäœåºŠãé害ã®åœ¢ç¶ã«å€æŽãå ãããã1990幎ã«ã¯ããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ã®çå°åŽã®ã¹ããŒããåãç«ãŠããã(ããã¯ã1989幎ã«ããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ã§2é ãæ»äº¡ããããšã«ãã)ããã®ãããããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ãã¯ããå€ãã®é害ããã®é£æåºŠãäœäžãããŠããã
åãã³ãŒã¹ã2åšããã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã ã2åšç®ã«å
¥ã£ãéã1åšç®ã§å€éèœéŠ¬äºæ
ãããæŽçãã€ããªãå Žæãããå Žåãæ
éãã銬ã®åŠåããã®å Žã§è¡ããé害ã®é£è¶ãå±éºã§ãããšå€æãããå Žåã¯é害忹ã§ä¿å¡ããã§ãã«ãŒãã©ãã°ãæ¯ãããã®å Žåã¯é害暪ã®éé¿éè·¯ãéããé害ããã¹ããäºãèš±ãããã2011幎ã¯2åšç®ã®20å·é害ã»22å·é害(ããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯)ã«ãããŠæ
é銬ãçãŸã£ãããããšãã«ãã¹ãããŠããã
ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã¯1836幎2æ29æ¥ã«ãªãŽã¡ããŒã«ã®ããã«çµå¶è
ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã»ãªã³ã«ãã£ãŠåµèšãããã1839幎ããåæ°ã«ãŠã³ããå§ããŠãããå®éã¯1836幎ããåçã®ç«¶èµ°ãå§ãŸã£ãŠããã1860幎代åã°ãŸã§ã¯å
¬åŒèšé²ãšããŠèªããããŠããããã€ãŠ1836幎ãã1838幎ãŸã§ã®3ç«¶èµ°ã¯ä»¥åã¯ãšã€ã³ããªãŒç«¶éŠ¬å Žä»¥å€ã§è¡ããããšèããããŠããããçŸåšã¯ãããããšã€ã³ããªãŒç«¶éŠ¬å Žã§è¡ãããããšã倿ããŠããã
1836幎ã®åã®ç«¶èµ°ã¯åºèµ°éЬ10é ã§è¡ãããããŒãã£ã³ã»ããŒãã£ãŒ(è±èªç)倧äœéšä¹ã®2çªäººæ°éЬã¶ãã¥ãŒã¯(è±èªç)ãåªåãããå®èµ°ã¯4é ã
1839幎ã®ç«¶èµ°ã§ã¯ã³ã³ã©ããã«éšä¹ããããŒãã£ãŒå€§äœã1åšç®ã®å°å·ã§èœéЬãããã®å°å·ããããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ããšåœåãããã
1844幎ã«ãã³ããã£ããç«¶èµ°ã«æ¹ããããã
1862幎ã«ã¯ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã§ã¯å¯äžãšãªãéšæã®æ»äº¡äºæ
ãçºçããã
1928幎ã¯ãã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³ã§éå£èœéЬãçºçãåºèµ°éЬ42é ã®ãªãã§åªå銬ãã£ãã©ãªãŒãã£ã (Tipperary Tim)ã®ã¿ãç¡äºæ
ã§å®èµ°ããããŠ2çã«åéšä¹ã®ããªãŒããŒãã³ãå
¥ãããã®2é ã®ã¿ãå®èµ°ããããããåããŠãç¿1929幎ãããã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³ã®ä¹Ÿå£ãåãé€ãããããŸãå
šãã®ç¡å銬ãåªåããããå幎ã®ç«¶èµ°ã¯å€æ°ã®åºéЬç»é²ãè¡ãããã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«å²äžæå€ã®66é ãåºèµ°ãããå®èµ°ã¯10é ã
1954幎ã¯4é ãæ»äº¡ããã
1956幎ã¯ç«¶éŠ¬ã®æŽå²äžã§ãæãäžå¯è§£ãªã¬ãŒã¹ã®1ã€ãšããŠåé«ãããã£ãã¯ã»ãã©ã³ã·ã¹éšæãä¹ãã¯ã€ãŒã³ãã¶ãŒ(ãšãªã¶ãã¹ç倪å)ææã®ããŽã©ã³ããã¯(è±èªç)ã¯æçµé害ã倧差ã§ã¯ãªã¢ãŒããŠæ¥œåããããšæãããããæ®ã50ã¡ãŒãã«ã«æºããªãå°ç¹ã§çªç¶åè¢ãæãåºããŠåº§ã蟌ãã§ããŸã£ãããã®éãç¹ã«æ
éãªã©ã¯äœããªãçŽåŸã«ç«ã¡äžãã£ãŠããããã®äºæ
ãèµ·ãã£ãå Žæã¯1åšç®ã«é£è¶ããæ°Žæ¿ é害ã®ããèã§ããããã®é害ã®åœ±ã«é©ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšèšãããããã©ã³ã·ã¹æ¬äººã¯å€§ããªæå£°ã«é©ããŠãã®ããã«ãªã£ããšèªã£ãŠããã
1964幎ã«ãšã€ã³ããªãŒç«¶éŠ¬å Žã®ææè
ã®ãããã 倫人ãç«¶éŠ¬å Žã売ãã«åºããšå®£èšãã以æ¥1973幎ã«ãã«ã»ãã€ãã¹ã300äžãã³ãã§è³Œå
¥ãããŸã§æ¯å¹ŽããæåŸã®ãã·ã§ãã«ããšèšãããããã€ãã¹ã®æææãçµå¶ã¯ããŸäžã€å®å®ãã1983幎ã«ãžã§ãããŒã¯ã©ãã340äžãã³ãã§è³Œå
¥ãããã«ããè±åœã®ç«¶éЬãç¶ãéãã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã¯åç¶ããããšã«ãªã£ãã
1967幎ã¯éŠ¬çŸ€ã®å
é ãèµ°ã£ãŠããã«ã©éЬã23çªç®ã®ãã§ã³ã¹çŽåã§æ¥ã«ã¹ããããããšããã¢ã¯ã·ãã³ãã®ããåŸç¶ã®20é 以äžã®éЬãèœéЬãŸãã¯ç«åŸçããŠããŸããå
é ãã50銬身è¿ãé¢ãããŠãããã©ã€ãã€ãã³(è±èªç)ã ããã¹ã ãŒãºã«è¿œãè¶ããéã«åŸç¶ã«50銬身ãã€ããç¬èµ°æ
å¢ãšãªããçµå±ãã®ãŸãŸåŸç¶ãæ¯ãåã£ãŠ1çã§ãŽãŒã«ã€ã³ã101åã®é
åœãšãªã£ãããªãããã®23çªç®(1åšç®ã¯7çªç®)ã®ãã§ã³ã¹ã«ã¯ãã®å¹Žã®åã¡éЬã®ååã§ããããã©ã€ãã€ãã³ãã®åãã€ããããŠããã
1981幎ã¯1幎ååã«ã¬ã³ã§äœåœ8ãæã®å®£åãåããŠããããã»ãã£ã³ããªã³(è±èªç)ãæ²»çãåãã¬ã³ãå
æãããªãŒã«ãããŒãã£(ã¢ã«ãããã£)(è±èªç)ã§ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ãå¶èŠããããªãŒã«ãããŒãã£èªèº«ã1幎åã®é害ã¬ãŒã¹ã§éªšæãã1床ã¯å®æ¥œæ»åŠåã«ããããã«ãªã£ãç¶æ³ããã®åŸ©æŽ»ã§ãã£ãããã®ãšããœãŒãã¯1984幎ã«ããã£ã³ããªã³ãº(Champions)ããšããã¿ã€ãã«ã§æ ç»åãããŠãã(ããã»ãã£ã³ããªã³åœ¹ããžã§ã³ã»ããŒããæŒãã)ã
1993幎ã¯ã¹ã¿ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããªã€ãŒã®çœãããŒããããŸãè·³ãäžãããçºèµ°ããçŽãã2床ç®ã銬ãéšæãããŒãã«çµ¡ãŸãã¹ã¿ãŒã¿ãŒã¯ãã©ã«ã¹ã¹ã¿ãŒãã宣èšãããåå³ã®èµ€æã誰ã«ãç®æãããããšãªã39é äž30é ãã¹ã¿ãŒãã2åšç®ã®ã¹ã¿ã³ãåã§åã³èµ€æãæ¯ããããåå¯ŸæŽŸã®æè°ãšè§£éããå€ãã®éšæã¯ã¬ãŒã¹ãç¶è¡ã7é ãå®èµ°ãJã»ãã¯ã€ãéšä¹ã®ãšã·ã£ãŒãã¹ã1äœå
¥ç·ãããç«¶èµ°äžæç«ã«ããå¹»ã®åªåãšãªã£ããããã«ãã1993幎ã®ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã¯äžæ¢ãšãªããç¿1994幎ããã¯ã¹ã¿ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããªã€ãŒãæååŒããé»ååŒã«å€ãããªã©å€ãã®æ¹åããªãããã
1997幎ã¯ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã®å§ãŸã1æéåã«IRAæ«å®æŽŸãåä¹ã人ç©ããç«¶éŠ¬å Žã«ç匟ã仿ãããšã®é»è©±ãããã芳客ãç«¶éŠ¬å Žããå
šå¡é¿é£ããç«¶èµ°ã¯äžæ¢ãšãªã£ãããã®2æ¥åŸã«æ¹ããŠã¬ãŒã¹ãè¡ãããã調æåž«ã®ãžã§ããŒã»ããããã³(è±èªç)ã¯ãã®äºä»¶ã«å¯Ÿãæ¶ã§æè°ããã
1998幎ã¯1åšç®ã®åç©é害ã®1ã€ã§ããããŒãã£ãŒãºãã«ãã¯ã®åã®é害ã§èš3é ãæ»äº¡ããåç©æè·å£äœãæè°è¡åãè¡ã£ãã
2001幎ã¯1åšç®ã®åç©é害ã®1ã€ã§ãããã£ãã«ã¿ãŒã³ã§ç©ºéЬãéå®³ã®æåãæšªåããå€éãèœéЬããå€§äºæ
ããã£ãã1çã®ã¬ãããããŒããŒãš2çã®ã¹ããŒãã£ãç¡äºæ
ã§å®èµ°ã3çã«åéšä¹ãããããŒã€ã³ã°ãŠã€ã³ãã4çã«åããåéšä¹ãããããšã³ãå
¥ãããã®4é ãå®èµ°ããã4é ãå®èµ°ããã®ã¯ã1980幎以æ¥21幎ã¶ãã
2005幎ã¯152é ã1次ç»é²ããæå€èšé²ãå¡ãæ¿ããã
2014幎ã¯åºèµ°éЬã®ãã¡ã1é ãã¹ã¿ãŒããæåŠããã®ãŸãŸèµ°ãäºãªãç«¶èµ°äžæ¢ããã¢ã¯ã·ãã³ããçºçããã
2019幎ãã¿ã€ã¬ãŒããŒã«(è±èªç)ãã¬ããã©ã 以æ¥45幎ã¶ãã«ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«é£èŠã®å¿«æãæãéããã
2020å¹Žã¯æ°åã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã®åœ±é¿ã§åã®äžæ¢ã«ãªã£ãã
2幎ã¶ãã®éå¬ãšãªã£ã2021幎ã¯ã女æ§éšæã®ã¬ã€ãã§ã«ã»ãã©ãã¯ã¢ã¢éšæéšä¹ã®ããã©ã¿ã€ã ãºãåå©ããå²äžåã®å¥³æ§éšæã«ããã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«å¶èŠãšãªã£ãã
2023幎ã¯åç©æè·å£äœã®æŽ»åå®¶ãã³ãŒã¹ã«ä¹±å
¥ãããªã©ã®åŠšå®³ãè¡ã£ããããçºèµ°æå»ãçŽ15åé
ããŠ118åã鮿ãããããªãã第2å·é害ããå
ã«é²ããªãã£ã銬ã¯8é ãšéå»3å¹Žãšæ¯èŒããŠãæããã«å€ããçºèµ°æå»ã®é
ããã¬ãŒã¹åºç€ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããå¯èœæ§ãããã
以äžããå
¬åŒå€§äŒãšããŠåæ°ãã«ãŠã³ãã
â»1916ã1918幎ã¯ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã®åœ±é¿ã§ãšã€ã³ããªãŒç«¶éŠ¬å ŽãæŠäºçã«åŸŽçºãããããšã«ãããæœè¡å Žæãã¬ããŠã£ãã¯ç«¶éŠ¬å Žã«ç§»ãããThe Racecourse Association Steeplechaseã(1916幎)ããThe War Steeplechaseã(1917幎ã1918幎)ãšç°ãªãç«¶èµ°åã§è¡ãããã
éå»ã«1é ã ããã®ç«¶èµ°ã«åæŠãã競走銬ããããæ¥æ¬ã®äžå±±å€§é害ã4åããããžããªãŒã§ãã(1966幎)ã
æ¥æ¬ã®é害ãã£ã³ããªã³ããŒã¹ãšããŠåæŠããããžããªãŒã«ã¯åœæã®èŠå®ã«ããæéãã³ãã®76.2kgã®ãã³ããã£ãããäžãããããããã¯ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã«ãããŠå¿
èŠãªç«¶èµ°æ°ãããªããŠããªãããèŠå®ã«ããæãéããã³ãã課ãããã(ãã£ã³ããªã³ããŒã¹ã«ã¯ãã³ãã軜ãããããšã¯å€±ç€Œã«å€ãããšãã玳士çãªèãæ¹ã«åºã¥ããã®ãšãã説ããã)ããªãããžããªãŒã¯15çªç®ã®é害ã§éЬãé£è¶ãæåŠãç«¶èµ°äžæ¢ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ãŸãæ¥æ¬äººéšæãšããŠ1995幎ã«ã¯ç°äžåãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã®ã¶ã³ãããã£(The Committee)ã«éšä¹ããã¡ãã転åã«ããç«¶èµ°äžæ¢ã«çµãã£ãã
ãã®ä»ãã°ã©ã³ãããŒãã¹ãææŠãã話ãããäžéšæ°èå ±éããããèšç»ãå
·äœåããåã«æ
éãçºçããŠåŒéããã
ããŒãã£ã«ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«(Virtual Grand National)ãšã¯2017幎ããæ¯å¹Žéå¬ãããŠããããŒãã£ã«çã®ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã§ããã
æŽä»£åªå銬
ãã®ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã«å£ã£ãŠãååœã§ã°ã©ã³ããã·ã§ãã«ã®åç§°ã®ã€ããããã¯ããã«æºããç«¶èµ°ãè¡ãããŠããã以äžããã®äŸã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB
|
6,056 |
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒ
|
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒ(ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ããã£ããããããè±: Church of England, C of E)ã¯ã16äžçŽ(1534幎)ã®ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãçåœã§æç«ããããªã¹ãæäŒã®åç§°ã§ãäžçã«åºããèå
¬äŒ(ã¢ã³ã°ãªã«ã³ã»ã³ãã¥ããªã³)ã®ãã¡æåã«æç«ãããã®æ¯äœãšãªã£ãæäŒã
è±åœåœæäŒ(ãããããã£ããããã)ãã€ã®ãªã¹åœæäŒ(ã€ã®ãªã¹ãã£ããããã)ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒ(ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãããããã)ããŸãã¯èå
ŠΌ
éšã§ã¯è±åœèå
¬äŒ(ãããããããããã)ãšãåŒã°ããã
èå
¬äŒ(ã¢ã³ã°ãªã«ã³ã»ãã£ãŒããè±:Anglican Church)ãšããåç§°ã¯ãã¢ã³ã°ãªã«ã³ã»ã³ãã¥ããªã³(Anglican Communion)å
šäœã®æ¥æ¬èªèš³ã§ãããšåæã«ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœå€ã«ãããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®å§åйæäŒã®åç§°ã®æ¥æ¬èªèš³ã§ããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã«ãããããªã¹ãæäŒéã¯ãããŒãåžåœæä»£ã«é¡ãããã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³å³¶ã«ç°æã®ã¢ã³ã°ãã»ãµã¯ãœã³ã䟵å
¥ãããšãããªã¹ãæåžæã¯åæ»ããããã®åŸãã¢ã³ã°ãã»ãµã¯ãœã³ã®äŸµå
¥ãåããªãã£ãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã§åºãŸã£ãããŒãæçã®ç®¡èœå€ã®ã±ã«ã系宣æåž«ã«ãã£ãŠåã³ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³å³¶ã«ããªã¹ãæãããããããããšãšãªã£ãã
597幎ãã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒã®ã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ãã±ã³ãçåœã«äžéžãåžæãé²ãããšãããŒãæçãé ç¹ãšããããŒãã»ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®äžå¡ãšããŠåç·šãããããšãšãªããçæš©ãšæçæš©ã®çžå
ã«ããããããæ£åžžãªé¢ä¿ãç¶æãããã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãããäŒãã£ãã±ã«ãç³»ããªã¹ãæãšããŒãã»ã«ããªãã¯ã®éã§ã¯ã察ç«ã匷ãŸã£ãŠãã£ããã664幎ã®ãŠã£ããããŒæäŒäŒè°ä»¥éã¯ããŒãã»ã«ããªãã¯ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåå°ã§åœ±é¿åãæ¡å€§ããŠããããšãšãªã£ãã
äžäžãéããŠã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®äžéšã§ãã£ãããè¿äžãšãªã16äžçŽã®ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœçãã³ãªãŒ8äžãã女çãšãªã¶ãã¹1äžã®æä»£ã«ãããŠããŒãæçåºããé¢å¥ãã1534幎ã«ç¬ç«ããæäŒãšãªã£ãã
ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã«åé¡ãããããšãããããä»ãããã¹ã¿ã³ã諞掟ãšã¯ç°ãªããæçŸ©äžã®åé¡ã§ãªããæ¿æ²»çåé¡(ãã³ãªãŒ8äžã®é¢å©åé¡)ãåå ãšãªã£ãŠãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®æçŸ©èªäœã¯åŠå®ããã«åè£ãããããå
žç€Œçã«ã¯ã«ããªãã¯æäŒãšã®å
±éç¹ãå€ãã
ç«æ²åäž»å¶ã§ããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ã(ã€ã®ãªã¹)ã®çµ±æ²»è
ã§ããåœç(ã€ã®ãªã¹ã®åäž»)ãæäŒã®éŠé·(è±èªç)(Defender of the FaithãçŽèš³ã¯ãä¿¡ä»°ã®æè·è
ã)ã§ãããšããããšãæå€§ã®ç¹åŸŽã§ããã2022幎9æ8æ¥ããçŸåšããã£ãŒã«ãº3äžåœçããã®å°äœã«ããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®å€§äž»æã§ããã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒå€§äž»æã«ã¯ããžã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã»ãŠã§ã«ããŒããã®è·ã«å°±ããŠãã(第105代ãåšä»»:2013幎1æ10æ¥ - )ã
ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³å³¶ã«ããªã¹ãæãåããŠå°æ¥ããã®ã¯ãããŒãåžåœæä»£ã®çŽå
200幎é ã®ããšã§ãããšèããããŠãããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ã(ããªã¿ã³ãã¢)ã¯ããŒãåžåœã«åŸæããããããçŠææä»£ã§ããè»äººã貿æå人ã®ãªãã«ä¿¡è
ããããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåéšã«ã»ã³ãã»ãªãŒã«ãã³ãºãšããåžãããããããã§3äžçŽåãã«èãªã«ãã³(è±èªç)ãæ®æãããšããäŒèª¬ãçãŸããŠãããããªã¹ãæã¯ãŠã§ãŒã«ãºãã¹ã³ããã©ã³ããã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ããžãå¥ã
ã«å®£æãããŠãããŒãäººã®æ€éåŸãæ®ã£ãã
ããããããªã¹ãæã®æŽå²ã®äžã§ã¯æ£åŒãªã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®å®£æã¯ãã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒã®ã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã«ãããã®ãæåã§ãããšèŠãªããŠãããã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã¯æçã°ã¬ãŽãªãŠã¹1äžã®åœã«ãããã±ã³ãã®ãšãŒã«ãã«ãçã®å
ãžãšæŽŸé£ããã宣æåž«ã§ãã£ãã597幎ãã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã¯å代ã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒå€§åžæã«ç座ããããããèå
¬äŒã®èµ·æºã®äžã€ãšãããã664幎ã«è¡ããããŠã£ããããŒæäŒäŒè°ã§ã¯ããŒãµã³ããªã¢ã®ãªã¹ãŠã£ã®æå°ã«ããããããŸã§çšããããŠããã±ã«ãçå
žç€Œãå»ããããŒãåŒå
žç€Œãåãå
¥ããããšã決å®ããããšã倧ããªæçŸ©ãæã£ãŠããã
ä»ã®ãšãŒããã諞åœãšåæ§ã«ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ãäžäžåŸæä»¥éãçæš©ãšæçæš©ã®äºããé¡èãšãªã£ããè«ç¹ãšãªã£ãã®ã¯æäŒã®ä¿æããè³ç£ã®åé¡ãèè·è
ã«å¯Ÿããè£å€æš©ãèè·å任暩ãªã©ã§ãã£ããç¹ã«ãã³ãªãŒ2äžãšãžã§ã³çã®æä»£ã«çãšæçãæ¿ããäºã£ãã
çæš©ãšæçæš©ã®äºãã¯ãã£ãŠããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®æäŒã¯äžäžãéããŠããŒããšã®äžèŽãä¿ã¡ç¶ããŠãããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒãšããŒãã®éã«æåã®æ±ºå®çãªåè£ãçããã®ã¯ããã³ãªãŒ8äžã®æä»£ã§ããããã®åå ã¯ãã³ãªãŒ8äžã®é¢å©åé¡ãããããããšã«ãã£ããããªãã¡ããã£ãµãªã³ã»ãªãã»ã¢ã©ãŽã³ãé¢å©ããããšãããã³ãªãŒ8äžããæçã«å©å§»ã®ç¡å¹ã宣èšããããæ±ããã«ãããããããæçã¯ã¬ã¡ã³ã¹7äžããããåŽäžããããšãåŒãéãšãªã£ããããã¯åãªãé¢å©åé¡ãšããããããã£ãµãªã³ã®ç¥ã«ãããç¥èããŒãçåžã«ãŒã«5äžã®ææãªã©ã絡ãã ãè€éãªæ¿æ²»åé¡ã§ãã£ãã
ãã³ãªãŒ8äžã¯1527å¹Žã«æçã«å¯ŸããŠããã£ãµãªã³ãšã®çµå©ã®ç¡å¹ãèªããããã«é¡ã£ãã1529幎ãŸã§ã«ç¹°ãè¿ãè¡ãããæçãžã®åãããã倱æã«çµãããšããã³ãªãŒ8äžã¯æ
床ãå€ããããŸããŸãªå€ä»£ä»¥æ¥ã®æç®ãåºã«ãéçéŠäœæš©ããŸãçã«ãããæçã®éŠäœæš©ã¯éæ³ã§ãããšããè«æããŸãšããæçã«éä»ãããç¶ããŠ1531幎ã«ã¯ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®èè·è
ãã¡ã«å¯Ÿããçã«ããè£å€æš©ãä¿çãã代ããã«10äžãã³ããæ¯æãããæ±ãããããã¯ãã³ãªãŒ8äžãèè·è
ã«ãšã£ãŠãéŠé·ã§ãããä¿è·è
ã§ãããšããããšãã¯ã£ãããšç€ºããã®ãšãªã£ãã1531幎2æ11æ¥ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®èè·è
ãã¡ã¯ãã³ãªãŒ8äžãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒã®éŠé·ã§ãããšèªããæ±ºè°ãè¡ã£ããããããããã«è³ã£ãŠããã³ãªãŒ8äžã¯æçãšã®åè§£ãæš¡çŽ¢ããŠããã
1532幎5æã«ãªããšãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®èè·è
äŒã¯èªãã®æ³çç¬ç«ãæŸæ£ããå®å
šã«çã«åŸãæšãçºè¡šããã1533幎ã«ã¯äžåçŠæ¢æ³ãå¶å®ããããããŸã§èªããããŠããèè·è
ã®æçãžã®äžèšŽãçŠããããã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒãšãšãŒã¯ã®å€§åžæãæäŒè£æ²»ã®æš©åãä¿æããããšã«ãªã£ãããã³ãªãŒ8äžã®èšããªãã§ãã£ãããã¹ã»ã¯ã©ã³ããŒãã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒå€§åžæã®åº§ã«å°±ããšãå
ã®è£å®ã«åŸã£ãŠã¯ã©ã³ããŒãçã®å©å§»ç¡å¹ãèªããçã¯ã¢ã³ã»ããŒãªã³ãšåå©ãããæçããã³ãªãŒ8äžãç Žéããããšã§äž¡è
ã®åè£ã¯æ±ºå®çãšãªã£ãããã³ãªãŒ8äžã¯1534幎ã«åœçè³äžæ³(éŠé·ä»€)ãå
¬åžããŠã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®æäŒã®ãããã«åèšãããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®æäŒãèªç±ã«åºæ¥ãå°äœã«å°±ããããšã¯ããã³ãªãŒ8äžãé¢å©ãèªç±ã«ã§ãããšããã ãã§ãªããæäŒè²¡ç£ãæããŸãŸã«ããããšããèªæãæãããããã®ãšãªã£ãããããŠããã¹ã»ã¯ãã ãŠã§ã«ã®ããšã§å§å¡äŒãçµæããä¿®éé¢è§£æ£ãæè¡ãä¿®éé¢ãä¿æããŠãã財ç£ãåœå®¶ãžç§»ãããŠãã£ããããããŠã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã®ä¿®éé¢ã¯ç Žå£ãããèå»ããã
ããŒããšè¢ãåãã£ããšã¯ãããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒã¯æ±ºããŠãããã¹ã¿ã³ãã§ã¯ãªãã£ãããã³ãªãŒ8äžã¯ããšããšãããã¹ã¿ã³ããæ»æããè«æãçºè¡šããŠæçã¬ãª10äžãããä¿¡ä»°ã®æè·è
ã(Defender of the Faith)ãšããç§°å·ãäžããããŠããããããèªã£ãŠããããã³ãªãŒ8äžãããŒããšèš£å¥ããããšã§ã倧éžã®ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãéåãæ¥éã«ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã«æµå
¥ããèåç Žå£ã巡瀌å°ã®æ€å»ãè人æŠã®å»æ¢ãªã©ãè¡ã£ããããããã³ãªãŒ8äžèªèº«ã¯ä¿¡æ¡ãšããŠã«ããªãã¯ãã®ãã®ã§ããã1539幎ã®ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒã®6ç®æ¡ã«ãããŠã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒãã«ããªãã¯æäŒçãªæ§è³ªãæã¡ç¶ããããšã宣èšããŠããã
å€é©ãå«ã£ããã³ãªãŒ8äžãšéã£ãæ¯åãšãã¯ãŒã6äžã®äžã§ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒã¯æåã®å€é©ãæè¡ãããããã¯å
žç€Œã»ç¥ç¥·æžã®è±èªç¿»èš³ã§ããããããã¹ã¿ã³ãçãªä¿¡ä»°ã®ç¢ºç«ãç®æããããããããŠåœå®¶äºæ¥ãšããŠåºçãããã®ã1549幎ã®ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒç¥ç¥·æžãã§ããã1552å¹Žã«æåã®æ¹èšãè¡ãããã
ãšãã¯ãŒã6äžã®æ»åŸãç°æ¯å§ã§ãã£ãµãªã³ã»ãªãã»ã¢ã©ãŽã³ã®åšã¡ã¢ãªãŒ1äžãçäœã«å°±ãããç±å¿ãªã«ããªãã¯æåŸã§ãã£ãã¡ã¢ãªãŒ1äžã¯ãã³ãªãŒ8äžãšãšãã¯ãŒã6äžã®æä»£ã«è¡ãããå
žç€Œã®æ¹é©ããã¹ãŠå»ããåã³ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ããã«ããªãã¯ã«æ»ãããšããããããåæãè²·ããã¡ã¢ãªãŒ1äžã®æ»åŸãã«ããªãã¯ãžã®åŸ©åž°éåã¯æ¶ããã
çã®æå³ã§ã®ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®ã¹ã¿ãŒãã¯ã1558幎ã«çäœã«å°±ããã¢ã³ã»ããŒãªã³ã®åšã§ã¡ã¢ãªãŒ1äžã®ç°æ¯åйãšãªã¶ãã¹1äžã®äžã§åãããããšã«ãªãããšãªã¶ãã¹1äžã¯æçã®åœ±é¿åãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã«åã¶ããšã黿¢ããããšããŠããããããŒãããã®å®å
šãªåé¢ãŸã§ã¯æãã§ããªãã£ããç¥èããŒãçåžã«ãŒã«5äžã圌女ããã°ã£ãããšããã£ãŠããšãªã¶ãã¹1äžã¯1570幎ãããŠã¹5äžã®æä»£ãŸã§ç Žéãããããšã¯ãªãã£ãã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒãæ£åŒã«ããŒãããåãããããšã«ãªãã®ã¯1559幎ã§ãããè°äŒã¯ãšãªã¶ãã¹1äžããä¿¡ä»°ã®æè·è
ã(éŠé·)ãšããŠèªèããéŠé·ä»€ãæ¡æããŠåãããã¹ã¿ã³ãçæ³ã廿¢ãããããã«å¥³çã¯1563幎ã®èè·è
äŒè°ã§ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®39ç®æ¡ããå¶å®ããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœå
ã®åœæäŒã匷åããã
ãã®ãããããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãã«ãããæž
æåŸ(ãã¥ãŒãªã¿ã³)ãšåœæäŒæŽŸã®å¯Ÿç«ãæ·±å»åããã1603幎ã«å³äœãããžã§ãŒã ãº1äžã¯åŒ·ãåœæäŒæŽŸãæ¯æããŸãçæš©ç¥æèª¬ãç§°ããŠåœçã®çµ¶å¯Ÿæ§ã䞻匵ããããããããã¹ã¿ã³ã諞掟ããåæãæãããããäžæ¹ã§æ¬œå®èš³èæžã®åºçãæç€ºãããªã©ã宿çãªè²¢ç®ã倧ããã£ãããã£ãŒã«ãº1äžã®æ²»äžã§ã¯åœæäŒæŽŸãã¹ã³ããã©ã³ãã«ãæåããããšããããã«ãåçºãã人ã
ã®æã«ãã£ãŠæž
æåŸé©åœ(ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãå
æŠ)ãåçºããæãããã£ãŒã«ãº1äžã¯1649幎ã«åŠåããããããããã®åŸãçæ¿åŸ©å€ãåèªé©åœãçµãŠãããã£ãŠåœæäŒäž»æµæŽŸã®å°äœã¯åŒ·åããããéåœæåŸã¯åèªé©åœä»¥éã1828幎ã«å¯©æ»åŸã廿¢ããããŸã§å
¬è·ã«çãäºãçŠããããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒäž»æµæŽŸãšå¯Ÿç«ãã人ã
ã®äžã«ã¯ãåœæäŒå
éšã§æ¹é©ãè¡ãããšããéåé¢æŽŸ(é·è掟æäŒãªã©)ãããããåœæäŒããåºãŠå¥ã®æäŒãç«ãŠãè
ãå€ãã£ããåŸè
ãåé¢æŽŸãšåŒã¶ããã®ãããªåœæäŒããåºããããã¹ã¿ã³ãäŒæŽŸã«ããããã¹ãæäŒãã¯ãšãŒã«ãŒãã¡ãœãžã¹ããäŒè¡æŽŸæäŒ(ç¬ç«æŽŸ)ãªã©ãããã
宿çã·ã³ã¯ã¬ãã£ãºã ã«åºã¥ããŠãããªã¢ã³äž»çŸ©ãåœæäŒã®è³åãåŸãããã«ã1774幎ã«åé¢ç¬ç«ããã¢ã¡ãªã«å€§éžæ€æ°å°ã§ã¯ãã¥ãŒãªã¿ã³çãäŒè¡å¶ã圢æããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ç¬ç«ã«è³ã£ãã
1829幎ã®ã«ããªãã¯æè§£æŸæ³(è±èªç)ã¯ãã«ããªãã¯è§£æŸã«åŸ
æä¹
ããã£ãåžæ°ç諞暩å©ã®å埩ãä¿éãã16äžçŽä»¥æ¥éåæ³åãããŠããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®å建ãå¯èœãšããã1833幎ã«å§ãŸã£ããªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒãéåã¯åœæäŒã®ã«ããªãã¯æåéºç£æèãåæ ããŠããããªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒã倧åŠå
ã«å§ãŸã£ããã®éåã¯ããžã§ã³ã»ãã³ãªãŒã»ãã¥ãŒãã³(æçµçã«åœæäŒããã«ããªãã¯ã«æ¹å®ãã)ãšãšãã¯ãŒãã»ãã¥ãŒãžãŒ(è±èªç)ãã«ãã£ãŠäž»å°ããããã®ã§ãã£ãã
çŸä»£ã®ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã¯ãäžçã®èå
¬äŒã«ãããŠäž»å°ç圹å²ãæãããšå
±ã«ãããŒãã»ã«ããªãã¯ãªã©ãšã®å¯Ÿè©±ã«ç©æ¥µçã«ä¹ãåºãããšãã¥ã¡ãã«ã«éåã«ãç©æ¥µçãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠããããã ãã«ããªãã¯åŽã¯1903幎ãæçã¬ãª13äžã®å€§å
æž(Apostolicae Curae et Caritatis)ã§ãèè·è
ã®åä»»ã¯ç¡å¹ãšå®£èšããŠãããæ±æ¹æäŒãšã¯è¥å¹²å·®å¥ãããã
20äžçŽæ«ãã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒã§å¥³æ§ã®èè·è
ã®åä»»ãé²ã¿ã2015幎ã«ã¯åããŠã®äž»æãçãŸããŠè©±é¡ãšãªã£ãã
ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³åã³åã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãé£åçåœã®åäž»ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæäŒã®æé«ã¬ãã㌠(Supreme Governor of the Church of England) ã§ããã2022幎9æ8æ¥ããçŸåšãåœçãã£ãŒã«ãº3äžããã®å°äœã«ããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®ç®¡èœããå°åã¯ã°ã¬ãŒãããªãã³å³¶ããã³å³¶ããã£ã³ãã«è«žå³¶ãããã³ãžãã©ã«ã¿ã«ã®å€å°æåº(ãšãŒãããæåº)ãªã©ãå«ããã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèå
¬äŒããŠã§ãŒã«ãºèå
¬äŒãã¹ã³ããã©ã³ãèå
¬äŒ(æŽã«å¥ã«ãé·è掟ã«å±ããã¹ã³ããã©ã³ãåœæäŒããã)ã¯ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒãšã¯å¥ã®ç¬ç«ããçµç¹ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã«ã¯2ã€ã®ç®¡åºããããã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåéšã管èœãããã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒç®¡åºããšåéšã管èœããããšãŒã¯ç®¡åºãã§ãå管åºã§ã¯å€§äž»æãéžã°ã管åºé·ãšããŠä»£è¡šãšãªããããããŠã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒå€§äž»æ(2013幎1æãããã³ãã³çãŸãã®ãžã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã»ãŠã§ã«ããŒ)ãšãšãŒã¯å€§äž»æ(2020幎10æãããšã»ãã¯ã¹çãŸãã®ã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ã»ã³ããã¬ã«(è±èªç))ãããããæŽå²çãªçµç·¯ã«ããåè
ãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®é·ã§ããããŸãã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒå€§äž»æã¯å
šäžçã®ã¢ã³ã°ãªã«ã³ã»ã³ãã¥ããªã³ã®é·ã§ããã10幎æ¯ã®ã©ã³ãã¹äŒè°ã®è°é·ã§ãããã
å管åºã¯è€æ°ã®æåºã«åºåãããåæåºã§ã¯äž»æãéžåºãããŠæåºã代衚ãããåå°ã®æäŒã¯ãã®å°åã®æåºã«å±ããŠãããæåºã¯æäŒè¡æ¿ã®æãåºæ¬çãªåäœã§ãè€æ°ã®æäŒãããªãã
äž»æåºã«ã¯äž»æåº§èå ããããåžéŠåžç¥ãšåäºäŒå¡ããæ§æãããåäºäŒãèå ã®ç®¡çéå¶ã«ãããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã¯æäŒäŒè°(Synod)ã®ç·äŒ (General Synod) ã«ããéèŠãªæ±ºå®ãè¡ã£ãŠããã
ç·äŒã«ã¯ãã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒãšãšãŒã¯ã®ç®¡åºäŒè°ãäž»æäŒè°ãèè·è
äŒè°ãä¿¡åŸäŒè°ããåå ãããã1æã«ãã³ãã³ã§ã7æã«ãšãŒã¯ã§éå¬ãããã
ã€ã®ãªã¹è°äŒã®äžé¢ã§ãã貎æé¢ã«ã¯26人ã®èè·è²Žæãè°åžãæããåœæ¿ã«åå ããŠããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®æäŒæ³ã¯ãèæžããã®æ ¹æ¬ãšããŠãããå ããŠããã®æçŸ©ã¯æç¶ã®æããå
¬äŒè°ã®ãšãã¥ã¡ãã«ã«ãªä¿¡çµ(ãã±ã€ä¿¡çµãªã©)ãèæžã®æããšåèŽããéããããããå
ãšããŠãããæçŸ©å
容ã¯ã39ç®æ¡ãæçŸ©èŠç¶±ãšç¥ç¥·æžã«è¡šããŠããããŸãå·äºãåžç¥ãäž»æãããªãèè·è
ã®èå¥ãèªãããç¥åŠè
ã§ã¯ã16äžçŽåŸåã«æŽ»èºãããªãã£ãŒãã»ããã«ãŒã倧ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®å
žç€Œ(瀌æé åºãªã©)ã¯ãç¥ç¥·æžã(Book of Common Prayer)ã«ãããšãã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãæ³ã«èŠå®ãããŠãããããã«å ããŠã2000幎ãããæ°ç¥ç¥·æžã (Common Worship) ã䜿ãããŠããã
瀌æã®é³æ¥œã¯èæžå
容(ç¹ã«ãè©©ç·šã)ãç°¡åãªç¯ã§æãããšãããå€ä»èæéãããè±èªèæéã(English Hymnal)ãªã©ãžãšæ°äžçŽã«ããã£ãŠããŸããŸã«å€åããŠããããäž»æåº§èå ããã³äžéšæäŒã§ã¯ãåå±ä»ãã®å€ã®ç¥ãã (Choral evensong) ãå®ã£ãŠããã
ããšããšã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã¯ã¯ãšãŒã«ãŒãã¡ãœãžã¹ããªã©å€ãã®ãããã¹ã¿ã³ãå®æŽŸãçã¿åºããæ¯äœã§ãããŸããŸãªèãã®äººã
ãå
å«ããŠããŠãããã蚱容ããŠããããã®ç¶æ
ããã«ããªãã¯çãªèŠçŽ ãæ®ãããã€ã»ãã£ãŒãã (high church) ãçŠé³çãªãããŠã»ãã£ãŒãã (low church) ã«åé¡ããŠèª¬æããããèªç±ç¥åŠçãªããããŒãã»ãã£ãŒãã (Broad church) ããããšããŠãããããããã確ç«ããçµç¹ãããããã§ã¯ãªããæåºå
ã«æ§ã
ãªèãæ¹ã®æäŒãæ··åšããŠããã
ã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒã®åã ããä¿®éäŒã«ã¯æ¬¡ãããã
ãªã©ãããã
次ã®ãããªäž»ãªæµ·å€å®£æå£äœããããæ¥æ¬ã§ã®èå
¬äŒå®£æã«ãæ·±ãé¢ãã£ãŠããã
1986幎ã«å¥³æ§ã®å·äºãæ£åŒã«èªããããç¿1987幎ã«åããŠèå¥(ä»»åœ)ãããŠããã1992幎ã«ã¯å¥³æ§ã®åžç¥ä»»åœãç·äŒã§æ±ºå®ããã1994幎ã«åããŠã®å¥³æ§åžç¥ãèªçãã2010幎ã«ã¯ç·æ§åžç¥ã®ä»»åœæ°(273å)ãã女æ§åžç¥ã®ä»»åœæ°(290å)ãå€ãç¶æ³ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
2013幎6æã女æ§äž»æã®ä»»åœãæäŒäŒè°ã§æ±ºãŸã£ãŠããããã®åŸããã€ãã®äŒã®å¯©è°ã§å§åçè³æå€æ°(äŸãã°äž»æäŒã§ã¯è³æ37ãå察2ãæ£æš©1)ã§æ±ºå®ãããŠãã€ã®ãªã¹è°äŒã®å®æå§å¡äŒã®æ¿èªãçµãŠã2014幎11æã«å·è¡å¯èœã«ãªã£ããåããŠã®å¥³æ§å¯äž»æ (suffragan bishop) ã¯ãã§ã¹ã¿ãŒæåºã§èªçããŠ2015幎1æã«ãšãŒã¯å€§èå ã§èå¥ãããã2015幎3æã«ã¯2015幎èè·è²Žæ(女æ§)æ³ãæç«ããåæ³ã®æœè¡ãã10幎åŸãŸã§ã«èè·è²Žæã«ç©ºäœãçããåŸä»»ã«ãªããè
ã«å¥³æ§ãããå Žåãå¿
ã女æ§ãä»»åœããããèŠå®ããã(第1æ¡)ã女æ§åã®æåºäž»æã¯ã°ãã¹ã¿ãŒæåºã§èªçãã«ã³ã¿ããªãŒå€§èå ã§2015幎7æã«èå¥ãããŠããã
åæ§çµå©ãšLGBTã«ã€ããŠã¯ãè¿å¹Žã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ãåœæäŒå
ã§è°è«ãç¶ããŠãããå
¬åŒã«ã¯ãæäŒæ³ã§ã¯åæ§å©ãåžåŒããããšã¯çŠæ¢ãããŠããããããåå°ã®æäŒã§ã¯åæ§å©ã®ããªãããµããŒãããç¥ããåããããšãã§ããããšãããŠãããå®éã«ã¯ãåå°ã®æäŒã§åæ§å©ã®åžåŒãéå
¬åŒã«è¡ãããŠããã
2014幎ã«ã¯ãžã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã»ãŠã§ã«ããŒå€§äž»æããåæ§å©ãè±åœã®æ³åŸã«ãªã£ã以äžããããèªããªããã°ãªããªãããšèšã£ããšäŒããããåŸãã圌ã¯åºæ¬çã«åæ§å©ã¯å察ã§ããããšãã声æãã©ã³ãã¹å®®æ®¿(ãŠã§ã«ããŒå€§äž»æå
¬éž)ãçºè¡šããŠããã
æäžè»ãšé¡äŒŒãã瀟äŒå¥ä»å£äœããã£ãŒãã»ã¢ãŒããŒã(æäŒè»)ãçµç¹ããéçšããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A
|
6,057 |
ãã
|
ãããHUBãHUV
| true | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96
|
6,062 |
D2
|
D2ãd2
| true | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2
|
6,063 |
D1-VTR
|
D-1 VTRãšã¯ITU-R BT.601ãã©ãŒããã(4:2:2ã³ã³ããŒãã³ãæ¹åŒ)ã§ç¬Šå·åãããããžã¿ã«ãããªä¿¡å·ãã19mm(çŽ3/4ã€ã³ã)ã«ã»ããããŒãã«éå§çž®ã§èšé²ããæŸéæ¥åçšVTRã§ããã
1982å¹Žã«æ¥ç±³æ¬§ã§å
±éã®ããžã¿ã«ãããªèšé²ã»äŒéãã©ãŒããããçå®ããç®çã§æšæºåãè¡ãããããã®çµææ±ºãŸã£ã4:2:2ã³ã³ããŒãã³ã笊å·åèŠæ ŒãCCIR 601ãçŸåšã®ITU-R BT.601ã§ãããITU-R BT.601èŠæ Œã®ãµã³ããªã³ã°(æšæ¬å)åšæ³¢æ°ã¯ãèŒåºŠä¿¡å·Yã13.5MHzãè²å·®ä¿¡å·R-Y, B-Yãåã
6.75MHzã§ãããITU-R BT.601èŠæ Œã«åã£ãä¿¡å·(D-1 VTRã®å
¥åºåã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ãŒã¹ä¿¡å·)ããD-1ä¿¡å·ããšåŒã¶ããšãããã
ç¶ããŠãã®æ¹åŒã«ããæŸéæ¥åçšVTRã®èŠæ Œåãè¡ããã1986幎ã«CCIR 657ãšããŠå¶å®åŸããœããŒãšBTS(ããã·ã¥ãšãã£ãªããã¹ãšã®ååŒæŸéæ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒããã®åŸãã©ã³ã¹ã®Thomsonã«è²·åããçŸåšã¯Grass Valleyãç¶æ¿)ã察å¿ããVTRãçºå£²ããã
SDTVçšVTRãšããŠã¯åœææé«ç»è³ªã§ããããã¬ãã³ããŒã·ã£ã«ã®ç·šéãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ã¹ã®åºåãªã©é«ç»è³ªãèŠæ±ãããåéã§çšããããããæŸéå±ã§ã¯æ©åšãé«äŸ¡ãªããš(VTRã ãã§ãªãç·šéèšåãã³ã³ããŒãã³ãä¿¡å·ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããå¿
èŠããããã³ã³ããžããæ åä¿¡å·çšæ©åšãæ®ãã®ã§å€ææ©åšãå¿
èŠãªã©)ããããªããŒãã®ã©ã³ãã³ã°ã³ã¹ããé«ãããšãªã©ããD-2 VTRã®æ¹ãæ®åããã
D-1 VTRã®å
¥åºåã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ãŒã¹ã®ç©çèŠæ Œã¯å代æ©ã®DVR-1000ã§ã¯ECLã¬ãã«ã®ãã©ã¬ã«åŒ(ITU-R BT.656)ã§ãã£ããããœããŒãå軞ã±ãŒãã«ãçšããã·ãªã¢ã«äŒéæ¹åŒãéçºãã2äžä»£ç®ã®DVR-2000ã«å®è£
ãæ®åããã(SMPTE 259MãšããŠèŠæ ŒåãSDIãšç¥ãããã)ãããã®ã¡ã®å§çž®æè¡ãçšããæŸéæ¥åçšããžã¿ã«VTRã®å€ããSDIãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã§ãŒã¹èŠæ ŒãšããŠæ¡çšããããŸãããããã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¹ã€ããã£ãŒçã®ãããªç·šéã»å¶äœæ©åšããD-1ä¿¡å·ãã®ãSDIãã«å¯Ÿå¿ãã補åãæ®åããŠããã
â»525/59.94/2:1ã€ã³ã¿ãŒã¬ãŒã¹æ¹åŒã®å Žåãâ525âã625/50/2:1ã€ã³ã¿ãŒã¬ãŒã¹æ¹åŒã®å Žåãâ625âãšä»èšã
åè¿°ã®æ§ã«åœææé«ç»è³ªã®SDTVçšVTRã§ãã£ããã8bitã§éååãããã©ãŒãããã ã£ããã ãã¹ããããã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã®ç»é¢åæ(ããŒã€ã³ã°ãªã©)ã«ã¯ååãšã¯èšããããã®åŸ10bitéååã®D-5 VTRãDigital BETACAM VTRãªã©ã®åååã«ç¹ãã£ãã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1-VTR
|
6,064 |
D5-VTR
|
D5-VTRãšã¯ãããœããã¯ãD3-VTRã®èµ°è¡ç³»ãå
ã«éçºãããITU-R601ãã©ãŒãããã®ã³ã³ããŒãã³ãããžã¿ã«ãããªä¿¡å·ã1/2ã€ã³ãã«ã»ããããŒãã«éå§çž®ã§èšé²ãããããªããŒãã¬ã³ãŒãã§ããã
D3-VTRãšç°ãªãããããªä¿¡å·ã¯ã³ã³ããŒãã³ã10ãããéååèšé²ãå¯èœã§ããããŸãã16:9ã®ã¯ã€ãã¢ã¹ãã¯ãã®ãããªä¿¡å·ã8ãããéååã§èšé²ããæ©èœãåãããèšé²ã¬ãŒãã¯301Mb/sãHD(ãã€ããžã§ã³)ã®å§çž®èšé²ãå¯èœã
HDæŸéã®æ®åãšãšãã«ãã¹ã¿ãŒVTRãšããŠç¹ã«NHKãšWOWOWã§ã®ã¿äžå¿çãªèŠæ ŒãšããŠæ¡çšãããŠãããD5ã¯NHKãšå
±åã§éçºãããã®ã§ãNHKã®çªçµã®éåºã®éã®å®ãã(NHKçšèªã§èšãå®ãã±)ãªã©ã¯å
šãŠD5ã䜿çšããŠãã(ãã¥ãŒã¹ã®åæããã©ãã®åé²ã¯ãœããŒã®HDCAMã䜿çšããããšãæ®ã©ã§ãã)ããŸããIMAGICAçã«ä¿åãããŠããæ ç»äŒç€Ÿã®æ±ºãŸãããŽãªã©ãD5èŠæ Œãæ¡çšãããŠããã
æ°æŸã®ãã€ããžã§ã³ã¯HDCAMãDVCPROHDã䜿ã£ãŠãããD5ã¯è£å©çãªåœ¹å²ãå€ããæè¿ã§ã¯P2HDãšåŒã°ããããŒãã¬ã¹ãžã®ç§»è¡ãé²ãã§ãããçŸåšã¯é²ç»ã»åçæ©åšã®çç£ã¯å®äºããŠãããæ¢åãŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ããã®D5çšãããªããŒãã®äŸçµŠã®ã¿è¡ãããŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5-VTR
|
6,065 |
D3-VTR
|
D3-VTRãšã¯D2-VTRãšåãã³ã³ããžããããžã¿ã«ãããªä¿¡å·ãã1/2ã€ã³ãã«ã»ããããŒãã«éå§çž®ã§èšé²ãããããªããŒãã¬ã³ãŒãã§ããã
D2-VTRã®1/2ã€ã³ãã«ã»ããçããããã¯D5-VTRã®ã³ã³ããžããçãšããããã
1991幎ã«çºå£²ãããéçºã¯æ¥æ¬æŸéåäŒ(NHK)ãšæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥(çŸ:ãããœããã¯)ãå
±åã§è¡ã£ããMIIã®åŸç¶èŠæ Œã®äœçœ®ã¥ãã§ããã
NHKãæŸé倧åŠã®çªçµå¶äœããã³çªçµéåºçšãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããœããŒãDigital BETACAMã®ãªãªãŒã¹ãæ©ã
ãšäºåããŠããäºããããæ°æŸã§ã®æ¡çšå®çžŸã¯ã»ãšãã©ãªãã£ãã
1992幎éå¬ã®ãã«ã»ãããªãªã³ããã¯ã«ãããŠå
¬åŒèšé²çšãšããŠæ¡çšãããæŸäžé»åšç£æ¥ãæ©æãæå
¥ããããããæ¯å9,000å転ãšãããããã·ãªã³ããŒãçºããéšé³ãã«ã¡ã©ãã³ã«ã¯äžè©ã ã£ããšããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3-VTR
|
6,067 |
ãã¥ãŒã¹ãµã€ã
|
ãã¥ãŒã¹ãµã€ããšã¯ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããäžã§ç¡æãŸãã¯ææã«ãŠãã¥ãŒã¹ãæ²èŒã»æäŸããŠãããŠã§ããµã€ãã®ç·ç§°ã
ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãµã€ãã«ã¯ãæ°è瀟ããã¬ãå±ãªã©ãèªç€Ÿã§å ±éããå
容ãäžå®æéæäŸãããã®ãšãæ°è瀟ã»é信瀟ããã¬ãå±ãªã©ãšææºããã¥ãŒã¹ã®é
ä¿¡ãåããŠæ²èŒããã¿ã€ããããã
æ¥æ¬ã®æ°è瀟ãé信瀟ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãµã€ãã¯ãè±æ°åã«ãå
šè§æåãçšããããšãå€ãããããã¯çžŠæžãã§åçš¿ãæžããŠããç¿æ
£ã圢åŒãšããŠæ®ã£ããã®ã§ããã
倧åã¯ãäžå®æé(倧åã¯æ°é±éãã1ã¶æçšåºŠ)ãéãããšãŠã§ããµã€ãäžããåç
§ã§ããªããªãããç¡æã§ã®é²èЧãã§ããªããªã(ææã§ã®æäŸãããŠããå Žåããã)ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88
|
6,069 |
äžç·åœ
|
äžç·åœ(ããããã®ãã«ããããµãã®ãã«ãããã€ãµãã®ãã«)ã¯ããã€ãŠæ¥æ¬ã®å°æ¹è¡æ¿åºåã ã£ã什å¶åœã®äžã€ãæ±æµ·éã«å±ããçŸåšã®åèçåéšãšèšåçå西éšãäž»ããé åã«ãããã
çŸåšã®åèçåéšãšèšåç西éšãäž»ããé åãšããæ§åœåãåã§åžžéžåœãšäžéåœã西ã§äžéåœãšæŠèµåœãåã§äžç·åœãå
æµ·ãæãã§çžæš¡åœãšæ¥ããã
ãå€èªæŸéºãã«ãããšããã麻ã®çãããåå°ãšãããšããããæåœ(ãµãã®ãã«ã»ç·åœ)ãšç§°ãããšãããç·åœã®åéšã«ããããç·åœã®åå²ã«ãã£ãŠå»ºãŠããããšãèšãããŠãããå€ãã¯ã乿¯è±äžäœ()ããšåŒã³ããããããããµããããããããã«è»¢ãããšããã
ãã®äžç·åœã®ã»ãã«ããåœã®ååã«ãäžããäžãããåããåŸããšä»ããã®ãããã€ãããããããããéœ(è¿ä»£ä»¥åã®æŠå¿µã§ã¯ç¿å
)ã«è¿ãã»ãããäžããåããšèããããŠãããäžç·åœãšäžç·åœã®å Žåã西åœããã®ç§»äœãéæã黿œ®ã«ã®ã£ãŠå€æ¿åŽããã¯ããŸãããã®ããæ¿ç·åå³¶ã®åæ±åŽãéœã«è¿ãäžç·ãšãªããå西åŽãäžç·ãšãªã£ãããŸããæ¯éããåãããäžéã»äžéãšåããããäžããäžããå ãã圢åŒããšãããšãããäžç·ã»äžç·ã®åå²ã6äžçŽäžèãšã¿ã説ãããã
åŸä»€å¶ä»¥åã«ã¯å°æ³¢ãåèãäžæµ·äžã®åœé ã眮ãããŠãããåŸä»€å¶åœå®¶å»ºèšã«ãšããªã£ãŠæ±æµ·éã«å±ããäžåœãšãªããè食ãåèãå°æãåç³ãçžéЬãç¿å³¶ãçµåã岡ç°ãæµ·äžãéŠåãåŽçã®11ã®é¡(è©)ããã£ãŠä»€å¶åœãšããŠã®äžç·åœãšãã(ã®ã¡è±ç°é¡ãå ãã)ãå
ã
æ±æµ·éã¯æµ·ã€é(æµ·è·¯)ã§ããäžç·åœããäžç·åœãžå
¥ãçµè·¯ã ã£ãããå®äº2幎(771幎)ã«æŠèµåœãæ±æµ·éã«ç§»ç®¡ãããçžæš¡åœããæŠèµåœãéã£ãŠäžç·åœãžå
¥ãçµè·¯ãžå€æŽããããåœåºã¯åžå·åžåœåºå°ä»è¿ã«çœ®ãããåœçŽã¯å€§åœã«äœçœ®ã¥ããããã
å€ä»£æ«æããäžäžã«ãããŠåèæ°ãå°é ããæºé Œæãæ¯æŽããŠéåå¹åºåµèšã«å°œåãããéåã»å®€çºæä»£ãšå®è·ã®å°äœã確ä¿ããäžäžã«ã¯åèæ°ã®æŽä»£åœäž»ãäžç·ã®å®è·ãšæš©ä»ãå
Œããããã«ãªããç¹å¥ãªæ¬æã蟌ããŠåèä»(ã¡ã°ã®ããããåèé¡ãé ãã(æš©)ä»ã)ãšåŒç§°ããããäžæ¹ãæåéšã®çµåé¡ãäžå¿ãšããäžéåœãšã®å¢çä»è¿ã«æ ¹æ ãæã€å°å±±æ°ã®åº¶æµã»çµåæ°ãéåå¹åºã®åµèšã«è²¢ç®ããŠç¬èªã®å¢åãç¯ããå®€çºæä»£ã®äžææã«ã¯äžéåœã®å®è·ã«ä»»ããããŠããã
15äžçŽååã®æ°žäº«ã®ä¹±ããã®ä»ã®é¢æ±ã®åãã«çµåæ°ãåèæ°ãå·»ã蟌ãŸãããçµåæ°ã¯çµååæŠã§å®€çºå¹åºãšæŠã£ãŠäžææ»
亡ã«è¿œã蟌ãŸããåèæ°ã享埳ã®ä¹±ã«ãããå
çŽã§å®å®¶ã¯æ»
亡ããã®çµæåèæ°ã¯æŠèµåœã«éããäžæµãšåèããäœåã«æ ç¹ãç§»ããäžæµã®2ã€ã«åè£ããããšã«ãªã次第ã«è¡°ãããããã£ãŠäžç·çå®åã«å¯ã£ãå°åŒåŸ¡æè¶³å©çŸ©æãå¢åšããµããå°ç°åã®åæ¡æ°ãšå¯Ÿæããã1538幎(倩æ7幎)ãš1564幎(æ°žçŠ7幎)ã®åœåºå°åæŠã«ãããŠã¯ããã«è¶³å©çŸ©æãææ»ããŸã矩æã®åŸã«å°é ãã宿¿åœã®éèŠæ°ãæåããããšã«ãããäžç·åœå
ã¯å°ç°åã®åæ¡æ°ã®åŒ·ã圱é¿ãåããããšã«ãªããäœåã®åèæ°ããã®å®¶è£ã§äž»å®¶ããã®ããšããããåæ°ããŸãé«åæ°ããåŸå±äžã«çœ®ãããããã«ãªã£ãã1590幎(倩æ£18幎)ãè±è£ç§åã®æ¥æ»ã«åæ¡æ°ã¯å±æãããåèæ°ãã¯ãããšéåœããšãã«ãããåèãããçµåæ°ãåæ¡æ°ãšäžææ°ãäœç«¹æ°ãšã®éã§é£æºãšé¢åãç¹°ãè¿ãããæçµçã«è±è£ç§åã«åŸã£ãŠæé ãå®å µãããŠããã
埳å·å®¶åº·ã®é¢æ±å
¥åºçŽåŸã«ã¯äžç·ã¯äžç³ä»¥äžã®11æ°ãé
眮ãããããŸããè±è£ç§åããæé å®å µãåããçµåæ°ã¯çµååã§11äžç³äœãé ããŠå®¶åº·ã®æ¬¡ç·ã§ããçµåç§åº·ãé€åã«è¿ããŠåŸãç¶ãããŠãããã1600幎(æ
¶é·5幎)ã®é¢ã¶åã®æŠãåŸã«ç§åº·ãè¶åååº(çŸã»çŠäºåž)ã«è»¢å°ããããšãååãæŸå¹³æ°ãšæ¹ããçµååãç ŽåŽãããŠããŸããçµåæ°ã¯äºå®äžæ»
亡ããããšã«ãªã£ã(çµåæ°ã®ç¥ç¥èªäœã¯ç§åº·ã®åå«ã®1ã€ã§ãã(å§«è·¯è©âåæ©è©)æŸå¹³å®¶ãè¡ã£ã)ã
çµåæ°ã®ç§»å°åŸãäžç·åœã®è«žè©ã®ãã¡æ¯èŒçã«èŠæš¡ã倧ããã®ã¯å€æ²³è©(æå€§16äžç³)ãäœåè©(æå€§14.2äžç³)ãé¢å®¿è©(æå€§7.3äžç³)ã®ã¿ã§ããã®ä»ã®è©ã¯ãããã1äžç³ååŸã®å°è©ã§ãããè©èªäœã®åç¶æéã®çããã®ãå€ãã£ããã»ãã«å¹åºé ãææ¬é ãå
¥ãçµã¿ã倿²³ã»äœåã»é¢å®¿ã®åè©ãå«ããŠè©äž»ã®äº€æ¿ãé »ç¹ã§ãã£ãããã«äžç·åœå
šåãçµ±åãããããªæ¿æ²»æåã¯éžæãããªãã£ããè¿äžåæ(1683幎(è²äº«3幎)ãŸãäžèª¬ã«ããã°å¯æ°žå¹Žé(1622幎 - 1643幎)ã«ãäžç·ã®è食é¡ãã婿 ¹å·(çŸåšã®æ±æžå·äžæµ)以西ã®å°åãå²ããæŠèµåœã®è食é¡(çŸåšã¯æ±äº¬éœã»åŒççã«å±ããéšåã®å€§éšå)ãšãããåœå
ã®ææ°ã¯å€©ä¿æã«ã¯çŽ1620ãæãæ°ããã
1867幎(æ
¶å¿3幎)ã®å€§æ¿å¥éã®æç¹ã§äžç·åœå
ã«ã¯çµåã倿²³ãé¢å®¿ãäœåãé«å²¡ãå€å€ãå°èŠå·ã®8è©ãšå¹åºé ãææ¬é ã眮ãããã1868幎(æ
¶å¿4å¹Žãææ²»å
幎)ãå¹åºã厩å£ããŠææ²»æ¿åºã颿±å°æ¹ãå¶å§ãããšãäžç·åœå
ã®æ§å¹åºé ã»ææ¬é ã¯äžç·ç¥çäº(äœã
æŠçŽæŠã®ã¡æ°ŽçéŸ)ã®ç®¡çäžã«çœ®ããã(äžéšã¯æŠèµç¥çäºãŸãã¯å®æ¿äžç·ç¥çäºã®æç®¡)ã1869幎(ææ²»2幎)ã«äžç·ç¥çäºã®ç®¡èœåºåã«è食çã眮ãããæ°ŽçéŸãç¥äºãšãªã£ãŠ1äž3600ç³äœãæ¯é
ãããäžæ¹ã1870幎(ææ²»3幎)ã«ã¯åŸæ¥ã®8è©ã®ã»ãã«æŸæéè©ãæ°ãã«çœ®ãããã1872幎(ææ²»4幎)å»è©çœ®çã«ãã£ãŠåè©ã¯çã«æ¹å€ãå幎11æã«äžç·åœå
ã®åçãçµ±åããã西åã®9é¡(çµåãè±ç°ã岡ç°ãç¿å³¶ãè食ãçžéЬãå°æãåŽçãåè)ã«å°æçãæç«ããæ±åã®3é¡(éŠåãåç³ãæµ·äž)ã¯åžžéžåœã®ååéšãšãšãã«æ°æ²»çãšãªã£ãã1873幎(ææ²»6幎)ãå°æçã¯æšæŽæŽ¥ç(äžç·ã»å®æ¿äž¡åœã管èœåºåãšãã)ãšå䜵ããŠåèçãšãªãã1875幎(ææ²»8幎)ã«æ°æ²»çã廿¢ããããšååã®äžç·åœ3é¡ãåèçã«ç·šå
¥ãããéã«(æ§)åèç管äžã§å©æ ¹å·ä»¥åã®åºå(çµåãè±ç°ã岡ç°ãç¿å³¶ã®4é¡ããã³è食ã»çžéŠ¬äž¡é¡ã®äžéš)ãèšåçã«ç·šå
¥ãããããŸãåæã«ãè食é¡ã®ãã¡æ±æžå·ä»¥è¥¿ã®åºåãåŒççã«ç§»ç®¡ãããããã®çµæãäžç·åœã¯èšåã»åèã»åŒçã®3çã«åå²ãããã
åžå·åžåœåºå°ã§ã¯ãåœåºé¢é£æœèšãšæãããéºè·¡ãçºæãããŠãããåœåºã®äžå¿ã§ããåœåºã®æ£ç¢ºãªäœçœ®ã¯ããã£ãŠããªããã1995幎ããã®åæŽå¥³åå€§åŠæ·å°å
ã®çºæèª¿æ»ãªã©ã§ã¯åœè¡ã®åšå²ã®æºãšæšæž¬ãããè·¡ãçºèŠãããããã®çºèŠã«ãããåœåºå°å°åºã«åœåºããã£ãããšãèå€åŠçã«ã確å®èŠãããããã«ãªã£ãã2023幎ã«åžå·åžæè²å§å¡äŒã調æ»ã宿œããçµæãäžç·åœã®åœè¡è·¡ã«é¢é£ãããšèããããåºç»æºãæç«æ±å»ºç©ãªã©ãèŠã€ãããåºç»æºããã¯ååšãæ°ç¹åºåããããã§ãããããã«ãããåèåç§å€§åŠã®é§è»å ŽåšèŸºã¯ãããéèŠãªæœèšãååšããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšæšæž¬ãããããã«ãªãããã®çµæãå°å
ç ç©¶è
ã®éã§ã¯ãä»ã®åžå¶éçå Žã®äœçœ®ã«ãã£ãã®ã§ã¯ããšæšæž¬ãããããã«ãªã£ãããšãããããã®é ãæœèšã®æ¹ä¿®ãå»ºãŠæ¿ãå·¥äºãçžæ¬¡ãã§ãããåãŸã£ããŸãŸã®éºæ§ãå·¥äºã§ç Žå£ãããããªããšãå°å
ã®åžæ°å£äœãã調æ»äœå¶ã®æŽåãããšåžå·åžãåèçã«èŠæãç¶ããŠãããšããã§ããã
é¡è¡ã¯ãäžç·ã®é¡å®¶ã®ãã¡åŽçé¡å®¶ã¯æ çºå€§çéºè·¡ããŸãé¡å®¶ã«é¢é£ããäžç·çžéЬé¡ã®ç°ç¥ã»æ£çšãå
¥ããæ£åãæå«ååžæ¥ç§è¥¿éºè·¡ãšæ³å®ãããŠããã
äžå®®ã®éŠåç¥å®®ã®åãéåžžã«å€§ãããããäºå®®ä»¥äžã¯å®è³ªçã«ã¯ååšããªãã£ããšãã説ãããã
ããããåŸä»€æä»£ã®é§
ã
倪åã¯äž»èŠãªãã®ã
ã«ãã³å
ã«ã¯è£è¶³(ä»ã®åŒç§°ã»ç®¡çè
ã»æç«å¹Žç)ãèšè¿°ããã
ç¹èšäºé
ã®ãªãéããé ç°èãæ¿ç·è«žè©é²ã(åŽæžæ¿ã1985幎)ã«ããããã ãã埳å·å®¶åº·ã®é¢æ±å
¥éšåŸã«é
眮ãããé¢ã±åã®åæŠåŸã«å€§åãšãªã£ãŠè»¢åºãã1äžç³ä»¥äžã®ç¥è¡å°ãå«ãã
åºå
ž: å
é£çµ±èšå±ã»ç·šãéæ°Žèã»åŸ©å»çç£ä¿®è§£é¡ããåœå¢èª¿æ»ä»¥åæ¥æ¬äººå£çµ±èšéæãå·»1(1992幎)åã³å¥å·»1(1993幎)ãæ±æŽæžæã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E7%B7%8F%E5%9B%BD
|
6,070 |
åæµ·éæ
客éé
|
åæµ·éæ
客ééæ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿ(ã»ã£ããã©ããããããŠã€ã©ããè±: Hokkaido Railway Company) ã¯ãæ
客ééæ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿåã³æ¥æ¬è²šç©ééæ ªåŒäŒç€Ÿã«é¢ããæ³åŸ(JRäŒç€Ÿæ³)ã«åºã¥ããåæµ·éå°æ¹ãäžå¿ãšããŠæ
客ééçãéå¶ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ç¹æ®äŒç€Ÿã1987幎(æå62幎)4æ1æ¥ã«æ¥æ¬åœæéé(åœé)ããåæµ·éç·å±ãé§è·¯ã»æå·ã»éåœè¹è¶ã®åéé管çå±ã管çããŠããééäºæ¥ãåŒãç¶ãã§çºè¶³ããJRã°ã«ãŒãã®æ
客ééäŒç€Ÿã®äžã€ãéç§°ã¯JRåæµ·é(ãžã§ã€ã¢ãŒã«ã»ã£ããã©ã)ãè±èªç¥ç§°ã¯JR Hokkaidoãã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãã«ã©ãŒã¯èé»è²ã
åæµ·éãäžå¿ã«ééè·¯ç·ãæããæ¬ç€Ÿãæå¹åžäžå€®åºã«çœ®ããå笊ã®å°çŽã«ã¯ãåããšèšãããŠããã
åœéå岿°å¶åã«ããéé21è·¯ç·3,176.6 kmãèªè·¯113.0 kmããã³ãã¹äºæ¥ãæ¿ç¶ãããJRäŒç€Ÿæ³ã«ããç¹æ®äŒç€Ÿã§ãç¬ç«è¡æ¿æ³äººéé建èšã»é茞æœèšæŽåæ¯æŽæ©æ§ãå
šãŠã®æ ªåŒãææããŠããã
çºè¶³åŸãééè·¯ç·ã¯åšæ¥ç·2ç·åºãšåæµ·éæ°å¹¹ç·ã鿥ããäžæ¹ãç¹å®å°æ¹äº€éç·ã®å»æ¢ãå©çšå®¢ã®å°ãªãç·åºã®å»æ¢ã«ããæžå°ããŠããã2023幎4æ1æ¥æç¹ã§ã®ç·å¶æ¥ããã¯æ°å¹¹ç·ãå«ãå¹¹ç·ã6è·¯ç·1,460.6 kmãå°æ¹äº€éç·ã8è·¯ç·876.0 kmã®14è·¯ç·èš2,336.6 kmã§ããã
èªè·¯(éåœé£çµ¡è¹)ã¯æµ·å³¡ç·(éåœãã³ãã«)ã®éæ¥ã«äŒŽãã1988幎3æ13æ¥ã«å»æ¢ããããã¹äºæ¥ã¯2000幎4æ1æ¥ã«100%åäŒç€Ÿã®ãžã§ã€ã»ã¢ãŒã«åæµ·éãã¹ãžç§»ç®¡ãããã
ãã€ãŠã¯ã海峡ç·ãéããŠãåšæ¥ç·ã®å®ææ
客åè»ãæ¬å·ããã³JRä»ç€Ÿã®è·¯ç·ãžä¹ãå
¥ããŠãããã2016幎3æ26æ¥ã®åæµ·éæ°å¹¹ç·éæ¥åŸã¯åæ°å¹¹ç·ã宿æ
客嶿¥è·¯ç·ã§å¯äžæ¬å·ãžä¹ãå
¥ããè·¯ç·ãšãªããJRä»ç€Ÿãžã®åšæ¥ç·ã®å®ææ
客åè»ã®ä¹ãå
¥ãããªãå¯äžã®äŒç€Ÿãšãªã£ãŠããã
JRæ
客å瀟ã®ãã¡ãæ¬å·ä»¥å€ã§å¶æ¥ããJRåæµ·éã»JRååœã»JRä¹å·ã®ãããããäžå³¶(ãããšã)äŒç€Ÿãã¯ãçºè¶³åããçµå¶é£ãäºæ³ãããŠãããåæµ·éã®äººå£ã¯æå¹åžãžã®äžæ¥µéäžã®åŸåãç¶ããŠãããæå¹ä»¥å€ã®éå
åžçºæã§ã¯äººå£æžå°ãæ·±å»åããŠãããJRä»ç€Ÿãšæ¯èŒããŠäººå£åžèå°åž¯ãèµ°ãè·¯ç·ã倧åãå ããå䟡ãé«ãé·è·é¢å©çšè
ãå°ãªããé·è·é¢å©çšã«é¢ããŠãé路網延䌞ãèªå®¶çšè»ã®æ®åãèªç©ºè·¯ç·ãé«éãã¹ãšã®ç«¶äºãæ¿ãããå ããŠå
šéã豪éªå°åž¯ã»å¯å·å°ã§ãããããé€éªãè»äž¡ã»æœèšã®ç¶æç®¡çè²»ãå
ç±è²»çãã¯ãããšããŠèšå€§ãªçµè²»ãèŠãããªã©ãJRåæµ·éã®çµå¶åºç€ã¯éåžžã«åŒ±ãã
äŒç€Ÿçºè¶³åããçµå¶é£ãäºæ³ãããŠããããšãããåœã«ããçµå¶æ¯æŽã¹ããŒã ãšããŠçµå¶å®å®åºéãèšããããŠããããŸããJRååœãJR貚ç©ãšåæ§ã«ãç¬ç«è¡æ¿æ³äººéé建èšã»é茞æœèšæŽåæ¯æŽæ©æ§(çºè¶³åœåã¯æ¥æ¬åœæééæž
ç®äºæ¥å£)ãæ ªåŒã100%ä¿æããŠããã
JRåæµ·éã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ãå
æ¬6,822ååã亀ä»ãããå
æ¬ã®å厩ãã¯ãããéçšçãå¶æ¥å€åçãšããŠå¶æ¥åæ¯ã®äžè¶³åã穎åãããããšãåœåã®ç®çã§ãã£ããããããªãããããã«åŽ©å£ã«ããããã«æ¯æ°ã®åªäžã§ãã£ãäŒç€Ÿçºè¶³åœæãšæ¯ã¹åžäžéå©ã¯å€§å¹
ã«äžèœãèšç»ã厩ããåœåèŠèŸŒãã éçšçã倧ããæžå°ããŠããã
äŒç€Ÿçºè¶³æããã®å³ããçµå¶ç¶æ³ã«ããè»äž¡ãèšåã®ä¿å®è²»çšçåæžãç¶ããçµæã2011幎ã®ç³åç·åè»è±ç·ç«çœäºæ
ãã¯ãããšããæ°ã
ã®äžç¥¥äºãé£ç¶ãã2014幎1æã«åœå亀é倧è£ããã茞éã®å®å
šã«é¢ããäºæ¥æ¹ååœä»€åã³äºæ¥ã®é©åãã€å¥å
šãªéå¶ã«é¢ããç£ç£åœä»€ããè¡ãããããããåããŠåœå亀éçããJRåæµ·éãžã®æå°ãç£æ»ãšå
±ã«ééã»éèŒžæ©æ§ããã®600ååã®èšåæè³æ¯æŽãè¡ãããã
以åŸãè»éã®è£ä¿®å·¥äºããã40ç³»ãã¯ãããšããèæœè»äž¡ã®æ°åè»äž¡ãžã®çœ®ãæããè¡ãããŠããããã®åŸã2019 - 2020幎床ã«400ååçšåºŠã®è²¡æ¿æ¯æŽãè¡ãèšç»ãå
¬è¡šããããŸãã2021幎3æ26æ¥ã«åœéæž
ç®äºæ¥å£åµåçåŠçæ³ã®æ¹æ£æ³ãåè°é¢æ¬äŒè°ã§å¯æ±ºã»æç«ããã2030幎床ãŸã§åœã®è²¡æ¿æ¯æŽãå¯èœã«ãªãã3幎éã§1,302å忝æŽããäºãçºè¡šãããã2021幎9æ28æ¥ã«ã¯ãä»åŸ10幎éã§çŽ1,450ååãæ¯æŽãã6,822ååã®ãã¡2,900ååãéé建èšã»é茞æœèšæŽåæ¯æŽæ©æ§ãåãå
¥ãã幎5%ã®å©æ¯ãæãããšã決å®ãããã
ãŸããJRååœãšãšãã«æ°å¶åæããåºå®è³ç£çšãšéœåžèšç»çšã®æžå
ãªã©ã®ç¹äŸæªçœ®ãåããŠãããæ°å¶åæã¯10幎éã®ç¹äŸæªçœ®ãšããããããã®åŸ5幎åäœã§æŽæ°ãããŠããã2022幎床çšå¶æ¹æ£å€§ç¶±ã§ãæžå
æªçœ®ã®5幎éå»¶é·ãçã蟌ãŸãããããã®æç¹ã§ã®è©Šç®ã§ã¯æžå
æªçœ®ã廿¢ãããšåçã«30ååçšåºŠã®åœ±é¿ãåºããšã¿ãããŠããã
2016幎11æ16æ¥ãã®å³¶ç°ä¿®ç€Ÿé·(åœæ)ããèšè
äŒèŠãéããåœæã®å¶æ¥è·¯ç·2,500kmäœãã®ååã«ããã1,236kmã«ã€ããŠãJRåæµ·éåç¬ã§ç¶æããããšãé£ãããšããŠããã¹ãžã®è»¢æãéè¡ã«ããã£ãŠèªæ²»äœããã®è²¡æ¿æ¯æŽãäžå¯æ¬ ã ãšæããã«ãããè·¯ç·1kmãããã®å¹³åä¹å®¢æ°ã§ãã茞éå¯åºŠã§2,000äººã«æºããªãè·¯ç·ã察象ãšãªã£ãŠããŠãç¹ã«200äººã«æºããªã3åºéã«ã€ããŠãã¹ãžã®è»¢æããã以å€ã®åºéã¯èªæ²»äœã®è²¡æ¿æ¯æŽãæ±ããä»åŸåè°ãé²ããŠãããšããŠããã
äžæ¹ã§ãå幎11æ26æ¥ã«åæµ·éçµæžé£åäŒã¯ãéå
ã®å
Œ
±äº€éãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ããæ¹ã«ã€ããŠã®ãæèšæžãæŠèŠãããŸãšããJR貚ç©ã第äºçš®ééäºæ¥è·¯ç·ãšããŠåæµ·éæ¯ç€Ÿãå©çšããŠããåºéã®ç·è·¯äœ¿çšæèšå®ãäœæ°Žæºã§ãããå¶åºŠèŠçŽããšæ¯æŽçãèŠæ±ãã¹ããšãããé£é¢é£ç£æ¥ã芳å
ãåºå¹¹ç£æ¥ãšãšãããéè·¯ã»ééã»èªç©ºã»æž¯æ¹Ÿã«é¢ããŠã®ä»£æ¿ææ®µãçžäºè£å®ãèå¯ããªããã®æŽåã»æŽ»çšããããšãå¿
èŠãšæèšããã
ãŸããåæµ·éã®å°åå
Œ
±äº€éæ€èšäŒè°ã2017幎3æ28æ¥ã«ãŸãšããå ±åæžæ¡ã§ã¯ãéå
亀éç¶²ããäžæ žéœåžéã®ãå¹¹ç·äº€éãã芳å
ç§»åãæ¯ãããåºå亀éããåžçºæã®ç掻ã«å¯çãããåžçºæäº€éãã«3åé¡ããæé©ãªäº€éãµãŒãã¹ã远æ±ãã¹ããšããŠããã
2017幎12æ6æ¥ã«ã¯JRåæµ·éåçäŒè°ã®æå¿ããJRåæµ·éããã³åæµ·éç¥äºãéå
åžçºæé·ãéæ°ãåœå亀é倧è£ã«åããŠå£°æãåºããããJRåæµ·éã«å¯ŸããŠã¯äºæ¥è
ãšããŠã§ããããšãã§ããªãããšãããæ
å ±ãæªãæ
å ±ãéæ°ã«åŸ¹åºçã«é瀺ããå§¿å¢ãæ±ããç¶æã§ããªãè·¯ç·ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã£ãšäŸ¿å©ã«ãªãããå
·äœçãªææ¡ããç©æ¥µçã«æç€ºãã¹ããšããããã«å¯ŸãJRåæµ·éã¯åœã«çããªãäœå¶ãäœããšçºè¡šããã
2022幎7æ1æ¥çŸåš
ã©ã€ã³ã«ã©ãŒã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ééã©ã€ã³ã«ã©ãŒäžèЧããåç
§ã
2007幎(å¹³æ19幎)10æ1æ¥ãããäžéšè·¯ç·ã«ã¯é§
ãã³ããªã³ã°å¶ãå°å
¥ããŠããã詳现ã¯ãåæµ·éæ
客ééã®é§
ãã³ããªã³ã°ã»åºéã«ã©ãŒããåç
§ã
JRåæµ·éçºè¶³ä»¥éã«å瀟ã®è·¯ç·ã§éè¡ãããŠããããããã¯ãã€ãŠéè¡ãããŠããæç§°ä»ãã®åè»ãæãããçš®å¥ã倿Žãããåè»ã¯å€æŽåŸã®ãã®ã§èšèŒããä»ç€Ÿã®è»äž¡ã«ããéè¡ã®ãã®ã¯ãã®äŒç€ŸåãèšèŒãã(廿¢åè»ã¯å»æ¢æç¹)ã詳现ã¯ååè»ã®èšäºãåç
§ã
éå
ã®åæ°ä»¥äžã®è·¯ç·ãéé»åã®ãããææè»äž¡ã®å€ãã¯æ°åè»ã§ãããåæµ·éã§äœ¿çšããè»äž¡ã¯åœéæä»£ããç¹å¥ã®å¯å·å¯ŸçãæœããŠãããäžè¬çãªä»æ§ãšããŠãå°ååã®ããäºéçªãšãã客宀çªãéå£å¹
ã®å°ããçéãåŒã®å®¢çšæã»åºå
¥å°ãšå®¢å®€ãä»åããããæãªã©ãæãããããè»äœåéšã«ã¯åçµã鲿¢ããããŒã¿ãŒãèšããããææ¿å®¹éãæ¬å·ä»¥åã®è»äž¡ã«æ¯ã¹å€§ãããé»è»ãææããŠããããé»ååºéãå
šãŠäº€æµé»åã§ããããå
šãŠäº€æµåé»è»ã§ãããJRæ
客6瀟ã§äž¡éãæã®è»äž¡ãšçŽæµåé»è»ãå
šãææããŠããªãã®ã¯ãJRåæµ·éãå¯äžã§ããããŸãåœéæä»£ã«è£œé ãããé»è»å
šæ°ã®é€ç±ã¯JRæ
客6瀟äžã§ã¯JRåæµ·éãæéã§ããã
JRåæµ·éçºè¶³åŸã«éçºãããè»äž¡ã§ã¯ãããæã«ä»£ããå¯å·å¯ŸçãšããŠããšã¢ã«ãŒãã³ã®èšçœ®ã»å®¢çšæã®ééãä¹å®¢ã®ãã¿ã³æäœã§è¡ããåèªåæãã®è£
åãªã©ã宀å
ãç©ççã«åæããã«å€æ°æµå
¥ãæå°éã«æãã工倫ããªãããŠããããŸãã1991幎1æ8æ¥ã«çºçããæ¥é«æ¬ç·ã§ã®èžåè±ç·è»¢èŠäºæ
ã奿©ãšããŠä¹åå¡ä¿è·å¯Ÿçãé²ããããé転åžãé«ãäœçœ®ã«èšãããé«é転å°ä»æ§ããšããããã§è¡æåžåæ§é ãšããè»äž¡ãçžæ¬¡ãã§éçºãããã
éå»ã«ã¯é«éãã¹ã»èªç©ºæ©ãªã©ã®ç«¶åäº€éæ©é¢ãžã®å¯ŸæçãšããŠãåªçåè»ã®æèŠæéççž®ã»å¢çºã®å¯ŸçããªãããŠãããJRåæµ·éçºè¶³åŸã«éçºãããç¹æ¥çšæ°åè»ã§ã¯ãæ²ç·åºéã®å€ãè·¯ç·åãã«æ¯ãååŒã®281ç³»ã»283ç³»æ°åè»ãè»äœåŸæåŒã®261ç³»æ°åè»ãæå
¥ããŠæ²ç·ééé床ãåäžãããç¹æ¥çšé»è»ã§ã¯785ç³»ã»789ç³»é»è»ã®æå
¥ã«ãã£ãŠãããããæèŠæéã®ççž®ãšå¢çºãå®çŸããã
ããããå³ããçµå¶ç¶æ³ãèæ¯ã«ä¿å®ç®¡çè²»ã®åæžãšããã«äŒŽãæŽåäžè¯ãããå¶æ¥éè¡äžã®çºç
äºæ
ãåºç«äºæ
ã床ã
çºçãã2013幎ããã¯è»äž¡ãèšåãžã®è² æ
ãæããããšãç®çã«åè»ã®æžäŸ¿ãšã¹ããŒãããŠã³ã«èžã¿åãããšãšãªã£ãããã®çµæã2014幎ããç¹æ¥æ°åè»ã®130km/hé転ã廿¢ããè»äœåŸææ©æ§ã®äœ¿çšã忢ããŠããã
åæµ·éæ°å¹¹ç·ã®è»äž¡ã¯JRæ±æ¥æ¬E5ç³»æ°å¹¹ç·é»è»ãããŒã¹ãšããH5ç³»æ°å¹¹ç·é»è»4ç·šæãéçšããŠãããå€è£
ã»å
è£
ã®ãã¶ã€ã³ãç°ãªãããæ§èœé¢ã§ã¯E5ç³»ãšåäžã®è»äž¡ã§ããã
èªç€Ÿã®æ°å¹¹ç·è»äž¡ã¯JRæ±æ¥æ¬ã®æ±åæ°å¹¹ç·ãžçŽéé転ããèªç€Ÿå¶æ¥ãšãªã¢å€ã§ãã岩æçãå®®åçãçŠå³¶çãæ æšçãèšåçãåŒççãæ±äº¬éœã«ä¹ãå
¥ããŠãããèªç€Ÿãšãªã¢å€ãžã®ä¹ãå
¥ããè¡ãéœéåºçã®æ°ã¯JRè¥¿æ¥æ¬ãJRæ±æµ·ã«æ¬¡ãã§å€ãã
äžæ¹ãåšæ¥ç·è»äž¡ã¯JRä»ç€Ÿç·ã»ç¬¬äžã»ã¯ã¿ãŒééç·ã»ç§éç·ã»å°äžéã®ãããã«ãä¹ãå
¥ããŠããªãã
JRåæµ·éã®è»äž¡åºå°ãšç¥å·ãä¹åå¡åºæã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã
倧人æ®éæ
客éè³(å°å
åé¡ã»10åæªæºã®ç«¯æ°åãäžã)ã2019幎(什åå
幎)10æ1æ¥æ¹å®ã
瀟æã¯ããŒã¯ããã¯ã¹ã®ãåã®å€§å°ã(äœè©:å±±äžè·¯å€«ãäœæ²:森ç°å
¬äž)ã1988幎8æ21æ¥ã«ããŒã¯ããã¯ã¹ã®ã·ã³ã°ã«ãäžæã®å笊ããã(ãé ããžè¡ããããæ¿å
¥æãJRåæµ·éã€ã¡ãŒãžãœã³ã°)ã®ã«ãããªã³ã°ãšããŠCDçºå£²ãããã
æ°å¶åããã1987幎床ãããJRåæµ·éã®éå¬ããã€ãã³ãããã£ã³ããŒã³æŽ»åãžã®åå ããã¹ã¿ãŒæ®åœ±ãªã©ã®æŽ»åãè¡ããã£ã³ããŒã³ã¬ãŒã«ãæ¡çšããŠãããåœåã¯ãJRåæµ·éãã¬ãã·ã¥ã¬ãŒã«ãã®ååã§ãéäžããããã¹ã»ãã€ã³ã¯ã«ããšæ¹ç§°ããããåœåã®æ¡çšäººæ°ã¯æ¬ç€Ÿã§4人ãåæ¯ç€Ÿã§3人ãã€ã®13人ã§ã2008幎床ããåæ¯ç€Ÿã®æ¡çšã2äººã«æžãããŠåèš10人ãšããããããå¿åè
ã®æžå°ãã€ãã³ããžã®åå æ©äŒã®æžå°ãªã©ããããçµè²»åæžã®èгç¹ãã2009å¹ŽåºŠäžæ¯ã§æ¡çšãæã¡åã£ãã
å
¬åŒãµã€ããäŒç€Ÿã»ã°ã«ãŒãæ
å ±ãããJRåæµ·éã°ã«ãŒã 2021幎床決ç®ãã«ãããJRä»ç€Ÿã®ã°ã«ãŒãäŒç€Ÿã®ã«ã¿ã«ã衚èšãããžã§ã€ã¢ãŒã«ãã§ããã®ã«å¯Ÿããããžã§ã€ã»ã¢ãŒã«ããšãã»ã(äžé»)ãå
¥ã衚èšãå€ãã
2018幎çŸåšã4ã€ã®åŽåçµåããããã«ãã³å
ã¯ç¥ç§°ã
JRåæµ·éåŽçµåã³JRååŽçµã¯äŒç€Ÿãšã®éã§åŽååçŽãç· çµããŠãã(åœåŽã»å»ºäº€åŽã«ã€ããŠã¯æªè©³)ãçµå塿°ãæå€§ãªã®ã¯åæµ·éæ
客ééåŽåçµåã§ããããæ·±å»ãªåŽäœ¿ççãåŽçµåå£«ã®æ¿ãã察ç«ãã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«æ€æ»æåŠãªã©ã®æ ¹æ·±ãåŽäœ¿åé¡ããããšãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E6%97%85%E5%AE%A2%E9%89%84%E9%81%93
|
6,071 |
ããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ã»ãžã¥ãã¢
|
ããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ã»ãžã¥ãã¢(è±èª: Martin Luther King Jr.ã1929幎1æ15æ¥ - 1968幎4æ4æ¥)ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®ãããã¹ã¿ã³ããããã¹ã掟ã®ç§åž«ã§ãããåžæ°ãã¡ãã£ã¢ãããã³ã°ç§åž«ãšåŒã°ããã¬ã³ãžãŒã®éæŽåçæµæã®æãã«å
±æããã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººå
¬æ°æš©éåã®ç©å¥æŽŸæå°è
ãšããŠéæŽå差奿µææŽ»åãè¡ã£ãã
ãI Have a Dream(ç§ã«ã¯å€¢ããã)ãã®äžç¯ã§ç¥ãããæåãªæŒèª¬ãè¡ã£ã人ç©ã1964幎ã«ããŒãã«å¹³åè³ãåè³ã1968å¹Žã«ææ®ºãããåŸã2004幎ã®è°äŒåèªé»éå²ç« ãåç« ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã«ãããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸãç¶ãã人皮差å¥(ç¹ã«ã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã«å¯Ÿããå·®å¥)ãšãã®å
æãžã®éãã®æŽå²ãèªãäžã§ãéã«éæŽåéåã«æ¹å€çã ã£ãæ¥é²æŽŸã®ãã«ã³ã Xãšãšãã«ç¹ã«éèŠãªäººç©ã®äžäººã§ããã
1929幎ããžã§ãŒãžã¢å·ã¢ãã©ã³ã¿ã§ãããã¹ã掟ç§åž«ãã€ã±ã«ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ã®æ¯åãšããŠçãŸãããããã«ããŒã ãå«ããŠç¶ãšåãååãä»ããããããç¶ãã€ã±ã«ã¯1935幎ã«ããŒãã£ã³ãšæ¹åããæ¯åãåæ§ã«æ¹åãããããããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ã»ãžã¥ãã¢ããšãªã£ãã宿æ¹é©ãã¯ããããã«ãã£ã³ã»ã«ã¿ãŒããç¶èŠªãåœåãããç¶èŠªã¯åºå¥ã®ãããããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ã»ã·ãã¢ããšåŒã°ããã
幌å°ã®é é£ã«çœäººã®å®¶æãäœãã§ãããã®å®¶åºã®å幎ç·å2人ãšéãã§ãããããã³ã°ã6æ³ã®ããæ¥ã圌ãã®æ¯èŠªãã(é»äººãšã¯)äºåºŠãšéã°ããŸãã!ããšå®£èšãããããã人çã§åããŠã®å·®å¥äœéšã§ãã£ãã1942幎ã«ã¯ã¢ãã©ã³ã¿ã®ããŒã«ãŒã»Tã»ã¯ã·ã³ãã³é«æ ¡ã«å
¥åŠããã髿 ¡æä»£ã«ã¯åŒè«å€§äŒã§åªåãããåž°ãéã«ãã¹ã®äžã§çœäººããåžãè²ããšåŒ·å¶ãããæ¿ããæã£ãããããåŸã®ãã¹ã»ãã€ã³ããã«ã€ãªãã£ãŠããã
1944幎ã«ã¯ã¢ã¢ããŠã¹å€§åŠã«å
¥åŠããæ³åŸå®¶ãšèè·ã®ã©ã¡ããéžã¶ãã§è¿·ã£ããã®ã®ãçµå±ç¶ãšåãèè·è
ã®éãéžã¶ããšã«ãã1947幎ã«ã¯ç§åž«ã®è³æ ŒãååŸãç¶èŠªãšåãããããã¹ã掟ã®ç§åž«ãšãªã£ãã1948幎ã«åæ¥ãããšããã³ã·ã«ããã¢å·ã®ã¯ããŒã¶ãŒç¥åŠæ ¡ã«å
¥åŠããŠããã«3幎é倧åŠé¢çãšããŠåŠãã ããã®æã«ããããã»ã¬ã³ãã£ãŒã®ææ³ãç¥ããæ·±ãåŸåããŠã®ã¡ã®æŽ»åã«éåžžã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ããããããããã®åŸ1955幎ã«ãã¹ãã³å€§åŠç¥åŠéšã§å士å·ãååŸããã
ãã¹ãã³å€§åŠã«åšåŠäžããã¥ãŒã€ã³ã°ã©ã³ã鳿¥œé¢ã®åŠçã§ãã£ãã³ã¬ãã¿ã»ã¹ã³ãã(Coretta Scott)ãšç¥ãåã£ãŠçµå©ãããã³ã¬ãã¿ã¯4人ã®åäŸãè²ãŠã倫ã亡ããªã£ãåŸããã®éºå¿ãç¶ããéæŽå瀟äŒå€é©ã»ã³ã¿ãŒããèšç«ãæ ç»ãTVããããªã»ã²ãŒã ãªã©ã®æŽåã·ãŒã³ãç¡ããéåã粟åçã«è¡ã£ããéæŽåéåãäººçš®å·®å¥æ€å»ãè²§å°å±€ææžã®éåãæå°ããŠäžçãè¡èããã圌女ã¯2005幎8æ16æ¥ã«è³åäžã§åããŠå身äžéãšãªãã2006幎1æ31æ¥ã«78æ³ã§æ»å»ããã
ãªããã³ã°ããã¹ãã³å€§åŠåšåŠäžã«é£²é£åºã«å
¥ã£ãéããã³ã°ãé»äººã§ããäºãçç±ã«çœäººã®åºå¡ã泚æãåãã«æ¥ãªãã£ãããååºã®æåšå°ããã®æ§ãªè¡çºãå·æ³ã§çŠããŠããã¢ã¡ãªã«åéšã®ããµãã¥ãŒã»ããå·ããã¹ãã³ã§ãã£ããããåºå¡ã¯äººçš®å·®å¥ãšããŠå³é®æãšãªã£ããåéšåºèº«ã§äººçš®å·®å¥ãåããããšãå€ãã£ããã³ã°ã¯ãããããã®åºæ¥äºã«é©ãããšããã
1863幎1æ1æ¥ã«ãšã€ãã©ãã ã»ãªã³ã«ãŒã³å€§çµ±é ã«ãã£ãŠè¡ããã奎é·è§£æŸå®£èšã«ããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã§ã®å¥Žé·å¶ã¯å»æ¢ãããäž»ãšããŠã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã¯å¥Žé·ã®ãã³ãããã¯è±ããŠãããããã奎é·å¶åºŠããã®è§£æŸã¯çŽã¡ã«äººçš®å·®å¥ã®æ€å»ãæå³ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããç¹ã«ã¬ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã·ã§ã³(åéšå建)æã1870幎代ã«çµäºãããšãšãã«åéšè«žå·ã¯æ¬¡ã
ãšäººçš®å·®å¥äž»çŸ©ç«æ³ãééããããã®åŸã人皮ã«ãã£ãŠã®å·®å¥çãªåãæ±ãã¯å®¹èªããããŸãŸã§ãã£ããåéšã®å€ãã®å·ã§ã¯ãžã ã»ã¯ããŠæ³ãšåŒã°ããé»äººãäžè¬å
Œ
±æœèšã®å©çšãçŠæ¢å¶éããæ³åŸãå¶å®ãããŠãããããã«åºã¥ããŠãç¹ã«åŠæ ¡ããã€ã¬ãããŒã«ãªã©ã®å
Œ
±æœèšããã¹ãªã©ã®å
Œ
±äº€éçã«ãããŠçœäººãšéçœäººçã®åºå¥ã«åºã¥ãç°ãªãæœèšãçšããããšã¯å®¹èªããããŸãŸã§ãã£ãã
ãã®æ§ãªç¶æ³ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ããèªç±ã§å¹³çãªãããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã®æ©é å ¡ãã§ãããšèªç§°ãšããŠåæŠããç¬¬äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸãç¶ããŠããããããå€ãã®å·ã§ã¯æ³ä»€äžããããå·®å¥ã矩åä»ããŠããããšãããã£ãã
ãã³ã°ã¯1954幎9æã«ã¢ã©ããå·ã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã®ãã¯ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ã¢ããã¥ãŒã»ãããã¹ãæäŒã®ç§åž«ã«å°±ä»»ããããã³ã°ã¯1幎ã»ã©å¹³ç©ã«ç§åž«ãåããŠãããã1955幎12æã«ã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã§çºçããããŒã¶ã»ããŒã¯ã¹é®æäºä»¶ã圌ã®éåœã«å€§ããªå€åããããããããã®äºä»¶ã¯ãé»äººã§ããããŒã¶ã»ããŒã¯ã¹ããã¹å
ã§çœäººã«åžãè²ããªãã£ãããã«é®æããããã®ã§ããã³ã°ã¯ãã®äºä»¶ã«æ¿ããæè°ããŠã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã»ãã¹ã»ãã€ã³ããäºä»¶éåãèšç»ããéåã®å
é ã«ç«ã£ãããã®éåã¯382æ¥éã«åãã§ç¶ããããé»äººãã¡ã¯èªå®¶çšè»ãªã©ã§ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãçµãã§æµæãç¶ããããã®éåã®çµæã1956幎11æã«é£éŠæé«è£å€æãããã¹è»å
人皮å颿³éæ²å€æ±º(æ³åŸäžã«ããã人皮差å¥å®¹èªã«å¯Ÿãã鿲倿±º)ãåã¡åããæè°éåã¯æåãåããã
ã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã»ãã¹ã»ãã€ã³ããäºä»¶ã¯ãå
¬æ°æš©éåã«äžè¬ã®æ°è¡ãåå ããåããŠã®éåã ã£ãããã®éåã®æåã«ãã£ãŠå
¬æ°æš©éåã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«å
šåã«åºç¯ãªåºãããèŠããããã«ãªãããã¹ã»ãã€ã³ããã¯åéšã®åéœåžã«åºãã£ãŠãã£ãããŸãããã€ã³ããã®æåã«ãã£ãŠãã³ã°ã¯å
¬æ°æš©éåã®æãæåãªãªãŒããŒã®äžäººãšãªãããã以éãã¢ãã©ã³ã¿ã§ãããã¹ã掟æäŒã®ç§åž«ãããªããå
šç±³åå°ã§å
¬æ°æš©éåãæå°ããã1957幎ã«ã¯åéšããªã¹ãææå°è
äŒè° (SCLC)ãçµæãããã®äŒé·ãšãªã£ãã1958幎9æ20æ¥ã«ã¯ããŒã¬ã ã§é»äººå¥³æ§ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ããèžã«çªãç«ãŠããããããã®ææ®ºèšç»ã¯æªéã«çµããããã³ã°ã¯äžåœãåãçããã1959幎2æã«ã¯ãã€ã³ãéŠçžã®ãžã£ã¯ãã«ã©ãŒã«ã»ãã«ãŒã«æããã€ã³ãã蚪åããŠããã1960幎1æã«ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒãããžã§ãŒãžã¢å·ã®ã¢ãã©ã³ã¿ã«ç§»ã£ãã
1960幎2æ1æ¥ã«ã¯ãããŒã¹ã«ãã©ã€ãå·ã°ãªãŒã³ãºããã«ãããŠãã³ã°ã®åœ±é¿ãåããåŠçãã¡ããå·®å¥çãªæ±ãã«æè°ããŠåº§ã蟌ã¿ãéå§ããããã®ã°ãªãŒã³ãºãã座ã蟌ã¿ã¯ãã³ã°ã®çµ±æ¬ã®äžåéšå
šåã«æ¡å€§ãã2æ13æ¥ãã5æ10æ¥ãŸã§ããã·ãŒå·ããã·ã¥ãã«ã§è¡ãããããã·ã¥ãã«åº§ã蟌ã¿ãã¯ãããšããŠåéœåžã§å€§ããªææãäžããã
1961幎ã®ç§ã«ã¯ããžã§ãŒãžã¢å·ã®ãªãŒã«ããã§èµ·ããè§£æŸéåãæå°ãããã1962幎ã®å€ãŸã§ç¶ããã®ãªãŒã«ããéåã¯ãªãŒã«ããåžåŽã®å·§åŠãªå¯Ÿçã«ãã£ãŠå€±æã«çµãã£ããéåã倱æã«çµãã£ãããšã§ããã³ã°ã¯éåã®æŠç¥ãç·ŽãçŽããå¥ã®éœåžã§éåãåã³è¡ãããšã«ããã
ãã³ã°ã¯ã¢ã©ããå·ã®ããŒãã³ã°ãã ãæ°ããªéåãèµ·ããå ŽæãšããŠéžãã ãåœæããŒãã³ã°ãã åžã®äººå£ã®7å²ã¯é»äººã§å ãããããšããããŠããããåæã«åéšã§ãæã人皮差å¥ã®æ¿ããå ŽæãšããŠç¥ãããŠãããããããŠã1963幎ã®ã¯ããã«ããŒãã³ã°ãã ã§ã®è§£æŸéåãéå§ãããããã®ããŒãã³ã°ãã éåã¯å€§ããªæåããããããçç±ã®äžã€ãšããŠãåœæã®ããŒãã³ã°ãã åžåŽãæŽåçãªåŒŸå§ãèŸããªãã£ãããšãããããããåœæã®èŠå¯çœ²é·ã§ãããã«ã»ã³ããŒ(ãŠãŒãžãŒã³ã»ã³ããŒ)ã¯ãã¢éã«å¯Ÿãéåžžã«é«å§çãªæ
床ã§èšã¿ãäžžè
°ã®é»äººé幎ã«å¯ŸããèŠå¯ç¬ããããã襲ãããããèŠæ£ã§æ»
倿ã¡ããããé«å§ããŒã¹ã§æ°Žããããããããªã©ã®å¯Ÿçãè¡ã£ããããããèŠå®ã«ããäºä»¶æ åã¯ãã¬ããæ°èã«ãã£ãŠæ ãåºãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®äžè«ã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«ãããã®çœäººã®äººçš®å·®å¥äž»çŸ©è
ã«ããæŽåã«æçµ¶åå¿ã瀺ããŠãã£ãããªããã³ã°ã1963幎4æ12æ¥ã«ããŒãã³ã°ãã ã§è¡ãããæè°ãã¢ã®éèªãããŒãã³ã°ãã åžèŠã«é®æããã4æ19æ¥ãŸã§æçœ®æã®ç¬å±
æ¿ã«æçãããããšãããããã®ãšãã¯ãåããå
¬æ°æš©éåå®¶ã§ãããææã®ããªãŒã»ãã©ãã©ã³ããä¿ééãæ¯æãããã³ã°ã¯éæŸããããéæŸããããšããã«ãã³ã°ã¯æŽ»åãåéããå幎5æã«ã¯ããŒãã³ã°ãã ã§ã®éåã¯ããªãã®æåãããããã
ãã³ã°ã®æå±ããéåã®ç¹åŸŽã¯åŸ¹åºãããéæŽå䞻矩ãã§ãããã€ã³ãç¬ç«ã®ç¶ãããããã»ã¬ã³ãã£ãŒã«åèãããèªèº«ã®ç§åž«ãšããŠã®çŽ é€ãæäŒã£ãŠäžåæµæããªãéæŽåã貫ãããäžèŠéæŽå䞻矩ã¯ç¡æµæã§åŒ±è
°ã®å§¿å¢ãšåéããããã¡ã ãããã³ã°ã®ããã¯ãéæŽåæµæã倧è¡åžæ°äžæåŸã«çºå±ãããããããŠæ¯é
è
éããé»äººã¯çŸç¶ã«æºè¶³ããŠããããšèšããµãããŠããäºãåã§ããããšãå
šäžçäžã«ããããªãšèŠããããšããæ±ºããŠåãªã匱è
°å§¿å¢ã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã
å
¬æ°æš©éåã«ããã£ãŠã¯ãäž»ãšããŠåéšè«žå·ã«ããã人皮差å¥çåæ±ãããã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ããéåžžãå·®å¥çåãæ±ãã«ã¯å·æ³äžã®æ³çæ ¹æ ãååšããéçšãå®éã«è¡ãæ¿åºåœå±ãªããã¯èŠå¯ãªã©ãå
¬æ°æš©éåã«ã¯å察ã®å§¿å¢ããšãããšãå€ãã£ãããšãããå
¬æ°æš©éåã¯å¿
ç¶çã«å·æ¿åºãªã©ã®å°åã®æš©åãšã®éäºãšããåŽé¢ãæããŠãããåè¡åœã«ãããŠã¯å·ãšé£éŠãšã®äºéã®çµ±æ²»äœå¶ãèšããããŠããäžã§ãé£éŠæ¿åºãªããã¯åéšåå·ã¯åéšåå·ã®å·æ¿åºã«æ¯ã¹ãã°äººçš®å·®å¥ã®æ€å»ã«è¯å®çã§ããã1957幎9æã®ããªãã«ããã¯é«æ ¡äºä»¶ããªã©è€æ°ã®ã±ãŒã¹ã«ãããŠãå·æ¿åºãªããã¯å·å
µã«å¯Ÿãé£éŠæ¿åºãé£éŠè»å
µå£«ã掟é£ããŠäºæ
ã®åæŸãå³ãã±ãŒã¹ãèŠãããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«åå°ã§å
¬æ°æš©éåãçãäžãããèŠããäžã§ããã³ã°ãã¡ã¯éŠéœã¯ã·ã³ãã³ã«ãããŠããªã³ã«ãŒã³ã®å¥Žé·è§£æŸå®£èš100幎ãèšå¿µãã倧éäŒãäŒç»ããã1963幎8æ28æ¥ã«è¡ãããã¯ã·ã³ãã³å€§è¡é²ã¯åå è
ã20äžäººãè¶
ããå€§èŠæš¡ãªãã®ãšãªããå
¬æ°æš©éåå®¶ãèžèœäººãªã©å€ãã®èå人ãåå ããããã®éäŒã«ãããŠãã³ã°ã¯ããªã³ã«ãŒã³èšå¿µå ã®åã§æåãªâI Have a Dreamâ(ç§ã«ã¯å€¢ããã)ãå«ãæŒèª¬ãè¡ãã人皮差å¥ã®æ€å»ãšå人皮ã®ååãšããé«éãªçæ³ãç°¡æœãªæäœã§èšŽãåºãå
±æãåŒãã ã
åœè©²ç®æã®æŒèª¬ã¯å³èã«ãŠè¡ããããã®ãšããããããã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã®ã¿ãªããäžççã«ãã®å
容ã¯é«ãè©äŸ¡ããã1961幎1æ20æ¥ã«å°±ä»»ãããžã§ã³ã»Fã»ã±ããã£ã®å€§çµ±é 就任æŒèª¬ãšäžŠã³20äžçŽã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã代衚ããåæŒèª¬ãšããŠæåã§ããã
ãã³ã°ãå
é ã«è¡ããããããã®å°éãã€ç©æ¥µçãªéåã®çµæãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã®äžè«ãçãäžãããèŠããã€ãã«ãªã³ãã³ã»Bã»ãžã§ã³ãœã³æ¿æš©äžã®1964幎7æ2æ¥ã«å
¬æ°æš©æ³(Civil Rights Act)ãå¶å®ããããããã«ããã建åœä»¥æ¥200幎è¿ãã®éã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§æœè¡ãããŠããæ³ã®äžã«ããã人皮差å¥ãçµãããåããããšã«ãªã£ãã
ãžã§ã³ãœã³ã¯äººçš®å·®å¥ææ
ãæ ¹åŒ·ããããµã¹å·éžåºã§ãã£ããã®ã®ã人皮差å¥ãå«ãèªãã®ä¿¡æ¡ã®ããšãèªãã®æ¿æš©äžã«ãããŠãã³ã°ãšå
±ã«ãããåŒ·ãæšé²ããããªãå
¬æ°æš©æ³æ¡ãè°äŒã«æåºããã®ã¯ãžã§ã³ãœã³ãå¯å€§çµ±é ã§ãã£ãã±ããã£æ¿æš©æä»£ã®ããšã§ããããã±ããã£ã¯è°äŒå
ã«ãããŠåŒ·ãæ¿æ²»ç圱é¿åãæããªãã£ãããã®ã±ããã£å€§çµ±é ãå¯å€§çµ±é ãšããŠåŸæŒããç¶ãããžã§ã³ãœã³ããèªãã倧統é ãšãªã£ãããšããã£ããã«ãã³ã°ã®ååãåããŠèªãã®æ¿æ²»ç圱é¿åããã«ã«äœ¿ããå¶å®ãžåããè°äŒå·¥äœã掻çºåããå
¬æ°æš©æ³ã®æ©æå¶å®ã«æã¡èŸŒãããšã«æåããã
å
¬æ°æš©éåã«å¯Ÿããå€å€§ãªè²¢ç®ãè©äŸ¡ããããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã«ããã人皮åèŠãçµããããããã®éæŽåæµæéåããçç±ã«ããŒãã£ã³ã«å¯Ÿã1964幎床ã®ããŒãã«å¹³åè³ãæäžãããããšã«æ±ºãŸã£ã(åè³çºè¡šã¯10æ14æ¥ã§ãæè³åŒã¯12æ10æ¥ã ã£ã)ã
ããã¯ããŒãã«å¹³åè³ãåããã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãšããŠã¯12人ç®ã ã£ãããåœæå²äžæå¹Žå°ã®åè³ã§ãããé»äººãšããŠã¯3人ç®ã®åè³ã§ããããåè³éã¯å
šãŠã®ã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®ãã®ã ããšã³ã¡ã³ãããããããåœæã®å
šãŠã®ã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãããŒãã£ã³ã«åæããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããäžéšã®éæ¿æŽŸã»æ¥é²æŽŸã¯ãã«ã³ã Xãæ¯æãããã³ã°ã®éæŽåçã§èåçãªæ¹éã«åçºããã
ãã³ã°ãšãã«ã³ã Xã¯é»äººè§£æŸéåã§ãç©å¥æŽŸãšéæ¿æŽŸã®äžæ žãšã¿ãªãããŠããããã°ãã°å¯Ÿç«ãããæŽåçææ³ãå«ã匷è¡çãªææ®µã«ãã人皮差å¥ã®è§£æ±ºã蚎ããåææã«äžæ°ã«æ¯æãåŸãŠå°é ãå§ããŠãããã«ã³ã Xã1965幎2æã«ææ®ºããããšããã«ã³ã Xãšã¯ãã®ææ®µã«ãããŠçžåœã®éçµ¶ããã£ãã«ããããããããã«ã³ã Xã®ææ®ºã¯æ²åã ãäžçã«ã¯ãŸã ãæŽåã§ç©äºã解決ããããšããŠãã人ã
ãããããšèªã£ããããããã®æ°å¹ŽåŸããã³ã°èªèº«ãææ®ºãããŠããŸããææ®ºãããã®ã圌ãšåãã39æ³ã®æã§ãã£ãã
äž¡è
ã¯çŽæ¥é·æé察è«ããããšã¯ãªããçŽæ¥å¯Ÿé¢ããã®ã1964幎3æ26æ¥ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœè°äŒè°äºå ã§å¶ç¶é¡ãåãããæã®ã¿ã ã£ãã
äžææã¯å
¬ç¶ãšãã³ã°ã®å§¿å¢ãæ¹å€ããèªãã®æŒèª¬ã®äžã§éæŽåæµæãç¬ããã®ã«ããŠããäºãããã£ããã«ã³ã Xã ã£ãããææ®ºã®å幎ã«ã¯èªãã®éæ¿ãªææ³ã®äžæ žããªããŠãããã©ãã¯ã»ã ã¹ãªã ã®ããŒã·ã§ã³ã»ãªãã»ã€ã¹ã©ã æå£ãšæãåã£ãŠããã
åæã«ãã«ã³ã Xã¯ãæ°ããªææ³éåã®ã¹ããããç»ãã¹ãããªããšããã³ã°ç§åž«ãšäŒã£ãŠè©±ããããããšé»äººç€ŸäŒåŠè
ã±ãã¹ã»ã¯ã©ãŒã¯ã®ä»²ä»ã§äŒè«ãæãšããšæš¡çŽ¢ããŠããç¢å
ã®ã§ãããšã§ãã£ãããã³ã°ã¯ããã®ãããã«ã³ã Xã®ææ®ºãç¹ã«åããŠããã
ã¯ã·ã³ãã³D.C.ãžã®20äžäººãã¢ã§æé«ã®çãäžãããèŠãå
¬æ°æš©æ³ãåã¡åã£ãé»äººè§£æŸéåã¯ãã®åŸãçåã®ãã«ã³ã Xããã®æ¯æè
ã代衚ãšããéæ¿æŽŸãæ¥µç«¯æŽŸãªã©ãžå
éšåè£ãèµ·ããããã³ã°ã®éæŽåæµæã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«æä»£é
ããªãã®ã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ãã
1965幎3æ7æ¥ã«ã¯ãã¢ã©ããå·ã®ã»ã«ãããå·éœã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã«åãã£ãŠãããã¢éã«å¯Ÿããå·è»ãšå°å
ä¿å®å®ãã嬿¶ã¬ã¹ãèŠæ£ã䜿ã£ãŠæ»æãããããããã»ã«ãã«è¿œãè¿ããããè¡ã®æ¥ææ¥äºä»¶ãã§ããããããåãããã³ã°ã¯åã³ãã¢éãçããŠã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã«åããããšãèšç»ãã3æ21æ¥ã«è¡é²ãã¹ã¿ãŒãããã4æ¥åŸã®3æ25æ¥ã«ã¢ã³ãŽã¡ãªãŒã«ãã¢éã¯ç¡äºå°çããã
é»äººéåã¯æŽåçãªãã®ã«ãªãããã©ãã¯ã»ãã¯ãŒãéåãæå±ããã¹ããŒã¯ãªãŒã»ã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«ã«ä»£è¡šããããããªåŒ·ç¡¬çãªæå°è
ãçŸãããã©ãã¯ãã³ãµãŒå
ãçµæããããã1967幎å€ã«ãã¥ãŒãžã£ãŒãžãŒå·ã§å€§èŠæš¡ãªé»äººæŽåãèµ·ãããããã«è³ã£ãŠãäžè«ãå«ãçœäººç€ŸäŒãšã®æ°ããªå¯Ÿç«ã®æä»£ã«å
¥ã£ãŠãããããã«åŒå¿ããããã«çœäººããã®é»äººã«å¯ŸããæŽåäºä»¶ãåå°ã§å¢ããŠãã£ãã
ãã³ã°ç§åž«ã¯ãã®èŠå ãèªèº«ã®æŒèª¬ã®äžã§ä»¥äžã®ããã«åæããããã¹ãŠã®çœªãé»äººã«åž°ããããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãããšçµè«ä»ããã
ãããŠãåœå
åé¡ã®è§£æ±ºãè¡ãããªããŸãŸã«é ãå°ã§è¡ãããŠãããããã æŠäºã«å¯Ÿããåå¯Ÿã®ææãæç¢ºã«æã¡åºããªãããããã©ãã¯ã»ãã¯ãŒãã«å¯Ÿããã°ãªãŒã³ã»ãã¯ãŒã(ç·ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§çŽå¹£ã«äœ¿ãããè²ãã€ãŸããéã®åã)ãªã©ã§ãããªãé»äººã®åŸ
éæ¹åã蚎ããŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§èªèº«ã§ãæä»£é
ãã«ãªãã€ã€ããããšãèªèŠããŠããªãããéæŽåæµæã®å¯èœæ§ãä¿¡ãããããé»äººç€ŸäŒã«èšŽããŠãã£ãã
ãã®åŸããã³ã°ã¯æ¿åã®äžéããã©ããããã æŠäºãžã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®é¢äžã«å察ãããããããããããã åæŠéåããžã®ç©æ¥µçãªé¢äžãå§ããããã«ãªã£ããããã®äž»åŒµã¯äžåã«ãªããªããªã人皮差å¥ã«æ¥ãç
®ãããæŽåããèŸããªãéæ¿ææ³ãžã®çè§£ãã瀺ãã€ã€ãã£ããé»äººç€ŸäŒãã®äž»æµã®ã¿ãªããããããã æŠäºãžã®é¢äžãããã2ã€ã«å²ãã€ã€ãã£ããçœäººç€ŸäŒãã®äž»æµããããé¢ããŠè¡ããããã«ãã³ã°ãéªéã ãšèãããæµããå¢ããŠãã£ããç匟ãããåºæ®ºæªé(ç¯äººã¯ç²Ÿç¥é害ã®ããé»äººå¥³æ§)ããã£ãããå¥ãããåœããšããšãããªã©ããã®æ§ãªç¶æ³äžã§ã粟åçã«æŽ»åãç¶ããŠããã
1968幎4æ4æ¥ã«é説掻åäžã®ããã·ãŒå·ã¡ã³ãã£ã¹ã«ããã¡ã€ãœã³ã»ãã³ãã«ã§ âI've Been to the Mountaintopâ(ç§ã¯å±±é ã«éãã)ãšé説ã
ãã®åŸã¡ã³ãã£ã¹åžå
ã«ãããã¬ã€ã³ã»ã¢ãŒãã«ã®306å·å®€åã®ãã«ã³ããŒã§ããã®å€ã®éäŒã§ã®æŒå¥é³æ¥œã®æ²ç®ãæã¡åããäžã«ãçœäººç·æ§ã§çޝç¯ã®ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã¢ãŒã«ã»ã¬ã€ã«æãããã匟䞞ã¯åããèé«ã«éãç
é¢ã«æ¬éããããããã®ãŸãŸåž°ãã¬äººãšãªã£ã(æº39æ³æ²¡)ã墿šã«ã¯ãã€ãã«èªç±ãåŸãããšç©¿ãããŠããã
ã¬ã€ã¯åœå€ã«é亡ããæ°ãµæåŸããã³ãã³ã®ããŒã¹ããŒç©ºæž¯ã§é®æãããçŠé®99幎ã®å€æ±ºãåããããã®åŸãåœŒã¯æåœ¹äžã®1998幎4æ23æ¥ã«Cåèçã«ããè
äžå
šã§æ»å»ããããªããææ®ºããåæ©ããæµ·å€ãžé亡ããè³éæºãªã©ã¯ããã£ãŠããªãã
ææ®ºã®åæ¥ã«ãã³ã°ç§åž«ããããªã£ãæåŸã®æŒèª¬ã®æåŸã®éšåã¯ä»¥äžã®ãããªãã®ã§ããããç³åœèšã32ç« ã®ã¢ãŒã»ãæããããèªãã®æ»ãäºèŠãããã®ãããªãã®å
容ã¯âI Have a Dreamâãšå
±ã«æåãªãã®ãšãªã£ãã
ãã³ã°ã®ææ®ºãåããŠãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã®å€ãã®éœåžã§æãã«å
ãŸããã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã«ããæŽåãå·»ãèµ·ãã£ãããè¬åãè¡ããããšãã®æãã¯æ²ãã¿ã«å€ãããã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã®ã¿ãªãããå€ãã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãè¬åã«ååããã®æ»ãæŒãã ããŸããææ®ºçŸå Žãšãªã£ãã¢ãŒãã«ã¯åœç«å
¬æ°æš©åç©é€šãšãªã£ãŠããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãã³ã°ã®æ èªãç§°ããããã«ãã»ã¬ãŒã¬ã³æ¿æš©äžã®1986幎ãããã³ã°ã®èªçæ¥(1æ15æ¥)ã«è¿ãæ¯å¹Ž1æç¬¬3æææ¥ããã³ã°ç§åž«èšå¿µæ¥(Martin Luther King, Jr. Day)ãšããŠç¥æ¥ãšããŠããããŸããã³ã°ã®èªçæ¥ãç¥æ¥ã«å¶å®ããäºãæžã£ãã°ããã«ãã¢ãªãŸãå·ã¯1993幎ã®ã¹ãŒããŒããŠã«ã®é嬿š©ã倱ã£ãã代æ¿äŒå Žãšãªã£ãã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·ã®ããŒãºããŠã«ã§éããããã®å€§äŒã¯ãããŒãã¿ã€ã ã·ã§ãŒã«ãã€ã±ã«ã»ãžã£ã¯ãœã³ãåºæŒããäŒèª¬çãªã¹ããŒãžãç¹°ãåºããäºã§ãæåã§ããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãããŠçåã®æ¥çžŸããç¥æ¥ãå¶å®ãããæ
人ã¯ãä»ã«ã¯ãªã¹ããã¡ãŒã»ã³ãã³ãã¹ãšãžã§ãŒãžã»ã¯ã·ã³ãã³ããšã€ãã©ãã ã»ãªã³ã«ãŒã³(èªçæ¥2æ12æ¥ã¯1892幎ã«é£éŠã®äŒæ¥ãšå®£èšãããããåŸã«ãžã§ãŒãžã»ã¯ã·ã³ãã³ã®èªçæ¥ãšäœµããŠå€§çµ±é ã®æ¥ãšããæ¯å¹Ž2æç¬¬3æææ¥ã«å¶å®ãããŠãã)ã®3人ããããªãã
ãŸãã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã®å€ãã®å€§éœåžã«ãããŒãã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°éãããäœãããã»ãããããã ã®ããŒããã³åž7åºã«ãããããã å²ã®å人ã®åã«ãŸããããããŒãã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°éãããååšããã
2011幎10æ16æ¥ã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®éŠéœã¯ã·ã³ãã³D.C.ã«ãããã·ã§ãã«ã»ã¢ãŒã«åœç«å
¬åå
ã«ããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°ã»ãžã¥ãã¢èšå¿µç¢ã宿ãããã©ã¯ã»ãªãã倧統é ããæããŠå®æåŒå
žãè¡ãããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«åœå
ã«ãããŠãã¢ã³ã°ããµã¯ãœã³ç³»ãäžå¿ãšããçœäººã«ãããã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ããã¹ãããã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãäžæ±ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äºº(ç¹ã«ã€ã¹ã©ã æåŸãžã®ãã®)ãã¯ãããšããå°æ°æ°æã«å¯Ÿãã人皮差å¥ã¯æªã æ ¹çµ¶ãããŠããªããããã³ã°ã®éåã®çµæãå
¬æ°æš©æ³ãæœè¡ãããããšã«ããæ³çåŽé¢ããã®äººçš®å·®å¥æ€å»ã®åãããå¹³åçãªææ®µã«ãã£ãŠå€§ããåé²ãããæå³ã¯å€§ãããšãããã
å
¬æ°æš©éåã«æºãã£ãææåã³å¶åŒŸã«åããéã®è©±ã¯ãé ãé¢ããæ¥æ¬ã®å
¬ç«äžåŠæ ¡3幎è±èªæç§æžã®ææãšããŠäœ¿çšãããŠãããã¹ããŒãªãŒã®æåŸã«ç»å Žãããã人ã¯å
åŒå§åйãšããŠå
±ã«çããŠããè¡ãåŠã°ãªããã°ãªããªãããããªãã°ãç§ãã¡ã¯æãè
ãšããŠæ»
ã³ãã ãããã¯ããã³ã°ãã¡ã³ãã£ã¹ã§èªã£ãèšèã§ããã
ãããŠãã³ã°ã®æ»ãã40幎åŸã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãšã±ãã¢äººã®æ··è¡ã§ãããã©ã¯ã»ãªããã倧統é ã«å°±ä»»ããããã·ã§ã«ã»ãªãã倫人ã¯é»äººå¥Žé·ã®åå«ã§ãããããã¢ããªã«ç³»ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººåã®å€§çµ±é ãšãã¡ãŒã¹ãã¬ãã£ãåæã«èªçããããã©ã¯ã»ãªãã倧統é 就任åŒã¯ã¢ããªã«ç³»åã§ããããã«èšé²çãªèŠ³å®¢ã«æºã¡ããã³ã°ã®åã®ããŒãã£ã³ã»ã«ãŒãµãŒã»ãã³ã°3äž(ç¥ç¶ã»ç¶ãšåå)ãåå ãã第44å就任åŒã®ããŒãã¯ããšã€ãã©ãã ã»ãªã³ã«ãŒã³çèª200幎ãèšå¿µããŠããèªç±ã®æ°ããèªç(A New Birth of Freedom)ããšãããã
LIFEèªã1999幎ã«éžãã ããã®1000å¹Žã§æãéèŠãªåçžŸãæ®ããäžçã®äººç©100人ãã«éžã°ããŠããã
å°ææ(2305) Kingã¯ãã³ã°ã®ååã«ã¡ãªãã§åœåãããã
å§ã®ã¯ãªã¹ãã£ã³ã»ãã³ã°ã»ãã¡ãªã¹(è±èªç)ã¯äººæš©æŽ»åå®¶ãšããŠäººçš®å·®å¥ã®æ€å»ãå¹³çãæ±ããéãã«äººçãè²»ããã2023幎6æ25æ¥ã«95æ³ã§ãã®äžãå»ã£ãã
ã±ããã£æ¿æš©æä»£ã®1963幎ã«ããé£éŠææ»å±(FBI)ã¯ãã³ã°ã®ç£èŠãåœæã®åžæ³é·å®ãããŒãã»ã±ããã£ã«é¡ãåºãŠãèš±å¯ãããŠããããã¢ã€ã»ããã»ã¢ã»ããªãŒã ãã¹ããŒããè¡ã£ãåŸãFBIã¯ãã³ã°ããåœå
ã§æãå±éºã§å¹æçãªé»äººæå°è
ããšè¡šçŸãããFBIã¯ãã³ã°ã«ã€ããŠãå
±ç£äž»çŸ©è
ã«æ
æã«ãç©æ¥µçã«ãããŠå®æçã«ååããæå°ãåããŠããããšäž»åŒµããã
ãã³ã°ãå
±ç£äž»çŸ©è
ã§ããããšã蚌æãã詊ã¿ã¯ããåéšã®é»äººã¯çŸç¶ã«æºè¶³ããŠããããå
±ç£äž»çŸ©è
ãšå€éšã®æåè
ã«ãã£ãŠåºæ¿ãããŠããããšãããå€ãã®åé¢äž»çŸ©è
ã»äººçš®å·®å¥äž»çŸ©è
ã®ææ
ã«é¢é£ããŠããã1950幎代ãš60幎代ã®åžæ°æš©éåã¯ãäžç倧æŠåã«ããã®ãŒãé»äººã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã®æŽ»åããçããããã³ã°ã¯ããé»äººé©åœã¯ããã¹ãŠãçã¿åºãåãèå
ããçãŸããçã®é©åœã§ãããããã¯å€§èŠæš¡ãªç€ŸäŒçæ¿å€âèãé£ãç¶æ³ãšèããããªãç¶æ³ã®èå
ã§ããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2
|
6,074 |
åŠå
|
åŠå(ãè±: learning, study, science(s))ãŸãã¯åŠè¡()ãšã¯ãåŠã³ç¿ãããšãæ°ç¥èã®åŠç¿ãäžå®ã®çè«ã«åºã¥ããŠäœç³»åãããç¥èãšæ¹æ³ãæŽå²åŠã»å¿çåŠã»èšèªåŠãªã©ã®äººæåŠãæ¿æ²»åŠã»æ³åŸåŠãªã©ã®ç€ŸäŒç§åŠãç©çåŠã»ååŠãªã©ã®èªç¶ç§åŠãªã©ã®ç·ç§°ã
ãªãããåŠè¡ãã¯æè¡ãªã©ãå«ãå°éçã»ç ç©¶çãªåŠåãæããããåŠåãšèžè¡ã»åŠåãšæèžãæãããããããšãããããç§åŠãã¯äžè¬ã«å²åŠã»å®æã»èžè¡ãªã©ãšã¯åºå¥ãããŠãããç矩ãŸãã¯äžè¬ã®ãç§åŠãã¯èªç¶ç§åŠãæãã
ãåŠåãã«çžåœããè±èªã¯"learning"ã"study"ã"science(s)"ã"academic discipline"ã"scholarship"ã"knowledge"ãªã©ã
åŠåã®å°éå®¶ãäžè¬ã«ãåŠè
ããšåŒã¶ãç ç©¶è
ãç§åŠè
ãšåŒã°ããå Žåãããã
åŠåã«ã€ããŠã¯äœç³»åãããç¥èãæãããšãå€ãããã ããåŠåãç¥èã®ããšã ãšããã®ã¯ããããŸã§äžäŸã§ããå
·äœçãªæå³ãç®çã«ããå®çŸ©ã¯å€æ°ååšããããŸã䞻芳çã«ãæå³åããéã£ãŠããã
åºæ¬çã«åŠåã®ååã¯ãæ¥å°Ÿèªã§ãããåŠããä»ããŠèšã衚ããããåŠããä»ããŠããªããã®(çç¥ãããŠãããã®)ã倿°æãã
åŠåã«å¯ŸããåŠè¡ããšããèšèã«ã¯ã次ã®ãããªæå³ãããã
ãªãå€ä»£ã®ãªã·ã¢å²åŠã§ã¯ãæè¡(ãã¯ããŒ)ã¯åŠè¡ã»èžè¡ã»ç¥è(ãšãã¹ããŒã¡ãŒ)ãªã©ããæå³ããæ°åŠã倩æåŠãåŠåå
šè¬ãæè¡ã«å«ãŸããŠãããæ¬è³ªã®ããŸãã¯çã®çç¥(ããŽã¹)ã¯æè¡ã«åãã£ãŠãããšããããã¢ãªã¹ããã¬ã¹ã®è«ã§ã¯ãæè¡ãèªç¶ãæ¬æ¥çã«ã¯çŸã§ãããåã¯ãããéç«ããããšãããŠããã
æŽå²çã«èŠãã°ãåŠåã¯æ§ã
ãªå Žæã§è¡ãããŠãããäŸãã°æ±æžæä»£ã®æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãç§å¡Ÿããè©æ ¡ãªã©ãšãšãã«ã倧ãã«åŠåã®çºå±ãè·ã£ãŠãã(âæ¥æ¬ã®ç§å¡ŸäžèЧ)ã倧åŠå¶åºŠãæŽããããŠããçŸåšã§ã¯ãåŠåã¯å€§åŠ(ç§ç«å€§åŠãå
¬ç«å€§åŠ)ã«ãã£ãŠäž»å°ãããŠããããšãå€ããããã®ä»ã®æ§ã
ãªç ç©¶æ(å
¬ç«ã»ç§ç«ãšã)ã§è¡ãããŠããããšãããã
è¿ä»£æè²ã確ç«ããã以åã®ãåŠåãã¯ç¥ã®äœç³»ãæããšããæå³ä»¥å€ã«ã仿¥ã®èšèã§èšãã人éåŠãããæé€ããæå³ãã䜿ããæ¹ãããŠãããååŠã§ãããè人ã®åŠããªã©ãšããèšèã®æèã§äœ¿ããããåŠåãã¯ã仿¥ã®èªç¶ç§åŠã»ç€ŸäŒç§åŠã»äººæç§åŠãšããæå³ã§ã®åŠåã§ã¯ãªããäººæ Œãä¿®é€ããææ®µãšããŠã®åŠåã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠããæ±æžæä»£ã®ååŠè
ãªã©ã®ãããåŠåãã¯äººéã®ä¿®é€ãšã瀟äŒãæ²»ããç¥èãšããŠã®åŠåã®äž¡æ¹ãæå³ããŠããã
çŸåšãããåŠåãååšããã°ãäžè¬çã«ã¯ãããã«é¢é£ããåŠäŒã(ã²ãšã€ä¹è³è€æ°)ååšããŠããããã®åŠåã®çºå±ã«é¢äžããŠãããååŠè
ã¯äžè¬çã«ã¯ãåœè©²åŠåã®ããããã®åŠäŒã®(å€ãã¯è€æ°ã®åŠäŒã®)äŒå¡ãšãªã£ãŠããŠãèªèº«ã®ç ç©¶ã®ææãçºè¡šããããšã§èªç¥ãåŸããããããã¯ä»ã®åŠè
ã®çºè¡šã確èªããããšã§åœè©²åŠåã®ææ°ã®æ
å ±ãææ¡ããèªèº«ã®ç ç©¶ã«åœ¹ç«ãŠãããšåªããŠããã
åŠåã®è¿œç©¶ã«ãã£ãŠåŸãããç¥èãªã©ã¯ãåŠäŒã§ã®çºè¡šã ãã§ãªããåçš®åŠè¡éèªã§ã®å
¬è¡š(倧åŠã®çŽèŠã»è«æéãžã®æ²èŒãå«ã)ãèæž(åèã»å
±è)ã®åºçãªã©ãæ§ã
ãªæ¹æ³ã§å
¬è¡šãããå¯èœæ§ãããããã ããç¹ã«èªç¶ç§åŠç³»ã®åŠåã«ãããŠã¯ãæ°éãããå®è©ããåŠè¡éèªãªã©ã§æ»èªãçµãããã§å
¬è¡šãããç¥èã®ã»ãããæãæ£åŒãªãã®ãšèªç¥ãããããã§ã¯ãªãç¥èã«æ¯ã¹ãŠæ Œæ®µã«ä¿¡é ŒãããåŸåã匷ãã
åŠåã®åé¡ã¯äººã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãã倧ãŸãã«ã¯ãæ¥åžžäŒè©±ãæç®æ€çŽ¢æã®å
±éããŒã¯ãŒããšããŠãæãšå Žåã«ããäžèšã®åé¡ã®ãããããšããããšãå€ã(ãã以å€ã®åé¡ã倿°ååšããããäžè¬çã§ç¡ã)ããªããç§åŠãæè¡ãå·¥åŠãªã©ã®èšèã¯ãå®çŸ©ãç¡æ°ã«ãããçµ±äžçãªå®çŸ©ã¯ååšããªããããç§åŠãšæè¡ãããŒã¹ãšããåŠåã®åé¡ãšãã®ç¯å²ãå³å¯ã«æ±ºããããšã¯å°é£ã§ããã
å
容ãšå Žåã«ãã£ãŠã¯äººæç§åŠãšãåŒç§°ãããäžèšã®åé¡ä»¥å€ã«ã倧åŠã®æåŠéšã§è¡ã£ãŠããåŠåãæãè§£éãããã
äžèšã®å°åé¡ã®å¹Ÿã€ãã¯ã人æç§åŠã«å«ããå Žåãæããæã倧ãŸããªåé¡ã§ã¯ã瀟äŒç§åŠå
šäœã人æç§åŠã«å«ãŸããã
ãã®åé¡ä»¥å€ã«ã倧åŠã®æ³åŠéšãçµæžåŠéšãæè²åŠéšãªã©ã§è¡ã£ãŠããåŠåãæãè§£éãããã
åºæ¬çã«ã¯ã倧åŠã®çåŠéšã§è¡ã£ãŠããåŠåãæãã åºç€ç§åŠããèªç¶ç§åŠãšåçã«æ±ãããå Žåãå€ãã
èªç¶ç§åŠã瀟äŒç§åŠãšã®å¢çãææ§ãªãã®ãããã
å¿çšç§åŠ(å®åŠãè±:artãåž:ÏεÏΜη)ãšã¯ãåºæ¬çã«ãå»åŠéšãè¬åŠéšãæ¯åŠéšãå·¥åŠéšã蟲åŠéšã§è¡ã£ãŠããåŠåãæãããšãå€ããã人æç§åŠã瀟äŒç§åŠã®å¿çšåéã«ã€ããŠãå¿çšç§åŠãšãããããšããããå®åŠã¯ãã®æä»£ã®ææãäººéæŽ»åã®åœ¹ã«ç«ã€ãšåæã«ãåºç€ç§åŠåéã«ã圱é¿ãäžã(äŸãã°ã¢ã«ã®ç ç©¶ã¯èžæ°æ©é¢çºæåŸã«ãªãããŠãã)ããã€åŸäžã«ãå€ãã®æ®éçãªç¥èã»æè¡ãäžãããã®ã§ããã
åŠéåéãšã¯ãè€æ°ã®å°åé¡ã®åŠåãçµã¿åãããããç®çå¥ã«ããããŒã(äŸãã°ç°å¢åé¡)ããšã«è€æ°åéã®åŠåã®èгç¹ããã¢ãããŒãããæ°åéã®åŠåã®ããšã§ããããŸãããã®ãããªåŠéåéãäœç³»æ§ãæã£ãç§åŠã§ããããšã匷調ãããšãã«ããç·åç§åŠãã®èªãçšããããããšãããã
å倧åŠã§ã¯åŠéåéã®åŠåãæåããããšããããç·åç§åŠã®ã»ãã«ãç·å人éåŠãªã©ã®å€æ§ãªåŒç§°ããããç¬èªã®åç§°ã§åŒã°ããŠããããšããããäžéãžã®èªç¥ã¯åºããã€ã€ããæ®µéã§ããããŸããåŠéçãªå€§åŠã®æ°çµç¹ããåã
ã®æå¡ã¯ãå°åé¡ã®åŠäŒãªã©ã§ã掻åãè¡ã£ãŠãããæ°åŠåãæåããæè²ç ç©¶çµç¹ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯ãåæå¡ãæããåŠäœã®å°æ»åéãªã©ã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠããã
åŠåã¯æ§ã
ãªåŽé¢ããåé¡ã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%95%8F
|
6,075 |
ã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹
|
ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ã(Sister Princess)ã¯ãã黿G'sãã¬ãžã³ã(ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹)ã®èªè
åå äŒç»ã«ç«¯ãçºããäžé£ã®ã¡ãã£ã¢ããã¯ã¹äœå矀ã®ç·ç§°ãéç§°ãã·ã¹ããªãã
12人ã®åйãã¡ããé ãé¢ããŠæ®ããå
ãææ
ããæ§åãæãããã®ã§ããããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒèšå®ããã³æã¯å
¬éæ«»åããæ¿çµµã¯å€©åºçŽäººãæ
åœããã
ã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ã®èµ·æºã¯ãã黿G'sãã¬ãžã³ã1999幎3æå·ã«åæ²èŒãããèªäžã²ãŒã ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ ããå
ã¡ãã倧奜ãâ¥ããã«ãŸã§é¡ãããã®äŒç»ãåèªã®èªè
ã«äººæ°ãåãããããåŸã«èªäžé£èŒã€ã©ã¹ãã¹ããŒãªãŒãåææ²èŒãããããã«ãªã£ãããŸããåäœåãå
ã«ããææã¢ããã³ãã£ãŒã²ãŒã ããã¬ãã¢ãã¡ãã©ãžãªçªçµãªã©ã次ã
ãšäŒç»ãããäžå€§ã¡ãã£ã¢ããã¯ã¹ãžãšçºå±ããŠãã£ãããããã¯ã黿G'sãã¬ãžã³æ¬èªæ²èŒã®èªäžã²ãŒã ãèªäžé£èŒã€ã©ã¹ãã¹ããŒãªãŒ(以äžåäœ)ã®æ²èŒææã«ãªãããææããšã«ã第1æãã第2æãã第3æãã第4æããšå€§å¥ããããäŸãã°ã2001幎4æãããã¬ãæ±äº¬ç³»åå±ãªã©ã§æŸéããããã¬ãã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1äœç®ã®ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒâ¥ããªã³ã»ã¹ãã¯ãææçã«ã¯ç¬¬3æã®äœåã§ããã
ã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ã®åºæ¬èšå®ã¯å
šã¡ãã£ã¢äžåŸã§ã¯ãªããã¡ãã£ã¢ããšã«å·®ç°ãèŠããããåäœã«ãããŠã¯ã効ãã¡ãå
ãšäŒãããšãèš±ãããã®ã¯åºæ¬çã«ããå
ã¡ããã®æ¥ãã ãã§ããããã以å€ã®æ¥ã«ã¯å
ã«æçŽãŸãã¯ã¡ãŒã«ãåºããªããçŽæ¥äŒããæ¥ãæ¥ãã®ãå¿åŸ
ã¡ã«ããŠãããããããã²ãŒã çãã¢ãã¡çã«ãããŠã¯ãã®ãããªå¶éã¯ããŸãç¡ããåäœã«æ¯ã¹ãã°æ¯èŒçèªç±ã«å
ãšäŒã£ãŠãããç¹ã«ã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1äœç®ã«ãããŠã¯ãå
ãš12人ã®åй(ãã©ã¹ãå®ã¯åйã§ã¯ãªãããäžäºº)ãã¡ã®å
±åçæŽ»ããã¡ã€ã³ããŒãã«ãªã£ãŠãããããå
ã¡ããã®æ¥ããšããèšèã¯æçµå以å€ã§ã¯å
šãåºãŠããªãã
ãŸããå
ãšåйã®é¢ä¿ãåã¡ãã£ã¢ã§ããªãç°ãªã£ãŠãããåäœã«ãããŠã¯2人å
効ã§ãå
ãšåйäžå¯Ÿäžã®é¢ä¿ã§æãããŠããããã²ãŒã çãšã¢ãã¡çã«ãããŠã¯å
1人ã«å¯Ÿã効ã12人ããããšããèšå®ã§ã効ãã¡ã¯å§åйã®ãããªéæã§æãããŠããããã®ã²ãŒã çãšã¢ãã¡çã®ã®ã£ã«ã²ãŒçèšå®ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããµã€ãåæãå人èªäºæ¬¡åµäœãªã©ã§ãã¬ã€ã¯ããããã§çãŸããã12人ã®åйãã¡ããšããèšèããã®äœåèªäœã象城ãããã®ãšãªã£ãããªããåäœãã²ãŒã 第1äœç®ãšã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1äœç®ã®ãªãªãŒã¹ã«åãããŠãäžæçã«12人ã®åйãã¡ãäžå ã«éãèšå®ã«ã·ããããŠããããšãããã
倧å¥ããŠç¬¬1æãã第4æãŸã§ã«åãããããéäžãåè¡æ¬ãšããŠçºå£²ãããããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãå
š12å·»ã¯æžãäžããäœã§ãããå³å¯ã«ã¯æ¬èªé£èŒã§ã¯ãªãããæ¬é
ã§ã¯çºå£²ææãã第2æã«å«ããã
黿G'sãã¬ãžã³1999幎3æå·ã§é£èŒéå§ãåå·ã®äºåã§æããã«ãããã®ã¯ã倩åºçŽäººããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãã¶ã€ã³ããšããã ãã§å
容ã«ã€ããŠã¯å
šãæ²èŒããããéåžžã«çªçºçãªã¹ã¿ãŒãã§ãã£ãããã®æç¹ã§ç»å Žãã効ã¯å¯æã»è±ç©ã»è¡ã»å²è¶ã»éåã»é çµµã»çœéªã»éŽåã»å圱ã®9人ãç¹ã«çœéªã¯é«ªåãéã£ãŠãããäºäººç§°ãããã«å
ãã§ãããªã©èšå®ãããªãç°ãªããã4æå·ããã¯é«ªåãšäºäººç§°ãä¿®æ£ãããã
åœåã¯éæé£èŒã®äºå®ã§ã¹ã¿ãŒãããããããŸãã«ãèªè
ã®åé¿ã倧ããã£ããããæ¥éœæ¯æé£èŒã«å€æŽããäžã§èªäžã²ãŒã ãå±éãã(SDãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒæ
åœäœç»ã»é§è³ãŠã)ããã®å
容ã¯ãçžæãšãªã効ã1人éžãã§ã¡ãŒã«äº€æããæ³ãŸãã»æçã»ããã¹ãªã©ããããšãããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ãã®æç¹ã§ã¯ã効ã«ã¯ããããå
ããããäžå¯Ÿäžã®é¢ä¿ããåæãšãããŠããã効åå£«ã®æšªã®ç¹ããã¯å®¶æé¢ä¿ã§ãªã亀åé¢ä¿ãšèŠãããŠããã効ãã¡ã®å
±éé
ã¯ãã©ã®åйãå®¶åºã®äºæ
ã§å
ãšã¯é¢ããŠæ®ãããŠãããããå
ã¡ããã®æ¥ãã«éãå
ãšäŒãããšããèšå®ã§ããã
ã黿G'sãã¬ãžã³ãé£èŒã®èªè
åå äŒç»ãšããŠã¯é廿é«ã®äººæ°ã«æ¯ããããŠã2000幎3æå·ããèªäžã²ãŒã ã¯ç¬¬2æ(ã»ã«ã³ãã¹ããŒãž)ãžç§»è¡ãããšãšãã«ãç» - 倩åºçŽäººã»æ - å
¬éæ«»åã®ã€ã©ã¹ãã¹ããŒãªãŒã®åæé£èŒãéå§ãããããã«ãšããªããæ¥æã»åèã»äºéäºã®3人ãåŸæ¥ãŸã§ã®9人ã«è¿œå ãããåœ¢ã§æ°ç»å Žããã
ãŸããåææã«åäœåãã²ãŒã åãããããšã決å®ããããçºè¡šãããã²ãŒã ã®å
容ããå
1人(ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒ)ã«å¯ŸããŠåй12人ããšããããããåžžèãšããé¢ããå
容ã ã£ãããã®ç« ã¯ãåŸã«åè¡æ¬ããªãªãžãã«ã¹ããŒãªãŒãºããšé¡ããŠåè¡ãããã
äžæ¹ãæ¬èªé£èŒã®ã€ã©ã¹ãã¹ããŒãªãŒãšäžŠè¡ããŠãå
š12å·»ã®æžãäžããåè¡æ¬ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ããšäºå®äžã®ç¬¬1æç·éç·šã§ããããªãã£ã·ã£ã«ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãºããã¯ããããããåè¡ããããç¹ã«ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ã第1å·»åé ãã坿ãåçŽçã®ç¶Ÿå°è·¯åã«å
ãšã¯çµå©ã§ããªãããšãææãããåæ³£ãã§åœŒã«å¹³ææã¡ãé£ãããããªã©ã®å±éãç¹°ãåºããããã
2000幎3æå·ãããé£èŒçµäº(2003幎9æå·)ãŸã§ããG'sãæ¬èªã®è¡šçŽã¯ãæ¬äœã®ã€ã©ã¹ããã¡ã€ã³ãšããŠèµ·çšãããŠããã
2001幎3æ8æ¥ã®ã²ãŒã 第1äœç®ã®çºå£²ãš4æ4æ¥ã®ã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1äœç®ã®æŸééå§ã«ååŸããŠãå幎5æå·ããã€ã©ã¹ãã¹ããŒãªãŒã®æ°ç« ãéå§ããããã²ãŒã çã®ã¹ããŒãªãŒã®å»¶é·ç·äžã§æããããã®æ°ç« ã«ã¯ãåäœã§ã¯åãšãªããå
1人ã«å¯ŸããŠåй12人ãã®èšå®ãæã¡èŸŒãŸããããŸãã効å士ãäºããåŒã³åãæã¯å
šãŠã - ã¡ãããä»ãã§ããããšãæããã«ãªã£ãããã®ç« ã¯ãåŸã«åè¡æ¬ããã±ããã¹ããŒãªãŒãºããšé¡ããŠå
š4å·»ãåè¡ãããã
ããããã¢ãã¡ã®æ¹ã¯è£œäœæ®µéããè¿·èµ°ãæŸééå§çŽåã«ã黿Animation MagazineããäŒåã«èŠèãããäžåãªã¹ã¿ãŒããåã£ãäžãç£ç£ãéäžã§äº€ä»£ãããªã©ãã¿ãã¿ã¶ããç®ç«ã¡ãããã«ã¯ç¬¬12話ã§èªããŠããèžãã¥ããŠæººããå Žé¢ããããŠãã¡ããªãèç§°ãåœåããããšããå§æ«ã§ãã£ãã
2002幎4æå·ããã®ã€ã©ã¹ãã¹ããŒãªãŒã®æ°ç« ã¯åã³äžå¯Ÿäžã®é¢ä¿ãžæ»ããããå
ã¡ãããžã®æçŽããããŒãã«é£èŒãéå§ããã®ç« ã¯ãåŸã«åè¡æ¬ãSincerely Yoursããšé¡ããŠåè¡ãããã
2002幎å€ã«å床ã®ã¢ãã¡åãæ±ºå®ããã®äžæ¹ã§ãç¿å¹Žæ¥ã«ã²ãŒã 第2äœç®ãçºå£²ããããšããäºæ
ãéãªã£ããããæè¡·æ¡çã«AããŒãã«ãŠã²ãŒã çã®ããŒããå
1人ã«å¯ŸããŠåй12人ããæã¡èŸŒãã äœåãæŸéããBããŒãã«ãŠåäœæžãäžããåè¡æ¬ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãå
ã®ãšããœãŒããã¢ãã¡åããäœåãæŸéãããšããææ³ãæ¡ããããããããŠå幎10æããå§ãŸã£ãã¢ãã¡ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ RePureãã¯æŸéãçµäºã2003幎3æã«ã¯ã²ãŒã 第2äœç®ãSister Princess 2ããçºå£²ãããæ¬èªã®é£èŒã¯2003幎8æå·ã以ãŠçµäºããã
ãG'sãã§ã®é£èŒãçµããåŸããæ¬äœã¯åºŠã
ãG'sãæ¬èªå
å€ã§æ°èŠå±éãããŠããã
ã€ãã³ãã黿15幎ç¥ã(2007幎)ã§ã¯åйãã¡ãæŒããæ¡è°·å€åãææä¹
代ãå°æç±çŸåãå æ±ç±è¡£ãç¥åŽã¡ããããããã¿ããã¬ãã¢ãã¡ç¬¬2æäž»é¡æãæ
åœããcan/gooãç»å£ããã¹ããŒãžã€ãã³ããè¡ããããã®æ°ãæåŸã«ãã¬ãã¢ãã¡çã®DVD-BOXãçºå£²ããã
ã€ãã³ãã黿20幎ç¥ã(2012幎)ã§ã¯å®å
šæ°äœã®åè¡æ¬ãBrother's dayããåè¡ããä»ã忥éå¬ã®ãDENGEKI MUSIC LIVE!!ãã§å æ±ããã¬ãã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1æã®äž»é¡æãæå±ããŸãé£åã€ãã³ãã黿20å¹Žç¥ éå¹ç·šãã§ã¯ãã¬ãã¢ãã¡çãäžæ ãããæ¡è°·ãå°æããããã¥ãŒãµãŒã®é«éåžçŸ©ãç»å£ããã
ãG'sã2013幎2æå·ã§ã¯ã倩åºçŽäººæãäžããã€ã©ã¹ãã䜿çšãããã¹ã¿ãŒãä»é²ãšãªã£ãã
2017幎3æã«ã¯ãã¬ãã¢ãã¡çBD-BOXãçºå£²ãããæ¡è°·ã»ææã«ããã©ãžãªç¹çªãç§èåã§ã®è¡é åºåãããã«å±ãè¡ãªããããªã©ããã
ã€ãã³ããKING SUPER LIVE 2018ã(2018幎)ã§ã¯ãå æ±ããLove Destinyããcan/gooãããŸãŒãããããããŠæ¡è°·ã»ææã»å°æã»æ°Žæš¹å¥ã
ãPritsãšããŠãSakura RevolutionããPrivate Emotionããæ«é²ããããã®4æ²ã¯é£ç¶ããŠæ«é²ãããããããã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ãŸãŒã³ããšç§°ããã¡ãã£ã¢ããã£ãã
2018幎10æããæŸééå§ãããã¬ãã¢ãã¡ã俺ã奜ããªã®ã¯åйã ãã©åйãããªãã第1話ã§ã¯ã12人ã®åйãã¡ã«å ãããã¬ãã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1æã«ç»å Žããçæ·±ãå«ãã13人ã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãã²ã¹ãåºæŒãããããããããã®ç£ç£ã»ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãã¶ã€ã³ãææããå€å·åä¹ã¯ãæ¬äœã®ãã¬ãã¢ãã¡ç¬¬1æã«ãŠåããŠåç»ãããçžãããããã®ã³ã©ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãææ¡ãããšããã
2019幎1æ30æ¥ããã£ãŠé£èŒéå§ãã20åšå¹Žãè¿ããèšå¿µã«ã以äžã®äŒç»ãè¡ãªãããã
ããã§ã¯ããããããåäœããšåŒã°ããã¿ã€ãã«ãæãããå
šãŠã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ãŸãã¯ã¢ã¹ããŒã»ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ãããã«æãã以å€ã®é¢é£æžç±ã«ã€ããŠã¯#ã²ãŒã ã#ãã¬ãã¢ãã¡ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ RePure#é¢é£ååãåç
§ã
ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ãã5ã¿ã€ãã«ãããŒãã©ã¹ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã¡ã³ã(çŸã»ããŒãã©ã¹)ãã1ã¿ã€ãã«ãçºå£²ãããŠããããªãããã以å€ã«ãWindows 95ããWindows XPãŸã§ã®OSã«å¯Ÿå¿ã®ãã¿ã€ãã³ã° ã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ã(4ã¿ã€ãã«)ãšãã補åãå¶äœãããŠãããããã¡ãã¯çºå£²äžæ¢ã«ãªã£ãŠãããçç±ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãäžç芳ã®äžäžèŽãã§ãããšããã
2001幎3æ8æ¥ã«ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ãéçºã¯STACKãæ
åœãå¯Ÿå¿æ©çš®ã¯PlayStationã§ããžã£ã³ã«ã¯ææã¢ããã³ãã£ãŒã²ãŒã ã2002幎3æ28æ¥ã«ã¯ãSister Princess PREMIUM EDITIONãã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã§ããªãŒã ãã£ã¹ãçãçºå£²ãããŠããã
ã·ãªãŒãºã§åããŠããå
1人(ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒ)ã«å¯ŸããŠåй12人ããšããèšå®ãæã¡èŸŒãŸãããã¬ã€ã€ãŒã¯ãã¬ã³ã¿ã€ã³ããŒçŽåã®2æ11æ¥ãã1ãæã®éã«12人ã®åйãã¡ãšã¡ãŒã«äº€æãããªããè¡äžã§äŒã£ãããããå
ã¡ããã®æ¥ãã«èªå®
ãžåйãåŒãã ãããªããã¹ããŒãªãŒãé²ããŠè¡ãã
ã¹ããŒãªãŒã¯ã9人ã®åйãã¡ãåž°åœå女ã§ããæ¥æã»åèã»äºéäºã®3äººã®æè¿äŒãéãå Žé¢ããå§ãŸããããããã®åйãå®åй(è¡çž)ã矩効(éè¡çž)ãã¯ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒã®éžæè¢ã«ãã£ãŠå€åãããšããæãåã£ãã·ã¹ãã ãæ¡çšãããŠããã12人ããããã«ãè¡çžã»éè¡çžÃãã¹ãã»ã°ããã®4çš®ãšã³ãã£ã³ã°ãçšæãããŠãããããç·ãšã³ãã£ã³ã°æ°ã¯48(誰ãšããšã³ãã£ã³ã°ãè¿ããªãããããšã³ãã£ã³ã°ãå«ããŠ49)ãšéåžžã«å€ãã
ãŸããPocketStation(DCçã¯ããžã¥ã¢ã«ã¡ã¢ãª)察å¿ã§ããã²ãŒã (å
容ã¯ãåŸãã®æ£é¢ã ãã?ã)ããã¬ã€å¯èœã
2001幎12æ13æ¥ã«ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ãå¯Ÿå¿æ©çš®ã¯PlayStationã§ãããªãŒã ãã£ã¹ãçã¯åäœã®ãPREMIUM EDITIONãã«åæ¬ãšããŠåé²ãããŠããã
åäœãè£å®ãããã¡ã³ãã£ã¹ã¯çãªèŠçŽ ã匷ãããã«ãæ£èŠã®ç¶ç·šã§ã¯ãªãçªå€ç·šçãªæ±ãã«ãªã£ãŠããã
2003幎3æ20æ¥ã«ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ãåäœãšåæ§ã«ãéçºã¯STACKãæ
åœãå¯Ÿå¿æ©çš®ã¯PlayStationãã²ãŒã ã·ã¹ãã ã¯åºæ¬çã«åäœãšåãã ããããã¯ãã°æ©èœã®è¿œå ãªã©å€å°ã®æ¹åããªãããŠããã
ã¹ããŒãªãŒã¯ãåäœãã1幎å匱ãçµéãã7æ25æ¥ããã®å€äŒã¿ã®1ãæéãæããåäœã§ã¯æãããªãã£ãã効ã®èªçæ¥(æ¬äœã¯8æ15æ¥ã®éå)ã®ã€ãã³ããååšããããŸããåäœãšæ¯èŒããè€æ°äººã®åйãåäžã€ãã³ãäžã§ç»å Žããã·ãã¥ãšãŒã·ã§ã³ãå°ãªããªã£ãŠããã
æ¬èªé£èŒçµäºåŸã®2003幎11æ13æ¥ã«ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ãå¯Ÿå¿æ©çš®ã¯PlayStationãããã¥ã¢ã»ã¹ããŒãªãŒãºããšåãããã²ãŒã æ¬ç·šãè£å®ããçªå€ç·šçãªæå³åãã匷ãäœåã§ããã
ååéå®ç¹å
žã¯ããã¬ãã¢ã ã ãŒããŒDVDãã§ãåäœãSister Princess 2ãã®ãªãŒããã³ã°ã ãŒããŒãã¢ãã¡ãRePureãå
ã§æŸéãããåäœåã®CMã黿G'sãã¬ãžã³æ¬èªã§ã®åºåããã®ä»ã®åçš®ããã¢ãŒã·ã§ã³æ åãªã©ãåé²ãããŠããã
å
šãŠã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ããªããã²ãŒã å
ã«ç»å ŽãããšããœãŒãã®äžéšã¯ãå
¬éæ«»åãã²ãŒã ã®ã·ããªãªçšã«æžãäžããããããããçšããŠãGAME STORIESãã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã§æžç±åãããŠãã(åã·ãªãŒãºã®ã€ã©ã¹ãã¯ã倩åºçŽäººã§ãªãåŸè€æœ€äºãæ
åœ)ãPS one BooksçãSister Princessãã®èª¬ææžã«ç¬¬3å·»ã第4å·»ã2003幎æ¥çºå£²äºå®ãšã®èšè¿°ããã£ãããçºå£²ãããããšã¯ãªãã£ãã
ãã¬ãæ±äº¬ç³»åãäžå¿ã«ããã·ã¹ã¿ãŒâ¥ããªã³ã»ã¹ããšãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ RePureãã®2äœåãæŸéãããã
äžéšãã¬ãæ±äº¬ç³»åå±ãšäžéšç³»åå€å±ã«ãŠæŸéãããäœåã§ãããŒå±ã®ãã¬ãæ±äº¬ã§ã¯2001幎4æ4æ¥ããå幎9æ26æ¥ãŸã§æŸéãå
š26話ãååæŸé1é±éåã®2001幎3æ28æ¥ã«ã¯ããã¬ãæ±äº¬ã§ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒâ¥ããªã³ã»ã¹ åå€ç¥ããæŸéãããŠããããã®ç¹çªã§ã¯ã補äœçºè¡šèšè
äŒèŠã®æ§åãæ
åœå£°åªãžã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒãªã©ãæŸéãããã2017幎3æã®BD-BOXçºå£²ã«å
é§ãã2016幎12æ20æ¥ãããããºã¹ããŒã·ã§ã³ã«ãŠHDãªãã¹ã¿ãŒçãæŸéãããããšããå幎10æ18æ¥ã«çºè¡šãããã
ãã®ã¢ãã¡ã¯ãå
1人ã«å¯Ÿã効ã12人ããšããç¹ã¯ã²ãŒã çãšåæ§ã ãããã以å€ã¯åäœãšãã²ãŒã çãšãã»ãšãã©å
±éç¹ãèŠãããªããç¬èªã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã倿°ç»å ŽããŠãããäœç»ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã¬ãæŸéåŸã«é 次çºå£²ãããDVDçã§ä¿®æ£ãããç®æã倿°ããã
é²åŠå¡Ÿã®ãã³ããŒ1ã§ãããªãã髿 ¡åéšã«å€±æããæµ·ç¥èªã¯ç¶èŠªã«ä»£ãã£ãŠèªåã®äžè©±ãããŠãããããããšãå¥ããéæ¹ã«æ®ããŠããããšããããçªç¶çŸãã黿ã®ç·ãã¡ã«ãæèŠãäžè¥¿åŠåããžã®æšèŠå
¥åŠã決ãŸã£ããšåããããåŠåã®ããããããã¹ãã¢ã€ã©ã³ãããšåŒã°ããå³¶ãžåŒã£è¶ãããšã«ã
è¹äžã§ãã¯ãæ°åŠæããåãåŠåã«å
¥åŠãããšããå±±ç°å€ªéãšçæ·±ã®2人ãšç¥ãåã£ãèªã¯ãå³¶ã®è¹çãå Žã§æ¡æ©ãžé£ã³ç§»ãæããŠæººããŠããŸãããèŠç¥ãã¬å°å¥³ã®ãããã§åœæŸãããããã®åŸãè¡ã§3人ã®å°å¥³ãã¡ãšåºäŒããããã«å©ããŠãããå°å¥³ãšãåäŒãã圌女ãã¡ããããªãå³¶ã®çæŽ»ãæ¥œãã¿ã ãšæãããã«ãªãã
ã ããæ°å±
ã§èªãåŸ
ã¡åããŠããã®ã¯ãè¡ã§åºäŒã£ãå°å¥³ãã¡ââ坿ã»å²è¶ã»è±ç©ã»éåã®4人ã ã£ãããããããã®4人å
šå¡ãèªã®åйã§ãããšããäºå®ãåããããèªã¯å°æãããããã«ç¿æ¥ãè¡ã»é çµµã»çœéªã»éŽåã»ååœ±ã»æ¥æã»åèã»äºéäºãšåä¹ã効ãç¶ã
ãšç»å Žããäžãè¹ã«åä¹ããŠããçæ·±ãŸã§èªã®åйã§ãããšåä¹ããæ°å¥ãªéåœã®èš±ã«éã£ã14人ã®å
±åçæŽ»ãå§ãŸãã
æ
£ããªãå
±åçæŽ»ã«ãšãŸã©ã£ãŠããèªã ãã効ãã¡ã®çŽçãªæ³ããæ°ã
ã®åºæ¥äºã«ãããæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«å
ãšããŠæé·ããŠããã
ãããŠåйãã¡ãšã®ç掻ãäžžäžå¹Žãè¿ããããšããé ãæ±äº¬æä»£ã®èŠªåã»çŠç·ãæ¥å³¶ããèªã®å¿ææ ¡äžåæ Œã¯æžé¡ãã¹ã«ãããã®ã§ãããåžæããã°4æãã2幎çãšããŠç·šå
¥ã§ããããšãåãããããæ±äº¬ãšå³¶ã®éã§æºããèªããçŠç·ã¯åã°åŒ·åŒã«æ±äº¬ãžé£ãæ»ããããã§èªã¯ããããã¹ãã¢ã€ã©ã³ãã§ã®åйãã¡ãšã®ç掻ããç¶èŠªã®èãã«ãããã®ã§ããããšãç¥ããåšå²ã«æ¯ãåãããŠããããšãç¥ã£ãèªã¯ãçŠç·ã«é£ããããŠå¿ææ ¡ãžè¡ãããšãããã远ãé§ããŠããçæ·±ã®èª¬åŸã«ãã£ãŠãå匷ããšãªãŒããšããŠã®äººçããã倧åãªãã®ãå³¶ã§ã®ç掻ã«ãããšæãçŽããç·šå
¥ããªãããšã決ããã
å³¶ã«æ»ã£ãèªã効ãã¡ãåºè¿ãããæ¬åœã¯èªã®åйã§ã¯ãªãçŠç·ã®åйã§ãããèªãé£ãæ»ã圹å²ãè² ã£ãŠããããšãç¥ãããçæ·±ã¯æ»ã£ãŠããªãã£ãããæ°åŠæãè¿ããæèŠãäžè¥¿åŠåã«ãçæ·±ãšçŠç·ãç·šå
¥çãšããŠãã£ãŠãããæ°ããªä»²éãè¿ãããããã¹ãã¢ã€ã©ã³ãã§ãèªãã¡ã®æ°ããªç掻ãå§ãŸãã®ã ã£ãã
æ¥æ¬åœå
ã§ã¯ãã³ã°ã¬ã³ãŒããã以äžã®åé²ã¡ãã£ã¢ãçºå£²ãããŠããã
ãŸããæ¥æ¬åœå€ã§ã¯ADVãã£ã«ã ããåäœåã®åç±³çãSister Princessãåé²ã¡ãã£ã¢ãçºå£²ãããŠããã
ãããŠãe-kids瀟ããã¯åäœåã®éŠæž¯ã»å°æ¹Ÿçã効効å
¬äž»ãåé²ã¡ãã£ã¢ãçºå£²ãããŠããã
ãªããåç±³çããã³éŠæž¯ã»å°æ¹Ÿçåé²ã¡ãã£ã¢ã«ããã12人ã®åйãã¡(+1人)ã®å
ã«å¯ŸããŠã®åŒã³æ¹ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹ããçºå£²ã
ãã¹ã¿ãŒããã¬ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã«ãŒããã¬ãããã¿ãã¬ã¬ãŒãžããããªã©ãã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ãŒã¯ã¹å
¬èªã»éå
¬èªã®ãã®ãå«ã倿°ã®ã°ããºãçºå£²ãªããã¯é åžãããŠããã
æ£åŒãªãããžã§ã¯ãåã¯ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹20åšå¹ŽVTuberãããžã§ã¯ããã2019幎ã1999幎ã®äŒç»éå§ãã20åšå¹Žãè¿ããããšãèšå¿µããŠå§ãŸã£ãã効ãã¡ãããŒãã£ã«YouTuberãšããŠæŽ»åããããããžã§ã¯ããåç¬ã§ã®çé
ä¿¡ã®ä»ããã¡ã³ã¯ã©ãã§ã®éæ¢ç»ã»é³å£°ã»åç»ã³ã³ãã³ãã®é
ä¿¡ãã°ããºè²©å£²ãã©ã€ããå«ããã¢ãŒãã£ã¹ã掻åãä»ã®VTuberãäŒæ¥ãšã®ã³ã©ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãè¡ãªãããã2021幎10æ1æ¥ã®çé
ä¿¡çªçµããã£ãп޻åäŒæ¢ãšãªã£ãã
2019幎9æ23æ¥(坿ã®èªçæ¥)ãããæ¯é±ææãããŒãã£ã«YouTuberãšãªã£ã坿ããVTuber坿ã®ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒããªã³ã»ã¹~ãå
ã¡ããâ¡å€§å¥œã~ãããšããçªçµãçé
ä¿¡ã
2019幎12æã«VTuberå²è¶ããã¥ãŒãçºè¡šããã2020幎1æããæŽ»åéå§ã2020幎4æã«ã¯è±ç©ã3人ç®ã®VTuberãšããŠããã¥ãŒããããšãçºè¡šãããå幎5æããæŽ»åéå§ã
2020幎9æã«VTuberè¡ãšVTuberäºéäºã®ããã¥ãŒãšã5人ã§ã®ããŒãã£ã«ã©ã€ããç®æšã«ã¯ã©ãŠããã¡ã³ãã£ã³ã°ãéå§ããããããžã§ã¯ãç®æšã倧ããè¶
ãéæããããç¿2021幎2æ14æ¥ã«ã©ã€ããéå¬ããã忥ã«VTuberè¡ãšVTuberäºéäºãããã¥ãŒãšãªã£ãã
2021幎5æ29æ¥ã«ã¯ã©ãŠããã¡ã³ãã£ã³ã°ç¹å
žã§ããVTuberå¯æã®æ°Žçã©ã€ããSHOWSTAGEã«ãŠéå¬ã8æ15æ¥ã«ãããžã§ã¯ãã®æŽ»åäŒæ¢ãçºè¡šããã9æ23æ¥ã«5人ã®VTuberã«ãããªã³ã©ã€ã³ã©ã€ããéå¬ã10æ1æ¥ã®çé
ä¿¡ããã£ãп޻åäŒæ¢ãšãªã£ãã12æ25æ¥ãã¢ãã¡äž»é¡æãVTuberãããžã§ã¯ãã§æ¥œæ²å¶äœã«ååããcan/gooã®ã©ã€ãã€ãã³ããMerry Xâmas & Happy 20 yearãã«VTuber坿ãã²ã¹ãåºæŒããã
2022幎2æ16æ¥ãã¯ã©ãŠããã¡ã³ãã£ã³ã°ã®ã¹ãã¬ãããŽãŒã«ã®ç®æšéæã«ããå¶äœæ±ºå®ãããã«ã¢ã«ãã ãã·ã¹ã¿ãŒã»ããªã³ã»ã¹ VTuber project ~songâ¥collection~ããçºå£²ã11æãã12æã«ãããŠéå¬ãããcan/gooã®ã©ã€ãã€ãã³ããããã¥ãŒ20åšå¹Žèšå¿µ!ã¡ã¢ãªã¢ã«ã¢ã«ãã çºå£²ã©ã€ããã¢ãŒãã«VTuber坿ãåã³ã²ã¹ãåºæŒããã
äžžæ¬åŒ§å
ã®æ¥ä»ã¯ããã¥ãŒæ¥ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9
|
6,077 |
1598幎
|
1598幎(1598 ãã)ã¯ã西æŠ(ã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠ)ã«ãããæšææ¥ããå§ãŸã平幎ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1598%E5%B9%B4
|
6,079 |
äžäŒå®çŽ
|
äžäŒå®çŽ(ãã£ãã
ããããã
ã)ã¯ãå®€çºæä»£ã®èšæžå®å€§åŸ³å¯ºæŽŸã®å§ã詩人ã説話ã®ã¢ãã«ãšããŠãç¥ãããã
åºçå°ã¯äº¬éœã§ãåºèªã¯åŸå°æŸå€©çã®èœè€ãšäŒããããŠãããæ¯èŠªã®åºèªã¯äžè©³ã ããçè€èª¬ã«æ²¿ãã°åŸå°æŸå€©çã®å®å¥³ã§ããã®ç¶èŠªã¯æ¥ æšæ£æã®å«ãšç§°ããæ¥ æšæ£æŸãšäŒããããäžãå³¶(çŸã»å€§éªåºéçåž)ã«é ãäœãã§ãããšããäŒæ¿ããããäžãå³¶ã«æ¯èŠªã®ãã®ãšèšãããå¢ãçŸåããã
幌åã¯åèäžžãšäŒæ¿ãããé·ããŠåšå»ºã®åã§åŒã°ãçé²åãçé©¢(ãã€ã)ã倢éš(ããã)ãªã©ãšãå·ãããæåã¯å®çŽã§ãå®é ãšãæžããäžäŒã¯éå·ã
6æ³ã§äº¬éœã®å®åœå¯ºã®åå€éé(ãããããã
ããã)ã«å
¥éã»åæããåšå»ºãšåä»ãããããæ©ãããè©©æã«åªããå¿æ°ž13幎(1406幎)13æ³ã®æã«äœã£ã挢詩ãé·éæ¥èããå¿æ°ž15幎(1408幎)15æ³ã®æã«äœã£ãæŒ¢è©©ãæ¥è¡£å®¿è±ãã¯æŽäžã§ãè©å€ãšãªã£ãã
å¿æ°ž17幎(1410幎)ã17æ³ã§è¬ç¿å®çº(ããããããã)ã®åŒåãšãªãæåãå®çŽãšæ¹ããããšããããè¬ç¿ã¯å¿æ°ž21幎(1414幎)ã«æ»å»ãããã®é ã«äžäŒã¯èªæ®ºæªéãèµ·ãããŠãããè¬ç¿ã®æ»ããäžé±éãç³å±±èгé³ã«ç± ããæããéããè¿ãã®å·ã«èº«ãæããããšããããäžäŒã®æ§åãå€ã ãšäžäŒã®æ¯ããèŠåŒµãããšãæç€ºãããŠããç·ãå¶æ¢ã説åŸãããŠèªæ®ºãæãæ¢ãŸã£ããšããã
å¿æ°ž22幎(1415幎)ã«ã¯ã京éœã®å€§åŸ³å¯ºã®é«å§ãè¯å宿ã®åŒåãšãªãããæŽå±±äžé ã®æ£ããšããå
¬æ¡ã«å¯ŸãããææŒè·¯(ããã¢)ããç¡æŒè·¯(ããã¢)ãžåž°ã äžäŒã¿ éšãµãã°éã 颚ãµãã°å¹ãããšçããããšããè¯åããäžäŒã®éå·ãæããããææŒè·¯(ããã)ããšã¯è¿·ã(ç
©æ©)ã®äžçããç¡æŒè·¯(ããã)ããšã¯æã(ä»)ã®äžçãæãã
å¿æ°ž27幎(1420幎)ãããå€ã«ã«ã©ã¹ã®é³Žã声ãèããŠä¿ãã«å€§æãããè¯åã¯å°å¯ç¶ãäžããããšããããæš©åšãåŠå®ããäžäŒã¯èŸéããããã®æ¯
ç¶ãšããæ¯ãèããèŠãè¯åã¯ãå£ã§ã¯ãã°ãè
ããšèšããªãããç¬ã£ãŠéãåºãããšäŒããã以åŸã¯è©©ãçæãæžç»ãšé¢šçã®ç掻ãéã£ãã
ææ2(1470幎)ãææŽ¥åœäœå倧瀟ç¥å®®å¯ºã®æ°çŸ
寺æ¬å ã»è¬åž«å ã§æ£®äŸè
(ããããã)ãšåºäŒãã
ææ6幎(1474幎)ãåŸå埡é倩çã®å
åœã«ãã倧埳寺ã®äœæãä»»ããããã寺ã«ã¯äœãŸãªãã£ããåèã«å°œåããå¡é ã®çç 庵ã¯äžäŒãéç¥ãšããŠåµå»ºãããããŸããæŠçœã«ãã£ãåŠå寺ãäžèãè庵ã»é
¬æ©åºµãçµã³ãåŸã«ãäžäŒå¯ºããšãåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãã倩çã«èŠªããæ¥ããããæ°è¡ã«ãæ
ããããšããã
ææ13幎(1481幎)ãé
¬æ©åºµ(京éœåºäº¬ç°èŸºåžã®èªå°åº)ã«ãããŠãã©ãªã¢ã«ããæ»å»ãæº87æ³æ²¡(享幎88)ãèšçµã®éã®èšèã¯ãæ»ã«ãšããªããã§ãã£ããšäŒãããå¢(åŸ¡å»æ)ã¯é
¬æ©åºµã«ãããæ
æ¥å¡ããšåŒã°ããããå®®å
åºã管çããŠããéµå¢ã§ãããããäžè¬äººã墿åã®éããå
éšãžã®ç«ã¡å
¥ãã¯ã§ããªããã廿ã®å»ºç©ã¯å€éšããã§ãèŠãããåæã¯éã®åã§è¡ãã
以äžã®ãããªéžè©±ãäŒãã£ãŠããã
ããããäžèŠå¥æãªèšåã¯ãäžåœèšæžå®ã®å§ã»æ®åãªã©å代ã®çŠ
è
ã«éããçŠ
å®ã®æçŸ©ã«ããã颚çã®ç²Ÿç¥ã®è¡šããšããããåæã«ãããããè¡åãéããŠãåœæã®ä»æã®æš©åšã圢骞åãæ¹å€ã»é¢šåºãã仿ã®äŒçµ±åã颚åã«èŠéã鳎ãããŠãããšè§£éãããŠããã圌ã®çŠ
颚ã¯ãçŽçã®æ³èªãäžä»é誡åããæ®ãããŠããããšããã窺ããã
ãã®ãããªæåŸã圢åŒã«åãããªã人éèãçãæ¹ã¯ãæ°è¡ã®å
±æãåŒãã ãæ±æžæä»£ã«ã¯ã圌ãã¢ãã«ãšãããäžäŒåãã«ä»£è¡šãããé ç¥å(ãšãã¡ã°ãªã)ãçã¿åºãå
ãšãªã£ãã
äžäŒã¯èœçã§ç¥ãããããŸããäžäŒãæç°ç å
ã®åž«ã§ãããšããäŒæ¿ããããè¶äººã®éã§å¢šè¹ã極ããŠçéããã(ãªããç å
ã®åž«ãšãã説ã¯çŸåšã®ç ç©¶ã§ã¯ããçããããšããã)ã
èæž(åœæžãå«ã)ã«ããçé²éããç¶çé²éããèªæéããäžäŒéªžéªšããªã©ãããã
æ±å±±æåã代衚ãã人ç©ã§ãããããŸããè¶³å©çŸ©æ¿ãšãã®åŠ»æ¥éå¯åã®å¹æ¿ãæ¹å€ããããšãç¥ãããã
ã¢ã³ãããªçªæšãã«ãã£ãŠãäžäŒã®èšèããšããŠæµåžãããŠããããã®éãè¡ãã°ã©ããªããã®ã...ãã«å§ãŸãèšèã¯å®éã«ã¯äžäŒã®èšèã§ã¯ãªãæèšã«å€å°ã®çžéã¯ãããã®ã®ãããšã¯æž
æ²¢å²å€«ã®ãéããšããè©©ã§ãã£ããšèŠããããåãããäžäŒã®éºèšæžãšããŠã倧äžå€«ãå¿é
ãããªãäœãšããªãããšãããã®ããã£ããšãã話ãåºãç¥ãããŠããããåå
žã¯äžæã§ãããäžäŒã«é¢ããäºè±¡ãšæèšã§ããªããããäŒèšäœå®¶ãåµäœãããšãã説ãããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BC%91%E5%AE%97%E7%B4%94
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.